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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting
+       Battle Creek, Michigan, September 10 and 11, 1934
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: March 25, 2007 [EBook #20903]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NUT GROWERS 25TH ANNUAL MEETING ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo, Janet
+Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
+|                                                                        |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  _Northern Nut Growers
+  Association_
+
+  _INCORPORATED_
+
+  _Affiliated with
+  THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY_
+
+  REPORT
+
+  _of the proceedings of the_
+
+  Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting
+
+  BATTLE CREEK, MICH.
+
+  _SEPTEMBER 10 and 11, 1934_
+
+
+
+
+  INDEX
+
+  Officers, Directors and Committees                                   3
+
+  State Vice-Presidents                                                4
+
+  List of Members                                                      5
+
+  Constitution                                                         8
+
+  By-Laws                                                              9
+
+  The President                                                       10
+
+  Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Convention                   11
+
+  Address of Welcome by W. K. Kellogg                                 11
+
+  Report of Secretary                                                 13
+
+  Report of Treasurer                                                 15
+
+  Reports of Standing Committees                                      16
+
+  Business Session                                                    18
+
+  The Dietetic Importance of Nuts--Dr. John Harvey Kellogg            20
+
+  Nut Culture Work of the Living Tree Guild--Miss Dorothy Sawyer      28
+
+  Progress report on Nut Growing in the Ithaca, N. Y.
+    region--Dr. L. H. MacDaniels                                      31
+
+  Some Random Notes on Nut Culture--D. C. Snyder                      34
+
+  Winter Injury of Filberts at Geneva, 1933-34--Prof. G. L. Slate     36
+
+  Notes on Hickories--A. B. Anthony                                   41
+
+  Letter from Rev. Paul C. Crath--Poland                              45
+
+  The Chestnut Situation in Illinois--Dr. A. S. Colby                 47
+
+  Report on Commercial Cracking and Merchandising of Black
+    Walnuts--H. F. Stokes                                             50
+
+  Nut Culture in Ontario--George Corsan                               53
+
+  Nut Growing on a Commercial Basis--Miss Amelia Riehl                54
+
+  Some Notes on the Hardiness of the English Walnut in
+    Michigan and Ontario--Prof. J. A. Neilson                         55
+
+  Nut Tree Prospects in the Tennessee Valley--John W. Hershey         61
+
+  Some New Hicans and Pecans--J. G. Duis                              62
+
+  Some Old Friends--Dr. W. C. Deming                                  64
+
+  Nut Growing in Vermont--Zenas H. Ellis                              66
+
+  A Roll Call of the Nuts--Dr. W. C. Deming                           69
+
+  Nut Culture in the North--J. F. Wilkinson                           84
+
+  Varieties of Nut Trees for the Northernmost Zone--C. A. Reed        87
+
+  Notes on the TOUR, Tuesday September 11, 1934                      104
+
+  Address of Prof. V. R. Gardner, Director, Experiment Station at
+   Michigan State College, East Lansing                              104
+
+  The 1934 Ohio Black Walnut Contest--Carl F. Walker                 107
+
+  Mr. Ellis' Report as Delegate to Paris Horticultural Exposition    109
+
+  Report of Resolutions Committee                                    110
+
+  Communications from:
+    J. U. Gellatley                                                  111
+    B. D. Wallace                                                    113
+    Vera Nekiassena                                                  114
+    Divisional Forest Officer--Kashmir                               115
+    John W. Hershey                                                  116
+    Mrs. E. W. Freel                                                 117
+    Geo. W. Gibbens                                                  117
+    Fred Kettler                                                     118
+
+  Telegram to Dr. Morris                                             119
+
+  Catalogue of Nut trees in Kellogg Plantings                        120
+
+  Exhibits at Convention                                             122
+
+  Attendance                                                         124
+
+  Books and Bulletins on Northern Nut Growing                        126
+
+  Advertisement--"Hobbies Magazine"                                  127
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+
+  _President._ FRANK H. FREY, ROOM 930, LA SALLE ST. STATION, CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+  _Vice-President._ DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, 32 SOUTH 13TH ST., HARRISBURG, PA.
+
+  _Secretary._ GEO. L. SLATE, STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
+  GENEVA, N. Y.
+
+  _Treasurer._. CARL F. WALKER, 2851 E. OVERLOOK ROAD, CLEVELAND HEIGHTS,
+  OHIO
+
+
+  _DIRECTORS_
+
+  FRANK H. FREY, DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, GEO. L. SLATE, CARL F. WALKER,
+  PROF. J. A. NEILSON, D. C. SNYDER.
+
+
+  _EDITOR OF PUBLICATIONS_
+
+  DR. W. C. DEMING
+
+
+  _COMMITTEES_
+
+  _Executive._ FRANK H. FREY, DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, GEO. L. SLATE, CARL F.
+  WALKER, PROF. J. A. NEILSON, D. C. SNYDER.
+
+  _Auditing._ ZENAS H. ELLIS, H. BURGART.
+
+  _Finance._ T. P. LITTLEPAGE, DR. W. C. DEMING, H. R. WEBER.
+
+  _Press and Publication_. DR. W. C. DEMING, KARL W. GREENE, DR. J. RUSSELL
+  SMITH, ZENAS H. ELLIS, GEO. L. SLATE.
+
+  _Membership._ COL. L. H. MITCHELL, MISS DOROTHY C. SAWYER,
+  J. U. GELLATLY, D. C. SNYDER, CARL F. WALKER.
+
+  _Program._ J. F. WILKINSON, DR. W. C. DEMING, C. A. REED, KARL W.
+  GREENE, H. R. WEBER.
+
+  _Hybrids and Promising Seedlings._ DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN,
+  PROF. N. F. DRAKE,   MISS AMELIA RIEHL, H. F. STOKE, J. F. WILKINSON,
+  C. A. REED.
+
+  _Survey._ C. A. REED, CARL F. WALKER, DR. A. S. COLBY,
+  H. F. STOKE, DR. L. H. MAC DANIELS, DR. W. C. DEMING.
+
+  _Exhibits._ H. R. WEBER, MISS MILDRED JONES, PROF. A. S. COLBY.
+
+
+  _DEAN OF THE ASSOCIATION_
+
+  DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, OF NEW YORK AND CONNECTICUT.
+
+
+  _FIELD SECRETARY_
+
+  ZENAS H. ELLIS, FAIR HAVEN, VERMONT.
+
+
+  _OFFICIAL JOURNAL_
+
+  AMERICAN FRUIT GROWER, 1370 ONTARIO ST., CLEVELAND, OHIO.
+
+
+
+
+STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+
+  Argentina, S. A.  Francisco M. Croce
+
+  Arkansas  Prof. N. F. Drake
+
+  California  Will J. Thorpe
+
+  Canada  J. U. Gellatly
+
+  Canal Zone  L. C. Leighton
+
+  Connecticut  Dr. W. C. Deming
+
+  Dist. of Columbia  L. H. Mitchell
+
+  Illinois  Dr. A. S. Colby
+
+  Indiana  J. F. Wilkinson
+
+  Iowa  D. C. Snyder
+
+  Kansas  W. P. Orth
+
+  Kentucky  E. C. Rice
+
+  Maryland  T. P. Littlepage
+
+  Massachusetts  James H. Bowditch
+
+  Michigan  Harry Burgart
+
+  Minnesota  Carl Weschcke
+
+  Missouri  J. W. Schmid
+
+  Nebraska  William Caha
+
+  New Jersey  Lee W. Jaques
+
+  New York  Prof. L. H. MacDaniels
+
+  Ohio  Harry R. Weber
+
+  Oregon  C. E. Schuster
+
+  Pennsylvania  John Rick
+
+  Rhode Island  Philip Allen
+
+  Vermont  Zenas H. Ellis
+
+  Virginia  Dr. J. Russel Smith
+
+  Washington  Major H. B. Ferris
+
+  West Virginia  Andrew Cross
+
+  Wisconsin  Lt. G. H. Turner
+
+
+
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
+
+List of Members as of January 1, 1935
+
+
+  ARGENTINA, S. A.
+    Croce, Francisco M., Mendoza
+
+  ARKANSAS
+    * Drake, Prof. N. F., Fayetteville
+
+  CALIFORNIA
+    Thorpe, William J., 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco
+
+  CANADA
+    Chipman, G. F., "The Country Guide," Winnipeg, Manitoba
+    Gage, J. H., 107 Flatt Ave., Hamilton, Ont.
+    Gellatly, J. U., West Bank, B. C.
+    Middleton, M. S., Esq., District Horticulturist, Vernon, B. C.
+
+  CANAL ZONE
+    Leighton, L. C., Box 1452, Cristobal
+
+  CONNECTICUT
+    Bartlett, F. A., F. A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co., Stamford
+    Beeman, Henry W., New Preston
+    Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 Owen St., Hartford
+    Little, Norman B., Rocky Hill
+    * Morris, Dr. Robert T., Merribrooke, R. F. D., Stamford
+    Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
+    Rowley, Dr. John C., 1046 Asylum St., Hartford
+    Southworth, Geo. F., Milford
+
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+    Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Forest Pathology, Plant Industry, U. S. D. A.,
+      Wash. Greene, Karl W., 2203 Foxhall Rd., N. W., Washington
+    * Littlepage, Thomas P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington
+    Mitchell, Col. Lennard H., 2219 California St., N. W., Washington
+    Reed, C. A., Dep't of Agriculture, Washington
+
+  ILLINOIS
+    Anthony, A. B., R. F. D. No. 3, Sterling
+    Bontz, Mrs. Lillian, General Delivery, Peoria
+    Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana
+    Frey, Frank H., Room 930, LaSalle St. Station, Chicago
+    Oakes Royal, Bluffs
+    Ramsdell, T. A., Hotel Galt, Sterling
+    Riehl, Miss Amelia, Evergreen Heights, Godfrey
+    Spencer, Mrs. May R., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur
+
+  INDIANA
+    Galbreath, Dr. R. S., 16 W. Washington St., Huntington
+    Minton, Charles F., 825 South Jefferson St., Huntington
+    Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport
+
+  IOWA
+    Helmick, J. K., Columbus Junction
+    Iowa State Horticultural Society, State House, Des Moines
+    Johnson, Mrs. R. T., Knoxville
+    Rohrbacher, Wm., 811 East College St., Iowa City
+    Schlagenbusch Bros., Route No. 3, Ft. Madison
+    Snyder, D. C., Center Point
+    Van Meter, W. L., Adel
+
+  KANSAS
+    Orth, W. P., Mt. Hope
+
+  KENTUCKY
+    Horine, Dr. Emmet F., 523 Breslin Medical Bldg., Louisville
+    Rice, E. C., Absher
+
+  MARYLAND
+    Close, Dr. C. P., College Park
+    Hahn, Albert G., Route No. 6, Bethesda
+    Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown
+    Mehring, Upton F., Keymar
+    Purnell, J. Edgar, Box 24, Salisbury
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS
+    Allen, Edward E., Hotel Ambassador, Cambridge
+    * Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont St., Boston
+    Brown, Daniel L., 60 State St., Boston
+    Hale, Richard W., 60 State St., Boston
+    Kaan, Dr. Helen W., Wellesley College, Wellesley
+    Putnam, Mrs. Ellen M., 129 Babson St., Mattapan
+    Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley
+    Ryan, Henry E., Sunderland
+    Smith, Leon C., 60 Day Ave., Westfield
+    Wellman, Sargeant H., Windridge, Topsfield
+
+  MICHIGAN
+    Bradley, Homer L., 56 Manchester St., Battle Creek
+    Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Route No. 2, Union City
+    Healey, Scott, Route No. 2, Otsego
+    Healy, Oliver T., Michigan Nut Nursery, Route No. 2, Union City
+    ** Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey, 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek
+    ** Kellogg, W. K., Battle Creek
+    Morrison, J. Robert, Paw Paw
+    Neilson, Prof. J. A., Michigan State College, E. Lansing
+    Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit
+    Stocking, Frederick N., 3456 Cadillac St., Detroit
+    Wieber, Frank A., Fowler
+
+  MINNESOTA
+    Andrews, Miss Frances E., 245 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis
+    Weschcke, Carl, 98 Wabasha St., St. Paul
+
+  MISSOURI
+    Schmid, J. W., 615 S. Holland, Springfield
+
+  NEBRASKA
+    Caha, Wm., Wahoo
+
+  NEW JERSEY
+    Buckwalter, Alan R., Flemington
+    * Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City
+    Orner, George D., 751 Ridgewood Rd., Maplewood
+
+  NEW YORK
+    Bennett, F. H., 19 East 92nd St., New York
+    Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin
+    Collins, Joseph N., 335 W. 87th St., New York
+    Cooke, Frank S., 341 Bowery, New York
+    Crysdale, Stanley A., Route No. 5, Auburn
+    Curtis, Elroy, 58 Worth St., New York
+    Ellwanger, Mrs. Wm. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester
+    Graham, S. H., Route No. 5, Ithaca
+    * Huntington, A. M., 3 East 89th St., New York
+    Kelly, Mortimer B., 17 Battery Place, New York
+    * Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York
+    MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., c/o Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
+    * Montgomery, Robert H., 385 Madison Ave., New York
+    Pickhardt, Dr. Otto C., 117 East 80th St., New York
+    Sawyer, Miss Dorothy C., Living Tree Guild, 468 Fourth Ave., N. Y.
+    Sefton, Pennington, 94 Lake Ave., Auburn
+    Slate, Geo. L., State Agricultural Exp. Station, Geneva
+    Smith, Gilbert L., State School, Wassaic
+    Tice, David, Lockport
+    Tukey, Dr. Harold B., State Agricultural Exp. Station, Geneva
+    * Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., 9 W. 54th St., New York
+
+  OHIO
+    Canaday, Ward M., Home Bank Bldg., Toledo
+    Cranz, Eugene F., Mount Tom Farm, Ira
+    Fickes, W. R., Route No. 7, Wooster
+    Gerber, E. P., Route No. 1, Apple Creek
+    Park, Dr. J. B., Ohio State University, Columbus
+    Tabor, Rollin H., Mount Vernon
+    Thorton, Willis, Fenway Hall Hotel, Cleveland
+    Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland Heights
+    * Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati
+
+  OREGON
+    Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA
+    Baum, Dr. F. L., Yellow House
+    Gebhardt, F. C., 140 East 29th St., Erie
+    Hershey, John W., Downingtown
+    Hostetter, C. F., Bird-In-Hand
+    Hostetter, L. K., Route No. 5, Lancaster
+    Jones Nurseries, J. F., Lancaster, Box 356
+    Kaufman, M. M., Clarion
+    Leach, Will, Cornell Bldg., Scranton
+    McIntyre, A. C., Dep't of Forestry, State College
+    Miller, Herbert, Pinecrest Poultry Farms, Richfield
+    * Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading
+    Ruhl, A. W., Langhorne Terrace, Langhorne
+    Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore, Pa., 550 Elm Ave.
+    Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., Muncy
+    * Wister, John C., Clarkson Ave. & Wister Sts., Germantown
+    Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie
+    Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., 32 So. 13th St., Harrisburg
+
+  RHODE ISLAND
+    ** Allen, Phillip, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+
+  VERMONT
+    Aldrich, A. W., Route No. 3, Springfield
+    Elfgren, Ivar P., 11 Sheldon Place, Rutland
+    * Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven
+
+  VIRGINIA
+    Ricketts, E. T., Box 168-D, Route No. 5, Alexandria
+    Stoke, H. F., 1421 Watts Ave., Roanoke
+
+  WASHINGTON
+    Ferris, Major Hiram B., P. O. Box 74, Spokane
+
+  WEST VIRGINIA
+    Cross, Andrew, Ripley
+
+  WISCONSIN
+    Turner, Lieut. G. H., 932 Prospect Ave., Portage
+
+     * Life Member
+
+    ** Contributing Member
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Name._ This Society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
+ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED.
+
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
+plants, their products and their culture.
+
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ Membership in this society shall be open to all persons
+who desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of
+residence or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the
+committee on membership.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary
+and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting;
+and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the
+two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the
+treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president from
+each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of the
+association, who shall be appointed by the president.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+following year.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but
+must include two of the four elected officers.
+
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of
+the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment
+having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the
+proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member
+thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Committees._ The Association shall appoint standing committees as
+follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and
+publication, on exhibits, on hybrids, on survey, and an auditing
+committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the
+Association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Fees._ Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing
+members shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one
+payment of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues and will
+be entitled to same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall
+be exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who
+leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association will entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided; that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest or the donation.
+
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the first
+day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the
+Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding
+that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-third vote of members
+present at any annual meeting.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are
+due, and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second
+notice, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of
+non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the annual report.
+
+At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third
+notice shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are paid
+within ten days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be
+dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
+
+[Illustration: THE PRESIDENT--Frank H. Frey]
+
+
+
+
+Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-fifth Annual Convention
+
+_of the_
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association (INCORPORATED)
+
+_September 10, 11, 1934_
+
+BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN
+
+
+The first session convened at 9:30 A. M., September 10, at the Kellogg
+Hotel with President Frey in the chair.
+
+_The President:_
+
+This is the twenty-fifth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, our silver anniversary. Fifteen years ago the convention
+was held in this city. We are glad to be back again and happy to have
+with us Mr. W. K. Kellogg who has consented to extend a welcome.
+
+MR. KELLOGG:
+
+I am glad to welcome this association, and you as individuals, to Battle
+Creek. A year ago when an invitation was sent you thru Professor Neilson
+to make this your meeting place for 1934, we were very much pleased to
+have the invitation accepted. Now that we have the pleasure of your
+presence we hope you may have an enjoyable and profitable time.
+
+Battle Creek was undoubtedly put on the map many years ago by the Battle
+Creek Sanitarium and has since been kept prominently before the public
+by the extensive advertising that has been done by the companies located
+here which manufacture ready-to-eat foods. The records indicate that
+more than 15,000 carloads of these foods are shipped every year to
+almost every country on the globe. More than 4,500 people are given
+employment. So much for the magic words, "Battle Creek."
+
+My interest in nuts dates from my earliest recollection when my father
+took the children nutting. In the evening we often gathered around the
+kerosene lamp, the kitchen stove and father with an inverted flat iron
+in his lap and a pan of Ohio hickory nuts near by. These, accompanied by
+some red-cheeked apples, entertained us royally. No movies in those
+days. About ten or twelve years ago Mrs. Kellogg and I had the
+opportunity of listening to a talk by Mr. George Hebden Corsan, Sr. He
+devoted considerable time to the subject of nut culture, mentioning his
+own experiences in Canada and also the work of Mr. John F. Jones of
+Lancaster, Pennsylvania. A few years later Mr. Corsan became associated
+with the Bird Sanctuary enterprise, a few miles west of Battle Creek,
+and very shortly thereafter was talking nut culture. The result was we
+began to order nut trees by the carloads.
+
+With this beginning it was only a year or two when Mr. Corsan told me of
+the wonderful experience, as well as the ability, of Professor Neilson
+of Toronto in nut culture. As you are doubtless aware Professor Neilson
+decided to locate in Michigan and he made a connection with the Michigan
+Agricultural College at Lansing. Professor Neilson is present and better
+prepared to tell you of the work that has been accomplished thru his
+efforts during the last five years. He may also have an opportunity of
+showing you the results of some of his work in nut grafting.
+
+Now just a word furthermore with reference to this wonderful town of
+Battle Creek which in 1932 celebrated its centennial. With the exception
+of Detroit, Chicago and New York, there is probably no city so well
+known the world over as Battle Creek, this having been accomplished thru
+the advertising of the sanitarium since its establishment in 1865, and
+the advertising of ready-to-eat cereal foods for more than forty years,
+during which time the magic words "Battle Creek" have appeared on
+packages of cereals, in newspapers, magazines and other advertising more
+than six billion times. One of the food factories located in Battle
+Creek frequently prints, fills and ships more than 1,500,000 packages
+per day, or the equivalent of 40 carloads. This same factory gives
+employment to more than 2,200 people, none of whom work more than six
+hours per day. This six hour plan has been established more than 3-1/2
+years and the minimum wage paid per hour to the men is 67 cents.
+
+In conclusion, I must admit that most of my interest in nut culture has
+been by proxy. Professor Neilson and Mr. Corsan are both with us today
+and no doubt will have an opportunity of showing you some of the
+progress that has been made in the vicinity of Wintergreen and Gull
+Lakes, the State Agricultural Farm and the Kellogg Ranch.
+
+We assure you it has been a pleasure to have you with us on this
+occasion and we should be glad to have your convention meet with us
+annually. You have my best wishes for the continued success and
+prosperity of the Northern Nut Growers' Association.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_The Vice-President_,
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN:
+
+It will be rather a difficult task to respond to an address of welcome
+of such a notable character as Mr. Kellogg's. However, I want to express
+my sincere appreciation for being commissioned to respond to such a
+hearty welcome.
+
+I'm glad to be here for several other reasons. First, because this
+association represents a number of people who in themselves represent
+different lines of action. We have first the men and women who are in
+this association from an experimental standpoint. We have also a number
+who are here with a commercial planting standpoint. Then we have another
+group that represents the growing and selling of nut trees. But, in
+addition to that and most important of all, we have another set that
+represents the consuming public, notably Mr. Kellogg and his brother.
+About their work there need not be a great deal said.
+
+I remember, when I first began to become interested in nut culture, I
+wrote to Dr. J. H. Kellogg. I don't remember at the present time where
+he said his plantings were, but I wrote to him in connection with
+pecans, and he said he had a grove of them planted. He said they were
+quite large but they hadn't borne and he believed that they would not
+bear in this section because it was so far north. He advised me to get
+in communication with Mr. J. H. Jones. That was practically the
+information I got from everybody I wrote to, so I went to see Mr. Jones.
+
+Dr. Kellogg has advanced the idea of nuts as food. Not only that but he
+has continuously stood for the belief that they are more suitable for
+human food than many of the proteins of animal nature. In addition to
+that he publishes one of the best health magazines in the country. Dr.
+Kellogg is putting out a health magazine that is further advanced than
+any other magazine that I know of. It gives me great pleasure to respond
+to the address of welcome and I wish to thank Mr. Kellogg on the part of
+the association and myself.
+
+
+
+
+Report of the Secretary for 1934
+
+
+The present secretary assumed office in September 1933 without the
+benefit of previous membership in the association and knowledge of its
+affairs. Considerable time has been spent in getting acquainted with
+these affairs. President Frey, Mr. Reed, and Dr. Deming have been
+especially helpful in orienting the secretary and assisting in answering
+correspondence. The late Mr. Russell, and his successor, Mr. Walker,
+have handled all matters referred to them in a prompt and efficient
+manner. Much credit is due to Mrs. Russell for the efficient manner in
+which she attended to the treasurer's duties during Mr. Russell's
+illness.
+
+One of the chief duties of the secretary is the answering of
+correspondence pertaining to association affairs and inquiries regarding
+nut culture. A total of 175 letters were written for the association.
+Fifty-three were to the officers and Mr. Reed regarding association
+affairs, while 122 concerned nut cultural problems and memberships. A
+number of letters were referred to Mr. Reed and a few to Prof.
+MacDaniels for reply. In addition to the correspondence addressed to the
+association regarding nuts, an equal or larger number of inquiries
+concerning nuts addressed to the station were also answered. A list of
+names of people interested in nuts, but not members of the association,
+is being accumulated from this correspondence.
+
+The circular describing the association and its work was reprinted and a
+list of nut nurseries and tree seedsmen prepared by Mr. Reed was
+mimeographed. These were enclosed in all association and station letters
+sent to non-members in answer to nut inquiries. Their effect in bringing
+in new members and their influence on the sale of nut trees is of course
+unknown. Dr. MacDaniels and Dr. Colby also used these circulars in
+correspondence.
+
+A list of available publications on nut culture has also been prepared
+and will be mimeographed shortly.
+
+A campaign to sell many of the surplus reports of the association was
+planned, but owing to unforeseen obstacles the reports were not
+available and the plans for selling them were shelved until after this
+meeting. If the reports are soon assembled at Geneva it is planned to
+circularize agricultural and horticultural libraries and attempt to
+place complete or nearly complete sets in as many as possible.
+Attractive prices will be made on sets of those reports of which we have
+an oversupply.
+
+A mimeographed list of cions available from the Bixby collection was
+prepared at Mr. Reed's suggestion and sent to all members and other
+interested persons. Mrs. Bixby received as many copies as she needed.
+
+Mr. J. T. Bregger, editor of the American Fruit Grower, has cooperated
+with the secretary in publishing notes pertaining to association
+activities. He is desirous of publishing articles on nut culture. It is
+to be hoped that contributions may be received from members interested
+in various phases of nut growing. Other publications are eager for
+articles on all phases of horticulture. If nut culture is to receive its
+due publicity more than a few must take their pens in hand.
+
+It is with great regret and sadness that the death on April 27, 1934, of
+our treasurer, Newton H. Russell, is recorded. His enthusiasm, interest
+and kindly personality will be greatly missed. He was very active in
+promoting nut culture in Massachusetts. We have lost a valuable member.
+
+The discontinuance of the National Nut News leaves us without an
+official organ. This is a serious handicap to our work. The stimulation
+of interest provided by the regular arrival of a publication containing
+the latest news and newest developments in our field, is a valuable aid
+in nut culture and association activities. The provision of such a
+medium is one of our most pressing problems.
+
+Our membership is at a low point and should be doubled. The secretary is
+desirous of cooperating with the membership committee in a campaign to
+increase the membership. With our dues at their present low figure it
+should not be difficult to interest many in the association. Such a
+campaign should follow several lines.
+
+First: Every member should attempt to secure additional members.
+
+Second: Many who dropped out when dues were high should be invited to
+return.
+
+Third: Attempts should be made to contact certain groups. All of the
+northern experiment stations and agricultural colleges should have a
+member of their horticultural department in the association. Groups such
+as doctors, lawyers, nurserymen, farmers and others should be informed
+of the association and what it offers to each.
+
+Fourth: The agricultural college and experiment station libraries should
+be induced to take out memberships and bring their sets of reports up to
+date.
+
+Such a campaign is more than one person can handle, and several should
+participate in it.
+
+
+
+
+  Treasurer's Report
+
+  Year Ending August 31, 1934
+
+  RECEIPTS
+
+  Annual Memberships                                        $266.75
+  Contributing Memberships                                    10.00
+  Sale of Reports                                             29.00
+  Sale of Bulletins                                            2.25
+  For Subscriptions to National Nut News                       8.00
+                                                            _______
+
+  Total                                                     $316.00 $316.00
+
+  DISBURSEMENTS
+
+  Reprints, K. W. Greene (for Mr. Bixby)                    $ 21.10
+  Printing 1931 Report, Balance, American Fruits Pub. Co.     50.00
+  Subscriptions, National Nut News                            18.00
+  Printing 1932 Report, Lightner Pub. Corp.                  200.00
+  Expenses Downingtown Convention, J. W. Hershey              13.82
+  Membership Dues, American Horticultural Society              2.00
+  Expense Handling Surplus Reports, C. A. Reed                 9.69
+  Advertising, Lightner Pub. Corp.                             4.00
+  Printing 1933 Report, Lightner Pub. Corp.                  125.32
+  Release Expense of Account with Litchfield Savings Society   1.68
+  Loss on Check                                                2.00
+  Postage, F. H. Frey                                         12.10
+  Postage and Miscl. Expense for 1933 Report, F. H. Frey      19.92
+  Mimeographing, G. L. Slate                                   2.25
+  Printing, Postage and Supplies, C. F. Walker                12.45
+  Check Charges & Taxes                                         .68
+                                                            _______
+
+  Total                                                     $495.01 $495.01
+  Excess of Disbursements over Receipts                             $179.01
+
+  CASH ACCOUNT
+
+  Cash on hand or in bank as reported as of Aug. 31, 1933   $306.01
+  Account in Litchfield Savings Society as of Aug. 31, 1933   15.94
+                                                            _______
+
+    Total cash on hand or in bank as of Aug. 31, 1933       $321.95 $321.95
+    Excess of Disbursements over Receipts                            179.01
+                                                                    _______
+
+  Balance, Cash in bank, August 31, 1934                            $142.94
+  Accounts, Due or Payable                                            None
+
+
+_Press and Publication Committee_
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+We have had one or two articles in each issue of the National
+Horticultural Magazine, published by the American Horticultural Society
+in Washington. The editor has promised to have in each issue of his
+magazine something relating to nuts. He is particularly anxious to get
+short articles with a single illustration, articles about a page long
+which will attract attention, be easy to read and stimulate interest in
+nuts. I would be glad to receive articles of that nature for submission
+to the editor.
+
+It is unfortunate that we no longer have an official journal, the
+National Nut News having gone out of existence. We have an opportunity
+to make the American Fruit Grower, with which we have been acquainted a
+good many years, our official journal, and that will come up in the
+course of this meeting.
+
+
+_Membership Committee_
+
+MR. WALKER:
+
+From our increase in membership--forty new members--and from their
+addresses, one is able to judge of the work of Prof. Neilson, he being
+very active in obtaining new members. There are others of our members
+who also have been active and to whom credit is due for the increase in
+membership.
+
+An analysis of the membership of the past six years indicates that we
+are on the increase again. We have retained over 90% of those who were
+members last year. I feel as though we need not try to get everybody in
+the world to plant nut trees. But there is no reason why we should not
+greatly increase our membership.
+
+
+_Program Committee_
+
+PROF. NEILSON:
+
+At nine o'clock tomorrow morning busses will be at the hotel to take us
+to the Kellogg plant. About 10:30 we will proceed to the sanitarium. We
+will try and meet at the Kellogg Hotel at 12:00 P.M. where we are to be
+the guest of Mr. W. K. Kellogg for luncheon. After lunch, at one
+o'clock, we will board the busses and proceed to the Kellogg farm. At
+the farm we will look over the buildings for a few minutes, call at the
+Kellogg School, and then stop for a few moments and look over our
+bittersweet plantation. Then we will go on to the Kellogg Bird Sanctuary
+and see what is being done there in conserving wild fowl.
+
+After we leave the sanctuary we will visit a block of about fifteen
+acres of hickory trees, where I have been doing top working experiments
+for the last three or four years. Then we will inspect our variety
+plantation of nut trees and proceed to Mr. Kellogg's estate. At 5:30 the
+Kellogg Company will provide motor boats to take us for a cruise on Gull
+Lake. At 6:30 we will have our dinner at Bunbury Inn on Gull Lake and
+then have a few addresses and a business session.
+
+
+_Report of Committee on Hybrids and Promising Seedlings_
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN:
+
+One or two interesting seedlings have come to our attention during the
+past year. One a hickory nut that was drawn to the attention of the
+Pennsylvania Nut Growers' Association January last. It is a rather good
+nut and bears very well. I think Mr. Hershey has some of the trees for
+sale.
+
+The other, a very interesting shellbark, came to my attention. The nut
+is large, the best cracker for a shellbark that I have seen, the tree
+itself is beautiful and, although the party who owns it says it bears
+every other year, it seems to me to produce a good many nuts every year
+that I have seen it.
+
+Another, probably worthless, but interesting, seems to me to be an
+English walnut x butternut hybrid. The party insists she planted walnuts
+from a typical English walnut tree, but the trees from these nuts, of
+which there are a number bearing small nuts, certainly have the earmarks
+of the butternut. These plants will be kept under observation and a
+later report given concerning them.
+
+We have a number of first generation hybrids, but so far as I am aware
+we have no second or following generation hybrids in the nut line. It
+seems to me that if we plant a lot of the nuts from these first
+generation hybrids and, when the plants are large enough, distribute
+them to parties who will give them space and care for them until they
+come into bearing, somebody sooner or later will get hold of some
+valuable material. Work along this line I expect to advance through our
+committee as rapidly as practical. It seems to me that the seedlings of
+our first generation hybrids should not be destroyed as has frequently
+been done in the past.
+
+PROF. NEILSON:
+
+I have seen quite a few hybrids between the heartnut and the butternut.
+I believe the Mitchel is about the best.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS:
+
+We found that the tree had stood the winter very well and that it was
+bearing a good crop. We brought along a few samples labeled the Mitchel
+hybrid heartnut. It looked to me to be a promising nut.
+
+PROF. NEILSON:
+
+Mr. Mitchel thought it was a worthless butternut. I told Mr. Mitchel
+that I thought it was well worth saving and I hope that one of these
+days we shall succeed in propagating it.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+Mr. Stokes, in Virginia, has located some black walnuts that will be
+excellent. Mr. Hershey's name and work have been mentioned. He writes me
+that the territory of the Tennessee Valley is a wonderful lay-out and he
+is putting on a contest for different kinds of nuts. He may have some
+desirable nuts to present later on.
+
+MR. SLATE:
+
+If Mr. Reed is not planning to discuss those Jones hybrids in his paper
+I wish he, or someone else who is acquainted with them, would make some
+remarks to be placed on record.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+We think that the two most promising of the Jones hybrids are numbers 92
+and 200. Those were Mr. Jones' own numbers. About three years ago we
+began making an intensive study of them. Ninety-two seemed to bear
+better and be a little more promising than 200, and so it was named
+first. It was named Buchanan in honor of the only president of the
+United States who came from Pennsylvania. Last year number 200 showed up
+so favorably that it seemed well to name that one also, so just about a
+year ago the name of Bixby was suggested and it met with universal
+approval. That, I think, is all that I have to say about the hybrids. We
+are watching them very closely.
+
+From here east we had a very severe winter last year. Apple orchards
+very, very old were killed all through the east and with them thousands
+and thousands of English walnut trees. In Washington we have practically
+no crop of filberts and our English walnuts were affected generally.
+
+We have yet to find a single hybrid between black walnut and English
+walnut which appears to be promising. There is a record, but I think we
+should have brought to our attention from time to time what was known as
+the James River hybrid. It was an enormous black walnut tree that grew
+on the James River near Jamestown. It was visited in 1928 by Mr. Karl
+Greene and Mr. Hershey. Mr. Greene said that the tree measured thirteen
+feet in circumference. You don't often see trees as large as that in any
+part of the country. That is in a part of the country where the English
+walnut has not done well. The tree must have been somewhere around 200
+years old when it died. It was probably grown from a hybrid between an
+English walnut and a black walnut. Our American colonists brought the
+English walnut with them about the same time they brought our first
+apples and peaches and plums and everything else. This tree throws some
+light on the question as to when the first English walnut first came to
+this country.
+
+A week ago yesterday I was riding along a country road down in Maryland.
+I saw a row of trees. One tree in the middle of that row was as big as
+any other three there. I slowed up and looked at them more closely. The
+large tree was a hybrid and the others were not.
+
+
+_Committee on Exhibits_:
+
+On the tables Prof. Neilson has a number of plates of the northern pecan
+at its best. Besides that he has two remarkable specimens of hybrid
+hickories. One is a McCallister, and the other is of unknown origin.
+There are also on the tables other remarkable nuts grown in this part of
+the United States, in Ontario and in British Columbia. There are
+chestnuts, English walnuts, Japanese heartnuts and others.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+You will recall that one year ago I was made custodian of the back
+records of the association. Within two weeks of the time of last year's
+meeting I personally procured the reports which were stacked away in Mr.
+Bixby's barn, and took them to Washington. A little later Dr. Deming and
+the late Mr. Russell made a trip to Redding, Connecticut, and sent me
+500 pounds of back reports. Still later Mr. Karl Greene brought to me
+about another 500 pounds of reports. I had then about 1900 pounds. We
+put them in the basement of the building where our office was and then
+we began to move around. It began to cost something to move them.
+
+I communicated with Mr. Slate and found that there was abundant space at
+Geneva, and the authorities were willing that they should be housed
+there. So I had the reports tied up and arranged with a truck man to
+move them to Geneva. I made the arrangements with a man who agreed to
+move them for $25. Then he backed out. I didn't feel like incurring a
+greater expense by sending them by railroad, so I waited until last week
+and took a bundle from each year in my own car. They are in the
+secretary's care at Geneva at the present time. The rest of the reports
+will presently be stored in Mr. Littlepage's packing shed out in his
+apple orchard. There are still a few reports in the Bixby's barn and Dr.
+Deming can tell how many more he has.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+Each current report will be sold at $1.00 per copy and old reports at
+50c a copy. If someone wanted an entire set we would sell all eighteen
+or nineteen numbers now for $6.00.
+
+The American Fruit Grower, published in Cleveland, Ohio, has agreed to
+have the magazine appear as the official journal of the Northern Nut
+Growers' Association.
+
+MR. J. T. BREGGER:
+
+We will deem it a privilege, and I'm sure an obligation, to take on this
+responsibility of acting as official journal of your society and give to
+you at least a column each month. We are already acting as official
+organ of other horticultural societies and it seems to work out very
+well. In addition to the column that your secretary would have each
+month you could run further articles on nut growing, which would be of
+additional interest to your members. You would have some 150,000 of our
+readers who are interested in fruit growing, and who would be interested
+in nut growing, as possible new members for your organization. They
+would receive your announcements and articles each month and you could
+get in touch with them, through that column, for additional membership.
+
+MR. WALKER:
+
+I move that the American Fruit Grower be made the official organ of the
+Northern Nut Growers' Association, that the secretary be the official
+correspondent with the American Fruit Grower, that the subscription
+price be paid by the treasurer direct to the American Fruit Grower, that
+the present membership fee remain the same, two dollars, to all members,
+with the privilege of receiving the American Fruit Grower. The motion
+was seconded by Prof. Neilson.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+Mr. Ellis has offered to donate $10.00 this year, if it is necessary, to
+apply on subscriptions for the membership. I don't know that we will
+have to call on him for this but it is certainly a display of fine
+spirit.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+I want to express my great satisfaction that the American Fruit Grower
+has offered to act as our official organ on such advantageous terms.
+Fourteen years ago, before Mr. Bregger's career as an editor began, I
+edited a nut column in the Fruit Grower. The motion was carried.
+
+The following named were elected as committee to nominate officers for
+next year: Dr. Deming, Colonel Mitchell, Professor Neilson, Mr. Weber,
+and Dr. Colby.
+
+Resolutions Committee: Professor Slate, Mr. C. A. Reed, and Dr. Colby.
+
+Motion was duly made, seconded and carried that; honorary membership in
+this association may be conferred upon any person by a majority vote of
+members present at any business session or by letter ballot of members
+in good standing and honorary membership should be conferred only on
+individuals who have rendered outstanding or meritorious service in
+connection with the promotion of interest in nut bearing plants, their
+products and their culture.
+
+Mr. W. K. Kellogg and Dr. John H. Kellogg were nominated for honorary
+members of the Association and unanimously elected.
+
+
+
+
+The Dietetic Importance of Nuts
+
+_By_ DR. JOHN HARVEY KELLOGG, _Michigan_
+
+
+Nuts, which supply the finest edible fats and proteins which science has
+discovered, occupy the smallest place in the nation's food budget of any
+of our substantial native foods. This is a remarkable situation well
+worthy of consideration in view of the fact that, according to Prof.
+Elliot of Oxford University and the eminent Prof. Ami of Montreal, and
+many other paleontologists, nuts were the chief diet of the earliest
+representatives of the race who appeared in the Eocene period of
+geologic time. At that time, according to Prof. Elliot, the regions
+inhabited by man bore great forests of walnut, hickory, and other nut
+trees, the fossil relics of which are found in great abundance in
+association with the remains of prehistoric man. It is significant,
+also, that man's nearest relatives, the gorilla, orangutan, and
+chimpanzee still stick to the original bill of fare. I once made an ape
+so angry by offering him a bit of meat that he threatened to attack me
+and finally, as I persisted in offering him the meat, seized it and
+flung it as far away as possible, then scrubbed his soiled hand with
+dust and wiped it on the grass to get rid of the taint of the meat. He
+gave every evidence of feeling deeply insulted. Biology classifies man
+as a primate along with the great apes and, according to the great
+Cuvier, assigns to him along with other primates, a diet consisting of
+nuts, fruits, soft grains, tender shoots and succulent roots.
+
+The great ice sheet which crept down over the greater part of the
+northern hemisphere during the glacial period destroyed the nut forests.
+The greater part of the primate family, including man, moved South and
+survive today in Central Africa, where, along with their furry cousins,
+the gorilla and the chimpanzee, they still adhere to a dietary almost
+wholly of plant foods. Those who remained behind were compelled to
+resort to a flesh diet to avoid starvation. Flesh eating naturally led
+to cannibalism, and the historians tell us that only a few thousand
+years ago, the survivors of the glacial terrors who roamed the British
+Isles, from which the ancestors of most Americans emigrated, roamed the
+forests clad in the skins of animals and feasted upon their enemies.
+
+When the grain-eating Romans conquered and civilized our barbarian
+ancestors and taught them agriculture, plant foods again became the
+chief sources of nutriment, but a meat appetite had been developed and
+is still characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race, while most of the rest
+of the world are almost exclusively plant feeders. Four hundred millions
+of Chinese eat so little meat that it is, in the case of south China,
+not even mentioned in the national food budget. Sixty millions of
+Japanese eat an average of 4 pounds per capita. Two hundred millions of
+East Indians never taste meat. As a matter of fact, only Americans,
+English, Germans and Scandinavians are large meat eaters.
+
+Evidently, the American meat appetite as well as the American sugar
+tooth is enormously exaggerated. It is somewhat encouraging, however, to
+note that the eating habits of the American people are changing. Within
+a generation, and especially since the World War, there has been a
+notable change in the national bill of fare.
+
+More cereals are consumed than formerly, but the greatest per capita
+increase is shown in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and
+especially greenstuffs, such as lettuce, spinach, kale, and other
+greens. This increase in the use of certain foods is not due to the fact
+that the American appetite is increasing or the American stomach
+enlarging, but to the spread among the people of scientific information
+concerning nutrition.
+
+Through experiments upon rats and various other animals, including man
+himself, fundamental principles have been discovered and a real science
+of nutrition has been developed, the axioms, formulae, and basic ideas
+of which are as clearly established as are those of geometry and
+chemistry. We are no longer left to be led astray by guess-work or fancy
+in supplying our nutritive needs, and have verified the truth so aptly
+expressed by that shrewd old Roman philosopher, Seneca, who said, "There
+is nothing against which we ought to be more on our guard than, like a
+flock of sheep, following the crowd of those who preceded us."
+
+This change in the eating habits of the American people has been brought
+about by disillusionment respecting the importance of meats. Fifty years
+ago, every physiologist taught that the liberal consumption of meat was
+essential. This idea was based, first, upon the supposition that
+protein, the chief constituent of lean meat, is the most important
+source of energy; and, second, the belief that food of animal origin is
+better adapted to human sustenance than plant foods, through having
+undergone a process of refinement and concentration in the
+transformation from plant to animal. Modern studies of nutrition have
+shown that both these ideas are without scientific basis.
+
+Unfortunately for the nut-growing industry, and still more unfortunately
+for the American people, the claims of nuts to consideration in this
+re-adjustment of the bill of fare have been generally overlooked, and it
+seems evident that the only hope for the nut industry lies in the
+creation of a larger demand for these nutrients from the plant world by
+acquainting the public with their superlative merits. Of course, room
+must be made for the increased intake of nuts by lessened consumption of
+something which nuts may advantageously replace in the bill of fare.
+Most nuts consist almost exclusively of proteins and fat. Proteins and
+fats likewise are almost the sole constituents of meat. Nuts are thus
+the vegetable analogues of meat and are competitors for a place on the
+bill of fare.
+
+Physiologists are agreed that the American people are eating too much
+meat, and it is the general spread of this conviction that has lessened
+the consumption of flesh foods in this country and has crippled the
+packing industry.
+
+A few years ago, the meat packers, finding that the consumption of meat
+had fallen off nearly one-fourth since the beginning of the century,
+began a vigorous campaign of publicity to increase the demand for their
+products. A special board was established for the purpose and through
+the activities of this board an enormous amount of misinformation has
+been broadcasted which has influenced a number of people to "eat more
+meat to save the live stock industry," to use the packers' appealing
+slogan and incidentally to help the packing industry, and there has
+been some increase in the use of pork, although the falling off in the
+consumption of beef has continued in spite of unscrupulous efforts to
+deceive and mislead the people, to their injury.
+
+The two greatest obstacles in the way of the nut growing industry are
+the ignorance of the people with respect to the value of nuts as staple
+foods and the frantic efforts being made by those interested in the meat
+industry to increase the demand for their products.
+
+A counter campaign of education is needed to set before the people the
+true facts as revealed by modern chemical and bacteriological research,
+by the discoveries of nutrition laboratories and by the clinical
+observations of thousands of eminent clinicians.
+
+The false claims for meat must be met, for it is only by lessening the
+consumption of meat that room can be made for the dietetic use of nuts.
+Here are some of the errors that should be corrected.
+
+
+Claim 1
+
+That meat is an essential food staple, and that without it there would
+result loss of vitality and of individual and racial stamina.
+
+No respectable physiologist will support this claim today, although half
+a century ago all physiologists held these now obsolete views.
+
+
+Claim 2
+
+That flesh foods are necessary for blood building, especially red meats,
+because of their iron content.
+
+This claim is wholly without scientific support. Modern experiments have
+shown that anemic animals recover most quickly on a diet rich in plant
+iron. Green foods have been proven to be sources of the best iron, which
+is associated with chlorophyl.
+
+The iron of meat has been once used and is of the same sort as that
+which the body throws away. It is inferior to the iron of green plants,
+from which the ox makes his red blood.
+
+Nuts contain a rich store of this precious plant iron, as do also beans.
+
+
+Claim 3
+
+That beef and other flesh meats are muscle and strength builders par
+excellence.
+
+This claim no longer has scientific support. Sugar is fuel of the body
+engine. When the butcher's daughter, Gertrude Ederle, failed in her
+first attempt to swim the English Channel, she very justly charged her
+collapse before reaching the English shore to the mutton stew her
+trainer gave her before starting. When in a second attempt, she adopted
+my suggestion through a mutual acquaintance, to eat sugar instead of
+meat, she made a world record. This practice is, I believe, now adopted
+by all successful channel swimmers.
+
+Non-flesh eaters are far superior to meat-eaters in endurance under
+special strains.
+
+When Dempsey defeated the Argentinean giant, he had trained on modest
+allowances of meat and his last meal had consisted of vitamin-rich fresh
+vegetables, while Firpo loaded himself up with steaks and chops.
+
+When Battling Nelson lost his championship, he explained to a newspaper
+reporter, "'Twas the beefsteak that done it. I swiped an extra beefsteak
+when my trainer was not looking, and it made me tired."
+
+De Lesseps, the famous French engineer, became a confirmed and
+enthusiastic flesh abstainer when he found his sturdy beef-fed
+Englishmen could not compete in work on the Suez Canal with the Arab
+laborers, who subsisted on wheat bread and onions, as did the builders
+of the pyramids, according to Herodotus, 5,000 years before. He
+declared, in fact, that without the hardy Arabs, he could not have done
+the work.
+
+Theodore Roosevelt, in his story of his East Africa hunting expedition,
+said in Scribners Magazine that a horse with a heavy man on his back
+could always run down a lion fleeing for his life in a mile and a half.
+
+
+Claim 4
+
+That a man can live on a flesh or muscle meat diet such as chops and
+steaks.
+
+The famous pedestrian, Weston, informed me that on his long walks, he
+never ate meat and on his walk across the continent lived on corn flakes
+and milk.
+
+Carl Mann, a grocer's clerk not professionally trained, competing in a
+government supervised walking race from Dresden to Berlin, 123 miles,
+against the picked pedestrians of the German army and several
+professionals, won easily on a fleshless diet consisting of nuts and
+fresh vegetables which he pulled out of the vegetable gardens as he
+hurried by. The only protein he ate was derived from nuts.
+
+The Tarahumari Indians of Mexico are the most tireless runners in the
+world. Their ancestors were the dispatch runners of Montezuma in
+pre-Colombian days, and they still adhere to the simple plant regimen of
+their forbears.
+
+At the time of the Boxer uprising in China some years ago, the rice-fed
+Japanese were the first to arrive of the military representatives of
+numerous nations who raced to the rescue of the foreign embassies
+besieged by the fanatical and bloodthirsty Boxers.
+
+
+Claim 5
+
+That a man can live and enjoy good health for a year or many years on a
+purely flesh or muscle-meat diet.
+
+The packers' much heralded Stefansson stunt of living a year on an
+exclusive meat diet was a discreditable fake. Stefansson did not live on
+a meat diet, but on a diet consisting of one-fifth protein and
+four-fifths fat (caloric intake). When compelled against his protest to
+eat steaks and chops, he was made very ill with acidosis within two
+days, vomiting and purging so violently that he was compelled to make a
+complete and immediate change. Prof. Newburgh of our State University
+stated that Stefansson ate no more real muscle meat than the average man
+usually eats. The Stefansson experiment proved but one thing, namely,
+that a man even when accustomed to a meat diet, cannot live on lean meat
+alone for more than two days without becoming ill.
+
+Dr. Newburgh produced nephritis, or acute inflammation of the kidneys,
+in rats by feeding them exclusively on meat for a few weeks.
+
+
+Claim 6
+
+That Eskimos thrive on a meat diet.
+
+Captain McMillan who accompanied Peary on his discovery of the North
+Pole, a year or two ago informed me that the Eskimo is short lived. That
+he becomes at 50 years very old and useless and at 55 infirm and
+helpless, and rarely lives to the age of 60 years.
+
+The Arctic traveler Stefansson said to me, "I do not claim to have
+proven that a man can live better or longer on a flesh diet, but only
+that he can live. Of course the scientific argument is against such a
+diet."
+
+Prof. Irving Fisher of Yale University some years ago made a series of
+endurance tests in which the endurance of the athletes of the Yale
+gymnasium was compared with that of physicians and men nurses of the
+Battle Creek Sanitarium. As Prof. Fisher said in his report, which was
+published in the Yale Scientific Review, the endurance of the Battle
+Creek flesh-abstainers was found to be not only "greater" in all the
+tests, but far greater. In the arm holding (arms extended sidewise)
+tests, the Battle Creek men held their arms out longer than any Yale man
+and nine times as long as the same number of Yale men.
+
+Vegetarian bicyclists have for many years held all the championships in
+endurance riding tests from Land's End to John O'Groats.
+
+Through Finland's minister to the United States I have learned that
+Nurmi, the Finnish runner whose record stands unequalled, was trained on
+a non-flesh dietary.
+
+The Great War taught the world among many other important lessons, the
+fact that meat may be dispensed with not only without injury, but with
+great and very definite benefits.
+
+During the World War, Denmark sold her cattle to Germany and reduced her
+meat ration to a very low minimum, with the result that her death rate
+was reduced one-third.
+
+In Germany, where at the beginning of the war the cattle were killed to
+save food and a practically meatless ration was maintained for more than
+three years, diabetes, Bright's disease, and many other chronic maladies
+were reduced in frequency to an extraordinary degree. After the war, as
+I was informed by the medical director of one of the largest life
+insurance companies in this country, it was discovered that the death
+losses among the company's German policy holders, not excepting war
+casualties, were far below the prewar average.
+
+The Chittenden standard now universally accepted, fixes the protein
+intake at 10 per cent of the total ration. This leaves little room for
+meat, and not a few authorities reduce the protein to a still lower
+level.
+
+For some years, McCollum of Johns Hopkins has been calling attention to
+the evils of the "meat and bread" diet, which he declares to be about
+the worst diet one can adopt, and adds, "We could entirely dispense with
+meats without suffering any ill effects whatever."
+
+Chalmers Watson of Edinburgh found that rats on a lean meat diet
+deteriorated so rapidly that after two or three generations they became
+deformed and dwarfed and ceased to reproduce.
+
+The International Scientific Food Commission appointed by the Allies at
+the time of the Great War and charged with the duty of fixing the
+minimum ration of different food essentials, declared it to be
+unnecessary to fix a minimum meat ration, "in view of the fact that no
+absolute physiological need exists for meat, since the proteins of meat
+can be replaced by other proteins of animal origin, such as those
+contained in milk, cheese and eggs, as well as by proteins of vegetable
+origin."
+
+It is evident from the above facts that an effort to induce the American
+people to eat less meat and more nuts would do no harm and should prove
+substantially beneficial.
+
+A leading textbook on "Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics" by Carter, Howe
+and Mason of Columbia University, calls attention to the encouraging
+fact that "Of late there has been a distinct reaction in the meat-eating
+of the wealthier classes, and one sees less meat and more vegetable
+habits as they progress upward in the scale of civilization. Also, on
+account of their sedentary habits, people find that the ingestion of
+considerable quantities of animal protein, with the consequent increase
+in intestinal putrefaction, gives rise to symptoms of toxemia, which
+have assumed a very definite place in the pathology of disease."
+
+That meat enormously increases intestinal putrefaction cannot be
+questioned. It is this fact which makes the difference between the
+excreta of a dog or lion and that of a cow or horse. All carnivorous
+animals suffer from autointoxication.
+
+The eminent pathologist of the Philadelphia Zoo states that all dogs
+over three years of age have hardened arteries, while horses practically
+never show arterial changes even when very old.
+
+Dr. Charles Mayo states that three out of four dogs over 12 years have
+cancer.
+
+I quote the following paragraphs from a poster prepared some years ago
+as a reply to "Meat Is Wholesome" poster distributed by the packers
+through the post office department which presents ample evidence that
+meat is by no means always wholesome:
+
+A bacteriological examination made in the laboratory of the Battle Creek
+Sanitarium of fresh meats purchased at seven different markets, all in
+apparently fresh condition, showed the following number of bacteria per
+ounce:
+
+                 Bacteria Per Ounce
+  Beefsteak       37,500,000-   45,000,000
+  Pork Chops       5,100,000-   87,000,000
+  Beef Liver       3,000,000-  945,000,000
+  Corned Beef        300,000-  910,000,000
+  Hamburger Steak  5,100,000-2,250,000,000
+  Pork Liver       3,000,000-2,862,000,000
+
+The above figures agree with the findings of Tissier, Distaso, Weinzirl,
+Farger, Walpole, and other bacteriological authorities.
+
+
+The Fresh Droppings of Animals
+
+            Bacteria Per Ounce
+  Calf             450,000,000
+  Horse            750,000,000
+  Goat           2,070,000,000
+  Cow            2,400,000,000
+  Oyster Juice     102,000,000
+
+The bacteria in meats are identical in character with those of manure,
+and are more numerous in some meats than in fresh manure. All meats
+become infected with manure germs in the process of slaughtering, and
+the number increases the longer the meat is kept in storage.
+
+Ordinary cooking does not destroy all of the germs of meat.
+
+The importance of suppressing this intestinal putrefaction is becoming
+more and more evident as medical investigation and discoveries are
+continually bringing out new facts which show an intimate relation
+between intestinal poisons and many chronic maladies, including gall
+bladder disease, high blood pressure, heart disease which kills 300,000
+Americans annually, Bright's disease, insanity and premature senility.
+Many physicians are on this account saying daily to patients, "Eat less
+meat." "Cut out beefsteak and chops," and "Change your intestinal flora
+so as to clear your coated tongue and eliminate the poison that taints
+your breath."
+
+Nuts have the great advantage that although richer in protein than is
+meat, they are much less putrescible. Fresh meats are practically always
+in a state of putrefaction when eaten while nuts are delivered to us by
+the generous hand of Nature in aseptic packages, ready to eat, and
+presenting pure nutriment in the most condensed and refined form known
+to science. Fresh meats are always contaminated with colon and
+putrefactive germs with which they become contaminated in the
+slaughtering process. If flesh is to be used as food, animals should be
+killed with the same antiseptic precautions which are employed in modern
+surgery. This is never done, and within a few days after killing, the
+flesh of a slaughtered animal is swarming with colon germs, and when
+long kept for use of hotels and many restaurants, is covered with a
+beard of green mold. Such food is fit only for scavengers. Hamburger
+steak and pork liver often contain more manure germs than the fresh
+droppings of animals.
+
+The liberal substitution of nuts for meats would save billions annually.
+
+According to Prof. Baker, of the Department of Agriculture, fully 80 per
+cent of the total feed and food products in the United States is
+consumed by live stock. Most of these animals are consumed as food.
+
+The enormous loss involved is shown by the fact that 100 pounds of
+digestible foodstuffs are required to produce 3 pounds of beef.
+
+According to an announcement by the United States Bureau of Statistics,
+the per capita annual cost of meat in the United States is more than
+$80.00, which totals for the whole population nearly $10,000,000,000 per
+annum.
+
+Prof. Baker suggests that the annual per capita consumption of meat
+might without injury be reduced from the present 170 pounds to fifty
+pounds, which would make a saving of $6,000,000,000 at least, for
+$1,000,000,000 would easily supply from nuts and other plant sources
+more than enough food to replace the discarded meats.
+
+The general belief that nuts are an expensive food is an error. When a
+man pays a dollar for three pounds of steak, he is probably not aware of
+the fact that three-fourths of what he buys is simply water, so that the
+actual solid nutriment purchased amounts to not more than three-quarters
+of a pound, making the actual cost of the water-free food $1.33 per
+pound.
+
+Two pounds of almonds or other nut meats which might be purchased at the
+same cost, would yield twice as much and better food.
+
+If the whole beef industry were wiped out, the country would be the
+gainer.
+
+What the nut industry needs most is a campaign of education to tell the
+American public about the superior values of nuts and to correct the
+errors broadcasted by the Meat Board. The public must not only be taught
+the value of nuts as set forth in Mr. Russell's admirable book, but
+should be encouraged by government aid to plant nut trees on barren
+mountain sides and areas devastated by lumbering operations. If every
+lumberman had been required by law to plant a nut tree for every ten
+timber trees cut down during the last 50 years, a food source would have
+been provided which would insure more than an ample supply of precious
+protein and satisfying fat to feed 120,000,000 of Americans if the
+cereal food crops were destroyed by a drouth or predatory insects.
+
+If nut trees were planted along all our highways and railway
+thoroughfares, a food crop would be produced of greater nutrient value
+than that yielded at the present time by the entire live stock industry.
+
+That an educational campaign may be made to succeed was shown by the
+experience of the raisin producers of California.
+
+Some years ago, when the raisin industry was prostrate, I received a
+letter from the secretary of an association organized for the purpose of
+trying to revive the industry, asking for information concerning the
+food value of raisins. I called attention to the fact that the raisin is
+rich in food iron and a good source for this food mineral and suggested
+that if the people were made acquainted with this fact through a broad
+advertising campaign, the demand for this delectable fruit might be
+greatly increased. "Have you eaten your iron?" soon appeared in the
+newspapers throughout the land, and the raisin farmers of California
+found it necessary to enlarge their vineyards.
+
+A discouraging feature of the nut industry to beginners is the long time
+required to bring trees to bearing. On this account, it seems to me that
+state and federal governments should lend the industry a helping hand. I
+would suggest that this association should instruct its president and
+secretary to make an earnest effort to persuade state and federal
+governments to give more attention to the planting of nut trees in their
+reforesting operations.
+
+A broad belt of nut trees running the length of the great timberline
+which is to be created for the protection of the western states from a
+recurrence of drouth, might prove a more dependable protection to our
+food supply than the possible effect of a narrow strip of woodland upon
+the country's climate.
+
+I append a table which shows the high food value of nuts as compared
+with other common foods. One pound of walnut meats equals in food value
+each of the following:
+
+                     Pounds
+  Beef loin, lean     4.00
+  Beef ribs, lean     6.50
+  Beef neck, lean     9.50
+  Veal                5.50
+  Mutton leg, lean    4.20
+  Ham, lean           3.00
+  Fowls               4.00
+  Chicken, broilers  10.00
+  Red Bass           25.00
+  Trout               4.80
+  Frog's legs        15.00
+  Oysters            13.50
+  Lobsters           22.00
+  Eggs                5.00
+  Milk                9.50
+  Evaporated cream    4.00
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+I am sure everyone feels that the trip here would be worth while if we
+didn't receive another bit of information but your paper, and they would
+really like to develop some kind of an ailment so that they could place
+themselves under your care.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+About five years ago I spent a few hours here in Battle Creek, largely
+as a guest of Dr. Kellogg over at his home. While I was there he
+introduced me to quite a variety of soy bean products and he rather
+disturbed me by telling me that beans had much the same food values as
+nuts. He reminded me that you could grow a crop of beans every year. You
+can't be sure of doing that with nut trees. He gave me an economic idea
+to think about. I wonder if he has anything to say about beans now. Are
+beans going to supplant nuts?
+
+DR. KELLOGG:
+
+I confess that it seems to me, from a practical and economic standpoint,
+that the soy bean is a very strong rival of the nut industry. I would
+like to inquire how many acres are at the present time planted in nuts.
+How many acres have been added in the last twenty years? There are, at
+the present time, more than 3,000,000 acres of soy beans being planted
+every year. It has only been a short time since they were first
+introduced and there are more being planted every year.
+
+I believe that the government ought to take an interest in this matter
+of nut tree planting, for I believe that is the best way in which it can
+be promoted. I have for several years been trying to find someone who
+has made a fortune out of raising nuts but I have not yet found such a
+man. I believe, however, that it is a veritable gold mine of value but
+will have to have governmental aid. I think the government should
+require all of these slaughtering lumbermen to plant nut trees in the
+place of the trees they are cutting down.
+
+MR. CORSAN:
+
+The nut tree is one of the things that will make the boys and girls of
+the farm love their homes. In a few years boys and girls will be going
+back to a beautiful farm, not to pig pens, but where there are beautiful
+trees.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Culture Work of the Living Tree Guild
+
+_By_ MISS DOROTHY C. SAWYER, _New York_
+
+
+The Living Tree Guild appreciates the privilege of presenting a paper at
+the silver anniversary convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association. We feel in a humble mood when talking to you. We are new
+comers in the field and the work we have done in furthering interest in
+the subject of northern nut culture is only taking what you have created
+and endeavoring to make it intelligible and useful to the public. It is
+something which arouses our enthusiasm. We have great faith in the value
+of planting grafted nut trees in the North. This new resource for
+beautifying and making idle land productive is no longer restricted to
+this small group of nut culturists, but it is now practical, for anyone
+with a little land and the urge to grow things, to enjoy the planting of
+nut trees.
+
+Our function is in educating more people to an appreciation of what
+improved nut trees are and what they can do as they are at present
+developed. Nut growing is just beginning to come into its own and the
+nut tree should take its place as a valuable shade tree, should be
+included in the home orchard and used as a paying crop by the farmer in
+the North. The Guild is especially interested in introducing and
+popularizing new horticultural developments. It publishes a new type of
+tree as a publisher does a book. We serve as a connecting link between
+the horticulturist and the layman, aiming to coordinate the work of
+horticulturists and to interpret the meaning of this work to prospective
+planters of trees. We act as a sort of educational sieve, our aim being
+to extend the number of tree planters. This is a sales job and the
+Living Tree Guild is a sales organization. We work through the press by
+means of conservative advertising and publicity articles, through
+personal contact by means of exhibits and individual interviews and
+through the mails by means of carefully prepared bulletins of
+information and well selected photographs. We work to gather all the
+authentic information and offer this to our customers as a unique
+service. Frankly we believe that there is no other organization in the
+country that is as closely associated as we are with the authorities on
+tree planting. Dr. Morris, whom we all know as the dean of northern nut
+culture, is a member of our Board of Advisors.
+
+In order to symbolize the grafted nut tree the Guild has adopted a brand
+name, Guild Pedigree, based on the fact that the mother trees have been
+carefully selected and are well known for their quality. Experiments
+have shown that they represent a selected family line and develop true
+to its characteristics.
+
+We have been in touch with northern nut tree planting for a good many
+years, but our sales work has been limited to the past three years
+which, of course, means that we have never tried to sell nut trees in
+so-called normal times. Yet Guild Pedigrees have bucked these economic
+obstacles and they are becoming recognized as offering a remarkable
+opportunity to the business man who has property and to the busy farmer
+to make their idle land productive with a minimum amount of care and
+attention. They realize that the difficult operation of grafting has
+been successfully accomplished and that they need only prepare the
+ground for planting according to the character of the soil and with a
+little pruning and cultivation within a few years may be assured of a
+new type of crop for which there is a growing demand. They recognize the
+value of these trees over ordinary fruit trees which require numerous
+sprayings a year and whose extremely perishable crop must be carefully
+picked from the trees. Everyone knows that a certain amount of effort is
+required to get good returns from farming, but comparatively speaking
+improved nut trees have a decided advantage in their facility of growth,
+which means that they can be planted by a much wider range of growers
+than almost any other kind of crop.
+
+In all of this we speak primarily of the black walnut which we recognize
+as the best nut tree for extensive planting in the North. We believe the
+hazel hybrids and filberts are of value as a secondary nut crop, as
+fillers-in between the black walnuts or used as ornamental bushes for
+screening around the grounds. Where local conditions justify it we
+recommend that the home orchard include a variety of nut trees, the
+English walnut, the northern pecan, certain hybrid hickories and a
+highly blight-resistant chestnut. The Guild has realized from the start
+that most laymen know little or nothing about the planting of nut trees.
+We, therefore, work with them individually, advising them in detail on
+their particular plantings. We keep a record of all Guild Pedigree nut
+trees, particularly of the black walnut, each one of which bears a tag
+with a serial number. We keep a record of this number and are gradually
+building up a case history of each tree, in so far as possible, in some
+instances complete with photographs. We include the conditions under
+which the tree was planted, whether as an orchard or as an ornamental
+tree, the amount of care and attention given it and its gradual
+development and increase in bearing. This is also being done with every
+tree that is included in the experimental orchard the Guild is operating
+in the Connecticut River valley.
+
+The data that we are obtaining in this way is aiding us in publishing
+the latest authentic information on what happens when nut trees are
+planted by laymen under varying conditions. We believe these records
+will be a unique contribution of the Guild to northern nut culture. By
+this means we can already point to certain Guild Pedigrees as having
+made unusual growth or only average development, together with the
+probable explanation, and of course to some that have died from natural
+causes or from attacks by woodchucks or the like. We can offer records
+of plantings of Pedigrees that have been made in practically all the
+leading states, Canada and even abroad. Perhaps one of the most
+interesting case histories is that of Pedigree No. 1527 which was
+planted in the spring of 1932 as a Washington Bicentennial tree. This
+tree, set as a single specimen, came into full leaf immediately after
+planting and a year later was all of seven feet tall and had three
+mature black walnuts for its first crop. It is the proud possession of
+two small boys.
+
+Young as we are in the field we have given authentic information on the
+planting of northern nut trees to several thousands of tree lovers. We
+have found a definite demand for detailed knowledge, and recognition of
+our work has been shown by the great interests in exhibits we have
+staged and from several awards which we have received from such
+organizations as the Horticultural Society of New York. An analysis
+shows that Guild nut tree plantings range from the true farmer to the
+gentleman farmer, from the small lot owner to the owner of hundreds of
+acres of non-dividend paying land, from the keen horticulturist to the
+youth who is taking his first step in following a fascinating new hobby.
+
+The selling of nut trees is a very special problem. It is not like
+selling other kinds of trees. We recognize the fact that those who plant
+Pedigree nut trees are in a class by themselves and we, therefore, set
+up a separate department for them, making a special study of the
+subject. We feel certain that there is a great future ahead for nut
+growing in the North with our associations cooperating in the
+distribution of information and stock developed from actual
+experimentation over a period of years. Above all it is important to
+understand what others are doing, and appreciate that the commercial
+side should go hand in hand with the purely horticultural.
+
+
+
+
+Progress Report on Nut Growing in the Ithaca, N. Y. Region
+
+_By_ DR. L. H. MACDANIELS
+
+_New York_
+
+
+The status of nut growing in the Ithaca region was reported at the
+Washington, D. C. meeting of this association in 1932. Since that time
+there has been little change in the situation except that a few more of
+the varieties have come into bearing, and the severe winter of 1933-34
+has injured the trees of many varieties.
+
+The plantings in the vicinity of Ithaca are confined chiefly to those of
+the Department of Pomology at Cornell University, and those of Mr. S. H.
+Graham who is a member of this association and has been planting nut
+trees for many years. Other than these there are only scattered trees
+either native or planted around the dooryards by amateurs without any
+very keen interest in northern nut growing. The purpose of the plantings
+at Cornell University is primarily to test out varieties for their
+suitability for growing in the rather rigorous climate of the region.
+Farmers and others throughout New York state look to the experiment
+stations for information regarding the possibilities of nut culture and
+the varieties which might be planted to advantage.
+
+As has been pointed out previously, the number of varieties adapted to
+the region is distinctly limited because of unfavorable climatic
+conditions. These climatic conditions are more fully described in
+Bulletin 573 of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at
+Cornell entitled "Nut Growing in New York State." The breeding of new
+varieties and other investigational work is being carried on at the
+Geneva Experiment Station where, as you know, Prof. G. L. Slate has been
+growing many varieties of filberts for some years.
+
+The university plantings at Ithaca consist of about an acre set about 20
+years ago, including a number of varieties of different nuts recommended
+for planting at that time. There is also about an acre of "butterjaps"
+which are growing vigorously but have shown little promise of value
+because of a lack of hardiness and generally poor cracking quality. The
+most important planting is about 5 acres of cleared woodland in which
+many hickories have come up naturally. These have been top worked to
+many of the leading hickory varieties. A considerable number of walnut
+stocks have also been planted in this area and top-worked to walnut
+varieties. Plans are under way to acquire 10 or 15 additional acres to
+be used for further variety tests as new varieties are brought to light
+in the various nut variety contests which are being carried on.
+
+Up to and including 1934 the black walnuts that have fruited are the
+Thomas, the Ohio, and the Stabler. Of these the Thomas is the only one
+which is at all satisfactory. This variety has fruited 3 years in
+succession and has matured well-filled nuts every year. The Ohio and
+Stabler have been shy bearers and in addition the nuts have been small
+and not well filled. Both are evidently adapted to a longer growing
+season than that at Ithaca. In 1934 one Stambaugh graft matured about 40
+nuts. This variety appears promising but needs further testing. In
+another year or two at least a dozen more of the promising varieties of
+black walnuts should come into bearing.
+
+Among the hickories the Barnes, of which there are 3 trees, has fruited
+several times but in no case have the nuts been filled. The Brooks, the
+Stanley, and the Weiker have also fruited sparingly but the nuts have
+not been filled. During the past season, 1934, a few nuts were borne on
+the Taylor, Kentucky, and Vest hickory trees, which were well filled. It
+may be that these varieties will prove suitable for the region. The
+Kentucky looks particularly promising. The Beaver and the Fairbanks have
+borne a few nuts but the quality is not sufficiently good to make them
+worth growing. The Burlington hybrid pecan makes a very beautiful tree
+and has set nuts in several seasons, but they are not well filled. About
+half a dozen varieties of northern pecans have been fairly hardy but the
+seasons are too short to mature the nuts. They have always been frozen
+on the trees while still very green.
+
+During the past winter the temperature went down to -35° F. at the
+University orchard. This killed most of the Persian walnuts outright.
+Even the hardy varieties, Rush and Hall, were killed back to a few buds
+on the trunks and larger branches. This experience has been quite
+general throughout New York where the temperature went down below -25° F.
+It is to be hoped that some of the new sorts being introduced from the
+Ukraine will be better able to stand the low temperatures experienced in
+New York. The low temperature very seriously damaged the 60 Chinese
+chestnuts growing in the University orchard, killing the terminals back
+for several feet and the sapwood all the way out to the combium and down
+to the snow line. The trees so injured made only fair recovery and it is
+doubtful if they are worth saving. Some Chinese chestnut trees nearer
+Cayuga Lake where the temperature only reached -27° F. were only slightly
+injured. It would seem, therefore, that around -30° F. was the critical
+temperature for the Chinese chestnut. The Japanese walnuts were not
+injured seriously by the cold weather of the winter. Many of the more
+tender seedlings had already been eliminated by the cold winters of the
+past. The Japanese walnuts were, however, badly damaged by the late
+spring frost which froze off the catkins and new shoots. This has
+occurred several times in the last ten years and is a serious drawback
+to the bearing of this species. Hickories and black walnuts for the most
+part showed no injury except in the case of rapidly growing grafts. All
+of the McCallister hican grafts were killed outright as were a number of
+grafts of the shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa). At Enfield Park where
+the probable temperature was about -27° F. one McCallister pecan graft
+survived. The filberts were quite generally damaged both in wood and
+catkins, except the Rush, which fruited heavily. Northern pecans had
+their terminals killed back about 6 inches but were otherwise uninjured.
+
+In my judgment the greatest need of northern nut growing is the
+discovery and testing of new varieties adapted to the different northern
+regions. To find and test these varieties is probably the greatest
+service that the Northern Nut Growers' Association can perform. We
+cannot expect that nurserymen will propagate commercially the new nuts
+which are discovered until they are sufficiently tested to establish
+the value of the variety for different regions. As has been pointed out,
+the Northern Nut Growers' Association is in much the same position as
+was the American Pomological Society 100 or more years ago when
+information regarding new varieties was the main interest of the fruit
+industry. In this connection it would seem to me well worth while to
+carry out the idea proposed by Dr. Deming last year which he called the
+Roll Call of Nut Varieties. The older sorts have now been planted
+sufficiently widely by members of the association to make it possible to
+get some adequate idea of their suitability for growing in various
+localities. Those who have the interest of the association at heart
+should do all they can to obtain and grow any new varieties that offer
+any promise of being adapted to their locality. It is only by carrying
+out such a program that we shall have any real basis for making
+recommendations as to varieties adapted to different regions.
+
+I must confess that I am still skeptical about a commercial nut industry
+in New York on the basis of our present varieties. After more than 20
+years of variety testing in Ithaca only the Thomas black walnut has
+shown any real merit. All the other sorts that were propagated and
+recommended have shown themselves to be quite unsuitable to the climate.
+A grower setting out a commercial orchard 20 years ago on the basis of
+our knowledge of varieties at that time would now have practically
+nothing to show, except as he happened to have the Thomas black walnut,
+or possibly some of the hickories of northern origin. At the present
+time the number of promising varieties known has been greatly increased.
+They are, however, not available in the trade, nor will they be until
+they have been adequately tested to establish their merit. Fortunately
+some of the nurserymen growing nut trees are willing to run test
+orchards as well. They are few in number and of course their work must
+be augmented by the work of others in the association. What we need more
+than anything else are test orchards in different localities in which
+the relative yield of the different varieties over a period of years
+will be kept. On the basis of such data recommendations as to varieties
+to plant can be made with some degree of assurance that the information
+given is sound.
+
+MR. C. A. REED:
+
+Prof. MacDaniels may have told you of a number of promising varieties
+which he personally has been responsible for bringing to light during
+the last year. If he didn't I hope that he will tell as a matter of
+record how he came to get them and just what they are.
+
+PROF. MACDANIELS:
+
+Prof. O. F. Curtis of Cornell University and I made a pilgrimage of
+about a thousand miles back to the stamping ground of our youth with the
+avowed purpose of hunting down some of the best black walnuts of the
+region. The trip, though a hurried one, was packed with interest. In
+all, four walnuts were located which seemed well worth testing. Probably
+the best of these is the Albert Todd. The nut is thin hulled, a little
+smaller than the Thomas but with a thicker kernel. The tree was about
+dead when found but scions were procured and are now growing at Ithaca
+and Geneva. Another variety is the Emerson, located at Madison, Ohio.
+This is a large round nut with a rather tough shell and high proportion
+of kernel. Mr. Emerson has a good stand of native walnut growing on
+bottom land. A few years ago he sold 25 trees to a furniture company for
+$1000.
+
+The third nut Dr. Curtis found on a previous journey to Ohio. It is a
+large nut of rather unusual shape being higher than it is long. It has
+good cracking quality and deserves further testing. The fourth walnut,
+the Chase, is growing in a dooryard at Oberlin, Ohio. It is larger than
+any of the others, with good shell conformation. It has the reputation
+of not always filling out the kernels, a condition which may be seasonal
+or possibly an inherent defect. Grafts of all four of these walnuts are
+growing at Ithaca and at Geneva and will be available after a year or
+two.
+
+We had one disappointment in that a tree that we particularly wanted was
+found to have died only two years before. It was the old story of being
+too late. Certainly such experiences ought to spur this association to
+new efforts in trying to locate the best nut trees before they are
+destroyed.
+
+
+
+
+Some Random Notes on Nut Culture
+
+_By_ D. C. SNYDER, _Iowa_
+
+
+Any notes concerning the behavior of nut trees in Iowa this year
+necessarily recall the trying weather conditions and these must be
+referred to again and again. Although winter temperatures were quite
+mild, catkins on the filberts and hazels were so badly injured that none
+bloomed on the filberts and very few on the Jones hybrids which had
+previously been hardy. The native hazels bloomed but set very few nuts,
+apparently because of their repeatedly freezing during the blooming
+period. The Winkler hazel seems to be a phenomenal individual and a poor
+parent, not reproducing anywhere nearly true. Thus far all its seedlings
+have produced nuts inferior to the parent variety even when they were
+from seed which was cross-pollinated by other choice hazels or filberts.
+They do, however, show much variation in foliage, bushes and fruit and
+what the second generation may bring forth is yet to be determined.
+Established hazel plants endured the extreme heat and drought
+splendidly, but newly planted bushes did not. Well-rooted layers and
+divisions planted out early made a splendid start, then backed up and
+were a total failure before the July rains came.
+
+That you may know how dry it was in Iowa the first six months of 1934,
+let me tell you that only about two-thirds of the oats sown in April in
+well prepared soil got moisture enough to germinate then, and about the
+same part of the corn planted in May germinated. Well, along in June a
+shower furnished enough moisture to germinate the remaining part, so we
+had corn 2 to 3 feet high and in adjacent hills only 2 or 3 inches high,
+and oats which were headed out mixed with others of the same sowing
+which were just up.
+
+The walnuts endured these extremely dry conditions better than any fruit
+or nut bearing trees. Young seedlings made quite a satisfactory growth
+and year old seedlings lined out for future grafting made almost a
+perfect stand, as did the grafted trees which were unsold and lined out
+at the end of the selling season. The heavy loss in walnuts was in the
+grafts set in May. This will be mentioned later.
+
+The shortage of moisture in 1933 apparently was responsible for
+considerable winter killing of young hickories which were in sod. There
+was no loss in cultivated ground. The hickories were like the apples
+this year in that they did not bloom much, and unlike them in that the
+apples ripened ahead of their normal season, while the hickories ripened
+later. Stratford nuts are usually ready to gather September 1 but this
+year are still clinging to the trees. Fairbanks is our most prolific
+kind. Nuts closely resembling Fairbanks, yet somewhat different from it,
+keep bobbing up on different sides of us when there is a good crop of
+hickory nuts. None of them have yet been superior to Fairbanks. Perhaps
+one should give each a good testing and keep up a search for one with
+better quality than Fairbanks. Certainly there is no reason for calling
+Stratford a hybrid. It is one of a group of shagbarks with smaller
+leaves and buds, and thinner husks than are found in what we would call
+a typical shagbark. The shagbarks might be divided into several species
+and be as distinct as some of the species of other trees, such as the
+ash for example. Vest and Hand represent another group with thin, wavy
+shells and thereby are quite distinct from the typical shagbarks.
+
+On account of extremely hot weather coming so early the nut trees were
+grafted earlier than usual and in this order: chestnuts, bitternuts,
+hickory stocks, shagbark stocks and, after a few days, the walnuts and
+pecans. The grafting was successful in the order worked. Immediately
+after the walnuts and pecans were worked the temperature began mounting,
+reaching 114° F. in the shade at one time, and of course much more in
+the sun and just above the bare dry ground. The chestnuts and bitternuts
+had time to knit together before the extreme heat and gave a splendid
+stand. The shagbarks also made a good stand. But the walnuts and pecan
+stocks were near a total failure. Apparently what occurred was that the
+grafting wax and paraffin which was coated over the scion melted and
+penetrated the union, like that much kerosene or penetrating oil, and
+prevented callusing. The cions remained plump and green for a long time
+except for a thin layer at the cut surfaces. The usual resin, beeswax,
+linseed oil and lamp black grafting wax was used. Can anyone suggest a
+wax which will remain absolutely dry under the conditions described
+above? What happened, as near as I can tell, is that the extremely hot
+weather and the continuation of it melted the grafting wax and the
+paraffin. They fused and made a new combination which looked like grease
+and absolutely prevented any growth. The shagbark hickories gave a good
+stand, about as perfect a stand as you could expect in hickories. Last
+of all the pecan stocks were worked. They should have been the easiest
+to work but they were a total failure. That is because the hot weather
+set in less than a week after they were set, while the others had more
+time. The problem I would like to see solved is one of a wax which will
+remain absolutely dry during such times, and I think then we will have
+solved one of the big problems of propagation.
+
+PROF. NEILSON:
+
+I've had more or less trouble with grafting waxes since I began to graft
+nut trees, and I have therefore been looking for a wax that would stand
+up under extremely hot weather and which could be applied cold and was
+not too costly. I think I have found one that comes nearest to the
+ideal. It is an asphalt tree emulsion made by the Flintkote Co. of New
+York City. This emulsion can be purchased in five gallon drums at 60c a
+gallon in Detroit. It can be diluted with water and applied in a thin or
+heavy coating. I used this wax last summer and I am better pleased with
+it than any other wax I have ever tried.
+
+MR. WEBER:
+
+I thought a few years ago that I had eliminated wax trouble, but finally
+I came to the conclusion that when you have a temperature that runs
+beyond the place that will melt ordinary paraffin the heat will kill the
+grafts.
+
+MR. WALKER:
+
+This question is an old one. Last winter and the winter before I did a
+little work on the old reports. You will find some mighty good winter
+reading there. I find things hashed and rehashed over and over again.
+The subject of grafting wax, of course, was discussed years ago. I might
+caution you on the asphalt. It will have to be the highest, purest
+grade.
+
+MEMBER:
+
+You can easily prevent wax from getting in between the scion and the
+stock by using a paper or cellophane.
+
+MR. SNYDER:
+
+These grafts were tied with tape. I'm sure that this oil would penetrate
+anything which was not absolutely air tight.
+
+
+
+
+Winter Injury of Filberts at Geneva 1933-34[A]
+
+_By_ G. L. SLATE
+
+_New York Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y._
+
+
+Last year I reported to you the winter injury to the Geneva filbert
+collection resulting from a very mild winter. This year I am reporting
+the damage resulting from the coldest winter on record in western New
+York. Varieties that have withstood both winters may be considered
+sufficiently hardy for anything western New York and regions with a
+similar climate have to offer in climate.
+
+A brief summary of the winter and its effects on other fruit plants in
+the vicinity of Geneva will serve as a background for the data on
+filberts. The first severe cold occurred on December 29 when the
+temperature dropped to -21° F. This equalled the previous low record
+established in February, 1896. On February 9 the minimum temperature
+recorded was -31° F. or ten degrees lower than anything previously
+recorded in the history of the Station. The minimum on February 8
+was -16° F. and on February 10, -18° F.
+
+Fruit trees suffered severe injury from these extreme temperatures.
+Nearly all the older Baldwin apple trees in the vicinity were killed or
+so severely injured as to be of no further value for fruit production.
+Peach fruit buds were all killed and many of the trees succumbed, even
+in well cared for orchards. Very few sweet cherry buds survived, and
+many trees were injured or killed. Delaware, Catawba and Niagara grapes
+were also killed to the ground or lost most of their buds. Japanese
+plums failed to bloom, and the trees were severely injured. Nearly all
+climbing roses were killed to the ground. Even the native elderberry,
+Sambucus canadensis, was killed back in many cases. Such was the winter
+experienced by the filberts.
+
+Before classifying the filbert varieties as to their hardiness, some
+general statements regarding the effect of the cold on the filberts may
+be of interest.
+
+The injury to the wood seemed to be due to a gradual drying out and the
+clear cut distinction between winter killed wood and live wood so
+evident in peaches, apples, and pears did not show in the filberts. The
+wood of the filberts had a dried out appearance with a few brown streaks
+so that one could not predict definitely in February the amount of
+injury. It was not until midsummer that a true picture of the injury to
+the wood could be obtained. This gradual drying out of the wood without
+the clear cut distinctions between dead and live wood also characterized
+the winter killing of the wood of grapes and raspberries. In the spring
+new growth on the injured filbert wood started late. If the injury was
+slight the foliage soon reached normal size. In some cases the early
+leaves were very small, but later attained normal size. With trees that
+were severely injured the leaves remained small until midsummer and then
+gradually turned yellow and died. Many branches were killed outright and
+failed to start or only a bud here and there would start. On the trees
+of a few varieties that were injured the least, a few small leaves were
+the chief evidence of winter injury.
+
+The recuperative power of the filbert seems to be nearly as great as
+that of the peach and pear insofar as this may be determined by
+observation in the orchard. In spite of the past winter the station
+filbert orchards present a fairly good appearance except for a few
+varieties. It is probably safe to consider filberts as hardy as peaches
+and sweet cherries.
+
+The flowers of the filbert show a greater range in hardiness than those
+of peaches and sweet cherries. The staminate flowers or catkins of a few
+varieties are definitely hardier than peach flowers. Not a single peach
+blossom survived but three filberts bloomed with only slightly more than
+the usual amount of catkin killing. The pistillate or female flowers are
+much hardier than peach flowers. The pistillate flowers are also hardier
+than the wood as flowers were observed on trees the wood of which was
+nearly dead by midsummer. In the older orchard about 16 varieties bore a
+number of pistillate flowers that were recorded as medium or greater.
+These did not all set nuts, however, owing to the scarcity of pollen,
+but the crop on seven varieties was about medium. It should be
+emphasized at this point that there were no peaches, practically no
+Japanese plums, very few sweet cherries, and very few grapes in the
+Station orchards and vineyards this year. Trees in the partially
+protected orchard fared somewhat better in regard to catkin injury than
+those in the more exposed orchard. That full exposure to the wind has
+much to do with winter killing of catkins is shown by the following.
+After the severe freeze of December 29 and 30 when -21° F. was
+experienced, catkins of several varieties were forced in the office.
+These all opened and shed pollen normally. January 29 and 30 near zero
+temperatures were experienced with very strong winds. Catkins forced in
+the office immediately after this were nearly all killed. Since zero
+temperatures are not uncommon at Geneva in winter, but are rare with
+strong winds, much of the injury may be attributed to the combination of
+wind and cold.
+
+Young trees were injured less in wood than old trees. This is well shown
+by a comparison of two lots of Kentish Cob of different ages. Nine
+9-year-old trees were killed back from 50 to 80 percent in addition to
+considerable weakening of the remaining wood. Eleven two-year-old trees
+in the same orchard were uninjured.
+
+The importance of exposure to winds as a factor in causing catkin
+killing is further shown by a comparison of catkin killing in the two
+filbert orchards at Geneva. In the younger orchard which is exposed to
+the full sweep of the west wind not a catkin survived on any of the 66
+varieties in that orchard. In the other older orchard which is protected
+on the west and north by buildings and spruce trees, sufficient catkins
+survived on three varieties to provide for proper pollination. In
+discussing the effects of winter injury on the different varieties it
+will be necessary to make a distinction between the two orchards.
+Orchard 6 is the partially protected planting while Orchard 16 is fully
+exposed. Most of the trees in Orchard 6 were nine years old, while those
+in Orchard 16 are six years old or less. Wood injury, catkin injury, and
+pistil injury will be treated separately.
+
+In the first group are those varieties which suffered very severe wood
+injury. They are Clackamas, Early Globe, English Cluster, and Oregon.
+The latter two are very similar and may be identical. These were all
+nine year old trees located in Orchard 6. The trees were so severely
+injured that their recovery is doubtful and the development of new trees
+from suckers will be necessary. Clackamas evidently suffered root
+killing as only one of the six trees is producing suckers. In this group
+the trees leaved out, but the foliage was small, usually less than
+one-fifth the size of normal foliage, and growth weak. By August the
+leaves were yellow and many were shrivelling.
+
+Varieties moderately to severely injured in Orchard 6 were Barcelona,
+Kentish Cob (Du Chilly), Fertile de Coutard, Minna, Purple Aveline, Red
+Aveline, White Aveline, White Lambert, D'Alger, and Montebello. In
+Orchard 16 the severely injured varieties were Garibaldi, Kentish
+Filbert, Marquis of Lorne, Princess Royal, Red Skinned, The Shah, Webbs
+Prize Cob, Bandnuss, Einzeltragende Kegelformige, Liegels Zellernuss,
+Multiflora, Schlesierin, Sicklers Zellernuss, Truchsess Zellernuss,
+Vollkugel, Volle Zellernuss, Romische Nuss, Kruse and Rush. The trees of
+varieties in this group were severely injured, but have a fair chance of
+recovering. In many cases from 50 to 90 percent of the top was killed
+outright, and new growth was weak. Most of the trees have a few fairly
+strong shoots from the trunk or larger branches from which a new top may
+be developed. Four out of 22 trees of Barcelona were killed entirely,
+indicating root as well as top killing.
+
+The last group includes those varieties of which less than 20 percent of
+the wood was killed. The new growth was weakened slightly or not at all.
+In many cases the tree is apparently uninjured and occasionally a single
+tree of a variety may be severely injured while the others are unhurt.
+Varieties in Orchard 6 belonging in this group are Alpha, Buttner
+Zeller, Cosford, Daviana, Gubener Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller, Gustav
+Zeller, Lange Landsberger, Fichtwerdersche Zeller, Noce Lunghe, Italian
+Red, Large Globe, Medium Long, Bollwiller, Nottingham, Halle, Red
+Lambert, Gasaway, Guebener Barcelloner, Blumberger Zeller, Bixby, Jones
+Nos. 83, 207, 269, 310, and Corylus colurna.
+
+In Orchard 16 varieties in this group include Cannon Ball, Duke of
+Edinburgh, Pearson's Prolific, Barr's Zellernuss, Berger's Zellernuss,
+Beethe's Zellernuss, Eckige Barcelloner, Grosse Kugelnuss, Heynicks
+Zellernuss, Jeeves Samling, Kadetten Zellernuss, Kaiserin Eugenie,
+Kurzhullige Zellernuss, Longe von Downton, Ludolph's Zellernuss,
+Luisen's Zellernuss, Mogulnuss, Neue Riesennuss, Northamptonshire,
+Prolifique a coque serree, Imperial de Trebizond, and Russ. Native sorts
+in this group are Winkler, Littlepage, Wilder, a Corylus americana
+variety from the east end of Lake Ontario, and a Corylus rostrata from
+Rhode Island. Seventeen 3-year old French varieties were also uninjured,
+but in view of the general lack of wood killing, on young filberts, they
+are not included in this list. It is evident then that we have a number
+of varieties of which the wood is fairly hardy.
+
+Catkin killing was very severe in both orchards and only those varieties
+which had a few live catkins are listed. In Orchard 6 the catkin killing
+on five trees of Italian Red ranged from 20 to 50 percent and on six
+trees of Red Lambert from 10 to 20 percent. A few catkins on Alpha also
+survived. The remaining 35 filbert varieties in this orchard lost all
+their catkins. Several Jones hybrids in this orchard fared somewhat
+better. A few catkins survived on Bixby. Jones 269 lost 10 percent,
+Jones 310 lost 30 percent, and Jones 207 lost none of its catkins. All
+the catkins were killed on Jones 83.
+
+In Orchard 16, the story is soon told. Not a single live catkin was
+found in the spring on the 66 filbert varieties in this orchard. Of the
+native hazels Bush lost all its catkins, and Winkler none. All catkins
+were dead on the Corylus rostrata from Rhode Island.
+
+As stated earlier, the pistillate flowers were hardier than the catkins
+and nearly all varieties in both orchards had at least an occasional
+female flower. However, only those in which the number of pistillate
+flowers was described as medium or numerous will be recorded here. In
+Orchard 6 these varieties were Alpha, Cosford, Fichtwerdersche, Gubener
+Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller, Gustav's Zeller, Longe Landsberger, Noce
+Lunghe, Italian Red, Medium Long, Bollwiller, White Lambert, Gasaway,
+Gubener Barcelloner, Blumberger Zeller, and Unknown. Five Jones hybrids
+including Bixby had a full pistillate bloom. Due to wood injury and
+possibly to a scarcity of pollen only a few of these varieties bore more
+than a few nuts. Varieties bearing a medium crop are Cosford, Italian
+Red, Medium Long, Gubener Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller, Bollwiller, and
+Unknown. Four of Jones hybrids including Bixby, are bearing fair crops.
+The other varieties in this orchard are bearing only an occasional nut
+or none.
+
+In Orchard 16 the pistillate flowers were described as medium or
+numerous on the following varieties: Barr's Zellernuss and the Winkler
+hazel. The other 65 varieties bore only an occasional flower. No filbert
+pollen was available in this orchard, consequently Winkler is the only
+variety fruiting.
+
+In Orchard 16 were 534 two-year-old trees from crosses between Rush and
+various filbert varieties. The cross was made by Mr. Reed and the
+seedlings were sent to Geneva by the late Mr. Bixby. Of these 534
+seedlings, 62 bore catkins. The catkins on 14 of these were uninjured,
+19 had varying amounts of injury, and 29 suffered 100 percent killing.
+Three hundred and ninety-two bore pistillate flowers and 74 of these
+would probably have had full crops had they been pollinated. In view of
+the complete loss of catkins on the filbert varieties in this orchard,
+the survival of catkins on about half of the blooming seedlings is of
+considerable interest to the filbert breeder. In addition, none of these
+hybrids experienced any wood killing.
+
+If the list of varieties which passed through the very severe winter of
+1933-34 is compared with the list of varieties which were not seriously
+injured by the very mild winter of 1932-33, only two sorts, Italian Red
+and Red Lambert are found to be satisfactorily hardy in wood and catkin.
+Red Lambert is too unproductive to be used except as a pollenizer.
+Italian Red may therefore be considered the most promising variety now
+available for western New York conditions. The nut is satisfactory and
+the tree is one of the most productive. Cosford and Medium Long may also
+be considered among the hardiest in spite of the complete loss of
+catkins last winter. In all previous winters they have been among the
+hardiest in wood and catkins. No variety should be eliminated because of
+a lack of hardiness during the coldest winter on record in the region
+where it is being grown, if it possesses other desirable characters.
+
+I think considerable encouragement may be derived from the previous
+winter's experience. We are at last down to rock bottom and know what is
+hardy and what is not. It is evident from the behavior of the Jones
+hybrids and Mr. Reed's hybrids involving a similar parentage that
+sufficiently hardy varieties will result from this line of breeding work
+to make filbert culture possible in those sections of the country that
+are not too cold for peaches.
+
+[Footnote A: Approved by the Director of the New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station for publication as Journal Paper No. 49.]
+
+
+
+
+Notes on Hickories
+
+_By_ A. B. ANTHONY
+
+_Sterling, Illinois_
+
+
+I am satisfied only when I am trying for the best, and the best to me in
+nuts is the hickory. For the past nine years in the nut season, and
+sometimes out of it, for nut shucks tell their story, I have been
+combing my own territory with hopes of finding some hickories more worth
+while. About twenty miles westward from my home brings one to the
+Mississippi River. One hundred years ago most of this twenty mile land
+tract was covered with timber, more or less interspersed with hickories,
+most of which have been cut down. Along the Mississippi there were then
+shellbarks and shagbarks, together with pecans, the latter of which I
+understand are all gone now. My own location was originally prairie land
+out of which one could not go in any direction without passing through a
+woodland tract. These nearer woods held in nut trees more shagbarks than
+of any other nut variety, with the bitter hickory nut coming in second
+place. As I thought about it, given a good enough tree, it seemed to me
+the hickory was the greatest one we could grow. Grandfather had let pass
+his opportunity to save any choice ones. So had my father. And if the
+neighborhood zest was overfreighted with purpose to find such trees I
+had not found it out. It looked to me like a worthwhile endeavor not to
+let this neglect go further, even though chance finds were much lessened
+from what they probably once were.
+
+Having three or four kinds of hickories is no doubt a fine thing for us.
+Nature cannot manage nearly so well with them as can man, but she makes
+something of a hit once in a while. More than we think for, perhaps, in
+the hickories we are using to graft from, there is quite likely, in the
+sizeable shagbarks, something besides shagbark. Their distinctiveness,
+for which we selected them, is due to a fortunate, unlike cross bringing
+out their exceptional characteristics. What most hinders progress is
+quite conceivably a sort of swamped unchangeableness. That is very
+possibly the likely ailment we've got in our hazelnuts. There were no
+three or four kinds of them scattered more or less everywhere about the
+country with which nature could make chance crosses as with hickories.
+Seemingly my locality ought to yield as many, perhaps more, exceptional
+hickory specimens than many could. Here, or near here, the pecan of the
+south had reached its northernmost trek. Here also was the shagbark,
+shellbark, bitternut. And uniformity here should have more chance of a
+knockout. A riddance of sameness. Hazelnuts conceded no such diversity
+to help nature make freaks. In the hickory field was alteration, hope,
+and chance.
+
+In the assemblage of varieties there is given opportunity for crosses
+that nature occasionally delves into, and in the additional eccentric
+types getting mixed, tending to offer in rare instances special merit.
+We have then through mixture, not that fixedness that usually stands in
+the way, but a getting away from set types where once in thousands of
+offerings a more useful specimen is made, one nature herself cannot
+handle to our advantage, but for which we should have our eyes open, and
+make use of when chance comes our way.
+
+Just two years ago tomorrow I came upon what to me was an eye feast. A
+half grown hickory tree whose top-most limbs bent as in rare instances
+do limbs when heavily laden with sleet. And the nuts were of good size
+for shagbarks. With the shucks off there were forty-two pounds of them.
+They proved to be quite good crackers. I sent a sample to Dr. Deming and
+he very considerately gave them the name Anthony. From the shape of the
+nut, I believe it has a trace of the bitternut hickory in its make-up.
+Mr. Reed has likewise expressed such an opinion in writing me regarding
+it. This foreign blood tinge gives it, I believe, its jump in size and
+its rather attractive form, also I think, a bit lessening in quality.
+While we would like the very highest quality in our nuts, it is
+conceivable that it may be advisable to do with them as is done with
+peaches. Take the Elberta, with its many good traits, even though it
+does fail somewhat in quality.
+
+Having found this nut tree just two years ago hardly gives time enough
+for adequate judgement of its merits. With something like three-fourths
+of an inch of rain this year, from sometime in March to the seventeenth
+of June, none of our crops can be judged by their performance. Skipping
+last year, except for a very few nuts, this hickory came out this season
+heavy with bloom. I was watching it at blooming time. On May 23 I
+brought home from it a bit of bloom, laid it on a paper and the next
+morning it had shed its pollen. The next morning after that we had a
+frost on low ground. This tree is near such ground. With frost, and two
+dry seasons, this year's crop has amounted to but one and one-half
+quarts. Most hickories have done little since 1932.
+
+Another hickory tree found last year that I call No. 2 did have four and
+one-half pounds on it last season. It is hardly half grown, is a
+shagbark, my best find toward cracking out in halves, and the earliest
+in maturing nuts of any hickory I have found. It has no crop this year
+but is worth keeping an eye on the coming seasons.
+
+No. 3 is my best find in quality, quite good of cracking, good in size
+for a shagbark and has possibly a trace of shellbark in its make-up.
+While bearing light crops, it has been very consistent in doing so every
+year for at least three years. It is an old tree, medium early in
+maturing its nuts and doubtless could do better if freed from the under
+and surrounding smaller trees. Its crop, shucks on this year, is
+sixty-five pounds, or above eighteen pounds shucks off but not dried.
+
+To the best of my present knowledge, and with such conveniences as I
+had, and to aid in grafting, I should have been told to make a long
+narrow box, put a wire screen bottom on it, make a cover for it, fasten
+a wire at each end, put my scion wood in and let it down deep in a
+cistern, and let it hang two or three inches over the water for scion
+keeping. When grafting I should have been told to carry my Merribrooke
+melter around in an empty pail to keep the wind from blowing it out and
+to be able to better hold the blaze down and keep the wax at the right
+temperature. And when and if the blaze does go out, do not try taking
+the thing apart for relighting. Instead, split a small stick, put a
+match in the split, take out the wax cup, strike the match and reach
+down from the top for relighting.
+
+Talk to people about better hickories and you discern first that the
+subject has never been brought to their attention. On further
+discussion, when they are made to understand that worthwhile hickories
+can be grown, you come to the balking point. It's the crop! It's too far
+off! People do not let the time question bother them when they set out
+the usual dooryard trees because expectancy goes no further than trees.
+In our latitude grafted hickories, first of all trees, rightly should be
+in everyone's dooryard. It takes about as much time to grow the best
+ornamental and shade trees as to make a hickory tree. And the latter
+furnishes quite as much ornament, just as much shade as were it some
+other kind of tree. Even if one cannot live long enough to eat nuts from
+his own planting, plant grafted hickories anyway. Left to their own, and
+most people's council, their lesser tree selections would approach the
+eventual worth of a good hickory. Why not make the choice a good one?
+
+No one knows, so far as I have ascertained, the age of a hickory. It is
+much beyond that of an apple tree, at least in my locality. Of its close
+relation, the pecan of the south, it has been said there are pecan trees
+there now bearing nuts that were here when Christopher Columbus
+discovered America.
+
+Not long ago I read that there are something like five thousand
+telescope nuts in the country. (You know we here are all interested in
+nuts.) I can understand that it is interesting to search off in vast
+spaces to ascertain facts, but it is hard to understand why more people
+cannot find interest in rare and useful nut sports that can be strived
+for and, in addition to that enthusiasm, help give to future mankind
+that first of all essentials, food.
+
+Whether we can get a helpful clue with experiences of the past I do not
+know. But I often cannot help but recall a bit of the blindness of man
+when I think of the potato. It was once said that they were fit only for
+hogs to eat. Many years back when they were having war in Ireland,
+soldiers would go through people's home and take all they had to eat. It
+was found, however, where there was a potato patch soldiers would run
+right over them, giving no thought of there finding food. There then was
+a chance for home dwellers to better hold their own and it gave the
+impetus, the beginning of potato growing, to the Caucasian race and the
+name we have to this day, Irish potato. Years later, when they still had
+kings in France, their ruler realized his poor subjects could help
+themselves so much if they would only grow potatoes. There seemed no way
+of getting them to do so. One day, however, the king went and had a plat
+of ground planted to potatoes, set guards around it day and night, and
+let it be known they were the king's potatoes and no one was going to be
+allowed to steal them. That awoke the people. If potatoes were that good
+the king would have them, they would have them also.
+
+Franklin Roosevelt likes trees. Do you suppose we could get him to be a
+king to lead for the finest in tree planting, grafted hickory-nut trees?
+
+Another thing. Every bit we can add to the feeling and knowledge of our
+securing is a help to us. We have many people whose make-up is not one
+that enables them to provide for their later years, not even if they
+earned ten dollars a day over a long period of time. Planting grafted
+hickories would be something of a standby, extend away into the years,
+and helping too when physical strength is no more ours. So too, we can
+count too much sometimes on what we have in a bank. We may do likewise
+with an insurance company. And there have been people whose governments
+went back on them. Ours has, on gold promises! All one's hickory trees,
+had he such, are not likely to treat him like that, at least won't all
+die in a bunch! They won't even refuse a crop because of a depression!
+And if one couldn't eat all of his nuts or even any of them, they are
+something to offer in trade for that which can be used.
+
+Again, if I am not mistaken, there is nothing that we of this latitude
+do grow or can grow in field or garden that so equally takes the place
+of meat as do nuts. Speaking of gardens, it has been said "gardening is
+an occupation for which no man is too high or too low." Likewise could
+the truth be so said for so clean a pursuit as nut growing.
+
+History has spoken of "the age of acorns." We hope we can look into a
+not too distant future and rightly see additional help, food, leisure,
+income for everybody made so partially, in a little way at least, in an
+age with nuts.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+Mr. Anthony sent me quite a generous sample of his hickory and I got to
+be quite familiar with it. I consider the Anthony one of our best
+hickories. It is quite evident from his paper that he is a thinking man,
+and I noticed that he has found out in two or three years things which I
+have found out only after twenty-five or thirty years of study and which
+I thought were exclusively possessions of my own.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+The shellbarks and shagbarks are among the finest looking trees in
+Washington. They are symmetrical, erect and have dark green or light
+green foliage. At this time of year they are taking on a superb golden
+yellow. The landscape gardeners use the hickories for the golden effect
+of the foliage. Before we get through with this meeting I would like to
+get some reports from the people from the North as to which species grow
+the farthest north. Is it the black walnut or the shagbark? Does the
+bitternut grow farther north than either one of them?
+
+MR. CORSAN:
+
+Yes. The bitternut grows 150 miles north of Ottawa. The hickory is much
+farther north than the black walnut.
+
+MR. SNYDER:
+
+It has always been my impression that the butternut reached farther
+north than the black walnut.
+
+MR. ELLIS:
+
+The hickories go as far north as Lake Champlain. The butternuts go up as
+far as the line of Canada.
+
+MR. CORSAN:
+
+Butternuts go way above the Canadian line.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+In New England the shagbark grows considerably farther north than the
+black walnut and west of the Great Lakes the black walnut grows farther
+north than the hickory.
+
+MR. WALKER:
+
+I believe the bitternut grows farther north than the butternut. I think
+the rivers have an influence on them. Getting away from the rivers you
+don't have to go so far before they run out.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+With the exhibits is a picture of a Wisconsin black walnut I grafted
+myself. Dr. Zimmerman also has one growing. The meat of this black
+walnut is as white and sweet as an English walnut. I think it is quite
+promising for northern territory. Mr. Reed, did you have an opportunity
+to test them.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+They impressed me as being very promising. I tried to get cions but was
+not able to at that time.
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN:
+
+I don't think I have ever seen a hickory nut tree so loaded with nuts as
+a Manahan which I have grafted on bitternut. The Taylor every year sets
+a bunch of young nutlets, but I have never yet seen a catkin on it. I
+don't know anything that will pollinate it. Until we select buds for
+hickory nuts and walnuts as they do for citrus and other fruit, I don't
+believe we can get very far.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+I have some hickories growing and fruiting well on bitternut. I've also
+seen enough of them not growing well so that I prefer shagbark to
+bitternut. I prefer shagbark on shagbark.
+
+Motion was made and carried that the next annual meeting of the Northern
+Nut Growers' Association be held at Rockport, Indiana, Monday and
+Tuesday, September 9 and 10, 1935.
+
+
+
+
+Letter from Rev. Paul C. Crath
+
+Kosseev, Poland
+
+(_Read by Title_)
+
+
+Being eager to get on time to the walnut harvest in the Carpathian
+region and personally select walnuts for planting in Canada and the
+U.S.A. I borrowed $400 and--now I am here. On October 11 I sent to
+Toronto eight boxes of selected walnuts, about 50,000 in all, and I hope
+they will arrive in Toronto in time for the Royal Winter Fair. There are
+43 varieties and amongst them some of very high quality are on the way
+to our Acadia. But it was no easy task to find out here good walnuts. I
+bought 1400 kilograms of different nuts before I picked out of them 600
+kg. for Canada. Besides me three men were busy searching for the best
+walnuts in the orchards of Kosseev and Kooty. Inclosed please find a
+description of 45 walnut trees and their nuts. A collection of these
+nuts I am sending you separately.
+
+I found here that:
+
+1. Every walnut tree bears nuts of different variety. The nuts differ
+from nuts of other trees in shape, hardness of shell, size, texture and
+flavor of kernels.
+
+2. On every tree walnuts are of three sizes, large, medium and small. It
+depends how much sunshine they receive. Those nearer to the trunk and on
+the northern side of the tree are the smallest.
+
+3. According to flavor the walnut trees may be divided into three
+different groups. Those which bear nuts of sweet kernel are the best.
+Those nuts which have some bitter flavor are not bad, but those which
+are languid or tasteless are no good at all.
+
+4. Giants have kernels smaller than the cavity of their shell. But I was
+told that in this country somewhere are Giants with sweet, hard kernels
+which fill up their paper-thin shell fully. Some gentleman pointed to
+the city of Tchernievtjee as a source of good Giants. It is not far from
+Kosseev, but on the other side of Rumanian frontier. It means that I
+should go to the province of Bookovina if we wish to find those perfect
+Giants. I sent to Canada some good Giants, but not perfect ones yet.
+
+A physician who resides in Kooty told me that in the mountaineers
+villages of Rozhen (500 meters above sea level) there is a tree bearing
+awfully sweet walnuts. He ate those nuts but he does not know the name
+of the owner. Now it is my task to find those nuts. In the village of
+Twedeev (400 meters above sea level) is a tree bearing one year large
+nuts and next year small nuts. But those small nuts are awfully oily. I
+failed to secure nuts from that tree but I know its whereabouts. There
+in the mountains about 600 meters above the sea level comes the line
+beyond which no walnut tree grows. That line is stretched from the east
+to the west along the northern slope of the Carpathian region. I have
+seen some nuts from that colder belt. In shape they are rough, but one
+variety has papershell and sweet flavor. It seems to me that among these
+(as natives call them Hutzoolian walnuts) we could find some good
+variety for northern Ontario and maybe Manitoba. My nearest task will be
+to go along the cold line and select some walnut trees there.
+
+Kooty and Kooseev district are really walnut country. This district
+produces papershell walnuts for other parts of Poland. But walnut trees
+could be found five degrees to the north. Too, I wish to investigate
+walnuts north of the Dniester River and then proceed farther north to
+find the northern limit beyond which no walnut grows. I am going to
+publish 3000 questionnaires, one for each walnut tree. I or my friends
+would examine these questionnaires when filled out. Maybe we'll come
+across some extra good walnut through this inquiry. But the easiest way
+to locate the best walnut is to organize a walnut contest as you did in
+Michigan, with the help of Mr. Kellogg. With the help of the local
+agricultural papers we could have such a contest and I am sure we'll
+have an amazing success. Do your best to get some funds for the prizes.
+Then please go to the Royal Winter Fair which starts this fall November
+21 and inspect my walnuts I shipped there recently. Create a judging
+committee of Prof. Neilson, Mr. Corsan, Dr. Currelly and others. Open a
+couple nuts of each variety and judge which walnuts are the best. Then
+write me from what trees I should cut scions. You see, I am waiting now
+for winter to cut scions from trees bearing the best walnuts I found.
+Then after Xmas I'll ship to Canada a large box containing about 10,000
+walnut scions. I expect to cut every scion personally and that way
+secure the best stuff for the spring grafting.
+
+I am told that there are in Latvia filberts of very good type. Latvian
+filberts have grown eight inches thick in diameter. In that country the
+ground is frozen in October, like in Manitolia. It seems to me that the
+Latvian filbert will be ideal for the northern part of the North
+America. I wish to go there too while I am in Europe. I would bring the
+Latvian filbert to Canada and the U.S.A. if a small financial support
+could be given to me to accomplish this task.
+
+To assure bringing of the best walnut into Canada and the U.S.A. I made
+an agreement with a local gardener to graft for us 500 walnut seedlings
+with the scions I would secure for him. Thus grafted seedlings could be
+brought to Canada the next fall. Furthermore, I have an idea to create
+the largest and the best walnut which ever grew on the globe. For this
+purpose I selected several walnut trees bearing Giant nuts and I wish to
+pollenize them next spring with pollen of a tree which yields the
+hardest and the sweetest kernel. Such a tree is in the city of
+Stanislav. And here in Kosseev is a tree bearing Giants which before
+they are dried weigh ten nuts to one kilogram (2.204 pounds). I hope
+that combination could give us a desirable type.
+
+It is also desirable for me to stay in this country until the fall of
+1935. Then I am sure that we'd have some desirable walnuts and filberts.
+I hope that my friends in Canada and the U.S.A. would come with
+financial help to give me a chance to accomplish my task. To assure the
+shipment of scions I need one hundred dollars. For my existence in this
+country I need $240 for next twelve months, and for traveling expenses
+about $100. All together I need $500. I hope that some Canadian or
+American would understand the importance of my expedition and will come
+with the help. Please put my case before some people who would back me
+in my enterprise.
+
+MR. CORSAN:
+
+Mr. Crath is a Presbyterian minister, he is out of a job and he is a man
+of extraordinary practical skill in agriculture. Now he informs me that,
+up in the Carpathian mountain region, in the valleys they don't have the
+English walnut, but the estates up in the mountains for hundreds of
+years have cultivated and selected it. The estates are being divided up
+and the trees cut down. He has gone up there to select these trees to
+have the nuts sent to him before the dealers get them and kill-dry to
+insure them against spoiling.
+
+
+
+
+The Chestnut Situation in Illinois
+
+_By_ DR. A. S. COLBY, _Illinois_
+
+
+Illinois claims prominence as a state where the commercial chestnut crop
+has been a profitable one for many years, beginning nearly three decades
+ago. Before chestnut blight, Endothia parasitica (Murrill), killed the
+trees in the East, tons of nuts were gathered there and a considerable
+quantity marketed; these, however, were chiefly of the smaller native
+species and little attention was paid to the trees, most of which were
+wild. During the past few years some consideration has been given
+chestnut culture in the far West; this development, however, is quite
+recent.
+
+Two men stand out as pioneers in Illinois nut growing: the late George
+W. Endicott of Villa Ridge, who crossed the native American with the
+Giant Japanese chestnut in 1895, his work resulting in the origination
+of the Boone, Blair, and Riehl varieties, the fruit of which combines
+the size of the Japanese with the quality of the American parent; and
+the late E. A. Riehl of Godfrey, who for over 30 years, until his death
+in 1925, carried on experimental work in nut culture, originating, among
+others, the Fuller and Gibbens chestnuts, superior late and early
+varieties. Both Mr. Endicott and Mr. Riehl planted the better varieties
+in orchard form and found the undertaking a very profitable one.
+
+The third large orchard planting in Illinois is located at Farina and
+owned by the Whitford family. Here the soil type is less favorable for
+chestnuts and the water drainage is not of the best, but in spite of
+these disadvantages, the trees are productive.
+
+These orchards, with other smaller plantings in the state, came into
+full bearing at about the time of the gradual failure of the eastern
+crops and have made money for their owners, especially where attention
+was paid to sizing the nuts and to other advanced marketing practices.
+
+During the past twenty years, interest in chestnut culture in Illinois
+has been increasing gradually. Many plantings of the improved varieties
+have been made in widely scattered localities. Through the co-operation
+of Mr. P. A. Glenn, of the State Nursery Inspection Service, a survey of
+Illinois has been begun to locate all the chestnut trees in the state.
+By the fall of 1934, with about one-third of the counties surveyed, a
+total of 7,601 chestnut trees has been found, approximately one-half of
+which are of bearing and one-half non-bearing age. This latter group
+includes nursery stock and newly planted young trees mostly of named
+varieties.
+
+In a preliminary study of the approximately 3,700 trees of bearing age,
+a number of facts of interest were noted. Nearly all these chestnuts
+were of the named varieties, the plantings ranging in size from 1 to 800
+individuals and in age from 5 to 40 years. Most of them were planted in
+orchard form and given some attention as to cultural needs. However,
+there were over 400 older trees averaging from 50 to 60 years with five,
+80 years of age and three reported to be 130 years old.
+
+These older trees are in poor condition as a rule, with many dead tops
+and branches and hollow trunks, but still struggling for life and
+producing some nuts. Very little care had been given them. They were
+found along the roadside, in pastures, in the yard about the home, in
+rows bordering an orchard. Some of these older trees were known to be
+seedlings from seeds brought in from the East; others had been planted,
+the trees coming from eastern sections. Very few of these trees are
+infected with blight. They indicate ages at which chestnut trees may be
+productive in Illinois if blight is controlled.
+
+Satisfactory soil and climatic conditions for chestnut culture are found
+in most sections of Illinois, since plantings are reported from Pulaski
+County in the extreme south to Lee in the north, and in the central
+sections from Champaign west to Hancock County. As the survey
+progresses, it is probable that these limits will be extended.
+
+One of the reasons for the state survey was to make a careful inspection
+of the trees found for evidence of chestnut blight and to have the
+necessary steps taken for its prompt eradication. Blight was found in
+Illinois in 1926, and efforts have been made since that time to
+eradicate it. Only a few infected trees were located prior to 1934. Most
+of them have been destroyed. In this year's (1934) survey, 123 diseased
+trees were found, and these are being handled in the most effective way
+to check further spread of the blight. These trees were found in nine
+counties, mostly scattered over the southern third of the state, with
+one infection center in central Illinois in Logan County.
+
+Such is the present status of the chestnut in Illinois. What of the
+future? We believe that chestnut blight will continue to spread. The
+disease has been reported in several of the near-by states, including
+Michigan, Indiana and Iowa. With the scattered centers of infection in
+Illinois, it is probable that other diseased trees will continue to
+appear. Only the most determined efforts to check it, based upon a
+thorough understanding of the life cycle of its causal fungus, can be of
+any possible value in keeping it in control for any considerable time.
+Continuous inspection of the trees, with prompt removal of diseased
+material, such as cankers and infected branches, following methods
+recognized as sanitary, and immediate burning will be very helpful in
+checking the trouble. When the entire tree is infected, necessitating
+its removal, the stump should be treated by peeling back the bark and
+building a hot fire around the trunk in order that all bark tissues
+shall be destroyed. It is advisable, also, that all chestnut trees be
+given good care, especially as regards their needs for plant nutrients.
+Beginning with the young trees, newly planted, bark injuries of any kind
+should be guarded against. Extreme care is necessary in the training of
+the scaffold branches, as the tree grows, in order that the mature tree
+shall be well formed with as few large wounds as possible through the
+removal of large branches.
+
+The application of fungicidal sprays, such as Bordeaux, at intervals
+throughout the growing season, may be helpful. The trunk and the main
+branches, especially, of young trees should be protected from sun scald.
+Borers and other insects must be kept out. Injury from tools used about
+the trees must be guarded against. Any break in the bark offers easy
+entrance to the fungus spores. Wrapping the trunk with burlap or paper
+may be very helpful in preventing such injuries. Probably the best time
+of year to make necessary pruning cuts is in early spring. Pruning
+should be followed by the painting of the wounds with shellac, later
+covering this with a good grade of paint. The tree should be well fed to
+aid in the growth of callus formation to cover the wound quickly.
+
+Other methods of attack in solving the problem include the immunization
+of the chestnut against the blight and the breeding of resistant
+varieties. Experimental work along these lines is being carried on by
+individuals and Federal and State agencies, but the work has not as yet
+progressed sufficiently to give results of commercial value.
+
+If careful cultural methods are followed in every locality, with special
+emphasis on the prompt and thorough disposal of diseased material, by
+removal and burning, we can look forward to a number of years of
+profitable chestnut production in Illinois.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+Is the Riehl orchard free from blight?
+
+DR. COLBY:
+
+One of the same gentlemen who visited Ithaca the other day, by
+authority, is making a very careful survey for disease of the nut trees
+in the eastern and northern United States. The Riehl orchard that we
+visited last year about this time had considerably over 100 trees badly
+diseased. We'll have to do the best we can with the old trees but watch
+the young ones carefully.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+Don't you think that one of the commonest causes of the blight of
+chestnut trees is through the wounds and the inoculations made by the
+claws of squirrels?
+
+DR. COLBY:
+
+Yes, and also woodpeckers. The old trees can be preserved for a longer
+or shorter time, depending on the care that is given to them. We found
+the disease down in the Endicott orchard, even in plantings of mature
+standing. There have been several trees located at Lincoln where the
+disease has been found. Any of those old trees where there are any
+injuries to the bark will be subject to the trouble.
+
+
+
+
+Report on Commercial Cracking and Merchandising of Black Walnuts
+
+_By_ H. F. STOKE, _Virginia_
+
+(_Read by Title_)
+
+
+The 1933 black walnut crop of southwestern Virginia was light and
+exceedingly spotted. Some districts reported a complete failure, a most
+unusual condition.
+
+The volume of shelled nuts offered on the local market was smaller than
+usual, due partly to scarcity of the nuts and partly because the
+mountain folk who produce most of the kernels were not so keen at
+cracking walnuts for a pittance when once they had tasted the sweets of
+40 cents per hour on road work offered as part of the Federal recovery
+program. This, apparently, will become a factor in the development of
+commercial cracking plants.
+
+The price was better than for several years past. Home-cracked nuts sold
+at an average price of 25 cents per pound to local consumers, who took
+most of the season's production. Sales to northern concerns were mostly
+at from 30 to 35 cents for hand-picked goods, ranging up to 38 cents per
+pound by midsummer. I do not know present prices.
+
+The writer knows of no new development in mechanical cracking and
+separating processes. At the present time he is completing the
+construction of a power driven cracker of new design, but any report
+must await successful operation.
+
+In the marketing of kernels five channels may be considered:
+
+1. The local consumer market, which should be cultivated as far as
+possible.
+
+2. Mail order consumer, usually reached by advertising. A two-pound
+carton lined with wax paper makes a most satisfactory unit for sales of
+this kind. This package has been selling generally at $1.25, postpaid.
+
+3. Commercial consumers, who are usually manufacturers of food products,
+such as bakeries, ice cream manufacturers, confectioners, etc. Usually
+these people buy from wholesale supply houses.
+
+In order to hold this trade the producer should be in a position to fill
+orders throughout the year. An "In-and-outer" cannot hope to hold this
+excellent class of customers.
+
+4. Wholesale supply houses, who specialize on supplying commercial
+consumers and nut stores.
+
+These people depend on buying their season's supply as cheaply as
+possible during the flush period and distributing later at a profit.
+
+It is to their interest to demoralize the market early, so they can buy
+cheaply, and later proclaim a scarcity so the market will advance to
+profitable levels. They seem fully alive to their interests. At the
+opening of the past season one very prominent New York buyer was
+offering from 16 to 18 cents per pound for hand-picked kernels, though I
+knew of none selling at anywhere near that figure.
+
+This class of customer is rather unsatisfactory, though they will pay
+fair prices late in the season if a real shortage exists, and they are
+out of supplies.
+
+5. A good, honest broker or commission merchant is probably the most
+satisfactory channel for handling large quantities of kernels. He is
+acquainted with actual prices and market conditions, as well as a large
+list of possible customers. His customers are usually commercial
+consumers, though he also sells wholesale supply houses. His commission
+is usually 3 per cent.
+
+As a note of warning, be sure your broker is honest, then stick to him.
+Some concerns masquerading as brokers or commission merchants are really
+wholesale buyers on their own account. They will charge the shipper a
+commission on sales to themselves at a low figure. The Baltimore market
+seems especially cursed with this sort of thing, though it is now, I
+believe, forbidden by a code. As a whole, Baltimore is not a very
+satisfactory market for black walnut kernels, though the largest in the
+East. I find Philadelphia and New York more satisfactory.
+
+The outlook for the 1934 black walnut crop in this section is most
+promising. A dry spring was favorable to a good set of nuts, while
+plenty of rain during the summer guarantees good size. Prices will
+probably be satisfactory, due to the extreme drought in the West and the
+labor situation already referred to.
+
+At this point I shall digress from the subject assigned me. The
+following matter may be left off the record, at your discretion.
+
+a. In my 1932 report I made mention of several promising black walnut
+seedlings found in this locality. Samples of the nuts of the parent
+trees of the 1931 crop have been kept to the present time. All have
+deteriorated to a greater or lesser degree except the Stanley, which is
+as sweet and good as when gathered. The Stanley and Caldwell are
+precocious as grafted trees.
+
+The Bowman seedling tree, which was reported as most precocious, is
+continuing its record of not having missed a crop since its third season
+from seed. It must be reported, however, that a two-year-old graft of
+this tree has not borne, as yet.
+
+b. One thing of interest concerning the black walnut that has been
+observed is the scarcity of the walnut web worm this season, none having
+been observed by the writer up to September 1st. Is this a general or a
+local condition?
+
+The year of the Geneva convention, 1931, was the worst ever observed by
+the writer in this respect. Do web worms occur in cycles, or do other
+conditions govern their appearance?
+
+c. The injury caused by the melting of grafting and coating waxes by the
+hot sun is well known. Last spring an attempt was made to overcome the
+difficulty by painting the waxed surface with aluminum bronze paint. The
+experiment was a complete success, as even straight paraffine failed to
+melt beneath the aluminum coating during the hottest summer here on
+record. English walnut grafts so protected were more than usually
+successful. Reflection of the sun's rays by the bright surface
+undoubtedly lowered the temperature to below the melting point of the
+paraffine. This lowered temperature was also doubtless beneficial to the
+life processes of the graft union.
+
+Direct coating of the trunks of newly set trees with the aluminum paint,
+without the use of wax, was also tried with satisfactory results.
+Applied direct to the dormant buds of the sweet cherry, however, it
+proved toxic, as the buds never developed. This was no doubt due to the
+bronzing liquid rather than to the aluminum.
+
+The material is very easily applied, either with a brush or spray, and
+makes a silvery, impervious and very durable coating. It should be
+completely effective as a preventative of sun-burn of the bark of tender
+species, especially to cover the creosote applications sometimes used by
+tree surgeons. Such black coverings often defeat their purpose in the
+hot sun by killing the living tissues by the absorption of the sun's
+heat.
+
+At the present time manufacturers are being corresponded with looking to
+the development of a bronzing liquid that shall be non-toxic to buds.
+
+Now if some investigator will come forward with a non-toxic, water
+soluble coating material for the roots of nursery stock, Professor
+Neilson's dream will be fully realized.
+
+Last year Mr. Homer Jacobs of the Davey Tree Expert Company gave us a
+very excellent report of his company's experiments with various coatings
+used in connection with the moving of large trees. It is to be hoped
+that they will add aluminum bronze paint to the list of materials
+tested, and give us the benefit of their findings at our next
+convention.
+
+In the meantime, the private experiments mentioned will be continued.
+
+d. A publicity stunt for the furtherance of nut culture is being tried
+in the way of vases filled with sprays of Oriental chestnut, with
+opening burrs, displayed in the windows of our leading department store,
+with a showing of fall goods. A card gives credit for the display.
+
+Judging from the enthusiasm with which the store manager and the window
+dresser received the suggestion, it would appear that the idea could be
+used almost anywhere. If living sprays were not available, a display of
+nuts hardy to the locality could doubtless be used in the same manner.
+Cards identifying the nuts and stating they were grown (or could be
+grown) locally would add to the interest.
+
+It is a matter of deepest personal regret that, due to a combination of
+New Deal, raw deal and general lack of a great deal, I am unable to be
+with you other than in spirit.
+
+I salute you.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Culture in Ontario
+
+_By_ GEORGE H. CORSAN
+
+_Islington, Ontario_
+
+
+As most of you know, I was away from my place for six years, but in the
+meantime my nut trees grew and yielded. The past season has been most
+severe on nut trees and plants. Last winter the winds came straight
+across the land without any apparent obstruction, and it blew all winter
+long and we had no snow. Then a dry summer with a little moisture in the
+fall has created a situation that was never known before. Last year I
+gathered nine large baskets of filberts but this year I secured only
+about three baskets of filberts and these from bushes that were in a
+protected place. Most of the male catkins had frozen. The filberts in
+the unprotected places died. A Burlington Hican (purchased as a
+Marquardt) lived under circumstances that hardly any other tree could
+withstand. One Stanley shellbark lived and one died. It is strange how
+hardy the pecans are. Not a bud was killed last winter. It is seldom
+that the pecans mature a crop as the summer season is too short in
+Ontario, but they grow well and make a beautiful tree. We find that
+hickories grafted on pecan stocks do well, putting on two and one-half
+to three feet of new growth in a year. The butternut is so common around
+certain parts of Ontario and Quebec that the people do not even bring it
+to market, but they do appreciate it.
+
+I am carrying on a program over the air as I am the "Nut" man of station
+CFRB and follow the farm report on prices at 1:45 o'clock each
+afternoon. We are trying to influence the farmers to plant nut trees
+along the lanes, around the barns and in the pastures and thus beautify
+the farms and bring the boys and girls back from the cities. None of the
+work that has been done in the research line of agriculture has
+approached the value of the work that Prof. Neilson has done here in
+Michigan in the last few years. The surface of the farms can be planted
+to grains and vegetables and yield practically nothing, but you can
+plant a nut tree and it will reach down into the sub-soil with its long
+roots and bring up the finest food in the form of nut meats.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Growing on a Commercial Basis
+
+_By_ AMELIA RIEHL, _Illinois_
+
+(_Read by Title_)
+
+
+I have several times given figures stating the size of our chestnut crop
+and the income from year to year. To this I might add that the crop last
+year amounted to 6,423 pounds and was sold at wholesale for $1,082.76.
+Because we do a good part of the work ourselves, it is hard to figure
+the cost of harvesting. But the amount we paid out in cash comes away
+below $100.00. We still think it pays to grow chestnuts, though things
+look pretty bad around here now.
+
+This was the third very dry season we have had in succession, and the
+very worst of all. We had no rain at all for over seventy days, and the
+heat was terrible. Everything suffered from drought. Even forest trees
+on the island below us died from lack of moisture. You can imagine what
+happened to the nut trees on the steep hillsides. All were more or less
+scorched, and many of them actually died. These are the old trees that
+father planted years ago. The young trees, which were planted after he
+was gone, on fairly level ground, are heavy with burrs, and I know will
+produce a fair crop of nuts as usual. For the first time in several
+years we will have no hazels. They bloomed very early this year and were
+caught by late frost. There are a few walnuts on some of the trees, but
+I doubt if they will be well filled.
+
+For forty years father tried to grow English walnuts, but never
+succeeded in getting any of them to bear nuts. Finally gave it up in
+disgust. After he was gone we started out all over again, planting
+several varieties that were thought to be hardy. Now for the first time
+one of them has set eight nuts. It is the Alpine variety, scions of
+which were given me by Mr. J. F. Jones. Of course, it is yet to be seen
+whether or not there is anything in these nuts. But it is encouraging
+anyway.
+
+We all send greetings to our many friends at the convention. Will be
+with you in thought and wish you all a happy time.
+
+
+
+
+Some Notes on the Hardiness of the English Walnut in Michigan and
+Ontario
+
+_By_ J. A. NEILSON, _Michigan_
+
+
+In a study of the desirable characters of nut trees for planting in the
+northern part of the United States and in southern Canada, one is forced
+to place hardiness first. Rapid growth, high yield and excellent quality
+of nuts are of little value if hardiness is lacking. Hardiness, of
+course, is a relative term and may be applied to disease and insect
+resistance, adaptability to diverse soils and capacity to withstand
+extremes of winter and summer temperatures. In the present paper
+emphasis will be placed on resistance to winter cold and to unusual
+weather conditions, such as occurred during the autumn of 1933 and the
+winter of 1933 and 1934.
+
+In order to properly understand the effect of the past winter on the
+English walnut, it will be necessary to devote some attention to the
+weather conditions that prevailed in the southern half of Michigan in
+the autumn of 1933. A perusal of the meteorological records shows that
+the average maximum and minimum temperatures in September and October
+were unusually high and that there was a heavy rainfall in these two
+months. The following table shows the precipitation and temperatures
+recorded at the Kellogg Farm where most of our nut cultural experiments
+are conducted.
+
+September--The average maximum temperature, 79.1; average minimum
+temperature, 55.7; precipitation, 4.55 inches. October--The average
+maximum temperature, 60.1; average minimum temperature, 38.4;
+precipitation, 6.81 inches.
+
+The unusually high temperatures and heavy rainfall caused growth to
+continue much later than normally and thus prevented the wood from
+ripening properly before winter set in.
+
+English walnuts are found at several places throughout the lower
+peninsula and more particularly in the southern half of the state. In no
+place, however, are the trees numerous with the exception of a small
+area around Lexington, where there are approximately 100 trees. Inasmuch
+as this paper deals with the effect of low temperatures on the English
+walnut, the minimum temperatures of the weather station nearest to the
+places mentioned in the following text are given hereunder.
+
+                                       Lowest
+  Place                    Mo.--Date   Temp.
+  Allegan                   Feb.  9      -19
+  Bay City                  Feb.  9      -20
+  Caro                      Feb.  9      -30
+  Croswell                  Feb.  9      -26
+  Fennville                 Feb.  9      -20
+  Flint                     Feb.  9      -15
+  Grand Rapids              Feb.  9      -16
+  Gull Lake--Kellogg Farm   Feb.  9      -18
+  Hart                      Feb.  9      -22
+  Lansing                   Feb.  9      -18
+  Mount Pleasant            Feb.  9      -21
+  Muskegon                  Feb.  9      -16
+  Owosso                    Feb.  9      -20
+  Saranac                   Feb. 20      -25
+  Sparta                    Feb.  9      -22[A]
+  Leamington, Ont.          Feb.  9      -18
+  Guelph                    Feb.  9      -30
+  Simcoe                    Feb.  9      -30
+
+[Footnote A: Unofficial.]
+
+The extreme cold of the past winter following a warm, wet autumn caused
+a great deal of injury to English walnut trees in this state and
+elsewhere. The data presented herein were obtained by a careful
+examination of several plantations or individual trees scattered over
+the southern half of the lower peninsula in Michigan and in southwestern
+Ontario. To properly present this information it seems desirable to
+group the varieties or strains according to their place of origin.
+
+
+Group 1. _Cultivated Varieties from the Pacific Coast._
+
+In this group we have Mayette, Franquette and Seeando. The Mayette has
+been considered one of the hardiest of the cultivated varieties and was
+therefore included in the plantings at the Kellogg Farm. More than
+twenty trees were planted and every one died last winter or in the
+preceding winter. Seeando, a new and supposedly hardy variety from
+Washington state, was planted in limited numbers in the spring of 1933,
+but every tree perished last winter. Franquette was not planted as a
+nursery tree, but was top-grafted on several large black walnuts at the
+Kellogg Farm and at East Lansing, Michigan. The grafts made a vigorous
+growth but only two out of eleven lived through the winter. In Simcoe,
+Ontario, where the minimum temperature was -30F, a six-year-old tree was
+so badly injured that it will likely die this winter, but should it not
+perish, the degree of injury is so severe that it will be of very little
+value. In the Niagara district the Franquette top-grafted in 1926 on
+black walnut came through in moderately good condition, but in this part
+of Ontario the minimum temperature was only 10 below zero F.
+
+
+Group 2. _New Varieties of Canadian Origin._
+
+This group contains Broadview and McDermid. Broadview scions were
+secured from Mr. J. J. Gellatly of Westbank, B. C., who discovered the
+variety near Broadview, B. C. These scions were grafted on a
+medium-sized black walnut in 1931 and have since made a remarkable
+growth, but notwithstanding the vigorous growth there was no killing
+back during the past winter or in preceding winters. This variety was
+also grown as a top-graft by Mr. Carl Walker of Cleveland Heights, Ohio,
+where the minimum temperature last winter was -26 degrees F. Some killing
+back was reported on this tree, but the injury was not severe enough to
+be serious. The Broadview is reported to have endured without injury -25
+degrees F. in British Columbia and in Russia, where the parent tree
+originated, equally low temperatures are said to prevail. The McDermid
+was obtained from Mr. Peter McDermid of St. Catherines, Ontario. This
+tree is a third generation tree in Ontario and is descended from a tree
+brought out from Germany more than 100 years ago. The nuts are large
+with a moderately thick shell and contain a kernel of excellent quality.
+McDermid has been grown as a top graft at Simcoe, Ontario, East Lansing,
+the Kellogg Farm and Estate near Augusta and at South Haven, Michigan.
+All of the trees of this Variety grown in Michigan came through without
+injury, but the tree at Simcoe, Ontario, suffered somewhat by killing
+back of the past season's growth. The larger branches and trunk,
+however, were uninjured and have since made a rank growth. The McDermid
+top-grafted on a black walnut on Mr. G. Tolles' farm at South Haven
+proved hardy and was one of the few English walnut trees in Michigan to
+bear nuts this year.
+
+At the Michigan State College where the temperature went to -18 degrees
+F. vigorous McDermid grafts on a thrifty black walnut were uninjured
+whereas all the Franquette grafts on the same tree were killed outright.
+Similar results were noted on several trees at the Kellogg Farm near
+Augusta, Michigan.
+
+
+Group 3. _Carpathian Walnuts._
+
+This strain of Juglans regia was introduced into Canada by Rev. P. C.
+Crath of 48 Peterboro Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, from the Carpathian
+mountains in southeastern Poland. In this part of Europe the winter
+temperatures are reported to go to -20 degrees F., and occasionally
+lower. In the winter of 1928-29 a vast amount of injury was done to
+fruit trees and the less hardy English walnut trees in Poland, but a
+number of English walnuts came through without serious injury. Scion
+wood of some hardy selections was sent in 1932 to the writer by Mr.
+Crath, who was then in Poland. This material was grafted on vigorous
+growing black walnuts in the spring of 1932 and good results were
+secured with two varieties. These varieties made a vigorous growth, but
+notwithstanding this they showed not the slightest injury in the spring
+of 1934. The growth made during the summer of 1934 has been remarkable
+and if this unusually vigorous growth survives the coming winter it
+would seem as though we have an exceptionally hardy strain. The nut
+characters and productiveness of these varieties have not yet been
+determined in Michigan, but if they are equal to some of the trees of
+the same origin, then we will have very valuable trees. These strains
+have been named Crath and are distinguished by Nos. 2 and 5.
+
+About 100 small seedlings of Polish origin were purchased from Mr.
+Landega of Toronto, Ontario, an associate of Mr. Crath, and planted at
+the Kellogg Farm in 1932. These trees have been subjected to trying
+conditions through drouth, competition with alfalfa, late growth and
+severe winter temperatures. As a result some have died, but a number are
+growing nicely, and it is expected that some of these will eventually
+become established. Seedlings of this lot suffered only slight injury
+near Sparta, Michigan, but grafts from these same seedling trees set on
+a vigorous young black walnut were very severely injured. Another tree
+from this group endured the severe cold at Madison, Wisconsin, during
+the past winter and made a rapid growth this season.
+
+Scions from another fine tree of Polish origin growing at Mr. Crath's
+place in Toronto were set on several trees in this state in the spring
+of 1933 and in every case endured the lowest temperature without much
+injury to the new growth. A very unusual condition was noted, though on
+three young black walnut trees top-grafted to scions of this tree. On
+these trees the vigorous grafts appeared to be uninjured in the wood,
+but the bark at the point of union on both stock and scion was so
+severely injured that the grafts died. An examination showed evidences
+of bark splitting and this was undoubtedly caused by a severe and sudden
+cold spell following a very late and extremely vigorous growth. Scions
+of this strain were grafted on a medium sized black walnut at Caro,
+Michigan, and these endured -30 degrees F. without serious injury. A
+small black walnut tree at the Kellogg Farm top-grafted to scions of
+another Crath seedling showed bark injury on the lower half of the
+stock, but fortunately the extent of the injury was not great and the
+graft was saved. It also made a vigorous growth this season
+notwithstanding the hot dry weather and injury to the bark on the stock.
+Scions of this strain were grafted on a vigorous black walnut on the
+farm of F. Wilde at Wayland in 1933. These scions made an extraordinary
+growth that season and were subjected to a temperature of -20 degrees F.
+last winter. Some killing back occurred but no permanent injury was done
+as the grafts have made a good growth this season.
+
+
+_Pomeroy Seedlings_
+
+This strain of walnuts originated on the farm of Mr. Norman Pomeroy of
+Lockport, New York. Trees from this plantation, or seedlings of these
+trees, are grown at various places throughout Michigan with the heaviest
+concentration near Lexington. There are also a number of Pomeroy
+seedlings on the farm of Mr. Grant Fox at Leamington, Ontario. All of
+the trees in the Lexington district were more or less severely injured
+by killing back of the branches and occasionally by bark splitting or
+bark killing. At St. Louis one very fine tree was nearly girdled by bark
+injury and will undoubtedly die. Near Ithaca another tree showed
+moderate killing back and in the city two trees were killed to the
+ground and one other so severely injured as to be useless. The trees at
+Leamington, Ontario, were also severely injured, especially those that
+bore thin-shelled nuts. Some of the larger trees in this plantation
+which bore nuts with moderate thick shells were not as severely injured,
+and this would seem to indicate that there may be a relationship between
+thickness of shell and resistance to winter cold.
+
+In this plantation it was also found on another occasion that the trees
+which bore thin-shelled nuts produced long vigorous succulent shoots
+with a large pith and loose, spongy buds. On the other trees that bore
+thick-shelled nuts the shoot growth was shorter and firmer than on the
+trees with thin-shelled nuts. In contrast to these trees the buds on the
+Crath trees Nos. 2 and 5 were short, rather broad and very solid. The
+wood also was very hard and well matured with a small pith even on
+vigorous shoots. This seems to indicate that there may be a relationship
+between density and maturity of wood and buds and winter hardiness.
+
+
+_Other Seedlings_
+
+At various places in Michigan there are English walnut trees that
+originated in England or which are seedlings of trees that came from
+England. An exceptionally good tree of English origin grows near Ionia
+and is called Larson after the owner of the farm on which it grew. The
+Larson tree is at least 50 years old and bears nuts of large size and
+excellent quality in favorable seasons. This variety was propagated for
+the college by the Michigan Nut Nursery and some of these trees were
+planted at the Kellogg Farm in 1933. Unfortunately the past winter
+killed all the young trees and so severely injured the parent tree that
+its recovery is doubtful. Beck is another good variety of English origin
+that grows near Allegan on the Monterey road. The original tree of this
+variety was very severely injured and much greater injury was noted on
+seven-year-old grafts of this variety which had been set on a black
+walnut. At Vassar there is a tree of English origin that yields very
+fine nuts, but this one was also severely injured. Near Conklin there is
+an old tree of German origin and this was likewise severely injured, but
+not so much as the trees from England.
+
+
+_Chinese Walnuts_
+
+The Chinese walnut is a geographic form of the so-called English walnut.
+It occurs over a large area of central and northern China, and it is
+believed that trees from the northernmost range of this species in China
+are somewhat hardier than the average English walnut from western
+Europe. The number of trees of this species under observation is very
+limited, but those that have been seen appear to be promising. The
+largest and best tree observed grows on the property of Mr. Geo. Corsan
+at Islington, Ontario. This tree was subjected to -26 degrees F. last
+winter and was somewhat injured. The growth this spring was delayed
+longer than normally and some killing back was noted. Eventually the
+tree started to grow and made a normal amount of growth. Scions from
+this tree were grafted on two black walnut trees at the Kellogg Farm in
+1933 and a vigorous growth was made in that season. These grafts were
+carefully examined in the spring of 1934 and were found uninjured.
+Subsequently a very large graft on one medium sized black walnut tree
+died, but this was due to injury at the point of union rather than to
+the graft above. The remaining scions made a good growth this season.
+Seedling trees of another strain of Chinese walnut showed some variation
+in their hardiness. Some came through in good condition and made a
+vigorous growth but others were more or less injured. The limited number
+of trees under observation scarcely justifies definite conclusion, but
+it would seem as though this form of Juglans regia is worthy of a wider
+trial in southern Michigan.
+
+
+_Types of Winter Injury_
+
+The following forms of winter injury which have been referred to in the
+preceding notes are given special attention hereunder.
+
+(1) Killing back of branches.
+
+This type was found on every tree except the hardy varieties of Polish
+and Russian origin. In some cases the large branches were killed
+outright, but usually the injury was confined to small branches, and the
+degree of injury varied from slight to very severe killing. Branches so
+injured were attacked by fungus diseases and some were beginning to
+decay and fall off when examined in October. Killing back of the
+branches was also noted on one excellent heartnut at Scotland, Ontario.
+This tree was subjected to -30 degrees F. but was less severely injured
+than many of the English walnuts noted above, and when examined in
+September showed a vigorous new growth throughout most of the top. There
+were also several vigorous seedlings from this tree growing near by
+which were only slightly injured in the bark or which were uninjured. It
+was interesting to observe that the seedlings of the old heartnut tree
+that were apparently of hybrid origin were not injured in the least and
+bore good crops of nuts this year, but the seedlings that were pure
+heartnuts were injured slightly. This point suggests the desirability of
+crossing the finest heartnuts with the best butternuts to get a
+combination of the hardiness of the butternut with the good qualities of
+the heartnut.
+
+
+_Bark Killing_
+
+Bark injury is often found on fruit trees following a severe winter and
+is occasionally found on nut trees. It may be due to bark splitting or
+to desiccation or both. In severe cases of bark splitting the bark
+splits vertically and laterally from the ground up for several feet, but
+in milder cases the bark is only split away for a short distance. Where
+the bark is loosened for some distance around the tree or vertically it
+dies shortly thereafter, but where only a small amount of splitting
+occurs, the tree may recover if given attention. In such cases the bark
+should be cut back to the living tissue and all particles of dead or
+injured bark scraped off. The exposed area should then be coated with a
+good tree paint or asphaltic emulsion.
+
+The severest case of bark splitting observed was on a vigorous young
+heartnut seedling at Guelph, Ontario. On this tree the bark was
+completely split away entirely around the trunk from the ground up for
+several feet and the injury was so great that the tree died early in the
+summer. Within a short distance of this tree was another tree of the
+same origin that was quite uninjured, but this tree, however, was a
+hybrid between the butternut and the heartnut. On this hardy tree there
+was a heavy crop of nuts that were intermediate in form between the
+heartnut and the butternut, this indicating its hybrid origin.
+Practically all of these hybrids escaped injury even though the
+temperature was -30 degrees F.
+
+Bark injury was also noticed at the Kellogg Farm on several black walnut
+trees that had been grafted in the nursery and which were planted in
+1932 and 1933. On these trees the scion variety was uninjured but the
+bark on the stock was more or less affected from the ground up to the
+point of union. All trees thus affected came out into leaf, but shortly
+afterward the leaves withered and the top died.
+
+Bark injury from splitting or desiccation was more prevalent on young
+vigorous growing trees, and on older trees that had been stimulated into
+a strong growth by fertilizers or late cultivation.
+
+
+_Suggested Means of Control_
+
+Since it is impossible to control temperatures and precipitation, it is
+perhaps a vain hope to expect complete immunity from winter injury to
+the English walnut. It is possible, however, to lessen the degree of
+injury by certain measures of precaution. These are as follows:
+
+(1) Plant only the hardiest varieties.
+
+The past winter showed very clearly that the commercial varieties of
+English walnut or seedlings as grown in this state are not hardy enough
+to endure the severe cold that periodically occurs in Michigan. This
+limits the choice of varieties to those from central Europe or north
+China where rigorous climatic conditions prevail. As already pointed
+out, the varieties that endured the past winter were from the Carpathian
+region in Poland or western Russia and north China. These varieties have
+not been widely distributed in this state and it may be found that even
+these will have a limited range in Michigan. Their behavior, however,
+shows that they are somewhat hardier than varieties from western Europe
+or England. Unfortunately the supply of trees of these apparently hardy
+kinds is limited and it will take some time to work up a stock of the
+best strains. In the meantime, those who desire to plant the English
+walnut had better wait until a supply of the hardier kind is available
+or plant some other hardy species such as the black walnut.
+
+(2) Thoroughly drain all soils intended for nut trees. Well drained
+soils favor good root development and seem to lessen late growth, thus
+reducing to a slight extent at least the severe killing back that is
+noticeable on such growth.
+
+(3) Use nitrogenous fertilizers in moderation.
+
+Fertilizers rich in nitrogen may stimulate the late growth and
+predispose the tree to killing back.
+
+(4) Do not cultivate the soil around nut trees late in the summer.
+
+Late cultivation stimulates late growth and prevents the trees from
+properly ripening their buds and wood. This late growth invariably
+suffers more severely from winter cold than growth that is well matured.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Tree Prospects in the Tennessee Valley
+
+_By_ JOHN W. HERSHEY
+
+_Tree Crop Specialist, Division of Forestry._
+
+_Tennessee Valley Authority._
+
+
+This is a vital question to discuss in the economic welfare of any
+community, but the sooner the value of tree crops is recognized, the
+sooner will the agriculturists be on a more simple economic basis and I
+feel that the members of this association agree with me when I say that
+the Tennessee Valley Authority Board of Directors should be complimented
+by this body for their foresight in making tree crops a part of their
+economic scheme. In my five months of work the points that I believe are
+of most interest to this body are that I have actually made a cursory
+tree crop survey of the whole Valley--fifteen hundred miles long and
+seventy-five miles wide. This is the first time this kind of work has
+ever been attempted in the world on an extensive scale. The results of
+this survey have been approximately the following:
+
+(1) A keen interest by all the County Agents in the tree crops question.
+
+(2) I was astonished at the surprising number of County Agents that had
+been advocating nut trees as a farm asset. It gave me considerable
+pleasure to note the number who had nuts sticking around their offices
+they had gathered up because of their interest in trying to find a good
+cracker of either hickory or walnut. As we all know it would be
+impossible for me to attempt to fine-tooth-comb an area as large as the
+Tennessee Valley basin for thin shelled nuts, but with the enthusiasm
+shown by the County Agents we will have excellent co-operation with them
+in getting publicity in local papers for the contests that we have run
+to date on all the tree crops. The announcement of this association's
+prize contest is going to have an outstanding influence in getting a lot
+of samples of nuts and you can easily see the stimulant to get two
+prizes in the place of one is going to make a lot of men and women and
+children scour the country for the nut that will possibly take the prize
+in both contests. I want to say that I feel that these nuts, from the
+few samples and reports I have at hand, are going to give the balance of
+the United States a run for their money in the contest.
+
+My work, when developed along the lines as recommended, will not only
+comprise the development of nuts but of all tree crops in general. Not
+only in introducing selected tree crops to the farmers but in the
+breeding of superior crops. The tree crops idea like the Authority's
+power idea will have, in the words of Dr. Kellogg, in a recent letter to
+me, "It will not only influence the welfare of the farmers in the Valley
+but over the whole United States." First in showing the farmers on a
+worth while scale the value of tree crops and second in introducing this
+health food into the diet of the American people.
+
+
+
+
+Some New Hicans and Pecans in Illinois
+
+_From_ J. G. DUIS, _Shattuc, Illinois_
+
+(_Read by Title_)
+
+
+I am writing a short account of the new nuts I have discovered in this
+vicinity, all in the Kaskaskia River Valley and not one fifty miles
+away. The Duis, Swagler, Joffrey and Carlyle pecans. The Duis black
+walnut. The Gerardi and Nussbaumer hicans. And the Dintleman hybrid.
+
+The Duis pecan grows about four miles up the river from Carlyle. I claim
+it as the largest northern pecan in existence, with the Swagler not far
+second in size. Both have been bearing the two years I have known them,
+the Duis rather prolifically. However, it was so severely whipped last
+fall, and the season so dry this year, that I do not expect a crop off
+either tree, though I have not visited them as they are rather
+inaccessible. Both graft fairly well, especially the Swagler.
+
+The Joffrey pecan grows alone in a corn field south of Pelican Pouch, a
+glacial moraine south of Carlyle about six miles. It is the plumpest,
+thinnest shelled nut of northern variety, and above average size. Fair
+bearer to the best of my knowledge, but a severe hail storm and a season
+of severe walnut caterpillars ruined two years' prospects. The Carlyle
+pecan grows in the State Fish Hatchery and Park at Carlyle, and I have
+only the word of the "game warden" and caretaker for size and quality.
+The same hail and caterpillar pest hit that tree. The Duis black walnut
+is from a scrub tree on Shoal Creek, about five miles northwest of
+Carlyle and is about crowded out by other trees. My oldest grafted tree
+from it is about seven years old and has been bearing consistently since
+two years old. Even this year, after two severe dry seasons, and a late
+frost that nipped the early shoots, it has a fine crop even though other
+trees, grafted and seedlings, are mostly barren. The nuts are medium to
+rather large and readily crack out in halves comparable to the Stabler
+when properly prepared for cracking. There are so many new walnuts I
+know nothing about that I presume there are better ones.
+
+I claim only secondary credit for "resurrecting" the Nussbaumer hican
+and the Dintleman hybrid, presumably king hickory and bitternut. The
+Nussbaumer is the hybrid mentioned in Fuller's Nut Culturist some fifty
+years ago. I thought of this for several months and corresponded
+regarding this nut and finally made a couple of trips down the river to
+Mascoutah and vicinity. I could hardly find a man old enough to know Mr.
+Nussbaumer, who was a druggist there. Later he removed to Okawville and
+from there to Texas, where he died a number of years ago. I was advised
+to see an old nurseryman by the name of Jacob Leibrock, now deceased. I
+was told he had two of the trees from seed. He had, but both bore
+bitternuts and he had cut them down. I did not think till later that
+they probably were not from the Nussbaumer tree and when I wrote for
+more information he had passed away. He advised me to see two men toward
+Fayetteville down the river. The first one did not know where the tree
+was. The second one did but was too busy to go to it, so I hired him to
+go as soon as possible and advise me and if possible send me some
+samples and I would return later. From what he told me I was sure I was
+off the track of the Nussbaumer, but on the trail of a new and better
+nut. He said the tree bore "sacks full" and the nuts were so thin
+shelled you could crack them in your hand. I went farther down the river
+to Fayetteville, not far from which place east the tree was located, but
+was there informed the tree was dead. However, the informer told me he
+had a seedling from it, but upon investigation found he had a fullblood
+pecan, probably planted by a jaybird from a number of bearing trees in
+close proximity, for I was satisfied by this time the nut was not even
+part pecan. The two original nuts probably never grew. The innkeeper
+advised me that Mr. Dintleman, a nurseryman of Belleville, Ill., had
+been much interested in the nuts and might have a tree. So I wrote him
+asking about it and also wrote Mr. C. A. Reed, U. S. Dept. of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Mr. Dintleman wrote me that our well
+known Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, had a seven-year-old budded tree from buds he
+sent. And Mr. Reed advised me to write a farm advisor in Missouri.
+Through him I was informed a Mr. George Miller, near Bluffton, son of
+Judge Miller, mentioned in Fuller's book, had a tree thirty years old.
+In short, I found not only the one tree I was after but a second king
+hickory and bitternut cross with a shell so thin you could "crack it
+with your hands." Shall we call it a Hickbit? Mr. Wilkinson sent me
+graftwood and stated he expected we call it the Dintleman. The
+Nussbaumer, Mr. Miller informed me, is not a good bearer, but it may be
+due to location or lack of pollinization. I now have several trees of
+each from spring grafts.
+
+All the above trees grow in overflow ground, sometimes in water for
+weeks, called slashes. The Stabler walnut also seems to like that, but
+the Thomas does not and is outgrown by the three-year-old Stablers. I
+will know more about that in a year or two. However, nearly all grow
+very well on the prairie land around here and some seem to bear better.
+
+May I add another observation. Cultivation will produce bigger, better
+and more nuts, same as for corn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Evening session.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+I'd like to speak for a moment about some old friends, one of whom we
+shall never see any more, Mr. Bixby. If you will take the trouble to go
+back through our annual reports and see the number of articles he has
+written and the diversity of subjects he has written on, and see what an
+important part he has taken in our discussions, you will get a good idea
+of the ability and broad-mindedness, the scientific knowledge and the
+honesty of Mr. Bixby. There is one thing that perhaps you don't all
+know, and that is that his collection of nuts has been sold to the
+United States Government. There is something fewer of you know and that
+is that this sale was brought about by the persistent energy, mental and
+physical, of Mr. Reed.
+
+The other old friend, whom we shall perhaps never see again at a
+meeting, is Dr. Morris. I've seen him twice this summer, had several
+letters from him, and lunched with him once. He has with him his devoted
+wife and his little daughter and he appears to be fairly well. He
+doesn't look very different from what he has when he attended our
+meetings. He is up and around and he walked about the place for fifteen
+or twenty minutes with Mrs. Morris and me looking at his trees.
+
+Some other old friends that I would like to call to your attention are
+our past reports. I suppose that I have read those reports more times
+than anybody else, since I have edited nearly all of them. I go back
+over them occasionally even now and I have been astonished to find the
+value of the papers and discussions that are contained there. I
+recommend to all of you who have these reports to make a review of them
+and see how many things were known during the early years of our
+association, as Mr. Walker has said, that we are now rehashing. When you
+go over the names of the men who made up the membership of the
+association in its early days, men whom many of you perhaps have never
+seen, or have seen very seldom, you can understand how these pioneers in
+nut growing would have had something interesting to say.
+
+I've made a little list of names of these men, some of whom are gone,
+and the rest of whom we seldom see. Dr. Morris, Prof. Craig, Henry
+Hales, Prof. Close, Prof. Hutt, W. N. Roper, W. C. Reed, Prof. Collins,
+E. A. Riehl, Dr. Van Fleet, Prof. Van Deman, J. G. Rush, Mr. Jones, Mr.
+Littlepage, Mr. Bixby, Dr. Smith, Prof. E. R. Lake, S. W. Snyder, Mrs.
+Erlanger, Col. Sober, Prof. Drake and many others. I think it will pay
+you all to look back through those annual reports and see what the
+pioneer nut growers of this country have recorded.
+
+Mr. Reed, I was saying that Mr. Bixby's collection of nut trees had been
+sold to the Government and that it was through your help that this sale
+was made. Now I'd like to ask you if there is any information that you
+could properly release to the meeting about the sale of those trees. I
+am sure everyone of us would be interested to know where they are going.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+The trees have been bought by the Interior Department with funds placed
+at their disposal for the purpose of planting trees for the national
+forests. Their attitude has been rather liberal in this case. They have
+felt that if they could get trees planted, regardless of whether they
+were planted on Interior Department land or not, it would be justified
+expense. When the matter was laid before them, they at once thought of
+the arboretum which is now being developed within the District of
+Columbia. The final purchase was made largely in order that the
+arboretum might be able to start off with the Bixby collection as a
+nucleus. A complete list of all varieties that are in the collection
+will go there. Another part of the purchase comes to the branch of the
+Agricultural Department which I represent, and practically all of the
+varieties in the Bixby collection which are not now in the plant at
+Beltsville will be sent there.
+
+It was the original plan of the Interior Department that all of the
+trees which neither the arboretum nor the branch of the department which
+I represent needed, should go to the Shenandoah National Park in
+Virginia, and it was with that understanding that the deal was closed.
+After the deal was closed and a notice was sent to the authorities in
+charge at the park that a certain number of seedlings of different
+species and a certain number of grafted trees would be delivered there
+sometime this fall, the Shenandoah authorities took the strange attitude
+that they couldn't use grafted trees. In other words, they preferred
+mongrels to thoroughbreds. We chuckled in our sleeves. But nevertheless
+they threw back upon us several grafted trees to find some place for. We
+immediately took it up with the Forest Service. They have land in North
+Carolina where all of the trees can be planted fifty feet apart, not
+cultivated, but nursed and cared for, and available for study by our own
+department and the state of North Carolina and any individuals.
+
+I have omitted mentioning that there are certain limitations on the
+ability of the Interior officials to buy trees for Interior Department
+planting. It is a definite policy of the Interior Department that in all
+national parks they plant only American species. That automatically
+eliminated many trees of the Bixby collection. But the arboretum wanted
+a good many of those trees and so did we.
+
+There are still in the Bixby collection several fine Persian walnut
+trees. We haven't been able to trace their source, but it is my
+impression that they are of Chinese origin.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+He had a row of Pomeroy trees.
+
+PROF. SLATE:
+
+He also had some trees from Chinese seed, because he sent some of them
+to Geneva.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+We have the Bixby correspondence. By the terms of the purchase Mrs.
+Bixby was to deliver to the Interior Department all of Mr. Bixby's
+records pertaining to those trees, and as far as she has been able to
+get things together they have been turned over to me.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+In addition to our annual reports I want to say a word about the reports
+of the National Pecan Growers' Association. Twenty-five years ago I took
+out a life membership in that association for $10.00, and I have been
+getting annual reports ever since. While they relate almost exclusively
+to the southern pecan they have also many scientific articles on the
+development of twigs, blossoms and fruit, on pruning and grafting and on
+fertilizing and cultivating, which are of importance to all nut
+growers.
+
+I think perhaps I won't go into the subject which has been talked of so
+much today, the severe winter and summer we have had. But J. G. Rush in
+our third annual report has a paper which is entitled, "The Persian
+Walnut, Its Disaster, Etc.," which describes events twenty-two years ago
+very similar to those that have taken place in the last winter.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Growing in Vermont
+
+_By_ ZENAS H. ELLIS, _Fair Haven_
+
+
+In all my life of over seventy years I have never seen a time like the
+present. We have passed through the coldest winter and the dryest summer
+ever known.
+
+I raise on my place in old Vermont every kind of tree that will grow
+there, and try many that will not, or only with more or less protection.
+I have apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches and figs, with berries of
+all kinds. I have nut trees of many different varieties, hickories,
+black and English walnuts, filberts, hazel-filberts, pecans, almonds and
+butternuts.
+
+Which have stood the cold and drought the best? Strange as it may seem,
+my nut trees have stood the extreme temperatures the best. My hardiest
+apples like the Wealthy, Yellow Transparent, Wolf River, and Pewaukee
+have gone down to their death, or so near thereto that I never expect to
+see any fruit from them again. Whereas, on the other hand, my hickories,
+black walnuts, butternuts and hazel-filberts have not even lost a leaf.
+Wonderful to relate and almost unbelievable my large pecan tree, over
+forty feet in height, and a foot in diameter, is as hale and hearty as
+ever.
+
+August 15th last I picked and cracked some of my improved butternuts and
+hazel-filberts, and found the kernels large, full grown and normal in
+every way. Whereas I have not an apple or pear fit to eat, no, not even
+a berry either.
+
+I set out my butternut years ago in the position of honor in front of my
+house, and it has merited it ever since. The kernels came out in halves
+and often times whole. I have given away many of the nuts for planting,
+even as far away as Kew Gardens, England. Money could not buy the parent
+tree. I would not exchange it for the best cattle ranch in Colorado, the
+best wheat farm in Kansas, or the best cotton plantation in both the
+Carolinas. It is self-sustaining, does not require any subsidy from
+Uncle Sam, or any twenty-five thousand dollars a year official to
+regulate it. It is better than any dollar nowadays, always worth 100 per
+cent in gold instead of 61 cents, as is our government kind. The reason
+is, God rules it, instead of a mere man with any combination of the
+alphabet you can make.
+
+It is the same with my improved hazel-filberts which grow tall and rank
+and bend down to the ground with their branches heavily laden with
+large, well-filled nuts.
+
+My Thomas black walnuts are doing well, as also my Sier's hybrid
+hickories; both are perfectly hardy but not bearing this year as it is
+the off year for them. The butternut and hazel-filberts have never an
+off year but, like the "brook," go on forever. My English walnuts with
+some protection passed the winter in perfect safety. But the almonds,
+though protected as well, fared very poorly, showing that they are not
+near so hardy as the former.
+
+The other kinds of nut trees that I have mentioned, even to the pecan,
+withstood the rigors of the winter with no protection whatever.
+
+My true filberts fared rather poorly but are coming up lustily from
+below the snow line and will, I think, be as good as ever if the past
+winter does not repeat itself.
+
+What does this all mean? It means that we should plant more nut trees
+instead of so many fruit trees, especially the apple, which has proven
+more liable to cold injury than even the pear, if we would have any of
+the delectable valuable products of the tree kind. Why, just think of
+it, a few nut trees planted around every home in the country would do
+more to relieve the present depression than all the other agencies and
+remedies put together. Frost does not impair their fruit. Nuts will keep
+through the year or longer. Insects do not injure them as they do the
+soft, unprotected fruits. Squirrels may take their toll but they are far
+easier to destroy than a bug. To hunt them is grand sport for young
+people, whereas to chase a bug is no fun at all.
+
+The workman, the professional man, the merchant, should especially raise
+them as they would take no time from their business. Their children
+would think it no work at all to gather them, that is if they were like
+the children of my youth who looked forward to gathering nuts as one of
+the pleasantest pastimes of the year.
+
+If all our city parks, public squares, playgrounds, roadsides, waste
+places and other like areas were planted with them, all children even to
+the poorest could have a sufficiency of the healthiest food that would
+build up their bodies into strong healthy adults who could go out into
+the country and build it up again as it was years ago, instead of the
+vast, desolate region it is now.
+
+What makes children so puny and so unwilling to do any real work today?
+It is because emigration from nut-eating countries being shut off, and
+our native nut trees cut down or uncared for, there is nothing to keep
+up the supply of the best food for the body today. The remedy is to
+raise more nuts so the children and adults as well can again be fed on
+the most valuable, healthy and strength-giving food God ever made.
+
+Then, too, crime would be greatly reduced, especially of the juvenile
+kind. The spare time of our youth would be taken up for about three
+months in a year with a clean, pure, pleasant, agreeable occupation
+instead of searching for mischief and quasi-vicious adventures. Have no
+juvenile crime and the adult crime is reduced to a minimum, or
+obliterated entirely.
+
+God started man on a nut eating diet and kept him thereon for centuries.
+As long as he stuck to it he was all right. We do not hear much about
+that era, for happy is the nation that has no history. Then he had no
+diseases to speak of except extreme old age, no wars and hardly any
+troubles. But when, in the Garden of Eden, the Devil tempted him to
+switch off onto some other diet, he has been wrong ever since. So then,
+let us return to our old diet as far as possible and have something of
+an Eden again about us today.
+
+Perhaps you people of Michigan would like to know what my town of Fair
+Haven is. It gave you James Witherell who, while congressman from
+Vermont, resigned to accept the supreme judgeship of the great territory
+of Michigan. In the war of 1812 he had command of the troops thereof
+and, when ordered by the cowardly General Hull to surrender them to the
+British, absolutely refused. After that war he laid out anew the war
+stricken city of Detroit.
+
+His grandson, Thomas Witherell Palmer, the son of a native born Fair
+Haven girl, became your United States Senator, Minister to Spain and, in
+1893, President of the World Fair commission at Chicago. He gave to
+Detroit that large and beautiful park named after him.
+
+So you see Henry Ford is not the whole architect of that great city, as
+good Vermont blood had to relay its foundations and get it well under
+way for that great auto magnate to make it the fourth city in the
+Union.
+
+
+
+
+A Roll Call of the Nuts
+
+_By_ DR. W. C. DEMING
+
+_Connecticut_
+
+
+In the report of the proceedings at the eighth annual meeting of this
+association, held at Stamford, Conn., September 5 and 6, 1917, is an
+address by the Vice President, Prof. W. N. Hutt of North Carolina,
+entitled "Reasons for Our Limited Knowledge as to What Varieties of Nut
+Trees to Plant." I quote from that address:
+
+     "In 1847 the American Pomological Society was formed as a national
+     clearing house of horticultural ideas. The first work the society
+     undertook was to determine the varieties of the different classes
+     of fruits suitable for planting in different sections of the
+     country. Patrick Barry of Rochester, one of the pioneers of
+     American horticulture, was for years the chairman of the committee
+     on varietal adaptation and did an immense amount of work on that
+     line. At the meetings of the society he went alphabetically over
+     the variety lists of fruits and called for reports on each one from
+     growers all over the country. This practice was kept up for years
+     and the resulting data were collected and compiled in the society's
+     reports. A similar systematic roll call of classes and varieties of
+     nuts grown by the members of this association would be of immense
+     value to intending planters of nut trees. In northern nut growing,
+     however, it may be questioned if we have yet arrived at the Patrick
+     Barry stage."
+
+These were the words of Prof. Hutt in 1917, seventeen years ago. I
+believe that nut growing has now arrived at the Patrick Barry stage. It
+seems right, therefore, that we should begin to have an annual roll call
+of the nuts. To this end I have prepared a list of nuts of the different
+genera, species and varieties grown in the northeastern United States.
+This list is long but by no means complete and this, by the nature of
+things, it can never be. It is evident that there will not be time
+enough to go over more than a small part of this list. It is, therefore,
+proposed to have the list mimeographed and sent to all members for their
+reports. Members are asked particularly to add to the list the names and
+performances of any varieties not listed of which they may have
+knowledge. In this way we shall soon be able to make our lists as nearly
+complete as possible.
+
+In order to reduce bulk and expense it will be necessary to print the
+names in compact form. It is suggested that the lists be kept for
+reference and that any report be made on a separate sheet under the
+proper heading. I will go as far in it now as you want me to. As I call
+the names of the nuts on this list I will ask the members present to
+report, as briefly as possible, any knowledge they may have as to the
+performance of each nut, such as the earliness of its fruiting, size and
+regularity of crops, growth and vigor of tree and character of nuts.
+
+
+HICKORIES
+
+THE ANTHONY:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE BARNES (Shag. x Mock.):
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: There are some at Itaca which bear.
+
+Dr. Deming: This is undoubtedly a Shagbark--mockernut hybrid. It is
+entirely at home when grafted on the mockernut. This makes it of value
+for there are few of our named hickories that will do well when grafted
+on the mockernut. In 1933 I top-worked a mockernut with ten grafts of
+the Barnes. In 1934 it bore 30 fine nuts. It appears to be an excellent
+nut. There are three other nuts that I know do well on the mockernut.
+One is the Wampler from Indiana introduced by W. C. Reed. Another is the
+Minnie raised by Mr. S. W. Snyder. The fourth nut is the Gobble. The
+Barnes is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932
+proceedings. Carl Weschcke has it growing at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE BATES (pecan x Mock.):
+
+Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.
+
+
+THE BEAM:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE BEAVER (Shag. x Bitter.):
+
+Dr. Deming: It grows rapidly. The nuts are not of very good quality,
+like most bitternut hybrids.
+
+The Beaver is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek and is
+mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. Carl Weschcke has it
+growing at River Falls, Wis. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has one one-year
+graft on bitternut, height 5 feet. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ont., has one
+Beaver tree planted in 1924 and moved in 1925 growing in light sandy
+soil on north shore at west end Lake Ontario. Diameter of the trunk is
+about three inches, tree fifteen feet high, bore first time in 1934. It
+is growing at the Riehl Farm, Godfrey, Ill., and in the Jones Nursery,
+Lancaster, Pa.
+
+
+THE BEAM:
+
+Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE BILLAU:
+
+Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE BONTRAGER (Shag.):
+
+Won third prize in 1929 contest, page 53, 1931. Tree owned by John D.
+Bontrager, Middlebury, Ind.
+
+
+THE BROOKS (Shag.):
+
+Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It won ninth prize in
+1929 contest, page 53, 1931, to Mrs. John Brooks, Ottumwa, Iowa. Carl
+Weschcke has it growing at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE BURLINGTON (Pecan x shell.):
+
+Dr. Deming: The true name of the nut we call Marquardt. The Michigan Nut
+Nursery have trees bearing.
+
+Miss Jones: A characteristic of all shellbark x pecan hybrids is that
+they don't fill well.
+
+Mr. Corsan: Are they in exceedingly rich soil or just ordinary? I find
+that nuts respond to rich soil.
+
+Miss Jones: They are in ordinary soil.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: We have two trees at Ithaca about ten years old which
+have borne but the nuts have not filled very well.
+
+Dr. Deming: Is the Burlington worth growing? Does it fill so badly that
+it is not a success?
+
+Miss Jones: The kernel fills out about three-fourths of the way. It
+fills better than the McCallister.
+
+Mr. Corsan: I have never seen such a fine nut in my life.
+
+Mr. Wilkinson: It is a good hybrid and a wonderful bearer.
+
+Dr. Deming: Every year?
+
+Mr. Wilkinson: Yes, and matures unusually early.
+
+The Burlington is in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill. It is
+mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has young
+trees growing at River Falls, Wis. Sargeant H. Wellman has some young
+trees at Topsfield, Mass. F. H. Frey has young tree in yard at Chicago,
+but it has not borne nuts as yet. Foliage is beautiful, leaves being
+rather broad but some kind of blight seems to turn them dark and they
+curl up about middle of the summer.
+
+J. W. Hershey: Of the hybrid hickories the Burlington should be
+eliminated from the list and a great many others of the hickories should
+be thrown out as rapidly as possible.
+
+
+THE BURTON (pecan x shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. It is growing in
+Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and on Kellogg farm, Michigan.
+
+
+THE CALDWELL:
+
+It is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE CASPER:
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Parent tree in Illinois.
+
+
+THE CEDAR RAPIDS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. It is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., the Kellogg
+farm at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the Carl Weschcke plantings at River
+Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE CLARK (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's in 1931 report.
+
+This hickory is growing on the Carl Weschcke place at River Falls, Wis.,
+and in Sargeant H. Wellman's nut orchard at Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE COMINS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE COOK (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE CREAGER:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report. This hickory is growing in the
+Kellogg farm plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE DENNIS (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. This hickory is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich., and in Carl Weschcke nut orchard at River Falls, Wis. W.
+R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Dennis promises to be a heavy,
+early bearer of fairly good quality.
+
+
+THE DES MOINES (pecan x shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and by Dr. Zimmerman, page
+20, 1932. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg farms plantings.
+
+
+THE DREW (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE EDABURN:
+
+Mentioned by Mr. Bixby in his paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has it
+growing in his orchard at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE EMERICK:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE EUREKA (shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE EVERSMAN (shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE FAIRBANKS (shag. x bitter.):
+
+Mr. Corsan: I had eleven nuts on my tree last year. They are very small
+trees.
+
+Dr. Neilson: A Fairbanks grafted on a pignut in the spring of 1931 at
+the Kellogg estate has quite a few nuts on it this season.
+
+Miss Jones: They bear well and regularly.
+
+Dr. Deming: Yes, they do at my place, too.
+
+Mr. Corsan: What kind of a flavor has it?
+
+Dr. Deming: It is bitter when you keep it but not when fresh.
+
+Mr. Snyder: Don't judge them by one nut. They get better as you eat
+them. The more you eat the better you like them.
+
+Miss Jones: People that try them at our place don't notice much
+difference between those hybrids and the shellbarks. I give them to
+people any time during the winter, and they don't notice the difference.
+
+Mr. Reed: Mr. Bixby said at one of the conventions that the Fairbanks
+was a good grower, easy to propagate, bore well, not so good as to size,
+thin shelled and had all the desirable characteristics of a good nut
+except that it wasn't good to eat.
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. The Fairbanks is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19,
+1932. It is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey, Ill., the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., in the Carl Weschcke orchard at River
+Falls, Wis., and in the E. C. Rice plantings at Absher, Ky. Sargeant H.
+Wellman has some young Fairbanks trees at Topsfield, Mass. Mr. W. R.
+Fickes reports it is a very poor quality hickory at Wooster, Ohio, but
+may be valuable for double working.
+
+
+THE FLUHR (shag. x shell.):
+
+Awarded seventh prize in 1929 contest, page 53, 1931 report, to Edgar
+Fluhr, Kiel, Wis.
+
+
+THE FREEL (shag.):
+
+Entered in 1929 contest by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa.
+
+
+THE FROMAN (shag.):
+
+Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Arlie W. Froman, Bacon, Ind.
+
+
+THE GALLOWAY:
+
+H. R. Weber: I notice the Galloway is not listed among the hickory
+hybrids. The parent tree is growing in Hamilton County, Ohio, and, is
+supposed to be a pecan x bitternut hybrid.
+
+
+THE GERARDI (pecan x shell.):
+
+A Member: It is like the Nussbaumer.
+
+This hybrid is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. Also
+see description by Joseph Gerardi, page 45, 1932 report. It is growing
+in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and the Kellogg plantings at
+Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE GISSEL:
+
+It is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and in orchard of
+Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE GLOVER (shag.):
+
+It is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper
+in 1931 report. It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek,
+Mich., the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis., and the Sargeant
+H. Wellman orchard at Topsfield, Mass. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has
+two-year grafts on shellbark and bitternut stocks. It seems to do better
+on the shellbark stocks.
+
+
+THE GOBBLE (shag.):
+
+Mentioned on page 54, 1931 report. Tree owned by William Gobble,
+Holsten, Va.
+
+
+THE GOHEEN (shag.):
+
+Awarded sixth prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. Hamill Goheen, Pennsylvania
+Furnace, Penna. Sargeant H. Wellman has young trees growing at
+Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE GREEN:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE GREENBAY (pecan x shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Dr. Zimmerman's
+report, page 20, 1932.
+
+
+THE GRIFFIN:
+
+Mr. Bixby, page 15, 1928, report, states it is an early bearer. Dr. J.
+Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports the Griffin is precocious when
+grafted on pecan but cracking test by Mr. C. A. Reed shows it to have a
+very low cracking value.
+
+
+THE GRUPE:
+
+Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in the
+Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa.
+
+
+THE HAGEN (shag. x shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It was awarded ninth
+prize in 1929 contest. Parent tree owned by Mrs. C. E. Hagen,
+Guttenberg, Iowa. It is growing in the Snyder Bros.' plantings at Center
+Point, Iowa, the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the
+Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE HALES (shag.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE HAND:
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the orchard of Carl
+Weschcke at River Falls., Wis.
+
+
+THE HILL (shell.):
+
+Introduced by S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa, and mentioned by Mr.
+Bixby in his paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE HUBER:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE HUFF:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE IOWA (shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE KELSEY:
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has it
+growing in his orchard at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE KENTUCKY (shag. x mock.):
+
+Dr. Deming: This is said to be a shagbark x mockernut hybrid but I see
+no reason for the belief. It is a vigorous grower. One year my trees
+were liberally sprinkled with nuts. I know that they bear from year to
+year, but the squirrels get the nuts. I think it is a shy bearer.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: It bears regularly at my place but at Mr. Littlepage's it
+isn't bearing.
+
+This hickory is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Dr.
+Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.
+
+
+THE KIRTLAND (shag.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Mr. Reed's paper in
+1931 report. It is growing in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., and
+in the orchards of Carl Weschcke, River Falls, Wis., and of Sargeant H.
+Wellman at Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE LAKE (shag.):
+
+Awarded first prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. C. Lake, New Haven, Ind., R.
+R. 1.
+
+
+THE LEONARD (shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE LANEY (shag. x bitter.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report.
+
+Dr. Deming: I have never known them to bear anything yet at my place in
+Connecticut.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: They haven't borne at my place, either.
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. The Laney hickory is growing
+in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich., and the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE LINGENFELTER (shag.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. It is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE MANAHAN (shag.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Mr. Reed's paper in
+1931 report. It is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey, Ill., and
+the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE MANN (of Michigan shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE MANN (of Ohio, shag. x shell.): Awarded ninth prize in 1929
+contest to Howard Mann, Delta, Ohio.
+
+
+THE McCALLISTER (pecan x shell.):
+
+Dr. Deming: Has anyone any new information about the filling or bearing
+of the McCallister?
+
+Mr. Wilkinson: It fills well but not heavily.
+
+Mr. Reed: I have watched the McCallister for years and years and the
+nuts have failed to fill. But there is a tree that has the reputation of
+bearing a very considerable quantity of nuts. We went over to see the
+tree and we found that it stood where the soil was very rich. I have
+wanted ever since then to try some McCallisters and give them all of the
+plant food that they could possibly consume. I believe that that has a
+good deal to do with filling.
+
+Dr. Deming: Heavy fertilization influences the filling of nuts.
+
+The McCallister is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932.
+It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., the
+orchards of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., E. C. Rice at Absher,
+Ky., of Sargeant H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass., and in the Government
+plantings at Beltsville, Md. It is also growing and doing well in the
+Waite Orchard at Normandy, Tenn., see page 34, 1932 report.
+
+
+THE MILFORD (shag.):
+
+It is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in
+the Jones Nursery at Lancaster.
+
+
+THE MINNIE (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report. Parent tree is growing in the yard of the Snyder farm at Center
+Point, Iowa. This hickory is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey,
+Ill.
+
+
+THE MORTON (pecan x shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. Is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE PESCHKE (shag.):
+
+Awarded tenth prize in 1929 contest to Grace Peschke, Ripon, Wis.
+
+
+THE PLEAS (pecan x bitter.):
+
+Miss Jones: It has a very thin shell. You can crack it with your hand.
+
+Mr. Reed: Miss Riehl has said that it is worth growing for ornamental
+effect. It has great long catkins that make it really a beautiful thing,
+and yet it is like all of the others as far as I know, it has that
+bitter principle. It is very much the same as the other bitternut
+hybrids.
+
+The Pleas is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926 report and is
+listed in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. It is being grown on
+the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., in the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich., in the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis., and
+Sargeant H. Wellman has young trees doing well at Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE RENGGENBERG (shag.):
+
+Awarded eighth prize in 1929 contest to Edward Renggenberg, Madison,
+Wis., R. 1, Box 142.
+
+
+THE ROCKVILLE (pecan x shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Also mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's
+report, page 20, 1932. Is growing at the Riehl farm, Godfrey, Ill., the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in orchard of Carl
+Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster,
+Pennsylvania.
+
+
+THE RODDY (shag. x shell.):
+
+Awarded fourth prize in 1929 contest to John Roddy, Napoleon, Ohio.
+
+
+THE ROMIG:
+
+Is in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and Sargeant H.
+Wellman has some young trees in his orchard at Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE SANDE (shag. x shell.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE SAYER (shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE SCHOENBERGER (shag.):
+
+Awarded tenth prize in 1929 contest to Roy Schoenberger, Nevada, Ohio.
+
+
+THE SEAVER (shag.):
+
+Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to J. K. Seaver, Harvard, Ill.
+
+
+THE SCHINNERLING:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in Kellogg plantings at
+Battle Creek, Mich., and in orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls,
+Wis.
+
+
+THE SHAUL:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE SIERS (mock. x bitter.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's
+report, page 19, 1932. Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., in
+orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and in the Jones Nursery
+at Lancaster, Pa.
+
+
+THE SOBOLEWSKI (shag.):
+
+Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Jos. Sobolewski, Norwich, Conn.,
+R. 5, Box 56A.
+
+
+THE SPRUNGER (shell):
+
+Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Caleb Sprunger, Berne, Ind.
+
+
+THE STANLEY (shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in plantings on Kellogg
+farm at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE STRATFORD (shag. x bitter.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page
+19, 1932. It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.,
+and the orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis. Dr. J. Russell
+Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports it is one of the most precocious and
+productive nuts he has when grafted on pignut. It has not missed bearing
+some nuts in the last four seasons.
+
+
+THE SWAIN (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report; Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report
+and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE SWARTZ (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE TAMA QUEEN (shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE TAYLOR (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report; Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report,
+and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. This hickory is growing in
+orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman
+at Topsfield, Mass. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Taylor is a
+light bearer but good in quality.
+
+
+The Tiedke (pecan x shell.):
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932.
+
+
+THE VEST (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE WAMPLER:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE WEED (shag. x bitter.):
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.
+
+
+THE WEIKER (shag. x shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report; Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report
+and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. Is growing in the Jones
+Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., and the orchards of Carl Weschcke at River
+Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE WESCHCKE:
+
+A hybrid hickory at Fayette, Iowa, owned by Carl Weschcke of St. Paul,
+Minn., who has grafted many bitternut seedlings at River Falls, Wis.,
+with cions from this tree.
+
+
+THE WESTPHAL:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE WRIGHT (pecan x shell):
+
+Awarded eighth prize in 1929 contest to C. D. Wright, Sumner, Mo. See
+Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. This hickory is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE WOODS (shag. x shell.):
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932.
+
+
+THE ZIMMERMAN (shag. x shell.):
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932.
+
+
+THE ZURCHER:
+
+Awarded sixth prize in 1929 contest to Menno Zurcher, Apple Creek, Ohio.
+
+
+NORTHERN PECANS
+
+
+THE BUSSERON:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan has been generally
+propagated by nurserymen and is widely distributed. E. C. Rice, Absher,
+Ky., reports it does better on shellbark stock than on pignut stock. Dr.
+J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports the Busseron pecan has proved
+to be much the most precocious bearer, that ripened well filled nuts on
+top of the Blue Ridge mountains, elevation 1,300 feet, fifty miles from
+Washington, D. C., in a climate distinctly colder than Philadelphia.
+
+
+THE BUTTERICK:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan has been generally
+propagated and distributed by nurserymen.
+
+
+THE GREENRIVER:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan is also well
+distributed. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., reports Greenriver graft on
+shagbark stock grew eight feet tall in two years.
+
+
+THE INDIANA:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan also generally
+distributed.
+
+
+THE KENTUCKY:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE MAJOR:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore,
+Pa., reports the major has ripened nuts on top of Blue Ridge Mountain,
+elevation 1,300 feet, fifty miles from Washington, D. C., in a climate
+distinctly colder than Philadelphia. The nuts are small.
+
+
+THE NIBLACK:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Mr. Hershey reports it should be
+put on the obsolete list.
+
+
+THE NORTON:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Sargeant H. Wellman, Topsfield,
+Mass., has some fine young trees but they are not yet bearing.
+
+
+THE POSEY:
+
+Is growing in the Jones and Riehl nurseries and in the Kellogg plantings
+at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE UPTON:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE WARRICK (Warwick):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore,
+Pa., reports that on the Piedmont plateau, elevation 500 feet, forty
+miles from Washington, D. C., in a climate approximating that of
+Philadelphia, the Warrick has often not ripened its nuts although some
+seasons it does. John W. Hershey states the Warrick should be put on the
+obsolete list.
+
+
+THE WITTE:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. The nut is very small but of good
+quality. Mr. John W. Hershey states the pecan should be put on the
+obsolete list.
+
+
+BLACK WALNUTS
+
+
+THE ADAMS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report, and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. The Adams is growing in the
+Kellogg planting at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE ALLEN:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also his paper in 1931 report. The
+Allen is growing on the Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich. J. H. Gage
+of Hamilton, Ontario, has some young trees which have not yet borne
+nuts.
+
+
+THE ALLEY:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE ANGLIN:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing on the Riehl farm at
+Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE ASBURY:
+
+Was in the 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report. It is
+growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE ATKINS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report.
+
+
+THE AYGARN:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE BARLEE:
+
+Is in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE BECK:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also his paper in the 1931 report.
+This walnut is growing in the plantings on the Riehl farm at Godfrey,
+Ill., and the Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich. W. R. Fickes, Wooster,
+Ohio, states the Beck walnut is not promising there.
+
+
+THE BECHTOLD:
+
+Is growing in the Riehl planting at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+BENGE:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+BLOSS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE BOHANAN:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE BONTZ:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE BOOTH:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. This walnut is growing at the
+Riehl farm.
+
+
+THE BOWMAN:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
+
+
+THE BOMBERGER:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE BROUGHAM:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
+
+
+THE BRUER:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE BURROUGHS:
+
+This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE BURTON:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing on the Riehl
+farm. It was entered in 1926 contest by Herbert Burton, Hartford,
+Kentucky.
+
+
+THE CARPER:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
+
+THE COOPER:
+
+This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE CREITZ:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing on the Riehl
+and Kellogg farms.
+
+
+THE CRESCO:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE DEMING (Ornamental):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE DEPENDAHL:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE EDRAS:
+
+Parent tree owned by Gerald W. Adams, Morehead, Iowa, see page 51 of
+1931 report. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the
+Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE FAYETTE:
+
+Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE FREEL:
+
+Awarded first prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville,
+Iowa. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE FRITZ:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE GALLOWAY:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Jones Nursery at
+Lancaster, Pa.
+
+
+THE GERMAINE:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE GLORY (curly wood):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE GRAHAM:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
+plantings.
+
+
+THE GRAYBILL:
+
+See Mr. Stokes' paper with test record, page 108 of 1932 report, and Dr.
+Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report. Is growing in the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE GREGORY:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report.
+
+
+THE GRUNDY:
+
+Awarded fifth prize in 1929 contest to Mr. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report. Is
+growing in the Riehl and Kellogg orchards.
+
+
+THE HARRIS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE HANCOCK:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE HARE:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing on Riehl farm. Was
+entered in 1926 contest by Frank H. Hare, Rushville, Schuyler County,
+Ill., and is mentioned on page 51, 1931 report.
+
+
+THE HEPIER:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. Is growing on the Riehl and
+Kellogg farms.
+
+
+THE HERMAN (Rush):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE HILTON:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE HINE:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE HOBBS:
+
+Was entered in 1926 contest by C. T. S. Hobbs, Fort Blackmore, Va., R.
+1. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE HOMELAND:
+
+Parent tree owned by Clinton Thomas, Troutville, Va. See Mr. Stokes'
+paper with tests, pages 108 and 109, 1932 report.
+
+
+THE HOPWOOD:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE HOWELL:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings
+at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE HUBER:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE IMPIT:
+
+Given eleventh place in 1929 contest. Submitted by J. U. Gellatly, West
+Bank, B. C.
+
+
+THE JUMBO:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE KETTLER (Wisconsin No. 1):
+
+Parent tree owned by Fred Kettler, Platteville, Wis. Has taken first
+prize in state fair contests. Dr. Zimmerman and Mr. Frey have young
+trees which have not yet borne nuts. See Mr. Kettler's letter in this
+report.
+
+
+THE KINDER:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE KNAPBE:
+
+Submitted in 1926 contest by J. J. Knapbe, New Weston, Ohio. See Mr.
+Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE KURTZ:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE LAMB (curly wood):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. Grafts from this tree are growing in several eastern orchards,
+including the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich. It is not as yet
+definitely known if the propagated trees will reproduce the curly
+texture of the wood of the parent tree.
+
+
+THE LEE:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
+151, 1932 report; also tests recorded in Mr. Stokes' paper, page 109,
+1932 report.
+
+
+THE LEWIS:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE LUCAS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE LUTZ:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE MARION:
+
+Awarded second prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville,
+Iowa.
+
+
+THE MARK:
+
+Entered in 1929 contest by C. E. Mark, Washington Court House, Ohio. See
+Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE MATTINGLY:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE McCOY:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+ THE McMILLEN:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. Is growing in the Riehl and
+Kellogg plantings.
+
+
+THE METCALF:
+
+Awarded eighth prize in the 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel,
+Pleasantville, Iowa. In fair seasons has borne heavy crops each year. Is
+supposed to be the mother tree of the Freel and Marion.
+
+
+THE MILLER:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings.
+
+
+THE MINTLE:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
+plantings.
+
+
+THE MONTEREY:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22,
+1932 report. Is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill. W. R.
+Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports it is not promising there.
+
+
+THE MORRIS:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE MYERS:
+
+Entered in 1926 contest by Elmer R. Myers, Bellefontaine, Ohio, R. 2.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE NICHOLS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE OGDEN:
+
+Entered in 1926 contest by Mrs. Joe Ogden, Bedford, Ky. See Mr. Reed's
+paper in 1931 report. Is growing at Riehl farm.
+
+
+THE OHIO:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report. Has been generally planted in all nut tree orchards. E. C. Rice,
+Absher, Ky., has few young trees doing fine and bore a few nuts in 1934;
+largest in hull he had ever seen. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, planted
+one Ohio walnut in 1924, moved it in 1925. It started to bear in 1928
+and has borne every year since except one. Tree now 25 feet in height,
+trunk six inches in diameter, is growing in light, sandy soil near west
+end of north shore of Lake Ontario. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports
+the Ohio as not promising there.
+
+
+THE PARADOX (hybrid):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page
+20, 1932 report. Is supposed to be a rapid grower but has not proved
+satisfactory in the east.
+
+
+THE PATTERSON:
+
+Submitted in 1926 contest by Mrs. William Patterson, Wever, Iowa.
+
+
+THE PATUXENT:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
+orchards.
+
+
+THE PEANUT:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE PEARL:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE PINECREST:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
+151, 1932 report; also Mr. Stokes' paper and tests, page 110, 1932
+report.
+
+
+THE POWERS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE ROHWER:
+
+Took second prize in 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, has young grafts of this walnut growing
+but not old enough to bear. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports that
+the Rohwer there is probably next to the Thomas in quality.
+
+
+THE ROYAL (hybrid):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is reported to be a rapid grower
+but has not proved satisfactory in the east.
+
+
+THE RUDDICK:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE SCHIMMOLLER:
+
+Entered in 1926 contest by Will T. Schimmoller, Fort Jennings, Ohio. See
+Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE STABLER:
+
+Parent tree in Howard County, Maryland. Has been generally planted in
+nut orchards but has not proved satisfactory. It is a fine cracker. E.
+C. Rice, Absher, Ky., reports it does fine there, better than Ohio. W.
+R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports it is not promising there. J. H. Gage,
+Hamilton, Ontario, has one tree four years of age, which bore a few nuts
+in 1934. Stood last winter's weather (-30 degrees F.) with no damage
+whatever.
+
+
+THE STAMBAUGH:
+
+Took first prize in 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+It is being generally tested in nut orchards. J. H. Gage, Hamilton,
+Ontario, has some young trees growing which are not old enough to bear.
+W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Stambaugh there is heavily
+veined, is oily, soon shrivels and is not very good quality.
+
+
+THE STANLEY:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Stokes' paper with
+tests, pages 108 and 110, 1932 report.
+
+
+THE STEVENS:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
+151, and Mr. Stokes' paper with tests, pages 109 and 110, in 1932
+report.
+
+
+THE STILLMAN:
+
+Awarded third prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. J. A. Stillman, Mackeys,
+North Carolina.
+
+
+THE STOUT:
+
+Entered in 1926 contest by W. F. Stout, Hammersville, Ohio.
+
+
+THE TASTERITE:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report. W. R.
+Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Tasterite is not promising there.
+
+
+THE TEN EYCK:
+
+One of the standards in past years. See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report
+and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE THOMAS:
+
+Considered the leading walnut in past years and still preferred to all
+others by many growers. See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr.
+Reed's paper in 1931 report. The Thomas walnut seems to produce the same
+quality nuts from Oklahoma to New York. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has
+young trees doing fine but not old enough to bear. J. H. Gage, Hamilton,
+Ontario, has two Thomas trees planted in 1924 and moved in 1925 which
+started to bear in 1928 and have borne every year since except one.
+Trunks of trees are 6 to 7 inches in diameter, trees are 25 feet high
+and growing in light sandy soil near west end of north shore of Lake
+Ontario. Temperature last winter reached -30 F. but no damage to the
+Thomas trees. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports at the present time
+he considers the Thomas the best all-round walnut, good in quality,
+self-pollinating and a heavy early bearer.
+
+
+THE THORP:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE TILLEY:
+
+Submitted in 1926 contest by B. J. Tilley, Murfreesboro, N. C. Is
+growing in the Riehl orchard.
+
+
+THE VANDERSLOOT:
+
+Submitted in 1926 contest by C. E. Vandersloot, Muddy Creek Forks, Pa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE WASSON:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE WETZEL:
+
+Awarded fourth prize in 1929 contest to Annie W. Wetzel, New Berlin, Pa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE WHEELING:
+
+A new excellent walnut located by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa,
+in 1932.
+
+
+THE WEIDENHAMMER:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
+
+
+THE WIARD:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE WOODALL:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE WORTHINGTON:
+
+An excellent walnut located by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper, page 151, 1932 report.
+
+Mr. H. R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio, calls attention to the fact that he
+has a parent black walnut tree on his place, the nuts of which took
+second prize in the 1932 Michigan nut contest. He will later give more
+information concerning it.
+
+
+PERSIAN WALNUTS
+
+The following Persian walnuts are listed in Mr. Bixby's paper in the
+1926 report:
+
+  Alpine
+  Anderson
+  Boston
+  Eureka
+  Franquette
+  Hall
+  Holden
+  Lancaster
+  Mayette
+  Meylan
+  Rush
+
+Prof. Neilson's paper in this report covers the following:
+
+  Beck
+  Broadview
+  Crath
+  Franquette
+  Larson
+  Mayette
+  McDermid
+  Pomeroy
+  Seeando
+
+In addition the Jones Nursery has growing the following:
+
+  Nebo
+  Potomac
+  Sinclair
+
+Mr. John W. Hershey reports the Alpine and Lancaster are the same and
+that the Franquette, Hall, Nebo and Rush should be listed as obsolete
+for northern planting, and that the use of the Eureka in the north is
+questionable. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports that the Franquette,
+Lancaster, Mayette, Pomeroy and Rush winter kill at his place.
+
+
+BUTTERNUTS
+
+The following butternuts are listed in Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931
+report, pages 98 and 99:
+
+  Aiken
+  Bliss
+  Buckley
+  Creitz
+  Deming
+  Devon
+  Helmick
+  Hergert
+  Hostetter
+  Irvine
+  Lingle
+  Mandeville
+  Saugatuck
+  Sherman
+  Sherwood
+  Simonson
+  Thill
+  Utterbock
+
+The Alverson, Deming, Irvine, Love, Luther and Sherman are covered in
+Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+HEART NUTS
+
+Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report covers the following Heart nuts:
+
+Bates, Faust, Lancaster, Ritchie and Stranger. Mr. John W. Hershey
+reports the Lancaster should be classed as obsolete as it is practically
+a hopeless tree, and that the Stranger is a rather common-place nut and
+should be classed as such.
+
+Mr. Hershey reports a new Heart nut, the Hershey, a seedling grown on
+his grounds at Downington, Pa. It is growing in a severe frost pocket
+but has never winter-killed or frost-killed. The nut is excellent.
+Bearing has been light due to crowding, which has been remedied by
+cutting down the trees around it.
+
+
+CHESTNUTS
+
+Most of the named Chestnuts are listed in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926
+report and are growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill. Experiments
+are still being carried on with hope of producing a blight resistant
+chestnut. Anyone desiring to plant chestnut trees should consult their
+local nurseryman or farm advisor.
+
+
+HAZELS AND FILBERTS
+
+The filberts have not proved entirely hardy for northern territory, but
+the native hazels and hybrids appear to be entirely satisfactory. The
+lists are too long to publish. Full and reliable information is
+contained in Prof. Slate's paper in this report.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Culture in the North
+
+_By_ J. F. WILKINSON
+
+_Rockport, Indiana_
+
+
+There being other papers on the subject of nut culture I will confine
+this to Indiana and surrounding territory where nut trees of several
+kinds are native, and flourished before the coming of the white man.
+
+Walnut and hickory trees are to be found growing on most kinds of soil,
+chestnut and hazels mostly on hill land, the pecan as a rule in the
+lowlands along the streams where vast groves of them are yet producing
+splendid crops of nuts.
+
+One mile from my nursery, around Enterprise (which was the boyhood home
+of our worthy member Mr. T. P. Littlepage), are hundreds of these trees,
+including one of the largest in Indiana. This tree measures 16 feet in
+circumference at waist height and is estimated to be 125 feet high. It
+has produced more than 500 pounds of nuts in a season and other trees
+near here have produced as much as 600 pounds. One of these has a spread
+of over 100 feet. It is not unusual for a large size tree to produce
+from 300 to 400 pounds of a good season.
+
+One of the largest groves near here is known as the Major grove near the
+mouth of Green River, containing about 300 acres, most of the trees on
+which are pecan trees. Some are of immense size and probably as large as
+can be found north of the cotton belt. A few trees in this grove are
+estimated to be more than 150 feet tall.
+
+Along the Wabash River is probably the largest native northern pecan
+grove consisting of several hundred acres in which it is estimated there
+are more than 20,000 bearing-size pecan trees. At gathering time in the
+fall this is a very busy place. It is a source of revenue to many
+besides the owners.
+
+I was at this grove two weeks ago and was told there that each year
+school begins the first of August so they can dismiss during October and
+November to allow the school children to gather pecans during those two
+months. School teachers in that territory are required to sign a
+contract to that effect. This grove lies between Shawneetown and New
+Haven, which are eighteen miles apart.
+
+The town of New Haven has a population of about 400. I was told last
+fall by one of the three pecan buyers there that, in one day a few years
+ago, the three of them paid more than $15,000 for pecans for one day's
+delivery. This of course did not represent the total day's sales for
+this territory as many of them were sold at Shawneetown. So one can
+easily see why the people there are anxious for their children to help
+in this harvest, it being the chief source of fall income to many poor
+people, who are given one-half of all the pecans they gather. Often on
+or after a windy day the amount gathered by each one makes a splendid
+day's wages. Many make a practice of coming a distance each fall for
+this harvest. One party from St. Louis told me last fall that was his
+twenty-sixth year at that grove.
+
+This grove is surrounded by smaller ones and many single trees growing
+on cultivated land. None of the native nut trees in this section have
+ever had any care whatever, except the ones growing in cultivated
+fields, and those only farm crop cultivation. Many of the native
+seedlings seldom bear and some others are shy or irregular bearers. But
+it is noticeable how much better as a rule those produce that have farm
+crop cultivation or stand in favorable locations.
+
+This is plainly evident in many instances where trees in the last few
+years have been cleared around and cultivated, or where an individual
+tree is standing alone without cultivation, but has plenty of space,
+food and moisture. An excellent example of this is the Littlepage tree
+in Enterprise that is probably 35 years old, has never been cultivated
+but stands in a well used stock lot and has been an annual bearer since
+a small tree.
+
+On the other hand, near here are a number of trees around which the land
+had been cultivated in farm crops until about ten years ago, and these
+trees produced well, but since that time the land has been abandoned and
+has grown up in a thicket and the production of these trees has been
+greatly reduced.
+
+About twenty years ago propagation of the better varieties of northern
+nut trees was begun in southern Indiana. At that time I believe that
+most of us overlooked the needs of nut trees as we had been used to
+their taking care of themselves. Our attention to them was mostly at nut
+harvest time. We failed to take into consideration the conditions under
+which the best bearing trees were growing and too strongly condemned
+those not bearing so well, when it was often due to conditions instead
+of to the trees themselves.
+
+The walnut and hickory will succeed and bear with less moisture than the
+pecan, though they will do better with plenty of moisture if on well
+drained land and having good cultivation. We failed to take in
+consideration that the best bearing pecan trees were growing on low land
+that was usually overflowed one or more times each season, leaving
+plenty of moisture and a deposit of plant food. Many articles have been
+written by nut tree enthusiasts in which the planting of nut trees on
+unproductive or waste land has been advised. In this the writers were
+sincere in their statements. This advice has been taken by many, causing
+more or less disappointment to the planter and no encouragement to his
+neighbor. No successful fruit grower would plant an orchard of peach or
+apple trees on poor or waste land, forget about them for a few years and
+expect to go back and harvest a crop of fruit, and neither need the nut
+grower expect to.
+
+Since many trees of the named varieties have been in bearing for a
+number of years it gives a broad field for studying them, and their
+habits are very similar to the native trees, I do not know of a single
+tree that is not a testimonial to the care and attention it has been
+given.
+
+In my first nursery planting trees were left growing to supply bud and
+graftwood for future use. These were left entirely too close together to
+remain until large trees, but I have never yet had nerve enough to
+remove all that should be taken out, with the result that they are now
+crowding and robbing each other of food and moisture retarding both
+growth and bearing. These are now from 15 to 19 years old and not
+producing as many nuts as they did several years ago, or as many as
+trees several years younger that have more space. My observations
+convince me that plenty of space, food and moisture are most essential
+for best results.
+
+The past four years has been a splendid time to study this as our
+weather conditions have been unusual in that we have in this section had
+both wet and dry seasons. I am firmly convinced that weather conditions
+have a great deal to do with the nut crop not only with the quantity of
+nuts but quality as well. Moisture conditions in spring and early summer
+determine the size of the nut, and later in the season the quality of
+the kernel. Plenty of moisture in spring and early summer will make a
+large size nut. After the shell once forms the growth of nut is done.
+Then the plumpness of the kernel depends on the amount of moisture after
+the shell is formed. Lack of moisture the entire season spells a small,
+poorly filled nut. Trees growing in a crowded position, or on hard, dry
+ground, seldom ever have all the moisture they need to produce a good
+crop of well filled nuts. This has been plainly demonstrated with my own
+and my neighbors' trees in the past few years.
+
+The weather of the previous season also may have much to do with the
+crop the following season, especially with trees growing under adverse
+conditions. These conditions can often be largely overcome by the owner,
+with fertilizers and cultivation.
+
+In planting a tree be sure to give it plenty of space. If the soil is
+lacking in plant food feed the tree, remembering it can draw food only
+from a given space. No one would expect to grow the same farm crop on a
+plot of ground for many years without fertilizer. Prepare to conserve
+moisture for the hot, dry season either by cultivation or mulching. One
+of the thriftiest best bearing nut tree plantings I know of is on very
+sharp, hilly clay ground in Rockport, but the owner fertilizes these
+trees annually and gives splendid cultivation.
+
+A non-bearing nut tree is no better than any other kind of a tree, so it
+is not a question of how many nut trees you have, but how many good
+bearing nut trees you have. To get the best results provide your trees
+with space, food and moisture.
+
+
+
+
+Varieties of Nut Trees for the Northernmost Zone
+
+_By_ C. A. REED, _Bureau of Plant Industry United States
+Department of Agriculture_
+
+
+The northernmost zone of the eastern part of the United States, within
+which conditions appear at all encouraging for the planting of the
+hardiest varieties of nut trees now available, may be outlined as
+covering the milder portions of Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+Connecticut, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and South Dakota.
+Beyond the Canadian border this zone should perhaps include the fruit
+belt of Ontario known as the "Niagara Peninsula," which skirts Lake
+Ontario from the City of Hamilton to the Niagara river. No doubt it
+should also include considerable Canadian territory immediately adjacent
+to Lakes Erie and St. Clair, and north to the lower end of Lake Huron.
+
+In each American state within this general zone there are numerous
+localities to which several species of edible nuts are indigenous,
+others where the butternut alone is found, and still others to which
+none of the common kinds appear to be adapted. Climate and soil are both
+limiting factors within this general section. No nut trees are likely to
+prove hardy to the extent of bearing heavily where winter temperatures
+are extremely trying or where soils are not of high grade. A fundamental
+principle involving plant ecology, which with reference to planted nut
+trees is too often lost sight of, is that, regardless of species, plants
+are unlikely to be altogether hardy in any locality where minimum
+temperatures of winter are appreciably lower, or growing periods much
+shorter, than at the place where the variety in question originated. For
+example, it is often assumed that a pecan tree native to southern Texas,
+the lowest point of the range of this species in the United States,
+should do well in southeastern Iowa, the northernmost point within the
+range. Likewise, it is also sometimes assumed that a black walnut
+variety originating in Arkansas, Texas or Tennessee should be hardy in
+the black walnut belts of New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
+Pennsylvania, or wherever the species is indigenous or has been
+successfully transplanted.
+
+There are definite degrees of hardiness which must not be overlooked. A
+species or variety may be hardy enough to grow thriftily for many years,
+and to make a splendid tree, hundreds of miles north of the latitude at
+which it will mature occasional crops; or it may be able to produce
+crops that are frequent in occurrence yet indifferent as to character;
+or there may be occasional crops of first-class nuts; but good crops of
+good nuts are exceedingly rare when the minimum temperatures of winter
+or the length of the growing period are appreciably more adverse than in
+the locality where the variety originated.
+
+A few illustrations may help to make these points clearer. On the
+Experimental Farm of the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Arlington,
+Va., directly opposite Washington, on the Potomac, there are five pecan
+trees of the Schley variety which originated on the Gulf coast of
+Mississippi. These trees have grown splendidly since being planted more
+than 20 years ago. They blossomed and set nuts more or less regularly
+after they were about eight or ten years of age, but it was only in the
+eighteenth year that a season was late enough in fall for a single nut
+to mature. Another case is afforded by a pecan seedling, probably from
+Texas, called to the writer's attention by Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford,
+Conn., which stands near the outskirts of that city. This is a large,
+beautiful tree. It rarely sets crops of nuts, and when it does the nuts
+fail to become more than half or two-thirds normal size by the time of
+autumn frosts. The kernels are then quite undeveloped and the nuts
+therefore worthless each year.
+
+In another case, near Ithaca, New York, the Stabler walnut from Maryland
+and the Ohio from Toledo, of the state after which it was named, all
+appear to be congenially situated insofar as environment is concerned
+until the nuts are actually harvested and cured. The nuts of each
+variety appear normal when they drop from the trees, but during the
+process of curing, the kernels wither up too badly to be marketable. The
+Thomas from southeastern Pennsylvania is somewhat better able to adjust
+itself to Ithaca conditions, but it is far from being a commercial
+success in that region.
+
+
+Kinds of Nuts
+
+The kinds of nuts suitable for this northern zone naturally divide
+themselves into three main groups, viz., native, foreign and hybrid. The
+last might well be divided into three sub-groups, as native hybrids,
+foreign hybrids, and hybrids between native and foreign species. It is
+perhaps true that there should also be a fourth subgroup to which chance
+hybrids should be assigned when there is uncertainty as to which of
+these three others a given variety may belong.
+
+
+The Native Group
+
+Of these three main groups that of the native species is at present by
+far the most important. It includes the black walnut, _Juglans nigra_;
+the butternut, _J. cinerea_; the shagbark hickory, _Hicoria ovata_; the
+sweet hickory, _H. ovalis_; the pignut hickory, _H. glabra_; the
+American sweet chestnut, _Castanea dentata_; the American beech, _Fagus
+americana_; and two species of native hazelnut, _Corylus americana_; and
+the beaked hazelnut, _C. rostrata_.
+
+
+Black Walnut
+
+The black walnut is placed at the head of the native group because of
+its great all round usefulness. Wherever it grows well its timber is of
+leading value among all American species. It is a splendid ornamental
+and the nuts are highly edible. The black walnut range does not extend
+as far north as does that of the butternut, yet wherever it grows well
+it is much more useful as a tree, and is successful under a greater
+variety of conditions. It is probably a more dependable bearer and, upon
+the average, the nuts yield a higher percentage of kernel. Many more
+varieties of black walnut than of butternut have been brought to light
+and more trees have been propagated. Enough varieties of promise have
+originated in Michigan alone (largely as a result of the work of Prof.
+James A. Neilson of East Lansing) to preclude any obvious need, at
+present at least, of bringing varieties from farther south into this
+zone. In addition to these, a number of other varieties have been
+recognized from equal latitudes, as in New York and, west of Lake
+Michigan, in Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota and northern Iowa.
+
+ADAMS--The Adams black walnut is a rather small variety with an
+approximate size range of from 34 to 48 nuts per pound, and an average
+of 39. In a cracking test of the 1930 crop, conducted after the kernels
+had become too dry for most satisfactory cracking, the yield of quarters
+was 16.75 per cent; that of small pieces 7.81 per cent, and the total
+24.56 per cent. The nuts are much elongated in form, being sharply
+pointed at each end. Many are quite symmetrical, thin-shelled and, when
+not too dry, of excellent cracking quality. The kernels examined have
+been notably bright in color, firm in texture, very sweet and highly
+pleasing to the palate. The quarters are long and slender.
+
+The Adams was first called to public attention in 1920, when the late
+Henry Adams of Scotts, Kalamazoo County, Michigan, was awarded first
+prize for an entry of nuts from the original tree which he made in a
+contest held that year by the Northern Nut Growers Association. In an
+article published in the Michigan farmer of Detroit, on July 7, 1922, he
+stated that this tree grew as a sprout in a corn row on land which he
+cleared in the spring of 1869. When the tree was seen by the writer in
+1929, and again in 1932, it gave the impression of having been a
+moderate or slow grower. Such facts as have been obtainable from time to
+time indicate that it is but a moderate bearer. However, the character
+of the soil in which it stands is not of the best, although it is far
+from being poor. In better soil it would doubtless produce heavier and
+more uniform crops.
+
+As nearly as it can be ascertained, the Adams was first propagated by
+the late W. G. Bixby of Baldwin, Long Island, who procured scions in
+1922. It was again grafted six years later by J. F. Wilkinson of
+Rockport, Ind., with scions procured by the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture. In April, 1930, one of the resulting trees was shipped by
+the Department to the Kellogg Experimental and Demonstration Farm,
+Augusta, Mich. Trees are now growing on the grounds of the United States
+Department of Agriculture Horticultural Field Station at Beltsville,
+Md., and records in the Bixby file show that a tree was shipped by him
+to Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cleveland, Ohio, probably about 1930. No doubt
+the variety is growing in other plantings.
+
+An entry of Adams black walnut won third prize in the Michigan contest
+conducted under the direction of Professor Neilson of East Lansing at
+the end of the 1929 crop year. During the same year Dr. W. C. Deming,
+Chairman of the Contest Committee for the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, made the following comments regarding the Adams: "Shell
+thin, cracking quality good to perfect, color of kernel light, condition
+plump, texture tender, quality rich, flavor high." His summary was put
+tersely, "An excellent nut."
+
+In the event that this variety would do better in a richer soil than
+that where the parent tree stands, it might prove to be one of the most
+desirable of all kinds now known for use in the northernmost zone. The
+parent tree is now owned by a son of the late Henry Adams, Mr. H. R.
+Adams of Scotts, who now lives on the old homestead.
+
+ALLEN--The Allen black walnut is another Michigan variety which appears
+to be of considerable promise. It has been under observation by the U.
+S. Department of Agriculture at Washington since the summer of 1923,
+when it was called to the attention by the Honorable Charles W.
+Garfield of Grand Rapids. The parent is a healthy double tree standing
+some twenty rods from Thornapple Creek on the farm of Mr. Glenn W.
+Allen, R. F. D. 1, Middleville, Barry County. The local conditions of
+soil and moisture are highly favorable. The tree frequently bears heavy
+crops, although, like most others of the species, it tends more to
+alternate rather than to annual bearing.
+
+Five pounds of the 1931 crop tested in Washington showed a range of from
+31 to 37 nuts per pound and an average of 34. The percentage of quarter
+kernels was 22.45, that of small parts 1.10, and that of bad, O.31 per
+cent, making a total kernel yield of 23.86 per cent. The cracking
+quality was good, the kernels were plump, the quality of the kernel rich
+and the flavor medium sweet.
+
+The Allen was awarded first prize by Professor Neilson in the Michigan
+contest of 1929. It should be well worthy of test planting in the
+northern zone. It has been disseminated to a very considerable extent
+for use in small plantings.
+
+ALLEY--The Alley is a New York variety from the farm of Miss Amy A.
+Alley, Lagrangeville, Duchess County. This farm is within fifteen miles
+of the Connecticut line and some 50 to 75 miles above New York City. The
+Alley was first brought to attention by Miss Alley in 1918, when she was
+awarded first prize in the contest for that year of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association. The late W. G. Bixby, in reporting for the
+committee in charge, said that the Alley had a shell thinner than that
+of Stabler and that the cracking quality was "100 per cent."
+
+In none of the tests conducted by the department has this variety ranked
+with the best of the more recent kinds, yet because of its latitude of
+origin and the fact that in general merit it is well above the average
+seedling, it is believed that it should be included in northern trial
+plantings.
+
+Three pounds of the 1931 crop tested by the department counted 39, 41
+and 42 nuts each, respectively. The range was 36 to 45. The percentage
+yield of quarter kernels was but 13.96, for out of 122 nuts cracked 15,
+or 12.29 per cent, were bad. The total yield of kernel amounted to 25.57
+per cent. The kernels that year were neither particularly plump nor
+especially well filled.
+
+BECK--The Beck is another Michigan variety of black walnut which in many
+respects has compared favorably with the best varieties yet brought to
+light from any source. The parent tree was called to the attention of
+the U. S. Department of Agriculture in March, 1929, by Mr. Howard
+Harris, R. F. D. 7, Allegan, Allegan County, Michigan. It was on a farm
+then owned by Mr. Daniel Beck, R. F. D. 2, Hamilton, also of Allegan
+County. It is a double tree standing in an open field some 20 rods back
+of the barn. Like many other northern varieties of black walnut, the
+nuts are rather small, ranging in 1930 from 28 to 49 per pound, and
+having an average of 37. In that year it had the high percentage of
+quarter kernels of 25.36, and a total percentage of kernel of 33.08. The
+shell was thinner than that of the average black walnut, the cracking
+quality very good, and the kernel bright-colored, plump, rich and sweet.
+
+The Beck has been successfully grafted in the Bixby nursery at Baldwin,
+Long Island, and at the E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery at Godfrey,
+Illinois; by J. W. Arata, Mishawka, Ind.; by Professor Neilson, and
+probably by others. It is growing in the government test orchard at
+Beltsville, Md.
+
+BLOSS--The Bloss black walnut was called to the attention of this
+department in January of 1934 by Mr. Joe Bloss, R. F. D. 2, Box 65,
+Bristol, Indiana, who at that time forwarded 23 specimen nuts to
+Washington. These averaged 33 per pound and had a range of from 29 to
+36. In the test which followed they yielded 21.05 per cent of quarters
+and 3.35 per cent of small pieces, making a total of 24.40 per cent of
+kernel. The cracking quality was very good, the kernel bright, medium
+sweet, and fairly rich. On the whole this appeared to be a very good
+nut.
+
+Because of the very creditable showing made by these nuts, it is
+believed that the Bloss should be investigated further. It may prove
+valuable in the general locality of its origin, and as Bristol is but a
+few miles below the Michigan state line, it would seem that the variety
+should be given careful consideration in plantings throughout the milder
+portions of the northern zone.
+
+BRUER--The Bruer black walnut first came to attention in 1926 when Mr.
+Milo Bruer of East Main Street, Sleepy Eye, Minn., sent specimen nuts to
+Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., for entry in the contest being
+conducted that year by the Northern Nut Growers Association. Dr. Deming
+reported that he found the shell thin, the cracking quality good, the
+kernel white, plump, medium rich in quality, and of mild, nutty
+"pecan-like" flavor. Later examination in Washington of 20 specimens of
+the same crop showed that the nuts averaged 37 per pound. By that time
+they were dried beyond the most satisfactory point for cracking, and,
+consequently, in this respect, the quality was medium only. The kernels
+were then but medium plump.
+
+In other respects they appeared to be about as had been observed by Dr.
+Deming.
+
+As this is the best variety yet brought to attention from Minnesota, it
+is believed that it should be used in all northern plantings until
+superseded by others of superior merit.
+
+CRESCO--The parent tree of the Cresco black walnut stands in a creek
+bottom, on what is known as the Patterson farm, two miles southwest of
+Cresco, Howard County, Iowa. It is probably within ten miles of the
+Minnesota state line. So far as known, with the exception of Bruer (of
+Minnesota), the latitude of its place of origin is greater than that of
+any other variety originating west of Chicago. It was discovered by Mr.
+W. A. Bents, proprietor of Cresco Nurseries, Cresco, Iowa, by whom, in
+1929, specimen nuts of the 1928 crop were sent to the late S. W. Snyder,
+of Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point, Iowa. Scions of this variety
+were also sent to Mr. Snyder, by whom it was first grafted in 1929. The
+Cresco has since been disseminated to a considerable extent and is now
+growing in a number of widely remote plantings, including those of the
+E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery, Godfrey, Ill., and the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture at Beltsville, Md.
+
+Seventy-three nuts of the 1930 crop examined in Washington averaged 35
+per pound and yielded 24.55 per cent of quarter kernels, 4.09 per cent
+small pieces and 0.73 per cent bad, making a total kernel percentage of
+29.18.
+
+The latitude of origin, together with the apparent general merit of the
+Cresco black walnut, makes this variety appear to be of special promise
+in the northernmost zone.
+
+EDRAS--This is a particularly promising variety, brought to light by
+Mr. Gerald W. Adams, of Moorhead, Iowa, in connection with the 1926
+Association contest; when it was No. 3 of three entries made by Mr.
+Adams. (It was No. 1 that was designated by the Association as "Adams"
+at that time and awarded twelfth prize. This variety received no prize.)
+The variety was first called "Adams" in his honor, but as a Michigan
+variety had previously been so designated, the name was changed to
+Edras, after the first name of Mrs. Adams.
+
+The Edras was rated as being "Outstanding" by the late S. W. Snyder of
+Iowa (Iowa State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rep. 1924, p. 49). Prof. N. F. Drake,
+of Fayetteville, Ark., in the Proceedings of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association (p. 24) for 1930, stated: "I think this variety should be
+kept in mind, especially for breeding purposes where it is desired to
+develop a strain with a high percentage of kernel."
+
+In a test of nuts from the 1930 crop, the Department of Agriculture
+obtained a percentage yield of 20.98 for quarters and a total kernel
+yield of 34.31. That year, 0.43 per cent of the kernels were found bad,
+and 12.91 per cent were of small parts. It is not improbable that
+another test would result in an even higher total yield and appreciable
+improvement in the yield of quarters.
+
+This variety has been quite widely disseminated. It is known to be
+growing on the Riehl Farm and Nursery grounds at Godfrey, Ill.; at the
+Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.; on the Kellogg Experimental and
+Demonstration Farm, Augusta, Michigan; on the farm of Mr. Harry W.
+Weber, Cleves, Ohio; and on the governmental test orchard at Beltsville,
+Md.
+
+The latitude of Moorhead is somewhat below that of the southern boundary
+of the northern zone, yet climatic conditions of extreme western Iowa
+are probably no less severe than those of southern Michigan. For this
+reason, and because of the excellent rating that this variety has
+received, it is believed that the Edras should be included in further
+test plantings of the northernmost zone.
+
+GERMAINE--The Germaine black walnut, named in honor of Mr. John W.
+Germaine, R. 6, Allegan, Mich., owner of the original tree, was called
+to the attention of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in March of 1929
+by Mr. Howard Harris, R. F. D. 7, also of Allegan, when he forwarded a
+few specimen nuts of the 1928 crop to Washington. These were found to
+have very good cracking quality and plump kernels of rich quality and
+pleasing flavor.
+
+Scions have been placed in the hands of various individuals and
+agencies. Trees of this variety are now growing at Beltsville, Md., and
+at Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.
+
+GRUNDY--The Grundy black walnut originated with a thrifty young seedling
+owned by Mr. John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa. It was brought to light
+in 1927, when it received first prize in a private contest conducted by
+Prof. N. F. Drake, Fayetteville, Ark., and by him given the temporary
+designation of "Iowa."
+
+According to President F. H. Frey of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, in a statement appearing in the Proceedings for 1932 (p.
+158), Mr. Rohwer exhibited this variety during the Missouri State Fair
+of 1928 and was given first prize. The same year, according to this
+statement, the Grundy was awarded second prize during the meeting of the
+Mid-West Horticultural Show held in Cedar Rapids. In the opinion of Mr.
+Frey, the Grundy is superior to Rohwer in flavor of kernel and its equal
+in cracking quality. An entry of Grundy made in the 1929 contest of the
+Association was awarded fifth prize.
+
+Little is known of the bearing habits of this variety, although Mr. D.
+C. Snyder, the surviving member of Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point,
+wrote to Washington on July 31, 1933, that he was "afraid" that both
+this variety and Rohwer might not prove to be "reliable bearers."
+
+An opinion of Ex-President of the Association, C. F. Walker, expressed
+July 16, 1933, by letter to the writer, was to the effect that the
+Grundy walnut was "fair" only.
+
+Three pounds of the 1931 Grundy walnuts tested by the Department at
+Washington yielded 27.74 per cent quarters, 1.57 per cent bad, and 2.35
+per cent small pieces, making a total of 31.66 per cent kernel. The nuts
+averaged 35 per pound and had a range of from 28 to 36. The cracking
+quality was very good, the kernels bright, plump, rich in quality and of
+agreeable flavor.
+
+Considering the good points in favor of this variety, even though its
+latitude of origin is somewhat below that of the south Michigan border,
+it would seem that until worthier nuts are found, this should be
+included in test plantings of the northernmost zone.
+
+HARRIS--The Harris walnut first became known to the department in
+December of 1924, when Mr. Howard Harris, R. F. D. 7, Allegan, Mich.,
+owner of the original tree, submitted specimens for examination. The
+feature which attracted immediate attention was the superior cracking
+quality, due to the largeness and openness of its kernel chambers. The
+kernels were not as plump as might have been desired, but this is
+assumed to have been due to the light, sandy soil where the parent tree
+grows.
+
+In examining specimens of the 1927 crop, Dr. Deming noted that the nuts
+were "small, clean," the shell "thick," the cracking quality "good to
+perfect," and the kernel "not plump, light (in weight) and texture
+hard." He placed the flavor at "fair to sweet," yet felt that the
+variety should be given further consideration. Many of the kernels of
+the nuts which he examined, like those from this tree during most years,
+were "shrunken."
+
+Two pounds of the 1930 crop tested in Washington yielded 10.91 per cent
+of quarters, 3.30 per cent of bad kernels, and 4.41 per cent of small
+pieces, making a total of but 18.63 per cent.
+
+This is a much lower rating than that of any other variety included in
+this list, and were it not for the superiority of its cracking quality
+and the latitude of its origin, it would hardly now be included.
+However, it should probably be included in all test plantings in the
+northernmost zone, especially if breeding is contemplated. The soil
+where this original tree stands is of a light, sandy nature. Allowance
+for this should be made in evaluating the merits of the variety.
+
+HILTON--The Hilton black walnut came to the attention of the U. S.
+Department of Agriculture in early March of 1933, when specimens were
+received through the courtesy of Prof. L. H. MacDaniels of Ithaca, New
+York, by whom its propagation had already been successfully begun.
+Professor MacDaniels wrote that he did not feel that it was
+"outstanding," except that "apparently it does succeed rather far north
+and is much above the average in general merit."
+
+The nuts sent to Washington averaged 25 per pound, had a range of from
+21 to 28 per pound, and were therefore quite large, especially for that
+latitude. The yield of quarters was 20.46 per cent, that of small kernel
+parts O.66 per cent, and the total 21.12 per cent. The cracking quality
+was very good, the kernel quality rich and the flavor very good.
+
+The original tree, according to Professor MacDaniels, is tall and
+difficult to climb. It stands on the lot of a next-door neighbor of Mr.
+D. C. Wright of Hilton, through whom it came to the attention of
+Professor MacDaniels.
+
+As the town of Hilton is within ten miles of the shore of Lake Ontario,
+the origin of the variety was practically on the extreme northern edge
+of western New York. In view of this, it is felt that the Hilton variety
+should be carefully considered in connection with any planting in the
+northernmost zone.
+
+HUBER--The Huber black walnut was brought to light by Mr. Ferdinand
+Huber, Cochrane, Wis., in 1929, when he made an entry in the Association
+contest. Although the nuts were awarded no prize, the Bixby report made
+special mention of these nuts as being "notable for the high percentage
+of kernel (1930 Proc. N. N. G. A., p. 108), having yielded 32.8 per cent
+of total kernel."
+
+The variety has not been tested by the department, although several
+attempts have been made to procure specimens for the purpose, but each
+such effort has been coincident with a crop failure by this particular
+tree.
+
+LAMB--The Lamb black walnut is a variety propagated and grown for its
+wood only. The parent tree stood on a farm one-quarter mile east of Ada,
+Kent County, Michigan, perhaps ten miles due east of Grand Rapids. After
+the log had been cut and shipped to a mill, discovery was made that the
+wood of the original tree had a highly figured grain. Mr. George Lamb,
+then Secretary of the American Walnut Manufacturers Association, 616
+South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, traced the origin of the log back to its
+source, where the top was found to be still green, although the tree had
+been cut two months previous. Scions were cut and sent by Mr. Lamb to
+the Department of Agriculture in Washington, and also to Dr. Robert T.
+Morris, Merribrooke Farm, Stamford, Conn. At the suggestion of Dr.
+Morris, Mr. Lamb also sent scions to Mr. Ford Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind.
+
+Some of the scions received by the Department were placed in the hands
+of others, including the late Messrs. Jones, Bixby and Snyder, also
+Prof. V. R. Gardner, Director of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment
+Station at East Lansing, and Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Piketown, Pa. Drs.
+Morris and Zimmerman, Professor Gardner, and Messrs. Wilkinson and
+Bixby, were all successful in their efforts at grafting. Mr. Bixby made
+new grafts as soon as the original could be cut for scions, and also
+made some distributions of scions. At the time of his death in August,
+1933, there were a dozen or more nursery trees of various sizes and
+degrees of condition among his stock at Baldwin. From these, scions were
+sold to a number of Association members during the spring of 1934.
+
+While it has not yet been established that the character of figured
+grain is transmissible with scions, the value of such wood is so great
+that anyone interested in producing walnut trees of outstanding value
+would do well to investigate this variety to the extent of growing a few
+trees. In all likelihood the combined results from tests made by a large
+number of persons would be of great value to science.
+
+TASTERITE--The parent tree of the Tasterite walnut, owned by Everl
+Church, R. F. D. 3, Ithaca, New York, was discovered and named by Mr. S.
+H. Graham, a neighbor, living on Route 5, also out of Ithaca. The latter
+submitted specimens to the department in Washington in 1929, where they
+made a highly favorable showing. Tasterite nuts entered that year in the
+contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association, although receiving no
+award by the committee were given the rating of "excellent" by Dr.
+Deming. In 1930, Prof. N. F. Drake of Fayetteville, Ark., gave Tasterite
+nuts a rating of "100 per cent on cracking quality." He obtained a total
+of 28.05 per cent of kernel. Nuts of the 1930 crop examined in
+Washington averaged 36 per pound, ranged from 34 to 38, and yielded
+20.92 per cent of quarters and 7.22 per cent of small pieces, making a
+total of 28.14 per cent.
+
+The shell of the nut is thinner than the average and the cracking
+quality distinctly superior. The kernels of nuts promptly harvested,
+hulled and cured have been bright, plump, rich in quality, and
+especially pleasing in flavor. The one weak point of the Tasterite
+appears to be in the matter of size, but this smallness is well offset
+by superiority in the points just mentioned, and also in what is perhaps
+more important, the latitude and altitude of the place of origin. Any
+variety which will yield heavy crops of nuts distinctly superior to the
+average black walnut in cracking quality and kernel merit at a 42-degree
+latitude plus, and a 2,000-foot altitude, should be potentially very
+valuable in the northernmost zone.
+
+WIARD--This is another Michigan variety, apparently of much merit. Vague
+bits of information regarding it have reached the department at
+Washington from time to time since June, 1926, when Greening Bros., of
+Monroe, stated to the writer that Mr. Everett Wiard, a fruit grower near
+the eastern outskirts of Ypsilanti, was grafting a promising seedling of
+his own origin. This clue was not successfully followed up until 1932,
+when a few specimen nuts were obtained. These were found to be of medium
+size and of excellent cracking quality. The kernels were plump, bright,
+rich in quality, and of pleasing flavor.
+
+On February 12, 1934, Professor Neilson wrote the department that this
+seedling had come to his attention during Farmers' Week, held shortly
+before, at East Lansing. He stated that to him this appeared to be one
+of the best seedlings thus far discovered and that he was recommending
+it for propagation. He added that the nut was "of medium size, somewhat
+diamond-shaped, thin-shelled, easy to crack and of excellent extractive
+quality." Very likely more will be learned of this variety in the
+future.
+
+
+Butternut Varieties
+
+The American butternut, Juglans cinerea, although commonly held to be a
+slow grower, a tardy and light bearer, and a producer of thick-shelled
+nuts hard or impossible to crack without extreme difficulty, is
+frequently quite the opposite in one or more, or all, of these respects.
+Under favorable environment the trees grow rapidly, bear early, and
+oftentimes the nuts may be easily cracked and the kernels extracted in
+perfect halves. Probably more than a dozen varieties from various
+portions of the North have been named. A few of these appear to be of
+considerable promise.
+
+The northern range of the butternut extends from Nova Scotia over Maine,
+across New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, the upper peninsula of
+Michigan, and through Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota to South
+Dakota south to Georgia and Arkansas.
+
+Butternut flavor is preferred by many people to that of any other nut.
+Throughout New England the kernels are used to no inconsiderable extent
+in the making of highly pleasing food products. Oftentimes the ground
+kernels are used in the home manufacture of pastries and confections
+which are either consumed at home or sold on roadside markets at good
+profit.
+
+The butternut is not without certain weak points which must not be
+forgotten. The timber is less valuable than that of black walnut, the
+trees grow to smaller size and seldom live more than 75 or 100 years;
+outside of the best growing sections of the North, it is possible that
+the majority succumb under 40 years.
+
+Being less symmetrical, butternut trees are not as suitable for
+ornamental planting as are nut trees of many other kinds. Nevertheless,
+a tree or two of each of the best varieties now available should be
+included in all nut planting as far south as the species is indigenous,
+and perhaps farther down.
+
+ALVERSON--The parent tree of this variety is owned by Mr. M. E.
+Alverson, Howard City, Montcalm County, Michigan. It was first called to
+public attention when it was awarded third prize in the 1932 State
+contest held at East Lansing under the direction of Prof. James A.
+Neilson, of Michigan Agricultural College. A one-pound lot tested in
+Washington during April of the same year counted 47 specimens. It
+yielded 14.44 per cent of quarters and 1.11 per cent of small pieces,
+making a total of 15.55 per cent kernel. The cracking quality was found
+to be good. The kernels were large, long, plump, medium bright, and the
+flavor distinctly pleasing.
+
+DEMING--This variety was called to attention by Olcott Deming, a son of
+Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., to whom it was awarded first prize in
+the 1918 contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association. Dr. Deming
+sought to have this variety called Olcott, but the name became fixed
+when it appeared in the Jones catalogue of 1920, and later in various
+reports of the Association.
+
+The Deming butternut is probably an early bearer, as in notes prepared
+by the late J. F. Jones for use during the 1926 convention held at
+Lancaster, reference was made to two trees (Nos. 88 and 89), which were
+in "bearing while still quite young," the latter of which "bore two nuts
+the next year after being grafted," and which was then "bearing its
+third consecutive crop." Mr. Jones began its propagation in 1920,
+commenting to the writer at the time that it was "larger and had a
+thinner shell than Aiken."
+
+IRVINE--This variety was awarded first prize ($50.00) in the Northern
+Nut Growers Association contest of 1929. The parent tree is owned by
+Mrs. L. K. Irvine, Menominee, Dunn County, Wis. In a Washington test of
+three pounds, conducted in 1931, the nuts averaged 53 per pound and had
+a range of from 44 to 59. The kernel yield was 22.13 per cent quarters,
+3.90 per cent small pieces, and 0.38 per cent bad. The cracking quality
+was excellent, the kernels large and highly attractive, the quality
+good, and the flavor mild. This is apparently one of the finest although
+not the richest or sweetest, of any variety of butternut yet discovered.
+It is known to have been successfully propagated but to a limited extent
+only.
+
+LOVE--This butternut originated on the farm of Mr. Frank Love, R. F. D.
+2, Howell, Livingston County, Mich. It was discovered by chance, when
+the large size and generally sound condition of the parent tree caught
+the attention of the writer in 1931. In a cracking test conducted later
+that year the nuts averaged 53 per pound, had a range of from 44 to 71,
+and yielded a total of 27.32 per cent kernel. The yield of quarters was
+24.68 per cent, and that of small pieces 2.64 per cent.
+
+The Love butternuts are considerably smaller than those of some other
+varieties, and in comparison with Irvine of that year the kernels were
+much less attractive in appearance, but richer in quality and of more
+pleasing flavor. On the whole, these nuts now stand among the very best
+yet called to attention, although during a test made a year later of
+nuts also from the parent tree, the result was but 17.19 per cent of
+kernel, composed of 16.86 per cent quarters and 0.33 per cent of small
+pieces.
+
+These nuts have not appeared in any contest, and in all probability they
+would have received no award during any but the most favorable years.
+However, their record of 1931 placed the variety in a class at that time
+quite by itself.
+
+Scions from the original tree, purchased by the department in 1933, and
+placed in the hands of several commercial propagators, have resulted in
+at least one living grafted tree. This is being carefully guarded, and
+as soon as possible others will be grafted from it. As Mr. Love is quite
+averse to having the tree cut for scions, it may not be possible to
+obtain new scions from the original source.
+
+LUTHER--This butternut came to light as a result of the contest held by
+Professor Neilson at the end of the 1932 crop year, when it received
+second prize. The entry was made by Mr. F. Luther of Fairgrove, Tuscola
+County, Mich.
+
+In Washington, nuts of the 1932 crop averaged 52 per pound and yielded
+15.45 per cent of quarters and 2.21 per cent of small pieces, making a
+total of 17.66 per cent of kernel. This test was made in April, after
+the nuts were rather too dry to crack to the best advantage. At that
+time the cracking quality was fair only.
+
+SHERMAN--The Sherman butternut first became known in 1929, when Mrs. E.
+Sherman, Montague City, Mass., was awarded ninth prize in the Northern
+Nut Growers Association contest of that year. Tested twice in
+Washington, it has at neither time rated with the best in so far as
+cracking quality is concerned. In 1931 it made the high kernel yield of
+29.41 per cent. However, only 11.76 per cent was of quarters. Exactly
+the same percentage was of small pieces, and 5.88 per cent of kernels
+were bad. In 1932, the total per cent of kernel dropped to 15.31, that
+of quarters to 4.78, and that of kernels to 0.96, while that of small
+pieces rose to 9.57.
+
+Further studies will be made to see if under optimum conditions of
+handling after proper harvesting and curing the record of cracking
+quality cannot be improved upon.
+
+
+Hickories
+
+According to Alfred Rehder, of Harvard, in the Standard Cyclopedia of
+Horticulture, six species of hickory are indigenous to that region east
+of the Rocky Mountains here discussed under the term of the northernmost
+nut zone. These are the shagbark, the shellbark, the sweet hickory, the
+pignut, the mockernut and the bitternut. The shagbark hickory, Hicoria
+ovata, and the sweet hickory, H. ovalis, are the principal ones among
+this group offering promise as sources of varieties fit for cultivation
+in this zone. The former is well known as a rich-land species, having
+shaggy bark and a more or less sharply angled sweet nut; the latter,
+often called pignut, has recently been listed as "sweet hickory" to
+distinguish it from H. glabra, also called pignut, yet which is
+sometimes better. The sweet hickory is less exacting in soil
+requirements than the shagbark, although often nearly or quite as good a
+nut, popular prejudice notwithstanding. When shelled the kernels can be
+distinguished only with difficulty.
+
+Of the other hickories indigenous to this zone, all are omitted from the
+discussion for definite reasons, chief of which is the fact that few or
+no seedlings of promise have been found. The shellbark, H. laciniosa,
+which is much like the shagbark in many respects, occurs in this zone
+sparingly and only in the southernmost part. Nuts of this species, while
+very large, are thick-shelled and commonly more or less objectionable
+because of the frequency with which the kernels are imperfectly
+developed or entirely wanting. The pignut hickory, H. glabra, already
+mentioned, is omitted from further discussion because of being no better
+than the sweet hickory in any known respect, and because of the frequent
+bitterness of its kernel. The mockernut, H. alba, while indigenous
+practically everywhere that any other hickory grows, and producing a
+sweet, agreeable kernel, has too thick a shell to justify particular
+attention at this time. The bitternut hickory, H. cordiformis, is rarely
+palatable. The tree makes an attractive ornamental, but is relatively
+unimportant in so far as timber production is concerned.
+
+Intermediate forms of hickory and hybrids originated from chance crosses
+under purely natural conditions are fairly common. Quite a good many
+belonging to one or the other of these groups have been brought to light
+during the last two decades, largely as a result of discovery by the
+Northern Nut Growers Association. Several of these will be discussed in
+alphabetical order along with varieties of pure species.
+
+ANTHONY--The Anthony shagbark originated with a seedling tree discovered
+by Mr. A. B. Anthony, R. F. D. 6, Sterling, Whiteside County, Ill. It
+appears to be a particularly choice variety, and as the latitude of
+Sterling is practically the same as that of Chicago, it might do very
+well in the lower portion of the northernmost zone. In a cracking test
+of the 1932 crop the yield of quarters was 41.66, that of small pieces
+0.60, making a total of 42.26 per cent. The nuts were large, averaging
+74 per pound; attractive in appearance, clean, and of nearly white
+color. The cracking quality was good, the kernel plump, bright, rich in
+quality and medium sweet in flavor, but not being equal to some others
+in this last respect. This is believed to be one of the choicest hickory
+nuts yet brought to light.
+
+CEDAR RAPIDS--This shagbark is from Cedar Rapids, Linn County, Iowa,
+where the latitude is about 42 degrees north, or about the same as that
+of Chicago, Ill., Tecumseh, Mich., and the boundary line between
+Pennsylvania and New York. Like Anthony (of Sterling, Ill.) the merit of
+this variety is believed such as to justify its trial planting in the
+southern portion of the northernmost zone.
+
+The Cedar Rapids shagbark was discovered and brought to light by the
+late S. W. Snyder, senior member of Snyder Bros., Inc., nurserymen at
+Center Point, Iowa. The exact or even approximate year of discovery and
+first propagation is not known to the writer, but a remark made by Mr.
+Snyder during the 1930 convention, and passed on to him by Dr. Deming,
+would indicate that grafts were made as early as 1914. It was, "a Cedar
+Rapids shagbark grafted on a hickory (probably meaning shagbark), bore
+in its third year and has borne every year since, but the same variety
+grafted 16 years ago on a bitternut has not borne." In various comments
+made by Mr. Snyder from time to time, especially in connection with the
+Iowa meetings of the State Horticultural Society and of the Mid-West
+Horticultural Exposition, he continued to rate this as one of the best
+varieties within his acquaintance. There are a number of grafted trees
+of this variety in various parts of the country, but very few yet in
+bearing. The department at Washington has had no opportunity to test the
+nuts in detail.
+
+(There is also a variety of bitternut from Iowa known as Cedar Rapids,
+but the two are quite unlike and should not be confused.)
+
+COMINS--The original tree of the Comins shagbark hickory, awarded eighth
+prize in the 1929 contest, is owned by Mrs. Nancy E. Comins, Amherst,
+Hampshire County, Mass. This variety is probably worthy of further
+investigation, although specimens of the 1929 crop examined at
+Washington did not appear to as good advantage as did many others.
+
+CREAGER--The Creager hickory is a supposed shagbark and bitternut hybrid
+known since about 1925, when it was given a high rating, named,
+propagated and disseminated to a limited extent by Snyder Bros., Inc.,
+of Center Point, Iowa. It was called to their attention by Mr. W. O.
+Creager, Sumner, Bremer County, Iowa, discoverer of the original tree.
+The nuts are quite small, averaging in a test made in Washington of the
+1930 crop 149 per pound. The yield of kernel was 30.27 per cent
+quarters, 8.76 per cent small pieces, and the total 39.04 per cent. As
+this test was made in February, 1932, the nuts were more than a year
+old, and allowance should be made for this fact. The parent tree had
+been cut down in the meantime and nuts were not obtainable later.
+
+The shells of the nut are quite thin, easy to crack, and the kernels
+fairly sweet. Like most others when their parentage involves a cross
+with the bitternut, a distinct bitterness of flavor hangs over in the
+mouth as an after-taste.
+
+The grafted tree is said to be a rapid grower and so highly ornamental
+as to be well worth growing for its beauty alone. A few trees of such a
+hybrid as this should be in any variety test planting wherever they will
+succeed. As the latitude of Sumner is 43 degrees, this hybrid should be
+of interest as far north as Milwaukee, Wis.; Grand Rapids, Mich.;
+Buffalo, N. Y., and the northern boundary line of Massachusetts. Being
+primarily an ornamental, the Creager might be grown with safety even
+farther north.
+
+DENNIS--The Dennis shagbark hickory is another variety brought to light
+by Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point, Ia. The original tree was found
+near the City of Cedar Rapids and called to their attention by the late
+Dr. A. B. Dennis of that city. Information is lacking as to the exact
+year, but according to Mr. Bixby's address before the 1920 convention of
+the Association, Snyder Bros. used Dennis in 1916 in top-working.
+
+No test of the nuts by the department has yet been possible. However,
+Mr. S. W. Snyder wrote in 1926 that he then considered the Dennis "...
+the best shagbark yet discovered in Iowa." He added further that "where
+the nuts are gathered and hulled promptly after ripening, the color of
+the shell is usually highly attractive." He also stated that the shell
+was quite thin, and owing to its inner structure the kernels could be
+extracted easily. He regarded the quality of the kernel as rich and the
+flavor sweet and pleasing.
+
+This variety is represented in several known plantings and abundant nuts
+for testing should soon be procurable. Meanwhile, the variety should be
+included in further test plantings of the northernmost zone.
+
+DREW--The Drew hickory is a shagbark named in honor of Mr. Arthur Drew
+of Howell, Livingston County, Mich., by whom it was called to attention
+in 1916. The parent tree stands on the Lyman Beach farm, Marion
+township, about six miles southwest from the post office. It was then
+one of many young seedlings less than forty feet tall standing in a
+cattle pasture. When first examined the nuts were unimpressive, but
+later specimens received high rating. The tree is difficult to reach and
+its exact identity probably known only to Mr. Drew.
+
+The latitude of origin, the early age of bearing, and the superiority of
+nut, both with reference to cracking quality and merit of kernel, seem
+to call for further study.
+
+EMERICK--This shagbark was discovered by Prof. L. H. MacDaniels of
+Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Specimens of the 1932 crop were
+submitted to him by Miss Etta Emerick, West Camp, Ulster County, New
+York. In Washington seven of these nuts averaged 67 per pound and
+yielded 33.33 per cent quarters, 2.22 per cent small pieces, and a total
+of 35.55 per cent kernel. The cracking quality was very good and the
+nuts otherwise appeared to be of considerable promise.
+
+FAIRBANKS--This is a hybrid hickory, apparently the result of a chance
+cross between shagbark and bitternut. The parent tree was discovered by
+the late S. W. Snyder, of Center Point, Iowa, probably about 1912. It
+then stood near a line fence on the farm of Mr. C. A. Fairbanks, nine
+miles northwest of Anamosa, Jones County, Iowa. With reference to the
+merit of this variety, the late Mr. Bixby once commented, "A heavy
+bearer, nuts attractive, large, smooth and thin-shelled. The variety has
+about all the good points desirable except that its palatability is too
+low. It is the Ben Davis of the hickories."
+
+The latitude of Anamosa is such that the Fairbanks should be hardy in
+the south three or four tiers of counties of Wisconsin, Michigan, New
+York, and over much of Massachusetts. It has been widely disseminated,
+and because of the popular feeling in its favor, will likely continue to
+be planted in experimental orchards.
+
+GREEN--The parent tree of the Green sweet hickory is owned by Mr. Steve
+Green, R. F. D. 9, Battle Creek, Calhoun County, Mich. It was brought to
+attention in 1929, when it was awarded fifth prize by the Association
+among the hickory entries that year. This variety is the first of its
+species (Hicoria ovalis) to have received a prize from the Association.
+
+HUBER--The Huber shagbark hickory originated with a seedling tree owned
+by Mr. Ferdinand Huber, Cochrane, Buffalo County, Wisconsin. It came to
+light in 1929, when it was awarded second prize in the Association
+contest.
+
+HUFF--Like Green, this variety is a sweet hickory, Hicoria ovalis. The
+parent tree is owned by L. S. Huff, White Pigeon, St. Joseph County,
+Michigan. Aside from the fact that it was awarded ninth prize in the
+Association contest of 1929, little is known as to its merits.
+
+LANEY--This variety was brought to light by the late John Dunbar, First
+Assistant Superintendent of Parks in Rochester, New York, who wrote the
+department in Washington on March 13, 1916, that the original tree was
+on a farm owned by Mr. R. J. Sheard, superintendent of a cemetery in
+Webster County, New York. It appears to be the result of a natural cross
+between the shagbark and the bitternut hickories. It was given the
+species name Laneyi by Sargent in his Manual of the Trees of North
+America, in honor of Mr. C. C. Laney, Superintendent of Parks, in
+Rochester, by whom it had been called to his attention.
+
+This variety is probably of chief value for ornamental and breeding
+purposes. The nuts are large, like those of Fairbanks, attractive,
+thin-shelled, easy to crack and of pleasing palatability to some people.
+Upon becoming thoroughly cured, especially after a few months, the
+disagreeable taste characteristic of bitternut usually becomes quite
+pronounced.
+
+MANN--This shagbark hickory came to light when awarded first prize in
+the Michigan contest of 1932, held under the direction of Prof. James A.
+Neilson, East Lansing. The parent tree is owned by Mrs. Rae D. Mann, R.
+F. D. 3, Davison, Genesee County, Mich. In a cracking test of nuts from
+the crop of 1932, conducted in Washington, the average was 75 per pound;
+the yield of quarters was 43.52 per cent, that of small pieces 3.53 per
+cent, making a total of 47.06 per cent. The cracking quality was
+excellent, the kernels large, plump, of rich quality and particularly
+sweet flavor. The kernels were a trifle dark, but otherwise this hickory
+appears to be one of the most promising kinds yet discovered.
+
+MILLER--This shagbark hickory is another apparently highly promising
+variety, brought to light as a result of Professor Neilson's efforts. It
+was awarded second prize in the 1932 state contest held under his
+direction. The parent tree is owned by Mr. D. P. Miller, Route 3, North
+Branch, Lapeer County, Mich. It and Mann are from adjoining counties,
+and the parent trees are probably not over twenty miles apart. The two
+are of about equal merit and much alike, although Miller nuts are
+somewhat smaller. In the cracking test of the 1932 contest, fifty nuts
+weighed one-half pound. Of these, two were spoiled, yet the percentage
+of quarters was 48.02, that of small pieces 1.32, thus making a total of
+49.34 per cent kernel.
+
+The cracking quality was excellent, the kernel a trifle dark, yet very
+plump, rich and sweet.
+
+SANDE--The Sande shagbark hickory is from the farm of Elmer T. Sande,
+Story City, Story County, Iowa, about sixteen miles north of Ames. It
+was brought to light by the late S. W. Snyder as early as November,
+1928, when he became responsible for having it mentioned (p. 24) in the
+premium list of the Seventh Mid-West Horticultural Exposition held in
+Cedar Rapids, Iowa, November 14 to 17. It received seventh prize in the
+1929 contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+
+Mr. Snyder commented on this variety, as recorded in the 1930
+proceedings of the Northern Nut Growers Association (p. 15), to the
+effect that the cracking quality of the Sande excelled that of any other
+variety of Iowa origin known to him at that time. The variety has twice
+received awards during the State Fair of Iowa. Mr. Snyder stated that
+the parent tree was then rather young but bearing well.
+
+As the latitude of Story City is slightly greater than 42 degrees, this
+variety should do well throughout much of the northernmost zone.
+
+SWAIM--The parent tree of the Swaim shagbark hickory stands on Maplewood
+farm, R. F. D. 1, South Bend, St. Joseph County, Ind., and is now owned
+by Mr. I. H. Swaim. It is one of a number of seedlings growing from
+local nuts planted during the early sixties by the late J. M. Swaim,
+grandfather of the present Mr. Swaim. It was called to the attention of
+the department in 1912 by Mr. H. H. Swaim, father of the present owner
+of the tree, who is still living near by on the same mail route.
+
+The Swaim was first propagated about 1914 by W. C. Reed of Vincennes,
+Ind., who has found it a highly satisfactory variety, with reference to
+regularity and size of crops and general merit of nuts.
+
+The Swaim is one of three varieties to tie for fourth place in the
+contest of the Association held in 1919. In a cracking test conducted in
+Washington with one pound of the 1930 crop, the nuts averaged 84 per
+pound and yielded 44.73 per cent of quarters, 4.62 per cent small
+pieces, and 0.44 per cent of bad kernels, thus making a total of 49.78
+per cent of kernel. The cracking quality that year was excellent, the
+kernels large, plump, and bright. The quality was rich and the flavor
+sweet and pleasing.
+
+As the city of South Bend is but a few miles below the Michigan state
+line, this variety should be well worth considering for use in test
+plantings throughout the lower fringe of the northernmost zone.
+
+WESTPHAL--The Westphal is a shagbark hickory from Mr. Otto Westphal, R.
+F. D. 2, Kendall, Monroe County, Wis. It was awarded fourth place in the
+1926 contest of the Philadelphia Society of Agriculture. So far as
+known, no other examination has been made of the nuts. However, the
+place they received in this contest, together with its latitude of
+origin, which is nearly 44 degrees, should commend the Westphal to the
+consideration of all who are interested in hickories for the
+northernmost region.
+
+
+The Filbert
+
+The filbert situation in the north is difficult to characterize.
+Repeated plantings have been established in this part of the country,
+probably since colonial days, only to perish in due time. Filbert blight
+was responsible for much of this loss, but so also were destructively
+low temperatures. Western New York now seems to be particularly favored,
+as trees there, notably at Geneva, bear regularly. Mr. Bixby's trees at
+Baldwin, Long Island, failed significantly during practically the whole
+of their life. Similarly, a comprehensive collection of varieties in the
+orchard of Dr. F. L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa., fruits practically not at
+all. Trees at Arlington, Va., on the government experimental farm,
+suffer sufficient winter injury each late winter or early spring to be
+quite regular in non-bearing. The varieties of all these plantings are
+much the same, and failure is not due to winter killing of the trees, as
+there is normally very little of this. It appears to be due to
+destruction of the flowers wrought by low temperatures following weather
+in January, February or March mild enough to start the flowers into
+bloom. At the present moment it looks as though European varieties of
+filbert might do much better where the trees bloom in April, as in
+western New York, than where flowers come out in February, as at
+Arlington, or in March, as on Long Island.
+
+For the present not a great deal of encouragement can be offered
+regarding the European varieties of filbert in the east, except in the
+most suitable sections. Certain hybrid varieties are now being
+developed, but they are not yet available for planting.
+
+
+The Chestnut
+
+No species of chestnut now available through the usual nursery channels
+can be recommended at the present time for planting in the northernmost
+zone except for experimentation along somewhat doubtful lines. The
+American sweet chestnut appears likely soon to be wiped out by blight.
+No chestnuts from the Old World, either European, Japanese or Chinese,
+have yet been found which are entirely hardy and otherwise satisfactory
+at this latitude. The European chestnut is quite as fatally subject to
+blight as is the American. The Japanese is mostly of too low degree of
+palatability to offer much promise, and horticultural varieties of
+Chinese chestnut are not yet available. Varieties of the Chinese hairy
+chestnut, Castanea mollissima, apparently of much promise, are now being
+developed, but trees are unlikely to become available for foundation
+stock to nurserymen for several years.
+
+
+Other Species
+
+The Persian (English) walnut, Juglans regia, and the Japanese walnut, J.
+sieboldiana, are both planted to some extent throughout the entire east
+and north, but neither promise to assume special prominence in this
+zone. Fine appearing trees in small numbers or occasional orchards of
+the former may be seen in many places. These are usually near large
+bodies of water, as within a mile or so, or two or three at most, of the
+shores of the lower Great Lakes, the Finger Lakes of New York, Long
+Island Sound, and various rivers and other smaller bodies of water
+within this general section. They are also to be found near buildings,
+especially in villages and small towns, but as orchard trees, or even
+single specimens out in the open, they are almost never met with except
+possibly while very young.
+
+The Japanese walnut is likewise little more than a novelty in this
+region. It is probably somewhat more hardy than is the foregoing, but it
+is not its equal in desirability. It grows rapidly under favorable
+environment, often becomes a handsome ornamental, comes into fruit while
+young, and bears freely but seldom heavily. The nuts are small, variable
+in character, and not particularly popular on the market. In flavor the
+kernels resemble butternut, but are much more mild. The nuts of this
+species are of two distinct types, the larger being shaped like a guinea
+egg, having a rather thick shell, and of doubtful merit. The other,
+known as the heartnut, is small as a rule, distinctly heartshaped, and
+easily opened with a knife by splitting the shell in half. A number of
+varieties are available through nurserymen.
+
+Between these two distinct types of Japanese walnut there are numerous
+intermediate forms hard to classify but invariably less desirable than
+heartnuts. There are also numerous offspring of marked vigor, producing
+nuts distinctly butternut-like in form but having even thicker shells.
+These last do not commend themselves for any purpose other than that of
+genetic use.
+
+
+Summary
+
+The black walnut, the shagbark hickory, the sweet hickory, the butternut
+and certain hybrid hickories are now believed to offer greater
+inducement to prospective planters of nut trees in the northernmost
+zone east of the Rocky Mountains than do other species. Varieties of
+strictly northern origin are now available to those who are capable of
+doing their own grafting. Many of these are of considerable promise,
+apparently, at least, equal in merit to any of the older varieties now
+being offered by nurserymen.
+
+
+
+
+The Tour--September 11th
+
+
+On Tuesday forenoon, September 11, the convention visited the Kellogg
+Factory and the Battle Creek Sanitarium and at noon returned to the W.
+K. Kellogg Hotel, where a delicious luncheon was served to the members
+and guests. Miss Mary I. Barber, Director of Home Economics of the
+Kellogg Company, in behalf of Mr. W. K. Kellogg, graciously acted as
+hostess at the luncheon.
+
+On Tuesday afternoon the convention went to the Kellogg Company farm by
+motor bus and auto to visit the nut trees. They then proceeded to the
+Bird Sanctuary and the Kellogg estate. This was followed by a motor boat
+trip around beautiful Gull Lake and dinner at Bunbury Inn. A session
+followed the dinner.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+I wish to present Professor V. R. Gardner, the Director of the
+Experiment Station at Michigan State College, East Lansing, who has
+kindly consented to address us this evening.
+
+PROF. GARDNER:
+
+In the field of horticulture we have many problems and these problems
+may be classified in different ways. From one standpoint, at least,
+there is a typical group or class of problems that arises in connection
+with a crop like the peach or apple or pear. If you knew that tomorrow
+or next week or next month you were to attend a meeting of peach or pear
+growers, you would have a pretty good idea of the type of questions that
+would be raised. They concern variety, insect and disease control,
+fertilization, and many questions relating to harvesting, packing and
+marketing the crop. On the other hand, suppose you were to attend a
+meeting of peony, delphinium, or dahlia growers. You would find not only
+an entirely different type of question under discussion, but an entirely
+different atmosphere.
+
+Now, are the problems of those who are interested in nuts more like
+those of the peach or the delphinium grower? You probably have your own
+answer to that question. At least, answers are coming to your mind. To
+my way of thinking--though of course I may be wrong--the kind of problem
+that presents itself to the person who is interested in growing nuts is
+more like the type that presents itself to those who are interested in
+dahlias or delphiniums or sweet peas than the problems that present
+themselves to the pear or cherry grower. In other words, it seems to me
+as though the problems of the nut grower are essentially the problems of
+the amateur. That does not mean they are less important or less
+interesting than they would be were the industry on more of a commercial
+basis like peach growing.
+
+About a year ago I was talking with Dr. Magness of the U. S. Bureau of
+Plant Industry and the discussion happened to turn to nuts. I knew that
+within the preceding six months Dr. Magness had covered most of the
+southern states where the pecan is grown commercially and had occasion
+to give considerable attention to the problems of the pecan industry. I
+asked, "What percentage of the commercial pecan growers at the present
+time are producing 1,000 pounds of cured nuts to the acre?" He replied,
+"Don't ask me what percentage. We can't talk about it in those terms.
+You can probably list on the fingers of one hand the growers who, year
+in and year out, are producing pecans at the rate of a thousand pounds
+to the acre, and certainly you can on the fingers of two hands." To me
+that was a rather striking statement. Dr. Magness may not have been
+entirely correct in his answer, but he was probably not far off. Anyway,
+the percentage of commercial pecan growers obtaining really large yields
+is extremely small. In the Pacific Coast States, a larger number and a
+larger percentage of the walnut growers regularly produce a thousand
+pounds of cured walnuts to the acre, though there are more who average
+500 or 600 pounds. As yet, in any of our retail markets you may purchase
+first class named varieties of pecans at from 25c to 40c a pound. The
+same thing is true of English walnuts. If the cultivated varieties of
+the black walnut, hickory and the chestnut are to be put on the market
+in quantity, they will come into competition with the pecan, English
+walnut, almond and Brazil nut. This means that they must sell at
+comparable prices.
+
+Therefore, one of the principal problems of the nut industry, as I see
+it, just as with delphiniums or the peony or the dahlia or iris or in
+others that I might mention, is the problem of plant materials, more
+specifically, the breeding or discovery of varieties that are superior
+and that consequently can really compete with the English walnut and
+pecan and that likewise are productive and that can be produced at a low
+cost. As a matter of fact, in all of your meetings up to the present
+time the finding, testing, and the evaluating of chance seedlings that
+appear to be of promise has constituted not only an essential but one of
+the larger features to claim attention. Furthermore, I believe it will
+continue to claim attention for many years to come.
+
+Practically all of your present materials, from the Fairbanks hickory to
+the Thomas or Stabler walnut, have just happened--that is, occurred as
+chance seedlings. They have been found and recognized as something a
+little better than the general run. Someone has brought them to the
+attention of the public, your Association placed approval on them, and
+they have been propagated and finally become more or less disseminated.
+
+I presume that by a more thorough combing of the territory more good
+material will be found and brought to the front. However, after you do a
+certain amount of combing, you eventually exhaust the resources.
+Nevertheless, when that time comes in a matter of this kind, a good deal
+more can be done. If the plum or grape grower had stopped when he had
+scouted all of the territory where vines are native and had introduced
+into cultivation the best of the chance seedlings that nature had given
+us, we wouldn't have the grapes or plums or other fruits that we have
+today.
+
+At this point I wish to make a suggestion as to one thing that this
+association, as an association, and perhaps some of its members as
+individuals, can give some attention to as a part of your program in the
+years to come. It is the job of breeding superior varieties of nuts,
+because much improvement is called for in walnuts, hickories, and the
+other kinds before they are all that you or the consuming public wants
+of them. The situation is essentially the same with nuts as with other
+fruit and ornamental plants. We have some pretty good peaches, but ten
+years from now the producers in Michigan will be growing very few of the
+varieties that they are growing today, and I dare say that twenty-five
+years from now they will be growing hardly any of them. We have some
+very attractive delphiniums and dahlias, but in 1950 few of today's
+favorites will be in cultivation. They will be superseded by new and
+superior varieties. In 1950, or 1975, we should be growing nut varieties
+that are far superior to what is available at the present time.
+
+To say that there is room for much improvement sounds all right, but who
+is going to effect it? Nut trees are not the easiest things in the world
+to grow. They require a long time to come into bearing, and it is almost
+out of the question for a person of middle age to undertake a breeding
+project with a crop like the black walnut or northern hickory and expect
+to get anywhere. Even if an Experiment Station undertakes a problem of
+this kind, there is the likelihood that it may be dropped before much
+will have been accomplished, for the person who starts it may go
+somewhere else or be compelled to divert his attention to something
+else, while the person who succeeds him has no interest in the project.
+That has happened time and time again with investigations of many kinds,
+but it has been particularly true of breeding projects.
+
+If we are ever to make any real progress in the breeding of nuts, one of
+the first things we need to know is the value of the different materials
+with which we have to work and the varieties that are used as parents.
+The Stabler, Thomas and Ohio are relatively superior black walnuts, but
+we do not know which is the best of these for breeding for size or vigor
+of tree or productivity or quality of nut or any other quality. We
+haven't the slightest idea. Yet before really scientific plant breeding
+work can be initiated, there is need of information as to which of these
+can be depended on for transmitting to its offspring certain specific
+qualities. Through experiment and experience we have learned some of
+these things with regard to some of the other fruit and ornamental
+crops. For instance, we know that the J. H. Hale is not only a wonderful
+variety in itself, but that it has the ability to produce superior
+progeny. Certain other varieties lack this ability. So, doubtless, it is
+with nuts. How are we to obtain this information? If your Association
+could get two or three growers, say here in Michigan, to inbreed the
+Stabler walnut and grow the resulting seedlings--perhaps a thousand in
+number--to fruiting age and someone somewhere else to do the same with
+the Thomas and with the Ohio and other varieties, it would not be long
+before a body of information would be collected that would furnish a
+definite basis for the scientific breeding of nuts. Incidentally, the
+chances are that some of this first group of seedlings would be superior
+and I believe that the chances are better than 50-50 that the resulting
+nut orchard would be a fairly good one.
+
+Where are you going to get these inbred seeds? That probably is what you
+can put up to your experiment stations. For instance, I am inclined to
+think that Mr. Neilson, if he found out that there is a member of this
+organization that is willing to grow a hundred inbred seedlings of the
+Stabler or Thomas to maturity, would undertake to hand-pollenize the
+flowers for that number of seeds, you would have a start in the
+direction of developing superior varieties of nuts. I don't mean to say
+that by undertaking a thing like this you should pay less attention to
+looking for native trees that are superior, but your problem now, and
+for the next thirty years, with northern nuts, is one of materials and
+the method of procedure that I have suggested would put it on a basis of
+a fairly definite breeding project.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+I think it is self-evident that this association came here to Battle
+Creek for its convention this year principally because of the work that
+has been started by the Michigan State College. We think that the states
+and the national government ought to do just what you are doing here,
+and the power of the association is going to be back of those projects
+in the future. To our sorrow, and I'd say to the loss of the entire
+nation, several very valuable plantings have been started and the
+passing of the owner has made it necessary that they be abandoned, and
+in some cases lost entirely; in others a few of the trees have been
+transplanted. We feel that if these specimen trees can be maintained on
+state and national property, it will serve to call attention to this
+nation's potential resources, which are not appreciated at present.
+
+
+
+
+The 1934 Ohio Black Walnut Contest
+
+_By_ CARL F. WALKER, _Cleveland Heights, Ohio_
+
+
+The first prize contest confined to the state of Ohio to discover
+superior seedling black walnuts was conducted in the fall of 1933 by the
+Ohio members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association in co-operation
+with the farm paper, the Ohio Farmer. The original announcement was made
+in mid-September and several follow-up articles were published,
+including some illustrations. Further publicity was obtained by mailing
+press copy to the rural newspapers throughout the state.
+
+The response was generous with 303 persons mailing in 423 samples of
+black walnuts. These came from all sections of the state, indicating a
+universal interest over the entire area. The first package of nuts
+arrived on September 25th and for the next six weeks few further sample
+lots were received. During the latter part of November and up to the
+date of close of the contest, December 15, the entries were mailed to
+the judges in quantity. This period coincided with inclement weather
+when outdoor farm work could not be carried on.
+
+The growing season had been abnormal due to a lack of precipitation and
+it is believed that the nuts were not as large nor as well filled as
+could be expected in a normal season. Defoliation through caterpillar
+attack had been severe, especially in the northern third of the state,
+and this condition may also have affected the normal development. The
+kernels of many lots were shrunken and since these included some nuts
+which would otherwise be given a high score, the method of judging by
+points, partly mathematically determined, was used as a guide only,
+rather than an exact means of choosing prize winners. Shell structure,
+together with the shape and relative size of kernel cavity, was the
+determining factor in choosing the prize winners. No differential for
+kernel color was made, for it was recognized that this was dependent in
+part upon the method used in harvesting and in handling the nuts. The
+varieties that were poorly sealed were discarded.
+
+All of the prize winners, on the basis of the merits of the nuts, are
+considered worthy of propagation for home or experimental orchard
+planting. The locations of the parent trees give a sufficiently general
+coverage for the entire state for the selection of a variety to
+propagate for almost all climatic and soil conditions in any part of the
+state. This, in itself, is considered the advantage and the
+justification of a contest confined to a single state or a limited
+region. Also, when residents of a state, through a contest, discover
+promising seedlings within their own state, it is believed that there is
+created in the sponsors more incentive to compile continuous data about
+the new kinds than would exist when the prize winners are chosen from
+regions quite removed. That so many examples were submitted was the
+result of excellent publicity by the Ohio Farmer.
+
+The first prize was ten dollars, the second five dollars, the third
+three dollars and the remaining seven prizes were subscriptions to the
+Ohio Farmer of from five years to one year in length.
+
+The prize winners were as follows:
+
+  First--Mrs. Willard Brown, Rock Bridge, O.
+
+  Second--Sam Tritten, Lisbon, O.
+
+  Third--B. A. Cowle, Defiance, O., Rt. 8.
+
+  Fourth--W. W. Janson, Jefferson, Ohio.
+
+  Fifth--Harmon Barnhart, Mt. Vernon, O., Rt. 6.
+
+  Sixth--R. E. Havice, Bellevue, Ohio, Rt. 1.
+
+  Seventh--C. H. Markey, Beallsville, Ohio.
+
+  Eighth--Kermit C. Hoover, Glenford, O.
+
+  Ninth--Ralph H. Miller, 300 Monroe St., Delta, O.
+
+  Tenth--F. C. Murphey, Sunbury, Ohio.
+
+The final judging was done at the Ohio State Experimental Station by Dr.
+J. H. Gourley, Chief of Horticultural Department, Walter H. Lloyd,
+Editor of the Ohio Farmer, and Carl F. Walker, assisted by Homer L.
+Jacobs of the Davey Tree Expert Co., John T. Bregger, Editor of the
+American Fruit Grower, and Ray T. Kelsey of the Ohio Farmer.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+That concludes the program. There is just a little business to handle
+now. Before we go on to that I would like to call attention to Dr.
+Deming's remarks about some of the old timers, which I thought very
+touching, interesting and instructive. There are two foreign members of
+the association whom I have never met. One is Mr. Spence, an Englishman,
+and the other Mr. Wang of China. Mr. Wang was a life member. The reports
+that I sent to him came back. All letters came back. I took it upon
+myself to write the Commissioner General of the United States at
+Shanghai, China, and call his attention to the fact that some twelve
+years ago Mr. Wang secured through this association some black walnuts,
+wanting to plant them along a certain highway in China. The Commissioner
+General answered, saying they could find nothing about him, and that the
+trees had not been planted where Mr. Wang had planned. I think Mr. Wang
+must have died or moved away.
+
+There is one item of business I think we should have, and that is a
+brief report from Mr. Ellis who was our delegate to the horticultural
+exposition at Paris.
+
+MR. ELLIS:
+
+In 1930 I was appointed your delegate to represent you at the Paris
+Horticultural Congress. I sent on the delegate's sheet. I received a
+reply making me a member of that congress. It went along about a month
+or two, then the terrible depression came on and before going I thought
+it better to investigate. So I wrote to Washington and found out that no
+one was going from there. I wrote to Canada and no one was going from
+there. They could not afford it. I said, "It's going to cost me $800 if
+I go." Then I found out that there was to be a similar congress in New
+York, so I switched off and went to the congress at Ithaca, New York,
+and I was very glad of it because I met a great many more men that I
+liked to meet than if I had gone to Paris. I wrote over to the congress
+at Paris and sent another fee of the same amount, because I knew they
+needed it, saying that I'd decided not to go.
+
+They had the congress. The President was shot at about that time, and
+that kind of broke it up. I received accounts of all the proceedings.
+They treated me very fairly, in as much as they put me down as a
+delegate from the United States of America, and I was the only delegate
+from the whole United States. I don't suppose anyone else could afford
+to go, so if I had gone over, I should have been there all alone.
+
+I said to myself, "It only cost me a hundred dollars to go out to
+Ithaca, so I saved $700. I'm not going to make anything out of this." So
+I took that $700 and I gave it away for charitable purposes. You know I
+gave you some. I got a letter from one person privileged, and I never
+had a more grateful and appreciative letter in my life. The balance of
+that $800 and more I gave to this purpose. I gave some to the Catholic
+Daughters of America, I gave some to the Parent-Teachers' Association, I
+gave some to the schools, and lots to the poor in one way or another.
+I've sent five girls to different summer schools of religious education,
+and a girl scout to a summer camp. I helped them all out all around, not
+only in my own district, but in other places in different parts of the
+country. So you got everything. You got your delegate over there duly
+enrolled, and you got some money when you most needed it, and so did all
+those other people. Not only to the amount of $800, but to a good deal
+more. I feel better satisfied and I think that you all ought to be
+better satisfied. If there is anyone that isn't satisfied, let him get
+up and I'll argue it out with him.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+I might state at this time that there will be another contest this year,
+at least for black walnuts and hickories. The prizes will be as follows:
+first prize $10, second prize $5, third prize $3, fourth prize $2, fifth
+prize $1, and honorary mention for others. Instructions will be issued
+and anyone desiring to enter this contest should write the secretary for
+instructions. It's understood, I might say, that the nuts will be sent
+to Mr. C. A. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture at
+Washington, who has kindly consented to look after that work and report
+to a contest committee which will be named later.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+We will now have the report of the resolutions committee.
+
+
+RESOLUTION
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association assembled in convention at the W.
+K. Kellogg Hotel, Battle Creek, Michigan, September 10 and 11, 1934,
+expresses its sincere appreciation of the courteous hospitality of the
+local committee on arrangements, headed by Prof. James A. Neilson. It
+would mention in particular Mr. W. K. Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg,
+and the W. K. Kellogg Hotel management. It appreciates the use of the
+splendid auditorium and is grateful for the attractive bouquets arranged
+about the room.
+
+The association heartily commends the nut work being done in the state
+of Michigan with the aid of Mr. W. K. Kellogg and under the direction of
+the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and actively under the lead
+of Prof. Neilson. The association records its pride in the establishment
+and maintenance of 115 acres of nut trees for purposes of
+experimentation and variety testing. In so far as known to the
+association there is no other tract of equal area in existence for this
+purpose.
+
+Be it resolved, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the
+minutes of this meeting and that the secretary be instructed to send
+copies to Mr. W. K. Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, the Kellogg Hotel
+management, Director V. R. Gardner and Prof. James A. Neilson.
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association records its extreme sorrow at the
+death of its active and able, although but recently elected, treasurer,
+Newton H. Russell of South Hadley, Massachusetts, on April 27, 1934. For
+many years Mr. Russell was a very active member of the association, a
+regular attendant at its conventions, and a loyal supporter of its
+various activities. The genial personalities of both Mr. and Mrs.
+Russell are greatly missed at this convention. Our deep sympathy is
+expressed to Mrs. Russell and her children in their bereavement.
+
+Be it resolved, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the
+minutes of this meeting, and that the secretary be instructed to send a
+copy to Mrs. Newton H. Russell.
+
+Resolutions Committee,
+
+  G. L. Slate, Chairman
+  C. A. Reed
+  A. S. Colby.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+I think that the thanks of the association are especially due to our
+president, Mr. Frey, for having so successfully stepped into the breach
+for the completion of the arrangements for this meeting, and for the
+very excellent program which he completed. I think he should also be
+thanked for the separate notices which he sent out, directing the
+attention of the persons coming to and going from this meeting to the
+nut orchards and other things of interest that may be seen on the way.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+I thank you. I might say that the suggestion for visiting interesting
+trees and nut plantings came from Mr. Reed. I want to call to your
+attention again that next year's meeting will be held at Rockport,
+Indiana, on September 9 and 10, 1935.
+
+The dues of this association are now only $2.00, and action taken at
+this convention will result in your receiving without additional charge
+the American Fruit Grower Magazine, which has been adopted as our
+official journal and included with the dues. You also have the privilege
+of joining the American Horticultural Society for the fee of $2 instead
+of $3.00. We are affiliated with that society and they allow to their
+affiliated associations the privileges of the members. Secure a
+membership and get the quarterly journal for the price of $2.00. We
+certainly recommend this association. We think that you get your money's
+worth many times over and it does a great deal of good.
+
+The only other item of business is a report from the nominating
+committee.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+Your nominating committee reports through the chairman the nomination of
+the following members as officers for the ensuing year:
+
+President--Mr. Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Illinois.
+
+Vice President--Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
+
+Secretary--Mr. George L. Slate, of Geneva, New York.
+
+Treasurer--Mr. Carl F. Walker, of Cleveland Heights, Ohio.
+
+For Members of the Executive Committee--Mr. Frank H. Frey, Dr. G. A.
+Zimmerman, Mr. George L. Slate, Mr. Carl F. Walker, Professor J. A.
+Neilson and Mr. D. C. Snyder.
+
+As Dean of the Association--Dr. Robert T. Morris, of Connecticut.
+
+As Field Secretary--Mr. Zenas H. Ellis, of Vermont.
+
+I move that the secretary be authorized to cast one ballot for the
+election of the ticket nominated.
+
+The motion was unanimously carried, and the officers nominated by the
+committee were elected for the ensuing year.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+I might say that I won't, at least, have to sing a "swan song," and I'm
+not going to take the time to make any speech of acceptance. I
+appreciate your confidence in re-electing me and I am sure the other
+officers feel the same way. We'll all do what we can for your interest
+and what we are all interested in. Sometimes we may be a little slow in
+getting results but with your help I think we can make progress.
+
+The twenty-fifth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association adjourned at 9:30 P. M. Tuesday, September 11, 1934.
+
+
+
+
+Letter from J. U. Gellatly
+
+_British Columbia_
+
+
+I have just returned from a six weeks' trip to the B. C. Coast scouting
+for new nut trees and selling nut tree nursery stock. The outstanding
+discovery of the trip is the Rapier walnut tree. This young giant was
+planted 24 years ago by Mr. Rapier on Texada Isl. I estimate this tree
+to be 60 to 70 feet in height, the measured spread is 60 feet one way
+and 70 at widest point, and other measurements as follows: from ground
+to first limbs there is 8 feet of straight trunk with a girth of 7 feet
+one inch taken one foot above ground, and at 6 feet above ground girth
+is 69 inches. The tree has cropped regularly since it was about 6 years
+old. The largest crop to date was produced in 1931 totaling 500 pounds.
+The shape of nut is long oval, size medium. The flavor of those I
+tasted of the 1933 crop certainly was the sweetest I have tasted to date
+for this class of nut.
+
+I have no definite information as to source of this tree, but judge it
+to be a Franquette seedling as that was the class of trees sold by the
+nursery from which the tree was purchased. I have made arrangements for
+sample nuts from this year's crop and will send you some later. This
+tree is well worth testing for hardiness as it is evidently
+self-fertile, there being no other nut trees of the same age near by.
+
+Another discovery of interest from the nut breeding angle is the
+McDonald walnut. This is a hybrid English X. J. Sieboldiana, growing at
+West Vancouver, B. C. Nut large and heavy shell, but the best kernel
+cavity I have seen in any of these crosses. The tree is a nice tree and
+leaves show distinct crossing. This is the first year it has borne and
+it had 2 nuts. One shell I am sending you with other samples of new
+nuts.
+
+The Watt English walnut at Penticton, B. C., is proving a regular
+cropper of uniform large round nuts of good flavor. This tree is a
+seedling from my own nursery. I do not know from what tree it grew, but
+it is worthy of testing for hardiness in districts north of present
+location as there is some evidence of hardiness. I know this tree to be
+a good cropper but have no definite record of any one year's crop as the
+tree is located where many persons help themselves to the nuts.
+
+The Lindy walnut from the beaches at Kelowna, B. C., continues to make
+good tree growth and produce good crops of large round nuts with thin
+shells and well developed kernels of good flavor. This tree is a
+seedling grown from a nut brought from Kulu Hills, India, in 1912. This
+tree is also worthy of trial for hardiness in districts north of present
+locations. I do not know how this tree is as a self-pollenizer as there
+are two other trees near by of the same stock and planting. I do know
+that seedlings grown from this tree make a good growth and look alike in
+the nursery row and are very uniform as to color and growth of leaf, in
+striking contrast to seedlings from some other trees which vary a lot in
+every feature.
+
+In heartnuts the newest I have of outstanding promise are from my own
+nursery. Two are now growing at Peachland, B. C. One, the MacKenzie, is
+a vigorous, well grown tree and bears regularly heavy crops of large,
+rough-shelled heartnuts that are easily cracked. The kernels are light
+in color and of good flavor.
+
+The other, the Rover heartnut, is a young tree just carrying a record
+crop. Tree is in a poor location on the edge of wild timber competing
+for soil space. The nut is a big step in the elimination of the central
+division, so pronounced in most heartnuts. This is the outstanding
+feature of this nut. Cracking and other features are still undetermined
+but promising. I have a number of others that are promising. One is the
+Flavo Heart, a heartnut and butternut cross. This is a seedling of
+Callender heart and butternut. The outstanding features are the shape of
+nut, flavor of kernel and ease of extraction. This is its first crop.
+
+
+
+
+From B. D. Wallace
+
+_Portage la Prairie, Manitoba_
+
+
+I will endeavor to give you a short account of our progress in the
+culture of butternuts and black walnuts.
+
+Our success with butternuts has been due, very largely, to the method we
+adopted some twenty years ago and might be summed up in the following
+report. From one hundred pounds of butternut seed, which we secured in
+the fall of 1914, and which we planted the same season in October, we
+got in the following year a splendid stand of seedlings which gave great
+promise the first summer. During the winter of 1915 a great number of
+those seedlings were partially or altogether destroyed, through the
+climatic conditions of the country. But quite a number of them stood up
+in splendid condition. After about three years we eliminated everything
+that did not stand up 100 per cent and show a splendid growth. We had in
+the neighborhood of fifty trees and thus, through a survival of the
+fittest, the foundation of this industry became established. We
+distributed perhaps twenty or more trees to the Experimental Farm and
+other places. These have all stood up, as far as I can learn, with
+splendid success. This left about thirty of the original trees in our
+nurseries. These thirty have never shown any sign of frost killing nor
+are they in any other way affected.
+
+Our trees commenced to bear in their sixth year, in 1920 and have
+increased in size and fruiting year by year, until today they are about
+thirty feet high with a spread of about thirty-six feet and are without
+question the most beautiful row of trees west of the Great Lakes. We
+have grown at least one hundred thousand trees from the nuts taken from
+these trees, which have been distributed over a very wide territory,
+reaching from the northern part of Ontario to the Rocky Mountains. Many
+of our customers have now their own trees bearing. In addition to our
+selling the trees, we offer to our customers one two-year-old butternut
+or horse chestnut with each ten dollar order sent in. We took this
+method to get our nut trees into the hands of a great number of the
+people.
+
+We have followed practically the same line with black walnuts, but with
+less success than with butternuts, as a very much greater percentage of
+the black walnuts went down. Notwithstanding that we have a number of
+trees which have survived in splendid condition. One of these is bearing
+for its second year and one other is just bearing for the first time.
+However, we have a good deal of hardy wood, as our trees are growing
+bushy and we intend to use the butternut seedlings for stocks on which
+to graft the black walnut. By this method we will not have to wait so
+long to get a good supply of trees. There is no question whatever about
+the future success of the butternut, as we have this year the third
+generation of them bearing, which is ample proof that they have become
+entirely acclimated. The butternuts grow fully as large as in eastern
+Canada, as do also the black walnuts, and as far as I can see the
+quality is equal if not better.
+
+In addition to the butternut and black walnut, we have made a complete
+success of the horse chestnut. Ours were planted in 1914, and commenced
+bearing about the same time as the butternut, and we have grown great
+crops of nuts continually from that date to the present. We are also
+trying out the heartnut, both from young trees and from seed. Out of
+three different plantings that is planted the same year but in different
+sections, one planting of six trees has stood up completely for the last
+three years, whereas the other two freeze back a little. In addition to
+these we are growing from seed the filbert, which seems to be hardy, but
+is not old enough to fruit yet. However, there is no question in my mind
+whatever that we shall succeed with all those different trees, following
+our own method of only using wood and seed from those trees which are
+proof against the most severe climatic conditions. We used this same
+method thirty-five years ago in laying the foundation for fruit growing.
+Out of twelve thousand of the hardiest fruit trees that we could buy
+from Dakota and Minnesota, after three years we eliminated all but
+fourteen trees. These were divided between standard apples, crab-apples,
+plums and plum hybrids. By using northern Russia plum seed and Siberian
+crab seed for roots, we have been able to lay a foundation for fruit
+growing in this western country that will live long after we are
+forgotten.
+
+
+
+
+From Vera Nekiassena
+
+_Turkestan_
+
+
+My opinion is there are two kin species growing in Turkestan--Juglans
+regia L and J fallasc Dode; the first in the Kopet-Dag, the second in
+the Fansha mountains, in guissar and Darwas. The J. regia is further
+cultivated in Turkestan gardens and in the Lowawschan Valley. The J.
+Kamaonia Dode is occasionally to be observed likewise in gardens. I did
+not chance to see it personally and am in possession of only one of its
+nuts. Both species (the J. regia and the J. fallasc) produce a great
+variety of nuts as to shape, thickness of shell and size of kernel. Both
+these species have been united by some authors (Mr. M. Popof in Bull. of
+Applied Botany of Genetics and plant breeding XXII N3 (1929), p. 294)
+into one--that of J. regia but always distinguishing the Kopet-dog nuts
+in the jsp. turcomanica Popof; difference between them being certainly
+esctant. The number of leaflets of the J. fallasc amounts to 2-4, they
+are rounder and more obtuse, the shell of the nut is thicker and also
+rounder and smaller. The number of J. regia leaflets is 3-5, they are
+narrower and more pointed (lance shaped), the nuts more elongated,
+larger and their shell thinner.
+
+Having been for my part mainly occupied with the geographical
+distribution of nuts without regard to the variation of the fruit shape,
+I would recommend you to apply for a choice of nuts to Mr. Gursey,
+(Caucasus, Pjabigorsx), who is making a special study of the problem.
+
+For cultivation in the north you will be interested in J. Manshurica
+originating in the Far East and very hardy. It is cultivated and
+produces fruit in Leningrad, young specimens of it were planted on the
+Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea and there outlived excellently.
+
+Concerning the list of trees appended to your letter, I can give you the
+following information.
+
+_J. Regia_ grows well in the park of Botanic Institute in Leningrad,
+attaining 8-10 M.; in the southern part of Smolensk district the tree
+produces fruit as far as Minsk. There is a considerable number of fruit
+producing specimens in the Masir district in the north of White Russia.
+
+_J. Sieboldiana_ freezes up in cold winters in Leningrad.
+
+_J. cinerea_ is very hardy and effects self-polinasation in White
+Russia; near Kasan there is one specimen producing about 100 fruits
+yearly.
+
+_J. rigra_ produces fruits in Koslon.
+
+_Corylus Colurna_--a large old specimen esctant in Leningrad rather
+frequently observed in many parks of European U. S. S. R.
+
+_C. Acellana_ is widely spread in a wild state attaining Ladoga-laxe.
+
+_C. Mascima_ frequently in the Crimea and the Caucasus.
+
+_Castanea Sabiva_ grows in the Caucasus only, and cultivated in Urraina.
+Castanea Henryii Corylus chinensis.
+
+C. Lacquement and Cticstica I do not know in U. S. S. R.
+
+_C. Seguinu, C. Crensta_ and _C. Mollissima, separate_ strains probably
+to be had in Suchum.
+
+
+
+
+From Divisional Forest Officer
+
+_Utilization Division, Baramulla Kashmir_
+
+
+There are two distinct species of of walnut growing here. One which
+grows from 3,500 to 7,000 feet above sea level near about habitations
+and on rich fertile soil has got good big sized nuts which are very easy
+to break even with the pressure of hand, and about which you probably
+seem interested. The other species grows higher in the forest up to
+about 11,000 feet elevation. It has hard nuts which cannot be broken
+easily and have moreover very little kernel as compared to former
+species. Even the timber of both the species is distinctly different, in
+as much as the former has dark gray color and the latter has reddish
+gray. Regarding nomenclature the botanists differ. The former species is
+named Juglans regia hin. The latter species which is wild may be called
+Juglans fallax, Dode or Juglans Kamaonia, Dode, but actually it is a bit
+different from either and is something midway between the two and so is
+yet to be determined properly.
+
+Corylus colurna is the only species of Corylus found here out of your
+list.
+
+B. The altitudes of walnut zone has been stated above. Corylus Colurna
+also grows between 8,000 and 11,000 feet. Both the walnut species are
+confined to Kashmir and Chamba states, while Corylus Colurna grows all
+over the Himalayas.
+
+C. The maximum height and girth of a tree I have felled was 100 ft. and
+15 ft. respectively. This tree grew in a forest at 9,000 foot altitude
+amongst firs. Trees growing outside in the fields in the open are
+sometimes bigger in girth but their bole is very short and the height
+also is small compared with forest grown trees. The trees growing in the
+fields in the open are of soft rind species.
+
+D. The trees growing in the fields and of soft rind species are
+generally fast grown and they have about 8 to 10 rings to an inch. The
+trees growing in the forest have about 16 to 20 rings to an inch.
+
+E. The length of frost-free season depends upon the situation and
+locality, generally from May to September there is no frost, the rest of
+the season has frost.
+
+F. The maximum temperature is 92 degrees, while the minimum is many
+points below zero when the country is snow-bound all over. There is snow
+in the forests for about six months.
+
+G. The average annual rainfall is between 54 and 34 inches in the year,
+according to the locality.
+
+H. All the walnut trees are grown for extraction of oil from their nuts.
+This oil is used for cooking purposes, in place of fats and butter. When
+the tree gets old or gets diseased, it is felled and timber is used for
+making furniture and carving. Kashmir walnut carving is well known.
+
+I. Hazel trees grow wild in the forest, the hazel nuts are collected and
+are eaten. Sometimes these nuts are exported to British India, where
+kernels are used chiefly to adulterate almond kernels.
+
+Corylus has not been grown here as a garden tree and so I do not know
+its requirements of germination. I will however be thankful to you if
+you could kindly send me a little fresh seed, C. Colema, to grow it here
+in Kashmir. Some years ago I had sent for the seeds of Rhamnus Purshiana
+from U. S. A. This was sown here but it did not germinate. I shall feel
+obliged if you could let me know the requirements of this species, that
+is, the situation, soil, et cetera, which this species demands. Rhamnus
+dahuricus grows wild here as a small shrub. Do you think I can get
+American species by grafting my species with Rhamnus Purshiana scions?
+
+
+
+
+Communication from John W. Hershey, 1934
+
+
+I called at the experimental nut planting place of the late J. W. Waite,
+at Normandy, Tennessee, on June 1st and found he had been dead about
+eight months. I talked with a native who told me he was one of the most
+plucky men he had ever seen, having had, because of some disease, both
+legs amputated, was all crippled up otherwise, and traveled in a wheel
+chair. He even use to milk cows and drive around in an old buggy.
+
+This setting at the Waite place is going to be of immense value to the
+T. V. A. tree crop program. I met the daughter who knew very little
+about the trees, but the first thing she mentioned was the wonderful
+nuts they got off the McCalister tree.
+
+I could identify a few of the trees but will not make much progress at
+it until this fall, when the nuts are ripe. They are heavily set with
+bloom now. To assist me in this work, I am wondering if the Association
+has anything in its files pertaining to the varieties that he has. As
+you know, one can identify a tree quicker if he knows what he is looking
+for.
+
+
+
+
+Letter From Mrs. E. W. Freel
+
+_Pleasantville, Iowa, September 5, 1934_
+
+
+Yesterday, when coming home, we drove around (which was not out of our
+way) to see those walnut trees about which you made inquiry. The Freel
+tree has been topped and it has made a wonderful growth this year and is
+going to make a very pretty tree. The Marion has a few walnuts on this
+year, but they are falling off due to the dry weather this year. Last
+year it was loaded. The Metcalf tree has some on but, like the others,
+most all of them have fallen off. It was also full last year. The
+Worthington tree also had some on this year, but have all fallen off. It
+also had walnuts on last year.
+
+I have never known any of these trees to be a complete failure unless it
+would be this year due to the drought which has been pretty severe with
+us. We have had no garden to speak of and the crops in this section have
+almost been a complete failure.
+
+The Wheeling tree had walnuts on last year but I have been unable to get
+out there this year. It is off the gravel road and it has been raining
+here for the last two days.
+
+I have not been able to get out to the hickory nut trees. They had some
+nuts on last year but not very plentiful. I have noticed along the
+highways, as we would be driving along, that some of the hickory nut
+trees were full and others would not have any on, but do not know as yet
+how the drought will affect them.
+
+I wish we could attend the convention, but it will be impossible for us
+this year.
+
+
+
+
+Letter From Geo. W. Gibbens
+
+_Godfrey, Illinois, September 6, 1934_
+
+
+The Mid-West Nut Growers' Association is not functioning.
+
+There will be a normal crop of black walnuts in this section of the
+state. The hickory and pecan crop is very light. The chestnut crop will
+be light. Many of our chestnut trees were killed by the drought this
+summer. Some young trees on cultivated land will develop nuts, and a few
+of the older trees may do so.
+
+For many years here (E. A. Riehl Farm) we have been trying to grow the
+English walnut to bearing size. This year we have a young tree that is
+bearing. It is the Alpine.
+
+I wish we could attend the convention.
+
+
+
+
+Letter From Fred Kettler
+
+_Platteville, Wisconsin_
+
+
+In regard to the Kettler walnut tree here: It seems to be gradually
+dying; has many dead branches, which is caused by the drought we have
+had the last few years. We should get 25 to 30 inches rainfall a year
+and we had only 8 or 10 last year and about that same amount this year.
+The ground is wet down only about 15 inches on top. Below that it is
+dry.
+
+The old tree had quite a few nuts on this year. However, most of them
+were blown off by a cyclone six weeks ago. There is about a peck of nuts
+on the tree now.
+
+All walnuts here are only half a crop on account of the June beetle and
+the weather conditions, and they are quite small nuts, the weather being
+so dry.
+
+I grafted 150 of the Wisconsin No 1, or Kettler walnut. It was boiling
+hot here in April and May and it again spoiled it for me. We watered
+them every day and shaded them, but the heat and dry, hot dirt was too
+much. All were grafted on young yearling trees close to the ground where
+I covered them with dirt. Many started, but died later; anyway, I
+succeeded in getting six more nice trees started (one to three feet tall
+now). My tree from last year is about five feet tall and made some side
+branches; so you see I am getting started. I doubt if I can get any
+graft wood from the old tree next spring.
+
+We are in the nursery business just in a small way. We have only the
+best of varieties.
+
+I have discovered also a thin-shell hickory nut with a wonderful meat. I
+don't know if I will get any of the nuts this year as they have been
+stealing them every year, I am told by the man who owns it. I succeeded
+in getting one growing on a young pecan tree I had. I think it is even
+better than my walnut. I enclose one with a this year walnut sample. The
+hickory is a last year sample.
+
+What our country needs is timber on every farm from one acre to ten
+acres, according to size of farm, all over the United States. Then we
+will get more rain. That would be a real crop control--instead of
+destroying crops like the New Deal is doing. Planting a strip of timber
+from Canada to the Gulf will not help anyone. We believe the
+"brain-trusters" need a doctor.
+
+
+
+
+Telegram
+
+
+Sept. 11, 1934.
+
+Dear Dr. Morris:
+
+The Northern Nut Growers' Association is in session in the W. K. Kellogg
+Hotel, Battle Creek, Michigan. The members present are reminded that
+this is the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Association. It recalls with
+interest the first meeting held in New York City, which was called to
+order by Dr. Deming, at which you became charter President, Mr. T. P.
+Littlepage of Washington, charter Vice President, Dr. Deming, charter
+Secretary.
+
+It is the unanimous feeling of the present membership that the society
+for which you and the others so ably laid the foundation at that time
+has been abundantly justified by the accomplishments of the
+organization. We are especially indebted to you for the able leadership
+from you which the Association enjoyed, not only while you served in an
+executive capacity, but during the many years which followed while you
+were an active leading member, and now for approximately ten years
+during which you have been Dean.
+
+We regret that impaired health makes it impossible for you to attend
+meetings at present, but we assure you that your name is not being
+forgotten nor is the work which you inaugurated being allowed to lapse.
+
+(Signed by the members present.)
+
+
+
+
+Catalogue of Top-Grafted Nut Trees on the Kellogg Farm, Kellogg School
+Grounds, and Kellogg Estate.
+
+
+  Place and Variety  Species                Stock             Year Grafted
+
+  Kellogg School--
+   1. Fairbanks      Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1933
+   2. Pleas, Des     Hicans                 Pignut                  1934
+      Moines and
+      McCallister
+
+  Kellogg Farm (Farm Lane)
+   1. Broadview      English Walnut         Black Walnut            1931
+      Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   2. Allen          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+   3. Dennis         Shagbark               Pignut                  1934
+   4. Creager        Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1934
+
+  (Hickory Block)
+   1. Fairbanks      Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1931
+   2. Rohwer         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+   3. Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1933
+      (McIntyre)
+   4. Haviland       Shellbark              Pignut                  1931
+   5. McCallister    Hican                  Pignut                  1931
+   6. Burlington     Hican                  Pignut                  1932
+   7. Des Moines     Hican                  Pignut                  1932
+   8. Creager        Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1932
+   9. Dennis         Shagbark               Pignut                  1932
+  10. Stanley        Shellbark              Pignut                  1931
+  11. Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+  12. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1931
+  13. Des Moines     Hican                  Pignut                  1932
+  14. Pleas          Hican                  Pignut                  1934
+  15. Cedar Rapids   Shagbark               Pignut                  1931
+  16. McDermid       English                Black Walnut            1933
+  17. Shinnerling    Shagbark               Pignut                  1932
+  18. Stratford      Shagbark               Pignut                  1932
+  19. Hand           Shagbark               Pignut                  1932
+  20. Rockville      Hican                  Pignut                  1931
+  21. Rohwer         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+  22. Des Moines     Hican                  Pignut                  1932
+  23. Stratford      Shagbark               Pignut                  1932
+  24. Beaver         Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1932
+  25. Gerardi        Hican                  Pignut                  1934
+  26. Creitz         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1931
+  27. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1930
+  28. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1930
+      Howell         Black Walnut
+
+  Kellogg Farm (55 acre field)
+   1. Creitz         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+   2. Rohwer         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      Stambaugh      Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      McDermid       English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+      Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   3. Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   4. Wilkinson      English Walnut         Black Walnut            1933
+   5. Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+   6. Adams          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1934
+   7. Beck           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1934
+   8. Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+   9. Franquette     English Walnut         Black Walnut            1933
+  10. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1931
+      Rohwer         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+
+  Pasture Field--
+   1. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1930
+   2. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1930
+   3. Des Moines     Hican                  Bitternut               1933
+      and Pleas      Hican                                          1934
+   4. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1931
+   5. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1931
+   6. Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+   7. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1930
+   8. Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   9. Crath No. 2    English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+  10. McDermid       English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+  11. Corsan         Chinese Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+  12. Carpenter      Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      Beck           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+  13. Grundy         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      Franquette     English Walnut         Black Walnut            1933
+
+  Kellogg Estate--
+   1. Fairbanks      Hickory Hybrid         Pignut                  1931
+   2. Crath No. 5    English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   3. Burlington     Hican                  Pignut                  1932
+   4. Stratford      Shagbark               Nursery Tree            1932
+   5. Faust          Heartnut               Japanese Walnut         1932
+   6. Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   7. Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   8. Alpine         English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   9. Turkish Hazel  Tree Hazel (colurna)   Seedling                1932
+  10. McDermid       English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+  11. Burlington     Hicans                 Pignut                  1932
+      Des Moines                                                    1933
+  12. Fairbanks      Hickory Hybrid         Pignut                  1931
+      Dennis         Shagbark                                       1931
+      Des Moines     Hicans                                         1933
+  13. Fairbanks      Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1931
+      Burlington     Hican                                          1931
+      Des Moines     Hican                                          1932
+      Stratford      Shagbark                                       1931
+
+
+
+
+  EXHIBITS
+
+
+  Mr. A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Ill.
+
+  Bitternut No. 1
+  Bitternut No. 2
+  Shagbark--Shellbark cross No. 1
+  Shagbark--Shellbark cross No. 2
+  Shagbark--Shellbark cross No. 3
+  Shagbark--Shellbark cross No. 4
+
+
+  Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind
+
+  Busseron pecan
+  Indiana pecan
+  Kentucky pecan
+  Major pecan
+  Greenriver pecan
+  Butterick pecan
+  Posey pecan
+  McCallister Hican
+
+  Hican variety Mr. Wilkinson suggests calling Bixby in honor of the late
+    Willard G. Bixby.
+  Ohio black walnut
+  Stabler black walnut
+  Thomas black walnut
+
+
+  Mr. F. H. Frey, Chicago, Ill.
+
+  Wheeling black walnut, new find by Mrs. E. W. Freel, 1932
+  Worthington black walnut, from Mrs. E. W. Freel, 1932
+  Marion black walnut, Mrs. E. W. Freel, 1932
+  Freel black walnut, Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa
+  Metcalf black walnut, from Mrs. E. W. Freel
+  Stabler walnut, "one lobe," O. H. Casper, Anna, Ill.
+  Oklahoma seedling, black walnut, evidently J. rupestris
+    (per Dr. Waite, pg. 61--1932)
+  Rohwer black walnut, from John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa
+  Grundy black walnut, from John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa
+  Kettler or Wisconsin No. 1, from Fred Kettler, Platteville, Wisc.
+  Shellbark hickory, seedling No. 1, Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa
+  Shellbark hickory, seedling No. 2, Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa
+  Cedar Rapids shagbark hickory, from S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa
+  Shinnerling shagbark hickory, from Chas. Shinnerling, Amana, Iowa
+  Hagen shagbark hickory, from S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa
+
+
+  G. H. Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario, Canada
+
+  DuChilly and other European filberts grown on his place in Canada
+  Jones hybrid filberts, corylus americana--corylus avellana
+  Photograph of Corsan nut exhibit at Canadian National Exhibition
+  Craxezy, butternut, from Union City, Mich. From Harry Burgart, Michigan
+    Nut Tree Nursery
+  Mitchel hybrid heartnut, from Scotland, Ontario
+  Stratford hickory, exhibited by Mr. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa.
+    Mr. Snyder says this is the best bearing hickory for his section
+    in Iowa.
+
+
+  Prof. J. A. Neilson, Michigan State College, E. Lansing, Mich.
+
+  Harris black walnut, Allegan, Mich.
+  Thomas black walnut
+  Everett Wiard black walnut, Ypsilanti, Mich.
+  Glen Allen black walnut, Middleville, Mich.
+  Dan Beck black walnut, Hamilton, Mich.
+  Ten Eyck black walnut
+  Adams black walnut, Scotts, Mich.
+  M. S. C. Campus heartnut, East Lansing, Mich.
+  Crawford heartnut
+  Mrs. Henry Hanel, heartnut, Williamsburg, Mich.
+  Gellatly heartnut, Westbank, B. C.
+  Lancaster heartnut, Graham Station
+  McKenzie heartnut, B. C.
+  Mitchell heartnut, Scotland, Ont.
+  Fred Bourne, heartnut, Milford, Mich.
+  W. S. Thompson heartnut, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.
+  English, Chatham, Ont.
+  Mitchell butternut, Scotland, Ont.
+  Col. B. D. Wallace butternut, Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, Can.
+  Korean pine nuts, Abbotsford, P. Q.
+  W. S. Thompson filbert, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.
+  Harry Weber hazel, R. 2, Cleves, Ohio
+  Beck English walnut, Allegan, Mich.
+  W. S. Thompson English walnut, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.
+  Larsen English walnut, Ionia, Mich.
+  English walnut, from Broadview, B. C.
+  McDermid English walnut, St. Catherines, Ont.
+  Clyde Westphal pecan, Marcellus, Mich.
+  Fairbanks hickory, grown at Grand Rapids, Mich.
+  Haviland hickory, Bath, Mich.
+  Green hickory, Battle Creek, Mich.
+  Mrs. Ray D. Mann hickory, Davison, Mich.
+  Hill hickory, Davison, Mich.
+  Lyle House hickory, Fowlerville, Mich.
+  Miller hickory, North Branch, Mich.
+  Pleas pecan and bitternut hybrid hickory
+  Burlington hican
+  Rowley chestnut, Orleans, Mich.
+  John E. Dunham, chestnut, Oshtemo, Mich.
+  Chinese chestnuts, Ridgetown, Ont.
+
+
+
+
+  REGISTRATION
+
+
+  Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Illinois
+  A. S. Colby, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
+  A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Illinois
+  Mr. Harry Burgart, Union City, Michigan
+  Mrs. Harry Burgart, Union City, Michigan
+  Mrs. Charles Halder, Ceresco, Michigan
+  Mrs. Anton Burgart, Union City, Michigan
+  Mr. Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan
+  Mrs. Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan
+  Carl F. Walker, Cleveland Heights, Ohio
+  Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.
+  Mrs. Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.
+  Homer L. Bradley, Kellogg Farm, Augusta, Michigan
+  J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Indiana
+  G. H. Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario
+  Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
+  Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
+  Oliver T. Healy, Union City, Michigan
+  Mrs. Anna H. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan
+  John T. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan
+  Mrs. John T. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan
+  S. E. Monroe, Chicago, Illinois
+  J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Michigan
+  Mrs. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Michigan
+  Mrs. C. M. McCrary, Augusta, Michigan
+  C. M. McCrary, Augusta, Michigan
+  Mildred M. Jones, Jones Nurseries, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
+  Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio
+  Mrs. Harry Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio
+  D. C. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa
+  W. K. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Rollin H. Tabor, Mt. Vernon, Ohio
+  George L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y.
+  L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York.
+  L. Housser, Cloverdale, Ontario
+  Fae Noverr, Enquirer and News, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vermont
+  Joan Deming, Hartford, Connecticut
+  Mrs. Oliver Healy, Union City, Michigan
+  Mr. Howard W. Harris, Allegan, Michigan. R. D. No. 7
+  Mr. Scott Healy, Otsego, Michigan. R. F. D. No. 2
+  Mrs. Scott Healy, Otsego, Michigan. R. F. D. No. 2
+  Glen Grunner, Coldwater, Michigan. R. D. No. 3
+  Leon Ford, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Marshall Moon, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Dean Phillips, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Lawrence Poole, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Evelyn Alwood, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Martha Richmond, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Irene VaVn De Bogart, Vicksburg, Michigan
+  Cleone Wells, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Herbert Bush, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Dorothy Jenney, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Cecelia Plushnik, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Vernice Fox, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Edward A. Malasky, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  C. A. Reed, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+  T. V. Hicks, Battle Creek, Michigan. R. 3
+  Norman Crittenden, Galesburg, Michigan
+  Arnold G. Otto, Detroit, Michigan
+  Miss Mary Barber, Kellogg Co., Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Professor V. R. Gardner, M. S. C., East Lansing, Michigan
+  H. A. Cardinell, M. S. C., East Lansing, Michigan
+  E. P. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio
+  Lila M. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio
+  Dora E. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio
+  H. W. Kaan, Wellesley, Massachusetts
+  R. S. Galbreath, Huntington, Indiana
+  Mrs. R. S. Galbreath, Huntington, Indiana
+  Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Connecticut
+  Everett Wiard, Ypsilanti, Michigan
+  Mrs. E. Wiard, Ypsilanti, Michigan
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS AND BULLETINS ON NORTHERN NUT GROWING
+
+
+1. Nut Culture in the United States, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1896.
+Out of print and out of date but of great interest.
+
+2. The Nut Culturist, Fuller, pub. Orange Judd Co., N. Y., 1906. Out of
+print and out of date, but a systematic and well written treatise. These
+two books are the classics of American nut growing.
+
+3. Nut Growing, Dr. Robert T. Morris, pub. MacMillan, N. Y. 2nd edition
+1931, price $2.50. The modern authority, written in the author's
+entertaining and stimulating style.
+
+4. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1501, 1926, Nut Tree Propagation, C. A. Reed,
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A very
+full bulletin with many illustrations.
+
+5. Tree Crops, Dr. J. Russell Smith, pub. Harcourt, Brace & Co., N. Y.,
+1929, price $4.00. Includes the nut crop.
+
+6. Annual reports of the Northern Nut Growers' Association from 1911 to
+date. To be had from the secretary. Prices on request.
+
+7. Bulletin No. 5, Northern Nut Growers' Association, by W. G. Bixby.
+2nd edition, 1920. To be had from the secretary. Price 50 cents.
+
+8. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1392, Black Walnut Culture for both Timber and
+Nut Production. To be had from the Supt. of Documents, Gov. Printing
+Office, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents.
+
+9. Year Book Separate No. 1004, 1927, a brief article on northern nut
+growing, by C. A. Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+10. Filberts--G. A. Slate--Bulletin No. 588, New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y., December, 1930.
+
+11. Leaflet No. 84, 1932, Planting Black Walnut, W. R. Mattoon and C. A.
+Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+12. Harvesting and Marketing the Native Nut Crops of the North, by C. A.
+Reed, 1932, mimeographed bulletin, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+13. Dealers in Black Walnut Kernels, mimeographed bulletin by C. A.
+Reed, 1931, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington,
+D. C.
+
+14. Eastern Nursery Catalogues Listing Nut Trees, mimeographed leaflet
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+15. Twenty Years Progress in Northern Nut Culture. A 48-page booklet of
+valuable information and instruction by John W. Hershey. Nuticulturist,
+Downingtown, Penna. Price 25 cents.
+
+16. Files of The American Nut Journal, to be had from the publishers,
+American Nurseryman Publishing Co., 39 State St., Rochester, N. Y.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Northern Nut Growers Association,
+           Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting 1934.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting
+       Battle Creek, Michigan, September 10 and 11, 1934
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: March 25, 2007 [EBook #20903]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NUT GROWERS 25TH ANNUAL MEETING ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo, Janet
+Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class='center'>DISCLAIMER</p>
+
+<p>The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are
+not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is
+intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not
+mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may
+have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide
+applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current
+label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion
+of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut
+trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular
+time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1> NORTHERN</h1>
+  <h1>NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h1>
+
+<h3><i>INCORPORATED</i></h3>
+
+  <h4><i>Affiliated with</i></h4>
+  <h2><i>THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY</i></h2>
+
+  <h2>REPORT</h2>
+  <h2>OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE</h2>
+  <h2>Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting</h2>
+
+
+  <h3>BATTLE CREEK, MICH.</h3>
+  <h3>SEPTEMBER 10 and 11,</h3>
+  <h3>1934</h3>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Officers, Directors and Committees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>State Vice-Presidents</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>List of Members</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Constitution</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>By-Laws</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The President</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Convention</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Address of Welcome by W. K. Kellogg</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report of Secretary</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report of Treasurer</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Reports of Standing Committees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Business Session</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Dietetic Importance of Nuts&mdash;Dr. John Harvey Kellogg</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Culture Work of the Living Tree Guild&mdash;Miss Dorothy Sawyer</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Progress report on Nut Growing in the Ithaca, N. Y. region&mdash;Dr. L. H. MacDaniels</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Some Random Notes on Nut Culture&mdash;D. C. Snyder</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Winter Injury of Filberts at Geneva, 1933-34&mdash;Prof. G. L. Slate</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes on Hickories&mdash;A. B. Anthony</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Letter from Rev. Paul C. Crath&mdash;Poland</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Chestnut Situation in Illinois&mdash;Dr. A. S. Colby</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report on Commercial Cracking and Merchandising of Black Walnuts&mdash;H. F. Stokes</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Culture in Ontario&mdash;George Corsan</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Growing on a Commercial Basis&mdash;Miss Amelia Riehl</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Some Notes on the Hardiness of the English Walnut in Michigan and Ontario&mdash;Prof. J. A. Neilson</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Tree Prospects in the Tennessee Valley&mdash;John W. Hershey</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Some New Hicans and Pecans&mdash;J. G. Duis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Some Old Friends&mdash;Dr. W. C. Deming</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Growing in Vermont&mdash;Zenas H. Ellis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Roll Call of the Nuts&mdash;Dr. W. C. Deming</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Culture in the North&mdash;J. F. Wilkinson</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Varieties of Nut Trees for the Northernmost Zone&mdash;C. A. Reed</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes on the TOUR, Tuesday September11, 1934</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Address of Prof. V. R. Gardner, Director, Experiment Station at Michigan State College, East Lansing</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The 1934 Ohio Black Walnut Contest&mdash;Carl F. Walker</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mr. Ellis' Report as Delegate to Paris Horticultural Exposition</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report of Resolutions Committee</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Communications from:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. U. Gellatley</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">B. D. Wallace</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vera Nekiassena</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Divisional Forest Officer&mdash;Kashmir</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">John W. Hershey</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. E. W. Freel</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Geo. W. Gibbens</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fred Kettler</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Telegram to Dr. Morris</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Catalogue of Nut trees in Kellogg Plantings</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Exhibits at Convention</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Attendance</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Books and Bulletins on Northern Nut Growing</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Advertisement&mdash;"Hobbies Magazine"</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OFFICERS_OF_THE_ASSOCIATION" id="OFFICERS_OF_THE_ASSOCIATION"></a>OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION">
+<tr><td align='left'><i>President.</i> <span class="smcap">Frank H. Frey, Room 930, la Salle St. Station, Chicago, Ill.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Vice-President.</i> <span class="smcap">Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, 32 South 13th St., Harrisburg, Pa.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Secretary.</i> <span class="smcap">Geo. L. Slate, State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Treasurer.</i>. <span class="smcap">Carl F. Walker, 2851 E. Overlook Road, Cleveland Heights, Ohio</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<h3><i>DIRECTORS</i></h3>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Frank H. Frey, Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Geo. L. Slate, Carl F. Walker,<br />
+Prof. J. A. Neilson, D. C. Snyder.</span></p>
+
+
+<h3><i>EDITOR OF PUBLICATIONS</i></h3>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Dr. W. C. Deming</span></p>
+
+<h3><i>COMMITTEES</i></h3>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="COMMITTEES">
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Executive.</i> <span class="smcap">Frank H. Frey, Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Geo. L. Slate, Carl F. Walker, Prof. J. A. Neilson, D. C. Snyder.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Auditing.</i> <span class="smcap">Zenas H. Ellis, H. Burgart.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Finance.</i> <span class="smcap">T. P. Littlepage, Dr. W. C. Deming, H. R. Weber.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Press and Publication</i>. <span class="smcap">Dr. W. C. Deming, Karl W. Greene, Dr. J. Russell Smith, Zenas H. Ellis, Geo. L. Slate.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Membership.</i> <span class="smcap">Col. L. H. Mitchell, Miss Dorothy C. Sawyer, J. U. Gellatly, D. C. Snyder, Carl F. Walker.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Program.</i> <span class="smcap">J. F. Wilkinson, Dr. W. C. Deming, C. A. Reed, Karl W. Greene, H. R. Weber.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hybrids and Promising Seedlings.</i> <span class="smcap">Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Prof. N. F. Drake, Miss Amelia Riehl, H. F. Stoke, J. F. Wilkinson, C. A. Reed.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Survey.</i> <span class="smcap">C. A. Reed, Carl F. Walker, Dr. A. S. Colby, H. F. Stoke, Dr. L. H. Mac Daniels, Dr. W. C. Deming.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Exhibits.</i> <span class="smcap">H. R. Weber, Miss Mildred Jones, Prof. A. S. Colby.</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>DEAN OF THE ASSOCIATION</i></h3>
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York and Connecticut.</span></p>
+
+<h3><i>FIELD SECRETARY</i></h3>
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vermont.</span></p>
+
+<h3><i>OFFICIAL JOURNAL</i></h3>
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">American Fruit Grower, 1370 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="STATE_VICE-PRESIDENTS" id="STATE_VICE-PRESIDENTS"></a>STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="80%" cellspacing="0" summary="STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS">
+<tr><td align='left'>Argentina, S. A.</td><td align='left'>Francisco M. Croce</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arkansas</td><td align='left'>Prof. N. F. Drake</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>California</td><td align='left'>Will J. Thorpe</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Canada</td><td align='left'>J. U. Gellatly</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Canal Zone</td><td align='left'>L. C. Leighton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut</td><td align='left'>Dr. W. C. Deming</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dist. of Columbia</td><td align='left'>L. H. Mitchell</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Illinois</td><td align='left'>Dr. A. S. Colby</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='left'>J. F. Wilkinson</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iowa</td><td align='left'>D. C. Snyder</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kansas</td><td align='left'>W. P. Orth</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='left'>E. C. Rice</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='left'>T. P. Littlepage</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts</td><td align='left'>James H. Bowditch</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Michigan</td><td align='left'>Harry Burgart</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minnesota</td><td align='left'>Carl Weschcke</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Missouri</td><td align='left'>J. W. Schmid</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nebraska</td><td align='left'>William Caha</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Jersey</td><td align='left'>Lee W. Jaques</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York</td><td align='left'>Prof. L. H. MacDaniels</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='left'>Harry R. Weber</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oregon</td><td align='left'>C. E. Schuster</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='left'>John Rick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rhode Island</td><td align='left'>Philip Allen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vermont</td><td align='left'>Zenas H. Ellis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='left'>Dr. J. Russel Smith</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Washington</td><td align='left'>Major H. B. Ferris</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>West Virginia</td><td align='left'>Andrew Cross</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wisconsin</td><td align='left'>Lt. G. H. Turner</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="NORTHERN_NUT_GROWERS_ASSOCIATION" id="NORTHERN_NUT_GROWERS_ASSOCIATION"></a>NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION</h2>
+
+<h2>List of Members as of January 1, 1935</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Members as of January 1, 1935">
+<tr><td align='left'>ARGENTINA, S. A.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Croce, Francisco M., Mendoza</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>ARKANSAS</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Drake, Prof. N. F., Fayetteville</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>CALIFORNIA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thorpe, William J., 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>CANADA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chipman, G. F., "The Country Guide," Winnipeg, Manitoba</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gage, J. H., 107 Flatt Ave., Hamilton, Ont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gellatly, J. U., West Bank, B. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Middleton, M. S., Esq., District Horticulturist, Vernon, B. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>CANAL ZONE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Leighton, L. C., Box 1452, Cristobal</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>CONNECTICUT</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bartlett, F. A., F. A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co., Stamford</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beeman, Henry W., New Preston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 Owen St., Hartford</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Little, Norman B., Rocky Hill</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Morris, Dr. Robert T., Merribrooke, R. F. D., Stamford</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rowley, Dr. John C., 1046 Asylum St., Hartford</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Southworth, Geo. F., Milford</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Forest Pathology, Plant Industry, U. S. D. A., Wash.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Greene, Karl W., 2203 Foxhall Rd., N. W., Washington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Littlepage, Thomas P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mitchell, Col. Lennard H., 2219 California St., N. W., Washington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Reed, C. A., Dep't of Agriculture, Washington</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>ILLINOIS</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Anthony, A. B., R. F. D. No. 3, Sterling</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bontz, Mrs. Lillian, General Delivery, Peoria</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Frey, Frank H., Room 930, LaSalle St. Station, Chicago</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oakes Royal, Bluffs</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ramsdell, T. A., Hotel Galt, Sterling</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Riehl, Miss Amelia, Evergreen Heights, Godfrey</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Spencer, Mrs. May R., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>INDIANA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Galbreath, Dr. R. S., 16 W. Washington St., Huntington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minton, Charles F., 825 South Jefferson St., Huntington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>IOWA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Helmick, J. K., Columbus Junction</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iowa State Horticultural Society, State House, Des Moines</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Johnson, Mrs. R. T., Knoxville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rohrbacher, Wm., 811 East College St., Iowa City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Schlagenbusch Bros., Route No. 3, Ft. Madison</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Snyder, D. C., Center Point</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Van Meter, W. L., Adel</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>KANSAS</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Orth, W. P., Mt. Hope</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>KENTUCKY</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Horine, Dr. Emmet F., 523 Breslin Medical Bldg., Louisville</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rice, E. C., Absher</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>MARYLAND</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Close, Dr. C. P., College Park</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hahn, Albert G., Route No. 6, Bethesda</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mehring, Upton F., Keymar</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Purnell, J. Edgar, Box 24, Salisbury</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>MASSACHUSETTS</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Allen, Edward E., Hotel Ambassador, Cambridge</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont St., Boston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brown, Daniel L., 60 State St., Boston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hale, Richard W., 60 State St., Boston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kaan, Dr. Helen W., Wellesley College, Wellesley</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Putnam, Mrs. Ellen M., 129 Babson St., Mattapan</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ryan, Henry E., Sunderland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Smith, Leon C., 60 Day Ave., Westfield</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wellman, Sargeant H., Windridge, Topsfield</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>MICHIGAN</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bradley, Homer L., 56 Manchester St., Battle Creek</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Route No. 2, Union City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Healey, Scott, Route No. 2, Otsego</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Healy, Oliver T., Michigan Nut Nursery, Route No. 2, Union City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>*** Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey, 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>*** Kellogg, W. K., Battle Creek</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Morrison, J. Robert, Paw Paw</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Neilson, Prof. J. A., Michigan State College, E. Lansing</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stocking, Frederick N., 3456 Cadillac St., Detroit</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wieber, Frank A., Fowler</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>MINNESOTA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Andrews, Miss Frances E., 245 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Weschcke, Carl, 98 Wabasha St., St. Paul</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>MISSOURI</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Schmid, J. W., 615 S. Holland, Springfield</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>NEBRASKA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Caha, Wm., Wahoo</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>NEW JERSEY</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Buckwalter, Alan R., Flemington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Orner, George D., 751 Ridgewood Rd., Maplewood</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>NEW YORK</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bennett, F. H., 19 East 92nd St., New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Collins, Joseph N., 335 W. 87th St., New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cooke, Frank S., 341 Bowery, New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Crysdale, Stanley A., Route No. 5, Auburn</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Curtis, Elroy, 58 Worth St., New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ellwanger, Mrs. Wm. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Graham, S. H., Route No. 5, Ithaca</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Huntington, A. M., 3 East 89th St., New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kelly, Mortimer B., 17 Battery Place, New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., c/o Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Montgomery, Robert H., 385 Madison Ave., New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pickhardt, Dr. Otto C., 117 East 80th St., New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sawyer, Miss Dorothy C., Living Tree Guild, 468 Fourth Ave., N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sefton, Pennington, 94 Lake Ave., Auburn</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Slate, Geo. L., State Agricultural Exp. Station, Geneva</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Smith, Gilbert L., State School, Wassaic</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tice, David, Lockport</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tukey, Dr. Harold B., State Agricultural Exp. Station, Geneva</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., 9 W. 54th St., New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>OHIO</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Canaday, Ward M., Home Bank Bldg., Toledo</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cranz, Eugene F., Mount Tom Farm, Ira</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fickes, W. R., Route No. 7, Wooster</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gerber, E. P., Route No. 1, Apple Creek</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Park, Dr. J. B., Ohio State University, Columbus</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tabor, Rollin H., Mount Vernon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thorton, Willis, Fenway Hall Hotel, Cleveland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland Heights</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>OREGON</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>PENNSYLVANIA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Baum, Dr. F. L., Yellow House</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gebhardt, F. C., 140 East 29th St., Erie</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hershey, John W., Downingtown</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hostetter, C. F., Bird-In-Hand</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hostetter, L. K., Route No. 5, Lancaster</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jones Nurseries, J. F., Lancaster, Box 356</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kaufman, M. M., Clarion</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Leach, Will, Cornell Bldg., Scranton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>McIntyre, A. C., Dep't of Forestry, State College</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Miller, Herbert, Pinecrest Poultry Farms, Richfield</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ruhl, A. W., Langhorne Terrace, Langhorne</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore, Pa., 550 Elm Ave.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., Muncy</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Wister, John C., Clarkson Ave. &amp; Wister Sts., Germantown</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., 32 So. 13th St., Harrisburg</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>RHODE ISLAND</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>** Allen, Phillip, 178 Dorance St., Providence</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>VERMONT</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Aldrich, A. W., Route No. 3, Springfield</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Elfgren, Ivar P., 11 Sheldon Place, Rutland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>* Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>VIRGINIA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ricketts, E. T., Box 168-D, Route No. 5, Alexandria</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stoke, H. F., 1421 Watts Ave., Roanoke</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>WASHINGTON</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ferris, Major Hiram B., P. O. Box 74, Spokane</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>WEST VIRGINIA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cross, Andrew, Ripley</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>WISCONSIN</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Turner, Lieut. G. H., 932 Prospect Ave., Portage</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+     <h4>* Life Member</h4>
+
+    <h4>** Contributing Member</h4>
+
+    <h4>*** Honorary Member</h4>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONSTITUTION" id="CONSTITUTION"></a>CONSTITUTION</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> I</h4>
+
+<p><i>Name.</i> This Society shall be known as the <span class="smcap">Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Incorporated.</span></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> II</h4>
+
+<p><i>Object.</i> Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
+plants, their products and their culture.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> III</h4>
+
+<p><i>Membership.</i> Membership in this society shall be open to all persons
+who desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of
+residence or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the
+committee on membership.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> IV</h4>
+
+<p><i>Officers.</i> There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary
+and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting;
+and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the
+two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the
+treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president from
+each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of the
+association, who shall be appointed by the president.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> V</h4>
+
+<p><i>Election of Officers.</i> A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+following year.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> VI</h4>
+
+<p><i>Meetings.</i> The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> VII</h4>
+
+<p><i>Quorum.</i> Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but
+must include two of the four elected officers.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> VIII</h4>
+
+<p><i>Amendments.</i> This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of
+the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment
+having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the
+proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member
+thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BY-LAWS" id="BY-LAWS"></a>BY-LAWS</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> I</h4>
+
+<p><i>Committees.</i> The Association shall appoint standing committees as
+follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and
+publication, on exhibits, on hybrids, on survey, and an auditing
+committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the
+Association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> II</h4>
+
+<p><i>Fees.</i> Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing
+members shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one
+payment of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues and will
+be entitled to same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall
+be exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who
+leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association will entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided; that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest or the donation.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> III</h4>
+
+<p><i>Membership.</i> All annual memberships shall begin either with the first
+day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the
+Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding
+that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> IV</h4>
+
+<p><i>Amendments.</i> By-laws may be amended by a two-third vote of members
+present at any annual meeting.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> V</h4>
+
+<p>Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are
+due, and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second
+notice, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of
+non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the annual report.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third
+notice shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are paid
+within ten days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be
+dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img010.jpg"  width="650" height="423" alt="CONFUCIUS" title="" /></div>
+<h4>THE PRESIDENT&mdash;Frank H. Frey</h4><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Report_of_the_Proceedings_at_the_Twenty-fifth_Annual_Convention" id="Report_of_the_Proceedings_at_the_Twenty-fifth_Annual_Convention"></a>Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-fifth Annual Convention</h2>
+
+<h4><i>of the</i></h4>
+
+<h2>Northern Nut Growers Association</h2>
+
+<p class='center'>(INCORPORATED)</p>
+
+<h4><i>September 10, 11, 1934</i></h4>
+
+<h4>BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN</h4>
+
+<p>The first session convened at 9:30 A. M., September 10, at the Kellogg
+Hotel with President Frey in the chair.</p>
+
+<p><i>The President:</i></p>
+
+<p>This is the twenty-fifth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, our silver anniversary. Fifteen years ago the convention
+was held in this city. We are glad to be back again and happy to have
+with us Mr. W. K. Kellogg who has consented to extend a welcome.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Kellogg</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I am glad to welcome this association, and you as individuals, to Battle
+Creek. A year ago when an invitation was sent you thru Professor Neilson
+to make this your meeting place for 1934, we were very much pleased to
+have the invitation accepted. Now that we have the pleasure of your
+presence we hope you may have an enjoyable and profitable time.</p>
+
+<p>Battle Creek was undoubtedly put on the map many years ago by the Battle
+Creek Sanitarium and has since been kept prominently before the public
+by the extensive advertising that has been done by the companies located
+here which manufacture ready-to-eat foods. The records indicate that
+more than 15,000 carloads of these foods are shipped every year to
+almost every country on the globe. More than 4,500 people are given
+employment. So much for the magic words, "Battle Creek."</p>
+
+<p>My interest in nuts dates from my earliest recollection when my father
+took the children nutting. In the evening we often gathered around the
+kerosene lamp, the kitchen stove and father with an inverted flat iron
+in his lap and a pan of Ohio hickory nuts near by. These, accompanied by
+some red-cheeked apples, entertained us royally. No movies in those
+days. About ten or twelve years ago Mrs. Kellogg and I had the
+opportunity of listening to a talk by Mr. George Hebden Corsan, Sr. He
+devoted considerable time to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> subject of nut culture, mentioning his
+own experiences in Canada and also the work of Mr. John F. Jones of
+Lancaster, Pennsylvania. A few years later Mr. Corsan became associated
+with the Bird Sanctuary enterprise, a few miles west of Battle Creek,
+and very shortly thereafter was talking nut culture. The result was we
+began to order nut trees by the carloads.</p>
+
+<p>With this beginning it was only a year or two when Mr. Corsan told me of
+the wonderful experience, as well as the ability, of Professor Neilson
+of Toronto in nut culture. As you are doubtless aware Professor Neilson
+decided to locate in Michigan and he made a connection with the Michigan
+Agricultural College at Lansing. Professor Neilson is present and better
+prepared to tell you of the work that has been accomplished thru his
+efforts during the last five years. He may also have an opportunity of
+showing you the results of some of his work in nut grafting.</p>
+
+<p>Now just a word furthermore with reference to this wonderful town of
+Battle Creek which in 1932 celebrated its centennial. With the exception
+of Detroit, Chicago and New York, there is probably no city so well
+known the world over as Battle Creek, this having been accomplished thru
+the advertising of the sanitarium since its establishment in 1865, and
+the advertising of ready-to-eat cereal foods for more than forty years,
+during which time the magic words "Battle Creek" have appeared on
+packages of cereals, in newspapers, magazines and other advertising more
+than six billion times. One of the food factories located in Battle
+Creek frequently prints, fills and ships more than 1,500,000 packages
+per day, or the equivalent of 40 carloads. This same factory gives
+employment to more than 2,200 people, none of whom work more than six
+hours per day. This six hour plan has been established more than 3-1/2
+years and the minimum wage paid per hour to the men is 67 cents.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, I must admit that most of my interest in nut culture has
+been by proxy. Professor Neilson and Mr. Corsan are both with us today
+and no doubt will have an opportunity of showing you some of the
+progress that has been made in the vicinity of Wintergreen and Gull
+Lakes, the State Agricultural Farm and the Kellogg Ranch.</p>
+
+<p>We assure you it has been a pleasure to have you with us on this
+occasion and we should be glad to have your convention meet with us
+annually. You have my best wishes for the continued success and
+prosperity of the Northern Nut Growers' Association.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><i>The Vice-President</i>,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Zimmerman</span>:</p>
+
+<p>It will be rather a difficult task to respond to an address of welcome
+of such a notable character as Mr. Kellogg's. However, I want to express
+my sincere appreciation for being commissioned to respond to such a
+hearty welcome.</p>
+
+<p>I'm glad to be here for several other reasons. First, because this
+association represents a number of people who in themselves represent
+different lines of action. We have first the men and women who are in
+this association from an experimental standpoint. We have also a number
+who are here with a commercial planting standpoint. Then we have another
+group that represents the growing and selling of nut trees. But, in
+addition to that and most important of all, we have another set that
+represents the consuming pub<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>lic, notably Mr. Kellogg and his brother.
+About their work there need not be a great deal said.</p>
+
+<p>I remember, when I first began to become interested in nut culture, I
+wrote to Dr. J. H. Kellogg. I don't remember at the present time where
+he said his plantings were, but I wrote to him in connection with
+pecans, and he said he had a grove of them planted. He said they were
+quite large but they hadn't borne and he believed that they would not
+bear in this section because it was so far north. He advised me to get
+in communication with Mr. J. H. Jones. That was practically the
+information I got from everybody I wrote to, so I went to see Mr. Jones.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kellogg has advanced the idea of nuts as food. Not only that but he
+has continuously stood for the belief that they are more suitable for
+human food than many of the proteins of animal nature. In addition to
+that he publishes one of the best health magazines in the country. Dr.
+Kellogg is putting out a health magazine that is further advanced than
+any other magazine that I know of. It gives me great pleasure to respond
+to the address of welcome and I wish to thank Mr. Kellogg on the part of
+the association and myself.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Report_of_the_Secretary_for_1934" id="Report_of_the_Secretary_for_1934"></a>Report of the Secretary for 1934</h2>
+
+
+<p>The present secretary assumed office in September 1933 without the
+benefit of previous membership in the association and knowledge of its
+affairs. Considerable time has been spent in getting acquainted with
+these affairs. President Frey, Mr. Reed, and Dr. Deming have been
+especially helpful in orienting the secretary and assisting in answering
+correspondence. The late Mr. Russell, and his successor, Mr. Walker,
+have handled all matters referred to them in a prompt and efficient
+manner. Much credit is due to Mrs. Russell for the efficient manner in
+which she attended to the treasurer's duties during Mr. Russell's
+illness.</p>
+
+<p>One of the chief duties of the secretary is the answering of
+correspondence pertaining to association affairs and inquiries regarding
+nut culture. A total of 175 letters were written for the association.
+Fifty-three were to the officers and Mr. Reed regarding association
+affairs, while 122 concerned nut cultural problems and memberships. A
+number of letters were referred to Mr. Reed and a few to Prof.
+MacDaniels for reply. In addition to the correspondence addressed to the
+association regarding nuts, an equal or larger number of inquiries
+concerning nuts addressed to the station were also answered. A list of
+names of people interested in nuts, but not members of the association,
+is being accumulated from this correspondence.</p>
+
+<p>The circular describing the association and its work was reprinted and a
+list of nut nurseries and tree seedsmen prepared by Mr. Reed was
+mimeographed. These were enclosed in all association and station letters
+sent to non-members in answer to nut inquiries. Their effect in bringing
+in new members and their influence on the sale of nut trees is of course
+unknown. Dr. MacDaniels and Dr. Colby also used these circulars in
+correspondence.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A list of available publications on nut culture has also been prepared
+and will be mimeographed shortly.</p>
+
+<p>A campaign to sell many of the surplus reports of the association was
+planned, but owing to unforeseen obstacles the reports were not
+available and the plans for selling them were shelved until after this
+meeting. If the reports are soon assembled at Geneva it is planned to
+circularize agricultural and horticultural libraries and attempt to
+place complete or nearly complete sets in as many as possible.
+Attractive prices will be made on sets of those reports of which we have
+an oversupply.</p>
+
+<p>A mimeographed list of cions available from the Bixby collection was
+prepared at Mr. Reed's suggestion and sent to all members and other
+interested persons. Mrs. Bixby received as many copies as she needed.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. T. Bregger, editor of the American Fruit Grower, has cooperated
+with the secretary in publishing notes pertaining to association
+activities. He is desirous of publishing articles on nut culture. It is
+to be hoped that contributions may be received from members interested
+in various phases of nut growing. Other publications are eager for
+articles on all phases of horticulture. If nut culture is to receive its
+due publicity more than a few must take their pens in hand.</p>
+
+<p>It is with great regret and sadness that the death on April 27, 1934, of
+our treasurer, Newton H. Russell, is recorded. His enthusiasm, interest
+and kindly personality will be greatly missed. He was very active in
+promoting nut culture in Massachusetts. We have lost a valuable member.</p>
+
+<p>The discontinuance of the National Nut News leaves us without an
+official organ. This is a serious handicap to our work. The stimulation
+of interest provided by the regular arrival of a publication containing
+the latest news and newest developments in our field, is a valuable aid
+in nut culture and association activities. The provision of such a
+medium is one of our most pressing problems.</p>
+
+<p>Our membership is at a low point and should be doubled. The secretary is
+desirous of cooperating with the membership committee in a campaign to
+increase the membership. With our dues at their present low figure it
+should not be difficult to interest many in the association. Such a
+campaign should follow several lines.</p>
+
+<p>First: Every member should attempt to secure additional members.</p>
+
+<p>Second: Many who dropped out when dues were high should be invited to
+return.</p>
+
+<p>Third: Attempts should be made to contact certain groups. All of the
+northern experiment stations and agricultural colleges should have a
+member of their horticultural department in the association. Groups such
+as doctors, lawyers, nurserymen, farmers and others should be informed
+of the association and what it offers to each.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth: The agricultural college and experiment station libraries should
+be induced to take out memberships and bring their sets of reports up to
+date.</p>
+
+<p>Such a campaign is more than one person can handle, and several should
+participate in it.<br /><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+  <h2>Treasurer's Report</h2>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="Treasurer's Report">
+<tr><th align='center'>Year Ending August 31, 1934</th></tr>
+<tr><th align='center'>RECEIPTS</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Annual Memberships</td><td align='right'>$266.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Contributing Memberships</td><td align='right'>10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sale of Reports</td><td align='right'>29.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sale of Bulletins</td><td align='right'>2.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>For Subscriptions to National Nut News</td><td align='right'>8.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>_______</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td><td align='right'>$316.00</td><td align='right'>$316.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='center'>DISBURSEMENTS</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Reprints, K. W. Greene (for Mr. Bixby)</td><td align='right'>$ 21.10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Printing 1931 Report, Balance, American Fruits Pub. Co.</td><td align='right'>50.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Subscriptions, National Nut News</td><td align='right'>18.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Printing 1932 Report, Lightner Pub. Corp.</td><td align='right'>200.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Expenses Downingtown Convention, J. W. Hershey</td><td align='right'>13.82</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Membership Dues, American Horticultural Society</td><td align='right'>2.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Expense Handling Surplus Reports, C. A. Reed</td><td align='right'>9.69</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Advertising, Lightner Pub. Corp.</td><td align='right'>4.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Printing 1933 Report, Lightner Pub. Corp.</td><td align='right'>125.32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Release Expense of Account with Litchfield Savings Society</td><td align='right'>1.68</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Loss on Check</td><td align='right'>2.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Postage, F. H. Frey</td><td align='right'>12.10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Postage and Miscl. Expense for 1933 Report, F. H. Frey</td><td align='right'>19.92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mimeographing, G. L. Slate</td><td align='right'>2.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Printing, Postage and Supplies, C. F. Walker</td><td align='right'>12.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Check Charges &amp; Taxes</td><td align='right'>.68</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>_______</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td><td align='right'>$495.01</td><td align='right'>$495.01</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Excess of Disbursements over Receipts</span></td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$179.01</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='center'>CASH ACCOUNT</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cash on hand or in bank as reported as of Aug. 31, 1933</td><td align='right'>$306.01</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Account in Litchfield Savings Society as of Aug. 31, 1933</td><td align='right'>15.94</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>_______</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total cash on hand or in bank as of Aug. 31, 1933</span></td><td align='right'>$321.95</td><td align='right'>$321.95</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Excess of Disbursements over Receipts</span></td><td align='right'>179.01</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>_______</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Balance, Cash in bank, August 31, 1934</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$142.94</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Accounts, Due or Payable</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>None</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>Press and Publication Committee</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>We have had one or two articles in each issue of the National
+Horticultural Magazine, published by the American Horticultural Society
+in Washington. The editor has promised to have in each issue of his
+magazine something relating to nuts. He is particularly anxious to get
+short articles with a single illustration, articles about a page long
+which will attract attention, be easy to read and stimulate interest in
+nuts. I would be glad to receive articles of that nature for submission
+to the editor.</p>
+
+<p>It is unfortunate that we no longer have an official journal, the
+National Nut News having gone out of existence. We have an opportunity
+to make the American Fruit Grower, with which we have been acquainted a
+good many years, our official journal, and that will come up in the
+course of this meeting.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>Membership Committee</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Walker</span>:</p>
+
+<p>From our increase in membership&mdash;forty new members&mdash;and from their
+addresses, one is able to judge of the work of Prof. Neilson, he being
+very active in obtaining new members. There are others of our members
+who also have been active and to whom credit is due for the increase in
+membership.</p>
+
+<p>An analysis of the membership of the past six years indicates that we
+are on the increase again. We have retained over 90% of those who were
+members last year. I feel as though we need not try to get everybody in
+the world to plant nut trees. But there is no reason why we should not
+greatly increase our membership.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>Program Committee</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Neilson</span>:</p>
+
+<p>At nine o'clock tomorrow morning busses will be at the hotel to take us
+to the Kellogg plant. About 10:30 we will proceed to the sanitarium. We
+will try and meet at the Kellogg Hotel at 12:00 P.M. where we are to be
+the guest of Mr. W. K. Kellogg for luncheon. After lunch, at one
+o'clock, we will board the busses and proceed to the Kellogg farm. At
+the farm we will look over the buildings for a few minutes, call at the
+Kellogg School, and then stop for a few moments and look over our
+bittersweet plantation. Then we will go on to the Kellogg Bird Sanctuary
+and see what is being done there in conserving wild fowl.</p>
+
+<p>After we leave the sanctuary we will visit a block of about fifteen
+acres of hickory trees, where I have been doing top working experiments
+for the last three or four years. Then we will inspect our variety
+plantation of nut trees and proceed to Mr. Kellogg's estate. At 5:30 the
+Kellogg Company will provide motor boats to take us for a cruise on Gull
+Lake. At 6:30 we will have our dinner at Bunbury Inn on Gull Lake and
+then have a few addresses and a business session.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>Report of Committee on Hybrids and Promising Seedlings</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Zimmerman</span>:</p>
+
+<p>One or two interesting seedlings have come to our attention during the
+past year. One a hickory nut that was drawn to the attention of the
+Pennsylvania Nut Growers' Association January last. It is a rather good
+nut and bears very well. I think Mr. Hershey has some of the trees for
+sale.</p>
+
+<p>The other, a very interesting shellbark, came to my attention. The nut
+is large, the best cracker for a shellbark that I have seen, the tree
+itself is beautiful and, although the party who owns it says it bears
+every other year, it seems to me to produce a good many nuts every year
+that I have seen it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Another, probably worthless, but interesting, seems to me to be an
+English walnut x butternut hybrid. The party insists she planted walnuts
+from a typical English walnut tree, but the trees from these nuts, of
+which there are a number bearing small nuts, certainly have the earmarks
+of the butternut. These plants will be kept under observation and a
+later report given concerning them.</p>
+
+<p>We have a number of first generation hybrids, but so far as I am aware
+we have no second or following generation hybrids in the nut line. It
+seems to me that if we plant a lot of the nuts from these first
+generation hybrids and, when the plants are large enough, distribute
+them to parties who will give them space and care for them until they
+come into bearing, somebody sooner or later will get hold of some
+valuable material. Work along this line I expect to advance through our
+committee as rapidly as practical. It seems to me that the seedlings of
+our first generation hybrids should not be destroyed as has frequently
+been done in the past.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Neilson</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I have seen quite a few hybrids between the heartnut and the butternut.
+I believe the Mitchel is about the best.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. MacDaniels</span>:</p>
+
+<p>We found that the tree had stood the winter very well and that it was
+bearing a good crop. We brought along a few samples labeled the Mitchel
+hybrid heartnut. It looked to me to be a promising nut.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Neilson</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mitchel thought it was a worthless butternut. I told Mr. Mitchel
+that I thought it was well worth saving and I hope that one of these
+days we shall succeed in propagating it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stokes, in Virginia, has located some black walnuts that will be
+excellent. Mr. Hershey's name and work have been mentioned. He writes me
+that the territory of the Tennessee Valley is a wonderful lay-out and he
+is putting on a contest for different kinds of nuts. He may have some
+desirable nuts to present later on.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Slate</span>:</p>
+
+<p>If Mr. Reed is not planning to discuss those Jones hybrids in his paper
+I wish he, or someone else who is acquainted with them, would make some
+remarks to be placed on record.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>:</p>
+
+<p>We think that the two most promising of the Jones hybrids are numbers 92
+and 200. Those were Mr. Jones' own numbers. About three years ago we
+began making an intensive study of them. Ninety-two seemed to bear
+better and be a little more promising than 200, and so it was named
+first. It was named Buchanan in honor of the only president of the
+United States who came from Pennsylvania. Last year number 200 showed up
+so favorably that it seemed well to name that one also, so just about a
+year ago the name of Bixby was suggested and it met with universal
+approval. That, I think, is all that I have to say about the hybrids. We
+are watching them very closely.</p>
+
+<p>From here east we had a very severe winter last year. Apple orchards
+very, very old were killed all through the east and with them thousands
+and thousands of English walnut trees. In Washington we have practically
+no crop of filberts and our English walnuts were affected generally.</p>
+
+<p>We have yet to find a single hybrid between black walnut and English
+walnut which appears to be promising. There is a record, but I think we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+should have brought to our attention from time to time what was known as
+the James River hybrid. It was an enormous black walnut tree that grew
+on the James River near Jamestown. It was visited in 1928 by Mr. Karl
+Greene and Mr. Hershey. Mr. Greene said that the tree measured thirteen
+feet in circumference. You don't often see trees as large as that in any
+part of the country. That is in a part of the country where the English
+walnut has not done well. The tree must have been somewhere around 200
+years old when it died. It was probably grown from a hybrid between an
+English walnut and a black walnut. Our American colonists brought the
+English walnut with them about the same time they brought our first
+apples and peaches and plums and everything else. This tree throws some
+light on the question as to when the first English walnut first came to
+this country.</p>
+
+<p>A week ago yesterday I was riding along a country road down in Maryland.
+I saw a row of trees. One tree in the middle of that row was as big as
+any other three there. I slowed up and looked at them more closely. The
+large tree was a hybrid and the others were not.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>Committee on Exhibits</i>:</p>
+
+<p>On the tables Prof. Neilson has a number of plates of the northern pecan
+at its best. Besides that he has two remarkable specimens of hybrid
+hickories. One is a McCallister, and the other is of unknown origin.
+There are also on the tables other remarkable nuts grown in this part of
+the United States, in Ontario and in British Columbia. There are
+chestnuts, English walnuts, Japanese heartnuts and others.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>:</p>
+
+<p>You will recall that one year ago I was made custodian of the back
+records of the association. Within two weeks of the time of last year's
+meeting I personally procured the reports which were stacked away in Mr.
+Bixby's barn, and took them to Washington. A little later Dr. Deming and
+the late Mr. Russell made a trip to Redding, Connecticut, and sent me
+500 pounds of back reports. Still later Mr. Karl Greene brought to me
+about another 500 pounds of reports. I had then about 1900 pounds. We
+put them in the basement of the building where our office was and then
+we began to move around. It began to cost something to move them.</p>
+
+<p>I communicated with Mr. Slate and found that there was abundant space at
+Geneva, and the authorities were willing that they should be housed
+there. So I had the reports tied up and arranged with a truck man to
+move them to Geneva. I made the arrangements with a man who agreed to
+move them for $25. Then he backed out. I didn't feel like incurring a
+greater expense by sending them by railroad, so I waited until last week
+and took a bundle from each year in my own car. They are in the
+secretary's care at Geneva at the present time. The rest of the reports
+will presently be stored in Mr. Littlepage's packing shed out in his
+apple orchard. There are still a few reports in the Bixby's barn and Dr.
+Deming can tell how many more he has.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Each current report will be sold at $1.00 per copy and old reports at
+50c a copy. If someone wanted an entire set we would sell all eighteen
+or nineteen numbers now for $6.00.</p>
+
+<p>The American Fruit Grower, published in Cleveland, Ohio, has agreed to
+have the magazine appear as the official journal of the Northern Nut
+Growers' Association.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. J. T. Bregger</span>:</p>
+
+<p>We will deem it a privilege, and I'm sure an obligation, to take on this
+responsibility of acting as official journal of your society and give to
+you at least a column each month. We are already acting as official
+organ of other horticultural societies and it seems to work out very
+well. In addition to the column that your secretary would have each
+month you could run further articles on nut growing, which would be of
+additional interest to your members. You would have some 150,000 of our
+readers who are interested in fruit growing, and who would be interested
+in nut growing, as possible new members for your organization. They
+would receive your announcements and articles each month and you could
+get in touch with them, through that column, for additional membership.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Walker</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I move that the American Fruit Grower be made the official organ of the
+Northern Nut Growers' Association, that the secretary be the official
+correspondent with the American Fruit Grower, that the subscription
+price be paid by the treasurer direct to the American Fruit Grower, that
+the present membership fee remain the same, two dollars, to all members,
+with the privilege of receiving the American Fruit Grower. The motion
+was seconded by Prof. Neilson.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ellis has offered to donate $10.00 this year, if it is necessary, to
+apply on subscriptions for the membership. I don't know that we will
+have to call on him for this but it is certainly a display of fine
+spirit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I want to express my great satisfaction that the American Fruit Grower
+has offered to act as our official organ on such advantageous terms.
+Fourteen years ago, before Mr. Bregger's career as an editor began, I
+edited a nut column in the Fruit Grower. The motion was carried.</p>
+
+<p>The following named were elected as committee to nominate officers for
+next year: Dr. Deming, Colonel Mitchell, Professor Neilson, Mr. Weber,
+and Dr. Colby.</p>
+
+<p>Resolutions Committee: Professor Slate, Mr. C. A. Reed, and Dr. Colby.</p>
+
+<p>Motion was duly made, seconded and carried that; honorary membership in
+this association may be conferred upon any person by a majority vote of
+members present at any business session or by letter ballot of members
+in good standing and honorary membership should be conferred only on
+individuals who have rendered outstanding or meritorious service in
+connection with the promotion of interest in nut bearing plants, their
+products and their culture.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. W. K. Kellogg and Dr. John H. Kellogg were nominated for honorary
+members of the Association and unanimously elected.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_Dietetic_Importance_of_Nuts" id="The_Dietetic_Importance_of_Nuts"></a>The Dietetic Importance of Nuts</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Dr. John Harvey Kellogg</span>, <i>Michigan</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>Nuts, which supply the finest edible fats and proteins which science has
+discovered, occupy the smallest place in the nation's food budget of any
+of our substantial native foods. This is a remarkable situation well
+worthy of consideration in view of the fact that, according to Prof.
+Elliot of Oxford University and the eminent Prof. Ami of Montreal, and
+many other paleontologists, nuts were the chief diet of the earliest
+representatives of the race who appeared in the Eocene period of
+geologic time. At that time, according to Prof. Elliot, the regions
+inhabited by man bore great forests of walnut, hickory, and other nut
+trees, the fossil relics of which are found in great abundance in
+association with the remains of prehistoric man. It is significant,
+also, that man's nearest relatives, the gorilla, orangutan, and
+chimpanzee still stick to the original bill of fare. I once made an ape
+so angry by offering him a bit of meat that he threatened to attack me
+and finally, as I persisted in offering him the meat, seized it and
+flung it as far away as possible, then scrubbed his soiled hand with
+dust and wiped it on the grass to get rid of the taint of the meat. He
+gave every evidence of feeling deeply insulted. Biology classifies man
+as a primate along with the great apes and, according to the great
+Cuvier, assigns to him along with other primates, a diet consisting of
+nuts, fruits, soft grains, tender shoots and succulent roots.</p>
+
+<p>The great ice sheet which crept down over the greater part of the
+northern hemisphere during the glacial period destroyed the nut forests.
+The greater part of the primate family, including man, moved South and
+survive today in Central Africa, where, along with their furry cousins,
+the gorilla and the chimpanzee, they still adhere to a dietary almost
+wholly of plant foods. Those who remained behind were compelled to
+resort to a flesh diet to avoid starvation. Flesh eating naturally led
+to cannibalism, and the historians tell us that only a few thousand
+years ago, the survivors of the glacial terrors who roamed the British
+Isles, from which the ancestors of most Americans emigrated, roamed the
+forests clad in the skins of animals and feasted upon their enemies.</p>
+
+<p>When the grain-eating Romans conquered and civilized our barbarian
+ancestors and taught them agriculture, plant foods again became the
+chief sources of nutriment, but a meat appetite had been developed and
+is still characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race, while most of the rest
+of the world are almost exclusively plant feeders. Four hundred millions
+of Chinese eat so little meat that it is, in the case of south China,
+not even mentioned in the national food budget. Sixty millions of
+Japanese eat an average of 4 pounds per capita. Two hundred millions of
+East Indians never taste meat. As a matter of fact, only Americans,
+English, Germans and Scandinavians are large meat eaters.</p>
+
+<p>Evidently, the American meat appetite as well as the American sugar
+tooth is enormously exaggerated. It is somewhat encouraging, however, to
+note that the eating habits of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> American people are changing. Within
+a generation, and especially since the World War, there has been a
+notable change in the national bill of fare.</p>
+
+<p>More cereals are consumed than formerly, but the greatest per capita
+increase is shown in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and
+especially greenstuffs, such as lettuce, spinach, kale, and other
+greens. This increase in the use of certain foods is not due to the fact
+that the American appetite is increasing or the American stomach
+enlarging, but to the spread among the people of scientific information
+concerning nutrition.</p>
+
+<p>Through experiments upon rats and various other animals, including man
+himself, fundamental principles have been discovered and a real science
+of nutrition has been developed, the axioms, formulae, and basic ideas
+of which are as clearly established as are those of geometry and
+chemistry. We are no longer left to be led astray by guess-work or fancy
+in supplying our nutritive needs, and have verified the truth so aptly
+expressed by that shrewd old Roman philosopher, Seneca, who said, "There
+is nothing against which we ought to be more on our guard than, like a
+flock of sheep, following the crowd of those who preceded us."</p>
+
+<p>This change in the eating habits of the American people has been brought
+about by disillusionment respecting the importance of meats. Fifty years
+ago, every physiologist taught that the liberal consumption of meat was
+essential. This idea was based, first, upon the supposition that
+protein, the chief constituent of lean meat, is the most important
+source of energy; and, second, the belief that food of animal origin is
+better adapted to human sustenance than plant foods, through having
+undergone a process of refinement and concentration in the
+transformation from plant to animal. Modern studies of nutrition have
+shown that both these ideas are without scientific basis.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately for the nut-growing industry, and still more unfortunately
+for the American people, the claims of nuts to consideration in this
+re-adjustment of the bill of fare have been generally overlooked, and it
+seems evident that the only hope for the nut industry lies in the
+creation of a larger demand for these nutrients from the plant world by
+acquainting the public with their superlative merits. Of course, room
+must be made for the increased intake of nuts by lessened consumption of
+something which nuts may advantageously replace in the bill of fare.
+Most nuts consist almost exclusively of proteins and fat. Proteins and
+fats likewise are almost the sole constituents of meat. Nuts are thus
+the vegetable analogues of meat and are competitors for a place on the
+bill of fare.</p>
+
+<p>Physiologists are agreed that the American people are eating too much
+meat, and it is the general spread of this conviction that has lessened
+the consumption of flesh foods in this country and has crippled the
+packing industry.</p>
+
+<p>A few years ago, the meat packers, finding that the consumption of meat
+had fallen off nearly one-fourth since the beginning of the century,
+began a vigorous campaign of publicity to increase the demand for their
+products. A special board was established for the purpose and through
+the activities of this board an enormous amount of misinformation has
+been broadcasted which has influenced a number of people to "eat more
+meat to save the live stock industry," to use the packers' appealing
+slogan and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> incidentally to help the packing industry, and there has
+been some increase in the use of pork, although the falling off in the
+consumption of beef has continued in spite of unscrupulous efforts to
+deceive and mislead the people, to their injury.</p>
+
+<p>The two greatest obstacles in the way of the nut growing industry are
+the ignorance of the people with respect to the value of nuts as staple
+foods and the frantic efforts being made by those interested in the meat
+industry to increase the demand for their products.</p>
+
+<p>A counter campaign of education is needed to set before the people the
+true facts as revealed by modern chemical and bacteriological research,
+by the discoveries of nutrition laboratories and by the clinical
+observations of thousands of eminent clinicians.</p>
+
+<p>The false claims for meat must be met, for it is only by lessening the
+consumption of meat that room can be made for the dietetic use of nuts.
+Here are some of the errors that should be corrected.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Claim 1</h4>
+
+<p>That meat is an essential food staple, and that without it there would
+result loss of vitality and of individual and racial stamina.</p>
+
+<p>No respectable physiologist will support this claim today, although half
+a century ago all physiologists held these now obsolete views.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Claim 2</h4>
+
+<p>That flesh foods are necessary for blood building, especially red meats,
+because of their iron content.</p>
+
+<p>This claim is wholly without scientific support. Modern experiments have
+shown that anemic animals recover most quickly on a diet rich in plant
+iron. Green foods have been proven to be sources of the best iron, which
+is associated with chlorophyl.</p>
+
+<p>The iron of meat has been once used and is of the same sort as that
+which the body throws away. It is inferior to the iron of green plants,
+from which the ox makes his red blood.</p>
+
+<p>Nuts contain a rich store of this precious plant iron, as do also beans.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Claim 3</h4>
+
+<p>That beef and other flesh meats are muscle and strength builders par
+excellence.</p>
+
+<p>This claim no longer has scientific support. Sugar is fuel of the body
+engine. When the butcher's daughter, Gertrude Ederle, failed in her
+first attempt to swim the English Channel, she very justly charged her
+collapse before reaching the English shore to the mutton stew her
+trainer gave her before starting. When in a second attempt, she adopted
+my suggestion through a mutual acquaintance, to eat sugar instead of
+meat, she made a world record. This practice is, I believe, now adopted
+by all successful channel swimmers.</p>
+
+<p>Non-flesh eaters are far superior to meat-eaters in endurance under
+special strains.</p>
+
+<p>When Dempsey defeated the Argentinean giant, he had trained on modest
+allowances of meat and his last meal had consisted of vitamin-rich fresh
+vegetables, while Firpo loaded himself up with steaks and chops.</p>
+
+<p>When Battling Nelson lost his championship, he explained to a newspaper
+reporter, "'Twas the beefsteak that done it. I swiped an extra beefsteak
+when my trainer was not looking, and it made me tired."</p>
+
+<p>De Lesseps, the famous French engineer, became a confirmed and
+enthusiastic flesh abstainer when he found his sturdy beef-fed
+English<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>men could not compete in work on the Suez Canal with the Arab
+laborers, who subsisted on wheat bread and onions, as did the builders
+of the pyramids, according to Herodotus, 5,000 years before. He
+declared, in fact, that without the hardy Arabs, he could not have done
+the work.</p>
+
+<p>Theodore Roosevelt, in his story of his East Africa hunting expedition,
+said in Scribners Magazine that a horse with a heavy man on his back
+could always run down a lion fleeing for his life in a mile and a half.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Claim 4</h4>
+
+<p>That a man can live on a flesh or muscle meat diet such as chops and
+steaks.</p>
+
+<p>The famous pedestrian, Weston, informed me that on his long walks, he
+never ate meat and on his walk across the continent lived on corn flakes
+and milk.</p>
+
+<p>Carl Mann, a grocer's clerk not professionally trained, competing in a
+government supervised walking race from Dresden to Berlin, 123 miles,
+against the picked pedestrians of the German army and several
+professionals, won easily on a fleshless diet consisting of nuts and
+fresh vegetables which he pulled out of the vegetable gardens as he
+hurried by. The only protein he ate was derived from nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The Tarahumari Indians of Mexico are the most tireless runners in the
+world. Their ancestors were the dispatch runners of Montezuma in
+pre-Colombian days, and they still adhere to the simple plant regimen of
+their forbears.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the Boxer uprising in China some years ago, the rice-fed
+Japanese were the first to arrive of the military representatives of
+numerous nations who raced to the rescue of the foreign embassies
+besieged by the fanatical and bloodthirsty Boxers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Claim 5</h4>
+
+<p>That a man can live and enjoy good health for a year or many years on a
+purely flesh or muscle-meat diet.</p>
+
+<p>The packers' much heralded Stefansson stunt of living a year on an
+exclusive meat diet was a discreditable fake. Stefansson did not live on
+a meat diet, but on a diet consisting of one-fifth protein and
+four-fifths fat (caloric intake). When compelled against his protest to
+eat steaks and chops, he was made very ill with acidosis within two
+days, vomiting and purging so violently that he was compelled to make a
+complete and immediate change. Prof. Newburgh of our State University
+stated that Stefansson ate no more real muscle meat than the average man
+usually eats. The Stefansson experiment proved but one thing, namely,
+that a man even when accustomed to a meat diet, cannot live on lean meat
+alone for more than two days without becoming ill.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newburgh produced nephritis, or acute inflammation of the kidneys,
+in rats by feeding them exclusively on meat for a few weeks.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Claim 6</h4>
+
+<p>That Eskimos thrive on a meat diet.</p>
+
+<p>Captain McMillan who accompanied Peary on his discovery of the North
+Pole, a year or two ago informed me that the Eskimo is short lived. That
+he becomes at 50 years very old and useless and at 55 infirm and
+helpless, and rarely lives to the age of 60 years.</p>
+
+<p>The Arctic traveler Stefansson said to me, "I do not claim to have
+proven that a man can live better or longer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> on a flesh diet, but only
+that he can live. Of course the scientific argument is against such a
+diet."</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Irving Fisher of Yale University some years ago made a series of
+endurance tests in which the endurance of the athletes of the Yale
+gymnasium was compared with that of physicians and men nurses of the
+Battle Creek Sanitarium. As Prof. Fisher said in his report, which was
+published in the Yale Scientific Review, the endurance of the Battle
+Creek flesh-abstainers was found to be not only "greater" in all the
+tests, but far greater. In the arm holding (arms extended sidewise)
+tests, the Battle Creek men held their arms out longer than any Yale man
+and nine times as long as the same number of Yale men.</p>
+
+<p>Vegetarian bicyclists have for many years held all the championships in
+endurance riding tests from Land's End to John O'Groats.</p>
+
+<p>Through Finland's minister to the United States I have learned that
+Nurmi, the Finnish runner whose record stands unequalled, was trained on
+a non-flesh dietary.</p>
+
+<p>The Great War taught the world among many other important lessons, the
+fact that meat may be dispensed with not only without injury, but with
+great and very definite benefits.</p>
+
+<p>During the World War, Denmark sold her cattle to Germany and reduced her
+meat ration to a very low minimum, with the result that her death rate
+was reduced one-third.</p>
+
+<p>In Germany, where at the beginning of the war the cattle were killed to
+save food and a practically meatless ration was maintained for more than
+three years, diabetes, Bright's disease, and many other chronic maladies
+were reduced in frequency to an extraordinary degree. After the war, as
+I was informed by the medical director of one of the largest life
+insurance companies in this country, it was discovered that the death
+losses among the company's German policy holders, not excepting war
+casualties, were far below the prewar average.</p>
+
+<p>The Chittenden standard now universally accepted, fixes the protein
+intake at 10 per cent of the total ration. This leaves little room for
+meat, and not a few authorities reduce the protein to a still lower
+level.</p>
+
+<p>For some years, McCollum of Johns Hopkins has been calling attention to
+the evils of the "meat and bread" diet, which he declares to be about
+the worst diet one can adopt, and adds, "We could entirely dispense with
+meats without suffering any ill effects whatever."</p>
+
+<p>Chalmers Watson of Edinburgh found that rats on a lean meat diet
+deteriorated so rapidly that after two or three generations they became
+deformed and dwarfed and ceased to reproduce.</p>
+
+<p>The International Scientific Food Commission appointed by the Allies at
+the time of the Great War and charged with the duty of fixing the
+minimum ration of different food essentials, declared it to be
+unnecessary to fix a minimum meat ration, "in view of the fact that no
+absolute physiological need exists for meat, since the proteins of meat
+can be replaced by other proteins of animal origin, such as those
+contained in milk, cheese and eggs, as well as by proteins of vegetable
+origin."</p>
+
+<p>It is evident from the above facts that an effort to induce the American
+people to eat less meat and more nuts would do no harm and should prove
+substantially beneficial.</p>
+
+<p>A leading textbook on "Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics" by Carter, Howe
+and Mason of Columbia University, calls attention to the en<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>couraging
+fact that "Of late there has been a distinct reaction in the meat-eating
+of the wealthier classes, and one sees less meat and more vegetable
+habits as they progress upward in the scale of civilization. Also, on
+account of their sedentary habits, people find that the ingestion of
+considerable quantities of animal protein, with the consequent increase
+in intestinal putrefaction, gives rise to symptoms of toxemia, which
+have assumed a very definite place in the pathology of disease."</p>
+
+<p>That meat enormously increases intestinal putrefaction cannot be
+questioned. It is this fact which makes the difference between the
+excreta of a dog or lion and that of a cow or horse. All carnivorous
+animals suffer from autointoxication.</p>
+
+<p>The eminent pathologist of the Philadelphia Zoo states that all dogs
+over three years of age have hardened arteries, while horses practically
+never show arterial changes even when very old.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Charles Mayo states that three out of four dogs over 12 years have
+cancer.</p>
+
+<p>I quote the following paragraphs from a poster prepared some years ago
+as a reply to "Meat Is Wholesome" poster distributed by the packers
+through the post office department which presents ample evidence that
+meat is by no means always wholesome:</p>
+
+<p>A bacteriological examination made in the laboratory of the Battle Creek
+Sanitarium of fresh meats purchased at seven different markets, all in
+apparently fresh condition, showed the following number of bacteria per
+ounce:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><th align='center' colspan="2"><b>Bacteria Per Ounce</b></th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beefsteak</td><td align='right'>37,500,000-</td><td align='right'>45,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pork Chops</td><td align='right'>5,100,000-</td><td align='right'>87,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beef Liver</td><td align='right'>3,000,000-</td><td align='right'>945,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Corned Beef</td><td align='right'>300,000-</td><td align='right'>910,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hamburger Steak</td><td align='right'>5,100,000-</td><td align='right'>2,250,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pork Liver</td><td align='right'>3,000,000-</td><td align='right'>2,862,000,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The above figures agree with the findings of Tissier, Distaso, Weinzirl,
+Farger, Walpole, and other bacteriological authorities.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Fresh Droppings of Animals</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="40%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><th align='right'><b>Bacteria Per Ounce</b></th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Calf</td><td align='right'>450,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Horse</td><td align='right'>750,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Goat</td><td align='right'>2,070,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cow</td><td align='right'>2,400,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oyster Juice</td><td align='right'>102,000,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The bacteria in meats are identical in character with those of manure,
+and are more numerous in some meats than in fresh manure. All meats
+become infected with manure germs in the process of slaughtering, and
+the number increases the longer the meat is kept in storage.</p>
+
+<p>Ordinary cooking does not destroy all of the germs of meat.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of suppressing this intestinal putrefaction is becoming
+more and more evident as medical investigation and discoveries are
+continually bringing out new facts which show an intimate relation
+between intestinal poisons and many chronic maladies, including gall
+bladder disease, high blood pressure, heart disease which kills 300,000
+Americans annually, Bright's disease, insanity and premature senility.
+Many physicians are on this account saying daily to patients, "Eat less
+meat." "Cut out beefsteak and chops," and "Change your intestinal flora
+so as to clear your coated tongue and eliminate the poison that taints
+your breath."</p>
+
+<p>Nuts have the great advantage that although richer in protein than is
+meat, they are much less putrescible. Fresh meats are practically always
+in a state of putrefaction when eaten while nuts are delivered to us by
+the generous hand of Nature in aseptic packages, ready to eat, and
+presenting pure nutriment in the most condensed and refined form known
+to science. Fresh meats are always con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>taminated with colon and
+putrefactive germs with which they become contaminated in the
+slaughtering process. If flesh is to be used as food, animals should be
+killed with the same antiseptic precautions which are employed in modern
+surgery. This is never done, and within a few days after killing, the
+flesh of a slaughtered animal is swarming with colon germs, and when
+long kept for use of hotels and many restaurants, is covered with a
+beard of green mold. Such food is fit only for scavengers. Hamburger
+steak and pork liver often contain more manure germs than the fresh
+droppings of animals.</p>
+
+<p>The liberal substitution of nuts for meats would save billions annually.</p>
+
+<p>According to Prof. Baker, of the Department of Agriculture, fully 80 per
+cent of the total feed and food products in the United States is
+consumed by live stock. Most of these animals are consumed as food.</p>
+
+<p>The enormous loss involved is shown by the fact that 100 pounds of
+digestible foodstuffs are required to produce 3 pounds of beef.</p>
+
+<p>According to an announcement by the United States Bureau of Statistics,
+the per capita annual cost of meat in the United States is more than
+$80.00, which totals for the whole population nearly $10,000,000,000 per
+annum.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Baker suggests that the annual per capita consumption of meat
+might without injury be reduced from the present 170 pounds to fifty
+pounds, which would make a saving of $6,000,000,000 at least, for
+$1,000,000,000 would easily supply from nuts and other plant sources
+more than enough food to replace the discarded meats.</p>
+
+<p>The general belief that nuts are an expensive food is an error. When a
+man pays a dollar for three pounds of steak, he is probably not aware of
+the fact that three-fourths of what he buys is simply water, so that the
+actual solid nutriment purchased amounts to not more than three-quarters
+of a pound, making the actual cost of the water-free food $1.33 per
+pound.</p>
+
+<p>Two pounds of almonds or other nut meats which might be purchased at the
+same cost, would yield twice as much and better food.</p>
+
+<p>If the whole beef industry were wiped out, the country would be the
+gainer.</p>
+
+<p>What the nut industry needs most is a campaign of education to tell the
+American public about the superior values of nuts and to correct the
+errors broadcasted by the Meat Board. The public must not only be taught
+the value of nuts as set forth in Mr. Russell's admirable book, but
+should be encouraged by government aid to plant nut trees on barren
+mountain sides and areas devastated by lumbering operations. If every
+lumberman had been required by law to plant a nut tree for every ten
+timber trees cut down during the last 50 years, a food source would have
+been provided which would insure more than an ample supply of precious
+protein and satisfying fat to feed 120,000,000 of Americans if the
+cereal food crops were destroyed by a drouth or predatory insects.</p>
+
+<p>If nut trees were planted along all our highways and railway
+thoroughfares, a food crop would be produced of greater nutrient value
+than that yielded at the present time by the entire live stock industry.</p>
+
+<p>That an educational campaign may be made to succeed was shown by the
+experience of the raisin producers of California.</p>
+
+<p>Some years ago, when the raisin industry was prostrate, I received a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+letter from the secretary of an association organized for the purpose of
+trying to revive the industry, asking for information concerning the
+food value of raisins. I called attention to the fact that the raisin is
+rich in food iron and a good source for this food mineral and suggested
+that if the people were made acquainted with this fact through a broad
+advertising campaign, the demand for this delectable fruit might be
+greatly increased. "Have you eaten your iron?" soon appeared in the
+newspapers throughout the land, and the raisin farmers of California
+found it necessary to enlarge their vineyards.</p>
+
+<p>A discouraging feature of the nut industry to beginners is the long time
+required to bring trees to bearing. On this account, it seems to me that
+state and federal governments should lend the industry a helping hand. I
+would suggest that this association should instruct its president and
+secretary to make an earnest effort to persuade state and federal
+governments to give more attention to the planting of nut trees in their
+reforesting operations.</p>
+
+<p>A broad belt of nut trees running the length of the great timberline
+which is to be created for the protection of the western states from a
+recurrence of drouth, might prove a more dependable protection to our
+food supply than the possible effect of a narrow strip of woodland upon
+the country's climate.</p>
+
+<p>I append a table which shows the high food value of nuts as compared
+with other common foods. One pound of walnut meats equals in food value
+each of the following:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="45%" cellspacing="0" summary="One pound of walnut meats equals in food value
+each of the following">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>Pounds</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beef loin, lean</td><td align='right'>4.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beef ribs, lean</td><td align='right'>6.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beef neck, lean</td><td align='right'>9.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Veal</td><td align='right'>5.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mutton leg, lean</td><td align='right'>4.20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ham, lean</td><td align='right'>3.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fowls</td><td align='right'>4.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chicken, broilers</td><td align='right'>10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Red Bass</td><td align='right'>25.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Trout</td><td align='right'>4.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Frog's legs</td><td align='right'>15.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oysters</td><td align='right'>13.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lobsters</td><td align='right'>22.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Eggs</td><td align='right'>5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Milk</td><td align='right'>9.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Evaporated cream</td><td align='right'>4.00</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I am sure everyone feels that the trip here would be worth while if we
+didn't receive another bit of information but your paper, and they would
+really like to develop some kind of an ailment so that they could place
+themselves under your care.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>:</p>
+
+<p>About five years ago I spent a few hours here in Battle Creek, largely
+as a guest of Dr. Kellogg over at his home. While I was there he
+introduced me to quite a variety of soy bean products and he rather
+disturbed me by telling me that beans had much the same food values as
+nuts. He reminded me that you could grow a crop of beans every year. You
+can't be sure of doing that with nut trees. He gave me an economic idea
+to think about. I wonder if he has anything to say about beans now. Are
+beans going to supplant nuts?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Kellogg</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I confess that it seems to me, from a practical and economic standpoint,
+that the soy bean is a very strong rival of the nut industry. I would
+like to inquire how many acres are at the present time planted in nuts.
+How many acres have been added in the last twenty years? There are, at
+the present time, more than 3,000,000 acres of soy beans being planted
+every year. It has only been a short time since they were first
+introduced and there are more being planted every year.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I believe that the government ought to take an interest in this matter
+of nut tree planting, for I believe that is the best way in which it can
+be promoted. I have for several years been trying to find someone who
+has made a fortune out of raising nuts but I have not yet found such a
+man. I believe, however, that it is a veritable gold mine of value but
+will have to have governmental aid. I think the government should
+require all of these slaughtering lumbermen to plant nut trees in the
+place of the trees they are cutting down.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Corsan</span>:</p>
+
+<p>The nut tree is one of the things that will make the boys and girls of
+the farm love their homes. In a few years boys and girls will be going
+back to a beautiful farm, not to pig pens, but where there are beautiful
+trees.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Culture_Work_of_the_Living_Tree_Guild" id="Nut_Culture_Work_of_the_Living_Tree_Guild"></a>Nut Culture Work of the Living Tree Guild</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Miss Dorothy C. Sawyer</span>, <i>New York</i></h3>
+
+<p>The Living Tree Guild appreciates the privilege of presenting a paper at
+the silver anniversary convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association. We feel in a humble mood when talking to you. We are new
+comers in the field and the work we have done in furthering interest in
+the subject of northern nut culture is only taking what you have created
+and endeavoring to make it intelligible and useful to the public. It is
+something which arouses our enthusiasm. We have great faith in the value
+of planting grafted nut trees in the North. This new resource for
+beautifying and making idle land productive is no longer restricted to
+this small group of nut culturists, but it is now practical, for anyone
+with a little land and the urge to grow things, to enjoy the planting of
+nut trees.</p>
+
+<p>Our function is in educating more people to an appreciation of what
+improved nut trees are and what they can do as they are at present
+developed. Nut growing is just beginning to come into its own and the
+nut tree should take its place as a valuable shade tree, should be
+included in the home orchard and used as a paying crop by the farmer in
+the North. The Guild is especially interested in introducing and
+popularizing new horticultural developments. It publishes a new type of
+tree as a publisher does a book. We serve as a connecting link between
+the horticulturist and the layman, aiming to coordinate the work of
+horticulturists and to interpret the meaning of this work to prospective
+planters of trees. We act as a sort of educational sieve, our aim being
+to extend the number of tree planters. This is a sales job and the
+Living Tree Guild is a sales organization. We work through the press by
+means of conservative advertising and publicity articles, through
+personal contact by means of exhibits and individual interviews and
+through the mails by means of carefully prepared bulletins of
+information and well selected photographs. We work to gather all the
+authentic information and offer this to our customers as a unique
+service. Frankly we believe that there is no other organization in the
+coun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>try that is as closely associated as we are with the authorities on
+tree planting. Dr. Morris, whom we all know as the dean of northern nut
+culture, is a member of our Board of Advisors.</p>
+
+<p>In order to symbolize the grafted nut tree the Guild has adopted a brand
+name, Guild Pedigree, based on the fact that the mother trees have been
+carefully selected and are well known for their quality. Experiments
+have shown that they represent a selected family line and develop true
+to its characteristics.</p>
+
+<p>We have been in touch with northern nut tree planting for a good many
+years, but our sales work has been limited to the past three years
+which, of course, means that we have never tried to sell nut trees in
+so-called normal times. Yet Guild Pedigrees have bucked these economic
+obstacles and they are becoming recognized as offering a remarkable
+opportunity to the business man who has property and to the busy farmer
+to make their idle land productive with a minimum amount of care and
+attention. They realize that the difficult operation of grafting has
+been successfully accomplished and that they need only prepare the
+ground for planting according to the character of the soil and with a
+little pruning and cultivation within a few years may be assured of a
+new type of crop for which there is a growing demand. They recognize the
+value of these trees over ordinary fruit trees which require numerous
+sprayings a year and whose extremely perishable crop must be carefully
+picked from the trees. Everyone knows that a certain amount of effort is
+required to get good returns from farming, but comparatively speaking
+improved nut trees have a decided advantage in their facility of growth,
+which means that they can be planted by a much wider range of growers
+than almost any other kind of crop.</p>
+
+<p>In all of this we speak primarily of the black walnut which we recognize
+as the best nut tree for extensive planting in the North. We believe the
+hazel hybrids and filberts are of value as a secondary nut crop, as
+fillers-in between the black walnuts or used as ornamental bushes for
+screening around the grounds. Where local conditions justify it we
+recommend that the home orchard include a variety of nut trees, the
+English walnut, the northern pecan, certain hybrid hickories and a
+highly blight-resistant chestnut. The Guild has realized from the start
+that most laymen know little or nothing about the planting of nut trees.
+We, therefore, work with them individually, advising them in detail on
+their particular plantings. We keep a record of all Guild Pedigree nut
+trees, particularly of the black walnut, each one of which bears a tag
+with a serial number. We keep a record of this number and are gradually
+building up a case history of each tree, in so far as possible, in some
+instances complete with photographs. We include the conditions under
+which the tree was planted, whether as an orchard or as an ornamental
+tree, the amount of care and attention given it and its gradual
+development and increase in bearing. This is also being done with every
+tree that is included in the experimental orchard the Guild is operating
+in the Connecticut River valley.</p>
+
+<p>The data that we are obtaining in this way is aiding us in publishing
+the latest authentic information on what happens when nut trees are
+planted by laymen under varying conditions. We believe these records
+will be a unique contribution of the Guild to northern nut culture. By
+this means we can already point to certain Guild Pedigrees as having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+made unusual growth or only average development, together with the
+probable explanation, and of course to some that have died from natural
+causes or from attacks by woodchucks or the like. We can offer records
+of plantings of Pedigrees that have been made in practically all the
+leading states, Canada and even abroad. Perhaps one of the most
+interesting case histories is that of Pedigree No. 1527 which was
+planted in the spring of 1932 as a Washington Bicentennial tree. This
+tree, set as a single specimen, came into full leaf immediately after
+planting and a year later was all of seven feet tall and had three
+mature black walnuts for its first crop. It is the proud possession of
+two small boys.</p>
+
+<p>Young as we are in the field we have given authentic information on the
+planting of northern nut trees to several thousands of tree lovers. We
+have found a definite demand for detailed knowledge, and recognition of
+our work has been shown by the great interests in exhibits we have
+staged and from several awards which we have received from such
+organizations as the Horticultural Society of New York. An analysis
+shows that Guild nut tree plantings range from the true farmer to the
+gentleman farmer, from the small lot owner to the owner of hundreds of
+acres of non-dividend paying land, from the keen horticulturist to the
+youth who is taking his first step in following a fascinating new hobby.</p>
+
+<p>The selling of nut trees is a very special problem. It is not like
+selling other kinds of trees. We recognize the fact that those who plant
+Pedigree nut trees are in a class by themselves and we, therefore, set
+up a separate department for them, making a special study of the
+subject. We feel certain that there is a great future ahead for nut
+growing in the North with our associations cooperating in the
+distribution of information and stock developed from actual
+experimentation over a period of years. Above all it is important to
+understand what others are doing, and appreciate that the commercial
+side should go hand in hand with the purely horticultural.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Progress_Report_on_Nut_Growing_in_the_Ithaca_N_Y_Region" id="Progress_Report_on_Nut_Growing_in_the_Ithaca_N_Y_Region"></a>Progress Report on Nut Growing in the Ithaca, N. Y. Region</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Dr. L. H. MacDaniels</span> <i>New York</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>The status of nut growing in the Ithaca region was reported at the
+Washington, D. C. meeting of this association in 1932. Since that time
+there has been little change in the situation except that a few more of
+the varieties have come into bearing, and the severe winter of 1933-34
+has injured the trees of many varieties.</p>
+
+<p>The plantings in the vicinity of Ithaca are confined chiefly to those of
+the Department of Pomology at Cornell University, and those of Mr. S. H.
+Graham who is a member of this association and has been planting nut
+trees for many years. Other than these there are only scattered trees
+either native or planted around the dooryards by amateurs without any
+very keen interest in northern nut growing. The purpose of the plantings
+at Cornell University is primarily to test out varieties for their
+suitability for growing in the rather rigorous climate of the region.
+Farmers and others throughout New York state look to the experiment
+stations for information regarding the possibilities of nut culture and
+the varieties which might be planted to advantage.</p>
+
+<p>As has been pointed out previously, the number of varieties adapted to
+the region is distinctly limited because of unfavorable climatic
+conditions. These climatic conditions are more fully described in
+Bulletin 573 of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at
+Cornell entitled "Nut Growing in New York State." The breeding of new
+varieties and other investigational work is being carried on at the
+Geneva Experiment Station where, as you know, Prof. G. L. Slate has been
+growing many varieties of filberts for some years.</p>
+
+<p>The university plantings at Ithaca consist of about an acre set about 20
+years ago, including a number of varieties of different nuts recommended
+for planting at that time. There is also about an acre of "butterjaps"
+which are growing vigorously but have shown little promise of value
+because of a lack of hardiness and generally poor cracking quality. The
+most important planting is about 5 acres of cleared woodland in which
+many hickories have come up naturally. These have been top worked to
+many of the leading hickory varieties. A considerable number of walnut
+stocks have also been planted in this area and top-worked to walnut
+varieties. Plans are under way to acquire 10 or 15 additional acres to
+be used for further variety tests as new varieties are brought to light
+in the various nut variety contests which are being carried on.</p>
+
+<p>Up to and including 1934 the black walnuts that have fruited are the
+Thomas, the Ohio, and the Stabler. Of these the Thomas is the only one
+which is at all satisfactory. This variety has fruited 3 years in
+succession and has matured well-filled nuts every year. The Ohio and
+Stabler have been shy bearers and in addition the nuts have been small
+and not well filled. Both are evidently<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> adapted to a longer growing
+season than that at Ithaca. In 1934 one Stambaugh graft matured about 40
+nuts. This variety appears promising but needs further testing. In
+another year or two at least a dozen more of the promising varieties of
+black walnuts should come into bearing.</p>
+
+<p>Among the hickories the Barnes, of which there are 3 trees, has fruited
+several times but in no case have the nuts been filled. The Brooks, the
+Stanley, and the Weiker have also fruited sparingly but the nuts have
+not been filled. During the past season, 1934, a few nuts were borne on
+the Taylor, Kentucky, and Vest hickory trees, which were well filled. It
+may be that these varieties will prove suitable for the region. The
+Kentucky looks particularly promising. The Beaver and the Fairbanks have
+borne a few nuts but the quality is not sufficiently good to make them
+worth growing. The Burlington hybrid pecan makes a very beautiful tree
+and has set nuts in several seasons, but they are not well filled. About
+half a dozen varieties of northern pecans have been fairly hardy but the
+seasons are too short to mature the nuts. They have always been frozen
+on the trees while still very green.</p>
+
+<p>During the past winter the temperature went down to -35&deg; F. at the
+University orchard. This killed most of the Persian walnuts outright.
+Even the hardy varieties, Rush and Hall, were killed back to a few buds
+on the trunks and larger branches. This experience has been quite
+general throughout New York where the temperature went down below -25&deg; F.
+It is to be hoped that some of the new sorts being introduced from the
+Ukraine will be better able to stand the low temperatures experienced in
+New York. The low temperature very seriously damaged the 60 Chinese
+chestnuts growing in the University orchard, killing the terminals back
+for several feet and the sapwood all the way out to the combium and down
+to the snow line. The trees so injured made only fair recovery and it is
+doubtful if they are worth saving. Some Chinese chestnut trees nearer
+Cayuga Lake where the temperature only reached -27&deg; F. were only slightly
+injured. It would seem, therefore, that around -30&deg; F. was the critical
+temperature for the Chinese chestnut. The Japanese walnuts were not
+injured seriously by the cold weather of the winter. Many of the more
+tender seedlings had already been eliminated by the cold winters of the
+past. The Japanese walnuts were, however, badly damaged by the late
+spring frost which froze off the catkins and new shoots. This has
+occurred several times in the last ten years and is a serious drawback
+to the bearing of this species. Hickories and black walnuts for the most
+part showed no injury except in the case of rapidly growing grafts. All
+of the McCallister hican grafts were killed outright as were a number of
+grafts of the shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa). At Enfield Park where
+the probable temperature was about -27&deg; F. one McCallister pecan graft
+survived. The filberts were quite generally damaged both in wood and
+catkins, except the Rush, which fruited heavily. Northern pecans had
+their terminals killed back about 6 inches but were otherwise uninjured.</p>
+
+<p>In my judgment the greatest need of northern nut growing is the
+discovery and testing of new varieties adapted to the different northern
+regions. To find and test these varieties is probably the greatest
+service that the Northern Nut Growers' Association can perform. We
+cannot expect that nurserymen will propagate commercially the new nuts
+which are discovered until they are suffi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>ciently tested to establish
+the value of the variety for different regions. As has been pointed out,
+the Northern Nut Growers' Association is in much the same position as
+was the American Pomological Society 100 or more years ago when
+information regarding new varieties was the main interest of the fruit
+industry. In this connection it would seem to me well worth while to
+carry out the idea proposed by Dr. Deming last year which he called the
+Roll Call of Nut Varieties. The older sorts have now been planted
+sufficiently widely by members of the association to make it possible to
+get some adequate idea of their suitability for growing in various
+localities. Those who have the interest of the association at heart
+should do all they can to obtain and grow any new varieties that offer
+any promise of being adapted to their locality. It is only by carrying
+out such a program that we shall have any real basis for making
+recommendations as to varieties adapted to different regions.</p>
+
+<p>I must confess that I am still skeptical about a commercial nut industry
+in New York on the basis of our present varieties. After more than 20
+years of variety testing in Ithaca only the Thomas black walnut has
+shown any real merit. All the other sorts that were propagated and
+recommended have shown themselves to be quite unsuitable to the climate.
+A grower setting out a commercial orchard 20 years ago on the basis of
+our knowledge of varieties at that time would now have practically
+nothing to show, except as he happened to have the Thomas black walnut,
+or possibly some of the hickories of northern origin. At the present
+time the number of promising varieties known has been greatly increased.
+They are, however, not available in the trade, nor will they be until
+they have been adequately tested to establish their merit. Fortunately
+some of the nurserymen growing nut trees are willing to run test
+orchards as well. They are few in number and of course their work must
+be augmented by the work of others in the association. What we need more
+than anything else are test orchards in different localities in which
+the relative yield of the different varieties over a period of years
+will be kept. On the basis of such data recommendations as to varieties
+to plant can be made with some degree of assurance that the information
+given is sound.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. C. A. Reed</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Prof. MacDaniels may have told you of a number of promising varieties
+which he personally has been responsible for bringing to light during
+the last year. If he didn't I hope that he will tell as a matter of
+record how he came to get them and just what they are.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Prof. MacDaniels</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Prof. O. F. Curtis of Cornell University and I made a pilgrimage of
+about a thousand miles back to the stamping ground of our youth with the
+avowed purpose of hunting down some of the best black walnuts of the
+region. The trip, though a hurried one, was packed with interest. In
+all, four walnuts were located which seemed well worth testing. Probably
+the best of these is the Albert Todd. The nut is thin hulled, a little
+smaller than the Thomas but with a thicker kernel. The tree was about
+dead when found but scions were procured and are now growing at Ithaca
+and Geneva. Another variety is the Emerson, located at Madison, Ohio.
+This is a large round nut with a rather tough shell and high proportion
+of kernel. Mr. Emerson has a good stand of native walnut growing on
+bottom land. A few years ago he sold 25 trees to a furniture company for
+$1000.</p>
+
+<p>The third nut Dr. Curtis found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> on a previous journey to Ohio. It is a
+large nut of rather unusual shape being higher than it is long. It has
+good cracking quality and deserves further testing. The fourth walnut,
+the Chase, is growing in a dooryard at Oberlin, Ohio. It is larger than
+any of the others, with good shell conformation. It has the reputation
+of not always filling out the kernels, a condition which may be seasonal
+or possibly an inherent defect. Grafts of all four of these walnuts are
+growing at Ithaca and at Geneva and will be available after a year or
+two.</p>
+
+<p>We had one disappointment in that a tree that we particularly wanted was
+found to have died only two years before. It was the old story of being
+too late. Certainly such experiences ought to spur this association to
+new efforts in trying to locate the best nut trees before they are
+destroyed.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Some_Random_Notes_on_Nut_Culture" id="Some_Random_Notes_on_Nut_Culture"></a>Some Random Notes on Nut Culture</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">D. C. Snyder</span>, <i>Iowa</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>Any notes concerning the behavior of nut trees in Iowa this year
+necessarily recall the trying weather conditions and these must be
+referred to again and again. Although winter temperatures were quite
+mild, catkins on the filberts and hazels were so badly injured that none
+bloomed on the filberts and very few on the Jones hybrids which had
+previously been hardy. The native hazels bloomed but set very few nuts,
+apparently because of their repeatedly freezing during the blooming
+period. The Winkler hazel seems to be a phenomenal individual and a poor
+parent, not reproducing anywhere nearly true. Thus far all its seedlings
+have produced nuts inferior to the parent variety even when they were
+from seed which was cross-pollinated by other choice hazels or filberts.
+They do, however, show much variation in foliage, bushes and fruit and
+what the second generation may bring forth is yet to be determined.
+Established hazel plants endured the extreme heat and drought
+splendidly, but newly planted bushes did not. Well-rooted layers and
+divisions planted out early made a splendid start, then backed up and
+were a total failure before the July rains came.</p>
+
+<p>That you may know how dry it was in Iowa the first six months of 1934,
+let me tell you that only about two-thirds of the oats sown in April in
+well prepared soil got moisture enough to germinate then, and about the
+same part of the corn planted in May germinated. Well, along in June a
+shower furnished enough moisture to germinate the remaining part, so we
+had corn 2 to 3 feet high and in adjacent hills only 2 or 3 inches high,
+and oats which were headed out mixed with others of the same sowing
+which were just up.</p>
+
+<p>The walnuts endured these extremely dry conditions better than any fruit
+or nut bearing trees. Young seedlings made quite a satisfactory growth
+and year old seedlings lined out for future grafting made almost a
+perfect stand, as did the grafted trees which were unsold and lined out
+at the end of the selling season. The heavy loss in walnuts was in the
+grafts set in May. This will be mentioned later.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The shortage of moisture in 1933 apparently was responsible for
+considerable winter killing of young hickories which were in sod. There
+was no loss in cultivated ground. The hickories were like the apples
+this year in that they did not bloom much, and unlike them in that the
+apples ripened ahead of their normal season, while the hickories ripened
+later. Stratford nuts are usually ready to gather September 1 but this
+year are still clinging to the trees. Fairbanks is our most prolific
+kind. Nuts closely resembling Fairbanks, yet somewhat different from it,
+keep bobbing up on different sides of us when there is a good crop of
+hickory nuts. None of them have yet been superior to Fairbanks. Perhaps
+one should give each a good testing and keep up a search for one with
+better quality than Fairbanks. Certainly there is no reason for calling
+Stratford a hybrid. It is one of a group of shagbarks with smaller
+leaves and buds, and thinner husks than are found in what we would call
+a typical shagbark. The shagbarks might be divided into several species
+and be as distinct as some of the species of other trees, such as the
+ash for example. Vest and Hand represent another group with thin, wavy
+shells and thereby are quite distinct from the typical shagbarks.</p>
+
+<p>On account of extremely hot weather coming so early the nut trees were
+grafted earlier than usual and in this order: chestnuts, bitternuts,
+hickory stocks, shagbark stocks and, after a few days, the walnuts and
+pecans. The grafting was successful in the order worked. Immediately
+after the walnuts and pecans were worked the temperature began mounting,
+reaching 114&deg; F. in the shade at one time, and of course much more in
+the sun and just above the bare dry ground. The chestnuts and bitternuts
+had time to knit together before the extreme heat and gave a splendid
+stand. The shagbarks also made a good stand. But the walnuts and pecan
+stocks were near a total failure. Apparently what occurred was that the
+grafting wax and paraffin which was coated over the scion melted and
+penetrated the union, like that much kerosene or penetrating oil, and
+prevented callusing. The cions remained plump and green for a long time
+except for a thin layer at the cut surfaces. The usual resin, beeswax,
+linseed oil and lamp black grafting wax was used. Can anyone suggest a
+wax which will remain absolutely dry under the conditions described
+above? What happened, as near as I can tell, is that the extremely hot
+weather and the continuation of it melted the grafting wax and the
+paraffin. They fused and made a new combination which looked like grease
+and absolutely prevented any growth. The shagbark hickories gave a good
+stand, about as perfect a stand as you could expect in hickories. Last
+of all the pecan stocks were worked. They should have been the easiest
+to work but they were a total failure. That is because the hot weather
+set in less than a week after they were set, while the others had more
+time. The problem I would like to see solved is one of a wax which will
+remain absolutely dry during such times, and I think then we will have
+solved one of the big problems of propagation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Neilson</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I've had more or less trouble with grafting waxes since I began to graft
+nut trees, and I have therefore been looking for a wax that would stand
+up under extremely hot weather and which could be applied cold and was
+not too costly. I think I have found one that comes nearest to the
+ideal. It is an asphalt tree emulsion made by the Flintkote Co. of New
+York<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> City. This emulsion can be purchased in five gallon drums at 60c a
+gallon in Detroit. It can be diluted with water and applied in a thin or
+heavy coating. I used this wax last summer and I am better pleased with
+it than any other wax I have ever tried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Weber</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I thought a few years ago that I had eliminated wax trouble, but finally
+I came to the conclusion that when you have a temperature that runs
+beyond the place that will melt ordinary paraffin the heat will kill the
+grafts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Walker</span>:</p>
+
+<p>This question is an old one. Last winter and the winter before I did a
+little work on the old reports. You will find some mighty good winter
+reading there. I find things hashed and rehashed over and over again.
+The subject of grafting wax, of course, was discussed years ago. I might
+caution you on the asphalt. It will have to be the highest, purest
+grade.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Member</span>:</p>
+
+<p>You can easily prevent wax from getting in between the scion and the
+stock by using a paper or cellophane.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Snyder</span>:</p>
+
+<p>These grafts were tied with tape. I'm sure that this oil would penetrate
+anything which was not absolutely air tight.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Winter_Injury_of_Filberts_at_Geneva_1933-34A" id="Winter_Injury_of_Filberts_at_Geneva_1933-34A"></a>Winter Injury of Filberts at Geneva 1933-34<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">G. L. Slate</span></h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>New York Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>Last year I reported to you the winter injury to the Geneva filbert
+collection resulting from a very mild winter. This year I am reporting
+the damage resulting from the coldest winter on record in western New
+York. Varieties that have withstood both winters may be considered
+sufficiently hardy for anything western New York and regions with a
+similar climate have to offer in climate.</p>
+
+<p>A brief summary of the winter and its effects on other fruit plants in
+the vicinity of Geneva will serve as a background for the data on
+filberts. The first severe cold occurred on December 29 when the
+temperature dropped to -21&deg; F. This equalled the previous low record
+established in February, 1896. On February 9 the minimum temperature
+recorded was -31&deg; F. or ten degrees lower than anything previously
+recorded in the history of the Station. The minimum on February 8
+was -16&deg; F. and on February 10, -18&deg; F.</p>
+
+<p>Fruit trees suffered severe injury from these extreme temperatures.
+Nearly all the older Baldwin apple trees in the vicinity were killed or
+so severely injured as to be of no further value for fruit production.
+Peach fruit buds were all killed and many of the trees succumbed, even
+in well cared for orchards. Very few sweet cherry buds survived, and
+many trees were injured or killed. Dela<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>ware, Catawba and Niagara grapes
+were also killed to the ground or lost most of their buds. Japanese
+plums failed to bloom, and the trees were severely injured. Nearly all
+climbing roses were killed to the ground. Even the native elderberry,
+Sambucus canadensis, was killed back in many cases. Such was the winter
+experienced by the filberts.</p>
+
+<p>Before classifying the filbert varieties as to their hardiness, some
+general statements regarding the effect of the cold on the filberts may
+be of interest.</p>
+
+<p>The injury to the wood seemed to be due to a gradual drying out and the
+clear cut distinction between winter killed wood and live wood so
+evident in peaches, apples, and pears did not show in the filberts. The
+wood of the filberts had a dried out appearance with a few brown streaks
+so that one could not predict definitely in February the amount of
+injury. It was not until midsummer that a true picture of the injury to
+the wood could be obtained. This gradual drying out of the wood without
+the clear cut distinctions between dead and live wood also characterized
+the winter killing of the wood of grapes and raspberries. In the spring
+new growth on the injured filbert wood started late. If the injury was
+slight the foliage soon reached normal size. In some cases the early
+leaves were very small, but later attained normal size. With trees that
+were severely injured the leaves remained small until midsummer and then
+gradually turned yellow and died. Many branches were killed outright and
+failed to start or only a bud here and there would start. On the trees
+of a few varieties that were injured the least, a few small leaves were
+the chief evidence of winter injury.</p>
+
+<p>The recuperative power of the filbert seems to be nearly as great as
+that of the peach and pear insofar as this may be determined by
+observation in the orchard. In spite of the past winter the station
+filbert orchards present a fairly good appearance except for a few
+varieties. It is probably safe to consider filberts as hardy as peaches
+and sweet cherries.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers of the filbert show a greater range in hardiness than those
+of peaches and sweet cherries. The staminate flowers or catkins of a few
+varieties are definitely hardier than peach flowers. Not a single peach
+blossom survived but three filberts bloomed with only slightly more than
+the usual amount of catkin killing. The pistillate or female flowers are
+much hardier than peach flowers. The pistillate flowers are also hardier
+than the wood as flowers were observed on trees the wood of which was
+nearly dead by midsummer. In the older orchard about 16 varieties bore a
+number of pistillate flowers that were recorded as medium or greater.
+These did not all set nuts, however, owing to the scarcity of pollen,
+but the crop on seven varieties was about medium. It should be
+emphasized at this point that there were no peaches, practically no
+Japanese plums, very few sweet cherries, and very few grapes in the
+Station orchards and vineyards this year. Trees in the partially
+protected orchard fared somewhat better in regard to catkin injury than
+those in the more exposed orchard. That full exposure to the wind has
+much to do with winter killing of catkins is shown by the following.
+After the severe freeze of December 29 and 30 when -21&deg; F. was
+experienced, catkins of several varieties were forced in the office.
+These all opened and shed pollen normally. January 29 and 30 near zero
+temperatures were experienced with very strong winds. Catkins forced in
+the office immedi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>ately after this were nearly all killed. Since zero
+temperatures are not uncommon at Geneva in winter, but are rare with
+strong winds, much of the injury may be attributed to the combination of
+wind and cold.</p>
+
+<p>Young trees were injured less in wood than old trees. This is well shown
+by a comparison of two lots of Kentish Cob of different ages. Nine
+9-year-old trees were killed back from 50 to 80 percent in addition to
+considerable weakening of the remaining wood. Eleven two-year-old trees
+in the same orchard were uninjured.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of exposure to winds as a factor in causing catkin
+killing is further shown by a comparison of catkin killing in the two
+filbert orchards at Geneva. In the younger orchard which is exposed to
+the full sweep of the west wind not a catkin survived on any of the 66
+varieties in that orchard. In the other older orchard which is protected
+on the west and north by buildings and spruce trees, sufficient catkins
+survived on three varieties to provide for proper pollination. In
+discussing the effects of winter injury on the different varieties it
+will be necessary to make a distinction between the two orchards.
+Orchard 6 is the partially protected planting while Orchard 16 is fully
+exposed. Most of the trees in Orchard 6 were nine years old, while those
+in Orchard 16 are six years old or less. Wood injury, catkin injury, and
+pistil injury will be treated separately.</p>
+
+<p>In the first group are those varieties which suffered very severe wood
+injury. They are Clackamas, Early Globe, English Cluster, and Oregon.
+The latter two are very similar and may be identical. These were all
+nine year old trees located in Orchard 6. The trees were so severely
+injured that their recovery is doubtful and the development of new trees
+from suckers will be necessary. Clackamas evidently suffered root
+killing as only one of the six trees is producing suckers. In this group
+the trees leaved out, but the foliage was small, usually less than
+one-fifth the size of normal foliage, and growth weak. By August the
+leaves were yellow and many were shrivelling.</p>
+
+<p>Varieties moderately to severely injured in Orchard 6 were Barcelona,
+Kentish Cob (Du Chilly), Fertile de Coutard, Minna, Purple Aveline, Red
+Aveline, White Aveline, White Lambert, D'Alger, and Montebello. In
+Orchard 16 the severely injured varieties were Garibaldi, Kentish
+Filbert, Marquis of Lorne, Princess Royal, Red Skinned, The Shah, Webbs
+Prize Cob, Bandnuss, Einzeltragende Kegelformige, Liegels Zellernuss,
+Multiflora, Schlesierin, Sicklers Zellernuss, Truchsess Zellernuss,
+Vollkugel, Volle Zellernuss, Romische Nuss, Kruse and Rush. The trees of
+varieties in this group were severely injured, but have a fair chance of
+recovering. In many cases from 50 to 90 percent of the top was killed
+outright, and new growth was weak. Most of the trees have a few fairly
+strong shoots from the trunk or larger branches from which a new top may
+be developed. Four out of 22 trees of Barcelona were killed entirely,
+indicating root as well as top killing.</p>
+
+<p>The last group includes those varieties of which less than 20 percent of
+the wood was killed. The new growth was weakened slightly or not at all.
+In many cases the tree is apparently uninjured and occasionally a single
+tree of a variety may be severely injured while the others are unhurt.
+Varieties in Orchard 6 belonging in this group are Alpha, Buttner
+Zeller, Cosford, Daviana, Gubener Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller, Gustav
+Zeller, Lange Landsberger,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> Fichtwerdersche Zeller, Noce Lunghe, Italian
+Red, Large Globe, Medium Long, Bollwiller, Nottingham, Halle, Red
+Lambert, Gasaway, Guebener Barcelloner, Blumberger Zeller, Bixby, Jones
+Nos. 83, 207, 269, 310, and Corylus colurna.</p>
+
+<p>In Orchard 16 varieties in this group include Cannon Ball, Duke of
+Edinburgh, Pearson's Prolific, Barr's Zellernuss, Berger's Zellernuss,
+Beethe's Zellernuss, Eckige Barcelloner, Grosse Kugelnuss, Heynicks
+Zellernuss, Jeeves Samling, Kadetten Zellernuss, Kaiserin Eugenie,
+Kurzhullige Zellernuss, Longe von Downton, Ludolph's Zellernuss,
+Luisen's Zellernuss, Mogulnuss, Neue Riesennuss, Northamptonshire,
+Prolifique a coque serree, Imperial de Trebizond, and Russ. Native sorts
+in this group are Winkler, Littlepage, Wilder, a Corylus americana
+variety from the east end of Lake Ontario, and a Corylus rostrata from
+Rhode Island. Seventeen 3-year old French varieties were also uninjured,
+but in view of the general lack of wood killing, on young filberts, they
+are not included in this list. It is evident then that we have a number
+of varieties of which the wood is fairly hardy.</p>
+
+<p>Catkin killing was very severe in both orchards and only those varieties
+which had a few live catkins are listed. In Orchard 6 the catkin killing
+on five trees of Italian Red ranged from 20 to 50 percent and on six
+trees of Red Lambert from 10 to 20 percent. A few catkins on Alpha also
+survived. The remaining 35 filbert varieties in this orchard lost all
+their catkins. Several Jones hybrids in this orchard fared somewhat
+better. A few catkins survived on Bixby. Jones 269 lost 10 percent,
+Jones 310 lost 30 percent, and Jones 207 lost none of its catkins. All
+the catkins were killed on Jones 83.</p>
+
+<p>In Orchard 16, the story is soon told. Not a single live catkin was
+found in the spring on the 66 filbert varieties in this orchard. Of the
+native hazels Bush lost all its catkins, and Winkler none. All catkins
+were dead on the Corylus rostrata from Rhode Island.</p>
+
+<p>As stated earlier, the pistillate flowers were hardier than the catkins
+and nearly all varieties in both orchards had at least an occasional
+female flower. However, only those in which the number of pistillate
+flowers was described as medium or numerous will be recorded here. In
+Orchard 6 these varieties were Alpha, Cosford, Fichtwerdersche, Gubener
+Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller, Gustav's Zeller, Longe Landsberger, Noce
+Lunghe, Italian Red, Medium Long, Bollwiller, White Lambert, Gasaway,
+Gubener Barcelloner, Blumberger Zeller, and Unknown. Five Jones hybrids
+including Bixby had a full pistillate bloom. Due to wood injury and
+possibly to a scarcity of pollen only a few of these varieties bore more
+than a few nuts. Varieties bearing a medium crop are Cosford, Italian
+Red, Medium Long, Gubener Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller, Bollwiller, and
+Unknown. Four of Jones hybrids including Bixby, are bearing fair crops.
+The other varieties in this orchard are bearing only an occasional nut
+or none.</p>
+
+<p>In Orchard 16 the pistillate flowers were described as medium or
+numerous on the following varieties: Barr's Zellernuss and the Winkler
+hazel. The other 65 varieties bore only an occasional flower. No filbert
+pollen was available in this orchard, consequently Winkler is the only
+variety fruiting.</p>
+
+<p>In Orchard 16 were 534 two-year-old trees from crosses between Rush and
+various filbert varieties. The cross was made by Mr. Reed and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+seedlings were sent to Geneva by the late Mr. Bixby. Of these 534
+seedlings, 62 bore catkins. The catkins on 14 of these were uninjured,
+19 had varying amounts of injury, and 29 suffered 100 percent killing.
+Three hundred and ninety-two bore pistillate flowers and 74 of these
+would probably have had full crops had they been pollinated. In view of
+the complete loss of catkins on the filbert varieties in this orchard,
+the survival of catkins on about half of the blooming seedlings is of
+considerable interest to the filbert breeder. In addition, none of these
+hybrids experienced any wood killing.</p>
+
+<p>If the list of varieties which passed through the very severe winter of
+1933-34 is compared with the list of varieties which were not seriously
+injured by the very mild winter of 1932-33, only two sorts, Italian Red
+and Red Lambert are found to be satisfactorily hardy in wood and catkin.
+Red Lambert is too unproductive to be used except as a pollenizer.
+Italian Red may therefore be considered the most promising variety now
+available for western New York conditions. The nut is satisfactory and
+the tree is one of the most productive. Cosford and Medium Long may also
+be considered among the hardiest in spite of the complete loss of
+catkins last winter. In all previous winters they have been among the
+hardiest in wood and catkins. No variety should be eliminated because of
+a lack of hardiness during the coldest winter on record in the region
+where it is being grown, if it possesses other desirable characters.</p>
+
+<p>I think considerable encouragement may be derived from the previous
+winter's experience. We are at last down to rock bottom and know what is
+hardy and what is not. It is evident from the behavior of the Jones
+hybrids and Mr. Reed's hybrids involving a similar parentage that
+sufficiently hardy varieties will result from this line of breeding work
+to make filbert culture possible in those sections of the country that
+are not too cold for peaches.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Approved by the Director of the New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station for publication as Journal Paper No. 49.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>Notes on Hickories</h2>
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">A. B. Anthony</span></h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Sterling, Illinois</i></p>
+
+
+<p>I am satisfied only when I am trying for the best, and the best to me in
+nuts is the hickory. For the past nine years in the nut season, and
+sometimes out of it, for nut shucks tell their story, I have been
+combing my own territory with hopes of finding some hickories more worth
+while. About twenty miles westward from my home brings one to the
+Mississippi River. One hundred years ago most of this twenty mile land
+tract was covered with timber, more or less interspersed with hickories,
+most of which have been cut down. Along the Mississippi there were then
+shellbarks and shagbarks, together with pecans, the latter of which I
+understand are all gone now. My own location was originally prairie land
+out of which one could not go in any direction without passing through a
+woodland tract. These nearer woods held in nut trees more shagbarks than
+of any other nut variety, with the bitter hickory nut coming in second
+place. As I thought about it, given a good enough tree, it seemed to me
+the hickory was the greatest one we could grow. Grandfather had let pass
+his opportunity to save any choice ones. So had my father. And if the
+neighborhood zest was overfreighted with purpose to find such trees I
+had not found it out. It looked to me like a worthwhile endeavor not to
+let this neglect go further, even though chance finds were much lessened
+from what they probably once were.</p>
+
+<p>Having three or four kinds of hickories is no doubt a fine thing for us.
+Nature cannot manage nearly so well with them as can man, but she makes
+something of a hit once in a while. More than we think for, perhaps, in
+the hickories we are using to graft from, there is quite likely, in the
+sizeable shagbarks, something besides shagbark. Their distinctiveness,
+for which we selected them, is due to a fortunate, unlike cross bringing
+out their exceptional characteristics. What most hinders progress is
+quite conceivably a sort of swamped unchangeableness. That is very
+possibly the likely ailment we've got in our hazelnuts. There were no
+three or four kinds of them scattered more or less everywhere about the
+country with which nature could make chance crosses as with hickories.
+Seemingly my locality ought to yield as many, perhaps more, exceptional
+hickory specimens than many could. Here, or near here, the pecan of the
+south had reached its northernmost trek. Here also was the shagbark,
+shellbark, bitternut. And uniformity here should have more chance of a
+knockout. A riddance of sameness. Hazelnuts conceded no such diversity
+to help nature make freaks. In the hickory field was alteration, hope,
+and chance.</p>
+
+<p>In the assemblage of varieties there is given opportunity for crosses
+that nature occasionally delves into, and in the additional eccentric
+types getting mixed, tending to offer in rare instances special merit.
+We have then through mixture, not that fixedness that usually stands in
+the way, but a getting away from set types<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> where once in thousands of
+offerings a more useful specimen is made, one nature herself cannot
+handle to our advantage, but for which we should have our eyes open, and
+make use of when chance comes our way.</p>
+
+<p>Just two years ago tomorrow I came upon what to me was an eye feast. A
+half grown hickory tree whose top-most limbs bent as in rare instances
+do limbs when heavily laden with sleet. And the nuts were of good size
+for shagbarks. With the shucks off there were forty-two pounds of them.
+They proved to be quite good crackers. I sent a sample to Dr. Deming and
+he very considerately gave them the name Anthony. From the shape of the
+nut, I believe it has a trace of the bitternut hickory in its make-up.
+Mr. Reed has likewise expressed such an opinion in writing me regarding
+it. This foreign blood tinge gives it, I believe, its jump in size and
+its rather attractive form, also I think, a bit lessening in quality.
+While we would like the very highest quality in our nuts, it is
+conceivable that it may be advisable to do with them as is done with
+peaches. Take the Elberta, with its many good traits, even though it
+does fail somewhat in quality.</p>
+
+<p>Having found this nut tree just two years ago hardly gives time enough
+for adequate judgement of its merits. With something like three-fourths
+of an inch of rain this year, from sometime in March to the seventeenth
+of June, none of our crops can be judged by their performance. Skipping
+last year, except for a very few nuts, this hickory came out this season
+heavy with bloom. I was watching it at blooming time. On May 23 I
+brought home from it a bit of bloom, laid it on a paper and the next
+morning it had shed its pollen. The next morning after that we had a
+frost on low ground. This tree is near such ground. With frost, and two
+dry seasons, this year's crop has amounted to but one and one-half
+quarts. Most hickories have done little since 1932.</p>
+
+<p>Another hickory tree found last year that I call No. 2 did have four and
+one-half pounds on it last season. It is hardly half grown, is a
+shagbark, my best find toward cracking out in halves, and the earliest
+in maturing nuts of any hickory I have found. It has no crop this year
+but is worth keeping an eye on the coming seasons.</p>
+
+<p>No. 3 is my best find in quality, quite good of cracking, good in size
+for a shagbark and has possibly a trace of shellbark in its make-up.
+While bearing light crops, it has been very consistent in doing so every
+year for at least three years. It is an old tree, medium early in
+maturing its nuts and doubtless could do better if freed from the under
+and surrounding smaller trees. Its crop, shucks on this year, is
+sixty-five pounds, or above eighteen pounds shucks off but not dried.</p>
+
+<p>To the best of my present knowledge, and with such conveniences as I
+had, and to aid in grafting, I should have been told to make a long
+narrow box, put a wire screen bottom on it, make a cover for it, fasten
+a wire at each end, put my scion wood in and let it down deep in a
+cistern, and let it hang two or three inches over the water for scion
+keeping. When grafting I should have been told to carry my Merribrooke
+melter around in an empty pail to keep the wind from blowing it out and
+to be able to better hold the blaze down and keep the wax at the right
+temperature. And when and if the blaze does go out, do not try taking
+the thing apart for relighting. Instead, split a small stick, put a
+match in the split, take out the wax cup,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> strike the match and reach
+down from the top for relighting.</p>
+
+<p>Talk to people about better hickories and you discern first that the
+subject has never been brought to their attention. On further
+discussion, when they are made to understand that worthwhile hickories
+can be grown, you come to the balking point. It's the crop! It's too far
+off! People do not let the time question bother them when they set out
+the usual dooryard trees because expectancy goes no further than trees.
+In our latitude grafted hickories, first of all trees, rightly should be
+in everyone's dooryard. It takes about as much time to grow the best
+ornamental and shade trees as to make a hickory tree. And the latter
+furnishes quite as much ornament, just as much shade as were it some
+other kind of tree. Even if one cannot live long enough to eat nuts from
+his own planting, plant grafted hickories anyway. Left to their own, and
+most people's council, their lesser tree selections would approach the
+eventual worth of a good hickory. Why not make the choice a good one?</p>
+
+<p>No one knows, so far as I have ascertained, the age of a hickory. It is
+much beyond that of an apple tree, at least in my locality. Of its close
+relation, the pecan of the south, it has been said there are pecan trees
+there now bearing nuts that were here when Christopher Columbus
+discovered America.</p>
+
+<p>Not long ago I read that there are something like five thousand
+telescope nuts in the country. (You know we here are all interested in
+nuts.) I can understand that it is interesting to search off in vast
+spaces to ascertain facts, but it is hard to understand why more people
+cannot find interest in rare and useful nut sports that can be strived
+for and, in addition to that enthusiasm, help give to future mankind
+that first of all essentials, food.</p>
+
+<p>Whether we can get a helpful clue with experiences of the past I do not
+know. But I often cannot help but recall a bit of the blindness of man
+when I think of the potato. It was once said that they were fit only for
+hogs to eat. Many years back when they were having war in Ireland,
+soldiers would go through people's home and take all they had to eat. It
+was found, however, where there was a potato patch soldiers would run
+right over them, giving no thought of there finding food. There then was
+a chance for home dwellers to better hold their own and it gave the
+impetus, the beginning of potato growing, to the Caucasian race and the
+name we have to this day, Irish potato. Years later, when they still had
+kings in France, their ruler realized his poor subjects could help
+themselves so much if they would only grow potatoes. There seemed no way
+of getting them to do so. One day, however, the king went and had a plat
+of ground planted to potatoes, set guards around it day and night, and
+let it be known they were the king's potatoes and no one was going to be
+allowed to steal them. That awoke the people. If potatoes were that good
+the king would have them, they would have them also.</p>
+
+<p>Franklin Roosevelt likes trees. Do you suppose we could get him to be a
+king to lead for the finest in tree planting, grafted hickory-nut trees?</p>
+
+<p>Another thing. Every bit we can add to the feeling and knowledge of our
+securing is a help to us. We have many people whose make-up is not one
+that enables them to provide for their later years, not even if they
+earned ten dollars a day over a long period of time. Planting grafted
+hickories would be something of a standby, extend away into the years,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+and helping too when physical strength is no more ours. So too, we can
+count too much sometimes on what we have in a bank. We may do likewise
+with an insurance company. And there have been people whose governments
+went back on them. Ours has, on gold promises! All one's hickory trees,
+had he such, are not likely to treat him like that, at least won't all
+die in a bunch! They won't even refuse a crop because of a depression!
+And if one couldn't eat all of his nuts or even any of them, they are
+something to offer in trade for that which can be used.</p>
+
+<p>Again, if I am not mistaken, there is nothing that we of this latitude
+do grow or can grow in field or garden that so equally takes the place
+of meat as do nuts. Speaking of gardens, it has been said "gardening is
+an occupation for which no man is too high or too low." Likewise could
+the truth be so said for so clean a pursuit as nut growing.</p>
+
+<p>History has spoken of "the age of acorns." We hope we can look into a
+not too distant future and rightly see additional help, food, leisure,
+income for everybody made so partially, in a little way at least, in an
+age with nuts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Anthony sent me quite a generous sample of his hickory and I got to
+be quite familiar with it. I consider the Anthony one of our best
+hickories. It is quite evident from his paper that he is a thinking man,
+and I noticed that he has found out in two or three years things which I
+have found out only after twenty-five or thirty years of study and which
+I thought were exclusively possessions of my own.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>:</p>
+
+<p>The shellbarks and shagbarks are among the finest looking trees in
+Washington. They are symmetrical, erect and have dark green or light
+green foliage. At this time of year they are taking on a superb golden
+yellow. The landscape gardeners use the hickories for the golden effect
+of the foliage. Before we get through with this meeting I would like to
+get some reports from the people from the North as to which species grow
+the farthest north. Is it the black walnut or the shagbark? Does the
+bitternut grow farther north than either one of them?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Corsan</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Yes. The bitternut grows 150 miles north of Ottawa. The hickory is much
+farther north than the black walnut.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Snyder</span>:</p>
+
+<p>It has always been my impression that the butternut reached farther
+north than the black walnut.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Ellis</span>:</p>
+
+<p>The hickories go as far north as Lake Champlain. The butternuts go up as
+far as the line of Canada.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Corsan</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Butternuts go way above the Canadian line.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>:</p>
+
+<p>In New England the shagbark grows considerably farther north than the
+black walnut and west of the Great Lakes the black walnut grows farther
+north than the hickory.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Walker</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I believe the bitternut grows farther north than the butternut. I think
+the rivers have an influence on them. Getting away from the rivers you
+don't have to go so far before they run out.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>With the exhibits is a picture of a Wisconsin black walnut I grafted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+myself. Dr. Zimmerman also has one growing. The meat of this black
+walnut is as white and sweet as an English walnut. I think it is quite
+promising for northern territory. Mr. Reed, did you have an opportunity
+to test them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>:</p>
+
+<p>They impressed me as being very promising. I tried to get cions but was
+not able to at that time.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Zimmerman</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I don't think I have ever seen a hickory nut tree so loaded with nuts as
+a Manahan which I have grafted on bitternut. The Taylor every year sets
+a bunch of young nutlets, but I have never yet seen a catkin on it. I
+don't know anything that will pollinate it. Until we select buds for
+hickory nuts and walnuts as they do for citrus and other fruit, I don't
+believe we can get very far.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I have some hickories growing and fruiting well on bitternut. I've also
+seen enough of them not growing well so that I prefer shagbark to
+bitternut. I prefer shagbark on shagbark.</p>
+
+<p>Motion was made and carried that the next annual meeting of the Northern
+Nut Growers' Association be held at Rockport, Indiana, Monday and
+Tuesday, September 9 and 10, 1935.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Letter_from_Rev_Paul_C_Crath" id="Letter_from_Rev_Paul_C_Crath"></a>Letter from Rev. Paul C. Crath</h2>
+
+<h3>Kosseev, Poland</h3>
+
+<p class='center'>(<i>Read by Title</i>)</p>
+
+
+<p>Being eager to get on time to the walnut harvest in the Carpathian
+region and personally select walnuts for planting in Canada and the
+U.S.A. I borrowed $400 and&mdash;now I am here. On October 11 I sent to
+Toronto eight boxes of selected walnuts, about 50,000 in all, and I hope
+they will arrive in Toronto in time for the Royal Winter Fair. There are
+43 varieties and amongst them some of very high quality are on the way
+to our Acadia. But it was no easy task to find out here good walnuts. I
+bought 1400 kilograms of different nuts before I picked out of them 600
+kg. for Canada. Besides me three men were busy searching for the best
+walnuts in the orchards of Kosseev and Kooty. Inclosed please find a
+description of 45 walnut trees and their nuts. A collection of these
+nuts I am sending you separately.</p>
+
+<p>I found here that:</p>
+
+<p>1. Every walnut tree bears nuts of different variety. The nuts differ
+from nuts of other trees in shape, hardness of shell, size, texture and
+flavor of kernels.</p>
+
+<p>2. On every tree walnuts are of three sizes, large, medium and small. It
+depends how much sunshine they receive. Those nearer to the trunk and on
+the northern side of the tree are the smallest.</p>
+
+<p>3. According to flavor the walnut trees may be divided into three
+dif<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>ferent groups. Those which bear nuts of sweet kernel are the best.
+Those nuts which have some bitter flavor are not bad, but those which
+are languid or tasteless are no good at all.</p>
+
+<p>4. Giants have kernels smaller than the cavity of their shell. But I was
+told that in this country somewhere are Giants with sweet, hard kernels
+which fill up their paper-thin shell fully. Some gentleman pointed to
+the city of Tchernievtjee as a source of good Giants. It is not far from
+Kosseev, but on the other side of Rumanian frontier. It means that I
+should go to the province of Bookovina if we wish to find those perfect
+Giants. I sent to Canada some good Giants, but not perfect ones yet.</p>
+
+<p>A physician who resides in Kooty told me that in the mountaineers
+villages of Rozhen (500 meters above sea level) there is a tree bearing
+awfully sweet walnuts. He ate those nuts but he does not know the name
+of the owner. Now it is my task to find those nuts. In the village of
+Twedeev (400 meters above sea level) is a tree bearing one year large
+nuts and next year small nuts. But those small nuts are awfully oily. I
+failed to secure nuts from that tree but I know its whereabouts. There
+in the mountains about 600 meters above the sea level comes the line
+beyond which no walnut tree grows. That line is stretched from the east
+to the west along the northern slope of the Carpathian region. I have
+seen some nuts from that colder belt. In shape they are rough, but one
+variety has papershell and sweet flavor. It seems to me that among these
+(as natives call them Hutzoolian walnuts) we could find some good
+variety for northern Ontario and maybe Manitoba. My nearest task will be
+to go along the cold line and select some walnut trees there.</p>
+
+<p>Kooty and Kooseev district are really walnut country. This district
+produces papershell walnuts for other parts of Poland. But walnut trees
+could be found five degrees to the north. Too, I wish to investigate
+walnuts north of the Dniester River and then proceed farther north to
+find the northern limit beyond which no walnut grows. I am going to
+publish 3000 questionnaires, one for each walnut tree. I or my friends
+would examine these questionnaires when filled out. Maybe we'll come
+across some extra good walnut through this inquiry. But the easiest way
+to locate the best walnut is to organize a walnut contest as you did in
+Michigan, with the help of Mr. Kellogg. With the help of the local
+agricultural papers we could have such a contest and I am sure we'll
+have an amazing success. Do your best to get some funds for the prizes.
+Then please go to the Royal Winter Fair which starts this fall November
+21 and inspect my walnuts I shipped there recently. Create a judging
+committee of Prof. Neilson, Mr. Corsan, Dr. Currelly and others. Open a
+couple nuts of each variety and judge which walnuts are the best. Then
+write me from what trees I should cut scions. You see, I am waiting now
+for winter to cut scions from trees bearing the best walnuts I found.
+Then after Xmas I'll ship to Canada a large box containing about 10,000
+walnut scions. I expect to cut every scion personally and that way
+secure the best stuff for the spring grafting.</p>
+
+<p>I am told that there are in Latvia filberts of very good type. Latvian
+filberts have grown eight inches thick in diameter. In that country the
+ground is frozen in October, like in Manitolia. It seems to me that the
+Latvian filbert will be ideal for the northern part of the North
+America. I wish to go there too while I am in Europe. I would bring the
+Latvian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> filbert to Canada and the U.S.A. if a small financial support
+could be given to me to accomplish this task.</p>
+
+<p>To assure bringing of the best walnut into Canada and the U.S.A. I made
+an agreement with a local gardener to graft for us 500 walnut seedlings
+with the scions I would secure for him. Thus grafted seedlings could be
+brought to Canada the next fall. Furthermore, I have an idea to create
+the largest and the best walnut which ever grew on the globe. For this
+purpose I selected several walnut trees bearing Giant nuts and I wish to
+pollenize them next spring with pollen of a tree which yields the
+hardest and the sweetest kernel. Such a tree is in the city of
+Stanislav. And here in Kosseev is a tree bearing Giants which before
+they are dried weigh ten nuts to one kilogram (2.204 pounds). I hope
+that combination could give us a desirable type.</p>
+
+<p>It is also desirable for me to stay in this country until the fall of
+1935. Then I am sure that we'd have some desirable walnuts and filberts.
+I hope that my friends in Canada and the U.S.A. would come with
+financial help to give me a chance to accomplish my task. To assure the
+shipment of scions I need one hundred dollars. For my existence in this
+country I need $240 for next twelve months, and for traveling expenses
+about $100. All together I need $500. I hope that some Canadian or
+American would understand the importance of my expedition and will come
+with the help. Please put my case before some people who would back me
+in my enterprise.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Corsan</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Crath is a Presbyterian minister, he is out of a job and he is a man
+of extraordinary practical skill in agriculture. Now he informs me that,
+up in the Carpathian mountain region, in the valleys they don't have the
+English walnut, but the estates up in the mountains for hundreds of
+years have cultivated and selected it. The estates are being divided up
+and the trees cut down. He has gone up there to select these trees to
+have the nuts sent to him before the dealers get them and kill-dry to
+insure them against spoiling.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_Chestnut_Situation_in_Illinois" id="The_Chestnut_Situation_in_Illinois"></a>The Chestnut Situation in Illinois</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Dr. A. S. Colby</span>, <i>Illinois</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>Illinois claims prominence as a state where the commercial chestnut crop
+has been a profitable one for many years, beginning nearly three decades
+ago. Before chestnut blight, Endothia parasitica (Murrill), killed the
+trees in the East, tons of nuts were gathered there and a considerable
+quantity marketed; these, however, were chiefly of the smaller native
+species and little attention was paid to the trees, most of which were
+wild. During the past few years some consideration has been given
+chestnut culture in the far West; this development, however, is quite
+recent.</p>
+
+<p>Two men stand out as pioneers in Illinois nut growing: the late George
+W. Endicott of Villa Ridge, who crossed the native American with the
+Giant Japanese chestnut in 1895, his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> work resulting in the origination
+of the Boone, Blair, and Riehl varieties, the fruit of which combines
+the size of the Japanese with the quality of the American parent; and
+the late E. A. Riehl of Godfrey, who for over 30 years, until his death
+in 1925, carried on experimental work in nut culture, originating, among
+others, the Fuller and Gibbens chestnuts, superior late and early
+varieties. Both Mr. Endicott and Mr. Riehl planted the better varieties
+in orchard form and found the undertaking a very profitable one.</p>
+
+<p>The third large orchard planting in Illinois is located at Farina and
+owned by the Whitford family. Here the soil type is less favorable for
+chestnuts and the water drainage is not of the best, but in spite of
+these disadvantages, the trees are productive.</p>
+
+<p>These orchards, with other smaller plantings in the state, came into
+full bearing at about the time of the gradual failure of the eastern
+crops and have made money for their owners, especially where attention
+was paid to sizing the nuts and to other advanced marketing practices.</p>
+
+<p>During the past twenty years, interest in chestnut culture in Illinois
+has been increasing gradually. Many plantings of the improved varieties
+have been made in widely scattered localities. Through the co-operation
+of Mr. P. A. Glenn, of the State Nursery Inspection Service, a survey of
+Illinois has been begun to locate all the chestnut trees in the state.
+By the fall of 1934, with about one-third of the counties surveyed, a
+total of 7,601 chestnut trees has been found, approximately one-half of
+which are of bearing and one-half non-bearing age. This latter group
+includes nursery stock and newly planted young trees mostly of named
+varieties.</p>
+
+<p>In a preliminary study of the approximately 3,700 trees of bearing age,
+a number of facts of interest were noted. Nearly all these chestnuts
+were of the named varieties, the plantings ranging in size from 1 to 800
+individuals and in age from 5 to 40 years. Most of them were planted in
+orchard form and given some attention as to cultural needs. However,
+there were over 400 older trees averaging from 50 to 60 years with five,
+80 years of age and three reported to be 130 years old.</p>
+
+<p>These older trees are in poor condition as a rule, with many dead tops
+and branches and hollow trunks, but still struggling for life and
+producing some nuts. Very little care had been given them. They were
+found along the roadside, in pastures, in the yard about the home, in
+rows bordering an orchard. Some of these older trees were known to be
+seedlings from seeds brought in from the East; others had been planted,
+the trees coming from eastern sections. Very few of these trees are
+infected with blight. They indicate ages at which chestnut trees may be
+productive in Illinois if blight is controlled.</p>
+
+<p>Satisfactory soil and climatic conditions for chestnut culture are found
+in most sections of Illinois, since plantings are reported from Pulaski
+County in the extreme south to Lee in the north, and in the central
+sections from Champaign west to Hancock County. As the survey
+progresses, it is probable that these limits will be extended.</p>
+
+<p>One of the reasons for the state survey was to make a careful inspection
+of the trees found for evidence of chestnut blight and to have the
+necessary steps taken for its prompt eradication. Blight was found in
+Illinois in 1926, and efforts have been made since that time to
+eradicate it. Only a few infected trees were located prior to 1934. Most
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> them have been destroyed. In this year's (1934) survey, 123 diseased
+trees were found, and these are being handled in the most effective way
+to check further spread of the blight. These trees were found in nine
+counties, mostly scattered over the southern third of the state, with
+one infection center in central Illinois in Logan County.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the present status of the chestnut in Illinois. What of the
+future? We believe that chestnut blight will continue to spread. The
+disease has been reported in several of the near-by states, including
+Michigan, Indiana and Iowa. With the scattered centers of infection in
+Illinois, it is probable that other diseased trees will continue to
+appear. Only the most determined efforts to check it, based upon a
+thorough understanding of the life cycle of its causal fungus, can be of
+any possible value in keeping it in control for any considerable time.
+Continuous inspection of the trees, with prompt removal of diseased
+material, such as cankers and infected branches, following methods
+recognized as sanitary, and immediate burning will be very helpful in
+checking the trouble. When the entire tree is infected, necessitating
+its removal, the stump should be treated by peeling back the bark and
+building a hot fire around the trunk in order that all bark tissues
+shall be destroyed. It is advisable, also, that all chestnut trees be
+given good care, especially as regards their needs for plant nutrients.
+Beginning with the young trees, newly planted, bark injuries of any kind
+should be guarded against. Extreme care is necessary in the training of
+the scaffold branches, as the tree grows, in order that the mature tree
+shall be well formed with as few large wounds as possible through the
+removal of large branches.</p>
+
+<p>The application of fungicidal sprays, such as Bordeaux, at intervals
+throughout the growing season, may be helpful. The trunk and the main
+branches, especially, of young trees should be protected from sun scald.
+Borers and other insects must be kept out. Injury from tools used about
+the trees must be guarded against. Any break in the bark offers easy
+entrance to the fungus spores. Wrapping the trunk with burlap or paper
+may be very helpful in preventing such injuries. Probably the best time
+of year to make necessary pruning cuts is in early spring. Pruning
+should be followed by the painting of the wounds with shellac, later
+covering this with a good grade of paint. The tree should be well fed to
+aid in the growth of callus formation to cover the wound quickly.</p>
+
+<p>Other methods of attack in solving the problem include the immunization
+of the chestnut against the blight and the breeding of resistant
+varieties. Experimental work along these lines is being carried on by
+individuals and Federal and State agencies, but the work has not as yet
+progressed sufficiently to give results of commercial value.</p>
+
+<p>If careful cultural methods are followed in every locality, with special
+emphasis on the prompt and thorough disposal of diseased material, by
+removal and burning, we can look forward to a number of years of
+profitable chestnut production in Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Is the Riehl orchard free from blight?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Colby</span>:</p>
+
+<p>One of the same gentlemen who visited Ithaca the other day, by
+authority, is making a very careful survey for disease of the nut trees
+in the eastern and northern United<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> States. The Riehl orchard that we
+visited last year about this time had considerably over 100 trees badly
+diseased. We'll have to do the best we can with the old trees but watch
+the young ones carefully.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Don't you think that one of the commonest causes of the blight of
+chestnut trees is through the wounds and the inoculations made by the
+claws of squirrels?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Colby</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Yes, and also woodpeckers. The old trees can be preserved for a longer
+or shorter time, depending on the care that is given to them. We found
+the disease down in the Endicott orchard, even in plantings of mature
+standing. There have been several trees located at Lincoln where the
+disease has been found. Any of those old trees where there are any
+injuries to the bark will be subject to the trouble.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Report_on_Commercial_Cracking_and_Merchandising_of_Black_Walnuts" id="Report_on_Commercial_Cracking_and_Merchandising_of_Black_Walnuts"></a>Report on Commercial Cracking and Merchandising of Black Walnuts</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">H. F. Stoke</span>, <i>Virginia</i></h3>
+
+<p class='center'>(<i>Read by Title</i>)</p>
+
+
+<p>The 1933 black walnut crop of southwestern Virginia was light and
+exceedingly spotted. Some districts reported a complete failure, a most
+unusual condition.</p>
+
+<p>The volume of shelled nuts offered on the local market was smaller than
+usual, due partly to scarcity of the nuts and partly because the
+mountain folk who produce most of the kernels were not so keen at
+cracking walnuts for a pittance when once they had tasted the sweets of
+40 cents per hour on road work offered as part of the Federal recovery
+program. This, apparently, will become a factor in the development of
+commercial cracking plants.</p>
+
+<p>The price was better than for several years past. Home-cracked nuts sold
+at an average price of 25 cents per pound to local consumers, who took
+most of the season's production. Sales to northern concerns were mostly
+at from 30 to 35 cents for hand-picked goods, ranging up to 38 cents per
+pound by midsummer. I do not know present prices.</p>
+
+<p>The writer knows of no new development in mechanical cracking and
+separating processes. At the present time he is completing the
+construction of a power driven cracker of new design, but any report
+must await successful operation.</p>
+
+<p>In the marketing of kernels five channels may be considered:</p>
+
+<p>1. The local consumer market, which should be cultivated as far as
+possible.</p>
+
+<p>2. Mail order consumer, usually reached by advertising. A two-pound
+carton lined with wax paper makes a most satisfactory unit for sales of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+this kind. This package has been selling generally at $1.25, postpaid.</p>
+
+<p>3. Commercial consumers, who are usually manufacturers of food products,
+such as bakeries, ice cream manufacturers, confectioners, etc. Usually
+these people buy from wholesale supply houses.</p>
+
+<p>In order to hold this trade the producer should be in a position to fill
+orders throughout the year. An "In-and-outer" cannot hope to hold this
+excellent class of customers.</p>
+
+<p>4. Wholesale supply houses, who specialize on supplying commercial
+consumers and nut stores.</p>
+
+<p>These people depend on buying their season's supply as cheaply as
+possible during the flush period and distributing later at a profit.</p>
+
+<p>It is to their interest to demoralize the market early, so they can buy
+cheaply, and later proclaim a scarcity so the market will advance to
+profitable levels. They seem fully alive to their interests. At the
+opening of the past season one very prominent New York buyer was
+offering from 16 to 18 cents per pound for hand-picked kernels, though I
+knew of none selling at anywhere near that figure.</p>
+
+<p>This class of customer is rather unsatisfactory, though they will pay
+fair prices late in the season if a real shortage exists, and they are
+out of supplies.</p>
+
+<p>5. A good, honest broker or commission merchant is probably the most
+satisfactory channel for handling large quantities of kernels. He is
+acquainted with actual prices and market conditions, as well as a large
+list of possible customers. His customers are usually commercial
+consumers, though he also sells wholesale supply houses. His commission
+is usually 3 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>As a note of warning, be sure your broker is honest, then stick to him.
+Some concerns masquerading as brokers or commission merchants are really
+wholesale buyers on their own account. They will charge the shipper a
+commission on sales to themselves at a low figure. The Baltimore market
+seems especially cursed with this sort of thing, though it is now, I
+believe, forbidden by a code. As a whole, Baltimore is not a very
+satisfactory market for black walnut kernels, though the largest in the
+East. I find Philadelphia and New York more satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>The outlook for the 1934 black walnut crop in this section is most
+promising. A dry spring was favorable to a good set of nuts, while
+plenty of rain during the summer guarantees good size. Prices will
+probably be satisfactory, due to the extreme drought in the West and the
+labor situation already referred to.</p>
+
+<p>At this point I shall digress from the subject assigned me. The
+following matter may be left off the record, at your discretion.</p>
+
+<p>a. In my 1932 report I made mention of several promising black walnut
+seedlings found in this locality. Samples of the nuts of the parent
+trees of the 1931 crop have been kept to the present time. All have
+deteriorated to a greater or lesser degree except the Stanley, which is
+as sweet and good as when gathered. The Stanley and Caldwell are
+precocious as grafted trees.</p>
+
+<p>The Bowman seedling tree, which was reported as most precocious, is
+continuing its record of not having missed a crop since its third season
+from seed. It must be reported, however, that a two-year-old graft of
+this tree has not borne, as yet.</p>
+
+<p>b. One thing of interest concerning the black walnut that has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+observed is the scarcity of the walnut web worm this season, none having
+been observed by the writer up to September 1st. Is this a general or a
+local condition?</p>
+
+<p>The year of the Geneva convention, 1931, was the worst ever observed by
+the writer in this respect. Do web worms occur in cycles, or do other
+conditions govern their appearance?</p>
+
+<p>c. The injury caused by the melting of grafting and coating waxes by the
+hot sun is well known. Last spring an attempt was made to overcome the
+difficulty by painting the waxed surface with aluminum bronze paint. The
+experiment was a complete success, as even straight paraffine failed to
+melt beneath the aluminum coating during the hottest summer here on
+record. English walnut grafts so protected were more than usually
+successful. Reflection of the sun's rays by the bright surface
+undoubtedly lowered the temperature to below the melting point of the
+paraffine. This lowered temperature was also doubtless beneficial to the
+life processes of the graft union.</p>
+
+<p>Direct coating of the trunks of newly set trees with the aluminum paint,
+without the use of wax, was also tried with satisfactory results.
+Applied direct to the dormant buds of the sweet cherry, however, it
+proved toxic, as the buds never developed. This was no doubt due to the
+bronzing liquid rather than to the aluminum.</p>
+
+<p>The material is very easily applied, either with a brush or spray, and
+makes a silvery, impervious and very durable coating. It should be
+completely effective as a preventative of sun-burn of the bark of tender
+species, especially to cover the creosote applications sometimes used by
+tree surgeons. Such black coverings often defeat their purpose in the
+hot sun by killing the living tissues by the absorption of the sun's
+heat.</p>
+
+<p>At the present time manufacturers are being corresponded with looking to
+the development of a bronzing liquid that shall be non-toxic to buds.</p>
+
+<p>Now if some investigator will come forward with a non-toxic, water
+soluble coating material for the roots of nursery stock, Professor
+Neilson's dream will be fully realized.</p>
+
+<p>Last year Mr. Homer Jacobs of the Davey Tree Expert Company gave us a
+very excellent report of his company's experiments with various coatings
+used in connection with the moving of large trees. It is to be hoped
+that they will add aluminum bronze paint to the list of materials
+tested, and give us the benefit of their findings at our next
+convention.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, the private experiments mentioned will be continued.</p>
+
+<p>d. A publicity stunt for the furtherance of nut culture is being tried
+in the way of vases filled with sprays of Oriental chestnut, with
+opening burrs, displayed in the windows of our leading department store,
+with a showing of fall goods. A card gives credit for the display.</p>
+
+<p>Judging from the enthusiasm with which the store manager and the window
+dresser received the suggestion, it would appear that the idea could be
+used almost anywhere. If living sprays were not available, a display of
+nuts hardy to the locality could doubtless be used in the same manner.
+Cards identifying the nuts and stating they were grown (or could be
+grown) locally would add to the interest.</p>
+
+<p>It is a matter of deepest personal regret that, due to a combination of
+New Deal, raw deal and general lack of a great deal, I am unable to be
+with you other than in spirit.</p>
+
+<p>I salute you.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Culture_in_Ontario" id="Nut_Culture_in_Ontario"></a>Nut Culture in Ontario</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">George H. Corsan</span></h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Islington, Ontario</i></p>
+
+
+<p>As most of you know, I was away from my place for six years, but in the
+meantime my nut trees grew and yielded. The past season has been most
+severe on nut trees and plants. Last winter the winds came straight
+across the land without any apparent obstruction, and it blew all winter
+long and we had no snow. Then a dry summer with a little moisture in the
+fall has created a situation that was never known before. Last year I
+gathered nine large baskets of filberts but this year I secured only
+about three baskets of filberts and these from bushes that were in a
+protected place. Most of the male catkins had frozen. The filberts in
+the unprotected places died. A Burlington Hican (purchased as a
+Marquardt) lived under circumstances that hardly any other tree could
+withstand. One Stanley shellbark lived and one died. It is strange how
+hardy the pecans are. Not a bud was killed last winter. It is seldom
+that the pecans mature a crop as the summer season is too short in
+Ontario, but they grow well and make a beautiful tree. We find that
+hickories grafted on pecan stocks do well, putting on two and one-half
+to three feet of new growth in a year. The butternut is so common around
+certain parts of Ontario and Quebec that the people do not even bring it
+to market, but they do appreciate it.</p>
+
+<p>I am carrying on a program over the air as I am the "Nut" man of station
+CFRB and follow the farm report on prices at 1:45 o'clock each
+afternoon. We are trying to influence the farmers to plant nut trees
+along the lanes, around the barns and in the pastures and thus beautify
+the farms and bring the boys and girls back from the cities. None of the
+work that has been done in the research line of agriculture has
+approached the value of the work that Prof. Neilson has done here in
+Michigan in the last few years. The surface of the farms can be planted
+to grains and vegetables and yield practically nothing, but you can
+plant a nut tree and it will reach down into the sub-soil with its long
+roots and bring up the finest food in the form of nut meats.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Growing_on_a_Commercial_Basis" id="Nut_Growing_on_a_Commercial_Basis"></a>Nut Growing on a Commercial Basis</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Amelia Riehl</span>, <i>Illinois</i></h3>
+
+<p class='center'>(<i>Read by Title</i>)</p>
+
+
+<p>I have several times given figures stating the size of our chestnut crop
+and the income from year to year. To this I might add that the crop last
+year amounted to 6,423 pounds and was sold at wholesale for $1,082.76.
+Because we do a good part of the work ourselves, it is hard to figure
+the cost of harvesting. But the amount we paid out in cash comes away
+below $100.00. We still think it pays to grow chestnuts, though things
+look pretty bad around here now.</p>
+
+<p>This was the third very dry season we have had in succession, and the
+very worst of all. We had no rain at all for over seventy days, and the
+heat was terrible. Everything suffered from drought. Even forest trees
+on the island below us died from lack of moisture. You can imagine what
+happened to the nut trees on the steep hillsides. All were more or less
+scorched, and many of them actually died. These are the old trees that
+father planted years ago. The young trees, which were planted after he
+was gone, on fairly level ground, are heavy with burrs, and I know will
+produce a fair crop of nuts as usual. For the first time in several
+years we will have no hazels. They bloomed very early this year and were
+caught by late frost. There are a few walnuts on some of the trees, but
+I doubt if they will be well filled.</p>
+
+<p>For forty years father tried to grow English walnuts, but never
+succeeded in getting any of them to bear nuts. Finally gave it up in
+disgust. After he was gone we started out all over again, planting
+several varieties that were thought to be hardy. Now for the first time
+one of them has set eight nuts. It is the Alpine variety, scions of
+which were given me by Mr. J. F. Jones. Of course, it is yet to be seen
+whether or not there is anything in these nuts. But it is encouraging
+anyway.</p>
+
+<p>We all send greetings to our many friends at the convention. Will be
+with you in thought and wish you all a happy time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Some_Notes_on_the_Hardiness_of_the_English_Walnut_in_Michigan_and" id="Some_Notes_on_the_Hardiness_of_the_English_Walnut_in_Michigan_and"></a>Some Notes on the Hardiness of the English Walnut in Michigan and Ontario</h2>
+
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">J. A. Neilson</span>, <i>Michigan</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>In a study of the desirable characters of nut trees for planting in the
+northern part of the United States and in southern Canada, one is forced
+to place hardiness first. Rapid growth, high yield and excellent quality
+of nuts are of little value if hardiness is lacking. Hardiness, of
+course, is a relative term and may be applied to disease and insect
+resistance, adaptability to diverse soils and capacity to withstand
+extremes of winter and summer temperatures. In the present paper
+emphasis will be placed on resistance to winter cold and to unusual
+weather conditions, such as occurred during the autumn of 1933 and the
+winter of 1933 and 1934.</p>
+
+<p>In order to properly understand the effect of the past winter on the
+English walnut, it will be necessary to devote some attention to the
+weather conditions that prevailed in the southern half of Michigan in
+the autumn of 1933. A perusal of the meteorological records shows that
+the average maximum and minimum temperatures in September and October
+were unusually high and that there was a heavy rainfall in these two
+months. The following table shows the precipitation and temperatures
+recorded at the Kellogg Farm where most of our nut cultural experiments
+are conducted.</p>
+
+<p>September&mdash;The average maximum temperature, 79.1; average minimum
+temperature, 55.7; precipitation, 4.55 inches. October&mdash;The average
+maximum temperature, 60.1; average minimum temperature, 38.4;
+precipitation, 6.81 inches.</p>
+
+<p>The unusually high temperatures and heavy rainfall caused growth to
+continue much later than normally and thus prevented the wood from
+ripening properly before winter set in.</p>
+
+<p>English walnuts are found at several places throughout the lower
+peninsula and more particularly in the southern half of the state. In no
+place, however, are the trees numerous with the exception of a small
+area around Lexington, where there are approximately 100 trees. Inasmuch
+as this paper deals with the effect of low temperatures on the English
+walnut, the minimum temperatures of the weather station nearest to the
+places mentioned in the following text are given hereunder.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>Lowest</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Place</td><td align='left'>Mo.-Date</td><td align='right'>Temp.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Allegan</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bay City</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Caro</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Croswell</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-26</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fennville</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Flint</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Grand Rapids</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gull Lake&mdash;Kellogg Farm</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hart</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lansing</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mount Pleasant</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Muskegon</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Owosso</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Saranac</td><td align='left'>Feb. 20</td><td align='right'>-25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sparta</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'><a name="FNanchor_A_2" id="FNanchor_A_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_2" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>-22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Leamington, Ont.</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Guelph</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Simcoe</td><td align='left'>Feb. 9</td><td align='right'>-30</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_2" id="Footnote_A_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_2"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Unofficial.</p></div>
+
+<p>The extreme cold of the past winter following a warm, wet autumn caused
+a great deal of injury to English walnut trees in this state and
+elsewhere. The data presented herein were obtained by a careful
+examination of several plantations or individual trees scattered over
+the southern half of the lower peninsula in Michigan and in southwestern
+Ontario. To properly present this information it seems desirable to
+group the varieties or strains according to their place of origin.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Group 1. <i>Cultivated Varieties from the Pacific Coast.</i></h4>
+
+<p>In this group we have Mayette, Franquette and Seeando. The Mayette has
+been considered one of the hardiest of the cultivated varieties and was
+therefore included in the plantings at the Kellogg Farm. More than
+twenty trees were planted and every one died last winter or in the
+preceding winter. Seeando, a new and supposedly hardy variety from
+Washington state, was planted in limited numbers in the spring of 1933,
+but every tree perished last winter. Franquette was not planted as a
+nursery tree, but was top-grafted on several large black walnuts at the
+Kellogg Farm and at East Lansing, Michigan. The grafts made a vigorous
+growth but only two out of eleven lived through the winter. In Simcoe,
+Ontario, where the minimum temperature was -30F, a six-year-old tree was
+so badly injured that it will likely die this winter, but should it not
+perish, the degree of injury is so severe that it will be of very little
+value. In the Niagara district the Franquette top-grafted in 1926 on
+black walnut came through in moderately good condition, but in this part
+of Ontario the minimum temperature was only 10 below zero F.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Group 2. <i>New Varieties of Canadian Origin.</i></h4>
+
+<p>This group contains Broadview and McDermid. Broadview scions were
+secured from Mr. J. J. Gellatly of Westbank, B. C., who discovered the
+variety near Broadview, B. C. These scions were grafted on a
+medium-sized black walnut in 1931 and have since made a remarkable
+growth, but notwithstanding the vigorous growth there was no killing
+back during the past winter or in preceding winters. This variety was
+also grown as a top-graft by Mr. Carl Walker of Cleveland Heights, Ohio,
+where the minimum temperature last winter was -26 degrees F. Some killing
+back was reported on this tree, but the injury was not severe enough to
+be serious. The Broadview is reported to have endured without injury -25
+degrees F. in British Columbia and in Russia, where the parent tree
+originated, equally low temperatures are said to prevail. The McDermid
+was obtained from Mr. Peter McDermid of St. Catherines, Ontario. This
+tree is a third generation tree in Ontario and is descended from a tree
+brought out from Germany more than 100 years ago. The nuts are large
+with a moderately thick shell and contain a kernel of excellent quality.
+McDermid has been grown as a top graft at Simcoe, Ontario, East Lansing,
+the Kellogg Farm and Estate near Augusta and at South Haven, Michigan.
+All of the trees of this Variety grown in Michigan came through without
+injury, but the tree at Simcoe, Ontario, suffered somewhat by killing
+back of the past season's growth. The larger branches and trunk,
+however, were uninjured and have since made a rank growth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> The McDermid
+top-grafted on a black walnut on Mr. G. Tolles' farm at South Haven
+proved hardy and was one of the few English walnut trees in Michigan to
+bear nuts this year.</p>
+
+<p>At the Michigan State College where the temperature went to -18 degrees
+F. vigorous McDermid grafts on a thrifty black walnut were uninjured
+whereas all the Franquette grafts on the same tree were killed outright.
+Similar results were noted on several trees at the Kellogg Farm near
+Augusta, Michigan.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Group 3. <i>Carpathian Walnuts.</i></h4>
+
+<p>This strain of Juglans regia was introduced into Canada by Rev. P. C.
+Crath of 48 Peterboro Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, from the Carpathian
+mountains in southeastern Poland. In this part of Europe the winter
+temperatures are reported to go to -20 degrees F., and occasionally
+lower. In the winter of 1928-29 a vast amount of injury was done to
+fruit trees and the less hardy English walnut trees in Poland, but a
+number of English walnuts came through without serious injury. Scion
+wood of some hardy selections was sent in 1932 to the writer by Mr.
+Crath, who was then in Poland. This material was grafted on vigorous
+growing black walnuts in the spring of 1932 and good results were
+secured with two varieties. These varieties made a vigorous growth, but
+notwithstanding this they showed not the slightest injury in the spring
+of 1934. The growth made during the summer of 1934 has been remarkable
+and if this unusually vigorous growth survives the coming winter it
+would seem as though we have an exceptionally hardy strain. The nut
+characters and productiveness of these varieties have not yet been
+determined in Michigan, but if they are equal to some of the trees of
+the same origin, then we will have very valuable trees. These strains
+have been named Crath and are distinguished by Nos. 2 and 5.</p>
+
+<p>About 100 small seedlings of Polish origin were purchased from Mr.
+Landega of Toronto, Ontario, an associate of Mr. Crath, and planted at
+the Kellogg Farm in 1932. These trees have been subjected to trying
+conditions through drouth, competition with alfalfa, late growth and
+severe winter temperatures. As a result some have died, but a number are
+growing nicely, and it is expected that some of these will eventually
+become established. Seedlings of this lot suffered only slight injury
+near Sparta, Michigan, but grafts from these same seedling trees set on
+a vigorous young black walnut were very severely injured. Another tree
+from this group endured the severe cold at Madison, Wisconsin, during
+the past winter and made a rapid growth this season.</p>
+
+<p>Scions from another fine tree of Polish origin growing at Mr. Crath's
+place in Toronto were set on several trees in this state in the spring
+of 1933 and in every case endured the lowest temperature without much
+injury to the new growth. A very unusual condition was noted, though on
+three young black walnut trees top-grafted to scions of this tree. On
+these trees the vigorous grafts appeared to be uninjured in the wood,
+but the bark at the point of union on both stock and scion was so
+severely injured that the grafts died. An examination showed evidences
+of bark splitting and this was undoubtedly caused by a severe and sudden
+cold spell following a very late and extremely vigorous growth. Scions
+of this strain were grafted on a medium sized black walnut at Caro,
+Michigan, and these endured -30 degrees F. without serious injury. A
+small<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> black walnut tree at the Kellogg Farm top-grafted to scions of
+another Crath seedling showed bark injury on the lower half of the
+stock, but fortunately the extent of the injury was not great and the
+graft was saved. It also made a vigorous growth this season
+notwithstanding the hot dry weather and injury to the bark on the stock.
+Scions of this strain were grafted on a vigorous black walnut on the
+farm of F. Wilde at Wayland in 1933. These scions made an extraordinary
+growth that season and were subjected to a temperature of -20 degrees F.
+last winter. Some killing back occurred but no permanent injury was done
+as the grafts have made a good growth this season.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Pomeroy Seedlings</i></h4>
+
+<p>This strain of walnuts originated on the farm of Mr. Norman Pomeroy of
+Lockport, New York. Trees from this plantation, or seedlings of these
+trees, are grown at various places throughout Michigan with the heaviest
+concentration near Lexington. There are also a number of Pomeroy
+seedlings on the farm of Mr. Grant Fox at Leamington, Ontario. All of
+the trees in the Lexington district were more or less severely injured
+by killing back of the branches and occasionally by bark splitting or
+bark killing. At St. Louis one very fine tree was nearly girdled by bark
+injury and will undoubtedly die. Near Ithaca another tree showed
+moderate killing back and in the city two trees were killed to the
+ground and one other so severely injured as to be useless. The trees at
+Leamington, Ontario, were also severely injured, especially those that
+bore thin-shelled nuts. Some of the larger trees in this plantation
+which bore nuts with moderate thick shells were not as severely injured,
+and this would seem to indicate that there may be a relationship between
+thickness of shell and resistance to winter cold.</p>
+
+<p>In this plantation it was also found on another occasion that the trees
+which bore thin-shelled nuts produced long vigorous succulent shoots
+with a large pith and loose, spongy buds. On the other trees that bore
+thick-shelled nuts the shoot growth was shorter and firmer than on the
+trees with thin-shelled nuts. In contrast to these trees the buds on the
+Crath trees Nos. 2 and 5 were short, rather broad and very solid. The
+wood also was very hard and well matured with a small pith even on
+vigorous shoots. This seems to indicate that there may be a relationship
+between density and maturity of wood and buds and winter hardiness.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Other Seedlings</i></h4>
+
+<p>At various places in Michigan there are English walnut trees that
+originated in England or which are seedlings of trees that came from
+England. An exceptionally good tree of English origin grows near Ionia
+and is called Larson after the owner of the farm on which it grew. The
+Larson tree is at least 50 years old and bears nuts of large size and
+excellent quality in favorable seasons. This variety was propagated for
+the college by the Michigan Nut Nursery and some of these trees were
+planted at the Kellogg Farm in 1933. Unfortunately the past winter
+killed all the young trees and so severely injured the parent tree that
+its recovery is doubtful. Beck is another good variety of English origin
+that grows near Allegan on the Monterey road. The original tree of this
+variety was very severely injured and much greater injury was noted on
+seven-year-old grafts of this variety which had been set on a black
+walnut. At Vassar there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> is a tree of English origin that yields very
+fine nuts, but this one was also severely injured. Near Conklin there is
+an old tree of German origin and this was likewise severely injured, but
+not so much as the trees from England.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Chinese Walnuts</i></h4>
+
+<p>The Chinese walnut is a geographic form of the so-called English walnut.
+It occurs over a large area of central and northern China, and it is
+believed that trees from the northernmost range of this species in China
+are somewhat hardier than the average English walnut from western
+Europe. The number of trees of this species under observation is very
+limited, but those that have been seen appear to be promising. The
+largest and best tree observed grows on the property of Mr. Geo. Corsan
+at Islington, Ontario. This tree was subjected to -26 degrees F. last
+winter and was somewhat injured. The growth this spring was delayed
+longer than normally and some killing back was noted. Eventually the
+tree started to grow and made a normal amount of growth. Scions from
+this tree were grafted on two black walnut trees at the Kellogg Farm in
+1933 and a vigorous growth was made in that season. These grafts were
+carefully examined in the spring of 1934 and were found uninjured.
+Subsequently a very large graft on one medium sized black walnut tree
+died, but this was due to injury at the point of union rather than to
+the graft above. The remaining scions made a good growth this season.
+Seedling trees of another strain of Chinese walnut showed some variation
+in their hardiness. Some came through in good condition and made a
+vigorous growth but others were more or less injured. The limited number
+of trees under observation scarcely justifies definite conclusion, but
+it would seem as though this form of Juglans regia is worthy of a wider
+trial in southern Michigan.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Types of Winter Injury</i></h4>
+
+<p>The following forms of winter injury which have been referred to in the
+preceding notes are given special attention hereunder.</p>
+
+<p>(1) Killing back of branches.</p>
+
+<p>This type was found on every tree except the hardy varieties of Polish
+and Russian origin. In some cases the large branches were killed
+outright, but usually the injury was confined to small branches, and the
+degree of injury varied from slight to very severe killing. Branches so
+injured were attacked by fungus diseases and some were beginning to
+decay and fall off when examined in October. Killing back of the
+branches was also noted on one excellent heartnut at Scotland, Ontario.
+This tree was subjected to -30 degrees F. but was less severely injured
+than many of the English walnuts noted above, and when examined in
+September showed a vigorous new growth throughout most of the top. There
+were also several vigorous seedlings from this tree growing near by
+which were only slightly injured in the bark or which were uninjured. It
+was interesting to observe that the seedlings of the old heartnut tree
+that were apparently of hybrid origin were not injured in the least and
+bore good crops of nuts this year, but the seedlings that were pure
+heartnuts were injured slightly. This point suggests the desirability of
+crossing the finest heartnuts with the best butternuts to get a
+combination of the hardiness of the butternut with the good qualities of
+the heartnut.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Bark Killing</i></h4>
+
+<p>Bark injury is often found on fruit trees following a severe winter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> and
+is occasionally found on nut trees. It may be due to bark splitting or
+to desiccation or both. In severe cases of bark splitting the bark
+splits vertically and laterally from the ground up for several feet, but
+in milder cases the bark is only split away for a short distance. Where
+the bark is loosened for some distance around the tree or vertically it
+dies shortly thereafter, but where only a small amount of splitting
+occurs, the tree may recover if given attention. In such cases the bark
+should be cut back to the living tissue and all particles of dead or
+injured bark scraped off. The exposed area should then be coated with a
+good tree paint or asphaltic emulsion.</p>
+
+<p>The severest case of bark splitting observed was on a vigorous young
+heartnut seedling at Guelph, Ontario. On this tree the bark was
+completely split away entirely around the trunk from the ground up for
+several feet and the injury was so great that the tree died early in the
+summer. Within a short distance of this tree was another tree of the
+same origin that was quite uninjured, but this tree, however, was a
+hybrid between the butternut and the heartnut. On this hardy tree there
+was a heavy crop of nuts that were intermediate in form between the
+heartnut and the butternut, this indicating its hybrid origin.
+Practically all of these hybrids escaped injury even though the
+temperature was -30 degrees F.</p>
+
+<p>Bark injury was also noticed at the Kellogg Farm on several black walnut
+trees that had been grafted in the nursery and which were planted in
+1932 and 1933. On these trees the scion variety was uninjured but the
+bark on the stock was more or less affected from the ground up to the
+point of union. All trees thus affected came out into leaf, but shortly
+afterward the leaves withered and the top died.</p>
+
+<p>Bark injury from splitting or desiccation was more prevalent on young
+vigorous growing trees, and on older trees that had been stimulated into
+a strong growth by fertilizers or late cultivation.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Suggested Means of Control</i></h4>
+
+<p>Since it is impossible to control temperatures and precipitation, it is
+perhaps a vain hope to expect complete immunity from winter injury to
+the English walnut. It is possible, however, to lessen the degree of
+injury by certain measures of precaution. These are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>(1) Plant only the hardiest varieties.</p>
+
+<p>The past winter showed very clearly that the commercial varieties of
+English walnut or seedlings as grown in this state are not hardy enough
+to endure the severe cold that periodically occurs in Michigan. This
+limits the choice of varieties to those from central Europe or north
+China where rigorous climatic conditions prevail. As already pointed
+out, the varieties that endured the past winter were from the Carpathian
+region in Poland or western Russia and north China. These varieties have
+not been widely distributed in this state and it may be found that even
+these will have a limited range in Michigan. Their behavior, however,
+shows that they are somewhat hardier than varieties from western Europe
+or England. Unfortunately the supply of trees of these apparently hardy
+kinds is limited and it will take some time to work up a stock of the
+best strains. In the meantime, those who desire to plant the English
+walnut had better wait until a supply of the hardier kind is available
+or plant some other hardy species such as the black walnut.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>(2) Thoroughly drain all soils intended for nut trees. Well drained
+soils favor good root development and seem to lessen late growth, thus
+reducing to a slight extent at least the severe killing back that is
+noticeable on such growth.</p>
+
+<p>(3) Use nitrogenous fertilizers in moderation.</p>
+
+<p>Fertilizers rich in nitrogen may stimulate the late growth and
+predispose the tree to killing back.</p>
+
+<p>(4) Do not cultivate the soil around nut trees late in the summer.</p>
+
+<p>Late cultivation stimulates late growth and prevents the trees from
+properly ripening their buds and wood. This late growth invariably
+suffers more severely from winter cold than growth that is well matured.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Tree_Prospects_in_the_Tennessee_Valley" id="Nut_Tree_Prospects_in_the_Tennessee_Valley"></a>Nut Tree Prospects in the Tennessee Valley</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">John W. Hershey</span></h3>
+
+<h4><i>Tree Crop Specialist, Division of Forestry.</i></h4>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Tennessee Valley Authority</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a vital question to discuss in the economic welfare of any
+community, but the sooner the value of tree crops is recognized, the
+sooner will the agriculturists be on a more simple economic basis and I
+feel that the members of this association agree with me when I say that
+the Tennessee Valley Authority Board of Directors should be complimented
+by this body for their foresight in making tree crops a part of their
+economic scheme. In my five months of work the points that I believe are
+of most interest to this body are that I have actually made a cursory
+tree crop survey of the whole Valley&mdash;fifteen hundred miles long and
+seventy-five miles wide. This is the first time this kind of work has
+ever been attempted in the world on an extensive scale. The results of
+this survey have been approximately the following:</p>
+
+<p>(1) A keen interest by all the County Agents in the tree crops question.</p>
+
+<p>(2) I was astonished at the surprising number of County Agents that had
+been advocating nut trees as a farm asset. It gave me considerable
+pleasure to note the number who had nuts sticking around their offices
+they had gathered up because of their interest in trying to find a good
+cracker of either hickory or walnut. As we all know it would be
+impossible for me to attempt to fine-tooth-comb an area as large as the
+Tennessee Valley basin for thin shelled nuts, but with the enthusiasm
+shown by the County Agents we will have excellent co-operation with them
+in getting publicity in local papers for the contests that we have run
+to date on all the tree crops. The announcement of this association's
+prize contest is going to have an outstanding influence in getting a lot
+of samples of nuts and you can easily see<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> the stimulant to get two
+prizes in the place of one is going to make a lot of men and women and
+children scour the country for the nut that will possibly take the prize
+in both contests. I want to say that I feel that these nuts, from the
+few samples and reports I have at hand, are going to give the balance of
+the United States a run for their money in the contest.</p>
+
+<p>My work, when developed along the lines as recommended, will not only
+comprise the development of nuts but of all tree crops in general. Not
+only in introducing selected tree crops to the farmers but in the
+breeding of superior crops. The tree crops idea like the Authority's
+power idea will have, in the words of Dr. Kellogg, in a recent letter to
+me, "It will not only influence the welfare of the farmers in the Valley
+but over the whole United States." First in showing the farmers on a
+worth while scale the value of tree crops and second in introducing this
+health food into the diet of the American people.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Some_New_Hicans_and_Pecans_in_Illinois" id="Some_New_Hicans_and_Pecans_in_Illinois"></a>Some New Hicans and Pecans in Illinois</h2>
+
+<h3><i>From</i> <span class="smcap">J. G. Duis</span>, <i>Shattuc, Illinois</i></h3>
+
+<p class='center'>(<i>Read by Title</i>)</p>
+
+
+<p>I am writing a short account of the new nuts I have discovered in this
+vicinity, all in the Kaskaskia River Valley and not one fifty miles
+away. The Duis, Swagler, Joffrey and Carlyle pecans. The Duis black
+walnut. The Gerardi and Nussbaumer hicans. And the Dintleman hybrid.</p>
+
+<p>The Duis pecan grows about four miles up the river from Carlyle. I claim
+it as the largest northern pecan in existence, with the Swagler not far
+second in size. Both have been bearing the two years I have known them,
+the Duis rather prolifically. However, it was so severely whipped last
+fall, and the season so dry this year, that I do not expect a crop off
+either tree, though I have not visited them as they are rather
+inaccessible. Both graft fairly well, especially the Swagler.</p>
+
+<p>The Joffrey pecan grows alone in a corn field south of Pelican Pouch, a
+glacial moraine south of Carlyle about six miles. It is the plumpest,
+thinnest shelled nut of northern variety, and above average size. Fair
+bearer to the best of my knowledge, but a severe hail storm and a season
+of severe walnut caterpillars ruined two years' prospects. The Carlyle
+pecan grows in the State Fish Hatchery and Park at Carlyle, and I have
+only the word of the "game warden" and caretaker for size and quality.
+The same hail and caterpillar pest hit that tree. The Duis black walnut
+is from a scrub tree on Shoal Creek, about five miles northwest of
+Carlyle and is about crowded out by other trees. My oldest grafted tree
+from it is about seven years old and has been bearing consistently since
+two years old. Even this year, after two severe dry seasons, and a late
+frost that nipped the early shoots, it has a fine crop even though other
+trees, grafted and seedlings, are mostly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> barren. The nuts are medium to
+rather large and readily crack out in halves comparable to the Stabler
+when properly prepared for cracking. There are so many new walnuts I
+know nothing about that I presume there are better ones.</p>
+
+<p>I claim only secondary credit for "resurrecting" the Nussbaumer hican
+and the Dintleman hybrid, presumably king hickory and bitternut. The
+Nussbaumer is the hybrid mentioned in Fuller's Nut Culturist some fifty
+years ago. I thought of this for several months and corresponded
+regarding this nut and finally made a couple of trips down the river to
+Mascoutah and vicinity. I could hardly find a man old enough to know Mr.
+Nussbaumer, who was a druggist there. Later he removed to Okawville and
+from there to Texas, where he died a number of years ago. I was advised
+to see an old nurseryman by the name of Jacob Leibrock, now deceased. I
+was told he had two of the trees from seed. He had, but both bore
+bitternuts and he had cut them down. I did not think till later that
+they probably were not from the Nussbaumer tree and when I wrote for
+more information he had passed away. He advised me to see two men toward
+Fayetteville down the river. The first one did not know where the tree
+was. The second one did but was too busy to go to it, so I hired him to
+go as soon as possible and advise me and if possible send me some
+samples and I would return later. From what he told me I was sure I was
+off the track of the Nussbaumer, but on the trail of a new and better
+nut. He said the tree bore "sacks full" and the nuts were so thin
+shelled you could crack them in your hand. I went farther down the river
+to Fayetteville, not far from which place east the tree was located, but
+was there informed the tree was dead. However, the informer told me he
+had a seedling from it, but upon investigation found he had a fullblood
+pecan, probably planted by a jaybird from a number of bearing trees in
+close proximity, for I was satisfied by this time the nut was not even
+part pecan. The two original nuts probably never grew. The innkeeper
+advised me that Mr. Dintleman, a nurseryman of Belleville, Ill., had
+been much interested in the nuts and might have a tree. So I wrote him
+asking about it and also wrote Mr. C. A. Reed, U. S. Dept. of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Mr. Dintleman wrote me that our well
+known Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, had a seven-year-old budded tree from buds he
+sent. And Mr. Reed advised me to write a farm advisor in Missouri.
+Through him I was informed a Mr. George Miller, near Bluffton, son of
+Judge Miller, mentioned in Fuller's book, had a tree thirty years old.
+In short, I found not only the one tree I was after but a second king
+hickory and bitternut cross with a shell so thin you could "crack it
+with your hands." Shall we call it a Hickbit? Mr. Wilkinson sent me
+graftwood and stated he expected we call it the Dintleman. The
+Nussbaumer, Mr. Miller informed me, is not a good bearer, but it may be
+due to location or lack of pollinization. I now have several trees of
+each from spring grafts.</p>
+
+<p>All the above trees grow in overflow ground, sometimes in water for
+weeks, called slashes. The Stabler walnut also seems to like that, but
+the Thomas does not and is outgrown by the three-year-old Stablers. I
+will know more about that in a year or two. However, nearly all grow
+very well on the prairie land around here and some seem to bear better.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>May I add another observation. Cultivation will produce bigger, better
+and more nuts, same as for corn.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4>Evening session.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I'd like to speak for a moment about some old friends, one of whom we
+shall never see any more, Mr. Bixby. If you will take the trouble to go
+back through our annual reports and see the number of articles he has
+written and the diversity of subjects he has written on, and see what an
+important part he has taken in our discussions, you will get a good idea
+of the ability and broad-mindedness, the scientific knowledge and the
+honesty of Mr. Bixby. There is one thing that perhaps you don't all
+know, and that is that his collection of nuts has been sold to the
+United States Government. There is something fewer of you know and that
+is that this sale was brought about by the persistent energy, mental and
+physical, of Mr. Reed.</p>
+
+<p>The other old friend, whom we shall perhaps never see again at a
+meeting, is Dr. Morris. I've seen him twice this summer, had several
+letters from him, and lunched with him once. He has with him his devoted
+wife and his little daughter and he appears to be fairly well. He
+doesn't look very different from what he has when he attended our
+meetings. He is up and around and he walked about the place for fifteen
+or twenty minutes with Mrs. Morris and me looking at his trees.</p>
+
+<p>Some other old friends that I would like to call to your attention are
+our past reports. I suppose that I have read those reports more times
+than anybody else, since I have edited nearly all of them. I go back
+over them occasionally even now and I have been astonished to find the
+value of the papers and discussions that are contained there. I
+recommend to all of you who have these reports to make a review of them
+and see how many things were known during the early years of our
+association, as Mr. Walker has said, that we are now rehashing. When you
+go over the names of the men who made up the membership of the
+association in its early days, men whom many of you perhaps have never
+seen, or have seen very seldom, you can understand how these pioneers in
+nut growing would have had something interesting to say.</p>
+
+<p>I've made a little list of names of these men, some of whom are gone,
+and the rest of whom we seldom see. Dr. Morris, Prof. Craig, Henry
+Hales, Prof. Close, Prof. Hutt, W. N. Roper, W. C. Reed, Prof. Collins,
+E. A. Riehl, Dr. Van Fleet, Prof. Van Deman, J. G. Rush, Mr. Jones, Mr.
+Littlepage, Mr. Bixby, Dr. Smith, Prof. E. R. Lake, S. W. Snyder, Mrs.
+Erlanger, Col. Sober, Prof. Drake and many others. I think it will pay
+you all to look back through those annual reports and see what the
+pioneer nut growers of this country have recorded.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed, I was saying that Mr. Bixby's collection of nut trees had been
+sold to the Government and that it was through your help that this sale
+was made. Now I'd like to ask you if there is any information that you
+could properly release to the meeting about the sale of those trees. I
+am sure everyone of us would be interested to know where they are going.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>:</p>
+
+<p>The trees have been bought by the Interior Department with funds placed
+at their disposal for the purpose of planting trees for the national
+forests. Their attitude has been rather liberal in this case. They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> have
+felt that if they could get trees planted, regardless of whether they
+were planted on Interior Department land or not, it would be justified
+expense. When the matter was laid before them, they at once thought of
+the arboretum which is now being developed within the District of
+Columbia. The final purchase was made largely in order that the
+arboretum might be able to start off with the Bixby collection as a
+nucleus. A complete list of all varieties that are in the collection
+will go there. Another part of the purchase comes to the branch of the
+Agricultural Department which I represent, and practically all of the
+varieties in the Bixby collection which are not now in the plant at
+Beltsville will be sent there.</p>
+
+<p>It was the original plan of the Interior Department that all of the
+trees which neither the arboretum nor the branch of the department which
+I represent needed, should go to the Shenandoah National Park in
+Virginia, and it was with that understanding that the deal was closed.
+After the deal was closed and a notice was sent to the authorities in
+charge at the park that a certain number of seedlings of different
+species and a certain number of grafted trees would be delivered there
+sometime this fall, the Shenandoah authorities took the strange attitude
+that they couldn't use grafted trees. In other words, they preferred
+mongrels to thoroughbreds. We chuckled in our sleeves. But nevertheless
+they threw back upon us several grafted trees to find some place for. We
+immediately took it up with the Forest Service. They have land in North
+Carolina where all of the trees can be planted fifty feet apart, not
+cultivated, but nursed and cared for, and available for study by our own
+department and the state of North Carolina and any individuals.</p>
+
+<p>I have omitted mentioning that there are certain limitations on the
+ability of the Interior officials to buy trees for Interior Department
+planting. It is a definite policy of the Interior Department that in all
+national parks they plant only American species. That automatically
+eliminated many trees of the Bixby collection. But the arboretum wanted
+a good many of those trees and so did we.</p>
+
+<p>There are still in the Bixby collection several fine Persian walnut
+trees. We haven't been able to trace their source, but it is my
+impression that they are of Chinese origin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>He had a row of Pomeroy trees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Slate</span>:</p>
+
+<p>He also had some trees from Chinese seed, because he sent some of them
+to Geneva.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>:</p>
+
+<p>We have the Bixby correspondence. By the terms of the purchase Mrs.
+Bixby was to deliver to the Interior Department all of Mr. Bixby's
+records pertaining to those trees, and as far as she has been able to
+get things together they have been turned over to me.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>In addition to our annual reports I want to say a word about the reports
+of the National Pecan Growers' Association. Twenty-five years ago I took
+out a life membership in that association for $10.00, and I have been
+getting annual reports ever since. While they relate almost exclusively
+to the southern pecan they have also many scientific articles on the
+development of twigs, blossoms and fruit, on pruning and grafting and on
+fertilizing and cultivating, which are of importance to all nut
+growers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I think perhaps I won't go into the subject which has been talked of so
+much today, the severe winter and summer we have had. But J. G. Rush in
+our third annual report has a paper which is entitled, "The Persian
+Walnut, Its Disaster, Etc.," which describes events twenty-two years ago
+very similar to those that have taken place in the last winter.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Growing_in_Vermont" id="Nut_Growing_in_Vermont"></a>Nut Growing in Vermont</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Zenas H. Ellis</span>, <i>Fair Haven</i></h3>
+
+<p>In all my life of over seventy years I have never seen a time like the
+present. We have passed through the coldest winter and the dryest summer
+ever known.</p>
+
+<p>I raise on my place in old Vermont every kind of tree that will grow
+there, and try many that will not, or only with more or less protection.
+I have apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches and figs, with berries of
+all kinds. I have nut trees of many different varieties, hickories,
+black and English walnuts, filberts, hazel-filberts, pecans, almonds and
+butternuts.</p>
+
+<p>Which have stood the cold and drought the best? Strange as it may seem,
+my nut trees have stood the extreme temperatures the best. My hardiest
+apples like the Wealthy, Yellow Transparent, Wolf River, and Pewaukee
+have gone down to their death, or so near thereto that I never expect to
+see any fruit from them again. Whereas, on the other hand, my hickories,
+black walnuts, butternuts and hazel-filberts have not even lost a leaf.
+Wonderful to relate and almost unbelievable my large pecan tree, over
+forty feet in height, and a foot in diameter, is as hale and hearty as
+ever.</p>
+
+<p>August 15th last I picked and cracked some of my improved butternuts and
+hazel-filberts, and found the kernels large, full grown and normal in
+every way. Whereas I have not an apple or pear fit to eat, no, not even
+a berry either.</p>
+
+<p>I set out my butternut years ago in the position of honor in front of my
+house, and it has merited it ever since. The kernels came out in halves
+and often times whole. I have given away many of the nuts for planting,
+even as far away as Kew Gardens, England. Money could not buy the parent
+tree. I would not exchange it for the best cattle ranch in Colorado, the
+best wheat farm in Kansas, or the best cotton plantation in both the
+Carolinas. It is self-sustaining, does not require any subsidy from
+Uncle Sam, or any twenty-five thousand dollars a year official to
+regulate it. It is better than any dollar nowadays, always worth 100 per
+cent in gold instead of 61 cents, as is our government kind. The reason
+is, God rules it, instead of a mere man with any combination of the
+alphabet you can make.</p>
+
+<p>It is the same with my improved hazel-filberts which grow tall and rank
+and bend down to the ground with their branches heavily laden with
+large, well-filled nuts.</p>
+
+<p>My Thomas black walnuts are doing well, as also my Sier's hybrid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+hickories; both are perfectly hardy but not bearing this year as it is
+the off year for them. The butternut and hazel-filberts have never an
+off year but, like the "brook," go on forever. My English walnuts with
+some protection passed the winter in perfect safety. But the almonds,
+though protected as well, fared very poorly, showing that they are not
+near so hardy as the former.</p>
+
+<p>The other kinds of nut trees that I have mentioned, even to the pecan,
+withstood the rigors of the winter with no protection whatever.</p>
+
+<p>My true filberts fared rather poorly but are coming up lustily from
+below the snow line and will, I think, be as good as ever if the past
+winter does not repeat itself.</p>
+
+<p>What does this all mean? It means that we should plant more nut trees
+instead of so many fruit trees, especially the apple, which has proven
+more liable to cold injury than even the pear, if we would have any of
+the delectable valuable products of the tree kind. Why, just think of
+it, a few nut trees planted around every home in the country would do
+more to relieve the present depression than all the other agencies and
+remedies put together. Frost does not impair their fruit. Nuts will keep
+through the year or longer. Insects do not injure them as they do the
+soft, unprotected fruits. Squirrels may take their toll but they are far
+easier to destroy than a bug. To hunt them is grand sport for young
+people, whereas to chase a bug is no fun at all.</p>
+
+<p>The workman, the professional man, the merchant, should especially raise
+them as they would take no time from their business. Their children
+would think it no work at all to gather them, that is if they were like
+the children of my youth who looked forward to gathering nuts as one of
+the pleasantest pastimes of the year.</p>
+
+<p>If all our city parks, public squares, playgrounds, roadsides, waste
+places and other like areas were planted with them, all children even to
+the poorest could have a sufficiency of the healthiest food that would
+build up their bodies into strong healthy adults who could go out into
+the country and build it up again as it was years ago, instead of the
+vast, desolate region it is now.</p>
+
+<p>What makes children so puny and so unwilling to do any real work today?
+It is because emigration from nut-eating countries being shut off, and
+our native nut trees cut down or uncared for, there is nothing to keep
+up the supply of the best food for the body today. The remedy is to
+raise more nuts so the children and adults as well can again be fed on
+the most valuable, healthy and strength-giving food God ever made.</p>
+
+<p>Then, too, crime would be greatly reduced, especially of the juvenile
+kind. The spare time of our youth would be taken up for about three
+months in a year with a clean, pure, pleasant, agreeable occupation
+instead of searching for mischief and quasi-vicious adventures. Have no
+juvenile crime and the adult crime is reduced to a minimum, or
+obliterated entirely.</p>
+
+<p>God started man on a nut eating diet and kept him thereon for centuries.
+As long as he stuck to it he was all right. We do not hear much about
+that era, for happy is the nation that has no history. Then he had no
+diseases to speak of except extreme old age, no wars and hardly any
+troubles. But when, in the Garden of Eden, the Devil tempted him to
+switch off onto some other diet, he has been wrong ever since. So then,
+let us return to our old diet as far as possible and have something of
+an Eden again about us today.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Perhaps you people of Michigan would like to know what my town of Fair
+Haven is. It gave you James Witherell who, while congressman from
+Vermont, resigned to accept the supreme judgeship of the great territory
+of Michigan. In the war of 1812 he had command of the troops thereof
+and, when ordered by the cowardly General Hull to surrender them to the
+British, absolutely refused. After that war he laid out anew the war
+stricken city of Detroit.</p>
+
+<p>His grandson, Thomas Witherell Palmer, the son of a native born Fair
+Haven girl, became your United States Senator, Minister to Spain and, in
+1893, President of the World Fair commission at Chicago. He gave to
+Detroit that large and beautiful park named after him.</p>
+
+<p>So you see Henry Ford is not the whole architect of that great city, as
+good Vermont blood had to relay its foundations and get it well under
+way for that great auto magnate to make it the fourth city in the
+Union.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_Roll_Call_of_the_Nuts" id="A_Roll_Call_of_the_Nuts"></a>A Roll Call of the Nuts</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Dr. W. C. Deming</span></h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Connecticut</i></p>
+
+
+<p>In the report of the proceedings at the eighth annual meeting of this
+association, held at Stamford, Conn., September 5 and 6, 1917, is an
+address by the Vice President, Prof. W. N. Hutt of North Carolina,
+entitled "Reasons for Our Limited Knowledge as to What Varieties of Nut
+Trees to Plant." I quote from that address:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In 1847 the American Pomological Society was formed as a national
+clearing house of horticultural ideas. The first work the society
+undertook was to determine the varieties of the different classes
+of fruits suitable for planting in different sections of the
+country. Patrick Barry of Rochester, one of the pioneers of
+American horticulture, was for years the chairman of the committee
+on varietal adaptation and did an immense amount of work on that
+line. At the meetings of the society he went alphabetically over
+the variety lists of fruits and called for reports on each one from
+growers all over the country. This practice was kept up for years
+and the resulting data were collected and compiled in the society's
+reports. A similar systematic roll call of classes and varieties of
+nuts grown by the members of this association would be of immense
+value to intending planters of nut trees. In northern nut growing,
+however, it may be questioned if we have yet arrived at the Patrick
+Barry stage."</p></div>
+
+<p>These were the words of Prof. Hutt in 1917, seventeen years ago. I
+believe that nut growing has now arrived at the Patrick Barry stage. It
+seems right, therefore, that we should begin to have an annual roll call
+of the nuts. To this end I have prepared a list of nuts of the different
+genera, species and varieties grown in the northeastern United States.
+This list is long but by no means complete and this, by the nature of
+things, it can never be. It is evident that there will not be time
+enough to go over more than a small part of this list. It is, therefore,
+proposed to have the list mimeographed and sent to all members for their
+reports. Members are asked particularly to add to the list the names and
+performances of any varieties not listed of which they may have
+knowledge. In this way we shall soon be able to make our lists as nearly
+complete as possible.</p>
+
+<p>In order to reduce bulk and expense it will be necessary to print the
+names in compact form. It is suggested that the lists be kept for
+reference and that any report be made on a separate sheet under the
+proper heading. I will go as far in it now as you want me to. As I call
+the names of the nuts on this list I will ask the members present to
+report, as briefly as possible, any knowledge they may have as to the
+performance of each nut, such as the earliness of its fruiting, size and
+regularity of crops, growth and vigor of tree and character of nuts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>HICKORIES</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Anthony</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Barnes</span> (Shag. x Mock.):</p>
+
+<p>Dr. MacDaniels: There are some at Itaca which bear.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: This is undoubtedly a Shagbark&mdash;mockernut hybrid. It is
+entirely at home when grafted on the mockernut. This makes it of value
+for there are few of our named hickories that will do well when grafted
+on the mockernut. In 1933 I top-worked a mockernut with ten grafts of
+the Barnes. In 1934 it bore 30 fine nuts. It appears to be an excellent
+nut. There are three other nuts that I know do well on the mockernut.
+One is the Wampler from Indiana introduced by W. C. Reed. Another is the
+Minnie raised by Mr. S. W. Snyder. The fourth nut is the Gobble. The
+Barnes is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932
+proceedings. Carl Weschcke has it growing at River Falls, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Bates</span> (pecan x Mock.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Beam</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Beaver</span> (Shag. x Bitter.):</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: It grows rapidly. The nuts are not of very good quality,
+like most bitternut hybrids.</p>
+
+<p>The Beaver is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek and is
+mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. Carl Weschcke has it
+growing at River Falls, Wis. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has one one-year
+graft on bitternut, height 5 feet. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ont., has one
+Beaver tree planted in 1924 and moved in 1925 growing in light sandy
+soil on north shore at west end Lake Ontario. Diameter of the trunk is
+about three inches, tree fifteen feet high, bore first time in 1934. It
+is growing at the Riehl Farm, Godfrey, Ill., and in the Jones Nursery,
+Lancaster, Pa.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Beam</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Billau</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Bontrager</span> (Shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Won third prize in 1929 contest, page 53, 1931. Tree owned by John D.
+Bontrager, Middlebury, Ind.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Brooks</span> (Shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It won ninth prize in
+1929 contest, page 53, 1931, to Mrs. John Brooks, Ottumwa, Iowa. Carl
+Weschcke has it growing at River Falls, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Burlington</span> (Pecan x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: The true name of the nut we call Marquardt. The Michigan Nut
+Nursery have trees bearing.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Jones: A characteristic of all shellbark x pecan hybrids is that
+they don't fill well.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: Are they in exceedingly rich soil or just ordinary? I find
+that nuts respond to rich soil.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Jones: They are in ordinary soil.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. MacDaniels: We have two trees at Ithaca about ten years old which
+have borne but the nuts have not filled very well.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: Is the Burlington worth growing? Does it fill so badly that
+it is not a success?</p>
+
+<p>Miss Jones: The kernel fills out about three-fourths of the way. It
+fills better than the McCallister.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: I have never seen such a fine nut in my life.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wilkinson: It is a good hybrid and a wonderful bearer.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: Every year?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wilkinson: Yes, and matures unusually early.</p>
+
+<p>The Burlington is in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill. It is
+mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has young
+trees growing at River Falls, Wis. Sargeant H. Wellman has some young
+trees at Topsfield, Mass. F. H. Frey has young tree in yard at Chicago,
+but it has not borne nuts as yet. Foliage is beautiful, leaves being
+rather broad but some kind of blight seems to turn them dark and they
+curl up about middle of the summer.</p>
+
+<p>J. W. Hershey: Of the hybrid hickories the Burlington should be
+eliminated from the list and a great many others of the hickories should
+be thrown out as rapidly as possible.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Burton</span> (pecan x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. It is growing in
+Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and on Kellogg farm, Michigan.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Caldwell</span>:</p>
+
+<p>It is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Casper</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Parent tree in Illinois.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Cedar Rapids</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. It is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., the Kellogg
+farm at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the Carl Weschcke plantings at River
+Falls, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Clark</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's in 1931 report.</p>
+
+<p>This hickory is growing on the Carl Weschcke place at River Falls, Wis.,
+and in Sargeant H. Wellman's nut orchard at Topsfield, Mass.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Comins</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Cook</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Creager</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report. This hickory is growing in the
+Kellogg farm plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Dennis</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. This hickory is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich., and in Carl Weschcke nut orchard at River Falls, Wis. W.
+R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Dennis promises to be a heavy,
+early bearer of fairly good quality.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Des Moines</span> (pecan x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and by Dr. Zimmerman, page
+20, 1932. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg farms plantings.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Drew</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Edaburn</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned by Mr. Bixby in his paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has it
+growing in his orchard at River Falls, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Emerick</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+<p>THE EUREKA (shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Eversman</span> (shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Fairbanks</span> (shag. x bitter.):</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: I had eleven nuts on my tree last year. They are very small
+trees.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Neilson: A Fairbanks grafted on a pignut in the spring of 1931 at
+the Kellogg estate has quite a few nuts on it this season.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Jones: They bear well and regularly.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: Yes, they do at my place, too.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: What kind of a flavor has it?</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: It is bitter when you keep it but not when fresh.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Snyder: Don't judge them by one nut. They get better as you eat
+them. The more you eat the better you like them.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Jones: People that try them at our place don't notice much
+difference between those hybrids and the shellbarks. I give them to
+people any time during the winter, and they don't notice the difference.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Mr. Bixby said at one of the conventions that the Fairbanks
+was a good grower, easy to propagate, bore well, not so good as to size,
+thin shelled and had all the desirable characteristics of a good nut
+except that it wasn't good to eat.</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. The Fairbanks is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19,
+1932. It is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey, Ill., the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., in the Carl Weschcke orchard at River
+Falls, Wis., and in the E. C. Rice plantings at Absher, Ky. Sargeant H.
+Wellman has some young Fairbanks trees at Topsfield, Mass. Mr. W. R.
+Fickes reports it is a very poor quality hickory at Wooster, Ohio, but
+may be valuable for double working.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Fluhr</span> (shag. x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded seventh prize in 1929 contest, page 53, 1931 report, to Edgar
+Fluhr, Kiel, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Freel</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Entered in 1929 contest by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Froman</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Arlie W. Froman, Bacon, Ind.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Galloway</span>:</p>
+
+<p>H. R. Weber: I notice the Galloway is not listed among the hickory
+hybrids. The parent tree is growing in Hamilton County, Ohio, and, is
+supposed to be a pecan x bitternut hybrid.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Gerardi</span> (pecan x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>A Member: It is like the Nussbaumer.</p>
+
+<p>This hybrid is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. Also
+see description by Joseph Gerardi, page 45, 1932 report. It is growing
+in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and the Kellogg plantings at
+Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Gissel</span>:</p>
+
+<p>It is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and in orchard of
+Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Glover</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>It is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper
+in 1931 report. It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek,
+Mich., the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis., and the Sargeant
+H. Wellman orchard at Topsfield, Mass. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has
+two-year grafts on shellbark and bitternut stocks. It seems to do better
+on the shellbark stocks.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Gobble</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned on page 54, 1931 report. Tree owned by William Gobble,
+Holsten, Va.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Goheen</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded sixth prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. Hamill Goheen, Pennsylvania
+Furnace, Penna. Sargeant H. Wellman has young trees growing at
+Topsfield, Mass.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Green</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Greenbay</span> (pecan x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Dr. Zimmerman's
+report, page 20, 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Griffin</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bixby, page 15, 1928, report, states it is an early bearer. Dr. J.
+Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports the Griffin is precocious when
+grafted on pecan but cracking test by Mr. C. A. Reed shows it to have a
+very low cracking value.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Grupe</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in the
+Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hagen</span> (shag. x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It was awarded ninth
+prize in 1929 contest. Parent tree owned by Mrs. C. E. Hagen,
+Guttenberg, Iowa. It is growing in the Snyder Bros.' plantings at Center
+Point, Iowa, the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the
+Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hales</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hand</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the orchard of Carl
+Weschcke at River Falls., Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hill</span> (shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Introduced by S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa, and mentioned by Mr.
+Bixby in his paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Huber</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Huff</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Iowa</span> (shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Kelsey</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has it
+growing in his orchard at River Falls, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Kentucky</span> (shag. x mock.):</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: This is said to be a shagbark x mockernut hybrid but I see
+no reason for the belief. It is a vigorous grower. One year my trees
+were liberally sprinkled with nuts. I know that they bear from year to
+year, but the squirrels get the nuts. I think it is a shy bearer.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman: It bears regularly at my place but at Mr. Littlepage's it
+isn't bearing.</p>
+
+<p>This hickory is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Dr.
+Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Kirtland</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Mr. Reed's paper in
+1931 report. It is growing in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., and
+in the orchards of Carl Weschcke, River Falls, Wis., and of Sargeant H.
+Wellman at Topsfield, Mass.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Lake</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded first prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. C. Lake, New Haven, Ind., R.
+R. 1.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Leonard</span> (shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Laney</span> (shag. x bitter.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: I have never known them to bear anything yet at my place in
+Connecticut.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Zimmerman: They haven't borne at my place, either.</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. The Laney hickory is growing
+in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich., and the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Lingenfelter</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. It is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Manahan</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Mr. Reed's paper in
+1931 report. It is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey, Ill., and
+the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mann</span> (of Michigan shag.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mann</span> (of Ohio, shag. x shell.): Awarded ninth prize in 1929
+contest to Howard Mann, Delta, Ohio.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The McCallister</span> (pecan x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: Has anyone any new information about the filling or bearing
+of the McCallister?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wilkinson: It fills well but not heavily.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: I have watched the McCallister for years and years and the
+nuts have failed to fill. But there is a tree that has the reputation of
+bearing a very considerable quantity of nuts. We went over to see the
+tree and we found that it stood where the soil was very rich. I have
+wanted ever since then to try some McCallisters and give them all of the
+plant food that they could possibly consume. I believe that that has a
+good deal to do with filling.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Deming: Heavy fertilization influences the filling of nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The McCallister is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932.
+It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., the
+orchards of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., E. C. Rice at Absher,
+Ky., of Sargeant H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass., and in the Government
+plantings at Beltsville, Md. It is also growing and doing well in the
+Waite Orchard at Normandy, Tenn., see page 34, 1932 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Milford</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>It is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in
+the Jones Nursery at Lancaster.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Minnie</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report. Parent tree is growing in the yard of the Snyder farm at Center
+Point, Iowa. This hickory is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey,
+Ill.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Morton</span> (pecan x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. Is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Peschke</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded tenth prize in 1929 contest to Grace Peschke, Ripon, Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Pleas</span> (pecan x bitter.):</p>
+
+<p>Miss Jones: It has a very thin shell. You can crack it with your hand.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reed: Miss Riehl has said that it is worth growing for ornamental
+effect. It has great long catkins that make it really a beautiful thing,
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> yet it is like all of the others as far as I know, it has that
+bitter principle. It is very much the same as the other bitternut
+hybrids.</p>
+
+<p>The Pleas is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926 report and is
+listed in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. It is being grown on
+the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., in the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich., in the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis., and
+Sargeant H. Wellman has young trees doing well at Topsfield, Mass.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Renggenberg</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded eighth prize in 1929 contest to Edward Renggenberg, Madison,
+Wis., R. 1, Box 142.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Rockville</span> (pecan x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Also mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's
+report, page 20, 1932. Is growing at the Riehl farm, Godfrey, Ill., the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in orchard of Carl
+Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster,
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Roddy</span> (shag. x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded fourth prize in 1929 contest to John Roddy, Napoleon, Ohio.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Romig</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Is in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and Sargeant H.
+Wellman has some young trees in his orchard at Topsfield, Mass.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Sande</span> (shag. x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Sayer</span> (shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Schoenberger</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded tenth prize in 1929 contest to Roy Schoenberger, Nevada, Ohio.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Seaver</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to J. K. Seaver, Harvard, Ill.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Schinnerling</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in Kellogg plantings at
+Battle Creek, Mich., and in orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls,
+Wis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Shaul</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Siers</span> (mock. x bitter.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's
+report, page 19, 1932. Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., in
+orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and in the Jones Nursery
+at Lancaster, Pa.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Sobolewski</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Jos. Sobolewski, Norwich, Conn.,
+R. 5, Box 56A.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Sprunger</span> (shell):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Caleb Sprunger, Berne, Ind.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Stanley</span> (shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in plantings on Kellogg
+farm at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Stratford</span> (shag. x bitter.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page
+19, 1932. It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.,
+and the orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis. Dr. J. Russell
+Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports it is one of the most precocious and
+productive nuts he has when grafted on pignut. It has not missed bearing
+some nuts in the last four seasons.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Swain</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report; Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report
+and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Swartz</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Tama Queen</span> (shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Taylor</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report; Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report,
+and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. This hickory is growing in
+orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman
+at Topsfield, Mass. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Taylor is a
+light bearer but good in quality.</p>
+
+
+<p>The Tiedke (pecan x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Vest</span> (shag.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wampler</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Weed</span> (shag. x bitter.):</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Weiker</span> (shag. x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report; Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report
+and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. Is growing in the Jones
+Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., and the orchards of Carl Weschcke at River
+Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Weschcke</span>:</p>
+
+<p>A hybrid hickory at Fayette, Iowa, owned by Carl Weschcke of St. Paul,
+Minn., who has grafted many bitternut seedlings at River Falls, Wis.,
+with cions from this tree.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Westphal</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wright</span> (pecan x shell):</p>
+
+<p>Awarded eighth prize in 1929 contest to C. D. Wright, Sumner, Mo. See
+Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. This hickory is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Woods</span> (shag. x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Zimmerman</span> (shag. x shell.):</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Zurcher</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Awarded sixth prize in 1929 contest to Menno Zurcher, Apple Creek, Ohio.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NORTHERN PECANS</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Busseron</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan has been generally
+propagated by nurserymen and is widely distributed. E. C. Rice, Absher,
+Ky., reports it does better on shellbark stock than on pignut stock. Dr.
+J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports the Busseron pecan has proved
+to be much the most precocious bearer, that ripened well filled nuts on
+top of the Blue Ridge mountains, elevation 1,300 feet, fifty miles from
+Washington, D. C., in a climate distinctly colder than Philadelphia.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Butterick</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan has been generally
+propagated and distributed by nurserymen.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Greenriver</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan is also well
+distributed. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky.,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> reports Greenriver graft on
+shagbark stock grew eight feet tall in two years.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Indiana</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan also generally
+distributed.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Kentucky</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Major</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore,
+Pa., reports the major has ripened nuts on top of Blue Ridge Mountain,
+elevation 1,300 feet, fifty miles from Washington, D. C., in a climate
+distinctly colder than Philadelphia. The nuts are small.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Niblack</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Mr. Hershey reports it should be
+put on the obsolete list.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Norton</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Sargeant H. Wellman, Topsfield,
+Mass., has some fine young trees but they are not yet bearing.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Posey</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Is growing in the Jones and Riehl nurseries and in the Kellogg plantings
+at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Upton</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Warrick</span> (Warwick):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore,
+Pa., reports that on the Piedmont plateau, elevation 500 feet, forty
+miles from Washington, D. C., in a climate approximating that of
+Philadelphia, the Warrick has often not ripened its nuts although some
+seasons it does. John W. Hershey states the Warrick should be put on the
+obsolete list.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Witte</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. The nut is very small but of good
+quality. Mr. John W. Hershey states the pecan should be put on the
+obsolete list.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BLACK WALNUTS</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Adams</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report, and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. The Adams is growing in the
+Kellogg planting at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Allen</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also his paper in 1931 report. The
+Allen is growing on the Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich. J. H. Gage
+of Hamilton, Ontario, has some young trees which have not yet borne
+nuts.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Alley</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Anglin</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing on the Riehl farm at
+Godfrey, Ill.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Asbury</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Was in the 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report. It is
+growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Atkins</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Aygarn</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Barlee</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Is in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Beck</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also his paper in the 1931 report.
+This walnut is growing in the plantings on the Riehl farm at Godfrey,
+Ill., and the Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich. W. R. Fickes, Wooster,
+Ohio, states the Beck walnut is not promising there.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Bechtold</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Is growing in the Riehl planting at Godfrey, Ill.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Benge</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bloss</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Bohanan</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Bontz</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Booth</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. This walnut is growing at the
+Riehl farm.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Bowman</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Bomberger</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Brougham</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Bruer</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Burroughs</span>:</p>
+
+<p>This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Burton</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing on the Riehl
+farm. It was entered in 1926 contest by Herbert Burton, Hartford,
+Kentucky.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Carper</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Cooper</span>:</p>
+
+<p>This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Creitz</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing on the Riehl
+and Kellogg farms.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Cresco</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Deming</span> (Ornamental):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Dependahl</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Edras</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Parent tree owned by Gerald W. Adams, Morehead, Iowa, see page 51 of
+1931 report. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the
+Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Fayette</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Freel</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Awarded first prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville,
+Iowa. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Fritz</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Galloway</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Jones Nursery at
+Lancaster, Pa.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Germaine</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Glory</span> (curly wood):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Graham</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
+plantings.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Graybill</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Stokes' paper with test record, page 108 of 1932 report, and Dr.
+Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report. Is growing in the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Gregory</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Grundy</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Awarded fifth prize in 1929 contest to Mr. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report. Is
+growing in the Riehl and Kellogg orchards.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Harris</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hancock</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hare</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing on Riehl farm. Was
+entered in 1926 contest by Frank H. Hare, Rushville, Schuyler County,
+Ill., and is mentioned on page 51, 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hepier</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. Is growing on the Riehl and
+Kellogg farms.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Herman</span> (Rush):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hilton</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hine</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hobbs</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Was entered in 1926 contest by C. T. S. Hobbs, Fort Blackmore, Va., R.
+1. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Homeland</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Parent tree owned by Clinton Thomas, Troutville, Va. See Mr. Stokes'
+paper with tests, pages 108 and 109, 1932 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hopwood</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Howell</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings
+at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Huber</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Impit</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Given eleventh place in 1929 contest. Submitted by J. U. Gellatly, West
+Bank, B. C.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Jumbo</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Kettler</span> (Wisconsin No. 1):</p>
+
+<p>Parent tree owned by Fred Kettler, Platteville, Wis. Has taken first
+prize in state fair contests. Dr. Zimmerman and Mr. Frey have young
+trees which have not yet borne nuts. See Mr. Kettler's letter in this
+report.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Kinder</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Knapbe</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Submitted in 1926 contest by J. J. Knapbe, New Weston, Ohio. See Mr.
+Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Kurtz</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Lamb</span> (curly wood):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. Grafts from this tree are growing in several eastern orchards,
+including the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich. It is not as yet
+definitely known if the propagated trees will reproduce the curly
+texture of the wood of the parent tree.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Lee</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
+151, 1932 report; also tests recorded in Mr. Stokes' paper, page 109,
+1932 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Lewis</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Lucas</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Lutz</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Marion</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Awarded second prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville,
+Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mark</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Entered in 1929 contest by C. E. Mark, Washington Court House, Ohio. See
+Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mattingly</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The McCoy</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap"> The McMillen</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. Is growing in the Riehl and
+Kellogg plantings.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Metcalf</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Awarded eighth prize in the 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel,
+Pleasantville, Iowa. In fair seasons has borne heavy crops each year. Is
+supposed to be the mother tree of the Freel and Marion.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Miller</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mintle</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
+plantings.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Monterey</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22,
+1932 report. Is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill. W. R.
+Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports it is not promising there.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Morris</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Myers</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Entered in 1926 contest by Elmer R. Myers, Bellefontaine, Ohio, R. 2.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Nichols</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Ogden</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Entered in 1926 contest by Mrs. Joe Ogden, Bedford, Ky. See Mr. Reed's
+paper in 1931 report. Is growing at Riehl farm.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Ohio</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report. Has been generally planted in all nut tree orchards. E. C. Rice,
+Absher, Ky., has few young trees doing fine and bore a few nuts in 1934;
+largest in hull he had ever seen. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, planted
+one Ohio walnut in 1924, moved it in 1925. It started to bear in 1928
+and has borne every year since except one. Tree now 25 feet in height,
+trunk six inches in diameter, is growing in light, sandy soil near west
+end of north shore of Lake Ontario. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports
+the Ohio as not promising there.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Paradox</span> (hybrid):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page
+20, 1932 report. Is supposed to be a rapid grower but has not proved
+satisfactory in the east.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Patterson</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Submitted in 1926 contest by Mrs. William Patterson, Wever, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Patuxent</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
+orchards.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Peanut</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Pearl</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Pinecrest</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
+151, 1932 report; also Mr. Stokes' paper and tests, page 110, 1932
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Powers</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Rohwer</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Took second prize in 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, has young grafts of this walnut growing
+but not old enough to bear. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports that
+the Rohwer there is probably next to the Thomas in quality.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Royal</span> (hybrid):</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is reported to be a rapid grower
+but has not proved satisfactory in the east.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Ruddick</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Schimmoller</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Entered in 1926 contest by Will T. Schimmoller, Fort Jennings, Ohio. See
+Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Stabler</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Parent tree in Howard County, Maryland. Has been generally planted in
+nut orchards but has not proved satisfactory. It is a fine cracker. E.
+C. Rice, Absher, Ky., reports it does fine there, better than Ohio. W.
+R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports it is not promising there. J. H. Gage,
+Hamilton, Ontario, has one tree four years of age, which bore a few nuts
+in 1934. Stood last winter's weather (-30 degrees F.) with no damage
+whatever.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Stambaugh</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Took first prize in 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+It is being generally tested in nut orchards. J. H. Gage, Hamilton,
+Ontario, has some young trees growing which are not old enough to bear.
+W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Stambaugh there is heavily
+veined, is oily, soon shrivels and is not very good quality.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Stanley</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Stokes' paper with
+tests, pages 108 and 110, 1932 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Stevens</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
+151, and Mr. Stokes' paper with tests, pages 109 and 110, in 1932
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Stillman</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Awarded third prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. J. A. Stillman, Mackeys,
+North Carolina.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Stout</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Entered in 1926 contest by W. F. Stout, Hammersville, Ohio.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Tasterite</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report. W. R.
+Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Tasterite is not promising there.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Ten Eyck</span>:</p>
+
+<p>One of the standards in past years. See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report
+and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Thomas</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Considered the leading walnut in past years and still preferred to all
+others by many growers. See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr.
+Reed's paper in 1931 report. The Thomas walnut seems to produce the same
+quality nuts from Oklahoma to New York. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has
+young trees doing fine but not old enough to bear. J. H. Gage, Hamilton,
+Ontario, has two Thomas trees planted in 1924 and moved in 1925 which
+started to bear in 1928 and have borne every year since except one.
+Trunks of trees are 6 to 7 inches in diameter, trees are 25 feet high
+and growing in light sandy soil near west end of north shore of Lake
+Ontario. Temperature last winter reached -30 F. but no damage to the
+Thomas trees. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports at the present time
+he considers the Thomas the best all-round walnut, good in quality,
+self-pollinating and a heavy early bearer.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Thorp</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Tilley</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Submitted in 1926 contest by B. J. Tilley, Murfreesboro, N. C. Is
+growing in the Riehl orchard.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Vandersloot</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Submitted in 1926 contest by C. E. Vandersloot, Muddy Creek Forks, Pa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wasson</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wetzel</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Awarded fourth prize in 1929 contest to Annie W. Wetzel, New Berlin, Pa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wheeling</span>:</p>
+
+<p>A new excellent walnut located by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa,
+in 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Weidenhammer</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wiard</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Woodall</span>:</p>
+
+<p>See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Worthington</span>:</p>
+
+<p>An excellent walnut located by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper, page 151, 1932 report.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. H. R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio, calls attention to the fact that he
+has a parent black walnut tree on his place, the nuts of which took
+second prize in the 1932 Michigan nut contest. He will later give more
+information concerning it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>PERSIAN WALNUTS</h4>
+
+<p>The following Persian walnuts are listed in Mr. Bixby's paper in the
+1926 report:</p>
+
+
+<ul><li>  Alpine</li>
+<li>  Anderson</li>
+<li>  Boston</li>
+<li>  Eureka</li>
+<li>  Franquette</li>
+<li>  Hall</li>
+<li>  Holden</li>
+<li>  Lancaster</li>
+<li>  Mayette</li>
+<li>  Meylan</li>
+<li>  Rush</li></ul>
+
+
+
+<p>Prof. Neilson's paper in this report covers the following:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>  Beck</li>
+<li>  Broadview</li>
+<li>  Crath</li>
+<li>  Franquette</li>
+<li>  Larson</li>
+<li>  Mayette</li>
+<li>  McDermid</li>
+<li>  Pomeroy</li>
+<li>  Seeando</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>In addition the Jones Nursery has growing the following:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>  Nebo</li>
+<li>  Potomac</li>
+<li>  Sinclair</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Mr. John W. Hershey reports the Alpine and Lancaster are the same and
+that the Franquette, Hall, Nebo and Rush should be listed as obsolete
+for northern planting, and that the use of the Eureka in the north is
+questionable. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports that the Franquette,
+Lancaster, Mayette, Pomeroy and Rush winter kill at his place.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BUTTERNUTS</h4>
+
+<p>The following butternuts are listed in Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931
+report, pages 98 and 99:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>  Aiken</li>
+<li>  Bliss</li>
+<li>  Buckley</li>
+<li>  Creitz</li>
+<li>  Deming</li>
+<li>  Devon</li>
+<li>  Helmick</li>
+<li>  Hergert</li>
+<li>  Hostetter</li>
+<li>  Irvine</li>
+<li>  Lingle</li>
+<li>  Mandeville</li>
+<li>  Saugatuck</li>
+<li>  Sherman</li>
+<li>  Sherwood</li>
+<li>  Simonson</li>
+<li>  Thill</li>
+<li>  Utterbock</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>The Alverson, Deming, Irvine, Love, Luther and Sherman are covered in
+Mr. Reed's paper in this report.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HEART NUTS</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report covers the following Heart nuts:</p>
+
+<p>Bates, Faust, Lancaster, Ritchie and Stranger. Mr. John W. Hershey
+reports the Lancaster should be classed as obsolete as it is practically
+a hopeless tree, and that the Stranger is a rather common-place nut and
+should be classed as such.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hershey reports a new Heart nut, the Hershey, a seedling grown on
+his grounds at Downington, Pa. It is growing in a severe frost pocket
+but has never winter-killed or frost-killed. The nut is excellent.
+Bearing has been light due to crowding, which has been remedied by
+cutting down the trees around it.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHESTNUTS</h4>
+
+<p>Most of the named Chestnuts are listed in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926
+report and are growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill. Experiments
+are still being carried on with hope of producing a blight resistant
+chestnut. Anyone desiring to plant chestnut trees should consult their
+local nurseryman or farm advisor.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HAZELS AND FILBERTS</h4>
+
+<p>The filberts have not proved entirely hardy for northern territory, but
+the native hazels and hybrids appear to be entirely satisfactory. The
+lists are too long to publish. Full and reliable information is
+contained in Prof. Slate's paper in this report.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Culture_in_the_North" id="Nut_Culture_in_the_North"></a>Nut Culture in the North</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">J. F. Wilkinson</span></h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Rockport, Indiana</i></p>
+
+
+<p>There being other papers on the subject of nut culture I will confine
+this to Indiana and surrounding territory where nut trees of several
+kinds are native, and flourished before the coming of the white man.</p>
+
+<p>Walnut and hickory trees are to be found growing on most kinds of soil,
+chestnut and hazels mostly on hill land, the pecan as a rule in the
+lowlands along the streams where vast groves of them are yet producing
+splendid crops of nuts.</p>
+
+<p>One mile from my nursery, around Enterprise (which was the boyhood home
+of our worthy member Mr. T. P. Littlepage), are hundreds of these trees,
+including one of the largest in Indiana. This tree measures 16 feet in
+circumference at waist height and is estimated to be 125 feet high. It
+has produced more than 500 pounds of nuts in a season and other trees
+near here have produced as much as 600 pounds. One of these has a spread
+of over 100 feet. It is not unusual for a large size tree to produce
+from 300 to 400 pounds of a good season.</p>
+
+<p>One of the largest groves near here is known as the Major grove near the
+mouth of Green River, containing about 300 acres, most of the trees on
+which are pecan trees. Some are of immense size and probably as large as
+can be found north of the cotton belt. A few trees in this grove are
+estimated to be more than 150 feet tall.</p>
+
+<p>Along the Wabash River is probably the largest native northern pecan
+grove consisting of several hundred acres in which it is estimated there
+are more than 20,000 bearing-size pecan trees. At gathering time in the
+fall this is a very busy place. It is a source of revenue to many
+besides the owners.</p>
+
+<p>I was at this grove two weeks ago and was told there that each year
+school begins the first of August so they can dismiss during October and
+November to allow the school children to gather pecans during those two
+months. School teachers in that territory are required to sign a
+contract to that effect. This grove lies between Shawneetown and New
+Haven, which are eighteen miles apart.</p>
+
+<p>The town of New Haven has a population of about 400. I was told last
+fall by one of the three pecan buyers there that, in one day a few years
+ago, the three of them paid more than $15,000 for pecans for one day's
+delivery. This of course did not represent the total day's sales for
+this territory as many of them were sold at Shawneetown. So one can
+easily see why the people there are anxious for their children to help
+in this harvest, it being the chief source of fall income to many poor
+people, who are given one-half of all the pecans they gather. Often on
+or after a windy day the amount gathered by each one makes a splendid
+day's wages. Many make a practice of coming a distance each fall for
+this harvest. One party from St. Louis told me last fall that was his
+twenty-sixth year at that grove.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This grove is surrounded by smaller ones and many single trees growing
+on cultivated land. None of the native nut trees in this section have
+ever had any care whatever, except the ones growing in cultivated
+fields, and those only farm crop cultivation. Many of the native
+seedlings seldom bear and some others are shy or irregular bearers. But
+it is noticeable how much better as a rule those produce that have farm
+crop cultivation or stand in favorable locations.</p>
+
+<p>This is plainly evident in many instances where trees in the last few
+years have been cleared around and cultivated, or where an individual
+tree is standing alone without cultivation, but has plenty of space,
+food and moisture. An excellent example of this is the Littlepage tree
+in Enterprise that is probably 35 years old, has never been cultivated
+but stands in a well used stock lot and has been an annual bearer since
+a small tree.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, near here are a number of trees around which the land
+had been cultivated in farm crops until about ten years ago, and these
+trees produced well, but since that time the land has been abandoned and
+has grown up in a thicket and the production of these trees has been
+greatly reduced.</p>
+
+<p>About twenty years ago propagation of the better varieties of northern
+nut trees was begun in southern Indiana. At that time I believe that
+most of us overlooked the needs of nut trees as we had been used to
+their taking care of themselves. Our attention to them was mostly at nut
+harvest time. We failed to take into consideration the conditions under
+which the best bearing trees were growing and too strongly condemned
+those not bearing so well, when it was often due to conditions instead
+of to the trees themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The walnut and hickory will succeed and bear with less moisture than the
+pecan, though they will do better with plenty of moisture if on well
+drained land and having good cultivation. We failed to take in
+consideration that the best bearing pecan trees were growing on low land
+that was usually overflowed one or more times each season, leaving
+plenty of moisture and a deposit of plant food. Many articles have been
+written by nut tree enthusiasts in which the planting of nut trees on
+unproductive or waste land has been advised. In this the writers were
+sincere in their statements. This advice has been taken by many, causing
+more or less disappointment to the planter and no encouragement to his
+neighbor. No successful fruit grower would plant an orchard of peach or
+apple trees on poor or waste land, forget about them for a few years and
+expect to go back and harvest a crop of fruit, and neither need the nut
+grower expect to.</p>
+
+<p>Since many trees of the named varieties have been in bearing for a
+number of years it gives a broad field for studying them, and their
+habits are very similar to the native trees, I do not know of a single
+tree that is not a testimonial to the care and attention it has been
+given.</p>
+
+<p>In my first nursery planting trees were left growing to supply bud and
+graftwood for future use. These were left entirely too close together to
+remain until large trees, but I have never yet had nerve enough to
+remove all that should be taken out, with the result that they are now
+crowding and robbing each other of food and moisture retarding both
+growth and bearing. These are now from 15 to 19 years old and not
+producing as many nuts as they did several years ago, or as many as
+trees several years younger that have more space. My observations
+convince me<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> that plenty of space, food and moisture are most essential
+for best results.</p>
+
+<p>The past four years has been a splendid time to study this as our
+weather conditions have been unusual in that we have in this section had
+both wet and dry seasons. I am firmly convinced that weather conditions
+have a great deal to do with the nut crop not only with the quantity of
+nuts but quality as well. Moisture conditions in spring and early summer
+determine the size of the nut, and later in the season the quality of
+the kernel. Plenty of moisture in spring and early summer will make a
+large size nut. After the shell once forms the growth of nut is done.
+Then the plumpness of the kernel depends on the amount of moisture after
+the shell is formed. Lack of moisture the entire season spells a small,
+poorly filled nut. Trees growing in a crowded position, or on hard, dry
+ground, seldom ever have all the moisture they need to produce a good
+crop of well filled nuts. This has been plainly demonstrated with my own
+and my neighbors' trees in the past few years.</p>
+
+<p>The weather of the previous season also may have much to do with the
+crop the following season, especially with trees growing under adverse
+conditions. These conditions can often be largely overcome by the owner,
+with fertilizers and cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>In planting a tree be sure to give it plenty of space. If the soil is
+lacking in plant food feed the tree, remembering it can draw food only
+from a given space. No one would expect to grow the same farm crop on a
+plot of ground for many years without fertilizer. Prepare to conserve
+moisture for the hot, dry season either by cultivation or mulching. One
+of the thriftiest best bearing nut tree plantings I know of is on very
+sharp, hilly clay ground in Rockport, but the owner fertilizes these
+trees annually and gives splendid cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>A non-bearing nut tree is no better than any other kind of a tree, so it
+is not a question of how many nut trees you have, but how many good
+bearing nut trees you have. To get the best results provide your trees
+with space, food and moisture.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Varieties_of_Nut_Trees_for_the_Northernmost_Zone" id="Varieties_of_Nut_Trees_for_the_Northernmost_Zone"></a>Varieties of Nut Trees for the Northernmost Zone</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">C. A. Reed</span>, <i>Bureau of Plant Industry United States
+Department of Agriculture</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>The northernmost zone of the eastern part of the United States, within
+which conditions appear at all encouraging for the planting of the
+hardiest varieties of nut trees now available, may be outlined as
+covering the milder portions of Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+Connecticut, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and South Dakota.
+Beyond the Canadian border this zone should perhaps include the fruit
+belt of Ontario known as the "Niagara Peninsula," which skirts Lake
+Ontario from the City of Hamilton to the Niagara river. No doubt it
+should also include considerable Canadian territory immediately adjacent
+to Lakes Erie and St. Clair, and north to the lower end of Lake Huron.</p>
+
+<p>In each American state within this general zone there are numerous
+localities to which several species of edible nuts are indigenous,
+others where the butternut alone is found, and still others to which
+none of the common kinds appear to be adapted. Climate and soil are both
+limiting factors within this general section. No nut trees are likely to
+prove hardy to the extent of bearing heavily where winter temperatures
+are extremely trying or where soils are not of high grade. A fundamental
+principle involving plant ecology, which with reference to planted nut
+trees is too often lost sight of, is that, regardless of species, plants
+are unlikely to be altogether hardy in any locality where minimum
+temperatures of winter are appreciably lower, or growing periods much
+shorter, than at the place where the variety in question originated. For
+example, it is often assumed that a pecan tree native to southern Texas,
+the lowest point of the range of this species in the United States,
+should do well in southeastern Iowa, the northernmost point within the
+range. Likewise, it is also sometimes assumed that a black walnut
+variety originating in Arkansas, Texas or Tennessee should be hardy in
+the black walnut belts of New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
+Pennsylvania, or wherever the species is indigenous or has been
+successfully transplanted.</p>
+
+<p>There are definite degrees of hardiness which must not be overlooked. A
+species or variety may be hardy enough to grow thriftily for many years,
+and to make a splendid tree, hundreds of miles north of the latitude at
+which it will mature occasional crops; or it may be able to produce
+crops that are frequent in occurrence yet indifferent as to character;
+or there may be occasional crops of first-class nuts; but good crops of
+good nuts are exceedingly rare when the minimum temperatures of winter
+or the length of the growing period are appreciably more adverse than in
+the locality where the variety originated.</p>
+
+<p>A few illustrations may help to make these points clearer. On the
+Experimental Farm of the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Arlington,
+Va., directly opposite Washington, on the Potomac, there are five pecan
+trees of the Schley variety<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> which originated on the Gulf coast of
+Mississippi. These trees have grown splendidly since being planted more
+than 20 years ago. They blossomed and set nuts more or less regularly
+after they were about eight or ten years of age, but it was only in the
+eighteenth year that a season was late enough in fall for a single nut
+to mature. Another case is afforded by a pecan seedling, probably from
+Texas, called to the writer's attention by Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford,
+Conn., which stands near the outskirts of that city. This is a large,
+beautiful tree. It rarely sets crops of nuts, and when it does the nuts
+fail to become more than half or two-thirds normal size by the time of
+autumn frosts. The kernels are then quite undeveloped and the nuts
+therefore worthless each year.</p>
+
+<p>In another case, near Ithaca, New York, the Stabler walnut from Maryland
+and the Ohio from Toledo, of the state after which it was named, all
+appear to be congenially situated insofar as environment is concerned
+until the nuts are actually harvested and cured. The nuts of each
+variety appear normal when they drop from the trees, but during the
+process of curing, the kernels wither up too badly to be marketable. The
+Thomas from southeastern Pennsylvania is somewhat better able to adjust
+itself to Ithaca conditions, but it is far from being a commercial
+success in that region.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Kinds of Nuts</h4>
+
+<p>The kinds of nuts suitable for this northern zone naturally divide
+themselves into three main groups, viz., native, foreign and hybrid. The
+last might well be divided into three sub-groups, as native hybrids,
+foreign hybrids, and hybrids between native and foreign species. It is
+perhaps true that there should also be a fourth subgroup to which chance
+hybrids should be assigned when there is uncertainty as to which of
+these three others a given variety may belong.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Native Group</h4>
+
+<p>Of these three main groups that of the native species is at present by
+far the most important. It includes the black walnut, <i>Juglans nigra</i>;
+the butternut, <i>J. cinerea</i>; the shagbark hickory, <i>Hicoria ovata</i>; the
+sweet hickory, <i>H. ovalis</i>; the pignut hickory, <i>H. glabra</i>; the
+American sweet chestnut, <i>Castanea dentata</i>; the American beech, <i>Fagus
+americana</i>; and two species of native hazelnut, <i>Corylus americana</i>; and
+the beaked hazelnut, <i>C. rostrata</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Black Walnut</h4>
+
+<p>The black walnut is placed at the head of the native group because of
+its great all round usefulness. Wherever it grows well its timber is of
+leading value among all American species. It is a splendid ornamental
+and the nuts are highly edible. The black walnut range does not extend
+as far north as does that of the butternut, yet wherever it grows well
+it is much more useful as a tree, and is successful under a greater
+variety of conditions. It is probably a more dependable bearer and, upon
+the average, the nuts yield a higher percentage of kernel. Many more
+varieties of black walnut than of butternut have been brought to light
+and more trees have been propagated. Enough varieties of promise have
+originated in Michigan alone (largely as a result of the work of Prof.
+James A. Neilson of East Lansing) to preclude any obvious need, at
+present at least, of bringing varieties from farther south into this
+zone. In addition to these, a number of other varieties have been
+recognized from equal latitudes, as in New York and, west of Lake
+Michigan, in Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota and northern Iowa.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>ADAMS&mdash;The Adams black walnut is a rather small variety with an
+approximate size range of from 34 to 48 nuts per pound, and an average
+of 39. In a cracking test of the 1930 crop, conducted after the kernels
+had become too dry for most satisfactory cracking, the yield of quarters
+was 16.75 per cent; that of small pieces 7.81 per cent, and the total
+24.56 per cent. The nuts are much elongated in form, being sharply
+pointed at each end. Many are quite symmetrical, thin-shelled and, when
+not too dry, of excellent cracking quality. The kernels examined have
+been notably bright in color, firm in texture, very sweet and highly
+pleasing to the palate. The quarters are long and slender.</p>
+
+<p>The Adams was first called to public attention in 1920, when the late
+Henry Adams of Scotts, Kalamazoo County, Michigan, was awarded first
+prize for an entry of nuts from the original tree which he made in a
+contest held that year by the Northern Nut Growers Association. In an
+article published in the Michigan farmer of Detroit, on July 7, 1922, he
+stated that this tree grew as a sprout in a corn row on land which he
+cleared in the spring of 1869. When the tree was seen by the writer in
+1929, and again in 1932, it gave the impression of having been a
+moderate or slow grower. Such facts as have been obtainable from time to
+time indicate that it is but a moderate bearer. However, the character
+of the soil in which it stands is not of the best, although it is far
+from being poor. In better soil it would doubtless produce heavier and
+more uniform crops.</p>
+
+<p>As nearly as it can be ascertained, the Adams was first propagated by
+the late W. G. Bixby of Baldwin, Long Island, who procured scions in
+1922. It was again grafted six years later by J. F. Wilkinson of
+Rockport, Ind., with scions procured by the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture. In April, 1930, one of the resulting trees was shipped by
+the Department to the Kellogg Experimental and Demonstration Farm,
+Augusta, Mich. Trees are now growing on the grounds of the United States
+Department of Agriculture Horticultural Field Station at Beltsville,
+Md., and records in the Bixby file show that a tree was shipped by him
+to Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cleveland, Ohio, probably about 1930. No doubt
+the variety is growing in other plantings.</p>
+
+<p>An entry of Adams black walnut won third prize in the Michigan contest
+conducted under the direction of Professor Neilson of East Lansing at
+the end of the 1929 crop year. During the same year Dr. W. C. Deming,
+Chairman of the Contest Committee for the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, made the following comments regarding the Adams: "Shell
+thin, cracking quality good to perfect, color of kernel light, condition
+plump, texture tender, quality rich, flavor high." His summary was put
+tersely, "An excellent nut."</p>
+
+<p>In the event that this variety would do better in a richer soil than
+that where the parent tree stands, it might prove to be one of the most
+desirable of all kinds now known for use in the northernmost zone. The
+parent tree is now owned by a son of the late Henry Adams, Mr. H. R.
+Adams of Scotts, who now lives on the old homestead.</p>
+
+<p>ALLEN&mdash;The Allen black walnut is another Michigan variety which appears
+to be of considerable promise. It has been under observation by the U.
+S. Department of Agriculture at Washington since the summer of 1923,
+when it was called to the attention by the Honorable Charles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> W.
+Garfield of Grand Rapids. The parent is a healthy double tree standing
+some twenty rods from Thornapple Creek on the farm of Mr. Glenn W.
+Allen, R. F. D. 1, Middleville, Barry County. The local conditions of
+soil and moisture are highly favorable. The tree frequently bears heavy
+crops, although, like most others of the species, it tends more to
+alternate rather than to annual bearing.</p>
+
+<p>Five pounds of the 1931 crop tested in Washington showed a range of from
+31 to 37 nuts per pound and an average of 34. The percentage of quarter
+kernels was 22.45, that of small parts 1.10, and that of bad, O.31 per
+cent, making a total kernel yield of 23.86 per cent. The cracking
+quality was good, the kernels were plump, the quality of the kernel rich
+and the flavor medium sweet.</p>
+
+<p>The Allen was awarded first prize by Professor Neilson in the Michigan
+contest of 1929. It should be well worthy of test planting in the
+northern zone. It has been disseminated to a very considerable extent
+for use in small plantings.</p>
+
+<p>ALLEY&mdash;The Alley is a New York variety from the farm of Miss Amy A.
+Alley, Lagrangeville, Duchess County. This farm is within fifteen miles
+of the Connecticut line and some 50 to 75 miles above New York City. The
+Alley was first brought to attention by Miss Alley in 1918, when she was
+awarded first prize in the contest for that year of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association. The late W. G. Bixby, in reporting for the
+committee in charge, said that the Alley had a shell thinner than that
+of Stabler and that the cracking quality was "100 per cent."</p>
+
+<p>In none of the tests conducted by the department has this variety ranked
+with the best of the more recent kinds, yet because of its latitude of
+origin and the fact that in general merit it is well above the average
+seedling, it is believed that it should be included in northern trial
+plantings.</p>
+
+<p>Three pounds of the 1931 crop tested by the department counted 39, 41
+and 42 nuts each, respectively. The range was 36 to 45. The percentage
+yield of quarter kernels was but 13.96, for out of 122 nuts cracked 15,
+or 12.29 per cent, were bad. The total yield of kernel amounted to 25.57
+per cent. The kernels that year were neither particularly plump nor
+especially well filled.</p>
+
+<p>BECK&mdash;The Beck is another Michigan variety of black walnut which in many
+respects has compared favorably with the best varieties yet brought to
+light from any source. The parent tree was called to the attention of
+the U. S. Department of Agriculture in March, 1929, by Mr. Howard
+Harris, R. F. D. 7, Allegan, Allegan County, Michigan. It was on a farm
+then owned by Mr. Daniel Beck, R. F. D. 2, Hamilton, also of Allegan
+County. It is a double tree standing in an open field some 20 rods back
+of the barn. Like many other northern varieties of black walnut, the
+nuts are rather small, ranging in 1930 from 28 to 49 per pound, and
+having an average of 37. In that year it had the high percentage of
+quarter kernels of 25.36, and a total percentage of kernel of 33.08. The
+shell was thinner than that of the average black walnut, the cracking
+quality very good, and the kernel bright-colored, plump, rich and sweet.</p>
+
+<p>The Beck has been successfully grafted in the Bixby nursery at Baldwin,
+Long Island, and at the E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery at Godfrey,
+Illinois; by J. W. Arata, Mishawka, Ind.; by Professor Neilson, and
+probably by others. It is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> growing in the government test orchard at
+Beltsville, Md.</p>
+
+<p>BLOSS&mdash;The Bloss black walnut was called to the attention of this
+department in January of 1934 by Mr. Joe Bloss, R. F. D. 2, Box 65,
+Bristol, Indiana, who at that time forwarded 23 specimen nuts to
+Washington. These averaged 33 per pound and had a range of from 29 to
+36. In the test which followed they yielded 21.05 per cent of quarters
+and 3.35 per cent of small pieces, making a total of 24.40 per cent of
+kernel. The cracking quality was very good, the kernel bright, medium
+sweet, and fairly rich. On the whole this appeared to be a very good
+nut.</p>
+
+<p>Because of the very creditable showing made by these nuts, it is
+believed that the Bloss should be investigated further. It may prove
+valuable in the general locality of its origin, and as Bristol is but a
+few miles below the Michigan state line, it would seem that the variety
+should be given careful consideration in plantings throughout the milder
+portions of the northern zone.</p>
+
+<p>BRUER&mdash;The Bruer black walnut first came to attention in 1926 when Mr.
+Milo Bruer of East Main Street, Sleepy Eye, Minn., sent specimen nuts to
+Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., for entry in the contest being
+conducted that year by the Northern Nut Growers Association. Dr. Deming
+reported that he found the shell thin, the cracking quality good, the
+kernel white, plump, medium rich in quality, and of mild, nutty
+"pecan-like" flavor. Later examination in Washington of 20 specimens of
+the same crop showed that the nuts averaged 37 per pound. By that time
+they were dried beyond the most satisfactory point for cracking, and,
+consequently, in this respect, the quality was medium only. The kernels
+were then but medium plump.</p>
+
+<p>In other respects they appeared to be about as had been observed by Dr.
+Deming.</p>
+
+<p>As this is the best variety yet brought to attention from Minnesota, it
+is believed that it should be used in all northern plantings until
+superseded by others of superior merit.</p>
+
+<p>CRESCO&mdash;The parent tree of the Cresco black walnut stands in a creek
+bottom, on what is known as the Patterson farm, two miles southwest of
+Cresco, Howard County, Iowa. It is probably within ten miles of the
+Minnesota state line. So far as known, with the exception of Bruer (of
+Minnesota), the latitude of its place of origin is greater than that of
+any other variety originating west of Chicago. It was discovered by Mr.
+W. A. Bents, proprietor of Cresco Nurseries, Cresco, Iowa, by whom, in
+1929, specimen nuts of the 1928 crop were sent to the late S. W. Snyder,
+of Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point, Iowa. Scions of this variety
+were also sent to Mr. Snyder, by whom it was first grafted in 1929. The
+Cresco has since been disseminated to a considerable extent and is now
+growing in a number of widely remote plantings, including those of the
+E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery, Godfrey, Ill., and the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture at Beltsville, Md.</p>
+
+<p>Seventy-three nuts of the 1930 crop examined in Washington averaged 35
+per pound and yielded 24.55 per cent of quarter kernels, 4.09 per cent
+small pieces and 0.73 per cent bad, making a total kernel percentage of
+29.18.</p>
+
+<p>The latitude of origin, together with the apparent general merit of the
+Cresco black walnut, makes this variety appear to be of special promise
+in the northernmost zone.</p>
+
+<p>EDRAS&mdash;This is a particularly promising variety, brought to light<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> by
+Mr. Gerald W. Adams, of Moorhead, Iowa, in connection with the 1926
+Association contest; when it was No. 3 of three entries made by Mr.
+Adams. (It was No. 1 that was designated by the Association as "Adams"
+at that time and awarded twelfth prize. This variety received no prize.)
+The variety was first called "Adams" in his honor, but as a Michigan
+variety had previously been so designated, the name was changed to
+Edras, after the first name of Mrs. Adams.</p>
+
+<p>The Edras was rated as being "Outstanding" by the late S. W. Snyder of
+Iowa (Iowa State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rep. 1924, p. 49). Prof. N. F. Drake,
+of Fayetteville, Ark., in the Proceedings of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association (p. 24) for 1930, stated: "I think this variety should be
+kept in mind, especially for breeding purposes where it is desired to
+develop a strain with a high percentage of kernel."</p>
+
+<p>In a test of nuts from the 1930 crop, the Department of Agriculture
+obtained a percentage yield of 20.98 for quarters and a total kernel
+yield of 34.31. That year, 0.43 per cent of the kernels were found bad,
+and 12.91 per cent were of small parts. It is not improbable that
+another test would result in an even higher total yield and appreciable
+improvement in the yield of quarters.</p>
+
+<p>This variety has been quite widely disseminated. It is known to be
+growing on the Riehl Farm and Nursery grounds at Godfrey, Ill.; at the
+Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.; on the Kellogg Experimental and
+Demonstration Farm, Augusta, Michigan; on the farm of Mr. Harry W.
+Weber, Cleves, Ohio; and on the governmental test orchard at Beltsville,
+Md.</p>
+
+<p>The latitude of Moorhead is somewhat below that of the southern boundary
+of the northern zone, yet climatic conditions of extreme western Iowa
+are probably no less severe than those of southern Michigan. For this
+reason, and because of the excellent rating that this variety has
+received, it is believed that the Edras should be included in further
+test plantings of the northernmost zone.</p>
+
+<p>GERMAINE&mdash;The Germaine black walnut, named in honor of Mr. John W.
+Germaine, R. 6, Allegan, Mich., owner of the original tree, was called
+to the attention of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in March of 1929
+by Mr. Howard Harris, R. F. D. 7, also of Allegan, when he forwarded a
+few specimen nuts of the 1928 crop to Washington. These were found to
+have very good cracking quality and plump kernels of rich quality and
+pleasing flavor.</p>
+
+<p>Scions have been placed in the hands of various individuals and
+agencies. Trees of this variety are now growing at Beltsville, Md., and
+at Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.</p>
+
+<p>GRUNDY&mdash;The Grundy black walnut originated with a thrifty young seedling
+owned by Mr. John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa. It was brought to light
+in 1927, when it received first prize in a private contest conducted by
+Prof. N. F. Drake, Fayetteville, Ark., and by him given the temporary
+designation of "Iowa."</p>
+
+<p>According to President F. H. Frey of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, in a statement appearing in the Proceedings for 1932 (p.
+158), Mr. Rohwer exhibited this variety during the Missouri State Fair
+of 1928 and was given first prize. The same year, according to this
+statement, the Grundy was awarded second prize during the meeting of the
+Mid-West Horticultural Show held in Cedar Rapids. In the opinion of Mr.
+Frey, the Grundy is superior to Rohwer in flavor of kernel and its equal
+in cracking quality. An entry of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> Grundy made in the 1929 contest of the
+Association was awarded fifth prize.</p>
+
+<p>Little is known of the bearing habits of this variety, although Mr. D.
+C. Snyder, the surviving member of Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point,
+wrote to Washington on July 31, 1933, that he was "afraid" that both
+this variety and Rohwer might not prove to be "reliable bearers."</p>
+
+<p>An opinion of Ex-President of the Association, C. F. Walker, expressed
+July 16, 1933, by letter to the writer, was to the effect that the
+Grundy walnut was "fair" only.</p>
+
+<p>Three pounds of the 1931 Grundy walnuts tested by the Department at
+Washington yielded 27.74 per cent quarters, 1.57 per cent bad, and 2.35
+per cent small pieces, making a total of 31.66 per cent kernel. The nuts
+averaged 35 per pound and had a range of from 28 to 36. The cracking
+quality was very good, the kernels bright, plump, rich in quality and of
+agreeable flavor.</p>
+
+<p>Considering the good points in favor of this variety, even though its
+latitude of origin is somewhat below that of the south Michigan border,
+it would seem that until worthier nuts are found, this should be
+included in test plantings of the northernmost zone.</p>
+
+<p>HARRIS&mdash;The Harris walnut first became known to the department in
+December of 1924, when Mr. Howard Harris, R. F. D. 7, Allegan, Mich.,
+owner of the original tree, submitted specimens for examination. The
+feature which attracted immediate attention was the superior cracking
+quality, due to the largeness and openness of its kernel chambers. The
+kernels were not as plump as might have been desired, but this is
+assumed to have been due to the light, sandy soil where the parent tree
+grows.</p>
+
+<p>In examining specimens of the 1927 crop, Dr. Deming noted that the nuts
+were "small, clean," the shell "thick," the cracking quality "good to
+perfect," and the kernel "not plump, light (in weight) and texture
+hard." He placed the flavor at "fair to sweet," yet felt that the
+variety should be given further consideration. Many of the kernels of
+the nuts which he examined, like those from this tree during most years,
+were "shrunken."</p>
+
+<p>Two pounds of the 1930 crop tested in Washington yielded 10.91 per cent
+of quarters, 3.30 per cent of bad kernels, and 4.41 per cent of small
+pieces, making a total of but 18.63 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>This is a much lower rating than that of any other variety included in
+this list, and were it not for the superiority of its cracking quality
+and the latitude of its origin, it would hardly now be included.
+However, it should probably be included in all test plantings in the
+northernmost zone, especially if breeding is contemplated. The soil
+where this original tree stands is of a light, sandy nature. Allowance
+for this should be made in evaluating the merits of the variety.</p>
+
+<p>HILTON&mdash;The Hilton black walnut came to the attention of the U. S.
+Department of Agriculture in early March of 1933, when specimens were
+received through the courtesy of Prof. L. H. MacDaniels of Ithaca, New
+York, by whom its propagation had already been successfully begun.
+Professor MacDaniels wrote that he did not feel that it was
+"outstanding," except that "apparently it does succeed rather far north
+and is much above the average in general merit."</p>
+
+<p>The nuts sent to Washington averaged 25 per pound, had a range of from
+21 to 28 per pound, and were therefore quite large, especially for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> that
+latitude. The yield of quarters was 20.46 per cent, that of small kernel
+parts O.66 per cent, and the total 21.12 per cent. The cracking quality
+was very good, the kernel quality rich and the flavor very good.</p>
+
+<p>The original tree, according to Professor MacDaniels, is tall and
+difficult to climb. It stands on the lot of a next-door neighbor of Mr.
+D. C. Wright of Hilton, through whom it came to the attention of
+Professor MacDaniels.</p>
+
+<p>As the town of Hilton is within ten miles of the shore of Lake Ontario,
+the origin of the variety was practically on the extreme northern edge
+of western New York. In view of this, it is felt that the Hilton variety
+should be carefully considered in connection with any planting in the
+northernmost zone.</p>
+
+<p>HUBER&mdash;The Huber black walnut was brought to light by Mr. Ferdinand
+Huber, Cochrane, Wis., in 1929, when he made an entry in the Association
+contest. Although the nuts were awarded no prize, the Bixby report made
+special mention of these nuts as being "notable for the high percentage
+of kernel (1930 Proc. N. N. G. A., p. 108), having yielded 32.8 per cent
+of total kernel."</p>
+
+<p>The variety has not been tested by the department, although several
+attempts have been made to procure specimens for the purpose, but each
+such effort has been coincident with a crop failure by this particular
+tree.</p>
+
+<p>LAMB&mdash;The Lamb black walnut is a variety propagated and grown for its
+wood only. The parent tree stood on a farm one-quarter mile east of Ada,
+Kent County, Michigan, perhaps ten miles due east of Grand Rapids. After
+the log had been cut and shipped to a mill, discovery was made that the
+wood of the original tree had a highly figured grain. Mr. George Lamb,
+then Secretary of the American Walnut Manufacturers Association, 616
+South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, traced the origin of the log back to its
+source, where the top was found to be still green, although the tree had
+been cut two months previous. Scions were cut and sent by Mr. Lamb to
+the Department of Agriculture in Washington, and also to Dr. Robert T.
+Morris, Merribrooke Farm, Stamford, Conn. At the suggestion of Dr.
+Morris, Mr. Lamb also sent scions to Mr. Ford Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the scions received by the Department were placed in the hands
+of others, including the late Messrs. Jones, Bixby and Snyder, also
+Prof. V. R. Gardner, Director of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment
+Station at East Lansing, and Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Piketown, Pa. Drs.
+Morris and Zimmerman, Professor Gardner, and Messrs. Wilkinson and
+Bixby, were all successful in their efforts at grafting. Mr. Bixby made
+new grafts as soon as the original could be cut for scions, and also
+made some distributions of scions. At the time of his death in August,
+1933, there were a dozen or more nursery trees of various sizes and
+degrees of condition among his stock at Baldwin. From these, scions were
+sold to a number of Association members during the spring of 1934.</p>
+
+<p>While it has not yet been established that the character of figured
+grain is transmissible with scions, the value of such wood is so great
+that anyone interested in producing walnut trees of outstanding value
+would do well to investigate this variety to the extent of growing a few
+trees. In all likelihood the combined results from tests made by a large
+number of persons would be of great value to science.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>TASTERITE&mdash;The parent tree of the Tasterite walnut, owned by Everl
+Church, R. F. D. 3, Ithaca, New York, was discovered and named by Mr. S.
+H. Graham, a neighbor, living on Route 5, also out of Ithaca. The latter
+submitted specimens to the department in Washington in 1929, where they
+made a highly favorable showing. Tasterite nuts entered that year in the
+contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association, although receiving no
+award by the committee were given the rating of "excellent" by Dr.
+Deming. In 1930, Prof. N. F. Drake of Fayetteville, Ark., gave Tasterite
+nuts a rating of "100 per cent on cracking quality." He obtained a total
+of 28.05 per cent of kernel. Nuts of the 1930 crop examined in
+Washington averaged 36 per pound, ranged from 34 to 38, and yielded
+20.92 per cent of quarters and 7.22 per cent of small pieces, making a
+total of 28.14 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The shell of the nut is thinner than the average and the cracking
+quality distinctly superior. The kernels of nuts promptly harvested,
+hulled and cured have been bright, plump, rich in quality, and
+especially pleasing in flavor. The one weak point of the Tasterite
+appears to be in the matter of size, but this smallness is well offset
+by superiority in the points just mentioned, and also in what is perhaps
+more important, the latitude and altitude of the place of origin. Any
+variety which will yield heavy crops of nuts distinctly superior to the
+average black walnut in cracking quality and kernel merit at a 42-degree
+latitude plus, and a 2,000-foot altitude, should be potentially very
+valuable in the northernmost zone.</p>
+
+<p>WIARD&mdash;This is another Michigan variety, apparently of much merit. Vague
+bits of information regarding it have reached the department at
+Washington from time to time since June, 1926, when Greening Bros., of
+Monroe, stated to the writer that Mr. Everett Wiard, a fruit grower near
+the eastern outskirts of Ypsilanti, was grafting a promising seedling of
+his own origin. This clue was not successfully followed up until 1932,
+when a few specimen nuts were obtained. These were found to be of medium
+size and of excellent cracking quality. The kernels were plump, bright,
+rich in quality, and of pleasing flavor.</p>
+
+<p>On February 12, 1934, Professor Neilson wrote the department that this
+seedling had come to his attention during Farmers' Week, held shortly
+before, at East Lansing. He stated that to him this appeared to be one
+of the best seedlings thus far discovered and that he was recommending
+it for propagation. He added that the nut was "of medium size, somewhat
+diamond-shaped, thin-shelled, easy to crack and of excellent extractive
+quality." Very likely more will be learned of this variety in the
+future.</p>
+
+
+<p>Butternut Varieties</p>
+
+<p>The American butternut, Juglans cinerea, although commonly held to be a
+slow grower, a tardy and light bearer, and a producer of thick-shelled
+nuts hard or impossible to crack without extreme difficulty, is
+frequently quite the opposite in one or more, or all, of these respects.
+Under favorable environment the trees grow rapidly, bear early, and
+oftentimes the nuts may be easily cracked and the kernels extracted in
+perfect halves. Probably more than a dozen varieties from various
+portions of the North have been named. A few of these appear to be of
+considerable promise.</p>
+
+<p>The northern range of the butternut extends from Nova Scotia over Maine,
+across New Hampshire, Ver<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>mont, New York, the upper peninsula of
+Michigan, and through Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota to South
+Dakota south to Georgia and Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p>Butternut flavor is preferred by many people to that of any other nut.
+Throughout New England the kernels are used to no inconsiderable extent
+in the making of highly pleasing food products. Oftentimes the ground
+kernels are used in the home manufacture of pastries and confections
+which are either consumed at home or sold on roadside markets at good
+profit.</p>
+
+<p>The butternut is not without certain weak points which must not be
+forgotten. The timber is less valuable than that of black walnut, the
+trees grow to smaller size and seldom live more than 75 or 100 years;
+outside of the best growing sections of the North, it is possible that
+the majority succumb under 40 years.</p>
+
+<p>Being less symmetrical, butternut trees are not as suitable for
+ornamental planting as are nut trees of many other kinds. Nevertheless,
+a tree or two of each of the best varieties now available should be
+included in all nut planting as far south as the species is indigenous,
+and perhaps farther down.</p>
+
+<p>ALVERSON&mdash;The parent tree of this variety is owned by Mr. M. E.
+Alverson, Howard City, Montcalm County, Michigan. It was first called to
+public attention when it was awarded third prize in the 1932 State
+contest held at East Lansing under the direction of Prof. James A.
+Neilson, of Michigan Agricultural College. A one-pound lot tested in
+Washington during April of the same year counted 47 specimens. It
+yielded 14.44 per cent of quarters and 1.11 per cent of small pieces,
+making a total of 15.55 per cent kernel. The cracking quality was found
+to be good. The kernels were large, long, plump, medium bright, and the
+flavor distinctly pleasing.</p>
+
+<p>DEMING&mdash;This variety was called to attention by Olcott Deming, a son of
+Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., to whom it was awarded first prize in
+the 1918 contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association. Dr. Deming
+sought to have this variety called Olcott, but the name became fixed
+when it appeared in the Jones catalogue of 1920, and later in various
+reports of the Association.</p>
+
+<p>The Deming butternut is probably an early bearer, as in notes prepared
+by the late J. F. Jones for use during the 1926 convention held at
+Lancaster, reference was made to two trees (Nos. 88 and 89), which were
+in "bearing while still quite young," the latter of which "bore two nuts
+the next year after being grafted," and which was then "bearing its
+third consecutive crop." Mr. Jones began its propagation in 1920,
+commenting to the writer at the time that it was "larger and had a
+thinner shell than Aiken."</p>
+
+<p>IRVINE&mdash;This variety was awarded first prize ($50.00) in the Northern
+Nut Growers Association contest of 1929. The parent tree is owned by
+Mrs. L. K. Irvine, Menominee, Dunn County, Wis. In a Washington test of
+three pounds, conducted in 1931, the nuts averaged 53 per pound and had
+a range of from 44 to 59. The kernel yield was 22.13 per cent quarters,
+3.90 per cent small pieces, and 0.38 per cent bad. The cracking quality
+was excellent, the kernels large and highly attractive, the quality
+good, and the flavor mild. This is apparently one of the finest although
+not the richest or sweetest, of any variety of butternut yet discovered.
+It is known to have been successfully propagated but to a limited extent
+only.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>LOVE&mdash;This butternut originated on the farm of Mr. Frank Love, R. F. D.
+2, Howell, Livingston County, Mich. It was discovered by chance, when
+the large size and generally sound condition of the parent tree caught
+the attention of the writer in 1931. In a cracking test conducted later
+that year the nuts averaged 53 per pound, had a range of from 44 to 71,
+and yielded a total of 27.32 per cent kernel. The yield of quarters was
+24.68 per cent, and that of small pieces 2.64 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The Love butternuts are considerably smaller than those of some other
+varieties, and in comparison with Irvine of that year the kernels were
+much less attractive in appearance, but richer in quality and of more
+pleasing flavor. On the whole, these nuts now stand among the very best
+yet called to attention, although during a test made a year later of
+nuts also from the parent tree, the result was but 17.19 per cent of
+kernel, composed of 16.86 per cent quarters and 0.33 per cent of small
+pieces.</p>
+
+<p>These nuts have not appeared in any contest, and in all probability they
+would have received no award during any but the most favorable years.
+However, their record of 1931 placed the variety in a class at that time
+quite by itself.</p>
+
+<p>Scions from the original tree, purchased by the department in 1933, and
+placed in the hands of several commercial propagators, have resulted in
+at least one living grafted tree. This is being carefully guarded, and
+as soon as possible others will be grafted from it. As Mr. Love is quite
+averse to having the tree cut for scions, it may not be possible to
+obtain new scions from the original source.</p>
+
+<p>LUTHER&mdash;This butternut came to light as a result of the contest held by
+Professor Neilson at the end of the 1932 crop year, when it received
+second prize. The entry was made by Mr. F. Luther of Fairgrove, Tuscola
+County, Mich.</p>
+
+<p>In Washington, nuts of the 1932 crop averaged 52 per pound and yielded
+15.45 per cent of quarters and 2.21 per cent of small pieces, making a
+total of 17.66 per cent of kernel. This test was made in April, after
+the nuts were rather too dry to crack to the best advantage. At that
+time the cracking quality was fair only.</p>
+
+<p>SHERMAN&mdash;The Sherman butternut first became known in 1929, when Mrs. E.
+Sherman, Montague City, Mass., was awarded ninth prize in the Northern
+Nut Growers Association contest of that year. Tested twice in
+Washington, it has at neither time rated with the best in so far as
+cracking quality is concerned. In 1931 it made the high kernel yield of
+29.41 per cent. However, only 11.76 per cent was of quarters. Exactly
+the same percentage was of small pieces, and 5.88 per cent of kernels
+were bad. In 1932, the total per cent of kernel dropped to 15.31, that
+of quarters to 4.78, and that of kernels to 0.96, while that of small
+pieces rose to 9.57.</p>
+
+<p>Further studies will be made to see if under optimum conditions of
+handling after proper harvesting and curing the record of cracking
+quality cannot be improved upon.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Hickories</h4>
+
+<p>According to Alfred Rehder, of Harvard, in the Standard Cyclopedia of
+Horticulture, six species of hickory are indigenous to that region east
+of the Rocky Mountains here discussed under the term of the northernmost
+nut zone. These are the shagbark, the shellbark, the sweet hickory, the
+pignut, the mockernut and the bitternut. The shagbark hickory, Hicoria
+ovata, and the sweet hickory, H.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> ovalis, are the principal ones among
+this group offering promise as sources of varieties fit for cultivation
+in this zone. The former is well known as a rich-land species, having
+shaggy bark and a more or less sharply angled sweet nut; the latter,
+often called pignut, has recently been listed as "sweet hickory" to
+distinguish it from H. glabra, also called pignut, yet which is
+sometimes better. The sweet hickory is less exacting in soil
+requirements than the shagbark, although often nearly or quite as good a
+nut, popular prejudice notwithstanding. When shelled the kernels can be
+distinguished only with difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>Of the other hickories indigenous to this zone, all are omitted from the
+discussion for definite reasons, chief of which is the fact that few or
+no seedlings of promise have been found. The shellbark, H. laciniosa,
+which is much like the shagbark in many respects, occurs in this zone
+sparingly and only in the southernmost part. Nuts of this species, while
+very large, are thick-shelled and commonly more or less objectionable
+because of the frequency with which the kernels are imperfectly
+developed or entirely wanting. The pignut hickory, H. glabra, already
+mentioned, is omitted from further discussion because of being no better
+than the sweet hickory in any known respect, and because of the frequent
+bitterness of its kernel. The mockernut, H. alba, while indigenous
+practically everywhere that any other hickory grows, and producing a
+sweet, agreeable kernel, has too thick a shell to justify particular
+attention at this time. The bitternut hickory, H. cordiformis, is rarely
+palatable. The tree makes an attractive ornamental, but is relatively
+unimportant in so far as timber production is concerned.</p>
+
+<p>Intermediate forms of hickory and hybrids originated from chance crosses
+under purely natural conditions are fairly common. Quite a good many
+belonging to one or the other of these groups have been brought to light
+during the last two decades, largely as a result of discovery by the
+Northern Nut Growers Association. Several of these will be discussed in
+alphabetical order along with varieties of pure species.</p>
+
+<p>ANTHONY&mdash;The Anthony shagbark originated with a seedling tree discovered
+by Mr. A. B. Anthony, R. F. D. 6, Sterling, Whiteside County, Ill. It
+appears to be a particularly choice variety, and as the latitude of
+Sterling is practically the same as that of Chicago, it might do very
+well in the lower portion of the northernmost zone. In a cracking test
+of the 1932 crop the yield of quarters was 41.66, that of small pieces
+0.60, making a total of 42.26 per cent. The nuts were large, averaging
+74 per pound; attractive in appearance, clean, and of nearly white
+color. The cracking quality was good, the kernel plump, bright, rich in
+quality and medium sweet in flavor, but not being equal to some others
+in this last respect. This is believed to be one of the choicest hickory
+nuts yet brought to light.</p>
+
+<p>CEDAR RAPIDS&mdash;This shagbark is from Cedar Rapids, Linn County, Iowa,
+where the latitude is about 42 degrees north, or about the same as that
+of Chicago, Ill., Tecumseh, Mich., and the boundary line between
+Pennsylvania and New York. Like Anthony (of Sterling, Ill.) the merit of
+this variety is believed such as to justify its trial planting in the
+southern portion of the northernmost zone.</p>
+
+<p>The Cedar Rapids shagbark was discovered and brought to light by the
+late S. W. Snyder, senior member of Snyder Bros., Inc., nurserymen at
+Center Point, Iowa. The exact or even approximate year of discovery and
+first propagation is not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> known to the writer, but a remark made by Mr.
+Snyder during the 1930 convention, and passed on to him by Dr. Deming,
+would indicate that grafts were made as early as 1914. It was, "a Cedar
+Rapids shagbark grafted on a hickory (probably meaning shagbark), bore
+in its third year and has borne every year since, but the same variety
+grafted 16 years ago on a bitternut has not borne." In various comments
+made by Mr. Snyder from time to time, especially in connection with the
+Iowa meetings of the State Horticultural Society and of the Mid-West
+Horticultural Exposition, he continued to rate this as one of the best
+varieties within his acquaintance. There are a number of grafted trees
+of this variety in various parts of the country, but very few yet in
+bearing. The department at Washington has had no opportunity to test the
+nuts in detail.</p>
+
+<p>(There is also a variety of bitternut from Iowa known as Cedar Rapids,
+but the two are quite unlike and should not be confused.)</p>
+
+<p>COMINS&mdash;The original tree of the Comins shagbark hickory, awarded eighth
+prize in the 1929 contest, is owned by Mrs. Nancy E. Comins, Amherst,
+Hampshire County, Mass. This variety is probably worthy of further
+investigation, although specimens of the 1929 crop examined at
+Washington did not appear to as good advantage as did many others.</p>
+
+<p>CREAGER&mdash;The Creager hickory is a supposed shagbark and bitternut hybrid
+known since about 1925, when it was given a high rating, named,
+propagated and disseminated to a limited extent by Snyder Bros., Inc.,
+of Center Point, Iowa. It was called to their attention by Mr. W. O.
+Creager, Sumner, Bremer County, Iowa, discoverer of the original tree.
+The nuts are quite small, averaging in a test made in Washington of the
+1930 crop 149 per pound. The yield of kernel was 30.27 per cent
+quarters, 8.76 per cent small pieces, and the total 39.04 per cent. As
+this test was made in February, 1932, the nuts were more than a year
+old, and allowance should be made for this fact. The parent tree had
+been cut down in the meantime and nuts were not obtainable later.</p>
+
+<p>The shells of the nut are quite thin, easy to crack, and the kernels
+fairly sweet. Like most others when their parentage involves a cross
+with the bitternut, a distinct bitterness of flavor hangs over in the
+mouth as an after-taste.</p>
+
+<p>The grafted tree is said to be a rapid grower and so highly ornamental
+as to be well worth growing for its beauty alone. A few trees of such a
+hybrid as this should be in any variety test planting wherever they will
+succeed. As the latitude of Sumner is 43 degrees, this hybrid should be
+of interest as far north as Milwaukee, Wis.; Grand Rapids, Mich.;
+Buffalo, N. Y., and the northern boundary line of Massachusetts. Being
+primarily an ornamental, the Creager might be grown with safety even
+farther north.</p>
+
+<p>DENNIS&mdash;The Dennis shagbark hickory is another variety brought to light
+by Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point, Ia. The original tree was found
+near the City of Cedar Rapids and called to their attention by the late
+Dr. A. B. Dennis of that city. Information is lacking as to the exact
+year, but according to Mr. Bixby's address before the 1920 convention of
+the Association, Snyder Bros. used Dennis in 1916 in top-working.</p>
+
+<p>No test of the nuts by the department has yet been possible. However,
+Mr. S. W. Snyder wrote in 1926 that he then considered the Dennis "...
+the best shagbark yet discovered in Iowa." He added fur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>ther that "where
+the nuts are gathered and hulled promptly after ripening, the color of
+the shell is usually highly attractive." He also stated that the shell
+was quite thin, and owing to its inner structure the kernels could be
+extracted easily. He regarded the quality of the kernel as rich and the
+flavor sweet and pleasing.</p>
+
+<p>This variety is represented in several known plantings and abundant nuts
+for testing should soon be procurable. Meanwhile, the variety should be
+included in further test plantings of the northernmost zone.</p>
+
+<p>DREW&mdash;The Drew hickory is a shagbark named in honor of Mr. Arthur Drew
+of Howell, Livingston County, Mich., by whom it was called to attention
+in 1916. The parent tree stands on the Lyman Beach farm, Marion
+township, about six miles southwest from the post office. It was then
+one of many young seedlings less than forty feet tall standing in a
+cattle pasture. When first examined the nuts were unimpressive, but
+later specimens received high rating. The tree is difficult to reach and
+its exact identity probably known only to Mr. Drew.</p>
+
+<p>The latitude of origin, the early age of bearing, and the superiority of
+nut, both with reference to cracking quality and merit of kernel, seem
+to call for further study.</p>
+
+<p>EMERICK&mdash;This shagbark was discovered by Prof. L. H. MacDaniels of
+Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Specimens of the 1932 crop were
+submitted to him by Miss Etta Emerick, West Camp, Ulster County, New
+York. In Washington seven of these nuts averaged 67 per pound and
+yielded 33.33 per cent quarters, 2.22 per cent small pieces, and a total
+of 35.55 per cent kernel. The cracking quality was very good and the
+nuts otherwise appeared to be of considerable promise.</p>
+
+<p>FAIRBANKS&mdash;This is a hybrid hickory, apparently the result of a chance
+cross between shagbark and bitternut. The parent tree was discovered by
+the late S. W. Snyder, of Center Point, Iowa, probably about 1912. It
+then stood near a line fence on the farm of Mr. C. A. Fairbanks, nine
+miles northwest of Anamosa, Jones County, Iowa. With reference to the
+merit of this variety, the late Mr. Bixby once commented, "A heavy
+bearer, nuts attractive, large, smooth and thin-shelled. The variety has
+about all the good points desirable except that its palatability is too
+low. It is the Ben Davis of the hickories."</p>
+
+<p>The latitude of Anamosa is such that the Fairbanks should be hardy in
+the south three or four tiers of counties of Wisconsin, Michigan, New
+York, and over much of Massachusetts. It has been widely disseminated,
+and because of the popular feeling in its favor, will likely continue to
+be planted in experimental orchards.</p>
+
+<p>GREEN&mdash;The parent tree of the Green sweet hickory is owned by Mr. Steve
+Green, R. F. D. 9, Battle Creek, Calhoun County, Mich. It was brought to
+attention in 1929, when it was awarded fifth prize by the Association
+among the hickory entries that year. This variety is the first of its
+species (Hicoria ovalis) to have received a prize from the Association.</p>
+
+<p>HUBER&mdash;The Huber shagbark hickory originated with a seedling tree owned
+by Mr. Ferdinand Huber, Cochrane, Buffalo County, Wisconsin. It came to
+light in 1929, when it was awarded second prize in the Association
+contest.</p>
+
+<p>HUFF&mdash;Like Green, this variety is a sweet hickory, Hicoria ovalis. The
+parent tree is owned by L. S. Huff, White Pigeon, St. Joseph County,
+Michigan. Aside from the fact that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> it was awarded ninth prize in the
+Association contest of 1929, little is known as to its merits.</p>
+
+<p>LANEY&mdash;This variety was brought to light by the late John Dunbar, First
+Assistant Superintendent of Parks in Rochester, New York, who wrote the
+department in Washington on March 13, 1916, that the original tree was
+on a farm owned by Mr. R. J. Sheard, superintendent of a cemetery in
+Webster County, New York. It appears to be the result of a natural cross
+between the shagbark and the bitternut hickories. It was given the
+species name Laneyi by Sargent in his Manual of the Trees of North
+America, in honor of Mr. C. C. Laney, Superintendent of Parks, in
+Rochester, by whom it had been called to his attention.</p>
+
+<p>This variety is probably of chief value for ornamental and breeding
+purposes. The nuts are large, like those of Fairbanks, attractive,
+thin-shelled, easy to crack and of pleasing palatability to some people.
+Upon becoming thoroughly cured, especially after a few months, the
+disagreeable taste characteristic of bitternut usually becomes quite
+pronounced.</p>
+
+<p>MANN&mdash;This shagbark hickory came to light when awarded first prize in
+the Michigan contest of 1932, held under the direction of Prof. James A.
+Neilson, East Lansing. The parent tree is owned by Mrs. Rae D. Mann, R.
+F. D. 3, Davison, Genesee County, Mich. In a cracking test of nuts from
+the crop of 1932, conducted in Washington, the average was 75 per pound;
+the yield of quarters was 43.52 per cent, that of small pieces 3.53 per
+cent, making a total of 47.06 per cent. The cracking quality was
+excellent, the kernels large, plump, of rich quality and particularly
+sweet flavor. The kernels were a trifle dark, but otherwise this hickory
+appears to be one of the most promising kinds yet discovered.</p>
+
+<p>MILLER&mdash;This shagbark hickory is another apparently highly promising
+variety, brought to light as a result of Professor Neilson's efforts. It
+was awarded second prize in the 1932 state contest held under his
+direction. The parent tree is owned by Mr. D. P. Miller, Route 3, North
+Branch, Lapeer County, Mich. It and Mann are from adjoining counties,
+and the parent trees are probably not over twenty miles apart. The two
+are of about equal merit and much alike, although Miller nuts are
+somewhat smaller. In the cracking test of the 1932 contest, fifty nuts
+weighed one-half pound. Of these, two were spoiled, yet the percentage
+of quarters was 48.02, that of small pieces 1.32, thus making a total of
+49.34 per cent kernel.</p>
+
+<p>The cracking quality was excellent, the kernel a trifle dark, yet very
+plump, rich and sweet.</p>
+
+<p>SANDE&mdash;The Sande shagbark hickory is from the farm of Elmer T. Sande,
+Story City, Story County, Iowa, about sixteen miles north of Ames. It
+was brought to light by the late S. W. Snyder as early as November,
+1928, when he became responsible for having it mentioned (p. 24) in the
+premium list of the Seventh Mid-West Horticultural Exposition held in
+Cedar Rapids, Iowa, November 14 to 17. It received seventh prize in the
+1929 contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Snyder commented on this variety, as recorded in the 1930
+proceedings of the Northern Nut Growers Association (p. 15), to the
+effect that the cracking quality of the Sande excelled that of any other
+variety of Iowa origin known to him at that time. The variety has twice
+received awards during the State Fair of Iowa. Mr. Snyder stated that
+the parent tree was then rather young but bearing well.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As the latitude of Story City is slightly greater than 42 degrees, this
+variety should do well throughout much of the northernmost zone.</p>
+
+<p>SWAIM&mdash;The parent tree of the Swaim shagbark hickory stands on Maplewood
+farm, R. F. D. 1, South Bend, St. Joseph County, Ind., and is now owned
+by Mr. I. H. Swaim. It is one of a number of seedlings growing from
+local nuts planted during the early sixties by the late J. M. Swaim,
+grandfather of the present Mr. Swaim. It was called to the attention of
+the department in 1912 by Mr. H. H. Swaim, father of the present owner
+of the tree, who is still living near by on the same mail route.</p>
+
+<p>The Swaim was first propagated about 1914 by W. C. Reed of Vincennes,
+Ind., who has found it a highly satisfactory variety, with reference to
+regularity and size of crops and general merit of nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The Swaim is one of three varieties to tie for fourth place in the
+contest of the Association held in 1919. In a cracking test conducted in
+Washington with one pound of the 1930 crop, the nuts averaged 84 per
+pound and yielded 44.73 per cent of quarters, 4.62 per cent small
+pieces, and 0.44 per cent of bad kernels, thus making a total of 49.78
+per cent of kernel. The cracking quality that year was excellent, the
+kernels large, plump, and bright. The quality was rich and the flavor
+sweet and pleasing.</p>
+
+<p>As the city of South Bend is but a few miles below the Michigan state
+line, this variety should be well worth considering for use in test
+plantings throughout the lower fringe of the northernmost zone.</p>
+
+<p>WESTPHAL&mdash;The Westphal is a shagbark hickory from Mr. Otto Westphal, R.
+F. D. 2, Kendall, Monroe County, Wis. It was awarded fourth place in the
+1926 contest of the Philadelphia Society of Agriculture. So far as
+known, no other examination has been made of the nuts. However, the
+place they received in this contest, together with its latitude of
+origin, which is nearly 44 degrees, should commend the Westphal to the
+consideration of all who are interested in hickories for the
+northernmost region.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Filbert</h4>
+
+<p>The filbert situation in the north is difficult to characterize.
+Repeated plantings have been established in this part of the country,
+probably since colonial days, only to perish in due time. Filbert blight
+was responsible for much of this loss, but so also were destructively
+low temperatures. Western New York now seems to be particularly favored,
+as trees there, notably at Geneva, bear regularly. Mr. Bixby's trees at
+Baldwin, Long Island, failed significantly during practically the whole
+of their life. Similarly, a comprehensive collection of varieties in the
+orchard of Dr. F. L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa., fruits practically not at
+all. Trees at Arlington, Va., on the government experimental farm,
+suffer sufficient winter injury each late winter or early spring to be
+quite regular in non-bearing. The varieties of all these plantings are
+much the same, and failure is not due to winter killing of the trees, as
+there is normally very little of this. It appears to be due to
+destruction of the flowers wrought by low temperatures following weather
+in January, February or March mild enough to start the flowers into
+bloom. At the present moment it looks as though European varieties of
+filbert might do much better where the trees bloom in April, as in
+western New York, than where flowers come out in February, as at
+Arlington, or in March, as on Long Island.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For the present not a great deal of encouragement can be offered
+regarding the European varieties of filbert in the east, except in the
+most suitable sections. Certain hybrid varieties are now being
+developed, but they are not yet available for planting.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Chestnut</h4>
+
+<p>No species of chestnut now available through the usual nursery channels
+can be recommended at the present time for planting in the northernmost
+zone except for experimentation along somewhat doubtful lines. The
+American sweet chestnut appears likely soon to be wiped out by blight.
+No chestnuts from the Old World, either European, Japanese or Chinese,
+have yet been found which are entirely hardy and otherwise satisfactory
+at this latitude. The European chestnut is quite as fatally subject to
+blight as is the American. The Japanese is mostly of too low degree of
+palatability to offer much promise, and horticultural varieties of
+Chinese chestnut are not yet available. Varieties of the Chinese hairy
+chestnut, Castanea mollissima, apparently of much promise, are now being
+developed, but trees are unlikely to become available for foundation
+stock to nurserymen for several years.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Other Species</h4>
+
+<p>The Persian (English) walnut, Juglans regia, and the Japanese walnut, J.
+sieboldiana, are both planted to some extent throughout the entire east
+and north, but neither promise to assume special prominence in this
+zone. Fine appearing trees in small numbers or occasional orchards of
+the former may be seen in many places. These are usually near large
+bodies of water, as within a mile or so, or two or three at most, of the
+shores of the lower Great Lakes, the Finger Lakes of New York, Long
+Island Sound, and various rivers and other smaller bodies of water
+within this general section. They are also to be found near buildings,
+especially in villages and small towns, but as orchard trees, or even
+single specimens out in the open, they are almost never met with except
+possibly while very young.</p>
+
+<p>The Japanese walnut is likewise little more than a novelty in this
+region. It is probably somewhat more hardy than is the foregoing, but it
+is not its equal in desirability. It grows rapidly under favorable
+environment, often becomes a handsome ornamental, comes into fruit while
+young, and bears freely but seldom heavily. The nuts are small, variable
+in character, and not particularly popular on the market. In flavor the
+kernels resemble butternut, but are much more mild. The nuts of this
+species are of two distinct types, the larger being shaped like a guinea
+egg, having a rather thick shell, and of doubtful merit. The other,
+known as the heartnut, is small as a rule, distinctly heartshaped, and
+easily opened with a knife by splitting the shell in half. A number of
+varieties are available through nurserymen.</p>
+
+<p>Between these two distinct types of Japanese walnut there are numerous
+intermediate forms hard to classify but invariably less desirable than
+heartnuts. There are also numerous offspring of marked vigor, producing
+nuts distinctly butternut-like in form but having even thicker shells.
+These last do not commend themselves for any purpose other than that of
+genetic use.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Summary</h4>
+
+<p>The black walnut, the shagbark hickory, the sweet hickory, the butternut
+and certain hybrid hickories are now believed to offer greater
+inducement to prospective planters of nut trees<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> in the northernmost
+zone east of the Rocky Mountains than do other species. Varieties of
+strictly northern origin are now available to those who are capable of
+doing their own grafting. Many of these are of considerable promise,
+apparently, at least, equal in merit to any of the older varieties now
+being offered by nurserymen.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Tour&mdash;September 11th</h4>
+
+<p>On Tuesday forenoon, September 11, the convention visited the Kellogg
+Factory and the Battle Creek Sanitarium and at noon returned to the W.
+K. Kellogg Hotel, where a delicious luncheon was served to the members
+and guests. Miss Mary I. Barber, Director of Home Economics of the
+Kellogg Company, in behalf of Mr. W. K. Kellogg, graciously acted as
+hostess at the luncheon.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday afternoon the convention went to the Kellogg Company farm by
+motor bus and auto to visit the nut trees. They then proceeded to the
+Bird Sanctuary and the Kellogg estate. This was followed by a motor boat
+trip around beautiful Gull Lake and dinner at Bunbury Inn. A session
+followed the dinner.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I wish to present Professor V. R. Gardner, the Director of the
+Experiment Station at Michigan State College, East Lansing, who has
+kindly consented to address us this evening.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Gardner</span>:</p>
+
+<p>In the field of horticulture we have many problems and these problems
+may be classified in different ways. From one standpoint, at least,
+there is a typical group or class of problems that arises in connection
+with a crop like the peach or apple or pear. If you knew that tomorrow
+or next week or next month you were to attend a meeting of peach or pear
+growers, you would have a pretty good idea of the type of questions that
+would be raised. They concern variety, insect and disease control,
+fertilization, and many questions relating to harvesting, packing and
+marketing the crop. On the other hand, suppose you were to attend a
+meeting of peony, delphinium, or dahlia growers. You would find not only
+an entirely different type of question under discussion, but an entirely
+different atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p>Now, are the problems of those who are interested in nuts more like
+those of the peach or the delphinium grower? You probably have your own
+answer to that question. At least, answers are coming to your mind. To
+my way of thinking&mdash;though of course I may be wrong&mdash;the kind of problem
+that presents itself to the person who is interested in growing nuts is
+more like the type that presents itself to those who are interested in
+dahlias or delphiniums or sweet peas than the problems that present
+themselves to the pear or cherry grower. In other words, it seems to me
+as though the problems of the nut grower are essentially the problems of
+the amateur. That does not mean they are less important or less
+interesting than they would be were the industry on more of a commercial
+basis like peach growing.</p>
+
+<p>About a year ago I was talking with Dr. Magness of the U. S. Bureau of
+Plant Industry and the discussion happened to turn to nuts. I knew that
+within the preceding six months Dr. Magness had covered most of the
+southern states where the pecan is grown commercially and had occasion
+to give considerable attention to the problems of the pecan industry. I
+asked, "What percentage of the commercial pecan growers at the present
+time are producing 1,000 pounds of cured nuts to the acre?" He replied,
+"Don't ask me what percentage. We can't talk about it in those terms.
+You can probably list<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> on the fingers of one hand the growers who, year
+in and year out, are producing pecans at the rate of a thousand pounds
+to the acre, and certainly you can on the fingers of two hands." To me
+that was a rather striking statement. Dr. Magness may not have been
+entirely correct in his answer, but he was probably not far off. Anyway,
+the percentage of commercial pecan growers obtaining really large yields
+is extremely small. In the Pacific Coast States, a larger number and a
+larger percentage of the walnut growers regularly produce a thousand
+pounds of cured walnuts to the acre, though there are more who average
+500 or 600 pounds. As yet, in any of our retail markets you may purchase
+first class named varieties of pecans at from 25c to 40c a pound. The
+same thing is true of English walnuts. If the cultivated varieties of
+the black walnut, hickory and the chestnut are to be put on the market
+in quantity, they will come into competition with the pecan, English
+walnut, almond and Brazil nut. This means that they must sell at
+comparable prices.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, one of the principal problems of the nut industry, as I see
+it, just as with delphiniums or the peony or the dahlia or iris or in
+others that I might mention, is the problem of plant materials, more
+specifically, the breeding or discovery of varieties that are superior
+and that consequently can really compete with the English walnut and
+pecan and that likewise are productive and that can be produced at a low
+cost. As a matter of fact, in all of your meetings up to the present
+time the finding, testing, and the evaluating of chance seedlings that
+appear to be of promise has constituted not only an essential but one of
+the larger features to claim attention. Furthermore, I believe it will
+continue to claim attention for many years to come.</p>
+
+<p>Practically all of your present materials, from the Fairbanks hickory to
+the Thomas or Stabler walnut, have just happened&mdash;that is, occurred as
+chance seedlings. They have been found and recognized as something a
+little better than the general run. Someone has brought them to the
+attention of the public, your Association placed approval on them, and
+they have been propagated and finally become more or less disseminated.</p>
+
+<p>I presume that by a more thorough combing of the territory more good
+material will be found and brought to the front. However, after you do a
+certain amount of combing, you eventually exhaust the resources.
+Nevertheless, when that time comes in a matter of this kind, a good deal
+more can be done. If the plum or grape grower had stopped when he had
+scouted all of the territory where vines are native and had introduced
+into cultivation the best of the chance seedlings that nature had given
+us, we wouldn't have the grapes or plums or other fruits that we have
+today.</p>
+
+<p>At this point I wish to make a suggestion as to one thing that this
+association, as an association, and perhaps some of its members as
+individuals, can give some attention to as a part of your program in the
+years to come. It is the job of breeding superior varieties of nuts,
+because much improvement is called for in walnuts, hickories, and the
+other kinds before they are all that you or the consuming public wants
+of them. The situation is essentially the same with nuts as with other
+fruit and ornamental plants. We have some pretty good peaches, but ten
+years from now the producers in Michigan will be growing very few of the
+varieties that they are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> growing today, and I dare say that twenty-five
+years from now they will be growing hardly any of them. We have some
+very attractive delphiniums and dahlias, but in 1950 few of today's
+favorites will be in cultivation. They will be superseded by new and
+superior varieties. In 1950, or 1975, we should be growing nut varieties
+that are far superior to what is available at the present time.</p>
+
+<p>To say that there is room for much improvement sounds all right, but who
+is going to effect it? Nut trees are not the easiest things in the world
+to grow. They require a long time to come into bearing, and it is almost
+out of the question for a person of middle age to undertake a breeding
+project with a crop like the black walnut or northern hickory and expect
+to get anywhere. Even if an Experiment Station undertakes a problem of
+this kind, there is the likelihood that it may be dropped before much
+will have been accomplished, for the person who starts it may go
+somewhere else or be compelled to divert his attention to something
+else, while the person who succeeds him has no interest in the project.
+That has happened time and time again with investigations of many kinds,
+but it has been particularly true of breeding projects.</p>
+
+<p>If we are ever to make any real progress in the breeding of nuts, one of
+the first things we need to know is the value of the different materials
+with which we have to work and the varieties that are used as parents.
+The Stabler, Thomas and Ohio are relatively superior black walnuts, but
+we do not know which is the best of these for breeding for size or vigor
+of tree or productivity or quality of nut or any other quality. We
+haven't the slightest idea. Yet before really scientific plant breeding
+work can be initiated, there is need of information as to which of these
+can be depended on for transmitting to its offspring certain specific
+qualities. Through experiment and experience we have learned some of
+these things with regard to some of the other fruit and ornamental
+crops. For instance, we know that the J. H. Hale is not only a wonderful
+variety in itself, but that it has the ability to produce superior
+progeny. Certain other varieties lack this ability. So, doubtless, it is
+with nuts. How are we to obtain this information? If your Association
+could get two or three growers, say here in Michigan, to inbreed the
+Stabler walnut and grow the resulting seedlings&mdash;perhaps a thousand in
+number&mdash;to fruiting age and someone somewhere else to do the same with
+the Thomas and with the Ohio and other varieties, it would not be long
+before a body of information would be collected that would furnish a
+definite basis for the scientific breeding of nuts. Incidentally, the
+chances are that some of this first group of seedlings would be superior
+and I believe that the chances are better than 50-50 that the resulting
+nut orchard would be a fairly good one.</p>
+
+<p>Where are you going to get these inbred seeds? That probably is what you
+can put up to your experiment stations. For instance, I am inclined to
+think that Mr. Neilson, if he found out that there is a member of this
+organization that is willing to grow a hundred inbred seedlings of the
+Stabler or Thomas to maturity, would undertake to hand-pollenize the
+flowers for that number of seeds, you would have a start in the
+direction of developing superior varieties of nuts. I don't mean to say
+that by undertaking a thing like this you should pay less attention to
+looking for native trees that are superior, but your problem now, and
+for the next thirty years, with northern nuts,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> is one of materials and
+the method of procedure that I have suggested would put it on a basis of
+a fairly definite breeding project.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I think it is self-evident that this association came here to Battle
+Creek for its convention this year principally because of the work that
+has been started by the Michigan State College. We think that the states
+and the national government ought to do just what you are doing here,
+and the power of the association is going to be back of those projects
+in the future. To our sorrow, and I'd say to the loss of the entire
+nation, several very valuable plantings have been started and the
+passing of the owner has made it necessary that they be abandoned, and
+in some cases lost entirely; in others a few of the trees have been
+transplanted. We feel that if these specimen trees can be maintained on
+state and national property, it will serve to call attention to this
+nation's potential resources, which are not appreciated at present.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_1934_Ohio_Black_Walnut_Contest" id="The_1934_Ohio_Black_Walnut_Contest"></a>The 1934 Ohio Black Walnut Contest</h2>
+
+<h3><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Carl F. Walker</span>, <i>Cleveland Heights, Ohio</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>The first prize contest confined to the state of Ohio to discover
+superior seedling black walnuts was conducted in the fall of 1933 by the
+Ohio members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association in co-operation
+with the farm paper, the Ohio Farmer. The original announcement was made
+in mid-September and several follow-up articles were published,
+including some illustrations. Further publicity was obtained by mailing
+press copy to the rural newspapers throughout the state.</p>
+
+<p>The response was generous with 303 persons mailing in 423 samples of
+black walnuts. These came from all sections of the state, indicating a
+universal interest over the entire area. The first package of nuts
+arrived on September 25th and for the next six weeks few further sample
+lots were received. During the latter part of November and up to the
+date of close of the contest, December 15, the entries were mailed to
+the judges in quantity. This period coincided with inclement weather
+when outdoor farm work could not be carried on.</p>
+
+<p>The growing season had been abnormal due to a lack of precipitation and
+it is believed that the nuts were not as large nor as well filled as
+could be expected in a normal season. Defoliation through caterpillar
+attack had been severe, especially in the northern third of the state,
+and this condition may also have affected the normal development. The
+kernels of many lots were shrunken and since these included some nuts
+which would otherwise be given a high score, the method of judging by
+points, partly mathematically determined, was used as a guide only,
+rather than an exact means of choosing prize winners. Shell structure,
+together with the shape and relative size of kernel cavity, was the
+deter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>mining factor in choosing the prize winners. No differential for
+kernel color was made, for it was recognized that this was dependent in
+part upon the method used in harvesting and in handling the nuts. The
+varieties that were poorly sealed were discarded.</p>
+
+<p>All of the prize winners, on the basis of the merits of the nuts, are
+considered worthy of propagation for home or experimental orchard
+planting. The locations of the parent trees give a sufficiently general
+coverage for the entire state for the selection of a variety to
+propagate for almost all climatic and soil conditions in any part of the
+state. This, in itself, is considered the advantage and the
+justification of a contest confined to a single state or a limited
+region. Also, when residents of a state, through a contest, discover
+promising seedlings within their own state, it is believed that there is
+created in the sponsors more incentive to compile continuous data about
+the new kinds than would exist when the prize winners are chosen from
+regions quite removed. That so many examples were submitted was the
+result of excellent publicity by the Ohio Farmer.</p>
+
+<p>The first prize was ten dollars, the second five dollars, the third
+three dollars and the remaining seven prizes were subscriptions to the
+Ohio Farmer of from five years to one year in length.</p>
+
+<p>The prize winners were as follows:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First&mdash;Mrs. Willard Brown, Rock Bridge, O.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second&mdash;Sam Tritten, Lisbon, O.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third&mdash;B. A. Cowle, Defiance, O., Rt. 8.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth&mdash;W. W. Janson, Jefferson, Ohio.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifth&mdash;Harmon Barnhart, Mt. Vernon, O., Rt. 6.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sixth&mdash;R. E. Havice, Bellevue, Ohio, Rt. 1.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seventh&mdash;C. H. Markey, Beallsville, Ohio.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eighth&mdash;Kermit C. Hoover, Glenford, O.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ninth&mdash;Ralph H. Miller, 300 Monroe St., Delta, O.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tenth&mdash;F. C. Murphey, Sunbury, Ohio.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The final judging was done at the Ohio State Experimental Station by Dr.
+J. H. Gourley, Chief of Horticultural Department, Walter H. Lloyd,
+Editor of the Ohio Farmer, and Carl F. Walker, assisted by Homer L.
+Jacobs of the Davey Tree Expert Co., John T. Bregger, Editor of the
+American Fruit Grower, and Ray T. Kelsey of the Ohio Farmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>That concludes the program. There is just a little business to handle
+now. Before we go on to that I would like to call attention to Dr.
+Deming's remarks about some of the old timers, which I thought very
+touching, interesting and instructive. There are two foreign members of
+the association whom I have never met. One is Mr. Spence, an Englishman,
+and the other Mr. Wang of China. Mr. Wang was a life member. The reports
+that I sent to him came back. All letters came back. I took it upon
+myself to write the Commissioner General of the United States at
+Shanghai, China, and call his attention to the fact that some twelve
+years ago Mr. Wang secured through this association some black walnuts,
+wanting to plant them along a certain highway in China. The Commissioner
+General answered, saying they could find nothing about him, and that the
+trees had not been planted where Mr. Wang had planned. I think Mr. Wang
+must have died or moved away.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There is one item of business I think we should have, and that is a
+brief report from Mr. Ellis who was our delegate to the horticultural
+exposition at Paris.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Ellis</span>:</p>
+
+<p>In 1930 I was appointed your delegate to represent you at the Paris
+Horticultural Congress. I sent on the delegate's sheet. I received a
+reply making me a member of that congress. It went along about a month
+or two, then the terrible depression came on and before going I thought
+it better to investigate. So I wrote to Washington and found out that no
+one was going from there. I wrote to Canada and no one was going from
+there. They could not afford it. I said, "It's going to cost me $800 if
+I go." Then I found out that there was to be a similar congress in New
+York, so I switched off and went to the congress at Ithaca, New York,
+and I was very glad of it because I met a great many more men that I
+liked to meet than if I had gone to Paris. I wrote over to the congress
+at Paris and sent another fee of the same amount, because I knew they
+needed it, saying that I'd decided not to go.</p>
+
+<p>They had the congress. The President was shot at about that time, and
+that kind of broke it up. I received accounts of all the proceedings.
+They treated me very fairly, in as much as they put me down as a
+delegate from the United States of America, and I was the only delegate
+from the whole United States. I don't suppose anyone else could afford
+to go, so if I had gone over, I should have been there all alone.</p>
+
+<p>I said to myself, "It only cost me a hundred dollars to go out to
+Ithaca, so I saved $700. I'm not going to make anything out of this." So
+I took that $700 and I gave it away for charitable purposes. You know I
+gave you some. I got a letter from one person privileged, and I never
+had a more grateful and appreciative letter in my life. The balance of
+that $800 and more I gave to this purpose. I gave some to the Catholic
+Daughters of America, I gave some to the Parent-Teachers' Association, I
+gave some to the schools, and lots to the poor in one way or another.
+I've sent five girls to different summer schools of religious education,
+and a girl scout to a summer camp. I helped them all out all around, not
+only in my own district, but in other places in different parts of the
+country. So you got everything. You got your delegate over there duly
+enrolled, and you got some money when you most needed it, and so did all
+those other people. Not only to the amount of $800, but to a good deal
+more. I feel better satisfied and I think that you all ought to be
+better satisfied. If there is anyone that isn't satisfied, let him get
+up and I'll argue it out with him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I might state at this time that there will be another contest this year,
+at least for black walnuts and hickories. The prizes will be as follows:
+first prize $10, second prize $5, third prize $3, fourth prize $2, fifth
+prize $1, and honorary mention for others. Instructions will be issued
+and anyone desiring to enter this contest should write the secretary for
+instructions. It's understood, I might say, that the nuts will be sent
+to Mr. C. A. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture at
+Washington, who has kindly consented to look after that work and report
+to a contest committee which will be named later.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>We will now have the report of the resolutions committee.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>RESOLUTION</h3>
+
+<p>The Northern Nut Growers Association assembled in convention at the W.
+K. Kellogg Hotel, Battle Creek, Michigan, September 10 and 11, 1934,
+expresses its sincere appreciation of the courteous hospitality of the
+local committee on arrangements, headed by Prof. James A. Neilson. It
+would mention in particular Mr. W. K. Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg,
+and the W. K. Kellogg Hotel management. It appreciates the use of the
+splendid auditorium and is grateful for the attractive bouquets arranged
+about the room.</p>
+
+<p>The association heartily commends the nut work being done in the state
+of Michigan with the aid of Mr. W. K. Kellogg and under the direction of
+the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and actively under the lead
+of Prof. Neilson. The association records its pride in the establishment
+and maintenance of 115 acres of nut trees for purposes of
+experimentation and variety testing. In so far as known to the
+association there is no other tract of equal area in existence for this
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Be it resolved, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the
+minutes of this meeting and that the secretary be instructed to send
+copies to Mr. W. K. Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, the Kellogg Hotel
+management, Director V. R. Gardner and Prof. James A. Neilson.</p>
+
+<p>The Northern Nut Growers Association records its extreme sorrow at the
+death of its active and able, although but recently elected, treasurer,
+Newton H. Russell of South Hadley, Massachusetts, on April 27, 1934. For
+many years Mr. Russell was a very active member of the association, a
+regular attendant at its conventions, and a loyal supporter of its
+various activities. The genial personalities of both Mr. and Mrs.
+Russell are greatly missed at this convention. Our deep sympathy is
+expressed to Mrs. Russell and her children in their bereavement.</p>
+
+<p>Be it resolved, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the
+minutes of this meeting, and that the secretary be instructed to send a
+copy to Mrs. Newton H. Russell.</p>
+
+<h3>Resolutions Committee,</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>G. L. Slate, Chairman</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>C. A. Reed</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A. S. Colby.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I think that the thanks of the association are especially due to our
+president, Mr. Frey, for having so successfully stepped into the breach
+for the completion of the arrangements for this meeting, and for the
+very excellent program which he completed. I think he should also be
+thanked for the separate notices which he sent out, directing the
+attention of the persons coming to and going from this meeting to the
+nut orchards and other things of interest that may be seen on the way.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I thank you. I might say that the suggestion for visiting interesting
+trees and nut plantings came from Mr. Reed. I want to call to your
+attention again that next year's meeting will be held at Rockport,
+Indiana, on September 9 and 10, 1935.</p>
+
+<p>The dues of this association are now only $2.00, and action taken at
+this convention will result in your receiving without additional charge
+the American Fruit Grower Magazine, which has been adopted as our
+official journal and included with the dues. You also have the privilege
+of joining the American Horticultural Society for the fee of $2 instead
+of $3.00. We are affiliated with that society and they allow to their
+affiliated associations the privileges of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> the members. Secure a
+membership and get the quarterly journal for the price of $2.00. We
+certainly recommend this association. We think that you get your money's
+worth many times over and it does a great deal of good.</p>
+
+<p>The only other item of business is a report from the nominating
+committee.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Deming</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Your nominating committee reports through the chairman the nomination of
+the following members as officers for the ensuing year:</p>
+
+<p>President&mdash;Mr. Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>Vice President&mdash;Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Secretary&mdash;Mr. George L. Slate, of Geneva, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Treasurer&mdash;Mr. Carl F. Walker, of Cleveland Heights, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>For Members of the Executive Committee&mdash;Mr. Frank H. Frey, Dr. G. A.
+Zimmerman, Mr. George L. Slate, Mr. Carl F. Walker, Professor J. A.
+Neilson and Mr. D. C. Snyder.</p>
+
+<p>As Dean of the Association&mdash;Dr. Robert T. Morris, of Connecticut.</p>
+
+<p>As Field Secretary&mdash;Mr. Zenas H. Ellis, of Vermont.</p>
+
+<p>I move that the secretary be authorized to cast one ballot for the
+election of the ticket nominated.</p>
+
+<p>The motion was unanimously carried, and the officers nominated by the
+committee were elected for the ensuing year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I might say that I won't, at least, have to sing a "swan song," and I'm
+not going to take the time to make any speech of acceptance. I
+appreciate your confidence in re-electing me and I am sure the other
+officers feel the same way. We'll all do what we can for your interest
+and what we are all interested in. Sometimes we may be a little slow in
+getting results but with your help I think we can make progress.</p>
+
+<p>The twenty-fifth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association adjourned at 9:30 P. M. Tuesday, September 11, 1934.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3><a name="Letter_from_J_U_Gellatly" id="Letter_from_J_U_Gellatly"></a>Letter from J. U. Gellatly</h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>British Columbia</i></p>
+
+
+<p>I have just returned from a six weeks' trip to the B. C. Coast scouting
+for new nut trees and selling nut tree nursery stock. The outstanding
+discovery of the trip is the Rapier walnut tree. This young giant was
+planted 24 years ago by Mr. Rapier on Texada Isl. I estimate this tree
+to be 60 to 70 feet in height, the measured spread is 60 feet one way
+and 70 at widest point, and other measurements as follows: from ground
+to first limbs there is 8 feet of straight trunk with a girth of 7 feet
+one inch taken one foot above ground, and at 6 feet above ground girth
+is 69 inches. The tree has cropped regularly since it was about 6 years
+old. The largest crop to date was produced in 1931 totaling 500 pounds.
+The shape of nut is long oval, size medium. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> flavor of those I
+tasted of the 1933 crop certainly was the sweetest I have tasted to date
+for this class of nut.</p>
+
+<p>I have no definite information as to source of this tree, but judge it
+to be a Franquette seedling as that was the class of trees sold by the
+nursery from which the tree was purchased. I have made arrangements for
+sample nuts from this year's crop and will send you some later. This
+tree is well worth testing for hardiness as it is evidently
+self-fertile, there being no other nut trees of the same age near by.</p>
+
+<p>Another discovery of interest from the nut breeding angle is the
+McDonald walnut. This is a hybrid English X. J. Sieboldiana, growing at
+West Vancouver, B. C. Nut large and heavy shell, but the best kernel
+cavity I have seen in any of these crosses. The tree is a nice tree and
+leaves show distinct crossing. This is the first year it has borne and
+it had 2 nuts. One shell I am sending you with other samples of new
+nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The Watt English walnut at Penticton, B. C., is proving a regular
+cropper of uniform large round nuts of good flavor. This tree is a
+seedling from my own nursery. I do not know from what tree it grew, but
+it is worthy of testing for hardiness in districts north of present
+location as there is some evidence of hardiness. I know this tree to be
+a good cropper but have no definite record of any one year's crop as the
+tree is located where many persons help themselves to the nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The Lindy walnut from the beaches at Kelowna, B. C., continues to make
+good tree growth and produce good crops of large round nuts with thin
+shells and well developed kernels of good flavor. This tree is a
+seedling grown from a nut brought from Kulu Hills, India, in 1912. This
+tree is also worthy of trial for hardiness in districts north of present
+locations. I do not know how this tree is as a self-pollenizer as there
+are two other trees near by of the same stock and planting. I do know
+that seedlings grown from this tree make a good growth and look alike in
+the nursery row and are very uniform as to color and growth of leaf, in
+striking contrast to seedlings from some other trees which vary a lot in
+every feature.</p>
+
+<p>In heartnuts the newest I have of outstanding promise are from my own
+nursery. Two are now growing at Peachland, B. C. One, the MacKenzie, is
+a vigorous, well grown tree and bears regularly heavy crops of large,
+rough-shelled heartnuts that are easily cracked. The kernels are light
+in color and of good flavor.</p>
+
+<p>The other, the Rover heartnut, is a young tree just carrying a record
+crop. Tree is in a poor location on the edge of wild timber competing
+for soil space. The nut is a big step in the elimination of the central
+division, so pronounced in most heartnuts. This is the outstanding
+feature of this nut. Cracking and other features are still undetermined
+but promising. I have a number of others that are promising. One is the
+Flavo Heart, a heartnut and butternut cross. This is a seedling of
+Callender heart and butternut. The outstanding features are the shape of
+nut, flavor of kernel and ease of extraction. This is its first crop.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3><a name="From_B_D_Wallace" id="From_B_D_Wallace"></a>From B. D. Wallace</h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Portage la Prairie, Manitoba</i></p>
+
+
+<p>I will endeavor to give you a short account of our progress in the
+culture of butternuts and black walnuts.</p>
+
+<p>Our success with butternuts has been due, very largely, to the method we
+adopted some twenty years ago and might be summed up in the following
+report. From one hundred pounds of butternut seed, which we secured in
+the fall of 1914, and which we planted the same season in October, we
+got in the following year a splendid stand of seedlings which gave great
+promise the first summer. During the winter of 1915 a great number of
+those seedlings were partially or altogether destroyed, through the
+climatic conditions of the country. But quite a number of them stood up
+in splendid condition. After about three years we eliminated everything
+that did not stand up 100 per cent and show a splendid growth. We had in
+the neighborhood of fifty trees and thus, through a survival of the
+fittest, the foundation of this industry became established. We
+distributed perhaps twenty or more trees to the Experimental Farm and
+other places. These have all stood up, as far as I can learn, with
+splendid success. This left about thirty of the original trees in our
+nurseries. These thirty have never shown any sign of frost killing nor
+are they in any other way affected.</p>
+
+<p>Our trees commenced to bear in their sixth year, in 1920 and have
+increased in size and fruiting year by year, until today they are about
+thirty feet high with a spread of about thirty-six feet and are without
+question the most beautiful row of trees west of the Great Lakes. We
+have grown at least one hundred thousand trees from the nuts taken from
+these trees, which have been distributed over a very wide territory,
+reaching from the northern part of Ontario to the Rocky Mountains. Many
+of our customers have now their own trees bearing. In addition to our
+selling the trees, we offer to our customers one two-year-old butternut
+or horse chestnut with each ten dollar order sent in. We took this
+method to get our nut trees into the hands of a great number of the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>We have followed practically the same line with black walnuts, but with
+less success than with butternuts, as a very much greater percentage of
+the black walnuts went down. Notwithstanding that we have a number of
+trees which have survived in splendid condition. One of these is bearing
+for its second year and one other is just bearing for the first time.
+However, we have a good deal of hardy wood, as our trees are growing
+bushy and we intend to use the butternut seedlings for stocks on which
+to graft the black walnut. By this method we will not have to wait so
+long to get a good supply of trees. There is no question whatever about
+the future success of the butternut, as we have this year the third
+generation of them bearing, which is ample proof that they have become
+entirely acclimated. The butternuts grow fully as large as in eastern
+Canada, as do also the black walnuts, and as far as I can see the
+quality is equal if not better.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In addition to the butternut and black walnut, we have made a complete
+success of the horse chestnut. Ours were planted in 1914, and commenced
+bearing about the same time as the butternut, and we have grown great
+crops of nuts continually from that date to the present. We are also
+trying out the heartnut, both from young trees and from seed. Out of
+three different plantings that is planted the same year but in different
+sections, one planting of six trees has stood up completely for the last
+three years, whereas the other two freeze back a little. In addition to
+these we are growing from seed the filbert, which seems to be hardy, but
+is not old enough to fruit yet. However, there is no question in my mind
+whatever that we shall succeed with all those different trees, following
+our own method of only using wood and seed from those trees which are
+proof against the most severe climatic conditions. We used this same
+method thirty-five years ago in laying the foundation for fruit growing.
+Out of twelve thousand of the hardiest fruit trees that we could buy
+from Dakota and Minnesota, after three years we eliminated all but
+fourteen trees. These were divided between standard apples, crab-apples,
+plums and plum hybrids. By using northern Russia plum seed and Siberian
+crab seed for roots, we have been able to lay a foundation for fruit
+growing in this western country that will live long after we are
+forgotten.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>From Vera Nekiassena</h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Turkestan</i></p>
+
+
+<p>My opinion is there are two kin species growing in Turkestan&mdash;Juglans
+regia L and J fallasc Dode; the first in the Kopet-Dag, the second in
+the Fansha mountains, in guissar and Darwas. The J. regia is further
+cultivated in Turkestan gardens and in the Lowawschan Valley. The J.
+Kamaonia Dode is occasionally to be observed likewise in gardens. I did
+not chance to see it personally and am in possession of only one of its
+nuts. Both species (the J. regia and the J. fallasc) produce a great
+variety of nuts as to shape, thickness of shell and size of kernel. Both
+these species have been united by some authors (Mr. M. Popof in Bull. of
+Applied Botany of Genetics and plant breeding XXII N3 (1929), p. 294)
+into one&mdash;that of J. regia but always distinguishing the Kopet-dog nuts
+in the jsp. turcomanica Popof; difference between them being certainly
+esctant. The number of leaflets of the J. fallasc amounts to 2-4, they
+are rounder and more obtuse, the shell of the nut is thicker and also
+rounder and smaller. The number of J. regia leaflets is 3-5, they are
+narrower and more pointed (lance shaped), the nuts more elongated,
+larger and their shell thinner.</p>
+
+<p>Having been for my part mainly occupied with the geographical
+distribution of nuts without regard to the variation of the fruit shape,
+I would recommend you to apply for a choice of nuts to Mr. Gursey,
+(Caucasus, Pjabigorsx), who is making a special study of the problem.</p>
+
+<p>For cultivation in the north you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> will be interested in J. Manshurica
+originating in the Far East and very hardy. It is cultivated and
+produces fruit in Leningrad, young specimens of it were planted on the
+Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea and there outlived excellently.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the list of trees appended to your letter, I can give you the
+following information.</p>
+
+<p><i>J. Regia</i> grows well in the park of Botanic Institute in Leningrad,
+attaining 8-10 M.; in the southern part of Smolensk district the tree
+produces fruit as far as Minsk. There is a considerable number of fruit
+producing specimens in the Masir district in the north of White Russia.</p>
+
+<p><i>J. Sieboldiana</i> freezes up in cold winters in Leningrad.</p>
+
+<p><i>J. cinerea</i> is very hardy and effects self-polinasation in White
+Russia; near Kasan there is one specimen producing about 100 fruits
+yearly.</p>
+
+<p><i>J. rigra</i> produces fruits in Koslon.</p>
+
+<p><i>Corylus Colurna</i>&mdash;a large old specimen esctant in Leningrad rather
+frequently observed in many parks of European U. S. S. R.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. Acellana</i> is widely spread in a wild state attaining Ladoga-laxe.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. Mascima</i> frequently in the Crimea and the Caucasus.</p>
+
+<p><i>Castanea Sabiva</i> grows in the Caucasus only, and cultivated in Urraina.
+Castanea Henryii Corylus chinensis.</p>
+
+<p>C. Lacquement and Cticstica I do not know in U. S. S. R.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. Seguinu, C. Crensta</i> and <i>C. Mollissima, separate</i> strains probably
+to be had in Suchum.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3><a name="From_Divisional_Forest_Officer" id="From_Divisional_Forest_Officer"></a>From Divisional Forest Officer</h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Utilization Division, Baramulla Kashmir</i></p>
+
+
+<p>There are two distinct species of of walnut growing here. One which
+grows from 3,500 to 7,000 feet above sea level near about habitations
+and on rich fertile soil has got good big sized nuts which are very easy
+to break even with the pressure of hand, and about which you probably
+seem interested. The other species grows higher in the forest up to
+about 11,000 feet elevation. It has hard nuts which cannot be broken
+easily and have moreover very little kernel as compared to former
+species. Even the timber of both the species is distinctly different, in
+as much as the former has dark gray color and the latter has reddish
+gray. Regarding nomenclature the botanists differ. The former species is
+named Juglans regia hin. The latter species which is wild may be called
+Juglans fallax, Dode or Juglans Kamaonia, Dode, but actually it is a bit
+different from either and is something midway between the two and so is
+yet to be determined properly.</p>
+
+<p>Corylus colurna is the only species of Corylus found here out of your
+list.</p>
+
+<p>B. The altitudes of walnut zone has been stated above. Corylus Colurna
+also grows between 8,000 and 11,000 feet. Both the walnut species are
+confined to Kashmir and Chamba states, while Corylus Colurna grows all
+over the Himalayas.</p>
+
+<p>C. The maximum height and girth of a tree I have felled was 100 ft. and
+15 ft. respectively. This tree grew in a forest at 9,000 foot altitude
+amongst firs. Trees growing outside in the fields in the open are
+some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>times bigger in girth but their bole is very short and the height
+also is small compared with forest grown trees. The trees growing in the
+fields in the open are of soft rind species.</p>
+
+<p>D. The trees growing in the fields and of soft rind species are
+generally fast grown and they have about 8 to 10 rings to an inch. The
+trees growing in the forest have about 16 to 20 rings to an inch.</p>
+
+<p>E. The length of frost-free season depends upon the situation and
+locality, generally from May to September there is no frost, the rest of
+the season has frost.</p>
+
+<p>F. The maximum temperature is 92 degrees, while the minimum is many
+points below zero when the country is snow-bound all over. There is snow
+in the forests for about six months.</p>
+
+<p>G. The average annual rainfall is between 54 and 34 inches in the year,
+according to the locality.</p>
+
+<p>H. All the walnut trees are grown for extraction of oil from their nuts.
+This oil is used for cooking purposes, in place of fats and butter. When
+the tree gets old or gets diseased, it is felled and timber is used for
+making furniture and carving. Kashmir walnut carving is well known.</p>
+
+<p>I. Hazel trees grow wild in the forest, the hazel nuts are collected and
+are eaten. Sometimes these nuts are exported to British India, where
+kernels are used chiefly to adulterate almond kernels.</p>
+
+<p>Corylus has not been grown here as a garden tree and so I do not know
+its requirements of germination. I will however be thankful to you if
+you could kindly send me a little fresh seed, C. Colema, to grow it here
+in Kashmir. Some years ago I had sent for the seeds of Rhamnus Purshiana
+from U. S. A. This was sown here but it did not germinate. I shall feel
+obliged if you could let me know the requirements of this species, that
+is, the situation, soil, et cetera, which this species demands. Rhamnus
+dahuricus grows wild here as a small shrub. Do you think I can get
+American species by grafting my species with Rhamnus Purshiana scions?</p>
+
+
+<h3>Communication from John W. Hershey, 1934</h3>
+
+<p>I called at the experimental nut planting place of the late J. W. Waite,
+at Normandy, Tennessee, on June 1st and found he had been dead about
+eight months. I talked with a native who told me he was one of the most
+plucky men he had ever seen, having had, because of some disease, both
+legs amputated, was all crippled up otherwise, and traveled in a wheel
+chair. He even use to milk cows and drive around in an old buggy.</p>
+
+<p>This setting at the Waite place is going to be of immense value to the
+T. V. A. tree crop program. I met the daughter who knew very little
+about the trees, but the first thing she mentioned was the wonderful
+nuts they got off the McCalister tree.</p>
+
+<p>I could identify a few of the trees but will not make much progress at
+it until this fall, when the nuts are ripe. They are heavily set with
+bloom now. To assist me in this work, I am wondering if the Association
+has anything in its files pertaining to the varieties that he has. As
+you know, one can identify a tree quicker if he knows what he is looking
+for.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>Letter From Mrs. E. W. Freel</h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Pleasantville, Iowa, September 5, 1934</i></p>
+
+<p>Yesterday, when coming home, we drove around (which was not out of our
+way) to see those walnut trees about which you made inquiry. The Freel
+tree has been topped and it has made a wonderful growth this year and is
+going to make a very pretty tree. The Marion has a few walnuts on this
+year, but they are falling off due to the dry weather this year. Last
+year it was loaded. The Metcalf tree has some on but, like the others,
+most all of them have fallen off. It was also full last year. The
+Worthington tree also had some on this year, but have all fallen off. It
+also had walnuts on last year.</p>
+
+<p>I have never known any of these trees to be a complete failure unless it
+would be this year due to the drought which has been pretty severe with
+us. We have had no garden to speak of and the crops in this section have
+almost been a complete failure.</p>
+
+<p>The Wheeling tree had walnuts on last year but I have been unable to get
+out there this year. It is off the gravel road and it has been raining
+here for the last two days.</p>
+
+<p>I have not been able to get out to the hickory nut trees. They had some
+nuts on last year but not very plentiful. I have noticed along the
+highways, as we would be driving along, that some of the hickory nut
+trees were full and others would not have any on, but do not know as yet
+how the drought will affect them.</p>
+
+<p>I wish we could attend the convention, but it will be impossible for us
+this year.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Letter From Geo. W. Gibbens</h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Godfrey, Illinois, September 6, 1934</i></p>
+
+<p>The Mid-West Nut Growers' Association is not functioning.</p>
+
+<p>There will be a normal crop of black walnuts in this section of the
+state. The hickory and pecan crop is very light. The chestnut crop will
+be light. Many of our chestnut trees were killed by the drought this
+summer. Some young trees on cultivated land will develop nuts, and a few
+of the older trees may do so.</p>
+
+<p>For many years here (E. A. Riehl Farm) we have been trying to grow the
+English walnut to bearing size. This year we have a young tree that is
+bearing. It is the Alpine.</p>
+
+<p>I wish we could attend the convention.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>Letter From Fred Kettler</h3>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Platteville, Wisconsin</i></p>
+
+<p>In regard to the Kettler walnut tree here: It seems to be gradually
+dying; has many dead branches, which is caused by the drought we have
+had the last few years. We should get 25 to 30 inches rainfall a year
+and we had only 8 or 10 last year and about that same amount this year.
+The ground is wet down only about 15 inches on top. Below that it is
+dry.</p>
+
+<p>The old tree had quite a few nuts on this year. However, most of them
+were blown off by a cyclone six weeks ago. There is about a peck of nuts
+on the tree now.</p>
+
+<p>All walnuts here are only half a crop on account of the June beetle and
+the weather conditions, and they are quite small nuts, the weather being
+so dry.</p>
+
+<p>I grafted 150 of the Wisconsin No 1, or Kettler walnut. It was boiling
+hot here in April and May and it again spoiled it for me. We watered
+them every day and shaded them, but the heat and dry, hot dirt was too
+much. All were grafted on young yearling trees close to the ground where
+I covered them with dirt. Many started, but died later; anyway, I
+succeeded in getting six more nice trees started (one to three feet tall
+now). My tree from last year is about five feet tall and made some side
+branches; so you see I am getting started. I doubt if I can get any
+graft wood from the old tree next spring.</p>
+
+<p>We are in the nursery business just in a small way. We have only the
+best of varieties.</p>
+
+<p>I have discovered also a thin-shell hickory nut with a wonderful meat. I
+don't know if I will get any of the nuts this year as they have been
+stealing them every year, I am told by the man who owns it. I succeeded
+in getting one growing on a young pecan tree I had. I think it is even
+better than my walnut. I enclose one with a this year walnut sample. The
+hickory is a last year sample.</p>
+
+<p>What our country needs is timber on every farm from one acre to ten
+acres, according to size of farm, all over the United States. Then we
+will get more rain. That would be a real crop control&mdash;instead of
+destroying crops like the New Deal is doing. Planting a strip of timber
+from Canada to the Gulf will not help anyone. We believe the
+"brain-trusters" need a doctor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3><a name="Telegram" id="Telegram"></a>Telegram</h3>
+
+<p class='center'>Sept. 11, 1934.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dear Dr. Morris:</span></p>
+
+<p>The Northern Nut Growers' Association is in session in the W. K. Kellogg
+Hotel, Battle Creek, Michigan. The members present are reminded that
+this is the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Association. It recalls with
+interest the first meeting held in New York City, which was called to
+order by Dr. Deming, at which you became charter President, Mr. T. P.
+Littlepage of Washington, charter Vice President, Dr. Deming, charter
+Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>It is the unanimous feeling of the present membership that the society
+for which you and the others so ably laid the foundation at that time
+has been abundantly justified by the accomplishments of the
+organization. We are especially indebted to you for the able leadership
+from you which the Association enjoyed, not only while you served in an
+executive capacity, but during the many years which followed while you
+were an active leading member, and now for approximately ten years
+during which you have been Dean.</p>
+
+<p>We regret that impaired health makes it impossible for you to attend
+meetings at present, but we assure you that your name is not being
+forgotten nor is the work which you inaugurated being allowed to lapse.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Signed by the members present.)</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Catalogue_of_Top-Grafted_Nut_Trees_on_the_Kellogg_Farm_Kellogg_School" id="Catalogue_of_Top-Grafted_Nut_Trees_on_the_Kellogg_Farm_Kellogg_School"></a>Catalogue of Top-Grafted Nut Trees on the Kellogg Farm, Kellogg School Grounds, and Kellogg Estate.</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="80%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align='left'>Place and Variety</th><th align='left'>Species</th><th align='left'>Stock</th><th align='left'>Year Grafted</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Kellogg School&mdash;</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Fairbanks</td><td align='left'>Hybrid Hickory</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Pleas, Des Moines and McCallister</td><td align='left'>Hicans</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1934</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Kellogg Farm (Farm Lane)</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Broadview</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crath</span></td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Allen</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wiard</span></td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Dennis</td><td align='left'>Shagbark</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1934</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Creager</td><td align='left'>Hybrid Hickory</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1934</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>(Hickory Block)</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Fairbanks</td><td align='left'>Hybrid Hickory</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Rohwer</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Crath (McIntyre)</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Haviland</td><td align='left'>Shellbark</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. McCallister</td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Burlington</td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Des Moines</td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Creager</td><td align='left'>Hybrid Hickory</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Dennis</td><td align='left'>Shagbark</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10. Stanley</td><td align='left'>Shellbark</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>11. Wiard</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>12. Ohio</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>13. Des Moines</td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>14. Pleas</td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1934</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>15. Cedar Rapids</td><td align='left'>Shagbark</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>16. McDermid</td><td align='left'>English</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>17. Shinnerling</td><td align='left'>Shagbark</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>18. Stratford</td><td align='left'>Shagbark</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>19. Hand</td><td align='left'>Shagbark</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>20. Rockville</td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>21. Rohwer</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>22. Des Moines</td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>23. Stratford</td><td align='left'>Shagbark</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>24. Beaver</td><td align='left'>Hybrid Hickory</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>25. Gerardi</td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1934</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>26. Creitz</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>27. Ohio</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1930</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>28. Ohio</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1930</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Howell</span></td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Kellogg Farm (55 acre field)</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Creitz</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Rohwer</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stambaugh</span></td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wiard</span></td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">McDermid</span></td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crath</span></td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Crath</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Wilkinson</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Wiard</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Adams</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1934</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Beck</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1934</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Wiard</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Franquette</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10. Ohio</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rohwer</span></td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Pasture Field&mdash;</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Ohio</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1930</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Ohio</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1930</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Des Moines</td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td align='left'>Bitternut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Pleas</span></td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>1934</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Ohio</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Ohio</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Wiard</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Ohio</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1930</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Crath</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Crath No. 2</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10. McDermid</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>11. Corsan</td><td align='left'>Chinese Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>12. Carpenter</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beck</span></td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>13. Grundy</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franquette</span></td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Kellogg Estate&mdash;</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Fairbanks</td><td align='left'>Hickory Hybrid</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Crath No. 5</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Burlington</td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Stratford</td><td align='left'>Shagbark</td><td align='left'>Nursery Tree</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Faust</td><td align='left'>Heartnut</td><td align='left'>Japanese Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6. Crath</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7. Crath</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>8. Alpine</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9. Turkish Hazel</td><td align='left'>Tree Hazel (colurna)</td><td align='left'>Seedling</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>10. McDermid</td><td align='left'>English Walnut</td><td align='left'>Black Walnut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>11. Burlington</td><td align='left'>Hicans</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Des Moines</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>12. Fairbanks</td><td align='left'>Hickory Hybrid</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dennis</span></td><td align='left'>Shagbark</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Des Moines</span></td><td align='left'>Hicans</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>1933</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>13. Fairbanks</td><td align='left'>Hybrid Hickory</td><td align='left'>Pignut</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burlington</span></td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Des Moines</span></td><td align='left'>Hican</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stratford</span></td><td align='left'>Shagbark</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>1931</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+  <h2>EXHIBITS</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Mr. A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Ill.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bitternut No. 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bitternut No. 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shagbark&mdash;Shellbark cross No. 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shagbark&mdash;Shellbark cross No. 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shagbark&mdash;Shellbark cross No. 3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shagbark&mdash;Shellbark cross No. 4</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Busseron pecan</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indiana pecan</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky pecan</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Major pecan</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Greenriver pecan</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Butterick pecan</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Posey pecan</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>McCallister Hican</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hican variety Mr. Wilkinson suggests calling Bixby in honor of the late Willard G. Bixby.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio black walnut</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stabler black walnut</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas black walnut</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Mr. F. H. Frey, Chicago, Ill.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wheeling black walnut, new find by Mrs. E. W. Freel, 1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Worthington black walnut, from Mrs. E. W. Freel, 1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Marion black walnut, Mrs. E. W. Freel, 1932</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Freel black walnut, Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Metcalf black walnut, from Mrs. E. W. Freel</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stabler walnut, "one lobe," O. H. Casper, Anna, Ill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oklahoma seedling, black walnut, evidently J. rupestris</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>(per Dr. Waite, pg. 61&mdash;1932)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rohwer black walnut, from John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Grundy black walnut, from John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kettler or Wisconsin No. 1, from Fred Kettler, Platteville, Wisc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shellbark hickory, seedling No. 1, Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shellbark hickory, seedling No. 2, Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cedar Rapids shagbark hickory, from S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shinnerling shagbark hickory, from Chas. Shinnerling, Amana, Iowa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hagen shagbark hickory, from S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>G. H. Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario, Canada</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>DuChilly and other European filberts grown on his place in Canada</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jones hybrid filberts, corylus americana&mdash;corylus avellana</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Photograph of Corsan nut exhibit at Canadian National Exhibition</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Craxezy, butternut, from Union City, Mich. From Harry Burgart, Michigan</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Tree Nursery</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mitchel hybrid heartnut, from Scotland, Ontario</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stratford hickory, exhibited by Mr. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa. Mr. Snyder</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>says this is the best bearing hickory for his section in Iowa.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Prof. J. A. Neilson, Michigan State College, E. Lansing, Mich.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harris black walnut, Allegan, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas black walnut</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Everett Wiard black walnut, Ypsilanti, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Glen Allen black walnut, Middleville, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dan Beck black walnut, Hamilton, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ten Eyck black walnut</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Adams black walnut, Scotts, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M. S. C. Campus heartnut, East Lansing, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Crawford heartnut</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mrs. Henry Hanel, heartnut, Williamsburg, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gellatly heartnut, Westbank, B. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lancaster heartnut, Graham Station</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>McKenzie heartnut, B. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mitchell heartnut, Scotland, Ont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fred Bourne, heartnut, Milford, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>W. S. Thompson heartnut, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>English, Chatham, Ont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mitchell butternut, Scotland, Ont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Col. B. D. Wallace butternut, Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, Can.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Korean pine nuts, Abbotsford, P. Q.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>W. S. Thompson filbert, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Harry Weber hazel, R. 2, Cleves, Ohio</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beck English walnut, Allegan, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>W. S. Thompson English walnut, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Larsen English walnut, Ionia, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>English walnut, from Broadview, B. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>McDermid English walnut, St. Catherines, Ont.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Clyde Westphal pecan, Marcellus, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fairbanks hickory, grown at Grand Rapids, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Haviland hickory, Bath, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Green hickory, Battle Creek, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mrs. Ray D. Mann hickory, Davison, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hill hickory, Davison, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lyle House hickory, Fowlerville, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Miller hickory, North Branch, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pleas pecan and bitternut hybrid hickory</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Burlington hican</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rowley chestnut, Orleans, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John E. Dunham, chestnut, Oshtemo, Mich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chinese chestnuts, Ridgetown, Ont.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h3>
+REGISTRATION</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Illinois</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. S. Colby, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Illinois</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. Harry Burgart, Union City, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Harry Burgart, Union City, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Charles Halder, Ceresco, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Anton Burgart, Union City, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Carl F. Walker, Cleveland Heights, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Homer L. Bradley, Kellogg Farm, Augusta, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Indiana</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. H. Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Oliver T. Healy, Union City, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Anna H. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John T. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. John T. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. E. Monroe, Chicago, Illinois</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. C. M. McCrary, Augusta, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. M. McCrary, Augusta, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mildred M. Jones, Jones Nurseries, Lancaster, Pennsylvania</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Harry Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">D. C. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">W. K. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rollin H. Tabor, Mt. Vernon, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">George L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">L. Housser, Cloverdale, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fae Noverr, Enquirer and News, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vermont</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Joan Deming, Hartford, Connecticut</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Oliver Healy, Union City, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. Howard W. Harris, Allegan, Michigan. R. D. No. 7</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. Scott Healy, Otsego, Michigan. R. F. D. No. 2</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Scott Healy, Otsego, Michigan. R. F. D. No. 2</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Glen Grunner, Coldwater, Michigan. R. D. No. 3</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leon Ford, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Marshall Moon, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dean Phillips, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lawrence Poole, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Evelyn Alwood, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Martha Richmond, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Irene VaVn De Bogart, Vicksburg, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cleone Wells, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Herbert Bush, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dorothy Jenney, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cecelia Plushnik, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vernice Fox, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edward A. Malasky, Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. A. Reed, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">T. V. Hicks, Battle Creek, Michigan. R. 3</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Norman Crittenden, Galesburg, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Arnold G. Otto, Detroit, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Miss Mary Barber, Kellogg Co., Battle Creek, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Professor V. R. Gardner, M. S. C., East Lansing, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. A. Cardinell, M. S. C., East Lansing, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">E. P. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lila M. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dora E. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. W. Kaan, Wellesley, Massachusetts</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">R. S. Galbreath, Huntington, Indiana</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. R. S. Galbreath, Huntington, Indiana</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Connecticut</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Everett Wiard, Ypsilanti, Michigan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. E. Wiard, Ypsilanti, Michigan</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BOOKS_AND_BULLETINS_ON_NORTHERN_NUT_GROWING" id="BOOKS_AND_BULLETINS_ON_NORTHERN_NUT_GROWING"></a>BOOKS AND BULLETINS ON NORTHERN NUT GROWING</h2>
+
+<p>1. Nut Culture in the United States, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1896.
+Out of print and out of date but of great interest.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Nut Culturist, Fuller, pub. Orange Judd Co., N. Y., 1906. Out of
+print and out of date, but a systematic and well written treatise. These
+two books are the classics of American nut growing.</p>
+
+<p>3. Nut Growing, Dr. Robert T. Morris, pub. MacMillan, N. Y. 2nd edition
+1931, price $2.50. The modern authority, written in the author's
+entertaining and stimulating style.</p>
+
+<p>4. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1501, 1926, Nut Tree Propagation, C. A. Reed,
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A very
+full bulletin with many illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>5. Tree Crops, Dr. J. Russell Smith, pub. Harcourt, Brace &amp; Co., N. Y.,
+1929, price $4.00. Includes the nut crop.</p>
+
+<p>6. Annual reports of the Northern Nut Growers' Association from 1911 to
+date. To be had from the secretary. Prices on request.</p>
+
+<p>7. Bulletin No. 5, Northern Nut Growers' Association, by W. G. Bixby.
+2nd edition, 1920. To be had from the secretary. Price 50 cents.</p>
+
+<p>8. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1392, Black Walnut Culture for both Timber and
+Nut Production. To be had from the Supt. of Documents, Gov. Printing
+Office, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents.</p>
+
+<p>9. Year Book Separate No. 1004, 1927, a brief article on northern nut
+growing, by C. A. Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>10. Filberts&mdash;G. A. Slate&mdash;Bulletin No. 588, New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y., December, 1930.</p>
+
+<p>11. Leaflet No. 84, 1932, Planting Black Walnut, W. R. Mattoon and C. A.
+Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>12. Harvesting and Marketing the Native Nut Crops of the North, by C. A.
+Reed, 1932, mimeographed bulletin, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>13. Dealers in Black Walnut Kernels, mimeographed bulletin by C. A.
+Reed, 1931, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington,
+D. C.</p>
+
+<p>14. Eastern Nursery Catalogues Listing Nut Trees, mimeographed leaflet
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>15. Twenty Years Progress in Northern Nut Culture. A 48-page booklet of
+valuable information and instruction by John W. Hershey. Nuticulturist,
+Downingtown, Penna. Price 25 cents.</p>
+
+<p>16. Files of The American Nut Journal, to be had from the publishers,
+American Nurseryman Publishing Co., 39 State St., Rochester, N. Y.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<blockquote>                        <h3>"Happy Is the Man Who Has<br />
+                                a Hobby"</h3>
+
+ <div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img127.jpg"  width="445" height="650" alt="HOBBIES" title="" /></div>
+
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+
+       <p class='center'>Here, in this interesting, profusely illustrated, 170-page
+       monthly you will find news, pictures, and information, as well as
+       buying, selling and swapping ads, in all branches of collecting.</p>
+
+       <p class='center'>HOBBIES has a particularly fine and complete Stamp Collector's
+       Department&mdash;40 or more pages each month devoted to stamp club
+       news, notes, articles on stamps and stamp issuing countries,
+       department on precancels, new issues, and airmails, and general
+       information. (HOBBIES, by the way, is the Official Organ of the
+       great Society of Philatelic Americans.)</p>
+
+       <p class='center'>HOBBIES is also the outstanding medium for the exchange of
+       information, news, and advertising of interest to collectors of
+       Antiques, Autographs, Coins, Indian Relics, Books, Firearms,
+       Prints, Minerals, Shells, Glassware, and many other collected
+       articles.</p>
+
+       <p class='center'>It's fun to have a hobby, and to know what others who share
+       your interests are doing and thinking! Let HOBBIES keep you
+       posted! And if you haven't a hobby as yet, but would like to
+       have one, let HOBBIES help you to find it!</p>
+
+               <p class='center'><i>Subscribe to HOBBIES! Sample Copy, 10c</i></p>
+
+                  <p class='center'><i>Year's Subscription, only $1.00</i></p>
+
+                     <p class='center'>Lightner Publishing Corp.</p>
+  <p><span class="left">2810 S. Michigan Ave.</span><span class="right">Chicago, Illinois</span><br /></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NUT GROWERS 25TH ANNUAL MEETING ***
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting
+       Battle Creek, Michigan, September 10 and 11, 1934
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: March 25, 2007 [EBook #20903]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NUT GROWERS 25TH ANNUAL MEETING ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo, Janet
+Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
+|                                                                        |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  _Northern Nut Growers
+  Association_
+
+  _INCORPORATED_
+
+  _Affiliated with
+  THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY_
+
+  REPORT
+
+  _of the proceedings of the_
+
+  Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting
+
+  BATTLE CREEK, MICH.
+
+  _SEPTEMBER 10 and 11, 1934_
+
+
+
+
+  INDEX
+
+  Officers, Directors and Committees                                   3
+
+  State Vice-Presidents                                                4
+
+  List of Members                                                      5
+
+  Constitution                                                         8
+
+  By-Laws                                                              9
+
+  The President                                                       10
+
+  Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Convention                   11
+
+  Address of Welcome by W. K. Kellogg                                 11
+
+  Report of Secretary                                                 13
+
+  Report of Treasurer                                                 15
+
+  Reports of Standing Committees                                      16
+
+  Business Session                                                    18
+
+  The Dietetic Importance of Nuts--Dr. John Harvey Kellogg            20
+
+  Nut Culture Work of the Living Tree Guild--Miss Dorothy Sawyer      28
+
+  Progress report on Nut Growing in the Ithaca, N. Y.
+    region--Dr. L. H. MacDaniels                                      31
+
+  Some Random Notes on Nut Culture--D. C. Snyder                      34
+
+  Winter Injury of Filberts at Geneva, 1933-34--Prof. G. L. Slate     36
+
+  Notes on Hickories--A. B. Anthony                                   41
+
+  Letter from Rev. Paul C. Crath--Poland                              45
+
+  The Chestnut Situation in Illinois--Dr. A. S. Colby                 47
+
+  Report on Commercial Cracking and Merchandising of Black
+    Walnuts--H. F. Stokes                                             50
+
+  Nut Culture in Ontario--George Corsan                               53
+
+  Nut Growing on a Commercial Basis--Miss Amelia Riehl                54
+
+  Some Notes on the Hardiness of the English Walnut in
+    Michigan and Ontario--Prof. J. A. Neilson                         55
+
+  Nut Tree Prospects in the Tennessee Valley--John W. Hershey         61
+
+  Some New Hicans and Pecans--J. G. Duis                              62
+
+  Some Old Friends--Dr. W. C. Deming                                  64
+
+  Nut Growing in Vermont--Zenas H. Ellis                              66
+
+  A Roll Call of the Nuts--Dr. W. C. Deming                           69
+
+  Nut Culture in the North--J. F. Wilkinson                           84
+
+  Varieties of Nut Trees for the Northernmost Zone--C. A. Reed        87
+
+  Notes on the TOUR, Tuesday September 11, 1934                      104
+
+  Address of Prof. V. R. Gardner, Director, Experiment Station at
+   Michigan State College, East Lansing                              104
+
+  The 1934 Ohio Black Walnut Contest--Carl F. Walker                 107
+
+  Mr. Ellis' Report as Delegate to Paris Horticultural Exposition    109
+
+  Report of Resolutions Committee                                    110
+
+  Communications from:
+    J. U. Gellatley                                                  111
+    B. D. Wallace                                                    113
+    Vera Nekiassena                                                  114
+    Divisional Forest Officer--Kashmir                               115
+    John W. Hershey                                                  116
+    Mrs. E. W. Freel                                                 117
+    Geo. W. Gibbens                                                  117
+    Fred Kettler                                                     118
+
+  Telegram to Dr. Morris                                             119
+
+  Catalogue of Nut trees in Kellogg Plantings                        120
+
+  Exhibits at Convention                                             122
+
+  Attendance                                                         124
+
+  Books and Bulletins on Northern Nut Growing                        126
+
+  Advertisement--"Hobbies Magazine"                                  127
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+
+  _President._ FRANK H. FREY, ROOM 930, LA SALLE ST. STATION, CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+  _Vice-President._ DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, 32 SOUTH 13TH ST., HARRISBURG, PA.
+
+  _Secretary._ GEO. L. SLATE, STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
+  GENEVA, N. Y.
+
+  _Treasurer._. CARL F. WALKER, 2851 E. OVERLOOK ROAD, CLEVELAND HEIGHTS,
+  OHIO
+
+
+  _DIRECTORS_
+
+  FRANK H. FREY, DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, GEO. L. SLATE, CARL F. WALKER,
+  PROF. J. A. NEILSON, D. C. SNYDER.
+
+
+  _EDITOR OF PUBLICATIONS_
+
+  DR. W. C. DEMING
+
+
+  _COMMITTEES_
+
+  _Executive._ FRANK H. FREY, DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, GEO. L. SLATE, CARL F.
+  WALKER, PROF. J. A. NEILSON, D. C. SNYDER.
+
+  _Auditing._ ZENAS H. ELLIS, H. BURGART.
+
+  _Finance._ T. P. LITTLEPAGE, DR. W. C. DEMING, H. R. WEBER.
+
+  _Press and Publication_. DR. W. C. DEMING, KARL W. GREENE, DR. J. RUSSELL
+  SMITH, ZENAS H. ELLIS, GEO. L. SLATE.
+
+  _Membership._ COL. L. H. MITCHELL, MISS DOROTHY C. SAWYER,
+  J. U. GELLATLY, D. C. SNYDER, CARL F. WALKER.
+
+  _Program._ J. F. WILKINSON, DR. W. C. DEMING, C. A. REED, KARL W.
+  GREENE, H. R. WEBER.
+
+  _Hybrids and Promising Seedlings._ DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN,
+  PROF. N. F. DRAKE,   MISS AMELIA RIEHL, H. F. STOKE, J. F. WILKINSON,
+  C. A. REED.
+
+  _Survey._ C. A. REED, CARL F. WALKER, DR. A. S. COLBY,
+  H. F. STOKE, DR. L. H. MAC DANIELS, DR. W. C. DEMING.
+
+  _Exhibits._ H. R. WEBER, MISS MILDRED JONES, PROF. A. S. COLBY.
+
+
+  _DEAN OF THE ASSOCIATION_
+
+  DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, OF NEW YORK AND CONNECTICUT.
+
+
+  _FIELD SECRETARY_
+
+  ZENAS H. ELLIS, FAIR HAVEN, VERMONT.
+
+
+  _OFFICIAL JOURNAL_
+
+  AMERICAN FRUIT GROWER, 1370 ONTARIO ST., CLEVELAND, OHIO.
+
+
+
+
+STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
+
+
+  Argentina, S. A.  Francisco M. Croce
+
+  Arkansas  Prof. N. F. Drake
+
+  California  Will J. Thorpe
+
+  Canada  J. U. Gellatly
+
+  Canal Zone  L. C. Leighton
+
+  Connecticut  Dr. W. C. Deming
+
+  Dist. of Columbia  L. H. Mitchell
+
+  Illinois  Dr. A. S. Colby
+
+  Indiana  J. F. Wilkinson
+
+  Iowa  D. C. Snyder
+
+  Kansas  W. P. Orth
+
+  Kentucky  E. C. Rice
+
+  Maryland  T. P. Littlepage
+
+  Massachusetts  James H. Bowditch
+
+  Michigan  Harry Burgart
+
+  Minnesota  Carl Weschcke
+
+  Missouri  J. W. Schmid
+
+  Nebraska  William Caha
+
+  New Jersey  Lee W. Jaques
+
+  New York  Prof. L. H. MacDaniels
+
+  Ohio  Harry R. Weber
+
+  Oregon  C. E. Schuster
+
+  Pennsylvania  John Rick
+
+  Rhode Island  Philip Allen
+
+  Vermont  Zenas H. Ellis
+
+  Virginia  Dr. J. Russel Smith
+
+  Washington  Major H. B. Ferris
+
+  West Virginia  Andrew Cross
+
+  Wisconsin  Lt. G. H. Turner
+
+
+
+
+NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
+
+List of Members as of January 1, 1935
+
+
+  ARGENTINA, S. A.
+    Croce, Francisco M., Mendoza
+
+  ARKANSAS
+    * Drake, Prof. N. F., Fayetteville
+
+  CALIFORNIA
+    Thorpe, William J., 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco
+
+  CANADA
+    Chipman, G. F., "The Country Guide," Winnipeg, Manitoba
+    Gage, J. H., 107 Flatt Ave., Hamilton, Ont.
+    Gellatly, J. U., West Bank, B. C.
+    Middleton, M. S., Esq., District Horticulturist, Vernon, B. C.
+
+  CANAL ZONE
+    Leighton, L. C., Box 1452, Cristobal
+
+  CONNECTICUT
+    Bartlett, F. A., F. A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co., Stamford
+    Beeman, Henry W., New Preston
+    Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 Owen St., Hartford
+    Little, Norman B., Rocky Hill
+    * Morris, Dr. Robert T., Merribrooke, R. F. D., Stamford
+    Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
+    Rowley, Dr. John C., 1046 Asylum St., Hartford
+    Southworth, Geo. F., Milford
+
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+    Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Forest Pathology, Plant Industry, U. S. D. A.,
+      Wash. Greene, Karl W., 2203 Foxhall Rd., N. W., Washington
+    * Littlepage, Thomas P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington
+    Mitchell, Col. Lennard H., 2219 California St., N. W., Washington
+    Reed, C. A., Dep't of Agriculture, Washington
+
+  ILLINOIS
+    Anthony, A. B., R. F. D. No. 3, Sterling
+    Bontz, Mrs. Lillian, General Delivery, Peoria
+    Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana
+    Frey, Frank H., Room 930, LaSalle St. Station, Chicago
+    Oakes Royal, Bluffs
+    Ramsdell, T. A., Hotel Galt, Sterling
+    Riehl, Miss Amelia, Evergreen Heights, Godfrey
+    Spencer, Mrs. May R., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur
+
+  INDIANA
+    Galbreath, Dr. R. S., 16 W. Washington St., Huntington
+    Minton, Charles F., 825 South Jefferson St., Huntington
+    Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport
+
+  IOWA
+    Helmick, J. K., Columbus Junction
+    Iowa State Horticultural Society, State House, Des Moines
+    Johnson, Mrs. R. T., Knoxville
+    Rohrbacher, Wm., 811 East College St., Iowa City
+    Schlagenbusch Bros., Route No. 3, Ft. Madison
+    Snyder, D. C., Center Point
+    Van Meter, W. L., Adel
+
+  KANSAS
+    Orth, W. P., Mt. Hope
+
+  KENTUCKY
+    Horine, Dr. Emmet F., 523 Breslin Medical Bldg., Louisville
+    Rice, E. C., Absher
+
+  MARYLAND
+    Close, Dr. C. P., College Park
+    Hahn, Albert G., Route No. 6, Bethesda
+    Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown
+    Mehring, Upton F., Keymar
+    Purnell, J. Edgar, Box 24, Salisbury
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS
+    Allen, Edward E., Hotel Ambassador, Cambridge
+    * Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont St., Boston
+    Brown, Daniel L., 60 State St., Boston
+    Hale, Richard W., 60 State St., Boston
+    Kaan, Dr. Helen W., Wellesley College, Wellesley
+    Putnam, Mrs. Ellen M., 129 Babson St., Mattapan
+    Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley
+    Ryan, Henry E., Sunderland
+    Smith, Leon C., 60 Day Ave., Westfield
+    Wellman, Sargeant H., Windridge, Topsfield
+
+  MICHIGAN
+    Bradley, Homer L., 56 Manchester St., Battle Creek
+    Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Route No. 2, Union City
+    Healey, Scott, Route No. 2, Otsego
+    Healy, Oliver T., Michigan Nut Nursery, Route No. 2, Union City
+    ** Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey, 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek
+    ** Kellogg, W. K., Battle Creek
+    Morrison, J. Robert, Paw Paw
+    Neilson, Prof. J. A., Michigan State College, E. Lansing
+    Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit
+    Stocking, Frederick N., 3456 Cadillac St., Detroit
+    Wieber, Frank A., Fowler
+
+  MINNESOTA
+    Andrews, Miss Frances E., 245 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis
+    Weschcke, Carl, 98 Wabasha St., St. Paul
+
+  MISSOURI
+    Schmid, J. W., 615 S. Holland, Springfield
+
+  NEBRASKA
+    Caha, Wm., Wahoo
+
+  NEW JERSEY
+    Buckwalter, Alan R., Flemington
+    * Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City
+    Orner, George D., 751 Ridgewood Rd., Maplewood
+
+  NEW YORK
+    Bennett, F. H., 19 East 92nd St., New York
+    Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin
+    Collins, Joseph N., 335 W. 87th St., New York
+    Cooke, Frank S., 341 Bowery, New York
+    Crysdale, Stanley A., Route No. 5, Auburn
+    Curtis, Elroy, 58 Worth St., New York
+    Ellwanger, Mrs. Wm. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester
+    Graham, S. H., Route No. 5, Ithaca
+    * Huntington, A. M., 3 East 89th St., New York
+    Kelly, Mortimer B., 17 Battery Place, New York
+    * Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York
+    MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., c/o Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
+    * Montgomery, Robert H., 385 Madison Ave., New York
+    Pickhardt, Dr. Otto C., 117 East 80th St., New York
+    Sawyer, Miss Dorothy C., Living Tree Guild, 468 Fourth Ave., N. Y.
+    Sefton, Pennington, 94 Lake Ave., Auburn
+    Slate, Geo. L., State Agricultural Exp. Station, Geneva
+    Smith, Gilbert L., State School, Wassaic
+    Tice, David, Lockport
+    Tukey, Dr. Harold B., State Agricultural Exp. Station, Geneva
+    * Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., 9 W. 54th St., New York
+
+  OHIO
+    Canaday, Ward M., Home Bank Bldg., Toledo
+    Cranz, Eugene F., Mount Tom Farm, Ira
+    Fickes, W. R., Route No. 7, Wooster
+    Gerber, E. P., Route No. 1, Apple Creek
+    Park, Dr. J. B., Ohio State University, Columbus
+    Tabor, Rollin H., Mount Vernon
+    Thorton, Willis, Fenway Hall Hotel, Cleveland
+    Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland Heights
+    * Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati
+
+  OREGON
+    Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA
+    Baum, Dr. F. L., Yellow House
+    Gebhardt, F. C., 140 East 29th St., Erie
+    Hershey, John W., Downingtown
+    Hostetter, C. F., Bird-In-Hand
+    Hostetter, L. K., Route No. 5, Lancaster
+    Jones Nurseries, J. F., Lancaster, Box 356
+    Kaufman, M. M., Clarion
+    Leach, Will, Cornell Bldg., Scranton
+    McIntyre, A. C., Dep't of Forestry, State College
+    Miller, Herbert, Pinecrest Poultry Farms, Richfield
+    * Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading
+    Ruhl, A. W., Langhorne Terrace, Langhorne
+    Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore, Pa., 550 Elm Ave.
+    Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., Muncy
+    * Wister, John C., Clarkson Ave. & Wister Sts., Germantown
+    Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie
+    Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., 32 So. 13th St., Harrisburg
+
+  RHODE ISLAND
+    ** Allen, Phillip, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+
+  VERMONT
+    Aldrich, A. W., Route No. 3, Springfield
+    Elfgren, Ivar P., 11 Sheldon Place, Rutland
+    * Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven
+
+  VIRGINIA
+    Ricketts, E. T., Box 168-D, Route No. 5, Alexandria
+    Stoke, H. F., 1421 Watts Ave., Roanoke
+
+  WASHINGTON
+    Ferris, Major Hiram B., P. O. Box 74, Spokane
+
+  WEST VIRGINIA
+    Cross, Andrew, Ripley
+
+  WISCONSIN
+    Turner, Lieut. G. H., 932 Prospect Ave., Portage
+
+     * Life Member
+
+    ** Contributing Member
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Name._ This Society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
+ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED.
+
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
+plants, their products and their culture.
+
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ Membership in this society shall be open to all persons
+who desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of
+residence or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the
+committee on membership.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary
+and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting;
+and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the
+two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the
+treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president from
+each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of the
+association, who shall be appointed by the president.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
+the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the
+following year.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI
+
+_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
+by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made
+at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time
+for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may
+seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII
+
+_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but
+must include two of the four elected officers.
+
+
+ARTICLE VIII
+
+_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of
+the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment
+having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the
+proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member
+thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+
+ARTICLE I
+
+_Committees._ The Association shall appoint standing committees as
+follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and
+publication, on exhibits, on hybrids, on survey, and an auditing
+committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the
+Association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+
+ARTICLE II
+
+_Fees._ Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing
+members shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one
+payment of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues and will
+be entitled to same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall
+be exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who
+leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association will entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided; that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest or the donation.
+
+
+ARTICLE III
+
+_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the first
+day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the
+Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding
+that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV
+
+_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-third vote of members
+present at any annual meeting.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are
+due, and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second
+notice, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of
+non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the annual report.
+
+At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third
+notice shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are paid
+within ten days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be
+dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
+
+[Illustration: THE PRESIDENT--Frank H. Frey]
+
+
+
+
+Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-fifth Annual Convention
+
+_of the_
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association (INCORPORATED)
+
+_September 10, 11, 1934_
+
+BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN
+
+
+The first session convened at 9:30 A. M., September 10, at the Kellogg
+Hotel with President Frey in the chair.
+
+_The President:_
+
+This is the twenty-fifth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, our silver anniversary. Fifteen years ago the convention
+was held in this city. We are glad to be back again and happy to have
+with us Mr. W. K. Kellogg who has consented to extend a welcome.
+
+MR. KELLOGG:
+
+I am glad to welcome this association, and you as individuals, to Battle
+Creek. A year ago when an invitation was sent you thru Professor Neilson
+to make this your meeting place for 1934, we were very much pleased to
+have the invitation accepted. Now that we have the pleasure of your
+presence we hope you may have an enjoyable and profitable time.
+
+Battle Creek was undoubtedly put on the map many years ago by the Battle
+Creek Sanitarium and has since been kept prominently before the public
+by the extensive advertising that has been done by the companies located
+here which manufacture ready-to-eat foods. The records indicate that
+more than 15,000 carloads of these foods are shipped every year to
+almost every country on the globe. More than 4,500 people are given
+employment. So much for the magic words, "Battle Creek."
+
+My interest in nuts dates from my earliest recollection when my father
+took the children nutting. In the evening we often gathered around the
+kerosene lamp, the kitchen stove and father with an inverted flat iron
+in his lap and a pan of Ohio hickory nuts near by. These, accompanied by
+some red-cheeked apples, entertained us royally. No movies in those
+days. About ten or twelve years ago Mrs. Kellogg and I had the
+opportunity of listening to a talk by Mr. George Hebden Corsan, Sr. He
+devoted considerable time to the subject of nut culture, mentioning his
+own experiences in Canada and also the work of Mr. John F. Jones of
+Lancaster, Pennsylvania. A few years later Mr. Corsan became associated
+with the Bird Sanctuary enterprise, a few miles west of Battle Creek,
+and very shortly thereafter was talking nut culture. The result was we
+began to order nut trees by the carloads.
+
+With this beginning it was only a year or two when Mr. Corsan told me of
+the wonderful experience, as well as the ability, of Professor Neilson
+of Toronto in nut culture. As you are doubtless aware Professor Neilson
+decided to locate in Michigan and he made a connection with the Michigan
+Agricultural College at Lansing. Professor Neilson is present and better
+prepared to tell you of the work that has been accomplished thru his
+efforts during the last five years. He may also have an opportunity of
+showing you the results of some of his work in nut grafting.
+
+Now just a word furthermore with reference to this wonderful town of
+Battle Creek which in 1932 celebrated its centennial. With the exception
+of Detroit, Chicago and New York, there is probably no city so well
+known the world over as Battle Creek, this having been accomplished thru
+the advertising of the sanitarium since its establishment in 1865, and
+the advertising of ready-to-eat cereal foods for more than forty years,
+during which time the magic words "Battle Creek" have appeared on
+packages of cereals, in newspapers, magazines and other advertising more
+than six billion times. One of the food factories located in Battle
+Creek frequently prints, fills and ships more than 1,500,000 packages
+per day, or the equivalent of 40 carloads. This same factory gives
+employment to more than 2,200 people, none of whom work more than six
+hours per day. This six hour plan has been established more than 3-1/2
+years and the minimum wage paid per hour to the men is 67 cents.
+
+In conclusion, I must admit that most of my interest in nut culture has
+been by proxy. Professor Neilson and Mr. Corsan are both with us today
+and no doubt will have an opportunity of showing you some of the
+progress that has been made in the vicinity of Wintergreen and Gull
+Lakes, the State Agricultural Farm and the Kellogg Ranch.
+
+We assure you it has been a pleasure to have you with us on this
+occasion and we should be glad to have your convention meet with us
+annually. You have my best wishes for the continued success and
+prosperity of the Northern Nut Growers' Association.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_The Vice-President_,
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN:
+
+It will be rather a difficult task to respond to an address of welcome
+of such a notable character as Mr. Kellogg's. However, I want to express
+my sincere appreciation for being commissioned to respond to such a
+hearty welcome.
+
+I'm glad to be here for several other reasons. First, because this
+association represents a number of people who in themselves represent
+different lines of action. We have first the men and women who are in
+this association from an experimental standpoint. We have also a number
+who are here with a commercial planting standpoint. Then we have another
+group that represents the growing and selling of nut trees. But, in
+addition to that and most important of all, we have another set that
+represents the consuming public, notably Mr. Kellogg and his brother.
+About their work there need not be a great deal said.
+
+I remember, when I first began to become interested in nut culture, I
+wrote to Dr. J. H. Kellogg. I don't remember at the present time where
+he said his plantings were, but I wrote to him in connection with
+pecans, and he said he had a grove of them planted. He said they were
+quite large but they hadn't borne and he believed that they would not
+bear in this section because it was so far north. He advised me to get
+in communication with Mr. J. H. Jones. That was practically the
+information I got from everybody I wrote to, so I went to see Mr. Jones.
+
+Dr. Kellogg has advanced the idea of nuts as food. Not only that but he
+has continuously stood for the belief that they are more suitable for
+human food than many of the proteins of animal nature. In addition to
+that he publishes one of the best health magazines in the country. Dr.
+Kellogg is putting out a health magazine that is further advanced than
+any other magazine that I know of. It gives me great pleasure to respond
+to the address of welcome and I wish to thank Mr. Kellogg on the part of
+the association and myself.
+
+
+
+
+Report of the Secretary for 1934
+
+
+The present secretary assumed office in September 1933 without the
+benefit of previous membership in the association and knowledge of its
+affairs. Considerable time has been spent in getting acquainted with
+these affairs. President Frey, Mr. Reed, and Dr. Deming have been
+especially helpful in orienting the secretary and assisting in answering
+correspondence. The late Mr. Russell, and his successor, Mr. Walker,
+have handled all matters referred to them in a prompt and efficient
+manner. Much credit is due to Mrs. Russell for the efficient manner in
+which she attended to the treasurer's duties during Mr. Russell's
+illness.
+
+One of the chief duties of the secretary is the answering of
+correspondence pertaining to association affairs and inquiries regarding
+nut culture. A total of 175 letters were written for the association.
+Fifty-three were to the officers and Mr. Reed regarding association
+affairs, while 122 concerned nut cultural problems and memberships. A
+number of letters were referred to Mr. Reed and a few to Prof.
+MacDaniels for reply. In addition to the correspondence addressed to the
+association regarding nuts, an equal or larger number of inquiries
+concerning nuts addressed to the station were also answered. A list of
+names of people interested in nuts, but not members of the association,
+is being accumulated from this correspondence.
+
+The circular describing the association and its work was reprinted and a
+list of nut nurseries and tree seedsmen prepared by Mr. Reed was
+mimeographed. These were enclosed in all association and station letters
+sent to non-members in answer to nut inquiries. Their effect in bringing
+in new members and their influence on the sale of nut trees is of course
+unknown. Dr. MacDaniels and Dr. Colby also used these circulars in
+correspondence.
+
+A list of available publications on nut culture has also been prepared
+and will be mimeographed shortly.
+
+A campaign to sell many of the surplus reports of the association was
+planned, but owing to unforeseen obstacles the reports were not
+available and the plans for selling them were shelved until after this
+meeting. If the reports are soon assembled at Geneva it is planned to
+circularize agricultural and horticultural libraries and attempt to
+place complete or nearly complete sets in as many as possible.
+Attractive prices will be made on sets of those reports of which we have
+an oversupply.
+
+A mimeographed list of cions available from the Bixby collection was
+prepared at Mr. Reed's suggestion and sent to all members and other
+interested persons. Mrs. Bixby received as many copies as she needed.
+
+Mr. J. T. Bregger, editor of the American Fruit Grower, has cooperated
+with the secretary in publishing notes pertaining to association
+activities. He is desirous of publishing articles on nut culture. It is
+to be hoped that contributions may be received from members interested
+in various phases of nut growing. Other publications are eager for
+articles on all phases of horticulture. If nut culture is to receive its
+due publicity more than a few must take their pens in hand.
+
+It is with great regret and sadness that the death on April 27, 1934, of
+our treasurer, Newton H. Russell, is recorded. His enthusiasm, interest
+and kindly personality will be greatly missed. He was very active in
+promoting nut culture in Massachusetts. We have lost a valuable member.
+
+The discontinuance of the National Nut News leaves us without an
+official organ. This is a serious handicap to our work. The stimulation
+of interest provided by the regular arrival of a publication containing
+the latest news and newest developments in our field, is a valuable aid
+in nut culture and association activities. The provision of such a
+medium is one of our most pressing problems.
+
+Our membership is at a low point and should be doubled. The secretary is
+desirous of cooperating with the membership committee in a campaign to
+increase the membership. With our dues at their present low figure it
+should not be difficult to interest many in the association. Such a
+campaign should follow several lines.
+
+First: Every member should attempt to secure additional members.
+
+Second: Many who dropped out when dues were high should be invited to
+return.
+
+Third: Attempts should be made to contact certain groups. All of the
+northern experiment stations and agricultural colleges should have a
+member of their horticultural department in the association. Groups such
+as doctors, lawyers, nurserymen, farmers and others should be informed
+of the association and what it offers to each.
+
+Fourth: The agricultural college and experiment station libraries should
+be induced to take out memberships and bring their sets of reports up to
+date.
+
+Such a campaign is more than one person can handle, and several should
+participate in it.
+
+
+
+
+  Treasurer's Report
+
+  Year Ending August 31, 1934
+
+  RECEIPTS
+
+  Annual Memberships                                        $266.75
+  Contributing Memberships                                    10.00
+  Sale of Reports                                             29.00
+  Sale of Bulletins                                            2.25
+  For Subscriptions to National Nut News                       8.00
+                                                            _______
+
+  Total                                                     $316.00 $316.00
+
+  DISBURSEMENTS
+
+  Reprints, K. W. Greene (for Mr. Bixby)                    $ 21.10
+  Printing 1931 Report, Balance, American Fruits Pub. Co.     50.00
+  Subscriptions, National Nut News                            18.00
+  Printing 1932 Report, Lightner Pub. Corp.                  200.00
+  Expenses Downingtown Convention, J. W. Hershey              13.82
+  Membership Dues, American Horticultural Society              2.00
+  Expense Handling Surplus Reports, C. A. Reed                 9.69
+  Advertising, Lightner Pub. Corp.                             4.00
+  Printing 1933 Report, Lightner Pub. Corp.                  125.32
+  Release Expense of Account with Litchfield Savings Society   1.68
+  Loss on Check                                                2.00
+  Postage, F. H. Frey                                         12.10
+  Postage and Miscl. Expense for 1933 Report, F. H. Frey      19.92
+  Mimeographing, G. L. Slate                                   2.25
+  Printing, Postage and Supplies, C. F. Walker                12.45
+  Check Charges & Taxes                                         .68
+                                                            _______
+
+  Total                                                     $495.01 $495.01
+  Excess of Disbursements over Receipts                             $179.01
+
+  CASH ACCOUNT
+
+  Cash on hand or in bank as reported as of Aug. 31, 1933   $306.01
+  Account in Litchfield Savings Society as of Aug. 31, 1933   15.94
+                                                            _______
+
+    Total cash on hand or in bank as of Aug. 31, 1933       $321.95 $321.95
+    Excess of Disbursements over Receipts                            179.01
+                                                                    _______
+
+  Balance, Cash in bank, August 31, 1934                            $142.94
+  Accounts, Due or Payable                                            None
+
+
+_Press and Publication Committee_
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+We have had one or two articles in each issue of the National
+Horticultural Magazine, published by the American Horticultural Society
+in Washington. The editor has promised to have in each issue of his
+magazine something relating to nuts. He is particularly anxious to get
+short articles with a single illustration, articles about a page long
+which will attract attention, be easy to read and stimulate interest in
+nuts. I would be glad to receive articles of that nature for submission
+to the editor.
+
+It is unfortunate that we no longer have an official journal, the
+National Nut News having gone out of existence. We have an opportunity
+to make the American Fruit Grower, with which we have been acquainted a
+good many years, our official journal, and that will come up in the
+course of this meeting.
+
+
+_Membership Committee_
+
+MR. WALKER:
+
+From our increase in membership--forty new members--and from their
+addresses, one is able to judge of the work of Prof. Neilson, he being
+very active in obtaining new members. There are others of our members
+who also have been active and to whom credit is due for the increase in
+membership.
+
+An analysis of the membership of the past six years indicates that we
+are on the increase again. We have retained over 90% of those who were
+members last year. I feel as though we need not try to get everybody in
+the world to plant nut trees. But there is no reason why we should not
+greatly increase our membership.
+
+
+_Program Committee_
+
+PROF. NEILSON:
+
+At nine o'clock tomorrow morning busses will be at the hotel to take us
+to the Kellogg plant. About 10:30 we will proceed to the sanitarium. We
+will try and meet at the Kellogg Hotel at 12:00 P.M. where we are to be
+the guest of Mr. W. K. Kellogg for luncheon. After lunch, at one
+o'clock, we will board the busses and proceed to the Kellogg farm. At
+the farm we will look over the buildings for a few minutes, call at the
+Kellogg School, and then stop for a few moments and look over our
+bittersweet plantation. Then we will go on to the Kellogg Bird Sanctuary
+and see what is being done there in conserving wild fowl.
+
+After we leave the sanctuary we will visit a block of about fifteen
+acres of hickory trees, where I have been doing top working experiments
+for the last three or four years. Then we will inspect our variety
+plantation of nut trees and proceed to Mr. Kellogg's estate. At 5:30 the
+Kellogg Company will provide motor boats to take us for a cruise on Gull
+Lake. At 6:30 we will have our dinner at Bunbury Inn on Gull Lake and
+then have a few addresses and a business session.
+
+
+_Report of Committee on Hybrids and Promising Seedlings_
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN:
+
+One or two interesting seedlings have come to our attention during the
+past year. One a hickory nut that was drawn to the attention of the
+Pennsylvania Nut Growers' Association January last. It is a rather good
+nut and bears very well. I think Mr. Hershey has some of the trees for
+sale.
+
+The other, a very interesting shellbark, came to my attention. The nut
+is large, the best cracker for a shellbark that I have seen, the tree
+itself is beautiful and, although the party who owns it says it bears
+every other year, it seems to me to produce a good many nuts every year
+that I have seen it.
+
+Another, probably worthless, but interesting, seems to me to be an
+English walnut x butternut hybrid. The party insists she planted walnuts
+from a typical English walnut tree, but the trees from these nuts, of
+which there are a number bearing small nuts, certainly have the earmarks
+of the butternut. These plants will be kept under observation and a
+later report given concerning them.
+
+We have a number of first generation hybrids, but so far as I am aware
+we have no second or following generation hybrids in the nut line. It
+seems to me that if we plant a lot of the nuts from these first
+generation hybrids and, when the plants are large enough, distribute
+them to parties who will give them space and care for them until they
+come into bearing, somebody sooner or later will get hold of some
+valuable material. Work along this line I expect to advance through our
+committee as rapidly as practical. It seems to me that the seedlings of
+our first generation hybrids should not be destroyed as has frequently
+been done in the past.
+
+PROF. NEILSON:
+
+I have seen quite a few hybrids between the heartnut and the butternut.
+I believe the Mitchel is about the best.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS:
+
+We found that the tree had stood the winter very well and that it was
+bearing a good crop. We brought along a few samples labeled the Mitchel
+hybrid heartnut. It looked to me to be a promising nut.
+
+PROF. NEILSON:
+
+Mr. Mitchel thought it was a worthless butternut. I told Mr. Mitchel
+that I thought it was well worth saving and I hope that one of these
+days we shall succeed in propagating it.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+Mr. Stokes, in Virginia, has located some black walnuts that will be
+excellent. Mr. Hershey's name and work have been mentioned. He writes me
+that the territory of the Tennessee Valley is a wonderful lay-out and he
+is putting on a contest for different kinds of nuts. He may have some
+desirable nuts to present later on.
+
+MR. SLATE:
+
+If Mr. Reed is not planning to discuss those Jones hybrids in his paper
+I wish he, or someone else who is acquainted with them, would make some
+remarks to be placed on record.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+We think that the two most promising of the Jones hybrids are numbers 92
+and 200. Those were Mr. Jones' own numbers. About three years ago we
+began making an intensive study of them. Ninety-two seemed to bear
+better and be a little more promising than 200, and so it was named
+first. It was named Buchanan in honor of the only president of the
+United States who came from Pennsylvania. Last year number 200 showed up
+so favorably that it seemed well to name that one also, so just about a
+year ago the name of Bixby was suggested and it met with universal
+approval. That, I think, is all that I have to say about the hybrids. We
+are watching them very closely.
+
+From here east we had a very severe winter last year. Apple orchards
+very, very old were killed all through the east and with them thousands
+and thousands of English walnut trees. In Washington we have practically
+no crop of filberts and our English walnuts were affected generally.
+
+We have yet to find a single hybrid between black walnut and English
+walnut which appears to be promising. There is a record, but I think we
+should have brought to our attention from time to time what was known as
+the James River hybrid. It was an enormous black walnut tree that grew
+on the James River near Jamestown. It was visited in 1928 by Mr. Karl
+Greene and Mr. Hershey. Mr. Greene said that the tree measured thirteen
+feet in circumference. You don't often see trees as large as that in any
+part of the country. That is in a part of the country where the English
+walnut has not done well. The tree must have been somewhere around 200
+years old when it died. It was probably grown from a hybrid between an
+English walnut and a black walnut. Our American colonists brought the
+English walnut with them about the same time they brought our first
+apples and peaches and plums and everything else. This tree throws some
+light on the question as to when the first English walnut first came to
+this country.
+
+A week ago yesterday I was riding along a country road down in Maryland.
+I saw a row of trees. One tree in the middle of that row was as big as
+any other three there. I slowed up and looked at them more closely. The
+large tree was a hybrid and the others were not.
+
+
+_Committee on Exhibits_:
+
+On the tables Prof. Neilson has a number of plates of the northern pecan
+at its best. Besides that he has two remarkable specimens of hybrid
+hickories. One is a McCallister, and the other is of unknown origin.
+There are also on the tables other remarkable nuts grown in this part of
+the United States, in Ontario and in British Columbia. There are
+chestnuts, English walnuts, Japanese heartnuts and others.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+You will recall that one year ago I was made custodian of the back
+records of the association. Within two weeks of the time of last year's
+meeting I personally procured the reports which were stacked away in Mr.
+Bixby's barn, and took them to Washington. A little later Dr. Deming and
+the late Mr. Russell made a trip to Redding, Connecticut, and sent me
+500 pounds of back reports. Still later Mr. Karl Greene brought to me
+about another 500 pounds of reports. I had then about 1900 pounds. We
+put them in the basement of the building where our office was and then
+we began to move around. It began to cost something to move them.
+
+I communicated with Mr. Slate and found that there was abundant space at
+Geneva, and the authorities were willing that they should be housed
+there. So I had the reports tied up and arranged with a truck man to
+move them to Geneva. I made the arrangements with a man who agreed to
+move them for $25. Then he backed out. I didn't feel like incurring a
+greater expense by sending them by railroad, so I waited until last week
+and took a bundle from each year in my own car. They are in the
+secretary's care at Geneva at the present time. The rest of the reports
+will presently be stored in Mr. Littlepage's packing shed out in his
+apple orchard. There are still a few reports in the Bixby's barn and Dr.
+Deming can tell how many more he has.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+Each current report will be sold at $1.00 per copy and old reports at
+50c a copy. If someone wanted an entire set we would sell all eighteen
+or nineteen numbers now for $6.00.
+
+The American Fruit Grower, published in Cleveland, Ohio, has agreed to
+have the magazine appear as the official journal of the Northern Nut
+Growers' Association.
+
+MR. J. T. BREGGER:
+
+We will deem it a privilege, and I'm sure an obligation, to take on this
+responsibility of acting as official journal of your society and give to
+you at least a column each month. We are already acting as official
+organ of other horticultural societies and it seems to work out very
+well. In addition to the column that your secretary would have each
+month you could run further articles on nut growing, which would be of
+additional interest to your members. You would have some 150,000 of our
+readers who are interested in fruit growing, and who would be interested
+in nut growing, as possible new members for your organization. They
+would receive your announcements and articles each month and you could
+get in touch with them, through that column, for additional membership.
+
+MR. WALKER:
+
+I move that the American Fruit Grower be made the official organ of the
+Northern Nut Growers' Association, that the secretary be the official
+correspondent with the American Fruit Grower, that the subscription
+price be paid by the treasurer direct to the American Fruit Grower, that
+the present membership fee remain the same, two dollars, to all members,
+with the privilege of receiving the American Fruit Grower. The motion
+was seconded by Prof. Neilson.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+Mr. Ellis has offered to donate $10.00 this year, if it is necessary, to
+apply on subscriptions for the membership. I don't know that we will
+have to call on him for this but it is certainly a display of fine
+spirit.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+I want to express my great satisfaction that the American Fruit Grower
+has offered to act as our official organ on such advantageous terms.
+Fourteen years ago, before Mr. Bregger's career as an editor began, I
+edited a nut column in the Fruit Grower. The motion was carried.
+
+The following named were elected as committee to nominate officers for
+next year: Dr. Deming, Colonel Mitchell, Professor Neilson, Mr. Weber,
+and Dr. Colby.
+
+Resolutions Committee: Professor Slate, Mr. C. A. Reed, and Dr. Colby.
+
+Motion was duly made, seconded and carried that; honorary membership in
+this association may be conferred upon any person by a majority vote of
+members present at any business session or by letter ballot of members
+in good standing and honorary membership should be conferred only on
+individuals who have rendered outstanding or meritorious service in
+connection with the promotion of interest in nut bearing plants, their
+products and their culture.
+
+Mr. W. K. Kellogg and Dr. John H. Kellogg were nominated for honorary
+members of the Association and unanimously elected.
+
+
+
+
+The Dietetic Importance of Nuts
+
+_By_ DR. JOHN HARVEY KELLOGG, _Michigan_
+
+
+Nuts, which supply the finest edible fats and proteins which science has
+discovered, occupy the smallest place in the nation's food budget of any
+of our substantial native foods. This is a remarkable situation well
+worthy of consideration in view of the fact that, according to Prof.
+Elliot of Oxford University and the eminent Prof. Ami of Montreal, and
+many other paleontologists, nuts were the chief diet of the earliest
+representatives of the race who appeared in the Eocene period of
+geologic time. At that time, according to Prof. Elliot, the regions
+inhabited by man bore great forests of walnut, hickory, and other nut
+trees, the fossil relics of which are found in great abundance in
+association with the remains of prehistoric man. It is significant,
+also, that man's nearest relatives, the gorilla, orangutan, and
+chimpanzee still stick to the original bill of fare. I once made an ape
+so angry by offering him a bit of meat that he threatened to attack me
+and finally, as I persisted in offering him the meat, seized it and
+flung it as far away as possible, then scrubbed his soiled hand with
+dust and wiped it on the grass to get rid of the taint of the meat. He
+gave every evidence of feeling deeply insulted. Biology classifies man
+as a primate along with the great apes and, according to the great
+Cuvier, assigns to him along with other primates, a diet consisting of
+nuts, fruits, soft grains, tender shoots and succulent roots.
+
+The great ice sheet which crept down over the greater part of the
+northern hemisphere during the glacial period destroyed the nut forests.
+The greater part of the primate family, including man, moved South and
+survive today in Central Africa, where, along with their furry cousins,
+the gorilla and the chimpanzee, they still adhere to a dietary almost
+wholly of plant foods. Those who remained behind were compelled to
+resort to a flesh diet to avoid starvation. Flesh eating naturally led
+to cannibalism, and the historians tell us that only a few thousand
+years ago, the survivors of the glacial terrors who roamed the British
+Isles, from which the ancestors of most Americans emigrated, roamed the
+forests clad in the skins of animals and feasted upon their enemies.
+
+When the grain-eating Romans conquered and civilized our barbarian
+ancestors and taught them agriculture, plant foods again became the
+chief sources of nutriment, but a meat appetite had been developed and
+is still characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race, while most of the rest
+of the world are almost exclusively plant feeders. Four hundred millions
+of Chinese eat so little meat that it is, in the case of south China,
+not even mentioned in the national food budget. Sixty millions of
+Japanese eat an average of 4 pounds per capita. Two hundred millions of
+East Indians never taste meat. As a matter of fact, only Americans,
+English, Germans and Scandinavians are large meat eaters.
+
+Evidently, the American meat appetite as well as the American sugar
+tooth is enormously exaggerated. It is somewhat encouraging, however, to
+note that the eating habits of the American people are changing. Within
+a generation, and especially since the World War, there has been a
+notable change in the national bill of fare.
+
+More cereals are consumed than formerly, but the greatest per capita
+increase is shown in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and
+especially greenstuffs, such as lettuce, spinach, kale, and other
+greens. This increase in the use of certain foods is not due to the fact
+that the American appetite is increasing or the American stomach
+enlarging, but to the spread among the people of scientific information
+concerning nutrition.
+
+Through experiments upon rats and various other animals, including man
+himself, fundamental principles have been discovered and a real science
+of nutrition has been developed, the axioms, formulae, and basic ideas
+of which are as clearly established as are those of geometry and
+chemistry. We are no longer left to be led astray by guess-work or fancy
+in supplying our nutritive needs, and have verified the truth so aptly
+expressed by that shrewd old Roman philosopher, Seneca, who said, "There
+is nothing against which we ought to be more on our guard than, like a
+flock of sheep, following the crowd of those who preceded us."
+
+This change in the eating habits of the American people has been brought
+about by disillusionment respecting the importance of meats. Fifty years
+ago, every physiologist taught that the liberal consumption of meat was
+essential. This idea was based, first, upon the supposition that
+protein, the chief constituent of lean meat, is the most important
+source of energy; and, second, the belief that food of animal origin is
+better adapted to human sustenance than plant foods, through having
+undergone a process of refinement and concentration in the
+transformation from plant to animal. Modern studies of nutrition have
+shown that both these ideas are without scientific basis.
+
+Unfortunately for the nut-growing industry, and still more unfortunately
+for the American people, the claims of nuts to consideration in this
+re-adjustment of the bill of fare have been generally overlooked, and it
+seems evident that the only hope for the nut industry lies in the
+creation of a larger demand for these nutrients from the plant world by
+acquainting the public with their superlative merits. Of course, room
+must be made for the increased intake of nuts by lessened consumption of
+something which nuts may advantageously replace in the bill of fare.
+Most nuts consist almost exclusively of proteins and fat. Proteins and
+fats likewise are almost the sole constituents of meat. Nuts are thus
+the vegetable analogues of meat and are competitors for a place on the
+bill of fare.
+
+Physiologists are agreed that the American people are eating too much
+meat, and it is the general spread of this conviction that has lessened
+the consumption of flesh foods in this country and has crippled the
+packing industry.
+
+A few years ago, the meat packers, finding that the consumption of meat
+had fallen off nearly one-fourth since the beginning of the century,
+began a vigorous campaign of publicity to increase the demand for their
+products. A special board was established for the purpose and through
+the activities of this board an enormous amount of misinformation has
+been broadcasted which has influenced a number of people to "eat more
+meat to save the live stock industry," to use the packers' appealing
+slogan and incidentally to help the packing industry, and there has
+been some increase in the use of pork, although the falling off in the
+consumption of beef has continued in spite of unscrupulous efforts to
+deceive and mislead the people, to their injury.
+
+The two greatest obstacles in the way of the nut growing industry are
+the ignorance of the people with respect to the value of nuts as staple
+foods and the frantic efforts being made by those interested in the meat
+industry to increase the demand for their products.
+
+A counter campaign of education is needed to set before the people the
+true facts as revealed by modern chemical and bacteriological research,
+by the discoveries of nutrition laboratories and by the clinical
+observations of thousands of eminent clinicians.
+
+The false claims for meat must be met, for it is only by lessening the
+consumption of meat that room can be made for the dietetic use of nuts.
+Here are some of the errors that should be corrected.
+
+
+Claim 1
+
+That meat is an essential food staple, and that without it there would
+result loss of vitality and of individual and racial stamina.
+
+No respectable physiologist will support this claim today, although half
+a century ago all physiologists held these now obsolete views.
+
+
+Claim 2
+
+That flesh foods are necessary for blood building, especially red meats,
+because of their iron content.
+
+This claim is wholly without scientific support. Modern experiments have
+shown that anemic animals recover most quickly on a diet rich in plant
+iron. Green foods have been proven to be sources of the best iron, which
+is associated with chlorophyl.
+
+The iron of meat has been once used and is of the same sort as that
+which the body throws away. It is inferior to the iron of green plants,
+from which the ox makes his red blood.
+
+Nuts contain a rich store of this precious plant iron, as do also beans.
+
+
+Claim 3
+
+That beef and other flesh meats are muscle and strength builders par
+excellence.
+
+This claim no longer has scientific support. Sugar is fuel of the body
+engine. When the butcher's daughter, Gertrude Ederle, failed in her
+first attempt to swim the English Channel, she very justly charged her
+collapse before reaching the English shore to the mutton stew her
+trainer gave her before starting. When in a second attempt, she adopted
+my suggestion through a mutual acquaintance, to eat sugar instead of
+meat, she made a world record. This practice is, I believe, now adopted
+by all successful channel swimmers.
+
+Non-flesh eaters are far superior to meat-eaters in endurance under
+special strains.
+
+When Dempsey defeated the Argentinean giant, he had trained on modest
+allowances of meat and his last meal had consisted of vitamin-rich fresh
+vegetables, while Firpo loaded himself up with steaks and chops.
+
+When Battling Nelson lost his championship, he explained to a newspaper
+reporter, "'Twas the beefsteak that done it. I swiped an extra beefsteak
+when my trainer was not looking, and it made me tired."
+
+De Lesseps, the famous French engineer, became a confirmed and
+enthusiastic flesh abstainer when he found his sturdy beef-fed
+Englishmen could not compete in work on the Suez Canal with the Arab
+laborers, who subsisted on wheat bread and onions, as did the builders
+of the pyramids, according to Herodotus, 5,000 years before. He
+declared, in fact, that without the hardy Arabs, he could not have done
+the work.
+
+Theodore Roosevelt, in his story of his East Africa hunting expedition,
+said in Scribners Magazine that a horse with a heavy man on his back
+could always run down a lion fleeing for his life in a mile and a half.
+
+
+Claim 4
+
+That a man can live on a flesh or muscle meat diet such as chops and
+steaks.
+
+The famous pedestrian, Weston, informed me that on his long walks, he
+never ate meat and on his walk across the continent lived on corn flakes
+and milk.
+
+Carl Mann, a grocer's clerk not professionally trained, competing in a
+government supervised walking race from Dresden to Berlin, 123 miles,
+against the picked pedestrians of the German army and several
+professionals, won easily on a fleshless diet consisting of nuts and
+fresh vegetables which he pulled out of the vegetable gardens as he
+hurried by. The only protein he ate was derived from nuts.
+
+The Tarahumari Indians of Mexico are the most tireless runners in the
+world. Their ancestors were the dispatch runners of Montezuma in
+pre-Colombian days, and they still adhere to the simple plant regimen of
+their forbears.
+
+At the time of the Boxer uprising in China some years ago, the rice-fed
+Japanese were the first to arrive of the military representatives of
+numerous nations who raced to the rescue of the foreign embassies
+besieged by the fanatical and bloodthirsty Boxers.
+
+
+Claim 5
+
+That a man can live and enjoy good health for a year or many years on a
+purely flesh or muscle-meat diet.
+
+The packers' much heralded Stefansson stunt of living a year on an
+exclusive meat diet was a discreditable fake. Stefansson did not live on
+a meat diet, but on a diet consisting of one-fifth protein and
+four-fifths fat (caloric intake). When compelled against his protest to
+eat steaks and chops, he was made very ill with acidosis within two
+days, vomiting and purging so violently that he was compelled to make a
+complete and immediate change. Prof. Newburgh of our State University
+stated that Stefansson ate no more real muscle meat than the average man
+usually eats. The Stefansson experiment proved but one thing, namely,
+that a man even when accustomed to a meat diet, cannot live on lean meat
+alone for more than two days without becoming ill.
+
+Dr. Newburgh produced nephritis, or acute inflammation of the kidneys,
+in rats by feeding them exclusively on meat for a few weeks.
+
+
+Claim 6
+
+That Eskimos thrive on a meat diet.
+
+Captain McMillan who accompanied Peary on his discovery of the North
+Pole, a year or two ago informed me that the Eskimo is short lived. That
+he becomes at 50 years very old and useless and at 55 infirm and
+helpless, and rarely lives to the age of 60 years.
+
+The Arctic traveler Stefansson said to me, "I do not claim to have
+proven that a man can live better or longer on a flesh diet, but only
+that he can live. Of course the scientific argument is against such a
+diet."
+
+Prof. Irving Fisher of Yale University some years ago made a series of
+endurance tests in which the endurance of the athletes of the Yale
+gymnasium was compared with that of physicians and men nurses of the
+Battle Creek Sanitarium. As Prof. Fisher said in his report, which was
+published in the Yale Scientific Review, the endurance of the Battle
+Creek flesh-abstainers was found to be not only "greater" in all the
+tests, but far greater. In the arm holding (arms extended sidewise)
+tests, the Battle Creek men held their arms out longer than any Yale man
+and nine times as long as the same number of Yale men.
+
+Vegetarian bicyclists have for many years held all the championships in
+endurance riding tests from Land's End to John O'Groats.
+
+Through Finland's minister to the United States I have learned that
+Nurmi, the Finnish runner whose record stands unequalled, was trained on
+a non-flesh dietary.
+
+The Great War taught the world among many other important lessons, the
+fact that meat may be dispensed with not only without injury, but with
+great and very definite benefits.
+
+During the World War, Denmark sold her cattle to Germany and reduced her
+meat ration to a very low minimum, with the result that her death rate
+was reduced one-third.
+
+In Germany, where at the beginning of the war the cattle were killed to
+save food and a practically meatless ration was maintained for more than
+three years, diabetes, Bright's disease, and many other chronic maladies
+were reduced in frequency to an extraordinary degree. After the war, as
+I was informed by the medical director of one of the largest life
+insurance companies in this country, it was discovered that the death
+losses among the company's German policy holders, not excepting war
+casualties, were far below the prewar average.
+
+The Chittenden standard now universally accepted, fixes the protein
+intake at 10 per cent of the total ration. This leaves little room for
+meat, and not a few authorities reduce the protein to a still lower
+level.
+
+For some years, McCollum of Johns Hopkins has been calling attention to
+the evils of the "meat and bread" diet, which he declares to be about
+the worst diet one can adopt, and adds, "We could entirely dispense with
+meats without suffering any ill effects whatever."
+
+Chalmers Watson of Edinburgh found that rats on a lean meat diet
+deteriorated so rapidly that after two or three generations they became
+deformed and dwarfed and ceased to reproduce.
+
+The International Scientific Food Commission appointed by the Allies at
+the time of the Great War and charged with the duty of fixing the
+minimum ration of different food essentials, declared it to be
+unnecessary to fix a minimum meat ration, "in view of the fact that no
+absolute physiological need exists for meat, since the proteins of meat
+can be replaced by other proteins of animal origin, such as those
+contained in milk, cheese and eggs, as well as by proteins of vegetable
+origin."
+
+It is evident from the above facts that an effort to induce the American
+people to eat less meat and more nuts would do no harm and should prove
+substantially beneficial.
+
+A leading textbook on "Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics" by Carter, Howe
+and Mason of Columbia University, calls attention to the encouraging
+fact that "Of late there has been a distinct reaction in the meat-eating
+of the wealthier classes, and one sees less meat and more vegetable
+habits as they progress upward in the scale of civilization. Also, on
+account of their sedentary habits, people find that the ingestion of
+considerable quantities of animal protein, with the consequent increase
+in intestinal putrefaction, gives rise to symptoms of toxemia, which
+have assumed a very definite place in the pathology of disease."
+
+That meat enormously increases intestinal putrefaction cannot be
+questioned. It is this fact which makes the difference between the
+excreta of a dog or lion and that of a cow or horse. All carnivorous
+animals suffer from autointoxication.
+
+The eminent pathologist of the Philadelphia Zoo states that all dogs
+over three years of age have hardened arteries, while horses practically
+never show arterial changes even when very old.
+
+Dr. Charles Mayo states that three out of four dogs over 12 years have
+cancer.
+
+I quote the following paragraphs from a poster prepared some years ago
+as a reply to "Meat Is Wholesome" poster distributed by the packers
+through the post office department which presents ample evidence that
+meat is by no means always wholesome:
+
+A bacteriological examination made in the laboratory of the Battle Creek
+Sanitarium of fresh meats purchased at seven different markets, all in
+apparently fresh condition, showed the following number of bacteria per
+ounce:
+
+                 Bacteria Per Ounce
+  Beefsteak       37,500,000-   45,000,000
+  Pork Chops       5,100,000-   87,000,000
+  Beef Liver       3,000,000-  945,000,000
+  Corned Beef        300,000-  910,000,000
+  Hamburger Steak  5,100,000-2,250,000,000
+  Pork Liver       3,000,000-2,862,000,000
+
+The above figures agree with the findings of Tissier, Distaso, Weinzirl,
+Farger, Walpole, and other bacteriological authorities.
+
+
+The Fresh Droppings of Animals
+
+            Bacteria Per Ounce
+  Calf             450,000,000
+  Horse            750,000,000
+  Goat           2,070,000,000
+  Cow            2,400,000,000
+  Oyster Juice     102,000,000
+
+The bacteria in meats are identical in character with those of manure,
+and are more numerous in some meats than in fresh manure. All meats
+become infected with manure germs in the process of slaughtering, and
+the number increases the longer the meat is kept in storage.
+
+Ordinary cooking does not destroy all of the germs of meat.
+
+The importance of suppressing this intestinal putrefaction is becoming
+more and more evident as medical investigation and discoveries are
+continually bringing out new facts which show an intimate relation
+between intestinal poisons and many chronic maladies, including gall
+bladder disease, high blood pressure, heart disease which kills 300,000
+Americans annually, Bright's disease, insanity and premature senility.
+Many physicians are on this account saying daily to patients, "Eat less
+meat." "Cut out beefsteak and chops," and "Change your intestinal flora
+so as to clear your coated tongue and eliminate the poison that taints
+your breath."
+
+Nuts have the great advantage that although richer in protein than is
+meat, they are much less putrescible. Fresh meats are practically always
+in a state of putrefaction when eaten while nuts are delivered to us by
+the generous hand of Nature in aseptic packages, ready to eat, and
+presenting pure nutriment in the most condensed and refined form known
+to science. Fresh meats are always contaminated with colon and
+putrefactive germs with which they become contaminated in the
+slaughtering process. If flesh is to be used as food, animals should be
+killed with the same antiseptic precautions which are employed in modern
+surgery. This is never done, and within a few days after killing, the
+flesh of a slaughtered animal is swarming with colon germs, and when
+long kept for use of hotels and many restaurants, is covered with a
+beard of green mold. Such food is fit only for scavengers. Hamburger
+steak and pork liver often contain more manure germs than the fresh
+droppings of animals.
+
+The liberal substitution of nuts for meats would save billions annually.
+
+According to Prof. Baker, of the Department of Agriculture, fully 80 per
+cent of the total feed and food products in the United States is
+consumed by live stock. Most of these animals are consumed as food.
+
+The enormous loss involved is shown by the fact that 100 pounds of
+digestible foodstuffs are required to produce 3 pounds of beef.
+
+According to an announcement by the United States Bureau of Statistics,
+the per capita annual cost of meat in the United States is more than
+$80.00, which totals for the whole population nearly $10,000,000,000 per
+annum.
+
+Prof. Baker suggests that the annual per capita consumption of meat
+might without injury be reduced from the present 170 pounds to fifty
+pounds, which would make a saving of $6,000,000,000 at least, for
+$1,000,000,000 would easily supply from nuts and other plant sources
+more than enough food to replace the discarded meats.
+
+The general belief that nuts are an expensive food is an error. When a
+man pays a dollar for three pounds of steak, he is probably not aware of
+the fact that three-fourths of what he buys is simply water, so that the
+actual solid nutriment purchased amounts to not more than three-quarters
+of a pound, making the actual cost of the water-free food $1.33 per
+pound.
+
+Two pounds of almonds or other nut meats which might be purchased at the
+same cost, would yield twice as much and better food.
+
+If the whole beef industry were wiped out, the country would be the
+gainer.
+
+What the nut industry needs most is a campaign of education to tell the
+American public about the superior values of nuts and to correct the
+errors broadcasted by the Meat Board. The public must not only be taught
+the value of nuts as set forth in Mr. Russell's admirable book, but
+should be encouraged by government aid to plant nut trees on barren
+mountain sides and areas devastated by lumbering operations. If every
+lumberman had been required by law to plant a nut tree for every ten
+timber trees cut down during the last 50 years, a food source would have
+been provided which would insure more than an ample supply of precious
+protein and satisfying fat to feed 120,000,000 of Americans if the
+cereal food crops were destroyed by a drouth or predatory insects.
+
+If nut trees were planted along all our highways and railway
+thoroughfares, a food crop would be produced of greater nutrient value
+than that yielded at the present time by the entire live stock industry.
+
+That an educational campaign may be made to succeed was shown by the
+experience of the raisin producers of California.
+
+Some years ago, when the raisin industry was prostrate, I received a
+letter from the secretary of an association organized for the purpose of
+trying to revive the industry, asking for information concerning the
+food value of raisins. I called attention to the fact that the raisin is
+rich in food iron and a good source for this food mineral and suggested
+that if the people were made acquainted with this fact through a broad
+advertising campaign, the demand for this delectable fruit might be
+greatly increased. "Have you eaten your iron?" soon appeared in the
+newspapers throughout the land, and the raisin farmers of California
+found it necessary to enlarge their vineyards.
+
+A discouraging feature of the nut industry to beginners is the long time
+required to bring trees to bearing. On this account, it seems to me that
+state and federal governments should lend the industry a helping hand. I
+would suggest that this association should instruct its president and
+secretary to make an earnest effort to persuade state and federal
+governments to give more attention to the planting of nut trees in their
+reforesting operations.
+
+A broad belt of nut trees running the length of the great timberline
+which is to be created for the protection of the western states from a
+recurrence of drouth, might prove a more dependable protection to our
+food supply than the possible effect of a narrow strip of woodland upon
+the country's climate.
+
+I append a table which shows the high food value of nuts as compared
+with other common foods. One pound of walnut meats equals in food value
+each of the following:
+
+                     Pounds
+  Beef loin, lean     4.00
+  Beef ribs, lean     6.50
+  Beef neck, lean     9.50
+  Veal                5.50
+  Mutton leg, lean    4.20
+  Ham, lean           3.00
+  Fowls               4.00
+  Chicken, broilers  10.00
+  Red Bass           25.00
+  Trout               4.80
+  Frog's legs        15.00
+  Oysters            13.50
+  Lobsters           22.00
+  Eggs                5.00
+  Milk                9.50
+  Evaporated cream    4.00
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+I am sure everyone feels that the trip here would be worth while if we
+didn't receive another bit of information but your paper, and they would
+really like to develop some kind of an ailment so that they could place
+themselves under your care.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+About five years ago I spent a few hours here in Battle Creek, largely
+as a guest of Dr. Kellogg over at his home. While I was there he
+introduced me to quite a variety of soy bean products and he rather
+disturbed me by telling me that beans had much the same food values as
+nuts. He reminded me that you could grow a crop of beans every year. You
+can't be sure of doing that with nut trees. He gave me an economic idea
+to think about. I wonder if he has anything to say about beans now. Are
+beans going to supplant nuts?
+
+DR. KELLOGG:
+
+I confess that it seems to me, from a practical and economic standpoint,
+that the soy bean is a very strong rival of the nut industry. I would
+like to inquire how many acres are at the present time planted in nuts.
+How many acres have been added in the last twenty years? There are, at
+the present time, more than 3,000,000 acres of soy beans being planted
+every year. It has only been a short time since they were first
+introduced and there are more being planted every year.
+
+I believe that the government ought to take an interest in this matter
+of nut tree planting, for I believe that is the best way in which it can
+be promoted. I have for several years been trying to find someone who
+has made a fortune out of raising nuts but I have not yet found such a
+man. I believe, however, that it is a veritable gold mine of value but
+will have to have governmental aid. I think the government should
+require all of these slaughtering lumbermen to plant nut trees in the
+place of the trees they are cutting down.
+
+MR. CORSAN:
+
+The nut tree is one of the things that will make the boys and girls of
+the farm love their homes. In a few years boys and girls will be going
+back to a beautiful farm, not to pig pens, but where there are beautiful
+trees.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Culture Work of the Living Tree Guild
+
+_By_ MISS DOROTHY C. SAWYER, _New York_
+
+
+The Living Tree Guild appreciates the privilege of presenting a paper at
+the silver anniversary convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association. We feel in a humble mood when talking to you. We are new
+comers in the field and the work we have done in furthering interest in
+the subject of northern nut culture is only taking what you have created
+and endeavoring to make it intelligible and useful to the public. It is
+something which arouses our enthusiasm. We have great faith in the value
+of planting grafted nut trees in the North. This new resource for
+beautifying and making idle land productive is no longer restricted to
+this small group of nut culturists, but it is now practical, for anyone
+with a little land and the urge to grow things, to enjoy the planting of
+nut trees.
+
+Our function is in educating more people to an appreciation of what
+improved nut trees are and what they can do as they are at present
+developed. Nut growing is just beginning to come into its own and the
+nut tree should take its place as a valuable shade tree, should be
+included in the home orchard and used as a paying crop by the farmer in
+the North. The Guild is especially interested in introducing and
+popularizing new horticultural developments. It publishes a new type of
+tree as a publisher does a book. We serve as a connecting link between
+the horticulturist and the layman, aiming to coordinate the work of
+horticulturists and to interpret the meaning of this work to prospective
+planters of trees. We act as a sort of educational sieve, our aim being
+to extend the number of tree planters. This is a sales job and the
+Living Tree Guild is a sales organization. We work through the press by
+means of conservative advertising and publicity articles, through
+personal contact by means of exhibits and individual interviews and
+through the mails by means of carefully prepared bulletins of
+information and well selected photographs. We work to gather all the
+authentic information and offer this to our customers as a unique
+service. Frankly we believe that there is no other organization in the
+country that is as closely associated as we are with the authorities on
+tree planting. Dr. Morris, whom we all know as the dean of northern nut
+culture, is a member of our Board of Advisors.
+
+In order to symbolize the grafted nut tree the Guild has adopted a brand
+name, Guild Pedigree, based on the fact that the mother trees have been
+carefully selected and are well known for their quality. Experiments
+have shown that they represent a selected family line and develop true
+to its characteristics.
+
+We have been in touch with northern nut tree planting for a good many
+years, but our sales work has been limited to the past three years
+which, of course, means that we have never tried to sell nut trees in
+so-called normal times. Yet Guild Pedigrees have bucked these economic
+obstacles and they are becoming recognized as offering a remarkable
+opportunity to the business man who has property and to the busy farmer
+to make their idle land productive with a minimum amount of care and
+attention. They realize that the difficult operation of grafting has
+been successfully accomplished and that they need only prepare the
+ground for planting according to the character of the soil and with a
+little pruning and cultivation within a few years may be assured of a
+new type of crop for which there is a growing demand. They recognize the
+value of these trees over ordinary fruit trees which require numerous
+sprayings a year and whose extremely perishable crop must be carefully
+picked from the trees. Everyone knows that a certain amount of effort is
+required to get good returns from farming, but comparatively speaking
+improved nut trees have a decided advantage in their facility of growth,
+which means that they can be planted by a much wider range of growers
+than almost any other kind of crop.
+
+In all of this we speak primarily of the black walnut which we recognize
+as the best nut tree for extensive planting in the North. We believe the
+hazel hybrids and filberts are of value as a secondary nut crop, as
+fillers-in between the black walnuts or used as ornamental bushes for
+screening around the grounds. Where local conditions justify it we
+recommend that the home orchard include a variety of nut trees, the
+English walnut, the northern pecan, certain hybrid hickories and a
+highly blight-resistant chestnut. The Guild has realized from the start
+that most laymen know little or nothing about the planting of nut trees.
+We, therefore, work with them individually, advising them in detail on
+their particular plantings. We keep a record of all Guild Pedigree nut
+trees, particularly of the black walnut, each one of which bears a tag
+with a serial number. We keep a record of this number and are gradually
+building up a case history of each tree, in so far as possible, in some
+instances complete with photographs. We include the conditions under
+which the tree was planted, whether as an orchard or as an ornamental
+tree, the amount of care and attention given it and its gradual
+development and increase in bearing. This is also being done with every
+tree that is included in the experimental orchard the Guild is operating
+in the Connecticut River valley.
+
+The data that we are obtaining in this way is aiding us in publishing
+the latest authentic information on what happens when nut trees are
+planted by laymen under varying conditions. We believe these records
+will be a unique contribution of the Guild to northern nut culture. By
+this means we can already point to certain Guild Pedigrees as having
+made unusual growth or only average development, together with the
+probable explanation, and of course to some that have died from natural
+causes or from attacks by woodchucks or the like. We can offer records
+of plantings of Pedigrees that have been made in practically all the
+leading states, Canada and even abroad. Perhaps one of the most
+interesting case histories is that of Pedigree No. 1527 which was
+planted in the spring of 1932 as a Washington Bicentennial tree. This
+tree, set as a single specimen, came into full leaf immediately after
+planting and a year later was all of seven feet tall and had three
+mature black walnuts for its first crop. It is the proud possession of
+two small boys.
+
+Young as we are in the field we have given authentic information on the
+planting of northern nut trees to several thousands of tree lovers. We
+have found a definite demand for detailed knowledge, and recognition of
+our work has been shown by the great interests in exhibits we have
+staged and from several awards which we have received from such
+organizations as the Horticultural Society of New York. An analysis
+shows that Guild nut tree plantings range from the true farmer to the
+gentleman farmer, from the small lot owner to the owner of hundreds of
+acres of non-dividend paying land, from the keen horticulturist to the
+youth who is taking his first step in following a fascinating new hobby.
+
+The selling of nut trees is a very special problem. It is not like
+selling other kinds of trees. We recognize the fact that those who plant
+Pedigree nut trees are in a class by themselves and we, therefore, set
+up a separate department for them, making a special study of the
+subject. We feel certain that there is a great future ahead for nut
+growing in the North with our associations cooperating in the
+distribution of information and stock developed from actual
+experimentation over a period of years. Above all it is important to
+understand what others are doing, and appreciate that the commercial
+side should go hand in hand with the purely horticultural.
+
+
+
+
+Progress Report on Nut Growing in the Ithaca, N. Y. Region
+
+_By_ DR. L. H. MACDANIELS
+
+_New York_
+
+
+The status of nut growing in the Ithaca region was reported at the
+Washington, D. C. meeting of this association in 1932. Since that time
+there has been little change in the situation except that a few more of
+the varieties have come into bearing, and the severe winter of 1933-34
+has injured the trees of many varieties.
+
+The plantings in the vicinity of Ithaca are confined chiefly to those of
+the Department of Pomology at Cornell University, and those of Mr. S. H.
+Graham who is a member of this association and has been planting nut
+trees for many years. Other than these there are only scattered trees
+either native or planted around the dooryards by amateurs without any
+very keen interest in northern nut growing. The purpose of the plantings
+at Cornell University is primarily to test out varieties for their
+suitability for growing in the rather rigorous climate of the region.
+Farmers and others throughout New York state look to the experiment
+stations for information regarding the possibilities of nut culture and
+the varieties which might be planted to advantage.
+
+As has been pointed out previously, the number of varieties adapted to
+the region is distinctly limited because of unfavorable climatic
+conditions. These climatic conditions are more fully described in
+Bulletin 573 of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at
+Cornell entitled "Nut Growing in New York State." The breeding of new
+varieties and other investigational work is being carried on at the
+Geneva Experiment Station where, as you know, Prof. G. L. Slate has been
+growing many varieties of filberts for some years.
+
+The university plantings at Ithaca consist of about an acre set about 20
+years ago, including a number of varieties of different nuts recommended
+for planting at that time. There is also about an acre of "butterjaps"
+which are growing vigorously but have shown little promise of value
+because of a lack of hardiness and generally poor cracking quality. The
+most important planting is about 5 acres of cleared woodland in which
+many hickories have come up naturally. These have been top worked to
+many of the leading hickory varieties. A considerable number of walnut
+stocks have also been planted in this area and top-worked to walnut
+varieties. Plans are under way to acquire 10 or 15 additional acres to
+be used for further variety tests as new varieties are brought to light
+in the various nut variety contests which are being carried on.
+
+Up to and including 1934 the black walnuts that have fruited are the
+Thomas, the Ohio, and the Stabler. Of these the Thomas is the only one
+which is at all satisfactory. This variety has fruited 3 years in
+succession and has matured well-filled nuts every year. The Ohio and
+Stabler have been shy bearers and in addition the nuts have been small
+and not well filled. Both are evidently adapted to a longer growing
+season than that at Ithaca. In 1934 one Stambaugh graft matured about 40
+nuts. This variety appears promising but needs further testing. In
+another year or two at least a dozen more of the promising varieties of
+black walnuts should come into bearing.
+
+Among the hickories the Barnes, of which there are 3 trees, has fruited
+several times but in no case have the nuts been filled. The Brooks, the
+Stanley, and the Weiker have also fruited sparingly but the nuts have
+not been filled. During the past season, 1934, a few nuts were borne on
+the Taylor, Kentucky, and Vest hickory trees, which were well filled. It
+may be that these varieties will prove suitable for the region. The
+Kentucky looks particularly promising. The Beaver and the Fairbanks have
+borne a few nuts but the quality is not sufficiently good to make them
+worth growing. The Burlington hybrid pecan makes a very beautiful tree
+and has set nuts in several seasons, but they are not well filled. About
+half a dozen varieties of northern pecans have been fairly hardy but the
+seasons are too short to mature the nuts. They have always been frozen
+on the trees while still very green.
+
+During the past winter the temperature went down to -35 deg. F. at the
+University orchard. This killed most of the Persian walnuts outright.
+Even the hardy varieties, Rush and Hall, were killed back to a few buds
+on the trunks and larger branches. This experience has been quite
+general throughout New York where the temperature went down below -25 deg. F.
+It is to be hoped that some of the new sorts being introduced from the
+Ukraine will be better able to stand the low temperatures experienced in
+New York. The low temperature very seriously damaged the 60 Chinese
+chestnuts growing in the University orchard, killing the terminals back
+for several feet and the sapwood all the way out to the combium and down
+to the snow line. The trees so injured made only fair recovery and it is
+doubtful if they are worth saving. Some Chinese chestnut trees nearer
+Cayuga Lake where the temperature only reached -27 deg. F. were only slightly
+injured. It would seem, therefore, that around -30 deg. F. was the critical
+temperature for the Chinese chestnut. The Japanese walnuts were not
+injured seriously by the cold weather of the winter. Many of the more
+tender seedlings had already been eliminated by the cold winters of the
+past. The Japanese walnuts were, however, badly damaged by the late
+spring frost which froze off the catkins and new shoots. This has
+occurred several times in the last ten years and is a serious drawback
+to the bearing of this species. Hickories and black walnuts for the most
+part showed no injury except in the case of rapidly growing grafts. All
+of the McCallister hican grafts were killed outright as were a number of
+grafts of the shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa). At Enfield Park where
+the probable temperature was about -27 deg. F. one McCallister pecan graft
+survived. The filberts were quite generally damaged both in wood and
+catkins, except the Rush, which fruited heavily. Northern pecans had
+their terminals killed back about 6 inches but were otherwise uninjured.
+
+In my judgment the greatest need of northern nut growing is the
+discovery and testing of new varieties adapted to the different northern
+regions. To find and test these varieties is probably the greatest
+service that the Northern Nut Growers' Association can perform. We
+cannot expect that nurserymen will propagate commercially the new nuts
+which are discovered until they are sufficiently tested to establish
+the value of the variety for different regions. As has been pointed out,
+the Northern Nut Growers' Association is in much the same position as
+was the American Pomological Society 100 or more years ago when
+information regarding new varieties was the main interest of the fruit
+industry. In this connection it would seem to me well worth while to
+carry out the idea proposed by Dr. Deming last year which he called the
+Roll Call of Nut Varieties. The older sorts have now been planted
+sufficiently widely by members of the association to make it possible to
+get some adequate idea of their suitability for growing in various
+localities. Those who have the interest of the association at heart
+should do all they can to obtain and grow any new varieties that offer
+any promise of being adapted to their locality. It is only by carrying
+out such a program that we shall have any real basis for making
+recommendations as to varieties adapted to different regions.
+
+I must confess that I am still skeptical about a commercial nut industry
+in New York on the basis of our present varieties. After more than 20
+years of variety testing in Ithaca only the Thomas black walnut has
+shown any real merit. All the other sorts that were propagated and
+recommended have shown themselves to be quite unsuitable to the climate.
+A grower setting out a commercial orchard 20 years ago on the basis of
+our knowledge of varieties at that time would now have practically
+nothing to show, except as he happened to have the Thomas black walnut,
+or possibly some of the hickories of northern origin. At the present
+time the number of promising varieties known has been greatly increased.
+They are, however, not available in the trade, nor will they be until
+they have been adequately tested to establish their merit. Fortunately
+some of the nurserymen growing nut trees are willing to run test
+orchards as well. They are few in number and of course their work must
+be augmented by the work of others in the association. What we need more
+than anything else are test orchards in different localities in which
+the relative yield of the different varieties over a period of years
+will be kept. On the basis of such data recommendations as to varieties
+to plant can be made with some degree of assurance that the information
+given is sound.
+
+MR. C. A. REED:
+
+Prof. MacDaniels may have told you of a number of promising varieties
+which he personally has been responsible for bringing to light during
+the last year. If he didn't I hope that he will tell as a matter of
+record how he came to get them and just what they are.
+
+PROF. MACDANIELS:
+
+Prof. O. F. Curtis of Cornell University and I made a pilgrimage of
+about a thousand miles back to the stamping ground of our youth with the
+avowed purpose of hunting down some of the best black walnuts of the
+region. The trip, though a hurried one, was packed with interest. In
+all, four walnuts were located which seemed well worth testing. Probably
+the best of these is the Albert Todd. The nut is thin hulled, a little
+smaller than the Thomas but with a thicker kernel. The tree was about
+dead when found but scions were procured and are now growing at Ithaca
+and Geneva. Another variety is the Emerson, located at Madison, Ohio.
+This is a large round nut with a rather tough shell and high proportion
+of kernel. Mr. Emerson has a good stand of native walnut growing on
+bottom land. A few years ago he sold 25 trees to a furniture company for
+$1000.
+
+The third nut Dr. Curtis found on a previous journey to Ohio. It is a
+large nut of rather unusual shape being higher than it is long. It has
+good cracking quality and deserves further testing. The fourth walnut,
+the Chase, is growing in a dooryard at Oberlin, Ohio. It is larger than
+any of the others, with good shell conformation. It has the reputation
+of not always filling out the kernels, a condition which may be seasonal
+or possibly an inherent defect. Grafts of all four of these walnuts are
+growing at Ithaca and at Geneva and will be available after a year or
+two.
+
+We had one disappointment in that a tree that we particularly wanted was
+found to have died only two years before. It was the old story of being
+too late. Certainly such experiences ought to spur this association to
+new efforts in trying to locate the best nut trees before they are
+destroyed.
+
+
+
+
+Some Random Notes on Nut Culture
+
+_By_ D. C. SNYDER, _Iowa_
+
+
+Any notes concerning the behavior of nut trees in Iowa this year
+necessarily recall the trying weather conditions and these must be
+referred to again and again. Although winter temperatures were quite
+mild, catkins on the filberts and hazels were so badly injured that none
+bloomed on the filberts and very few on the Jones hybrids which had
+previously been hardy. The native hazels bloomed but set very few nuts,
+apparently because of their repeatedly freezing during the blooming
+period. The Winkler hazel seems to be a phenomenal individual and a poor
+parent, not reproducing anywhere nearly true. Thus far all its seedlings
+have produced nuts inferior to the parent variety even when they were
+from seed which was cross-pollinated by other choice hazels or filberts.
+They do, however, show much variation in foliage, bushes and fruit and
+what the second generation may bring forth is yet to be determined.
+Established hazel plants endured the extreme heat and drought
+splendidly, but newly planted bushes did not. Well-rooted layers and
+divisions planted out early made a splendid start, then backed up and
+were a total failure before the July rains came.
+
+That you may know how dry it was in Iowa the first six months of 1934,
+let me tell you that only about two-thirds of the oats sown in April in
+well prepared soil got moisture enough to germinate then, and about the
+same part of the corn planted in May germinated. Well, along in June a
+shower furnished enough moisture to germinate the remaining part, so we
+had corn 2 to 3 feet high and in adjacent hills only 2 or 3 inches high,
+and oats which were headed out mixed with others of the same sowing
+which were just up.
+
+The walnuts endured these extremely dry conditions better than any fruit
+or nut bearing trees. Young seedlings made quite a satisfactory growth
+and year old seedlings lined out for future grafting made almost a
+perfect stand, as did the grafted trees which were unsold and lined out
+at the end of the selling season. The heavy loss in walnuts was in the
+grafts set in May. This will be mentioned later.
+
+The shortage of moisture in 1933 apparently was responsible for
+considerable winter killing of young hickories which were in sod. There
+was no loss in cultivated ground. The hickories were like the apples
+this year in that they did not bloom much, and unlike them in that the
+apples ripened ahead of their normal season, while the hickories ripened
+later. Stratford nuts are usually ready to gather September 1 but this
+year are still clinging to the trees. Fairbanks is our most prolific
+kind. Nuts closely resembling Fairbanks, yet somewhat different from it,
+keep bobbing up on different sides of us when there is a good crop of
+hickory nuts. None of them have yet been superior to Fairbanks. Perhaps
+one should give each a good testing and keep up a search for one with
+better quality than Fairbanks. Certainly there is no reason for calling
+Stratford a hybrid. It is one of a group of shagbarks with smaller
+leaves and buds, and thinner husks than are found in what we would call
+a typical shagbark. The shagbarks might be divided into several species
+and be as distinct as some of the species of other trees, such as the
+ash for example. Vest and Hand represent another group with thin, wavy
+shells and thereby are quite distinct from the typical shagbarks.
+
+On account of extremely hot weather coming so early the nut trees were
+grafted earlier than usual and in this order: chestnuts, bitternuts,
+hickory stocks, shagbark stocks and, after a few days, the walnuts and
+pecans. The grafting was successful in the order worked. Immediately
+after the walnuts and pecans were worked the temperature began mounting,
+reaching 114 deg. F. in the shade at one time, and of course much more in
+the sun and just above the bare dry ground. The chestnuts and bitternuts
+had time to knit together before the extreme heat and gave a splendid
+stand. The shagbarks also made a good stand. But the walnuts and pecan
+stocks were near a total failure. Apparently what occurred was that the
+grafting wax and paraffin which was coated over the scion melted and
+penetrated the union, like that much kerosene or penetrating oil, and
+prevented callusing. The cions remained plump and green for a long time
+except for a thin layer at the cut surfaces. The usual resin, beeswax,
+linseed oil and lamp black grafting wax was used. Can anyone suggest a
+wax which will remain absolutely dry under the conditions described
+above? What happened, as near as I can tell, is that the extremely hot
+weather and the continuation of it melted the grafting wax and the
+paraffin. They fused and made a new combination which looked like grease
+and absolutely prevented any growth. The shagbark hickories gave a good
+stand, about as perfect a stand as you could expect in hickories. Last
+of all the pecan stocks were worked. They should have been the easiest
+to work but they were a total failure. That is because the hot weather
+set in less than a week after they were set, while the others had more
+time. The problem I would like to see solved is one of a wax which will
+remain absolutely dry during such times, and I think then we will have
+solved one of the big problems of propagation.
+
+PROF. NEILSON:
+
+I've had more or less trouble with grafting waxes since I began to graft
+nut trees, and I have therefore been looking for a wax that would stand
+up under extremely hot weather and which could be applied cold and was
+not too costly. I think I have found one that comes nearest to the
+ideal. It is an asphalt tree emulsion made by the Flintkote Co. of New
+York City. This emulsion can be purchased in five gallon drums at 60c a
+gallon in Detroit. It can be diluted with water and applied in a thin or
+heavy coating. I used this wax last summer and I am better pleased with
+it than any other wax I have ever tried.
+
+MR. WEBER:
+
+I thought a few years ago that I had eliminated wax trouble, but finally
+I came to the conclusion that when you have a temperature that runs
+beyond the place that will melt ordinary paraffin the heat will kill the
+grafts.
+
+MR. WALKER:
+
+This question is an old one. Last winter and the winter before I did a
+little work on the old reports. You will find some mighty good winter
+reading there. I find things hashed and rehashed over and over again.
+The subject of grafting wax, of course, was discussed years ago. I might
+caution you on the asphalt. It will have to be the highest, purest
+grade.
+
+MEMBER:
+
+You can easily prevent wax from getting in between the scion and the
+stock by using a paper or cellophane.
+
+MR. SNYDER:
+
+These grafts were tied with tape. I'm sure that this oil would penetrate
+anything which was not absolutely air tight.
+
+
+
+
+Winter Injury of Filberts at Geneva 1933-34[A]
+
+_By_ G. L. SLATE
+
+_New York Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y._
+
+
+Last year I reported to you the winter injury to the Geneva filbert
+collection resulting from a very mild winter. This year I am reporting
+the damage resulting from the coldest winter on record in western New
+York. Varieties that have withstood both winters may be considered
+sufficiently hardy for anything western New York and regions with a
+similar climate have to offer in climate.
+
+A brief summary of the winter and its effects on other fruit plants in
+the vicinity of Geneva will serve as a background for the data on
+filberts. The first severe cold occurred on December 29 when the
+temperature dropped to -21 deg. F. This equalled the previous low record
+established in February, 1896. On February 9 the minimum temperature
+recorded was -31 deg. F. or ten degrees lower than anything previously
+recorded in the history of the Station. The minimum on February 8
+was -16 deg. F. and on February 10, -18 deg. F.
+
+Fruit trees suffered severe injury from these extreme temperatures.
+Nearly all the older Baldwin apple trees in the vicinity were killed or
+so severely injured as to be of no further value for fruit production.
+Peach fruit buds were all killed and many of the trees succumbed, even
+in well cared for orchards. Very few sweet cherry buds survived, and
+many trees were injured or killed. Delaware, Catawba and Niagara grapes
+were also killed to the ground or lost most of their buds. Japanese
+plums failed to bloom, and the trees were severely injured. Nearly all
+climbing roses were killed to the ground. Even the native elderberry,
+Sambucus canadensis, was killed back in many cases. Such was the winter
+experienced by the filberts.
+
+Before classifying the filbert varieties as to their hardiness, some
+general statements regarding the effect of the cold on the filberts may
+be of interest.
+
+The injury to the wood seemed to be due to a gradual drying out and the
+clear cut distinction between winter killed wood and live wood so
+evident in peaches, apples, and pears did not show in the filberts. The
+wood of the filberts had a dried out appearance with a few brown streaks
+so that one could not predict definitely in February the amount of
+injury. It was not until midsummer that a true picture of the injury to
+the wood could be obtained. This gradual drying out of the wood without
+the clear cut distinctions between dead and live wood also characterized
+the winter killing of the wood of grapes and raspberries. In the spring
+new growth on the injured filbert wood started late. If the injury was
+slight the foliage soon reached normal size. In some cases the early
+leaves were very small, but later attained normal size. With trees that
+were severely injured the leaves remained small until midsummer and then
+gradually turned yellow and died. Many branches were killed outright and
+failed to start or only a bud here and there would start. On the trees
+of a few varieties that were injured the least, a few small leaves were
+the chief evidence of winter injury.
+
+The recuperative power of the filbert seems to be nearly as great as
+that of the peach and pear insofar as this may be determined by
+observation in the orchard. In spite of the past winter the station
+filbert orchards present a fairly good appearance except for a few
+varieties. It is probably safe to consider filberts as hardy as peaches
+and sweet cherries.
+
+The flowers of the filbert show a greater range in hardiness than those
+of peaches and sweet cherries. The staminate flowers or catkins of a few
+varieties are definitely hardier than peach flowers. Not a single peach
+blossom survived but three filberts bloomed with only slightly more than
+the usual amount of catkin killing. The pistillate or female flowers are
+much hardier than peach flowers. The pistillate flowers are also hardier
+than the wood as flowers were observed on trees the wood of which was
+nearly dead by midsummer. In the older orchard about 16 varieties bore a
+number of pistillate flowers that were recorded as medium or greater.
+These did not all set nuts, however, owing to the scarcity of pollen,
+but the crop on seven varieties was about medium. It should be
+emphasized at this point that there were no peaches, practically no
+Japanese plums, very few sweet cherries, and very few grapes in the
+Station orchards and vineyards this year. Trees in the partially
+protected orchard fared somewhat better in regard to catkin injury than
+those in the more exposed orchard. That full exposure to the wind has
+much to do with winter killing of catkins is shown by the following.
+After the severe freeze of December 29 and 30 when -21 deg. F. was
+experienced, catkins of several varieties were forced in the office.
+These all opened and shed pollen normally. January 29 and 30 near zero
+temperatures were experienced with very strong winds. Catkins forced in
+the office immediately after this were nearly all killed. Since zero
+temperatures are not uncommon at Geneva in winter, but are rare with
+strong winds, much of the injury may be attributed to the combination of
+wind and cold.
+
+Young trees were injured less in wood than old trees. This is well shown
+by a comparison of two lots of Kentish Cob of different ages. Nine
+9-year-old trees were killed back from 50 to 80 percent in addition to
+considerable weakening of the remaining wood. Eleven two-year-old trees
+in the same orchard were uninjured.
+
+The importance of exposure to winds as a factor in causing catkin
+killing is further shown by a comparison of catkin killing in the two
+filbert orchards at Geneva. In the younger orchard which is exposed to
+the full sweep of the west wind not a catkin survived on any of the 66
+varieties in that orchard. In the other older orchard which is protected
+on the west and north by buildings and spruce trees, sufficient catkins
+survived on three varieties to provide for proper pollination. In
+discussing the effects of winter injury on the different varieties it
+will be necessary to make a distinction between the two orchards.
+Orchard 6 is the partially protected planting while Orchard 16 is fully
+exposed. Most of the trees in Orchard 6 were nine years old, while those
+in Orchard 16 are six years old or less. Wood injury, catkin injury, and
+pistil injury will be treated separately.
+
+In the first group are those varieties which suffered very severe wood
+injury. They are Clackamas, Early Globe, English Cluster, and Oregon.
+The latter two are very similar and may be identical. These were all
+nine year old trees located in Orchard 6. The trees were so severely
+injured that their recovery is doubtful and the development of new trees
+from suckers will be necessary. Clackamas evidently suffered root
+killing as only one of the six trees is producing suckers. In this group
+the trees leaved out, but the foliage was small, usually less than
+one-fifth the size of normal foliage, and growth weak. By August the
+leaves were yellow and many were shrivelling.
+
+Varieties moderately to severely injured in Orchard 6 were Barcelona,
+Kentish Cob (Du Chilly), Fertile de Coutard, Minna, Purple Aveline, Red
+Aveline, White Aveline, White Lambert, D'Alger, and Montebello. In
+Orchard 16 the severely injured varieties were Garibaldi, Kentish
+Filbert, Marquis of Lorne, Princess Royal, Red Skinned, The Shah, Webbs
+Prize Cob, Bandnuss, Einzeltragende Kegelformige, Liegels Zellernuss,
+Multiflora, Schlesierin, Sicklers Zellernuss, Truchsess Zellernuss,
+Vollkugel, Volle Zellernuss, Romische Nuss, Kruse and Rush. The trees of
+varieties in this group were severely injured, but have a fair chance of
+recovering. In many cases from 50 to 90 percent of the top was killed
+outright, and new growth was weak. Most of the trees have a few fairly
+strong shoots from the trunk or larger branches from which a new top may
+be developed. Four out of 22 trees of Barcelona were killed entirely,
+indicating root as well as top killing.
+
+The last group includes those varieties of which less than 20 percent of
+the wood was killed. The new growth was weakened slightly or not at all.
+In many cases the tree is apparently uninjured and occasionally a single
+tree of a variety may be severely injured while the others are unhurt.
+Varieties in Orchard 6 belonging in this group are Alpha, Buttner
+Zeller, Cosford, Daviana, Gubener Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller, Gustav
+Zeller, Lange Landsberger, Fichtwerdersche Zeller, Noce Lunghe, Italian
+Red, Large Globe, Medium Long, Bollwiller, Nottingham, Halle, Red
+Lambert, Gasaway, Guebener Barcelloner, Blumberger Zeller, Bixby, Jones
+Nos. 83, 207, 269, 310, and Corylus colurna.
+
+In Orchard 16 varieties in this group include Cannon Ball, Duke of
+Edinburgh, Pearson's Prolific, Barr's Zellernuss, Berger's Zellernuss,
+Beethe's Zellernuss, Eckige Barcelloner, Grosse Kugelnuss, Heynicks
+Zellernuss, Jeeves Samling, Kadetten Zellernuss, Kaiserin Eugenie,
+Kurzhullige Zellernuss, Longe von Downton, Ludolph's Zellernuss,
+Luisen's Zellernuss, Mogulnuss, Neue Riesennuss, Northamptonshire,
+Prolifique a coque serree, Imperial de Trebizond, and Russ. Native sorts
+in this group are Winkler, Littlepage, Wilder, a Corylus americana
+variety from the east end of Lake Ontario, and a Corylus rostrata from
+Rhode Island. Seventeen 3-year old French varieties were also uninjured,
+but in view of the general lack of wood killing, on young filberts, they
+are not included in this list. It is evident then that we have a number
+of varieties of which the wood is fairly hardy.
+
+Catkin killing was very severe in both orchards and only those varieties
+which had a few live catkins are listed. In Orchard 6 the catkin killing
+on five trees of Italian Red ranged from 20 to 50 percent and on six
+trees of Red Lambert from 10 to 20 percent. A few catkins on Alpha also
+survived. The remaining 35 filbert varieties in this orchard lost all
+their catkins. Several Jones hybrids in this orchard fared somewhat
+better. A few catkins survived on Bixby. Jones 269 lost 10 percent,
+Jones 310 lost 30 percent, and Jones 207 lost none of its catkins. All
+the catkins were killed on Jones 83.
+
+In Orchard 16, the story is soon told. Not a single live catkin was
+found in the spring on the 66 filbert varieties in this orchard. Of the
+native hazels Bush lost all its catkins, and Winkler none. All catkins
+were dead on the Corylus rostrata from Rhode Island.
+
+As stated earlier, the pistillate flowers were hardier than the catkins
+and nearly all varieties in both orchards had at least an occasional
+female flower. However, only those in which the number of pistillate
+flowers was described as medium or numerous will be recorded here. In
+Orchard 6 these varieties were Alpha, Cosford, Fichtwerdersche, Gubener
+Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller, Gustav's Zeller, Longe Landsberger, Noce
+Lunghe, Italian Red, Medium Long, Bollwiller, White Lambert, Gasaway,
+Gubener Barcelloner, Blumberger Zeller, and Unknown. Five Jones hybrids
+including Bixby had a full pistillate bloom. Due to wood injury and
+possibly to a scarcity of pollen only a few of these varieties bore more
+than a few nuts. Varieties bearing a medium crop are Cosford, Italian
+Red, Medium Long, Gubener Zeller, Gunzlebener Zeller, Bollwiller, and
+Unknown. Four of Jones hybrids including Bixby, are bearing fair crops.
+The other varieties in this orchard are bearing only an occasional nut
+or none.
+
+In Orchard 16 the pistillate flowers were described as medium or
+numerous on the following varieties: Barr's Zellernuss and the Winkler
+hazel. The other 65 varieties bore only an occasional flower. No filbert
+pollen was available in this orchard, consequently Winkler is the only
+variety fruiting.
+
+In Orchard 16 were 534 two-year-old trees from crosses between Rush and
+various filbert varieties. The cross was made by Mr. Reed and the
+seedlings were sent to Geneva by the late Mr. Bixby. Of these 534
+seedlings, 62 bore catkins. The catkins on 14 of these were uninjured,
+19 had varying amounts of injury, and 29 suffered 100 percent killing.
+Three hundred and ninety-two bore pistillate flowers and 74 of these
+would probably have had full crops had they been pollinated. In view of
+the complete loss of catkins on the filbert varieties in this orchard,
+the survival of catkins on about half of the blooming seedlings is of
+considerable interest to the filbert breeder. In addition, none of these
+hybrids experienced any wood killing.
+
+If the list of varieties which passed through the very severe winter of
+1933-34 is compared with the list of varieties which were not seriously
+injured by the very mild winter of 1932-33, only two sorts, Italian Red
+and Red Lambert are found to be satisfactorily hardy in wood and catkin.
+Red Lambert is too unproductive to be used except as a pollenizer.
+Italian Red may therefore be considered the most promising variety now
+available for western New York conditions. The nut is satisfactory and
+the tree is one of the most productive. Cosford and Medium Long may also
+be considered among the hardiest in spite of the complete loss of
+catkins last winter. In all previous winters they have been among the
+hardiest in wood and catkins. No variety should be eliminated because of
+a lack of hardiness during the coldest winter on record in the region
+where it is being grown, if it possesses other desirable characters.
+
+I think considerable encouragement may be derived from the previous
+winter's experience. We are at last down to rock bottom and know what is
+hardy and what is not. It is evident from the behavior of the Jones
+hybrids and Mr. Reed's hybrids involving a similar parentage that
+sufficiently hardy varieties will result from this line of breeding work
+to make filbert culture possible in those sections of the country that
+are not too cold for peaches.
+
+[Footnote A: Approved by the Director of the New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station for publication as Journal Paper No. 49.]
+
+
+
+
+Notes on Hickories
+
+_By_ A. B. ANTHONY
+
+_Sterling, Illinois_
+
+
+I am satisfied only when I am trying for the best, and the best to me in
+nuts is the hickory. For the past nine years in the nut season, and
+sometimes out of it, for nut shucks tell their story, I have been
+combing my own territory with hopes of finding some hickories more worth
+while. About twenty miles westward from my home brings one to the
+Mississippi River. One hundred years ago most of this twenty mile land
+tract was covered with timber, more or less interspersed with hickories,
+most of which have been cut down. Along the Mississippi there were then
+shellbarks and shagbarks, together with pecans, the latter of which I
+understand are all gone now. My own location was originally prairie land
+out of which one could not go in any direction without passing through a
+woodland tract. These nearer woods held in nut trees more shagbarks than
+of any other nut variety, with the bitter hickory nut coming in second
+place. As I thought about it, given a good enough tree, it seemed to me
+the hickory was the greatest one we could grow. Grandfather had let pass
+his opportunity to save any choice ones. So had my father. And if the
+neighborhood zest was overfreighted with purpose to find such trees I
+had not found it out. It looked to me like a worthwhile endeavor not to
+let this neglect go further, even though chance finds were much lessened
+from what they probably once were.
+
+Having three or four kinds of hickories is no doubt a fine thing for us.
+Nature cannot manage nearly so well with them as can man, but she makes
+something of a hit once in a while. More than we think for, perhaps, in
+the hickories we are using to graft from, there is quite likely, in the
+sizeable shagbarks, something besides shagbark. Their distinctiveness,
+for which we selected them, is due to a fortunate, unlike cross bringing
+out their exceptional characteristics. What most hinders progress is
+quite conceivably a sort of swamped unchangeableness. That is very
+possibly the likely ailment we've got in our hazelnuts. There were no
+three or four kinds of them scattered more or less everywhere about the
+country with which nature could make chance crosses as with hickories.
+Seemingly my locality ought to yield as many, perhaps more, exceptional
+hickory specimens than many could. Here, or near here, the pecan of the
+south had reached its northernmost trek. Here also was the shagbark,
+shellbark, bitternut. And uniformity here should have more chance of a
+knockout. A riddance of sameness. Hazelnuts conceded no such diversity
+to help nature make freaks. In the hickory field was alteration, hope,
+and chance.
+
+In the assemblage of varieties there is given opportunity for crosses
+that nature occasionally delves into, and in the additional eccentric
+types getting mixed, tending to offer in rare instances special merit.
+We have then through mixture, not that fixedness that usually stands in
+the way, but a getting away from set types where once in thousands of
+offerings a more useful specimen is made, one nature herself cannot
+handle to our advantage, but for which we should have our eyes open, and
+make use of when chance comes our way.
+
+Just two years ago tomorrow I came upon what to me was an eye feast. A
+half grown hickory tree whose top-most limbs bent as in rare instances
+do limbs when heavily laden with sleet. And the nuts were of good size
+for shagbarks. With the shucks off there were forty-two pounds of them.
+They proved to be quite good crackers. I sent a sample to Dr. Deming and
+he very considerately gave them the name Anthony. From the shape of the
+nut, I believe it has a trace of the bitternut hickory in its make-up.
+Mr. Reed has likewise expressed such an opinion in writing me regarding
+it. This foreign blood tinge gives it, I believe, its jump in size and
+its rather attractive form, also I think, a bit lessening in quality.
+While we would like the very highest quality in our nuts, it is
+conceivable that it may be advisable to do with them as is done with
+peaches. Take the Elberta, with its many good traits, even though it
+does fail somewhat in quality.
+
+Having found this nut tree just two years ago hardly gives time enough
+for adequate judgement of its merits. With something like three-fourths
+of an inch of rain this year, from sometime in March to the seventeenth
+of June, none of our crops can be judged by their performance. Skipping
+last year, except for a very few nuts, this hickory came out this season
+heavy with bloom. I was watching it at blooming time. On May 23 I
+brought home from it a bit of bloom, laid it on a paper and the next
+morning it had shed its pollen. The next morning after that we had a
+frost on low ground. This tree is near such ground. With frost, and two
+dry seasons, this year's crop has amounted to but one and one-half
+quarts. Most hickories have done little since 1932.
+
+Another hickory tree found last year that I call No. 2 did have four and
+one-half pounds on it last season. It is hardly half grown, is a
+shagbark, my best find toward cracking out in halves, and the earliest
+in maturing nuts of any hickory I have found. It has no crop this year
+but is worth keeping an eye on the coming seasons.
+
+No. 3 is my best find in quality, quite good of cracking, good in size
+for a shagbark and has possibly a trace of shellbark in its make-up.
+While bearing light crops, it has been very consistent in doing so every
+year for at least three years. It is an old tree, medium early in
+maturing its nuts and doubtless could do better if freed from the under
+and surrounding smaller trees. Its crop, shucks on this year, is
+sixty-five pounds, or above eighteen pounds shucks off but not dried.
+
+To the best of my present knowledge, and with such conveniences as I
+had, and to aid in grafting, I should have been told to make a long
+narrow box, put a wire screen bottom on it, make a cover for it, fasten
+a wire at each end, put my scion wood in and let it down deep in a
+cistern, and let it hang two or three inches over the water for scion
+keeping. When grafting I should have been told to carry my Merribrooke
+melter around in an empty pail to keep the wind from blowing it out and
+to be able to better hold the blaze down and keep the wax at the right
+temperature. And when and if the blaze does go out, do not try taking
+the thing apart for relighting. Instead, split a small stick, put a
+match in the split, take out the wax cup, strike the match and reach
+down from the top for relighting.
+
+Talk to people about better hickories and you discern first that the
+subject has never been brought to their attention. On further
+discussion, when they are made to understand that worthwhile hickories
+can be grown, you come to the balking point. It's the crop! It's too far
+off! People do not let the time question bother them when they set out
+the usual dooryard trees because expectancy goes no further than trees.
+In our latitude grafted hickories, first of all trees, rightly should be
+in everyone's dooryard. It takes about as much time to grow the best
+ornamental and shade trees as to make a hickory tree. And the latter
+furnishes quite as much ornament, just as much shade as were it some
+other kind of tree. Even if one cannot live long enough to eat nuts from
+his own planting, plant grafted hickories anyway. Left to their own, and
+most people's council, their lesser tree selections would approach the
+eventual worth of a good hickory. Why not make the choice a good one?
+
+No one knows, so far as I have ascertained, the age of a hickory. It is
+much beyond that of an apple tree, at least in my locality. Of its close
+relation, the pecan of the south, it has been said there are pecan trees
+there now bearing nuts that were here when Christopher Columbus
+discovered America.
+
+Not long ago I read that there are something like five thousand
+telescope nuts in the country. (You know we here are all interested in
+nuts.) I can understand that it is interesting to search off in vast
+spaces to ascertain facts, but it is hard to understand why more people
+cannot find interest in rare and useful nut sports that can be strived
+for and, in addition to that enthusiasm, help give to future mankind
+that first of all essentials, food.
+
+Whether we can get a helpful clue with experiences of the past I do not
+know. But I often cannot help but recall a bit of the blindness of man
+when I think of the potato. It was once said that they were fit only for
+hogs to eat. Many years back when they were having war in Ireland,
+soldiers would go through people's home and take all they had to eat. It
+was found, however, where there was a potato patch soldiers would run
+right over them, giving no thought of there finding food. There then was
+a chance for home dwellers to better hold their own and it gave the
+impetus, the beginning of potato growing, to the Caucasian race and the
+name we have to this day, Irish potato. Years later, when they still had
+kings in France, their ruler realized his poor subjects could help
+themselves so much if they would only grow potatoes. There seemed no way
+of getting them to do so. One day, however, the king went and had a plat
+of ground planted to potatoes, set guards around it day and night, and
+let it be known they were the king's potatoes and no one was going to be
+allowed to steal them. That awoke the people. If potatoes were that good
+the king would have them, they would have them also.
+
+Franklin Roosevelt likes trees. Do you suppose we could get him to be a
+king to lead for the finest in tree planting, grafted hickory-nut trees?
+
+Another thing. Every bit we can add to the feeling and knowledge of our
+securing is a help to us. We have many people whose make-up is not one
+that enables them to provide for their later years, not even if they
+earned ten dollars a day over a long period of time. Planting grafted
+hickories would be something of a standby, extend away into the years,
+and helping too when physical strength is no more ours. So too, we can
+count too much sometimes on what we have in a bank. We may do likewise
+with an insurance company. And there have been people whose governments
+went back on them. Ours has, on gold promises! All one's hickory trees,
+had he such, are not likely to treat him like that, at least won't all
+die in a bunch! They won't even refuse a crop because of a depression!
+And if one couldn't eat all of his nuts or even any of them, they are
+something to offer in trade for that which can be used.
+
+Again, if I am not mistaken, there is nothing that we of this latitude
+do grow or can grow in field or garden that so equally takes the place
+of meat as do nuts. Speaking of gardens, it has been said "gardening is
+an occupation for which no man is too high or too low." Likewise could
+the truth be so said for so clean a pursuit as nut growing.
+
+History has spoken of "the age of acorns." We hope we can look into a
+not too distant future and rightly see additional help, food, leisure,
+income for everybody made so partially, in a little way at least, in an
+age with nuts.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+Mr. Anthony sent me quite a generous sample of his hickory and I got to
+be quite familiar with it. I consider the Anthony one of our best
+hickories. It is quite evident from his paper that he is a thinking man,
+and I noticed that he has found out in two or three years things which I
+have found out only after twenty-five or thirty years of study and which
+I thought were exclusively possessions of my own.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+The shellbarks and shagbarks are among the finest looking trees in
+Washington. They are symmetrical, erect and have dark green or light
+green foliage. At this time of year they are taking on a superb golden
+yellow. The landscape gardeners use the hickories for the golden effect
+of the foliage. Before we get through with this meeting I would like to
+get some reports from the people from the North as to which species grow
+the farthest north. Is it the black walnut or the shagbark? Does the
+bitternut grow farther north than either one of them?
+
+MR. CORSAN:
+
+Yes. The bitternut grows 150 miles north of Ottawa. The hickory is much
+farther north than the black walnut.
+
+MR. SNYDER:
+
+It has always been my impression that the butternut reached farther
+north than the black walnut.
+
+MR. ELLIS:
+
+The hickories go as far north as Lake Champlain. The butternuts go up as
+far as the line of Canada.
+
+MR. CORSAN:
+
+Butternuts go way above the Canadian line.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+In New England the shagbark grows considerably farther north than the
+black walnut and west of the Great Lakes the black walnut grows farther
+north than the hickory.
+
+MR. WALKER:
+
+I believe the bitternut grows farther north than the butternut. I think
+the rivers have an influence on them. Getting away from the rivers you
+don't have to go so far before they run out.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+With the exhibits is a picture of a Wisconsin black walnut I grafted
+myself. Dr. Zimmerman also has one growing. The meat of this black
+walnut is as white and sweet as an English walnut. I think it is quite
+promising for northern territory. Mr. Reed, did you have an opportunity
+to test them.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+They impressed me as being very promising. I tried to get cions but was
+not able to at that time.
+
+DR. ZIMMERMAN:
+
+I don't think I have ever seen a hickory nut tree so loaded with nuts as
+a Manahan which I have grafted on bitternut. The Taylor every year sets
+a bunch of young nutlets, but I have never yet seen a catkin on it. I
+don't know anything that will pollinate it. Until we select buds for
+hickory nuts and walnuts as they do for citrus and other fruit, I don't
+believe we can get very far.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+I have some hickories growing and fruiting well on bitternut. I've also
+seen enough of them not growing well so that I prefer shagbark to
+bitternut. I prefer shagbark on shagbark.
+
+Motion was made and carried that the next annual meeting of the Northern
+Nut Growers' Association be held at Rockport, Indiana, Monday and
+Tuesday, September 9 and 10, 1935.
+
+
+
+
+Letter from Rev. Paul C. Crath
+
+Kosseev, Poland
+
+(_Read by Title_)
+
+
+Being eager to get on time to the walnut harvest in the Carpathian
+region and personally select walnuts for planting in Canada and the
+U.S.A. I borrowed $400 and--now I am here. On October 11 I sent to
+Toronto eight boxes of selected walnuts, about 50,000 in all, and I hope
+they will arrive in Toronto in time for the Royal Winter Fair. There are
+43 varieties and amongst them some of very high quality are on the way
+to our Acadia. But it was no easy task to find out here good walnuts. I
+bought 1400 kilograms of different nuts before I picked out of them 600
+kg. for Canada. Besides me three men were busy searching for the best
+walnuts in the orchards of Kosseev and Kooty. Inclosed please find a
+description of 45 walnut trees and their nuts. A collection of these
+nuts I am sending you separately.
+
+I found here that:
+
+1. Every walnut tree bears nuts of different variety. The nuts differ
+from nuts of other trees in shape, hardness of shell, size, texture and
+flavor of kernels.
+
+2. On every tree walnuts are of three sizes, large, medium and small. It
+depends how much sunshine they receive. Those nearer to the trunk and on
+the northern side of the tree are the smallest.
+
+3. According to flavor the walnut trees may be divided into three
+different groups. Those which bear nuts of sweet kernel are the best.
+Those nuts which have some bitter flavor are not bad, but those which
+are languid or tasteless are no good at all.
+
+4. Giants have kernels smaller than the cavity of their shell. But I was
+told that in this country somewhere are Giants with sweet, hard kernels
+which fill up their paper-thin shell fully. Some gentleman pointed to
+the city of Tchernievtjee as a source of good Giants. It is not far from
+Kosseev, but on the other side of Rumanian frontier. It means that I
+should go to the province of Bookovina if we wish to find those perfect
+Giants. I sent to Canada some good Giants, but not perfect ones yet.
+
+A physician who resides in Kooty told me that in the mountaineers
+villages of Rozhen (500 meters above sea level) there is a tree bearing
+awfully sweet walnuts. He ate those nuts but he does not know the name
+of the owner. Now it is my task to find those nuts. In the village of
+Twedeev (400 meters above sea level) is a tree bearing one year large
+nuts and next year small nuts. But those small nuts are awfully oily. I
+failed to secure nuts from that tree but I know its whereabouts. There
+in the mountains about 600 meters above the sea level comes the line
+beyond which no walnut tree grows. That line is stretched from the east
+to the west along the northern slope of the Carpathian region. I have
+seen some nuts from that colder belt. In shape they are rough, but one
+variety has papershell and sweet flavor. It seems to me that among these
+(as natives call them Hutzoolian walnuts) we could find some good
+variety for northern Ontario and maybe Manitoba. My nearest task will be
+to go along the cold line and select some walnut trees there.
+
+Kooty and Kooseev district are really walnut country. This district
+produces papershell walnuts for other parts of Poland. But walnut trees
+could be found five degrees to the north. Too, I wish to investigate
+walnuts north of the Dniester River and then proceed farther north to
+find the northern limit beyond which no walnut grows. I am going to
+publish 3000 questionnaires, one for each walnut tree. I or my friends
+would examine these questionnaires when filled out. Maybe we'll come
+across some extra good walnut through this inquiry. But the easiest way
+to locate the best walnut is to organize a walnut contest as you did in
+Michigan, with the help of Mr. Kellogg. With the help of the local
+agricultural papers we could have such a contest and I am sure we'll
+have an amazing success. Do your best to get some funds for the prizes.
+Then please go to the Royal Winter Fair which starts this fall November
+21 and inspect my walnuts I shipped there recently. Create a judging
+committee of Prof. Neilson, Mr. Corsan, Dr. Currelly and others. Open a
+couple nuts of each variety and judge which walnuts are the best. Then
+write me from what trees I should cut scions. You see, I am waiting now
+for winter to cut scions from trees bearing the best walnuts I found.
+Then after Xmas I'll ship to Canada a large box containing about 10,000
+walnut scions. I expect to cut every scion personally and that way
+secure the best stuff for the spring grafting.
+
+I am told that there are in Latvia filberts of very good type. Latvian
+filberts have grown eight inches thick in diameter. In that country the
+ground is frozen in October, like in Manitolia. It seems to me that the
+Latvian filbert will be ideal for the northern part of the North
+America. I wish to go there too while I am in Europe. I would bring the
+Latvian filbert to Canada and the U.S.A. if a small financial support
+could be given to me to accomplish this task.
+
+To assure bringing of the best walnut into Canada and the U.S.A. I made
+an agreement with a local gardener to graft for us 500 walnut seedlings
+with the scions I would secure for him. Thus grafted seedlings could be
+brought to Canada the next fall. Furthermore, I have an idea to create
+the largest and the best walnut which ever grew on the globe. For this
+purpose I selected several walnut trees bearing Giant nuts and I wish to
+pollenize them next spring with pollen of a tree which yields the
+hardest and the sweetest kernel. Such a tree is in the city of
+Stanislav. And here in Kosseev is a tree bearing Giants which before
+they are dried weigh ten nuts to one kilogram (2.204 pounds). I hope
+that combination could give us a desirable type.
+
+It is also desirable for me to stay in this country until the fall of
+1935. Then I am sure that we'd have some desirable walnuts and filberts.
+I hope that my friends in Canada and the U.S.A. would come with
+financial help to give me a chance to accomplish my task. To assure the
+shipment of scions I need one hundred dollars. For my existence in this
+country I need $240 for next twelve months, and for traveling expenses
+about $100. All together I need $500. I hope that some Canadian or
+American would understand the importance of my expedition and will come
+with the help. Please put my case before some people who would back me
+in my enterprise.
+
+MR. CORSAN:
+
+Mr. Crath is a Presbyterian minister, he is out of a job and he is a man
+of extraordinary practical skill in agriculture. Now he informs me that,
+up in the Carpathian mountain region, in the valleys they don't have the
+English walnut, but the estates up in the mountains for hundreds of
+years have cultivated and selected it. The estates are being divided up
+and the trees cut down. He has gone up there to select these trees to
+have the nuts sent to him before the dealers get them and kill-dry to
+insure them against spoiling.
+
+
+
+
+The Chestnut Situation in Illinois
+
+_By_ DR. A. S. COLBY, _Illinois_
+
+
+Illinois claims prominence as a state where the commercial chestnut crop
+has been a profitable one for many years, beginning nearly three decades
+ago. Before chestnut blight, Endothia parasitica (Murrill), killed the
+trees in the East, tons of nuts were gathered there and a considerable
+quantity marketed; these, however, were chiefly of the smaller native
+species and little attention was paid to the trees, most of which were
+wild. During the past few years some consideration has been given
+chestnut culture in the far West; this development, however, is quite
+recent.
+
+Two men stand out as pioneers in Illinois nut growing: the late George
+W. Endicott of Villa Ridge, who crossed the native American with the
+Giant Japanese chestnut in 1895, his work resulting in the origination
+of the Boone, Blair, and Riehl varieties, the fruit of which combines
+the size of the Japanese with the quality of the American parent; and
+the late E. A. Riehl of Godfrey, who for over 30 years, until his death
+in 1925, carried on experimental work in nut culture, originating, among
+others, the Fuller and Gibbens chestnuts, superior late and early
+varieties. Both Mr. Endicott and Mr. Riehl planted the better varieties
+in orchard form and found the undertaking a very profitable one.
+
+The third large orchard planting in Illinois is located at Farina and
+owned by the Whitford family. Here the soil type is less favorable for
+chestnuts and the water drainage is not of the best, but in spite of
+these disadvantages, the trees are productive.
+
+These orchards, with other smaller plantings in the state, came into
+full bearing at about the time of the gradual failure of the eastern
+crops and have made money for their owners, especially where attention
+was paid to sizing the nuts and to other advanced marketing practices.
+
+During the past twenty years, interest in chestnut culture in Illinois
+has been increasing gradually. Many plantings of the improved varieties
+have been made in widely scattered localities. Through the co-operation
+of Mr. P. A. Glenn, of the State Nursery Inspection Service, a survey of
+Illinois has been begun to locate all the chestnut trees in the state.
+By the fall of 1934, with about one-third of the counties surveyed, a
+total of 7,601 chestnut trees has been found, approximately one-half of
+which are of bearing and one-half non-bearing age. This latter group
+includes nursery stock and newly planted young trees mostly of named
+varieties.
+
+In a preliminary study of the approximately 3,700 trees of bearing age,
+a number of facts of interest were noted. Nearly all these chestnuts
+were of the named varieties, the plantings ranging in size from 1 to 800
+individuals and in age from 5 to 40 years. Most of them were planted in
+orchard form and given some attention as to cultural needs. However,
+there were over 400 older trees averaging from 50 to 60 years with five,
+80 years of age and three reported to be 130 years old.
+
+These older trees are in poor condition as a rule, with many dead tops
+and branches and hollow trunks, but still struggling for life and
+producing some nuts. Very little care had been given them. They were
+found along the roadside, in pastures, in the yard about the home, in
+rows bordering an orchard. Some of these older trees were known to be
+seedlings from seeds brought in from the East; others had been planted,
+the trees coming from eastern sections. Very few of these trees are
+infected with blight. They indicate ages at which chestnut trees may be
+productive in Illinois if blight is controlled.
+
+Satisfactory soil and climatic conditions for chestnut culture are found
+in most sections of Illinois, since plantings are reported from Pulaski
+County in the extreme south to Lee in the north, and in the central
+sections from Champaign west to Hancock County. As the survey
+progresses, it is probable that these limits will be extended.
+
+One of the reasons for the state survey was to make a careful inspection
+of the trees found for evidence of chestnut blight and to have the
+necessary steps taken for its prompt eradication. Blight was found in
+Illinois in 1926, and efforts have been made since that time to
+eradicate it. Only a few infected trees were located prior to 1934. Most
+of them have been destroyed. In this year's (1934) survey, 123 diseased
+trees were found, and these are being handled in the most effective way
+to check further spread of the blight. These trees were found in nine
+counties, mostly scattered over the southern third of the state, with
+one infection center in central Illinois in Logan County.
+
+Such is the present status of the chestnut in Illinois. What of the
+future? We believe that chestnut blight will continue to spread. The
+disease has been reported in several of the near-by states, including
+Michigan, Indiana and Iowa. With the scattered centers of infection in
+Illinois, it is probable that other diseased trees will continue to
+appear. Only the most determined efforts to check it, based upon a
+thorough understanding of the life cycle of its causal fungus, can be of
+any possible value in keeping it in control for any considerable time.
+Continuous inspection of the trees, with prompt removal of diseased
+material, such as cankers and infected branches, following methods
+recognized as sanitary, and immediate burning will be very helpful in
+checking the trouble. When the entire tree is infected, necessitating
+its removal, the stump should be treated by peeling back the bark and
+building a hot fire around the trunk in order that all bark tissues
+shall be destroyed. It is advisable, also, that all chestnut trees be
+given good care, especially as regards their needs for plant nutrients.
+Beginning with the young trees, newly planted, bark injuries of any kind
+should be guarded against. Extreme care is necessary in the training of
+the scaffold branches, as the tree grows, in order that the mature tree
+shall be well formed with as few large wounds as possible through the
+removal of large branches.
+
+The application of fungicidal sprays, such as Bordeaux, at intervals
+throughout the growing season, may be helpful. The trunk and the main
+branches, especially, of young trees should be protected from sun scald.
+Borers and other insects must be kept out. Injury from tools used about
+the trees must be guarded against. Any break in the bark offers easy
+entrance to the fungus spores. Wrapping the trunk with burlap or paper
+may be very helpful in preventing such injuries. Probably the best time
+of year to make necessary pruning cuts is in early spring. Pruning
+should be followed by the painting of the wounds with shellac, later
+covering this with a good grade of paint. The tree should be well fed to
+aid in the growth of callus formation to cover the wound quickly.
+
+Other methods of attack in solving the problem include the immunization
+of the chestnut against the blight and the breeding of resistant
+varieties. Experimental work along these lines is being carried on by
+individuals and Federal and State agencies, but the work has not as yet
+progressed sufficiently to give results of commercial value.
+
+If careful cultural methods are followed in every locality, with special
+emphasis on the prompt and thorough disposal of diseased material, by
+removal and burning, we can look forward to a number of years of
+profitable chestnut production in Illinois.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+Is the Riehl orchard free from blight?
+
+DR. COLBY:
+
+One of the same gentlemen who visited Ithaca the other day, by
+authority, is making a very careful survey for disease of the nut trees
+in the eastern and northern United States. The Riehl orchard that we
+visited last year about this time had considerably over 100 trees badly
+diseased. We'll have to do the best we can with the old trees but watch
+the young ones carefully.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+Don't you think that one of the commonest causes of the blight of
+chestnut trees is through the wounds and the inoculations made by the
+claws of squirrels?
+
+DR. COLBY:
+
+Yes, and also woodpeckers. The old trees can be preserved for a longer
+or shorter time, depending on the care that is given to them. We found
+the disease down in the Endicott orchard, even in plantings of mature
+standing. There have been several trees located at Lincoln where the
+disease has been found. Any of those old trees where there are any
+injuries to the bark will be subject to the trouble.
+
+
+
+
+Report on Commercial Cracking and Merchandising of Black Walnuts
+
+_By_ H. F. STOKE, _Virginia_
+
+(_Read by Title_)
+
+
+The 1933 black walnut crop of southwestern Virginia was light and
+exceedingly spotted. Some districts reported a complete failure, a most
+unusual condition.
+
+The volume of shelled nuts offered on the local market was smaller than
+usual, due partly to scarcity of the nuts and partly because the
+mountain folk who produce most of the kernels were not so keen at
+cracking walnuts for a pittance when once they had tasted the sweets of
+40 cents per hour on road work offered as part of the Federal recovery
+program. This, apparently, will become a factor in the development of
+commercial cracking plants.
+
+The price was better than for several years past. Home-cracked nuts sold
+at an average price of 25 cents per pound to local consumers, who took
+most of the season's production. Sales to northern concerns were mostly
+at from 30 to 35 cents for hand-picked goods, ranging up to 38 cents per
+pound by midsummer. I do not know present prices.
+
+The writer knows of no new development in mechanical cracking and
+separating processes. At the present time he is completing the
+construction of a power driven cracker of new design, but any report
+must await successful operation.
+
+In the marketing of kernels five channels may be considered:
+
+1. The local consumer market, which should be cultivated as far as
+possible.
+
+2. Mail order consumer, usually reached by advertising. A two-pound
+carton lined with wax paper makes a most satisfactory unit for sales of
+this kind. This package has been selling generally at $1.25, postpaid.
+
+3. Commercial consumers, who are usually manufacturers of food products,
+such as bakeries, ice cream manufacturers, confectioners, etc. Usually
+these people buy from wholesale supply houses.
+
+In order to hold this trade the producer should be in a position to fill
+orders throughout the year. An "In-and-outer" cannot hope to hold this
+excellent class of customers.
+
+4. Wholesale supply houses, who specialize on supplying commercial
+consumers and nut stores.
+
+These people depend on buying their season's supply as cheaply as
+possible during the flush period and distributing later at a profit.
+
+It is to their interest to demoralize the market early, so they can buy
+cheaply, and later proclaim a scarcity so the market will advance to
+profitable levels. They seem fully alive to their interests. At the
+opening of the past season one very prominent New York buyer was
+offering from 16 to 18 cents per pound for hand-picked kernels, though I
+knew of none selling at anywhere near that figure.
+
+This class of customer is rather unsatisfactory, though they will pay
+fair prices late in the season if a real shortage exists, and they are
+out of supplies.
+
+5. A good, honest broker or commission merchant is probably the most
+satisfactory channel for handling large quantities of kernels. He is
+acquainted with actual prices and market conditions, as well as a large
+list of possible customers. His customers are usually commercial
+consumers, though he also sells wholesale supply houses. His commission
+is usually 3 per cent.
+
+As a note of warning, be sure your broker is honest, then stick to him.
+Some concerns masquerading as brokers or commission merchants are really
+wholesale buyers on their own account. They will charge the shipper a
+commission on sales to themselves at a low figure. The Baltimore market
+seems especially cursed with this sort of thing, though it is now, I
+believe, forbidden by a code. As a whole, Baltimore is not a very
+satisfactory market for black walnut kernels, though the largest in the
+East. I find Philadelphia and New York more satisfactory.
+
+The outlook for the 1934 black walnut crop in this section is most
+promising. A dry spring was favorable to a good set of nuts, while
+plenty of rain during the summer guarantees good size. Prices will
+probably be satisfactory, due to the extreme drought in the West and the
+labor situation already referred to.
+
+At this point I shall digress from the subject assigned me. The
+following matter may be left off the record, at your discretion.
+
+a. In my 1932 report I made mention of several promising black walnut
+seedlings found in this locality. Samples of the nuts of the parent
+trees of the 1931 crop have been kept to the present time. All have
+deteriorated to a greater or lesser degree except the Stanley, which is
+as sweet and good as when gathered. The Stanley and Caldwell are
+precocious as grafted trees.
+
+The Bowman seedling tree, which was reported as most precocious, is
+continuing its record of not having missed a crop since its third season
+from seed. It must be reported, however, that a two-year-old graft of
+this tree has not borne, as yet.
+
+b. One thing of interest concerning the black walnut that has been
+observed is the scarcity of the walnut web worm this season, none having
+been observed by the writer up to September 1st. Is this a general or a
+local condition?
+
+The year of the Geneva convention, 1931, was the worst ever observed by
+the writer in this respect. Do web worms occur in cycles, or do other
+conditions govern their appearance?
+
+c. The injury caused by the melting of grafting and coating waxes by the
+hot sun is well known. Last spring an attempt was made to overcome the
+difficulty by painting the waxed surface with aluminum bronze paint. The
+experiment was a complete success, as even straight paraffine failed to
+melt beneath the aluminum coating during the hottest summer here on
+record. English walnut grafts so protected were more than usually
+successful. Reflection of the sun's rays by the bright surface
+undoubtedly lowered the temperature to below the melting point of the
+paraffine. This lowered temperature was also doubtless beneficial to the
+life processes of the graft union.
+
+Direct coating of the trunks of newly set trees with the aluminum paint,
+without the use of wax, was also tried with satisfactory results.
+Applied direct to the dormant buds of the sweet cherry, however, it
+proved toxic, as the buds never developed. This was no doubt due to the
+bronzing liquid rather than to the aluminum.
+
+The material is very easily applied, either with a brush or spray, and
+makes a silvery, impervious and very durable coating. It should be
+completely effective as a preventative of sun-burn of the bark of tender
+species, especially to cover the creosote applications sometimes used by
+tree surgeons. Such black coverings often defeat their purpose in the
+hot sun by killing the living tissues by the absorption of the sun's
+heat.
+
+At the present time manufacturers are being corresponded with looking to
+the development of a bronzing liquid that shall be non-toxic to buds.
+
+Now if some investigator will come forward with a non-toxic, water
+soluble coating material for the roots of nursery stock, Professor
+Neilson's dream will be fully realized.
+
+Last year Mr. Homer Jacobs of the Davey Tree Expert Company gave us a
+very excellent report of his company's experiments with various coatings
+used in connection with the moving of large trees. It is to be hoped
+that they will add aluminum bronze paint to the list of materials
+tested, and give us the benefit of their findings at our next
+convention.
+
+In the meantime, the private experiments mentioned will be continued.
+
+d. A publicity stunt for the furtherance of nut culture is being tried
+in the way of vases filled with sprays of Oriental chestnut, with
+opening burrs, displayed in the windows of our leading department store,
+with a showing of fall goods. A card gives credit for the display.
+
+Judging from the enthusiasm with which the store manager and the window
+dresser received the suggestion, it would appear that the idea could be
+used almost anywhere. If living sprays were not available, a display of
+nuts hardy to the locality could doubtless be used in the same manner.
+Cards identifying the nuts and stating they were grown (or could be
+grown) locally would add to the interest.
+
+It is a matter of deepest personal regret that, due to a combination of
+New Deal, raw deal and general lack of a great deal, I am unable to be
+with you other than in spirit.
+
+I salute you.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Culture in Ontario
+
+_By_ GEORGE H. CORSAN
+
+_Islington, Ontario_
+
+
+As most of you know, I was away from my place for six years, but in the
+meantime my nut trees grew and yielded. The past season has been most
+severe on nut trees and plants. Last winter the winds came straight
+across the land without any apparent obstruction, and it blew all winter
+long and we had no snow. Then a dry summer with a little moisture in the
+fall has created a situation that was never known before. Last year I
+gathered nine large baskets of filberts but this year I secured only
+about three baskets of filberts and these from bushes that were in a
+protected place. Most of the male catkins had frozen. The filberts in
+the unprotected places died. A Burlington Hican (purchased as a
+Marquardt) lived under circumstances that hardly any other tree could
+withstand. One Stanley shellbark lived and one died. It is strange how
+hardy the pecans are. Not a bud was killed last winter. It is seldom
+that the pecans mature a crop as the summer season is too short in
+Ontario, but they grow well and make a beautiful tree. We find that
+hickories grafted on pecan stocks do well, putting on two and one-half
+to three feet of new growth in a year. The butternut is so common around
+certain parts of Ontario and Quebec that the people do not even bring it
+to market, but they do appreciate it.
+
+I am carrying on a program over the air as I am the "Nut" man of station
+CFRB and follow the farm report on prices at 1:45 o'clock each
+afternoon. We are trying to influence the farmers to plant nut trees
+along the lanes, around the barns and in the pastures and thus beautify
+the farms and bring the boys and girls back from the cities. None of the
+work that has been done in the research line of agriculture has
+approached the value of the work that Prof. Neilson has done here in
+Michigan in the last few years. The surface of the farms can be planted
+to grains and vegetables and yield practically nothing, but you can
+plant a nut tree and it will reach down into the sub-soil with its long
+roots and bring up the finest food in the form of nut meats.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Growing on a Commercial Basis
+
+_By_ AMELIA RIEHL, _Illinois_
+
+(_Read by Title_)
+
+
+I have several times given figures stating the size of our chestnut crop
+and the income from year to year. To this I might add that the crop last
+year amounted to 6,423 pounds and was sold at wholesale for $1,082.76.
+Because we do a good part of the work ourselves, it is hard to figure
+the cost of harvesting. But the amount we paid out in cash comes away
+below $100.00. We still think it pays to grow chestnuts, though things
+look pretty bad around here now.
+
+This was the third very dry season we have had in succession, and the
+very worst of all. We had no rain at all for over seventy days, and the
+heat was terrible. Everything suffered from drought. Even forest trees
+on the island below us died from lack of moisture. You can imagine what
+happened to the nut trees on the steep hillsides. All were more or less
+scorched, and many of them actually died. These are the old trees that
+father planted years ago. The young trees, which were planted after he
+was gone, on fairly level ground, are heavy with burrs, and I know will
+produce a fair crop of nuts as usual. For the first time in several
+years we will have no hazels. They bloomed very early this year and were
+caught by late frost. There are a few walnuts on some of the trees, but
+I doubt if they will be well filled.
+
+For forty years father tried to grow English walnuts, but never
+succeeded in getting any of them to bear nuts. Finally gave it up in
+disgust. After he was gone we started out all over again, planting
+several varieties that were thought to be hardy. Now for the first time
+one of them has set eight nuts. It is the Alpine variety, scions of
+which were given me by Mr. J. F. Jones. Of course, it is yet to be seen
+whether or not there is anything in these nuts. But it is encouraging
+anyway.
+
+We all send greetings to our many friends at the convention. Will be
+with you in thought and wish you all a happy time.
+
+
+
+
+Some Notes on the Hardiness of the English Walnut in Michigan and
+Ontario
+
+_By_ J. A. NEILSON, _Michigan_
+
+
+In a study of the desirable characters of nut trees for planting in the
+northern part of the United States and in southern Canada, one is forced
+to place hardiness first. Rapid growth, high yield and excellent quality
+of nuts are of little value if hardiness is lacking. Hardiness, of
+course, is a relative term and may be applied to disease and insect
+resistance, adaptability to diverse soils and capacity to withstand
+extremes of winter and summer temperatures. In the present paper
+emphasis will be placed on resistance to winter cold and to unusual
+weather conditions, such as occurred during the autumn of 1933 and the
+winter of 1933 and 1934.
+
+In order to properly understand the effect of the past winter on the
+English walnut, it will be necessary to devote some attention to the
+weather conditions that prevailed in the southern half of Michigan in
+the autumn of 1933. A perusal of the meteorological records shows that
+the average maximum and minimum temperatures in September and October
+were unusually high and that there was a heavy rainfall in these two
+months. The following table shows the precipitation and temperatures
+recorded at the Kellogg Farm where most of our nut cultural experiments
+are conducted.
+
+September--The average maximum temperature, 79.1; average minimum
+temperature, 55.7; precipitation, 4.55 inches. October--The average
+maximum temperature, 60.1; average minimum temperature, 38.4;
+precipitation, 6.81 inches.
+
+The unusually high temperatures and heavy rainfall caused growth to
+continue much later than normally and thus prevented the wood from
+ripening properly before winter set in.
+
+English walnuts are found at several places throughout the lower
+peninsula and more particularly in the southern half of the state. In no
+place, however, are the trees numerous with the exception of a small
+area around Lexington, where there are approximately 100 trees. Inasmuch
+as this paper deals with the effect of low temperatures on the English
+walnut, the minimum temperatures of the weather station nearest to the
+places mentioned in the following text are given hereunder.
+
+                                       Lowest
+  Place                    Mo.--Date   Temp.
+  Allegan                   Feb.  9      -19
+  Bay City                  Feb.  9      -20
+  Caro                      Feb.  9      -30
+  Croswell                  Feb.  9      -26
+  Fennville                 Feb.  9      -20
+  Flint                     Feb.  9      -15
+  Grand Rapids              Feb.  9      -16
+  Gull Lake--Kellogg Farm   Feb.  9      -18
+  Hart                      Feb.  9      -22
+  Lansing                   Feb.  9      -18
+  Mount Pleasant            Feb.  9      -21
+  Muskegon                  Feb.  9      -16
+  Owosso                    Feb.  9      -20
+  Saranac                   Feb. 20      -25
+  Sparta                    Feb.  9      -22[A]
+  Leamington, Ont.          Feb.  9      -18
+  Guelph                    Feb.  9      -30
+  Simcoe                    Feb.  9      -30
+
+[Footnote A: Unofficial.]
+
+The extreme cold of the past winter following a warm, wet autumn caused
+a great deal of injury to English walnut trees in this state and
+elsewhere. The data presented herein were obtained by a careful
+examination of several plantations or individual trees scattered over
+the southern half of the lower peninsula in Michigan and in southwestern
+Ontario. To properly present this information it seems desirable to
+group the varieties or strains according to their place of origin.
+
+
+Group 1. _Cultivated Varieties from the Pacific Coast._
+
+In this group we have Mayette, Franquette and Seeando. The Mayette has
+been considered one of the hardiest of the cultivated varieties and was
+therefore included in the plantings at the Kellogg Farm. More than
+twenty trees were planted and every one died last winter or in the
+preceding winter. Seeando, a new and supposedly hardy variety from
+Washington state, was planted in limited numbers in the spring of 1933,
+but every tree perished last winter. Franquette was not planted as a
+nursery tree, but was top-grafted on several large black walnuts at the
+Kellogg Farm and at East Lansing, Michigan. The grafts made a vigorous
+growth but only two out of eleven lived through the winter. In Simcoe,
+Ontario, where the minimum temperature was -30F, a six-year-old tree was
+so badly injured that it will likely die this winter, but should it not
+perish, the degree of injury is so severe that it will be of very little
+value. In the Niagara district the Franquette top-grafted in 1926 on
+black walnut came through in moderately good condition, but in this part
+of Ontario the minimum temperature was only 10 below zero F.
+
+
+Group 2. _New Varieties of Canadian Origin._
+
+This group contains Broadview and McDermid. Broadview scions were
+secured from Mr. J. J. Gellatly of Westbank, B. C., who discovered the
+variety near Broadview, B. C. These scions were grafted on a
+medium-sized black walnut in 1931 and have since made a remarkable
+growth, but notwithstanding the vigorous growth there was no killing
+back during the past winter or in preceding winters. This variety was
+also grown as a top-graft by Mr. Carl Walker of Cleveland Heights, Ohio,
+where the minimum temperature last winter was -26 degrees F. Some killing
+back was reported on this tree, but the injury was not severe enough to
+be serious. The Broadview is reported to have endured without injury -25
+degrees F. in British Columbia and in Russia, where the parent tree
+originated, equally low temperatures are said to prevail. The McDermid
+was obtained from Mr. Peter McDermid of St. Catherines, Ontario. This
+tree is a third generation tree in Ontario and is descended from a tree
+brought out from Germany more than 100 years ago. The nuts are large
+with a moderately thick shell and contain a kernel of excellent quality.
+McDermid has been grown as a top graft at Simcoe, Ontario, East Lansing,
+the Kellogg Farm and Estate near Augusta and at South Haven, Michigan.
+All of the trees of this Variety grown in Michigan came through without
+injury, but the tree at Simcoe, Ontario, suffered somewhat by killing
+back of the past season's growth. The larger branches and trunk,
+however, were uninjured and have since made a rank growth. The McDermid
+top-grafted on a black walnut on Mr. G. Tolles' farm at South Haven
+proved hardy and was one of the few English walnut trees in Michigan to
+bear nuts this year.
+
+At the Michigan State College where the temperature went to -18 degrees
+F. vigorous McDermid grafts on a thrifty black walnut were uninjured
+whereas all the Franquette grafts on the same tree were killed outright.
+Similar results were noted on several trees at the Kellogg Farm near
+Augusta, Michigan.
+
+
+Group 3. _Carpathian Walnuts._
+
+This strain of Juglans regia was introduced into Canada by Rev. P. C.
+Crath of 48 Peterboro Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, from the Carpathian
+mountains in southeastern Poland. In this part of Europe the winter
+temperatures are reported to go to -20 degrees F., and occasionally
+lower. In the winter of 1928-29 a vast amount of injury was done to
+fruit trees and the less hardy English walnut trees in Poland, but a
+number of English walnuts came through without serious injury. Scion
+wood of some hardy selections was sent in 1932 to the writer by Mr.
+Crath, who was then in Poland. This material was grafted on vigorous
+growing black walnuts in the spring of 1932 and good results were
+secured with two varieties. These varieties made a vigorous growth, but
+notwithstanding this they showed not the slightest injury in the spring
+of 1934. The growth made during the summer of 1934 has been remarkable
+and if this unusually vigorous growth survives the coming winter it
+would seem as though we have an exceptionally hardy strain. The nut
+characters and productiveness of these varieties have not yet been
+determined in Michigan, but if they are equal to some of the trees of
+the same origin, then we will have very valuable trees. These strains
+have been named Crath and are distinguished by Nos. 2 and 5.
+
+About 100 small seedlings of Polish origin were purchased from Mr.
+Landega of Toronto, Ontario, an associate of Mr. Crath, and planted at
+the Kellogg Farm in 1932. These trees have been subjected to trying
+conditions through drouth, competition with alfalfa, late growth and
+severe winter temperatures. As a result some have died, but a number are
+growing nicely, and it is expected that some of these will eventually
+become established. Seedlings of this lot suffered only slight injury
+near Sparta, Michigan, but grafts from these same seedling trees set on
+a vigorous young black walnut were very severely injured. Another tree
+from this group endured the severe cold at Madison, Wisconsin, during
+the past winter and made a rapid growth this season.
+
+Scions from another fine tree of Polish origin growing at Mr. Crath's
+place in Toronto were set on several trees in this state in the spring
+of 1933 and in every case endured the lowest temperature without much
+injury to the new growth. A very unusual condition was noted, though on
+three young black walnut trees top-grafted to scions of this tree. On
+these trees the vigorous grafts appeared to be uninjured in the wood,
+but the bark at the point of union on both stock and scion was so
+severely injured that the grafts died. An examination showed evidences
+of bark splitting and this was undoubtedly caused by a severe and sudden
+cold spell following a very late and extremely vigorous growth. Scions
+of this strain were grafted on a medium sized black walnut at Caro,
+Michigan, and these endured -30 degrees F. without serious injury. A
+small black walnut tree at the Kellogg Farm top-grafted to scions of
+another Crath seedling showed bark injury on the lower half of the
+stock, but fortunately the extent of the injury was not great and the
+graft was saved. It also made a vigorous growth this season
+notwithstanding the hot dry weather and injury to the bark on the stock.
+Scions of this strain were grafted on a vigorous black walnut on the
+farm of F. Wilde at Wayland in 1933. These scions made an extraordinary
+growth that season and were subjected to a temperature of -20 degrees F.
+last winter. Some killing back occurred but no permanent injury was done
+as the grafts have made a good growth this season.
+
+
+_Pomeroy Seedlings_
+
+This strain of walnuts originated on the farm of Mr. Norman Pomeroy of
+Lockport, New York. Trees from this plantation, or seedlings of these
+trees, are grown at various places throughout Michigan with the heaviest
+concentration near Lexington. There are also a number of Pomeroy
+seedlings on the farm of Mr. Grant Fox at Leamington, Ontario. All of
+the trees in the Lexington district were more or less severely injured
+by killing back of the branches and occasionally by bark splitting or
+bark killing. At St. Louis one very fine tree was nearly girdled by bark
+injury and will undoubtedly die. Near Ithaca another tree showed
+moderate killing back and in the city two trees were killed to the
+ground and one other so severely injured as to be useless. The trees at
+Leamington, Ontario, were also severely injured, especially those that
+bore thin-shelled nuts. Some of the larger trees in this plantation
+which bore nuts with moderate thick shells were not as severely injured,
+and this would seem to indicate that there may be a relationship between
+thickness of shell and resistance to winter cold.
+
+In this plantation it was also found on another occasion that the trees
+which bore thin-shelled nuts produced long vigorous succulent shoots
+with a large pith and loose, spongy buds. On the other trees that bore
+thick-shelled nuts the shoot growth was shorter and firmer than on the
+trees with thin-shelled nuts. In contrast to these trees the buds on the
+Crath trees Nos. 2 and 5 were short, rather broad and very solid. The
+wood also was very hard and well matured with a small pith even on
+vigorous shoots. This seems to indicate that there may be a relationship
+between density and maturity of wood and buds and winter hardiness.
+
+
+_Other Seedlings_
+
+At various places in Michigan there are English walnut trees that
+originated in England or which are seedlings of trees that came from
+England. An exceptionally good tree of English origin grows near Ionia
+and is called Larson after the owner of the farm on which it grew. The
+Larson tree is at least 50 years old and bears nuts of large size and
+excellent quality in favorable seasons. This variety was propagated for
+the college by the Michigan Nut Nursery and some of these trees were
+planted at the Kellogg Farm in 1933. Unfortunately the past winter
+killed all the young trees and so severely injured the parent tree that
+its recovery is doubtful. Beck is another good variety of English origin
+that grows near Allegan on the Monterey road. The original tree of this
+variety was very severely injured and much greater injury was noted on
+seven-year-old grafts of this variety which had been set on a black
+walnut. At Vassar there is a tree of English origin that yields very
+fine nuts, but this one was also severely injured. Near Conklin there is
+an old tree of German origin and this was likewise severely injured, but
+not so much as the trees from England.
+
+
+_Chinese Walnuts_
+
+The Chinese walnut is a geographic form of the so-called English walnut.
+It occurs over a large area of central and northern China, and it is
+believed that trees from the northernmost range of this species in China
+are somewhat hardier than the average English walnut from western
+Europe. The number of trees of this species under observation is very
+limited, but those that have been seen appear to be promising. The
+largest and best tree observed grows on the property of Mr. Geo. Corsan
+at Islington, Ontario. This tree was subjected to -26 degrees F. last
+winter and was somewhat injured. The growth this spring was delayed
+longer than normally and some killing back was noted. Eventually the
+tree started to grow and made a normal amount of growth. Scions from
+this tree were grafted on two black walnut trees at the Kellogg Farm in
+1933 and a vigorous growth was made in that season. These grafts were
+carefully examined in the spring of 1934 and were found uninjured.
+Subsequently a very large graft on one medium sized black walnut tree
+died, but this was due to injury at the point of union rather than to
+the graft above. The remaining scions made a good growth this season.
+Seedling trees of another strain of Chinese walnut showed some variation
+in their hardiness. Some came through in good condition and made a
+vigorous growth but others were more or less injured. The limited number
+of trees under observation scarcely justifies definite conclusion, but
+it would seem as though this form of Juglans regia is worthy of a wider
+trial in southern Michigan.
+
+
+_Types of Winter Injury_
+
+The following forms of winter injury which have been referred to in the
+preceding notes are given special attention hereunder.
+
+(1) Killing back of branches.
+
+This type was found on every tree except the hardy varieties of Polish
+and Russian origin. In some cases the large branches were killed
+outright, but usually the injury was confined to small branches, and the
+degree of injury varied from slight to very severe killing. Branches so
+injured were attacked by fungus diseases and some were beginning to
+decay and fall off when examined in October. Killing back of the
+branches was also noted on one excellent heartnut at Scotland, Ontario.
+This tree was subjected to -30 degrees F. but was less severely injured
+than many of the English walnuts noted above, and when examined in
+September showed a vigorous new growth throughout most of the top. There
+were also several vigorous seedlings from this tree growing near by
+which were only slightly injured in the bark or which were uninjured. It
+was interesting to observe that the seedlings of the old heartnut tree
+that were apparently of hybrid origin were not injured in the least and
+bore good crops of nuts this year, but the seedlings that were pure
+heartnuts were injured slightly. This point suggests the desirability of
+crossing the finest heartnuts with the best butternuts to get a
+combination of the hardiness of the butternut with the good qualities of
+the heartnut.
+
+
+_Bark Killing_
+
+Bark injury is often found on fruit trees following a severe winter and
+is occasionally found on nut trees. It may be due to bark splitting or
+to desiccation or both. In severe cases of bark splitting the bark
+splits vertically and laterally from the ground up for several feet, but
+in milder cases the bark is only split away for a short distance. Where
+the bark is loosened for some distance around the tree or vertically it
+dies shortly thereafter, but where only a small amount of splitting
+occurs, the tree may recover if given attention. In such cases the bark
+should be cut back to the living tissue and all particles of dead or
+injured bark scraped off. The exposed area should then be coated with a
+good tree paint or asphaltic emulsion.
+
+The severest case of bark splitting observed was on a vigorous young
+heartnut seedling at Guelph, Ontario. On this tree the bark was
+completely split away entirely around the trunk from the ground up for
+several feet and the injury was so great that the tree died early in the
+summer. Within a short distance of this tree was another tree of the
+same origin that was quite uninjured, but this tree, however, was a
+hybrid between the butternut and the heartnut. On this hardy tree there
+was a heavy crop of nuts that were intermediate in form between the
+heartnut and the butternut, this indicating its hybrid origin.
+Practically all of these hybrids escaped injury even though the
+temperature was -30 degrees F.
+
+Bark injury was also noticed at the Kellogg Farm on several black walnut
+trees that had been grafted in the nursery and which were planted in
+1932 and 1933. On these trees the scion variety was uninjured but the
+bark on the stock was more or less affected from the ground up to the
+point of union. All trees thus affected came out into leaf, but shortly
+afterward the leaves withered and the top died.
+
+Bark injury from splitting or desiccation was more prevalent on young
+vigorous growing trees, and on older trees that had been stimulated into
+a strong growth by fertilizers or late cultivation.
+
+
+_Suggested Means of Control_
+
+Since it is impossible to control temperatures and precipitation, it is
+perhaps a vain hope to expect complete immunity from winter injury to
+the English walnut. It is possible, however, to lessen the degree of
+injury by certain measures of precaution. These are as follows:
+
+(1) Plant only the hardiest varieties.
+
+The past winter showed very clearly that the commercial varieties of
+English walnut or seedlings as grown in this state are not hardy enough
+to endure the severe cold that periodically occurs in Michigan. This
+limits the choice of varieties to those from central Europe or north
+China where rigorous climatic conditions prevail. As already pointed
+out, the varieties that endured the past winter were from the Carpathian
+region in Poland or western Russia and north China. These varieties have
+not been widely distributed in this state and it may be found that even
+these will have a limited range in Michigan. Their behavior, however,
+shows that they are somewhat hardier than varieties from western Europe
+or England. Unfortunately the supply of trees of these apparently hardy
+kinds is limited and it will take some time to work up a stock of the
+best strains. In the meantime, those who desire to plant the English
+walnut had better wait until a supply of the hardier kind is available
+or plant some other hardy species such as the black walnut.
+
+(2) Thoroughly drain all soils intended for nut trees. Well drained
+soils favor good root development and seem to lessen late growth, thus
+reducing to a slight extent at least the severe killing back that is
+noticeable on such growth.
+
+(3) Use nitrogenous fertilizers in moderation.
+
+Fertilizers rich in nitrogen may stimulate the late growth and
+predispose the tree to killing back.
+
+(4) Do not cultivate the soil around nut trees late in the summer.
+
+Late cultivation stimulates late growth and prevents the trees from
+properly ripening their buds and wood. This late growth invariably
+suffers more severely from winter cold than growth that is well matured.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Tree Prospects in the Tennessee Valley
+
+_By_ JOHN W. HERSHEY
+
+_Tree Crop Specialist, Division of Forestry._
+
+_Tennessee Valley Authority._
+
+
+This is a vital question to discuss in the economic welfare of any
+community, but the sooner the value of tree crops is recognized, the
+sooner will the agriculturists be on a more simple economic basis and I
+feel that the members of this association agree with me when I say that
+the Tennessee Valley Authority Board of Directors should be complimented
+by this body for their foresight in making tree crops a part of their
+economic scheme. In my five months of work the points that I believe are
+of most interest to this body are that I have actually made a cursory
+tree crop survey of the whole Valley--fifteen hundred miles long and
+seventy-five miles wide. This is the first time this kind of work has
+ever been attempted in the world on an extensive scale. The results of
+this survey have been approximately the following:
+
+(1) A keen interest by all the County Agents in the tree crops question.
+
+(2) I was astonished at the surprising number of County Agents that had
+been advocating nut trees as a farm asset. It gave me considerable
+pleasure to note the number who had nuts sticking around their offices
+they had gathered up because of their interest in trying to find a good
+cracker of either hickory or walnut. As we all know it would be
+impossible for me to attempt to fine-tooth-comb an area as large as the
+Tennessee Valley basin for thin shelled nuts, but with the enthusiasm
+shown by the County Agents we will have excellent co-operation with them
+in getting publicity in local papers for the contests that we have run
+to date on all the tree crops. The announcement of this association's
+prize contest is going to have an outstanding influence in getting a lot
+of samples of nuts and you can easily see the stimulant to get two
+prizes in the place of one is going to make a lot of men and women and
+children scour the country for the nut that will possibly take the prize
+in both contests. I want to say that I feel that these nuts, from the
+few samples and reports I have at hand, are going to give the balance of
+the United States a run for their money in the contest.
+
+My work, when developed along the lines as recommended, will not only
+comprise the development of nuts but of all tree crops in general. Not
+only in introducing selected tree crops to the farmers but in the
+breeding of superior crops. The tree crops idea like the Authority's
+power idea will have, in the words of Dr. Kellogg, in a recent letter to
+me, "It will not only influence the welfare of the farmers in the Valley
+but over the whole United States." First in showing the farmers on a
+worth while scale the value of tree crops and second in introducing this
+health food into the diet of the American people.
+
+
+
+
+Some New Hicans and Pecans in Illinois
+
+_From_ J. G. DUIS, _Shattuc, Illinois_
+
+(_Read by Title_)
+
+
+I am writing a short account of the new nuts I have discovered in this
+vicinity, all in the Kaskaskia River Valley and not one fifty miles
+away. The Duis, Swagler, Joffrey and Carlyle pecans. The Duis black
+walnut. The Gerardi and Nussbaumer hicans. And the Dintleman hybrid.
+
+The Duis pecan grows about four miles up the river from Carlyle. I claim
+it as the largest northern pecan in existence, with the Swagler not far
+second in size. Both have been bearing the two years I have known them,
+the Duis rather prolifically. However, it was so severely whipped last
+fall, and the season so dry this year, that I do not expect a crop off
+either tree, though I have not visited them as they are rather
+inaccessible. Both graft fairly well, especially the Swagler.
+
+The Joffrey pecan grows alone in a corn field south of Pelican Pouch, a
+glacial moraine south of Carlyle about six miles. It is the plumpest,
+thinnest shelled nut of northern variety, and above average size. Fair
+bearer to the best of my knowledge, but a severe hail storm and a season
+of severe walnut caterpillars ruined two years' prospects. The Carlyle
+pecan grows in the State Fish Hatchery and Park at Carlyle, and I have
+only the word of the "game warden" and caretaker for size and quality.
+The same hail and caterpillar pest hit that tree. The Duis black walnut
+is from a scrub tree on Shoal Creek, about five miles northwest of
+Carlyle and is about crowded out by other trees. My oldest grafted tree
+from it is about seven years old and has been bearing consistently since
+two years old. Even this year, after two severe dry seasons, and a late
+frost that nipped the early shoots, it has a fine crop even though other
+trees, grafted and seedlings, are mostly barren. The nuts are medium to
+rather large and readily crack out in halves comparable to the Stabler
+when properly prepared for cracking. There are so many new walnuts I
+know nothing about that I presume there are better ones.
+
+I claim only secondary credit for "resurrecting" the Nussbaumer hican
+and the Dintleman hybrid, presumably king hickory and bitternut. The
+Nussbaumer is the hybrid mentioned in Fuller's Nut Culturist some fifty
+years ago. I thought of this for several months and corresponded
+regarding this nut and finally made a couple of trips down the river to
+Mascoutah and vicinity. I could hardly find a man old enough to know Mr.
+Nussbaumer, who was a druggist there. Later he removed to Okawville and
+from there to Texas, where he died a number of years ago. I was advised
+to see an old nurseryman by the name of Jacob Leibrock, now deceased. I
+was told he had two of the trees from seed. He had, but both bore
+bitternuts and he had cut them down. I did not think till later that
+they probably were not from the Nussbaumer tree and when I wrote for
+more information he had passed away. He advised me to see two men toward
+Fayetteville down the river. The first one did not know where the tree
+was. The second one did but was too busy to go to it, so I hired him to
+go as soon as possible and advise me and if possible send me some
+samples and I would return later. From what he told me I was sure I was
+off the track of the Nussbaumer, but on the trail of a new and better
+nut. He said the tree bore "sacks full" and the nuts were so thin
+shelled you could crack them in your hand. I went farther down the river
+to Fayetteville, not far from which place east the tree was located, but
+was there informed the tree was dead. However, the informer told me he
+had a seedling from it, but upon investigation found he had a fullblood
+pecan, probably planted by a jaybird from a number of bearing trees in
+close proximity, for I was satisfied by this time the nut was not even
+part pecan. The two original nuts probably never grew. The innkeeper
+advised me that Mr. Dintleman, a nurseryman of Belleville, Ill., had
+been much interested in the nuts and might have a tree. So I wrote him
+asking about it and also wrote Mr. C. A. Reed, U. S. Dept. of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Mr. Dintleman wrote me that our well
+known Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, had a seven-year-old budded tree from buds he
+sent. And Mr. Reed advised me to write a farm advisor in Missouri.
+Through him I was informed a Mr. George Miller, near Bluffton, son of
+Judge Miller, mentioned in Fuller's book, had a tree thirty years old.
+In short, I found not only the one tree I was after but a second king
+hickory and bitternut cross with a shell so thin you could "crack it
+with your hands." Shall we call it a Hickbit? Mr. Wilkinson sent me
+graftwood and stated he expected we call it the Dintleman. The
+Nussbaumer, Mr. Miller informed me, is not a good bearer, but it may be
+due to location or lack of pollinization. I now have several trees of
+each from spring grafts.
+
+All the above trees grow in overflow ground, sometimes in water for
+weeks, called slashes. The Stabler walnut also seems to like that, but
+the Thomas does not and is outgrown by the three-year-old Stablers. I
+will know more about that in a year or two. However, nearly all grow
+very well on the prairie land around here and some seem to bear better.
+
+May I add another observation. Cultivation will produce bigger, better
+and more nuts, same as for corn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Evening session.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+I'd like to speak for a moment about some old friends, one of whom we
+shall never see any more, Mr. Bixby. If you will take the trouble to go
+back through our annual reports and see the number of articles he has
+written and the diversity of subjects he has written on, and see what an
+important part he has taken in our discussions, you will get a good idea
+of the ability and broad-mindedness, the scientific knowledge and the
+honesty of Mr. Bixby. There is one thing that perhaps you don't all
+know, and that is that his collection of nuts has been sold to the
+United States Government. There is something fewer of you know and that
+is that this sale was brought about by the persistent energy, mental and
+physical, of Mr. Reed.
+
+The other old friend, whom we shall perhaps never see again at a
+meeting, is Dr. Morris. I've seen him twice this summer, had several
+letters from him, and lunched with him once. He has with him his devoted
+wife and his little daughter and he appears to be fairly well. He
+doesn't look very different from what he has when he attended our
+meetings. He is up and around and he walked about the place for fifteen
+or twenty minutes with Mrs. Morris and me looking at his trees.
+
+Some other old friends that I would like to call to your attention are
+our past reports. I suppose that I have read those reports more times
+than anybody else, since I have edited nearly all of them. I go back
+over them occasionally even now and I have been astonished to find the
+value of the papers and discussions that are contained there. I
+recommend to all of you who have these reports to make a review of them
+and see how many things were known during the early years of our
+association, as Mr. Walker has said, that we are now rehashing. When you
+go over the names of the men who made up the membership of the
+association in its early days, men whom many of you perhaps have never
+seen, or have seen very seldom, you can understand how these pioneers in
+nut growing would have had something interesting to say.
+
+I've made a little list of names of these men, some of whom are gone,
+and the rest of whom we seldom see. Dr. Morris, Prof. Craig, Henry
+Hales, Prof. Close, Prof. Hutt, W. N. Roper, W. C. Reed, Prof. Collins,
+E. A. Riehl, Dr. Van Fleet, Prof. Van Deman, J. G. Rush, Mr. Jones, Mr.
+Littlepage, Mr. Bixby, Dr. Smith, Prof. E. R. Lake, S. W. Snyder, Mrs.
+Erlanger, Col. Sober, Prof. Drake and many others. I think it will pay
+you all to look back through those annual reports and see what the
+pioneer nut growers of this country have recorded.
+
+Mr. Reed, I was saying that Mr. Bixby's collection of nut trees had been
+sold to the Government and that it was through your help that this sale
+was made. Now I'd like to ask you if there is any information that you
+could properly release to the meeting about the sale of those trees. I
+am sure everyone of us would be interested to know where they are going.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+The trees have been bought by the Interior Department with funds placed
+at their disposal for the purpose of planting trees for the national
+forests. Their attitude has been rather liberal in this case. They have
+felt that if they could get trees planted, regardless of whether they
+were planted on Interior Department land or not, it would be justified
+expense. When the matter was laid before them, they at once thought of
+the arboretum which is now being developed within the District of
+Columbia. The final purchase was made largely in order that the
+arboretum might be able to start off with the Bixby collection as a
+nucleus. A complete list of all varieties that are in the collection
+will go there. Another part of the purchase comes to the branch of the
+Agricultural Department which I represent, and practically all of the
+varieties in the Bixby collection which are not now in the plant at
+Beltsville will be sent there.
+
+It was the original plan of the Interior Department that all of the
+trees which neither the arboretum nor the branch of the department which
+I represent needed, should go to the Shenandoah National Park in
+Virginia, and it was with that understanding that the deal was closed.
+After the deal was closed and a notice was sent to the authorities in
+charge at the park that a certain number of seedlings of different
+species and a certain number of grafted trees would be delivered there
+sometime this fall, the Shenandoah authorities took the strange attitude
+that they couldn't use grafted trees. In other words, they preferred
+mongrels to thoroughbreds. We chuckled in our sleeves. But nevertheless
+they threw back upon us several grafted trees to find some place for. We
+immediately took it up with the Forest Service. They have land in North
+Carolina where all of the trees can be planted fifty feet apart, not
+cultivated, but nursed and cared for, and available for study by our own
+department and the state of North Carolina and any individuals.
+
+I have omitted mentioning that there are certain limitations on the
+ability of the Interior officials to buy trees for Interior Department
+planting. It is a definite policy of the Interior Department that in all
+national parks they plant only American species. That automatically
+eliminated many trees of the Bixby collection. But the arboretum wanted
+a good many of those trees and so did we.
+
+There are still in the Bixby collection several fine Persian walnut
+trees. We haven't been able to trace their source, but it is my
+impression that they are of Chinese origin.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+He had a row of Pomeroy trees.
+
+PROF. SLATE:
+
+He also had some trees from Chinese seed, because he sent some of them
+to Geneva.
+
+MR. REED:
+
+We have the Bixby correspondence. By the terms of the purchase Mrs.
+Bixby was to deliver to the Interior Department all of Mr. Bixby's
+records pertaining to those trees, and as far as she has been able to
+get things together they have been turned over to me.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+In addition to our annual reports I want to say a word about the reports
+of the National Pecan Growers' Association. Twenty-five years ago I took
+out a life membership in that association for $10.00, and I have been
+getting annual reports ever since. While they relate almost exclusively
+to the southern pecan they have also many scientific articles on the
+development of twigs, blossoms and fruit, on pruning and grafting and on
+fertilizing and cultivating, which are of importance to all nut
+growers.
+
+I think perhaps I won't go into the subject which has been talked of so
+much today, the severe winter and summer we have had. But J. G. Rush in
+our third annual report has a paper which is entitled, "The Persian
+Walnut, Its Disaster, Etc.," which describes events twenty-two years ago
+very similar to those that have taken place in the last winter.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Growing in Vermont
+
+_By_ ZENAS H. ELLIS, _Fair Haven_
+
+
+In all my life of over seventy years I have never seen a time like the
+present. We have passed through the coldest winter and the dryest summer
+ever known.
+
+I raise on my place in old Vermont every kind of tree that will grow
+there, and try many that will not, or only with more or less protection.
+I have apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches and figs, with berries of
+all kinds. I have nut trees of many different varieties, hickories,
+black and English walnuts, filberts, hazel-filberts, pecans, almonds and
+butternuts.
+
+Which have stood the cold and drought the best? Strange as it may seem,
+my nut trees have stood the extreme temperatures the best. My hardiest
+apples like the Wealthy, Yellow Transparent, Wolf River, and Pewaukee
+have gone down to their death, or so near thereto that I never expect to
+see any fruit from them again. Whereas, on the other hand, my hickories,
+black walnuts, butternuts and hazel-filberts have not even lost a leaf.
+Wonderful to relate and almost unbelievable my large pecan tree, over
+forty feet in height, and a foot in diameter, is as hale and hearty as
+ever.
+
+August 15th last I picked and cracked some of my improved butternuts and
+hazel-filberts, and found the kernels large, full grown and normal in
+every way. Whereas I have not an apple or pear fit to eat, no, not even
+a berry either.
+
+I set out my butternut years ago in the position of honor in front of my
+house, and it has merited it ever since. The kernels came out in halves
+and often times whole. I have given away many of the nuts for planting,
+even as far away as Kew Gardens, England. Money could not buy the parent
+tree. I would not exchange it for the best cattle ranch in Colorado, the
+best wheat farm in Kansas, or the best cotton plantation in both the
+Carolinas. It is self-sustaining, does not require any subsidy from
+Uncle Sam, or any twenty-five thousand dollars a year official to
+regulate it. It is better than any dollar nowadays, always worth 100 per
+cent in gold instead of 61 cents, as is our government kind. The reason
+is, God rules it, instead of a mere man with any combination of the
+alphabet you can make.
+
+It is the same with my improved hazel-filberts which grow tall and rank
+and bend down to the ground with their branches heavily laden with
+large, well-filled nuts.
+
+My Thomas black walnuts are doing well, as also my Sier's hybrid
+hickories; both are perfectly hardy but not bearing this year as it is
+the off year for them. The butternut and hazel-filberts have never an
+off year but, like the "brook," go on forever. My English walnuts with
+some protection passed the winter in perfect safety. But the almonds,
+though protected as well, fared very poorly, showing that they are not
+near so hardy as the former.
+
+The other kinds of nut trees that I have mentioned, even to the pecan,
+withstood the rigors of the winter with no protection whatever.
+
+My true filberts fared rather poorly but are coming up lustily from
+below the snow line and will, I think, be as good as ever if the past
+winter does not repeat itself.
+
+What does this all mean? It means that we should plant more nut trees
+instead of so many fruit trees, especially the apple, which has proven
+more liable to cold injury than even the pear, if we would have any of
+the delectable valuable products of the tree kind. Why, just think of
+it, a few nut trees planted around every home in the country would do
+more to relieve the present depression than all the other agencies and
+remedies put together. Frost does not impair their fruit. Nuts will keep
+through the year or longer. Insects do not injure them as they do the
+soft, unprotected fruits. Squirrels may take their toll but they are far
+easier to destroy than a bug. To hunt them is grand sport for young
+people, whereas to chase a bug is no fun at all.
+
+The workman, the professional man, the merchant, should especially raise
+them as they would take no time from their business. Their children
+would think it no work at all to gather them, that is if they were like
+the children of my youth who looked forward to gathering nuts as one of
+the pleasantest pastimes of the year.
+
+If all our city parks, public squares, playgrounds, roadsides, waste
+places and other like areas were planted with them, all children even to
+the poorest could have a sufficiency of the healthiest food that would
+build up their bodies into strong healthy adults who could go out into
+the country and build it up again as it was years ago, instead of the
+vast, desolate region it is now.
+
+What makes children so puny and so unwilling to do any real work today?
+It is because emigration from nut-eating countries being shut off, and
+our native nut trees cut down or uncared for, there is nothing to keep
+up the supply of the best food for the body today. The remedy is to
+raise more nuts so the children and adults as well can again be fed on
+the most valuable, healthy and strength-giving food God ever made.
+
+Then, too, crime would be greatly reduced, especially of the juvenile
+kind. The spare time of our youth would be taken up for about three
+months in a year with a clean, pure, pleasant, agreeable occupation
+instead of searching for mischief and quasi-vicious adventures. Have no
+juvenile crime and the adult crime is reduced to a minimum, or
+obliterated entirely.
+
+God started man on a nut eating diet and kept him thereon for centuries.
+As long as he stuck to it he was all right. We do not hear much about
+that era, for happy is the nation that has no history. Then he had no
+diseases to speak of except extreme old age, no wars and hardly any
+troubles. But when, in the Garden of Eden, the Devil tempted him to
+switch off onto some other diet, he has been wrong ever since. So then,
+let us return to our old diet as far as possible and have something of
+an Eden again about us today.
+
+Perhaps you people of Michigan would like to know what my town of Fair
+Haven is. It gave you James Witherell who, while congressman from
+Vermont, resigned to accept the supreme judgeship of the great territory
+of Michigan. In the war of 1812 he had command of the troops thereof
+and, when ordered by the cowardly General Hull to surrender them to the
+British, absolutely refused. After that war he laid out anew the war
+stricken city of Detroit.
+
+His grandson, Thomas Witherell Palmer, the son of a native born Fair
+Haven girl, became your United States Senator, Minister to Spain and, in
+1893, President of the World Fair commission at Chicago. He gave to
+Detroit that large and beautiful park named after him.
+
+So you see Henry Ford is not the whole architect of that great city, as
+good Vermont blood had to relay its foundations and get it well under
+way for that great auto magnate to make it the fourth city in the
+Union.
+
+
+
+
+A Roll Call of the Nuts
+
+_By_ DR. W. C. DEMING
+
+_Connecticut_
+
+
+In the report of the proceedings at the eighth annual meeting of this
+association, held at Stamford, Conn., September 5 and 6, 1917, is an
+address by the Vice President, Prof. W. N. Hutt of North Carolina,
+entitled "Reasons for Our Limited Knowledge as to What Varieties of Nut
+Trees to Plant." I quote from that address:
+
+     "In 1847 the American Pomological Society was formed as a national
+     clearing house of horticultural ideas. The first work the society
+     undertook was to determine the varieties of the different classes
+     of fruits suitable for planting in different sections of the
+     country. Patrick Barry of Rochester, one of the pioneers of
+     American horticulture, was for years the chairman of the committee
+     on varietal adaptation and did an immense amount of work on that
+     line. At the meetings of the society he went alphabetically over
+     the variety lists of fruits and called for reports on each one from
+     growers all over the country. This practice was kept up for years
+     and the resulting data were collected and compiled in the society's
+     reports. A similar systematic roll call of classes and varieties of
+     nuts grown by the members of this association would be of immense
+     value to intending planters of nut trees. In northern nut growing,
+     however, it may be questioned if we have yet arrived at the Patrick
+     Barry stage."
+
+These were the words of Prof. Hutt in 1917, seventeen years ago. I
+believe that nut growing has now arrived at the Patrick Barry stage. It
+seems right, therefore, that we should begin to have an annual roll call
+of the nuts. To this end I have prepared a list of nuts of the different
+genera, species and varieties grown in the northeastern United States.
+This list is long but by no means complete and this, by the nature of
+things, it can never be. It is evident that there will not be time
+enough to go over more than a small part of this list. It is, therefore,
+proposed to have the list mimeographed and sent to all members for their
+reports. Members are asked particularly to add to the list the names and
+performances of any varieties not listed of which they may have
+knowledge. In this way we shall soon be able to make our lists as nearly
+complete as possible.
+
+In order to reduce bulk and expense it will be necessary to print the
+names in compact form. It is suggested that the lists be kept for
+reference and that any report be made on a separate sheet under the
+proper heading. I will go as far in it now as you want me to. As I call
+the names of the nuts on this list I will ask the members present to
+report, as briefly as possible, any knowledge they may have as to the
+performance of each nut, such as the earliness of its fruiting, size and
+regularity of crops, growth and vigor of tree and character of nuts.
+
+
+HICKORIES
+
+THE ANTHONY:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE BARNES (Shag. x Mock.):
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: There are some at Itaca which bear.
+
+Dr. Deming: This is undoubtedly a Shagbark--mockernut hybrid. It is
+entirely at home when grafted on the mockernut. This makes it of value
+for there are few of our named hickories that will do well when grafted
+on the mockernut. In 1933 I top-worked a mockernut with ten grafts of
+the Barnes. In 1934 it bore 30 fine nuts. It appears to be an excellent
+nut. There are three other nuts that I know do well on the mockernut.
+One is the Wampler from Indiana introduced by W. C. Reed. Another is the
+Minnie raised by Mr. S. W. Snyder. The fourth nut is the Gobble. The
+Barnes is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932
+proceedings. Carl Weschcke has it growing at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE BATES (pecan x Mock.):
+
+Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.
+
+
+THE BEAM:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE BEAVER (Shag. x Bitter.):
+
+Dr. Deming: It grows rapidly. The nuts are not of very good quality,
+like most bitternut hybrids.
+
+The Beaver is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek and is
+mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. Carl Weschcke has it
+growing at River Falls, Wis. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has one one-year
+graft on bitternut, height 5 feet. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ont., has one
+Beaver tree planted in 1924 and moved in 1925 growing in light sandy
+soil on north shore at west end Lake Ontario. Diameter of the trunk is
+about three inches, tree fifteen feet high, bore first time in 1934. It
+is growing at the Riehl Farm, Godfrey, Ill., and in the Jones Nursery,
+Lancaster, Pa.
+
+
+THE BEAM:
+
+Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE BILLAU:
+
+Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE BONTRAGER (Shag.):
+
+Won third prize in 1929 contest, page 53, 1931. Tree owned by John D.
+Bontrager, Middlebury, Ind.
+
+
+THE BROOKS (Shag.):
+
+Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It won ninth prize in
+1929 contest, page 53, 1931, to Mrs. John Brooks, Ottumwa, Iowa. Carl
+Weschcke has it growing at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE BURLINGTON (Pecan x shell.):
+
+Dr. Deming: The true name of the nut we call Marquardt. The Michigan Nut
+Nursery have trees bearing.
+
+Miss Jones: A characteristic of all shellbark x pecan hybrids is that
+they don't fill well.
+
+Mr. Corsan: Are they in exceedingly rich soil or just ordinary? I find
+that nuts respond to rich soil.
+
+Miss Jones: They are in ordinary soil.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: We have two trees at Ithaca about ten years old which
+have borne but the nuts have not filled very well.
+
+Dr. Deming: Is the Burlington worth growing? Does it fill so badly that
+it is not a success?
+
+Miss Jones: The kernel fills out about three-fourths of the way. It
+fills better than the McCallister.
+
+Mr. Corsan: I have never seen such a fine nut in my life.
+
+Mr. Wilkinson: It is a good hybrid and a wonderful bearer.
+
+Dr. Deming: Every year?
+
+Mr. Wilkinson: Yes, and matures unusually early.
+
+The Burlington is in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill. It is
+mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has young
+trees growing at River Falls, Wis. Sargeant H. Wellman has some young
+trees at Topsfield, Mass. F. H. Frey has young tree in yard at Chicago,
+but it has not borne nuts as yet. Foliage is beautiful, leaves being
+rather broad but some kind of blight seems to turn them dark and they
+curl up about middle of the summer.
+
+J. W. Hershey: Of the hybrid hickories the Burlington should be
+eliminated from the list and a great many others of the hickories should
+be thrown out as rapidly as possible.
+
+
+THE BURTON (pecan x shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. It is growing in
+Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and on Kellogg farm, Michigan.
+
+
+THE CALDWELL:
+
+It is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE CASPER:
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Parent tree in Illinois.
+
+
+THE CEDAR RAPIDS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. It is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., the Kellogg
+farm at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the Carl Weschcke plantings at River
+Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE CLARK (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's in 1931 report.
+
+This hickory is growing on the Carl Weschcke place at River Falls, Wis.,
+and in Sargeant H. Wellman's nut orchard at Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE COMINS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE COOK (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE CREAGER:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report. This hickory is growing in the
+Kellogg farm plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE DENNIS (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. This hickory is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich., and in Carl Weschcke nut orchard at River Falls, Wis. W.
+R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Dennis promises to be a heavy,
+early bearer of fairly good quality.
+
+
+THE DES MOINES (pecan x shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and by Dr. Zimmerman, page
+20, 1932. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg farms plantings.
+
+
+THE DREW (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE EDABURN:
+
+Mentioned by Mr. Bixby in his paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has it
+growing in his orchard at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE EMERICK:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE EUREKA (shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE EVERSMAN (shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE FAIRBANKS (shag. x bitter.):
+
+Mr. Corsan: I had eleven nuts on my tree last year. They are very small
+trees.
+
+Dr. Neilson: A Fairbanks grafted on a pignut in the spring of 1931 at
+the Kellogg estate has quite a few nuts on it this season.
+
+Miss Jones: They bear well and regularly.
+
+Dr. Deming: Yes, they do at my place, too.
+
+Mr. Corsan: What kind of a flavor has it?
+
+Dr. Deming: It is bitter when you keep it but not when fresh.
+
+Mr. Snyder: Don't judge them by one nut. They get better as you eat
+them. The more you eat the better you like them.
+
+Miss Jones: People that try them at our place don't notice much
+difference between those hybrids and the shellbarks. I give them to
+people any time during the winter, and they don't notice the difference.
+
+Mr. Reed: Mr. Bixby said at one of the conventions that the Fairbanks
+was a good grower, easy to propagate, bore well, not so good as to size,
+thin shelled and had all the desirable characteristics of a good nut
+except that it wasn't good to eat.
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. The Fairbanks is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19,
+1932. It is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey, Ill., the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., in the Carl Weschcke orchard at River
+Falls, Wis., and in the E. C. Rice plantings at Absher, Ky. Sargeant H.
+Wellman has some young Fairbanks trees at Topsfield, Mass. Mr. W. R.
+Fickes reports it is a very poor quality hickory at Wooster, Ohio, but
+may be valuable for double working.
+
+
+THE FLUHR (shag. x shell.):
+
+Awarded seventh prize in 1929 contest, page 53, 1931 report, to Edgar
+Fluhr, Kiel, Wis.
+
+
+THE FREEL (shag.):
+
+Entered in 1929 contest by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa.
+
+
+THE FROMAN (shag.):
+
+Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Arlie W. Froman, Bacon, Ind.
+
+
+THE GALLOWAY:
+
+H. R. Weber: I notice the Galloway is not listed among the hickory
+hybrids. The parent tree is growing in Hamilton County, Ohio, and, is
+supposed to be a pecan x bitternut hybrid.
+
+
+THE GERARDI (pecan x shell.):
+
+A Member: It is like the Nussbaumer.
+
+This hybrid is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. Also
+see description by Joseph Gerardi, page 45, 1932 report. It is growing
+in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and the Kellogg plantings at
+Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE GISSEL:
+
+It is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and in orchard of
+Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE GLOVER (shag.):
+
+It is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper
+in 1931 report. It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek,
+Mich., the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis., and the Sargeant
+H. Wellman orchard at Topsfield, Mass. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has
+two-year grafts on shellbark and bitternut stocks. It seems to do better
+on the shellbark stocks.
+
+
+THE GOBBLE (shag.):
+
+Mentioned on page 54, 1931 report. Tree owned by William Gobble,
+Holsten, Va.
+
+
+THE GOHEEN (shag.):
+
+Awarded sixth prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. Hamill Goheen, Pennsylvania
+Furnace, Penna. Sargeant H. Wellman has young trees growing at
+Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE GREEN:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE GREENBAY (pecan x shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Dr. Zimmerman's
+report, page 20, 1932.
+
+
+THE GRIFFIN:
+
+Mr. Bixby, page 15, 1928, report, states it is an early bearer. Dr. J.
+Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports the Griffin is precocious when
+grafted on pecan but cracking test by Mr. C. A. Reed shows it to have a
+very low cracking value.
+
+
+THE GRUPE:
+
+Is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in the
+Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa.
+
+
+THE HAGEN (shag. x shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It was awarded ninth
+prize in 1929 contest. Parent tree owned by Mrs. C. E. Hagen,
+Guttenberg, Iowa. It is growing in the Snyder Bros.' plantings at Center
+Point, Iowa, the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the
+Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE HALES (shag.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE HAND:
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in the orchard of Carl
+Weschcke at River Falls., Wis.
+
+
+THE HILL (shell.):
+
+Introduced by S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa, and mentioned by Mr.
+Bixby in his paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE HUBER:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE HUFF:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE IOWA (shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE KELSEY:
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Carl Weschcke has it
+growing in his orchard at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE KENTUCKY (shag. x mock.):
+
+Dr. Deming: This is said to be a shagbark x mockernut hybrid but I see
+no reason for the belief. It is a vigorous grower. One year my trees
+were liberally sprinkled with nuts. I know that they bear from year to
+year, but the squirrels get the nuts. I think it is a shy bearer.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: It bears regularly at my place but at Mr. Littlepage's it
+isn't bearing.
+
+This hickory is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Dr.
+Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.
+
+
+THE KIRTLAND (shag.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Mr. Reed's paper in
+1931 report. It is growing in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., and
+in the orchards of Carl Weschcke, River Falls, Wis., and of Sargeant H.
+Wellman at Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE LAKE (shag.):
+
+Awarded first prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. C. Lake, New Haven, Ind., R.
+R. 1.
+
+
+THE LEONARD (shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE LANEY (shag. x bitter.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report.
+
+Dr. Deming: I have never known them to bear anything yet at my place in
+Connecticut.
+
+Dr. Zimmerman: They haven't borne at my place, either.
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. The Laney hickory is growing
+in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich., and the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE LINGENFELTER (shag.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. It is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE MANAHAN (shag.):
+
+Mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and in Mr. Reed's paper in
+1931 report. It is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey, Ill., and
+the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis.
+
+
+THE MANN (of Michigan shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE MANN (of Ohio, shag. x shell.): Awarded ninth prize in 1929
+contest to Howard Mann, Delta, Ohio.
+
+
+THE McCALLISTER (pecan x shell.):
+
+Dr. Deming: Has anyone any new information about the filling or bearing
+of the McCallister?
+
+Mr. Wilkinson: It fills well but not heavily.
+
+Mr. Reed: I have watched the McCallister for years and years and the
+nuts have failed to fill. But there is a tree that has the reputation of
+bearing a very considerable quantity of nuts. We went over to see the
+tree and we found that it stood where the soil was very rich. I have
+wanted ever since then to try some McCallisters and give them all of the
+plant food that they could possibly consume. I believe that that has a
+good deal to do with filling.
+
+Dr. Deming: Heavy fertilization influences the filling of nuts.
+
+The McCallister is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932.
+It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., the
+orchards of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., E. C. Rice at Absher,
+Ky., of Sargeant H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass., and in the Government
+plantings at Beltsville, Md. It is also growing and doing well in the
+Waite Orchard at Normandy, Tenn., see page 34, 1932 report.
+
+
+THE MILFORD (shag.):
+
+It is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in
+the Jones Nursery at Lancaster.
+
+
+THE MINNIE (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report. Parent tree is growing in the yard of the Snyder farm at Center
+Point, Iowa. This hickory is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey,
+Ill.
+
+
+THE MORTON (pecan x shell.):
+
+Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. Is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE PESCHKE (shag.):
+
+Awarded tenth prize in 1929 contest to Grace Peschke, Ripon, Wis.
+
+
+THE PLEAS (pecan x bitter.):
+
+Miss Jones: It has a very thin shell. You can crack it with your hand.
+
+Mr. Reed: Miss Riehl has said that it is worth growing for ornamental
+effect. It has great long catkins that make it really a beautiful thing,
+and yet it is like all of the others as far as I know, it has that
+bitter principle. It is very much the same as the other bitternut
+hybrids.
+
+The Pleas is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926 report and is
+listed in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. It is being grown on
+the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., in the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich., in the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis., and
+Sargeant H. Wellman has young trees doing well at Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE RENGGENBERG (shag.):
+
+Awarded eighth prize in 1929 contest to Edward Renggenberg, Madison,
+Wis., R. 1, Box 142.
+
+
+THE ROCKVILLE (pecan x shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Also mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's
+report, page 20, 1932. Is growing at the Riehl farm, Godfrey, Ill., the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in orchard of Carl
+Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster,
+Pennsylvania.
+
+
+THE RODDY (shag. x shell.):
+
+Awarded fourth prize in 1929 contest to John Roddy, Napoleon, Ohio.
+
+
+THE ROMIG:
+
+Is in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and Sargeant H.
+Wellman has some young trees in his orchard at Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE SANDE (shag. x shell.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE SAYER (shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE SCHOENBERGER (shag.):
+
+Awarded tenth prize in 1929 contest to Roy Schoenberger, Nevada, Ohio.
+
+
+THE SEAVER (shag.):
+
+Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to J. K. Seaver, Harvard, Ill.
+
+
+THE SCHINNERLING:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in Kellogg plantings at
+Battle Creek, Mich., and in orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls,
+Wis.
+
+
+THE SHAUL:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE SIERS (mock. x bitter.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's
+report, page 19, 1932. Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., in
+orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and in the Jones Nursery
+at Lancaster, Pa.
+
+
+THE SOBOLEWSKI (shag.):
+
+Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Jos. Sobolewski, Norwich, Conn.,
+R. 5, Box 56A.
+
+
+THE SPRUNGER (shell):
+
+Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Caleb Sprunger, Berne, Ind.
+
+
+THE STANLEY (shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in plantings on Kellogg
+farm at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE STRATFORD (shag. x bitter.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page
+19, 1932. It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.,
+and the orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis. Dr. J. Russell
+Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports it is one of the most precocious and
+productive nuts he has when grafted on pignut. It has not missed bearing
+some nuts in the last four seasons.
+
+
+THE SWAIN (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report; Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report
+and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE SWARTZ (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE TAMA QUEEN (shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE TAYLOR (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report; Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report,
+and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. This hickory is growing in
+orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman
+at Topsfield, Mass. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Taylor is a
+light bearer but good in quality.
+
+
+The Tiedke (pecan x shell.):
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932.
+
+
+THE VEST (shag.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE WAMPLER:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE WEED (shag. x bitter.):
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.
+
+
+THE WEIKER (shag. x shell.):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report; Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report
+and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. Is growing in the Jones
+Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., and the orchards of Carl Weschcke at River
+Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass.
+
+
+THE WESCHCKE:
+
+A hybrid hickory at Fayette, Iowa, owned by Carl Weschcke of St. Paul,
+Minn., who has grafted many bitternut seedlings at River Falls, Wis.,
+with cions from this tree.
+
+
+THE WESTPHAL:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE WRIGHT (pecan x shell):
+
+Awarded eighth prize in 1929 contest to C. D. Wright, Sumner, Mo. See
+Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. This hickory is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE WOODS (shag. x shell.):
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932.
+
+
+THE ZIMMERMAN (shag. x shell.):
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932.
+
+
+THE ZURCHER:
+
+Awarded sixth prize in 1929 contest to Menno Zurcher, Apple Creek, Ohio.
+
+
+NORTHERN PECANS
+
+
+THE BUSSERON:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan has been generally
+propagated by nurserymen and is widely distributed. E. C. Rice, Absher,
+Ky., reports it does better on shellbark stock than on pignut stock. Dr.
+J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports the Busseron pecan has proved
+to be much the most precocious bearer, that ripened well filled nuts on
+top of the Blue Ridge mountains, elevation 1,300 feet, fifty miles from
+Washington, D. C., in a climate distinctly colder than Philadelphia.
+
+
+THE BUTTERICK:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan has been generally
+propagated and distributed by nurserymen.
+
+
+THE GREENRIVER:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan is also well
+distributed. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., reports Greenriver graft on
+shagbark stock grew eight feet tall in two years.
+
+
+THE INDIANA:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan also generally
+distributed.
+
+
+THE KENTUCKY:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE MAJOR:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore,
+Pa., reports the major has ripened nuts on top of Blue Ridge Mountain,
+elevation 1,300 feet, fifty miles from Washington, D. C., in a climate
+distinctly colder than Philadelphia. The nuts are small.
+
+
+THE NIBLACK:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Mr. Hershey reports it should be
+put on the obsolete list.
+
+
+THE NORTON:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Sargeant H. Wellman, Topsfield,
+Mass., has some fine young trees but they are not yet bearing.
+
+
+THE POSEY:
+
+Is growing in the Jones and Riehl nurseries and in the Kellogg plantings
+at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE UPTON:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE WARRICK (Warwick):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore,
+Pa., reports that on the Piedmont plateau, elevation 500 feet, forty
+miles from Washington, D. C., in a climate approximating that of
+Philadelphia, the Warrick has often not ripened its nuts although some
+seasons it does. John W. Hershey states the Warrick should be put on the
+obsolete list.
+
+
+THE WITTE:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. The nut is very small but of good
+quality. Mr. John W. Hershey states the pecan should be put on the
+obsolete list.
+
+
+BLACK WALNUTS
+
+
+THE ADAMS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report, and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. The Adams is growing in the
+Kellogg planting at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE ALLEN:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also his paper in 1931 report. The
+Allen is growing on the Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich. J. H. Gage
+of Hamilton, Ontario, has some young trees which have not yet borne
+nuts.
+
+
+THE ALLEY:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE ANGLIN:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing on the Riehl farm at
+Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE ASBURY:
+
+Was in the 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report. It is
+growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE ATKINS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report.
+
+
+THE AYGARN:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE BARLEE:
+
+Is in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE BECK:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also his paper in the 1931 report.
+This walnut is growing in the plantings on the Riehl farm at Godfrey,
+Ill., and the Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich. W. R. Fickes, Wooster,
+Ohio, states the Beck walnut is not promising there.
+
+
+THE BECHTOLD:
+
+Is growing in the Riehl planting at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+BENGE:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+BLOSS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE BOHANAN:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing in the
+Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE BONTZ:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE BOOTH:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. This walnut is growing at the
+Riehl farm.
+
+
+THE BOWMAN:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
+
+
+THE BOMBERGER:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE BROUGHAM:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
+
+
+THE BRUER:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE BURROUGHS:
+
+This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE BURTON:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing on the Riehl
+farm. It was entered in 1926 contest by Herbert Burton, Hartford,
+Kentucky.
+
+
+THE CARPER:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
+
+THE COOPER:
+
+This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE CREITZ:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing on the Riehl
+and Kellogg farms.
+
+
+THE CRESCO:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE DEMING (Ornamental):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE DEPENDAHL:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE EDRAS:
+
+Parent tree owned by Gerald W. Adams, Morehead, Iowa, see page 51 of
+1931 report. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the
+Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and the Kellogg plantings at Battle
+Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE FAYETTE:
+
+Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.
+
+
+THE FREEL:
+
+Awarded first prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville,
+Iowa. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE FRITZ:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE GALLOWAY:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Jones Nursery at
+Lancaster, Pa.
+
+
+THE GERMAINE:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE GLORY (curly wood):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE GRAHAM:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
+plantings.
+
+
+THE GRAYBILL:
+
+See Mr. Stokes' paper with test record, page 108 of 1932 report, and Dr.
+Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report. Is growing in the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE GREGORY:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report.
+
+
+THE GRUNDY:
+
+Awarded fifth prize in 1929 contest to Mr. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report. Is
+growing in the Riehl and Kellogg orchards.
+
+
+THE HARRIS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE HANCOCK:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE HARE:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing on Riehl farm. Was
+entered in 1926 contest by Frank H. Hare, Rushville, Schuyler County,
+Ill., and is mentioned on page 51, 1931 report.
+
+
+THE HEPIER:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. Is growing on the Riehl and
+Kellogg farms.
+
+
+THE HERMAN (Rush):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE HILTON:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE HINE:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE HOBBS:
+
+Was entered in 1926 contest by C. T. S. Hobbs, Fort Blackmore, Va., R.
+1. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE HOMELAND:
+
+Parent tree owned by Clinton Thomas, Troutville, Va. See Mr. Stokes'
+paper with tests, pages 108 and 109, 1932 report.
+
+
+THE HOPWOOD:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE HOWELL:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings
+at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE HUBER:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE IMPIT:
+
+Given eleventh place in 1929 contest. Submitted by J. U. Gellatly, West
+Bank, B. C.
+
+
+THE JUMBO:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE KETTLER (Wisconsin No. 1):
+
+Parent tree owned by Fred Kettler, Platteville, Wis. Has taken first
+prize in state fair contests. Dr. Zimmerman and Mr. Frey have young
+trees which have not yet borne nuts. See Mr. Kettler's letter in this
+report.
+
+
+THE KINDER:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE KNAPBE:
+
+Submitted in 1926 contest by J. J. Knapbe, New Weston, Ohio. See Mr.
+Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE KURTZ:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE LAMB (curly wood):
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926
+report. Grafts from this tree are growing in several eastern orchards,
+including the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich. It is not as yet
+definitely known if the propagated trees will reproduce the curly
+texture of the wood of the parent tree.
+
+
+THE LEE:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
+151, 1932 report; also tests recorded in Mr. Stokes' paper, page 109,
+1932 report.
+
+
+THE LEWIS:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in the Kellogg
+plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.
+
+
+THE LUCAS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE LUTZ:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE MARION:
+
+Awarded second prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville,
+Iowa.
+
+
+THE MARK:
+
+Entered in 1929 contest by C. E. Mark, Washington Court House, Ohio. See
+Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE MATTINGLY:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE McCOY:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+ THE McMILLEN:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. Is growing in the Riehl and
+Kellogg plantings.
+
+
+THE METCALF:
+
+Awarded eighth prize in the 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel,
+Pleasantville, Iowa. In fair seasons has borne heavy crops each year. Is
+supposed to be the mother tree of the Freel and Marion.
+
+
+THE MILLER:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings.
+
+
+THE MINTLE:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
+plantings.
+
+
+THE MONTEREY:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22,
+1932 report. Is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill. W. R.
+Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports it is not promising there.
+
+
+THE MORRIS:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.
+
+
+THE MYERS:
+
+Entered in 1926 contest by Elmer R. Myers, Bellefontaine, Ohio, R. 2.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE NICHOLS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE OGDEN:
+
+Entered in 1926 contest by Mrs. Joe Ogden, Bedford, Ky. See Mr. Reed's
+paper in 1931 report. Is growing at Riehl farm.
+
+
+THE OHIO:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report. Has been generally planted in all nut tree orchards. E. C. Rice,
+Absher, Ky., has few young trees doing fine and bore a few nuts in 1934;
+largest in hull he had ever seen. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, planted
+one Ohio walnut in 1924, moved it in 1925. It started to bear in 1928
+and has borne every year since except one. Tree now 25 feet in height,
+trunk six inches in diameter, is growing in light, sandy soil near west
+end of north shore of Lake Ontario. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports
+the Ohio as not promising there.
+
+
+THE PARADOX (hybrid):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page
+20, 1932 report. Is supposed to be a rapid grower but has not proved
+satisfactory in the east.
+
+
+THE PATTERSON:
+
+Submitted in 1926 contest by Mrs. William Patterson, Wever, Iowa.
+
+
+THE PATUXENT:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg
+orchards.
+
+
+THE PEANUT:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE PEARL:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE PINECREST:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
+151, 1932 report; also Mr. Stokes' paper and tests, page 110, 1932
+report.
+
+
+THE POWERS:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE ROHWER:
+
+Took second prize in 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, has young grafts of this walnut growing
+but not old enough to bear. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports that
+the Rohwer there is probably next to the Thomas in quality.
+
+
+THE ROYAL (hybrid):
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is reported to be a rapid grower
+but has not proved satisfactory in the east.
+
+
+THE RUDDICK:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE SCHIMMOLLER:
+
+Entered in 1926 contest by Will T. Schimmoller, Fort Jennings, Ohio. See
+Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE STABLER:
+
+Parent tree in Howard County, Maryland. Has been generally planted in
+nut orchards but has not proved satisfactory. It is a fine cracker. E.
+C. Rice, Absher, Ky., reports it does fine there, better than Ohio. W.
+R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports it is not promising there. J. H. Gage,
+Hamilton, Ontario, has one tree four years of age, which bore a few nuts
+in 1934. Stood last winter's weather (-30 degrees F.) with no damage
+whatever.
+
+
+THE STAMBAUGH:
+
+Took first prize in 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+It is being generally tested in nut orchards. J. H. Gage, Hamilton,
+Ontario, has some young trees growing which are not old enough to bear.
+W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Stambaugh there is heavily
+veined, is oily, soon shrivels and is not very good quality.
+
+
+THE STANLEY:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Stokes' paper with
+tests, pages 108 and 110, 1932 report.
+
+
+THE STEVENS:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page
+151, and Mr. Stokes' paper with tests, pages 109 and 110, in 1932
+report.
+
+
+THE STILLMAN:
+
+Awarded third prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. J. A. Stillman, Mackeys,
+North Carolina.
+
+
+THE STOUT:
+
+Entered in 1926 contest by W. F. Stout, Hammersville, Ohio.
+
+
+THE TASTERITE:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report. W. R.
+Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Tasterite is not promising there.
+
+
+THE TEN EYCK:
+
+One of the standards in past years. See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report
+and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE THOMAS:
+
+Considered the leading walnut in past years and still preferred to all
+others by many growers. See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr.
+Reed's paper in 1931 report. The Thomas walnut seems to produce the same
+quality nuts from Oklahoma to New York. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has
+young trees doing fine but not old enough to bear. J. H. Gage, Hamilton,
+Ontario, has two Thomas trees planted in 1924 and moved in 1925 which
+started to bear in 1928 and have borne every year since except one.
+Trunks of trees are 6 to 7 inches in diameter, trees are 25 feet high
+and growing in light sandy soil near west end of north shore of Lake
+Ontario. Temperature last winter reached -30 F. but no damage to the
+Thomas trees. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports at the present time
+he considers the Thomas the best all-round walnut, good in quality,
+self-pollinating and a heavy early bearer.
+
+
+THE THORP:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE TILLEY:
+
+Submitted in 1926 contest by B. J. Tilley, Murfreesboro, N. C. Is
+growing in the Riehl orchard.
+
+
+THE VANDERSLOOT:
+
+Submitted in 1926 contest by C. E. Vandersloot, Muddy Creek Forks, Pa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE WASSON:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE WETZEL:
+
+Awarded fourth prize in 1929 contest to Annie W. Wetzel, New Berlin, Pa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.
+
+
+THE WHEELING:
+
+A new excellent walnut located by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa,
+in 1932.
+
+
+THE WEIDENHAMMER:
+
+See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.
+
+
+THE WIARD:
+
+See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+THE WOODALL:
+
+See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931
+report.
+
+
+THE WORTHINGTON:
+
+An excellent walnut located by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa.
+See Mr. Reed's paper, page 151, 1932 report.
+
+Mr. H. R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio, calls attention to the fact that he
+has a parent black walnut tree on his place, the nuts of which took
+second prize in the 1932 Michigan nut contest. He will later give more
+information concerning it.
+
+
+PERSIAN WALNUTS
+
+The following Persian walnuts are listed in Mr. Bixby's paper in the
+1926 report:
+
+  Alpine
+  Anderson
+  Boston
+  Eureka
+  Franquette
+  Hall
+  Holden
+  Lancaster
+  Mayette
+  Meylan
+  Rush
+
+Prof. Neilson's paper in this report covers the following:
+
+  Beck
+  Broadview
+  Crath
+  Franquette
+  Larson
+  Mayette
+  McDermid
+  Pomeroy
+  Seeando
+
+In addition the Jones Nursery has growing the following:
+
+  Nebo
+  Potomac
+  Sinclair
+
+Mr. John W. Hershey reports the Alpine and Lancaster are the same and
+that the Franquette, Hall, Nebo and Rush should be listed as obsolete
+for northern planting, and that the use of the Eureka in the north is
+questionable. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports that the Franquette,
+Lancaster, Mayette, Pomeroy and Rush winter kill at his place.
+
+
+BUTTERNUTS
+
+The following butternuts are listed in Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931
+report, pages 98 and 99:
+
+  Aiken
+  Bliss
+  Buckley
+  Creitz
+  Deming
+  Devon
+  Helmick
+  Hergert
+  Hostetter
+  Irvine
+  Lingle
+  Mandeville
+  Saugatuck
+  Sherman
+  Sherwood
+  Simonson
+  Thill
+  Utterbock
+
+The Alverson, Deming, Irvine, Love, Luther and Sherman are covered in
+Mr. Reed's paper in this report.
+
+
+HEART NUTS
+
+Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report covers the following Heart nuts:
+
+Bates, Faust, Lancaster, Ritchie and Stranger. Mr. John W. Hershey
+reports the Lancaster should be classed as obsolete as it is practically
+a hopeless tree, and that the Stranger is a rather common-place nut and
+should be classed as such.
+
+Mr. Hershey reports a new Heart nut, the Hershey, a seedling grown on
+his grounds at Downington, Pa. It is growing in a severe frost pocket
+but has never winter-killed or frost-killed. The nut is excellent.
+Bearing has been light due to crowding, which has been remedied by
+cutting down the trees around it.
+
+
+CHESTNUTS
+
+Most of the named Chestnuts are listed in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926
+report and are growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill. Experiments
+are still being carried on with hope of producing a blight resistant
+chestnut. Anyone desiring to plant chestnut trees should consult their
+local nurseryman or farm advisor.
+
+
+HAZELS AND FILBERTS
+
+The filberts have not proved entirely hardy for northern territory, but
+the native hazels and hybrids appear to be entirely satisfactory. The
+lists are too long to publish. Full and reliable information is
+contained in Prof. Slate's paper in this report.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Culture in the North
+
+_By_ J. F. WILKINSON
+
+_Rockport, Indiana_
+
+
+There being other papers on the subject of nut culture I will confine
+this to Indiana and surrounding territory where nut trees of several
+kinds are native, and flourished before the coming of the white man.
+
+Walnut and hickory trees are to be found growing on most kinds of soil,
+chestnut and hazels mostly on hill land, the pecan as a rule in the
+lowlands along the streams where vast groves of them are yet producing
+splendid crops of nuts.
+
+One mile from my nursery, around Enterprise (which was the boyhood home
+of our worthy member Mr. T. P. Littlepage), are hundreds of these trees,
+including one of the largest in Indiana. This tree measures 16 feet in
+circumference at waist height and is estimated to be 125 feet high. It
+has produced more than 500 pounds of nuts in a season and other trees
+near here have produced as much as 600 pounds. One of these has a spread
+of over 100 feet. It is not unusual for a large size tree to produce
+from 300 to 400 pounds of a good season.
+
+One of the largest groves near here is known as the Major grove near the
+mouth of Green River, containing about 300 acres, most of the trees on
+which are pecan trees. Some are of immense size and probably as large as
+can be found north of the cotton belt. A few trees in this grove are
+estimated to be more than 150 feet tall.
+
+Along the Wabash River is probably the largest native northern pecan
+grove consisting of several hundred acres in which it is estimated there
+are more than 20,000 bearing-size pecan trees. At gathering time in the
+fall this is a very busy place. It is a source of revenue to many
+besides the owners.
+
+I was at this grove two weeks ago and was told there that each year
+school begins the first of August so they can dismiss during October and
+November to allow the school children to gather pecans during those two
+months. School teachers in that territory are required to sign a
+contract to that effect. This grove lies between Shawneetown and New
+Haven, which are eighteen miles apart.
+
+The town of New Haven has a population of about 400. I was told last
+fall by one of the three pecan buyers there that, in one day a few years
+ago, the three of them paid more than $15,000 for pecans for one day's
+delivery. This of course did not represent the total day's sales for
+this territory as many of them were sold at Shawneetown. So one can
+easily see why the people there are anxious for their children to help
+in this harvest, it being the chief source of fall income to many poor
+people, who are given one-half of all the pecans they gather. Often on
+or after a windy day the amount gathered by each one makes a splendid
+day's wages. Many make a practice of coming a distance each fall for
+this harvest. One party from St. Louis told me last fall that was his
+twenty-sixth year at that grove.
+
+This grove is surrounded by smaller ones and many single trees growing
+on cultivated land. None of the native nut trees in this section have
+ever had any care whatever, except the ones growing in cultivated
+fields, and those only farm crop cultivation. Many of the native
+seedlings seldom bear and some others are shy or irregular bearers. But
+it is noticeable how much better as a rule those produce that have farm
+crop cultivation or stand in favorable locations.
+
+This is plainly evident in many instances where trees in the last few
+years have been cleared around and cultivated, or where an individual
+tree is standing alone without cultivation, but has plenty of space,
+food and moisture. An excellent example of this is the Littlepage tree
+in Enterprise that is probably 35 years old, has never been cultivated
+but stands in a well used stock lot and has been an annual bearer since
+a small tree.
+
+On the other hand, near here are a number of trees around which the land
+had been cultivated in farm crops until about ten years ago, and these
+trees produced well, but since that time the land has been abandoned and
+has grown up in a thicket and the production of these trees has been
+greatly reduced.
+
+About twenty years ago propagation of the better varieties of northern
+nut trees was begun in southern Indiana. At that time I believe that
+most of us overlooked the needs of nut trees as we had been used to
+their taking care of themselves. Our attention to them was mostly at nut
+harvest time. We failed to take into consideration the conditions under
+which the best bearing trees were growing and too strongly condemned
+those not bearing so well, when it was often due to conditions instead
+of to the trees themselves.
+
+The walnut and hickory will succeed and bear with less moisture than the
+pecan, though they will do better with plenty of moisture if on well
+drained land and having good cultivation. We failed to take in
+consideration that the best bearing pecan trees were growing on low land
+that was usually overflowed one or more times each season, leaving
+plenty of moisture and a deposit of plant food. Many articles have been
+written by nut tree enthusiasts in which the planting of nut trees on
+unproductive or waste land has been advised. In this the writers were
+sincere in their statements. This advice has been taken by many, causing
+more or less disappointment to the planter and no encouragement to his
+neighbor. No successful fruit grower would plant an orchard of peach or
+apple trees on poor or waste land, forget about them for a few years and
+expect to go back and harvest a crop of fruit, and neither need the nut
+grower expect to.
+
+Since many trees of the named varieties have been in bearing for a
+number of years it gives a broad field for studying them, and their
+habits are very similar to the native trees, I do not know of a single
+tree that is not a testimonial to the care and attention it has been
+given.
+
+In my first nursery planting trees were left growing to supply bud and
+graftwood for future use. These were left entirely too close together to
+remain until large trees, but I have never yet had nerve enough to
+remove all that should be taken out, with the result that they are now
+crowding and robbing each other of food and moisture retarding both
+growth and bearing. These are now from 15 to 19 years old and not
+producing as many nuts as they did several years ago, or as many as
+trees several years younger that have more space. My observations
+convince me that plenty of space, food and moisture are most essential
+for best results.
+
+The past four years has been a splendid time to study this as our
+weather conditions have been unusual in that we have in this section had
+both wet and dry seasons. I am firmly convinced that weather conditions
+have a great deal to do with the nut crop not only with the quantity of
+nuts but quality as well. Moisture conditions in spring and early summer
+determine the size of the nut, and later in the season the quality of
+the kernel. Plenty of moisture in spring and early summer will make a
+large size nut. After the shell once forms the growth of nut is done.
+Then the plumpness of the kernel depends on the amount of moisture after
+the shell is formed. Lack of moisture the entire season spells a small,
+poorly filled nut. Trees growing in a crowded position, or on hard, dry
+ground, seldom ever have all the moisture they need to produce a good
+crop of well filled nuts. This has been plainly demonstrated with my own
+and my neighbors' trees in the past few years.
+
+The weather of the previous season also may have much to do with the
+crop the following season, especially with trees growing under adverse
+conditions. These conditions can often be largely overcome by the owner,
+with fertilizers and cultivation.
+
+In planting a tree be sure to give it plenty of space. If the soil is
+lacking in plant food feed the tree, remembering it can draw food only
+from a given space. No one would expect to grow the same farm crop on a
+plot of ground for many years without fertilizer. Prepare to conserve
+moisture for the hot, dry season either by cultivation or mulching. One
+of the thriftiest best bearing nut tree plantings I know of is on very
+sharp, hilly clay ground in Rockport, but the owner fertilizes these
+trees annually and gives splendid cultivation.
+
+A non-bearing nut tree is no better than any other kind of a tree, so it
+is not a question of how many nut trees you have, but how many good
+bearing nut trees you have. To get the best results provide your trees
+with space, food and moisture.
+
+
+
+
+Varieties of Nut Trees for the Northernmost Zone
+
+_By_ C. A. REED, _Bureau of Plant Industry United States
+Department of Agriculture_
+
+
+The northernmost zone of the eastern part of the United States, within
+which conditions appear at all encouraging for the planting of the
+hardiest varieties of nut trees now available, may be outlined as
+covering the milder portions of Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+Connecticut, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and South Dakota.
+Beyond the Canadian border this zone should perhaps include the fruit
+belt of Ontario known as the "Niagara Peninsula," which skirts Lake
+Ontario from the City of Hamilton to the Niagara river. No doubt it
+should also include considerable Canadian territory immediately adjacent
+to Lakes Erie and St. Clair, and north to the lower end of Lake Huron.
+
+In each American state within this general zone there are numerous
+localities to which several species of edible nuts are indigenous,
+others where the butternut alone is found, and still others to which
+none of the common kinds appear to be adapted. Climate and soil are both
+limiting factors within this general section. No nut trees are likely to
+prove hardy to the extent of bearing heavily where winter temperatures
+are extremely trying or where soils are not of high grade. A fundamental
+principle involving plant ecology, which with reference to planted nut
+trees is too often lost sight of, is that, regardless of species, plants
+are unlikely to be altogether hardy in any locality where minimum
+temperatures of winter are appreciably lower, or growing periods much
+shorter, than at the place where the variety in question originated. For
+example, it is often assumed that a pecan tree native to southern Texas,
+the lowest point of the range of this species in the United States,
+should do well in southeastern Iowa, the northernmost point within the
+range. Likewise, it is also sometimes assumed that a black walnut
+variety originating in Arkansas, Texas or Tennessee should be hardy in
+the black walnut belts of New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
+Pennsylvania, or wherever the species is indigenous or has been
+successfully transplanted.
+
+There are definite degrees of hardiness which must not be overlooked. A
+species or variety may be hardy enough to grow thriftily for many years,
+and to make a splendid tree, hundreds of miles north of the latitude at
+which it will mature occasional crops; or it may be able to produce
+crops that are frequent in occurrence yet indifferent as to character;
+or there may be occasional crops of first-class nuts; but good crops of
+good nuts are exceedingly rare when the minimum temperatures of winter
+or the length of the growing period are appreciably more adverse than in
+the locality where the variety originated.
+
+A few illustrations may help to make these points clearer. On the
+Experimental Farm of the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Arlington,
+Va., directly opposite Washington, on the Potomac, there are five pecan
+trees of the Schley variety which originated on the Gulf coast of
+Mississippi. These trees have grown splendidly since being planted more
+than 20 years ago. They blossomed and set nuts more or less regularly
+after they were about eight or ten years of age, but it was only in the
+eighteenth year that a season was late enough in fall for a single nut
+to mature. Another case is afforded by a pecan seedling, probably from
+Texas, called to the writer's attention by Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford,
+Conn., which stands near the outskirts of that city. This is a large,
+beautiful tree. It rarely sets crops of nuts, and when it does the nuts
+fail to become more than half or two-thirds normal size by the time of
+autumn frosts. The kernels are then quite undeveloped and the nuts
+therefore worthless each year.
+
+In another case, near Ithaca, New York, the Stabler walnut from Maryland
+and the Ohio from Toledo, of the state after which it was named, all
+appear to be congenially situated insofar as environment is concerned
+until the nuts are actually harvested and cured. The nuts of each
+variety appear normal when they drop from the trees, but during the
+process of curing, the kernels wither up too badly to be marketable. The
+Thomas from southeastern Pennsylvania is somewhat better able to adjust
+itself to Ithaca conditions, but it is far from being a commercial
+success in that region.
+
+
+Kinds of Nuts
+
+The kinds of nuts suitable for this northern zone naturally divide
+themselves into three main groups, viz., native, foreign and hybrid. The
+last might well be divided into three sub-groups, as native hybrids,
+foreign hybrids, and hybrids between native and foreign species. It is
+perhaps true that there should also be a fourth subgroup to which chance
+hybrids should be assigned when there is uncertainty as to which of
+these three others a given variety may belong.
+
+
+The Native Group
+
+Of these three main groups that of the native species is at present by
+far the most important. It includes the black walnut, _Juglans nigra_;
+the butternut, _J. cinerea_; the shagbark hickory, _Hicoria ovata_; the
+sweet hickory, _H. ovalis_; the pignut hickory, _H. glabra_; the
+American sweet chestnut, _Castanea dentata_; the American beech, _Fagus
+americana_; and two species of native hazelnut, _Corylus americana_; and
+the beaked hazelnut, _C. rostrata_.
+
+
+Black Walnut
+
+The black walnut is placed at the head of the native group because of
+its great all round usefulness. Wherever it grows well its timber is of
+leading value among all American species. It is a splendid ornamental
+and the nuts are highly edible. The black walnut range does not extend
+as far north as does that of the butternut, yet wherever it grows well
+it is much more useful as a tree, and is successful under a greater
+variety of conditions. It is probably a more dependable bearer and, upon
+the average, the nuts yield a higher percentage of kernel. Many more
+varieties of black walnut than of butternut have been brought to light
+and more trees have been propagated. Enough varieties of promise have
+originated in Michigan alone (largely as a result of the work of Prof.
+James A. Neilson of East Lansing) to preclude any obvious need, at
+present at least, of bringing varieties from farther south into this
+zone. In addition to these, a number of other varieties have been
+recognized from equal latitudes, as in New York and, west of Lake
+Michigan, in Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota and northern Iowa.
+
+ADAMS--The Adams black walnut is a rather small variety with an
+approximate size range of from 34 to 48 nuts per pound, and an average
+of 39. In a cracking test of the 1930 crop, conducted after the kernels
+had become too dry for most satisfactory cracking, the yield of quarters
+was 16.75 per cent; that of small pieces 7.81 per cent, and the total
+24.56 per cent. The nuts are much elongated in form, being sharply
+pointed at each end. Many are quite symmetrical, thin-shelled and, when
+not too dry, of excellent cracking quality. The kernels examined have
+been notably bright in color, firm in texture, very sweet and highly
+pleasing to the palate. The quarters are long and slender.
+
+The Adams was first called to public attention in 1920, when the late
+Henry Adams of Scotts, Kalamazoo County, Michigan, was awarded first
+prize for an entry of nuts from the original tree which he made in a
+contest held that year by the Northern Nut Growers Association. In an
+article published in the Michigan farmer of Detroit, on July 7, 1922, he
+stated that this tree grew as a sprout in a corn row on land which he
+cleared in the spring of 1869. When the tree was seen by the writer in
+1929, and again in 1932, it gave the impression of having been a
+moderate or slow grower. Such facts as have been obtainable from time to
+time indicate that it is but a moderate bearer. However, the character
+of the soil in which it stands is not of the best, although it is far
+from being poor. In better soil it would doubtless produce heavier and
+more uniform crops.
+
+As nearly as it can be ascertained, the Adams was first propagated by
+the late W. G. Bixby of Baldwin, Long Island, who procured scions in
+1922. It was again grafted six years later by J. F. Wilkinson of
+Rockport, Ind., with scions procured by the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture. In April, 1930, one of the resulting trees was shipped by
+the Department to the Kellogg Experimental and Demonstration Farm,
+Augusta, Mich. Trees are now growing on the grounds of the United States
+Department of Agriculture Horticultural Field Station at Beltsville,
+Md., and records in the Bixby file show that a tree was shipped by him
+to Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cleveland, Ohio, probably about 1930. No doubt
+the variety is growing in other plantings.
+
+An entry of Adams black walnut won third prize in the Michigan contest
+conducted under the direction of Professor Neilson of East Lansing at
+the end of the 1929 crop year. During the same year Dr. W. C. Deming,
+Chairman of the Contest Committee for the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, made the following comments regarding the Adams: "Shell
+thin, cracking quality good to perfect, color of kernel light, condition
+plump, texture tender, quality rich, flavor high." His summary was put
+tersely, "An excellent nut."
+
+In the event that this variety would do better in a richer soil than
+that where the parent tree stands, it might prove to be one of the most
+desirable of all kinds now known for use in the northernmost zone. The
+parent tree is now owned by a son of the late Henry Adams, Mr. H. R.
+Adams of Scotts, who now lives on the old homestead.
+
+ALLEN--The Allen black walnut is another Michigan variety which appears
+to be of considerable promise. It has been under observation by the U.
+S. Department of Agriculture at Washington since the summer of 1923,
+when it was called to the attention by the Honorable Charles W.
+Garfield of Grand Rapids. The parent is a healthy double tree standing
+some twenty rods from Thornapple Creek on the farm of Mr. Glenn W.
+Allen, R. F. D. 1, Middleville, Barry County. The local conditions of
+soil and moisture are highly favorable. The tree frequently bears heavy
+crops, although, like most others of the species, it tends more to
+alternate rather than to annual bearing.
+
+Five pounds of the 1931 crop tested in Washington showed a range of from
+31 to 37 nuts per pound and an average of 34. The percentage of quarter
+kernels was 22.45, that of small parts 1.10, and that of bad, O.31 per
+cent, making a total kernel yield of 23.86 per cent. The cracking
+quality was good, the kernels were plump, the quality of the kernel rich
+and the flavor medium sweet.
+
+The Allen was awarded first prize by Professor Neilson in the Michigan
+contest of 1929. It should be well worthy of test planting in the
+northern zone. It has been disseminated to a very considerable extent
+for use in small plantings.
+
+ALLEY--The Alley is a New York variety from the farm of Miss Amy A.
+Alley, Lagrangeville, Duchess County. This farm is within fifteen miles
+of the Connecticut line and some 50 to 75 miles above New York City. The
+Alley was first brought to attention by Miss Alley in 1918, when she was
+awarded first prize in the contest for that year of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association. The late W. G. Bixby, in reporting for the
+committee in charge, said that the Alley had a shell thinner than that
+of Stabler and that the cracking quality was "100 per cent."
+
+In none of the tests conducted by the department has this variety ranked
+with the best of the more recent kinds, yet because of its latitude of
+origin and the fact that in general merit it is well above the average
+seedling, it is believed that it should be included in northern trial
+plantings.
+
+Three pounds of the 1931 crop tested by the department counted 39, 41
+and 42 nuts each, respectively. The range was 36 to 45. The percentage
+yield of quarter kernels was but 13.96, for out of 122 nuts cracked 15,
+or 12.29 per cent, were bad. The total yield of kernel amounted to 25.57
+per cent. The kernels that year were neither particularly plump nor
+especially well filled.
+
+BECK--The Beck is another Michigan variety of black walnut which in many
+respects has compared favorably with the best varieties yet brought to
+light from any source. The parent tree was called to the attention of
+the U. S. Department of Agriculture in March, 1929, by Mr. Howard
+Harris, R. F. D. 7, Allegan, Allegan County, Michigan. It was on a farm
+then owned by Mr. Daniel Beck, R. F. D. 2, Hamilton, also of Allegan
+County. It is a double tree standing in an open field some 20 rods back
+of the barn. Like many other northern varieties of black walnut, the
+nuts are rather small, ranging in 1930 from 28 to 49 per pound, and
+having an average of 37. In that year it had the high percentage of
+quarter kernels of 25.36, and a total percentage of kernel of 33.08. The
+shell was thinner than that of the average black walnut, the cracking
+quality very good, and the kernel bright-colored, plump, rich and sweet.
+
+The Beck has been successfully grafted in the Bixby nursery at Baldwin,
+Long Island, and at the E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery at Godfrey,
+Illinois; by J. W. Arata, Mishawka, Ind.; by Professor Neilson, and
+probably by others. It is growing in the government test orchard at
+Beltsville, Md.
+
+BLOSS--The Bloss black walnut was called to the attention of this
+department in January of 1934 by Mr. Joe Bloss, R. F. D. 2, Box 65,
+Bristol, Indiana, who at that time forwarded 23 specimen nuts to
+Washington. These averaged 33 per pound and had a range of from 29 to
+36. In the test which followed they yielded 21.05 per cent of quarters
+and 3.35 per cent of small pieces, making a total of 24.40 per cent of
+kernel. The cracking quality was very good, the kernel bright, medium
+sweet, and fairly rich. On the whole this appeared to be a very good
+nut.
+
+Because of the very creditable showing made by these nuts, it is
+believed that the Bloss should be investigated further. It may prove
+valuable in the general locality of its origin, and as Bristol is but a
+few miles below the Michigan state line, it would seem that the variety
+should be given careful consideration in plantings throughout the milder
+portions of the northern zone.
+
+BRUER--The Bruer black walnut first came to attention in 1926 when Mr.
+Milo Bruer of East Main Street, Sleepy Eye, Minn., sent specimen nuts to
+Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., for entry in the contest being
+conducted that year by the Northern Nut Growers Association. Dr. Deming
+reported that he found the shell thin, the cracking quality good, the
+kernel white, plump, medium rich in quality, and of mild, nutty
+"pecan-like" flavor. Later examination in Washington of 20 specimens of
+the same crop showed that the nuts averaged 37 per pound. By that time
+they were dried beyond the most satisfactory point for cracking, and,
+consequently, in this respect, the quality was medium only. The kernels
+were then but medium plump.
+
+In other respects they appeared to be about as had been observed by Dr.
+Deming.
+
+As this is the best variety yet brought to attention from Minnesota, it
+is believed that it should be used in all northern plantings until
+superseded by others of superior merit.
+
+CRESCO--The parent tree of the Cresco black walnut stands in a creek
+bottom, on what is known as the Patterson farm, two miles southwest of
+Cresco, Howard County, Iowa. It is probably within ten miles of the
+Minnesota state line. So far as known, with the exception of Bruer (of
+Minnesota), the latitude of its place of origin is greater than that of
+any other variety originating west of Chicago. It was discovered by Mr.
+W. A. Bents, proprietor of Cresco Nurseries, Cresco, Iowa, by whom, in
+1929, specimen nuts of the 1928 crop were sent to the late S. W. Snyder,
+of Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point, Iowa. Scions of this variety
+were also sent to Mr. Snyder, by whom it was first grafted in 1929. The
+Cresco has since been disseminated to a considerable extent and is now
+growing in a number of widely remote plantings, including those of the
+E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery, Godfrey, Ill., and the U. S. Department of
+Agriculture at Beltsville, Md.
+
+Seventy-three nuts of the 1930 crop examined in Washington averaged 35
+per pound and yielded 24.55 per cent of quarter kernels, 4.09 per cent
+small pieces and 0.73 per cent bad, making a total kernel percentage of
+29.18.
+
+The latitude of origin, together with the apparent general merit of the
+Cresco black walnut, makes this variety appear to be of special promise
+in the northernmost zone.
+
+EDRAS--This is a particularly promising variety, brought to light by
+Mr. Gerald W. Adams, of Moorhead, Iowa, in connection with the 1926
+Association contest; when it was No. 3 of three entries made by Mr.
+Adams. (It was No. 1 that was designated by the Association as "Adams"
+at that time and awarded twelfth prize. This variety received no prize.)
+The variety was first called "Adams" in his honor, but as a Michigan
+variety had previously been so designated, the name was changed to
+Edras, after the first name of Mrs. Adams.
+
+The Edras was rated as being "Outstanding" by the late S. W. Snyder of
+Iowa (Iowa State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rep. 1924, p. 49). Prof. N. F. Drake,
+of Fayetteville, Ark., in the Proceedings of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association (p. 24) for 1930, stated: "I think this variety should be
+kept in mind, especially for breeding purposes where it is desired to
+develop a strain with a high percentage of kernel."
+
+In a test of nuts from the 1930 crop, the Department of Agriculture
+obtained a percentage yield of 20.98 for quarters and a total kernel
+yield of 34.31. That year, 0.43 per cent of the kernels were found bad,
+and 12.91 per cent were of small parts. It is not improbable that
+another test would result in an even higher total yield and appreciable
+improvement in the yield of quarters.
+
+This variety has been quite widely disseminated. It is known to be
+growing on the Riehl Farm and Nursery grounds at Godfrey, Ill.; at the
+Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.; on the Kellogg Experimental and
+Demonstration Farm, Augusta, Michigan; on the farm of Mr. Harry W.
+Weber, Cleves, Ohio; and on the governmental test orchard at Beltsville,
+Md.
+
+The latitude of Moorhead is somewhat below that of the southern boundary
+of the northern zone, yet climatic conditions of extreme western Iowa
+are probably no less severe than those of southern Michigan. For this
+reason, and because of the excellent rating that this variety has
+received, it is believed that the Edras should be included in further
+test plantings of the northernmost zone.
+
+GERMAINE--The Germaine black walnut, named in honor of Mr. John W.
+Germaine, R. 6, Allegan, Mich., owner of the original tree, was called
+to the attention of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in March of 1929
+by Mr. Howard Harris, R. F. D. 7, also of Allegan, when he forwarded a
+few specimen nuts of the 1928 crop to Washington. These were found to
+have very good cracking quality and plump kernels of rich quality and
+pleasing flavor.
+
+Scions have been placed in the hands of various individuals and
+agencies. Trees of this variety are now growing at Beltsville, Md., and
+at Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.
+
+GRUNDY--The Grundy black walnut originated with a thrifty young seedling
+owned by Mr. John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa. It was brought to light
+in 1927, when it received first prize in a private contest conducted by
+Prof. N. F. Drake, Fayetteville, Ark., and by him given the temporary
+designation of "Iowa."
+
+According to President F. H. Frey of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, in a statement appearing in the Proceedings for 1932 (p.
+158), Mr. Rohwer exhibited this variety during the Missouri State Fair
+of 1928 and was given first prize. The same year, according to this
+statement, the Grundy was awarded second prize during the meeting of the
+Mid-West Horticultural Show held in Cedar Rapids. In the opinion of Mr.
+Frey, the Grundy is superior to Rohwer in flavor of kernel and its equal
+in cracking quality. An entry of Grundy made in the 1929 contest of the
+Association was awarded fifth prize.
+
+Little is known of the bearing habits of this variety, although Mr. D.
+C. Snyder, the surviving member of Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point,
+wrote to Washington on July 31, 1933, that he was "afraid" that both
+this variety and Rohwer might not prove to be "reliable bearers."
+
+An opinion of Ex-President of the Association, C. F. Walker, expressed
+July 16, 1933, by letter to the writer, was to the effect that the
+Grundy walnut was "fair" only.
+
+Three pounds of the 1931 Grundy walnuts tested by the Department at
+Washington yielded 27.74 per cent quarters, 1.57 per cent bad, and 2.35
+per cent small pieces, making a total of 31.66 per cent kernel. The nuts
+averaged 35 per pound and had a range of from 28 to 36. The cracking
+quality was very good, the kernels bright, plump, rich in quality and of
+agreeable flavor.
+
+Considering the good points in favor of this variety, even though its
+latitude of origin is somewhat below that of the south Michigan border,
+it would seem that until worthier nuts are found, this should be
+included in test plantings of the northernmost zone.
+
+HARRIS--The Harris walnut first became known to the department in
+December of 1924, when Mr. Howard Harris, R. F. D. 7, Allegan, Mich.,
+owner of the original tree, submitted specimens for examination. The
+feature which attracted immediate attention was the superior cracking
+quality, due to the largeness and openness of its kernel chambers. The
+kernels were not as plump as might have been desired, but this is
+assumed to have been due to the light, sandy soil where the parent tree
+grows.
+
+In examining specimens of the 1927 crop, Dr. Deming noted that the nuts
+were "small, clean," the shell "thick," the cracking quality "good to
+perfect," and the kernel "not plump, light (in weight) and texture
+hard." He placed the flavor at "fair to sweet," yet felt that the
+variety should be given further consideration. Many of the kernels of
+the nuts which he examined, like those from this tree during most years,
+were "shrunken."
+
+Two pounds of the 1930 crop tested in Washington yielded 10.91 per cent
+of quarters, 3.30 per cent of bad kernels, and 4.41 per cent of small
+pieces, making a total of but 18.63 per cent.
+
+This is a much lower rating than that of any other variety included in
+this list, and were it not for the superiority of its cracking quality
+and the latitude of its origin, it would hardly now be included.
+However, it should probably be included in all test plantings in the
+northernmost zone, especially if breeding is contemplated. The soil
+where this original tree stands is of a light, sandy nature. Allowance
+for this should be made in evaluating the merits of the variety.
+
+HILTON--The Hilton black walnut came to the attention of the U. S.
+Department of Agriculture in early March of 1933, when specimens were
+received through the courtesy of Prof. L. H. MacDaniels of Ithaca, New
+York, by whom its propagation had already been successfully begun.
+Professor MacDaniels wrote that he did not feel that it was
+"outstanding," except that "apparently it does succeed rather far north
+and is much above the average in general merit."
+
+The nuts sent to Washington averaged 25 per pound, had a range of from
+21 to 28 per pound, and were therefore quite large, especially for that
+latitude. The yield of quarters was 20.46 per cent, that of small kernel
+parts O.66 per cent, and the total 21.12 per cent. The cracking quality
+was very good, the kernel quality rich and the flavor very good.
+
+The original tree, according to Professor MacDaniels, is tall and
+difficult to climb. It stands on the lot of a next-door neighbor of Mr.
+D. C. Wright of Hilton, through whom it came to the attention of
+Professor MacDaniels.
+
+As the town of Hilton is within ten miles of the shore of Lake Ontario,
+the origin of the variety was practically on the extreme northern edge
+of western New York. In view of this, it is felt that the Hilton variety
+should be carefully considered in connection with any planting in the
+northernmost zone.
+
+HUBER--The Huber black walnut was brought to light by Mr. Ferdinand
+Huber, Cochrane, Wis., in 1929, when he made an entry in the Association
+contest. Although the nuts were awarded no prize, the Bixby report made
+special mention of these nuts as being "notable for the high percentage
+of kernel (1930 Proc. N. N. G. A., p. 108), having yielded 32.8 per cent
+of total kernel."
+
+The variety has not been tested by the department, although several
+attempts have been made to procure specimens for the purpose, but each
+such effort has been coincident with a crop failure by this particular
+tree.
+
+LAMB--The Lamb black walnut is a variety propagated and grown for its
+wood only. The parent tree stood on a farm one-quarter mile east of Ada,
+Kent County, Michigan, perhaps ten miles due east of Grand Rapids. After
+the log had been cut and shipped to a mill, discovery was made that the
+wood of the original tree had a highly figured grain. Mr. George Lamb,
+then Secretary of the American Walnut Manufacturers Association, 616
+South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, traced the origin of the log back to its
+source, where the top was found to be still green, although the tree had
+been cut two months previous. Scions were cut and sent by Mr. Lamb to
+the Department of Agriculture in Washington, and also to Dr. Robert T.
+Morris, Merribrooke Farm, Stamford, Conn. At the suggestion of Dr.
+Morris, Mr. Lamb also sent scions to Mr. Ford Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind.
+
+Some of the scions received by the Department were placed in the hands
+of others, including the late Messrs. Jones, Bixby and Snyder, also
+Prof. V. R. Gardner, Director of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment
+Station at East Lansing, and Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Piketown, Pa. Drs.
+Morris and Zimmerman, Professor Gardner, and Messrs. Wilkinson and
+Bixby, were all successful in their efforts at grafting. Mr. Bixby made
+new grafts as soon as the original could be cut for scions, and also
+made some distributions of scions. At the time of his death in August,
+1933, there were a dozen or more nursery trees of various sizes and
+degrees of condition among his stock at Baldwin. From these, scions were
+sold to a number of Association members during the spring of 1934.
+
+While it has not yet been established that the character of figured
+grain is transmissible with scions, the value of such wood is so great
+that anyone interested in producing walnut trees of outstanding value
+would do well to investigate this variety to the extent of growing a few
+trees. In all likelihood the combined results from tests made by a large
+number of persons would be of great value to science.
+
+TASTERITE--The parent tree of the Tasterite walnut, owned by Everl
+Church, R. F. D. 3, Ithaca, New York, was discovered and named by Mr. S.
+H. Graham, a neighbor, living on Route 5, also out of Ithaca. The latter
+submitted specimens to the department in Washington in 1929, where they
+made a highly favorable showing. Tasterite nuts entered that year in the
+contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association, although receiving no
+award by the committee were given the rating of "excellent" by Dr.
+Deming. In 1930, Prof. N. F. Drake of Fayetteville, Ark., gave Tasterite
+nuts a rating of "100 per cent on cracking quality." He obtained a total
+of 28.05 per cent of kernel. Nuts of the 1930 crop examined in
+Washington averaged 36 per pound, ranged from 34 to 38, and yielded
+20.92 per cent of quarters and 7.22 per cent of small pieces, making a
+total of 28.14 per cent.
+
+The shell of the nut is thinner than the average and the cracking
+quality distinctly superior. The kernels of nuts promptly harvested,
+hulled and cured have been bright, plump, rich in quality, and
+especially pleasing in flavor. The one weak point of the Tasterite
+appears to be in the matter of size, but this smallness is well offset
+by superiority in the points just mentioned, and also in what is perhaps
+more important, the latitude and altitude of the place of origin. Any
+variety which will yield heavy crops of nuts distinctly superior to the
+average black walnut in cracking quality and kernel merit at a 42-degree
+latitude plus, and a 2,000-foot altitude, should be potentially very
+valuable in the northernmost zone.
+
+WIARD--This is another Michigan variety, apparently of much merit. Vague
+bits of information regarding it have reached the department at
+Washington from time to time since June, 1926, when Greening Bros., of
+Monroe, stated to the writer that Mr. Everett Wiard, a fruit grower near
+the eastern outskirts of Ypsilanti, was grafting a promising seedling of
+his own origin. This clue was not successfully followed up until 1932,
+when a few specimen nuts were obtained. These were found to be of medium
+size and of excellent cracking quality. The kernels were plump, bright,
+rich in quality, and of pleasing flavor.
+
+On February 12, 1934, Professor Neilson wrote the department that this
+seedling had come to his attention during Farmers' Week, held shortly
+before, at East Lansing. He stated that to him this appeared to be one
+of the best seedlings thus far discovered and that he was recommending
+it for propagation. He added that the nut was "of medium size, somewhat
+diamond-shaped, thin-shelled, easy to crack and of excellent extractive
+quality." Very likely more will be learned of this variety in the
+future.
+
+
+Butternut Varieties
+
+The American butternut, Juglans cinerea, although commonly held to be a
+slow grower, a tardy and light bearer, and a producer of thick-shelled
+nuts hard or impossible to crack without extreme difficulty, is
+frequently quite the opposite in one or more, or all, of these respects.
+Under favorable environment the trees grow rapidly, bear early, and
+oftentimes the nuts may be easily cracked and the kernels extracted in
+perfect halves. Probably more than a dozen varieties from various
+portions of the North have been named. A few of these appear to be of
+considerable promise.
+
+The northern range of the butternut extends from Nova Scotia over Maine,
+across New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, the upper peninsula of
+Michigan, and through Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota to South
+Dakota south to Georgia and Arkansas.
+
+Butternut flavor is preferred by many people to that of any other nut.
+Throughout New England the kernels are used to no inconsiderable extent
+in the making of highly pleasing food products. Oftentimes the ground
+kernels are used in the home manufacture of pastries and confections
+which are either consumed at home or sold on roadside markets at good
+profit.
+
+The butternut is not without certain weak points which must not be
+forgotten. The timber is less valuable than that of black walnut, the
+trees grow to smaller size and seldom live more than 75 or 100 years;
+outside of the best growing sections of the North, it is possible that
+the majority succumb under 40 years.
+
+Being less symmetrical, butternut trees are not as suitable for
+ornamental planting as are nut trees of many other kinds. Nevertheless,
+a tree or two of each of the best varieties now available should be
+included in all nut planting as far south as the species is indigenous,
+and perhaps farther down.
+
+ALVERSON--The parent tree of this variety is owned by Mr. M. E.
+Alverson, Howard City, Montcalm County, Michigan. It was first called to
+public attention when it was awarded third prize in the 1932 State
+contest held at East Lansing under the direction of Prof. James A.
+Neilson, of Michigan Agricultural College. A one-pound lot tested in
+Washington during April of the same year counted 47 specimens. It
+yielded 14.44 per cent of quarters and 1.11 per cent of small pieces,
+making a total of 15.55 per cent kernel. The cracking quality was found
+to be good. The kernels were large, long, plump, medium bright, and the
+flavor distinctly pleasing.
+
+DEMING--This variety was called to attention by Olcott Deming, a son of
+Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., to whom it was awarded first prize in
+the 1918 contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association. Dr. Deming
+sought to have this variety called Olcott, but the name became fixed
+when it appeared in the Jones catalogue of 1920, and later in various
+reports of the Association.
+
+The Deming butternut is probably an early bearer, as in notes prepared
+by the late J. F. Jones for use during the 1926 convention held at
+Lancaster, reference was made to two trees (Nos. 88 and 89), which were
+in "bearing while still quite young," the latter of which "bore two nuts
+the next year after being grafted," and which was then "bearing its
+third consecutive crop." Mr. Jones began its propagation in 1920,
+commenting to the writer at the time that it was "larger and had a
+thinner shell than Aiken."
+
+IRVINE--This variety was awarded first prize ($50.00) in the Northern
+Nut Growers Association contest of 1929. The parent tree is owned by
+Mrs. L. K. Irvine, Menominee, Dunn County, Wis. In a Washington test of
+three pounds, conducted in 1931, the nuts averaged 53 per pound and had
+a range of from 44 to 59. The kernel yield was 22.13 per cent quarters,
+3.90 per cent small pieces, and 0.38 per cent bad. The cracking quality
+was excellent, the kernels large and highly attractive, the quality
+good, and the flavor mild. This is apparently one of the finest although
+not the richest or sweetest, of any variety of butternut yet discovered.
+It is known to have been successfully propagated but to a limited extent
+only.
+
+LOVE--This butternut originated on the farm of Mr. Frank Love, R. F. D.
+2, Howell, Livingston County, Mich. It was discovered by chance, when
+the large size and generally sound condition of the parent tree caught
+the attention of the writer in 1931. In a cracking test conducted later
+that year the nuts averaged 53 per pound, had a range of from 44 to 71,
+and yielded a total of 27.32 per cent kernel. The yield of quarters was
+24.68 per cent, and that of small pieces 2.64 per cent.
+
+The Love butternuts are considerably smaller than those of some other
+varieties, and in comparison with Irvine of that year the kernels were
+much less attractive in appearance, but richer in quality and of more
+pleasing flavor. On the whole, these nuts now stand among the very best
+yet called to attention, although during a test made a year later of
+nuts also from the parent tree, the result was but 17.19 per cent of
+kernel, composed of 16.86 per cent quarters and 0.33 per cent of small
+pieces.
+
+These nuts have not appeared in any contest, and in all probability they
+would have received no award during any but the most favorable years.
+However, their record of 1931 placed the variety in a class at that time
+quite by itself.
+
+Scions from the original tree, purchased by the department in 1933, and
+placed in the hands of several commercial propagators, have resulted in
+at least one living grafted tree. This is being carefully guarded, and
+as soon as possible others will be grafted from it. As Mr. Love is quite
+averse to having the tree cut for scions, it may not be possible to
+obtain new scions from the original source.
+
+LUTHER--This butternut came to light as a result of the contest held by
+Professor Neilson at the end of the 1932 crop year, when it received
+second prize. The entry was made by Mr. F. Luther of Fairgrove, Tuscola
+County, Mich.
+
+In Washington, nuts of the 1932 crop averaged 52 per pound and yielded
+15.45 per cent of quarters and 2.21 per cent of small pieces, making a
+total of 17.66 per cent of kernel. This test was made in April, after
+the nuts were rather too dry to crack to the best advantage. At that
+time the cracking quality was fair only.
+
+SHERMAN--The Sherman butternut first became known in 1929, when Mrs. E.
+Sherman, Montague City, Mass., was awarded ninth prize in the Northern
+Nut Growers Association contest of that year. Tested twice in
+Washington, it has at neither time rated with the best in so far as
+cracking quality is concerned. In 1931 it made the high kernel yield of
+29.41 per cent. However, only 11.76 per cent was of quarters. Exactly
+the same percentage was of small pieces, and 5.88 per cent of kernels
+were bad. In 1932, the total per cent of kernel dropped to 15.31, that
+of quarters to 4.78, and that of kernels to 0.96, while that of small
+pieces rose to 9.57.
+
+Further studies will be made to see if under optimum conditions of
+handling after proper harvesting and curing the record of cracking
+quality cannot be improved upon.
+
+
+Hickories
+
+According to Alfred Rehder, of Harvard, in the Standard Cyclopedia of
+Horticulture, six species of hickory are indigenous to that region east
+of the Rocky Mountains here discussed under the term of the northernmost
+nut zone. These are the shagbark, the shellbark, the sweet hickory, the
+pignut, the mockernut and the bitternut. The shagbark hickory, Hicoria
+ovata, and the sweet hickory, H. ovalis, are the principal ones among
+this group offering promise as sources of varieties fit for cultivation
+in this zone. The former is well known as a rich-land species, having
+shaggy bark and a more or less sharply angled sweet nut; the latter,
+often called pignut, has recently been listed as "sweet hickory" to
+distinguish it from H. glabra, also called pignut, yet which is
+sometimes better. The sweet hickory is less exacting in soil
+requirements than the shagbark, although often nearly or quite as good a
+nut, popular prejudice notwithstanding. When shelled the kernels can be
+distinguished only with difficulty.
+
+Of the other hickories indigenous to this zone, all are omitted from the
+discussion for definite reasons, chief of which is the fact that few or
+no seedlings of promise have been found. The shellbark, H. laciniosa,
+which is much like the shagbark in many respects, occurs in this zone
+sparingly and only in the southernmost part. Nuts of this species, while
+very large, are thick-shelled and commonly more or less objectionable
+because of the frequency with which the kernels are imperfectly
+developed or entirely wanting. The pignut hickory, H. glabra, already
+mentioned, is omitted from further discussion because of being no better
+than the sweet hickory in any known respect, and because of the frequent
+bitterness of its kernel. The mockernut, H. alba, while indigenous
+practically everywhere that any other hickory grows, and producing a
+sweet, agreeable kernel, has too thick a shell to justify particular
+attention at this time. The bitternut hickory, H. cordiformis, is rarely
+palatable. The tree makes an attractive ornamental, but is relatively
+unimportant in so far as timber production is concerned.
+
+Intermediate forms of hickory and hybrids originated from chance crosses
+under purely natural conditions are fairly common. Quite a good many
+belonging to one or the other of these groups have been brought to light
+during the last two decades, largely as a result of discovery by the
+Northern Nut Growers Association. Several of these will be discussed in
+alphabetical order along with varieties of pure species.
+
+ANTHONY--The Anthony shagbark originated with a seedling tree discovered
+by Mr. A. B. Anthony, R. F. D. 6, Sterling, Whiteside County, Ill. It
+appears to be a particularly choice variety, and as the latitude of
+Sterling is practically the same as that of Chicago, it might do very
+well in the lower portion of the northernmost zone. In a cracking test
+of the 1932 crop the yield of quarters was 41.66, that of small pieces
+0.60, making a total of 42.26 per cent. The nuts were large, averaging
+74 per pound; attractive in appearance, clean, and of nearly white
+color. The cracking quality was good, the kernel plump, bright, rich in
+quality and medium sweet in flavor, but not being equal to some others
+in this last respect. This is believed to be one of the choicest hickory
+nuts yet brought to light.
+
+CEDAR RAPIDS--This shagbark is from Cedar Rapids, Linn County, Iowa,
+where the latitude is about 42 degrees north, or about the same as that
+of Chicago, Ill., Tecumseh, Mich., and the boundary line between
+Pennsylvania and New York. Like Anthony (of Sterling, Ill.) the merit of
+this variety is believed such as to justify its trial planting in the
+southern portion of the northernmost zone.
+
+The Cedar Rapids shagbark was discovered and brought to light by the
+late S. W. Snyder, senior member of Snyder Bros., Inc., nurserymen at
+Center Point, Iowa. The exact or even approximate year of discovery and
+first propagation is not known to the writer, but a remark made by Mr.
+Snyder during the 1930 convention, and passed on to him by Dr. Deming,
+would indicate that grafts were made as early as 1914. It was, "a Cedar
+Rapids shagbark grafted on a hickory (probably meaning shagbark), bore
+in its third year and has borne every year since, but the same variety
+grafted 16 years ago on a bitternut has not borne." In various comments
+made by Mr. Snyder from time to time, especially in connection with the
+Iowa meetings of the State Horticultural Society and of the Mid-West
+Horticultural Exposition, he continued to rate this as one of the best
+varieties within his acquaintance. There are a number of grafted trees
+of this variety in various parts of the country, but very few yet in
+bearing. The department at Washington has had no opportunity to test the
+nuts in detail.
+
+(There is also a variety of bitternut from Iowa known as Cedar Rapids,
+but the two are quite unlike and should not be confused.)
+
+COMINS--The original tree of the Comins shagbark hickory, awarded eighth
+prize in the 1929 contest, is owned by Mrs. Nancy E. Comins, Amherst,
+Hampshire County, Mass. This variety is probably worthy of further
+investigation, although specimens of the 1929 crop examined at
+Washington did not appear to as good advantage as did many others.
+
+CREAGER--The Creager hickory is a supposed shagbark and bitternut hybrid
+known since about 1925, when it was given a high rating, named,
+propagated and disseminated to a limited extent by Snyder Bros., Inc.,
+of Center Point, Iowa. It was called to their attention by Mr. W. O.
+Creager, Sumner, Bremer County, Iowa, discoverer of the original tree.
+The nuts are quite small, averaging in a test made in Washington of the
+1930 crop 149 per pound. The yield of kernel was 30.27 per cent
+quarters, 8.76 per cent small pieces, and the total 39.04 per cent. As
+this test was made in February, 1932, the nuts were more than a year
+old, and allowance should be made for this fact. The parent tree had
+been cut down in the meantime and nuts were not obtainable later.
+
+The shells of the nut are quite thin, easy to crack, and the kernels
+fairly sweet. Like most others when their parentage involves a cross
+with the bitternut, a distinct bitterness of flavor hangs over in the
+mouth as an after-taste.
+
+The grafted tree is said to be a rapid grower and so highly ornamental
+as to be well worth growing for its beauty alone. A few trees of such a
+hybrid as this should be in any variety test planting wherever they will
+succeed. As the latitude of Sumner is 43 degrees, this hybrid should be
+of interest as far north as Milwaukee, Wis.; Grand Rapids, Mich.;
+Buffalo, N. Y., and the northern boundary line of Massachusetts. Being
+primarily an ornamental, the Creager might be grown with safety even
+farther north.
+
+DENNIS--The Dennis shagbark hickory is another variety brought to light
+by Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point, Ia. The original tree was found
+near the City of Cedar Rapids and called to their attention by the late
+Dr. A. B. Dennis of that city. Information is lacking as to the exact
+year, but according to Mr. Bixby's address before the 1920 convention of
+the Association, Snyder Bros. used Dennis in 1916 in top-working.
+
+No test of the nuts by the department has yet been possible. However,
+Mr. S. W. Snyder wrote in 1926 that he then considered the Dennis "...
+the best shagbark yet discovered in Iowa." He added further that "where
+the nuts are gathered and hulled promptly after ripening, the color of
+the shell is usually highly attractive." He also stated that the shell
+was quite thin, and owing to its inner structure the kernels could be
+extracted easily. He regarded the quality of the kernel as rich and the
+flavor sweet and pleasing.
+
+This variety is represented in several known plantings and abundant nuts
+for testing should soon be procurable. Meanwhile, the variety should be
+included in further test plantings of the northernmost zone.
+
+DREW--The Drew hickory is a shagbark named in honor of Mr. Arthur Drew
+of Howell, Livingston County, Mich., by whom it was called to attention
+in 1916. The parent tree stands on the Lyman Beach farm, Marion
+township, about six miles southwest from the post office. It was then
+one of many young seedlings less than forty feet tall standing in a
+cattle pasture. When first examined the nuts were unimpressive, but
+later specimens received high rating. The tree is difficult to reach and
+its exact identity probably known only to Mr. Drew.
+
+The latitude of origin, the early age of bearing, and the superiority of
+nut, both with reference to cracking quality and merit of kernel, seem
+to call for further study.
+
+EMERICK--This shagbark was discovered by Prof. L. H. MacDaniels of
+Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Specimens of the 1932 crop were
+submitted to him by Miss Etta Emerick, West Camp, Ulster County, New
+York. In Washington seven of these nuts averaged 67 per pound and
+yielded 33.33 per cent quarters, 2.22 per cent small pieces, and a total
+of 35.55 per cent kernel. The cracking quality was very good and the
+nuts otherwise appeared to be of considerable promise.
+
+FAIRBANKS--This is a hybrid hickory, apparently the result of a chance
+cross between shagbark and bitternut. The parent tree was discovered by
+the late S. W. Snyder, of Center Point, Iowa, probably about 1912. It
+then stood near a line fence on the farm of Mr. C. A. Fairbanks, nine
+miles northwest of Anamosa, Jones County, Iowa. With reference to the
+merit of this variety, the late Mr. Bixby once commented, "A heavy
+bearer, nuts attractive, large, smooth and thin-shelled. The variety has
+about all the good points desirable except that its palatability is too
+low. It is the Ben Davis of the hickories."
+
+The latitude of Anamosa is such that the Fairbanks should be hardy in
+the south three or four tiers of counties of Wisconsin, Michigan, New
+York, and over much of Massachusetts. It has been widely disseminated,
+and because of the popular feeling in its favor, will likely continue to
+be planted in experimental orchards.
+
+GREEN--The parent tree of the Green sweet hickory is owned by Mr. Steve
+Green, R. F. D. 9, Battle Creek, Calhoun County, Mich. It was brought to
+attention in 1929, when it was awarded fifth prize by the Association
+among the hickory entries that year. This variety is the first of its
+species (Hicoria ovalis) to have received a prize from the Association.
+
+HUBER--The Huber shagbark hickory originated with a seedling tree owned
+by Mr. Ferdinand Huber, Cochrane, Buffalo County, Wisconsin. It came to
+light in 1929, when it was awarded second prize in the Association
+contest.
+
+HUFF--Like Green, this variety is a sweet hickory, Hicoria ovalis. The
+parent tree is owned by L. S. Huff, White Pigeon, St. Joseph County,
+Michigan. Aside from the fact that it was awarded ninth prize in the
+Association contest of 1929, little is known as to its merits.
+
+LANEY--This variety was brought to light by the late John Dunbar, First
+Assistant Superintendent of Parks in Rochester, New York, who wrote the
+department in Washington on March 13, 1916, that the original tree was
+on a farm owned by Mr. R. J. Sheard, superintendent of a cemetery in
+Webster County, New York. It appears to be the result of a natural cross
+between the shagbark and the bitternut hickories. It was given the
+species name Laneyi by Sargent in his Manual of the Trees of North
+America, in honor of Mr. C. C. Laney, Superintendent of Parks, in
+Rochester, by whom it had been called to his attention.
+
+This variety is probably of chief value for ornamental and breeding
+purposes. The nuts are large, like those of Fairbanks, attractive,
+thin-shelled, easy to crack and of pleasing palatability to some people.
+Upon becoming thoroughly cured, especially after a few months, the
+disagreeable taste characteristic of bitternut usually becomes quite
+pronounced.
+
+MANN--This shagbark hickory came to light when awarded first prize in
+the Michigan contest of 1932, held under the direction of Prof. James A.
+Neilson, East Lansing. The parent tree is owned by Mrs. Rae D. Mann, R.
+F. D. 3, Davison, Genesee County, Mich. In a cracking test of nuts from
+the crop of 1932, conducted in Washington, the average was 75 per pound;
+the yield of quarters was 43.52 per cent, that of small pieces 3.53 per
+cent, making a total of 47.06 per cent. The cracking quality was
+excellent, the kernels large, plump, of rich quality and particularly
+sweet flavor. The kernels were a trifle dark, but otherwise this hickory
+appears to be one of the most promising kinds yet discovered.
+
+MILLER--This shagbark hickory is another apparently highly promising
+variety, brought to light as a result of Professor Neilson's efforts. It
+was awarded second prize in the 1932 state contest held under his
+direction. The parent tree is owned by Mr. D. P. Miller, Route 3, North
+Branch, Lapeer County, Mich. It and Mann are from adjoining counties,
+and the parent trees are probably not over twenty miles apart. The two
+are of about equal merit and much alike, although Miller nuts are
+somewhat smaller. In the cracking test of the 1932 contest, fifty nuts
+weighed one-half pound. Of these, two were spoiled, yet the percentage
+of quarters was 48.02, that of small pieces 1.32, thus making a total of
+49.34 per cent kernel.
+
+The cracking quality was excellent, the kernel a trifle dark, yet very
+plump, rich and sweet.
+
+SANDE--The Sande shagbark hickory is from the farm of Elmer T. Sande,
+Story City, Story County, Iowa, about sixteen miles north of Ames. It
+was brought to light by the late S. W. Snyder as early as November,
+1928, when he became responsible for having it mentioned (p. 24) in the
+premium list of the Seventh Mid-West Horticultural Exposition held in
+Cedar Rapids, Iowa, November 14 to 17. It received seventh prize in the
+1929 contest of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+
+Mr. Snyder commented on this variety, as recorded in the 1930
+proceedings of the Northern Nut Growers Association (p. 15), to the
+effect that the cracking quality of the Sande excelled that of any other
+variety of Iowa origin known to him at that time. The variety has twice
+received awards during the State Fair of Iowa. Mr. Snyder stated that
+the parent tree was then rather young but bearing well.
+
+As the latitude of Story City is slightly greater than 42 degrees, this
+variety should do well throughout much of the northernmost zone.
+
+SWAIM--The parent tree of the Swaim shagbark hickory stands on Maplewood
+farm, R. F. D. 1, South Bend, St. Joseph County, Ind., and is now owned
+by Mr. I. H. Swaim. It is one of a number of seedlings growing from
+local nuts planted during the early sixties by the late J. M. Swaim,
+grandfather of the present Mr. Swaim. It was called to the attention of
+the department in 1912 by Mr. H. H. Swaim, father of the present owner
+of the tree, who is still living near by on the same mail route.
+
+The Swaim was first propagated about 1914 by W. C. Reed of Vincennes,
+Ind., who has found it a highly satisfactory variety, with reference to
+regularity and size of crops and general merit of nuts.
+
+The Swaim is one of three varieties to tie for fourth place in the
+contest of the Association held in 1919. In a cracking test conducted in
+Washington with one pound of the 1930 crop, the nuts averaged 84 per
+pound and yielded 44.73 per cent of quarters, 4.62 per cent small
+pieces, and 0.44 per cent of bad kernels, thus making a total of 49.78
+per cent of kernel. The cracking quality that year was excellent, the
+kernels large, plump, and bright. The quality was rich and the flavor
+sweet and pleasing.
+
+As the city of South Bend is but a few miles below the Michigan state
+line, this variety should be well worth considering for use in test
+plantings throughout the lower fringe of the northernmost zone.
+
+WESTPHAL--The Westphal is a shagbark hickory from Mr. Otto Westphal, R.
+F. D. 2, Kendall, Monroe County, Wis. It was awarded fourth place in the
+1926 contest of the Philadelphia Society of Agriculture. So far as
+known, no other examination has been made of the nuts. However, the
+place they received in this contest, together with its latitude of
+origin, which is nearly 44 degrees, should commend the Westphal to the
+consideration of all who are interested in hickories for the
+northernmost region.
+
+
+The Filbert
+
+The filbert situation in the north is difficult to characterize.
+Repeated plantings have been established in this part of the country,
+probably since colonial days, only to perish in due time. Filbert blight
+was responsible for much of this loss, but so also were destructively
+low temperatures. Western New York now seems to be particularly favored,
+as trees there, notably at Geneva, bear regularly. Mr. Bixby's trees at
+Baldwin, Long Island, failed significantly during practically the whole
+of their life. Similarly, a comprehensive collection of varieties in the
+orchard of Dr. F. L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa., fruits practically not at
+all. Trees at Arlington, Va., on the government experimental farm,
+suffer sufficient winter injury each late winter or early spring to be
+quite regular in non-bearing. The varieties of all these plantings are
+much the same, and failure is not due to winter killing of the trees, as
+there is normally very little of this. It appears to be due to
+destruction of the flowers wrought by low temperatures following weather
+in January, February or March mild enough to start the flowers into
+bloom. At the present moment it looks as though European varieties of
+filbert might do much better where the trees bloom in April, as in
+western New York, than where flowers come out in February, as at
+Arlington, or in March, as on Long Island.
+
+For the present not a great deal of encouragement can be offered
+regarding the European varieties of filbert in the east, except in the
+most suitable sections. Certain hybrid varieties are now being
+developed, but they are not yet available for planting.
+
+
+The Chestnut
+
+No species of chestnut now available through the usual nursery channels
+can be recommended at the present time for planting in the northernmost
+zone except for experimentation along somewhat doubtful lines. The
+American sweet chestnut appears likely soon to be wiped out by blight.
+No chestnuts from the Old World, either European, Japanese or Chinese,
+have yet been found which are entirely hardy and otherwise satisfactory
+at this latitude. The European chestnut is quite as fatally subject to
+blight as is the American. The Japanese is mostly of too low degree of
+palatability to offer much promise, and horticultural varieties of
+Chinese chestnut are not yet available. Varieties of the Chinese hairy
+chestnut, Castanea mollissima, apparently of much promise, are now being
+developed, but trees are unlikely to become available for foundation
+stock to nurserymen for several years.
+
+
+Other Species
+
+The Persian (English) walnut, Juglans regia, and the Japanese walnut, J.
+sieboldiana, are both planted to some extent throughout the entire east
+and north, but neither promise to assume special prominence in this
+zone. Fine appearing trees in small numbers or occasional orchards of
+the former may be seen in many places. These are usually near large
+bodies of water, as within a mile or so, or two or three at most, of the
+shores of the lower Great Lakes, the Finger Lakes of New York, Long
+Island Sound, and various rivers and other smaller bodies of water
+within this general section. They are also to be found near buildings,
+especially in villages and small towns, but as orchard trees, or even
+single specimens out in the open, they are almost never met with except
+possibly while very young.
+
+The Japanese walnut is likewise little more than a novelty in this
+region. It is probably somewhat more hardy than is the foregoing, but it
+is not its equal in desirability. It grows rapidly under favorable
+environment, often becomes a handsome ornamental, comes into fruit while
+young, and bears freely but seldom heavily. The nuts are small, variable
+in character, and not particularly popular on the market. In flavor the
+kernels resemble butternut, but are much more mild. The nuts of this
+species are of two distinct types, the larger being shaped like a guinea
+egg, having a rather thick shell, and of doubtful merit. The other,
+known as the heartnut, is small as a rule, distinctly heartshaped, and
+easily opened with a knife by splitting the shell in half. A number of
+varieties are available through nurserymen.
+
+Between these two distinct types of Japanese walnut there are numerous
+intermediate forms hard to classify but invariably less desirable than
+heartnuts. There are also numerous offspring of marked vigor, producing
+nuts distinctly butternut-like in form but having even thicker shells.
+These last do not commend themselves for any purpose other than that of
+genetic use.
+
+
+Summary
+
+The black walnut, the shagbark hickory, the sweet hickory, the butternut
+and certain hybrid hickories are now believed to offer greater
+inducement to prospective planters of nut trees in the northernmost
+zone east of the Rocky Mountains than do other species. Varieties of
+strictly northern origin are now available to those who are capable of
+doing their own grafting. Many of these are of considerable promise,
+apparently, at least, equal in merit to any of the older varieties now
+being offered by nurserymen.
+
+
+
+
+The Tour--September 11th
+
+
+On Tuesday forenoon, September 11, the convention visited the Kellogg
+Factory and the Battle Creek Sanitarium and at noon returned to the W.
+K. Kellogg Hotel, where a delicious luncheon was served to the members
+and guests. Miss Mary I. Barber, Director of Home Economics of the
+Kellogg Company, in behalf of Mr. W. K. Kellogg, graciously acted as
+hostess at the luncheon.
+
+On Tuesday afternoon the convention went to the Kellogg Company farm by
+motor bus and auto to visit the nut trees. They then proceeded to the
+Bird Sanctuary and the Kellogg estate. This was followed by a motor boat
+trip around beautiful Gull Lake and dinner at Bunbury Inn. A session
+followed the dinner.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+I wish to present Professor V. R. Gardner, the Director of the
+Experiment Station at Michigan State College, East Lansing, who has
+kindly consented to address us this evening.
+
+PROF. GARDNER:
+
+In the field of horticulture we have many problems and these problems
+may be classified in different ways. From one standpoint, at least,
+there is a typical group or class of problems that arises in connection
+with a crop like the peach or apple or pear. If you knew that tomorrow
+or next week or next month you were to attend a meeting of peach or pear
+growers, you would have a pretty good idea of the type of questions that
+would be raised. They concern variety, insect and disease control,
+fertilization, and many questions relating to harvesting, packing and
+marketing the crop. On the other hand, suppose you were to attend a
+meeting of peony, delphinium, or dahlia growers. You would find not only
+an entirely different type of question under discussion, but an entirely
+different atmosphere.
+
+Now, are the problems of those who are interested in nuts more like
+those of the peach or the delphinium grower? You probably have your own
+answer to that question. At least, answers are coming to your mind. To
+my way of thinking--though of course I may be wrong--the kind of problem
+that presents itself to the person who is interested in growing nuts is
+more like the type that presents itself to those who are interested in
+dahlias or delphiniums or sweet peas than the problems that present
+themselves to the pear or cherry grower. In other words, it seems to me
+as though the problems of the nut grower are essentially the problems of
+the amateur. That does not mean they are less important or less
+interesting than they would be were the industry on more of a commercial
+basis like peach growing.
+
+About a year ago I was talking with Dr. Magness of the U. S. Bureau of
+Plant Industry and the discussion happened to turn to nuts. I knew that
+within the preceding six months Dr. Magness had covered most of the
+southern states where the pecan is grown commercially and had occasion
+to give considerable attention to the problems of the pecan industry. I
+asked, "What percentage of the commercial pecan growers at the present
+time are producing 1,000 pounds of cured nuts to the acre?" He replied,
+"Don't ask me what percentage. We can't talk about it in those terms.
+You can probably list on the fingers of one hand the growers who, year
+in and year out, are producing pecans at the rate of a thousand pounds
+to the acre, and certainly you can on the fingers of two hands." To me
+that was a rather striking statement. Dr. Magness may not have been
+entirely correct in his answer, but he was probably not far off. Anyway,
+the percentage of commercial pecan growers obtaining really large yields
+is extremely small. In the Pacific Coast States, a larger number and a
+larger percentage of the walnut growers regularly produce a thousand
+pounds of cured walnuts to the acre, though there are more who average
+500 or 600 pounds. As yet, in any of our retail markets you may purchase
+first class named varieties of pecans at from 25c to 40c a pound. The
+same thing is true of English walnuts. If the cultivated varieties of
+the black walnut, hickory and the chestnut are to be put on the market
+in quantity, they will come into competition with the pecan, English
+walnut, almond and Brazil nut. This means that they must sell at
+comparable prices.
+
+Therefore, one of the principal problems of the nut industry, as I see
+it, just as with delphiniums or the peony or the dahlia or iris or in
+others that I might mention, is the problem of plant materials, more
+specifically, the breeding or discovery of varieties that are superior
+and that consequently can really compete with the English walnut and
+pecan and that likewise are productive and that can be produced at a low
+cost. As a matter of fact, in all of your meetings up to the present
+time the finding, testing, and the evaluating of chance seedlings that
+appear to be of promise has constituted not only an essential but one of
+the larger features to claim attention. Furthermore, I believe it will
+continue to claim attention for many years to come.
+
+Practically all of your present materials, from the Fairbanks hickory to
+the Thomas or Stabler walnut, have just happened--that is, occurred as
+chance seedlings. They have been found and recognized as something a
+little better than the general run. Someone has brought them to the
+attention of the public, your Association placed approval on them, and
+they have been propagated and finally become more or less disseminated.
+
+I presume that by a more thorough combing of the territory more good
+material will be found and brought to the front. However, after you do a
+certain amount of combing, you eventually exhaust the resources.
+Nevertheless, when that time comes in a matter of this kind, a good deal
+more can be done. If the plum or grape grower had stopped when he had
+scouted all of the territory where vines are native and had introduced
+into cultivation the best of the chance seedlings that nature had given
+us, we wouldn't have the grapes or plums or other fruits that we have
+today.
+
+At this point I wish to make a suggestion as to one thing that this
+association, as an association, and perhaps some of its members as
+individuals, can give some attention to as a part of your program in the
+years to come. It is the job of breeding superior varieties of nuts,
+because much improvement is called for in walnuts, hickories, and the
+other kinds before they are all that you or the consuming public wants
+of them. The situation is essentially the same with nuts as with other
+fruit and ornamental plants. We have some pretty good peaches, but ten
+years from now the producers in Michigan will be growing very few of the
+varieties that they are growing today, and I dare say that twenty-five
+years from now they will be growing hardly any of them. We have some
+very attractive delphiniums and dahlias, but in 1950 few of today's
+favorites will be in cultivation. They will be superseded by new and
+superior varieties. In 1950, or 1975, we should be growing nut varieties
+that are far superior to what is available at the present time.
+
+To say that there is room for much improvement sounds all right, but who
+is going to effect it? Nut trees are not the easiest things in the world
+to grow. They require a long time to come into bearing, and it is almost
+out of the question for a person of middle age to undertake a breeding
+project with a crop like the black walnut or northern hickory and expect
+to get anywhere. Even if an Experiment Station undertakes a problem of
+this kind, there is the likelihood that it may be dropped before much
+will have been accomplished, for the person who starts it may go
+somewhere else or be compelled to divert his attention to something
+else, while the person who succeeds him has no interest in the project.
+That has happened time and time again with investigations of many kinds,
+but it has been particularly true of breeding projects.
+
+If we are ever to make any real progress in the breeding of nuts, one of
+the first things we need to know is the value of the different materials
+with which we have to work and the varieties that are used as parents.
+The Stabler, Thomas and Ohio are relatively superior black walnuts, but
+we do not know which is the best of these for breeding for size or vigor
+of tree or productivity or quality of nut or any other quality. We
+haven't the slightest idea. Yet before really scientific plant breeding
+work can be initiated, there is need of information as to which of these
+can be depended on for transmitting to its offspring certain specific
+qualities. Through experiment and experience we have learned some of
+these things with regard to some of the other fruit and ornamental
+crops. For instance, we know that the J. H. Hale is not only a wonderful
+variety in itself, but that it has the ability to produce superior
+progeny. Certain other varieties lack this ability. So, doubtless, it is
+with nuts. How are we to obtain this information? If your Association
+could get two or three growers, say here in Michigan, to inbreed the
+Stabler walnut and grow the resulting seedlings--perhaps a thousand in
+number--to fruiting age and someone somewhere else to do the same with
+the Thomas and with the Ohio and other varieties, it would not be long
+before a body of information would be collected that would furnish a
+definite basis for the scientific breeding of nuts. Incidentally, the
+chances are that some of this first group of seedlings would be superior
+and I believe that the chances are better than 50-50 that the resulting
+nut orchard would be a fairly good one.
+
+Where are you going to get these inbred seeds? That probably is what you
+can put up to your experiment stations. For instance, I am inclined to
+think that Mr. Neilson, if he found out that there is a member of this
+organization that is willing to grow a hundred inbred seedlings of the
+Stabler or Thomas to maturity, would undertake to hand-pollenize the
+flowers for that number of seeds, you would have a start in the
+direction of developing superior varieties of nuts. I don't mean to say
+that by undertaking a thing like this you should pay less attention to
+looking for native trees that are superior, but your problem now, and
+for the next thirty years, with northern nuts, is one of materials and
+the method of procedure that I have suggested would put it on a basis of
+a fairly definite breeding project.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+I think it is self-evident that this association came here to Battle
+Creek for its convention this year principally because of the work that
+has been started by the Michigan State College. We think that the states
+and the national government ought to do just what you are doing here,
+and the power of the association is going to be back of those projects
+in the future. To our sorrow, and I'd say to the loss of the entire
+nation, several very valuable plantings have been started and the
+passing of the owner has made it necessary that they be abandoned, and
+in some cases lost entirely; in others a few of the trees have been
+transplanted. We feel that if these specimen trees can be maintained on
+state and national property, it will serve to call attention to this
+nation's potential resources, which are not appreciated at present.
+
+
+
+
+The 1934 Ohio Black Walnut Contest
+
+_By_ CARL F. WALKER, _Cleveland Heights, Ohio_
+
+
+The first prize contest confined to the state of Ohio to discover
+superior seedling black walnuts was conducted in the fall of 1933 by the
+Ohio members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association in co-operation
+with the farm paper, the Ohio Farmer. The original announcement was made
+in mid-September and several follow-up articles were published,
+including some illustrations. Further publicity was obtained by mailing
+press copy to the rural newspapers throughout the state.
+
+The response was generous with 303 persons mailing in 423 samples of
+black walnuts. These came from all sections of the state, indicating a
+universal interest over the entire area. The first package of nuts
+arrived on September 25th and for the next six weeks few further sample
+lots were received. During the latter part of November and up to the
+date of close of the contest, December 15, the entries were mailed to
+the judges in quantity. This period coincided with inclement weather
+when outdoor farm work could not be carried on.
+
+The growing season had been abnormal due to a lack of precipitation and
+it is believed that the nuts were not as large nor as well filled as
+could be expected in a normal season. Defoliation through caterpillar
+attack had been severe, especially in the northern third of the state,
+and this condition may also have affected the normal development. The
+kernels of many lots were shrunken and since these included some nuts
+which would otherwise be given a high score, the method of judging by
+points, partly mathematically determined, was used as a guide only,
+rather than an exact means of choosing prize winners. Shell structure,
+together with the shape and relative size of kernel cavity, was the
+determining factor in choosing the prize winners. No differential for
+kernel color was made, for it was recognized that this was dependent in
+part upon the method used in harvesting and in handling the nuts. The
+varieties that were poorly sealed were discarded.
+
+All of the prize winners, on the basis of the merits of the nuts, are
+considered worthy of propagation for home or experimental orchard
+planting. The locations of the parent trees give a sufficiently general
+coverage for the entire state for the selection of a variety to
+propagate for almost all climatic and soil conditions in any part of the
+state. This, in itself, is considered the advantage and the
+justification of a contest confined to a single state or a limited
+region. Also, when residents of a state, through a contest, discover
+promising seedlings within their own state, it is believed that there is
+created in the sponsors more incentive to compile continuous data about
+the new kinds than would exist when the prize winners are chosen from
+regions quite removed. That so many examples were submitted was the
+result of excellent publicity by the Ohio Farmer.
+
+The first prize was ten dollars, the second five dollars, the third
+three dollars and the remaining seven prizes were subscriptions to the
+Ohio Farmer of from five years to one year in length.
+
+The prize winners were as follows:
+
+  First--Mrs. Willard Brown, Rock Bridge, O.
+
+  Second--Sam Tritten, Lisbon, O.
+
+  Third--B. A. Cowle, Defiance, O., Rt. 8.
+
+  Fourth--W. W. Janson, Jefferson, Ohio.
+
+  Fifth--Harmon Barnhart, Mt. Vernon, O., Rt. 6.
+
+  Sixth--R. E. Havice, Bellevue, Ohio, Rt. 1.
+
+  Seventh--C. H. Markey, Beallsville, Ohio.
+
+  Eighth--Kermit C. Hoover, Glenford, O.
+
+  Ninth--Ralph H. Miller, 300 Monroe St., Delta, O.
+
+  Tenth--F. C. Murphey, Sunbury, Ohio.
+
+The final judging was done at the Ohio State Experimental Station by Dr.
+J. H. Gourley, Chief of Horticultural Department, Walter H. Lloyd,
+Editor of the Ohio Farmer, and Carl F. Walker, assisted by Homer L.
+Jacobs of the Davey Tree Expert Co., John T. Bregger, Editor of the
+American Fruit Grower, and Ray T. Kelsey of the Ohio Farmer.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+That concludes the program. There is just a little business to handle
+now. Before we go on to that I would like to call attention to Dr.
+Deming's remarks about some of the old timers, which I thought very
+touching, interesting and instructive. There are two foreign members of
+the association whom I have never met. One is Mr. Spence, an Englishman,
+and the other Mr. Wang of China. Mr. Wang was a life member. The reports
+that I sent to him came back. All letters came back. I took it upon
+myself to write the Commissioner General of the United States at
+Shanghai, China, and call his attention to the fact that some twelve
+years ago Mr. Wang secured through this association some black walnuts,
+wanting to plant them along a certain highway in China. The Commissioner
+General answered, saying they could find nothing about him, and that the
+trees had not been planted where Mr. Wang had planned. I think Mr. Wang
+must have died or moved away.
+
+There is one item of business I think we should have, and that is a
+brief report from Mr. Ellis who was our delegate to the horticultural
+exposition at Paris.
+
+MR. ELLIS:
+
+In 1930 I was appointed your delegate to represent you at the Paris
+Horticultural Congress. I sent on the delegate's sheet. I received a
+reply making me a member of that congress. It went along about a month
+or two, then the terrible depression came on and before going I thought
+it better to investigate. So I wrote to Washington and found out that no
+one was going from there. I wrote to Canada and no one was going from
+there. They could not afford it. I said, "It's going to cost me $800 if
+I go." Then I found out that there was to be a similar congress in New
+York, so I switched off and went to the congress at Ithaca, New York,
+and I was very glad of it because I met a great many more men that I
+liked to meet than if I had gone to Paris. I wrote over to the congress
+at Paris and sent another fee of the same amount, because I knew they
+needed it, saying that I'd decided not to go.
+
+They had the congress. The President was shot at about that time, and
+that kind of broke it up. I received accounts of all the proceedings.
+They treated me very fairly, in as much as they put me down as a
+delegate from the United States of America, and I was the only delegate
+from the whole United States. I don't suppose anyone else could afford
+to go, so if I had gone over, I should have been there all alone.
+
+I said to myself, "It only cost me a hundred dollars to go out to
+Ithaca, so I saved $700. I'm not going to make anything out of this." So
+I took that $700 and I gave it away for charitable purposes. You know I
+gave you some. I got a letter from one person privileged, and I never
+had a more grateful and appreciative letter in my life. The balance of
+that $800 and more I gave to this purpose. I gave some to the Catholic
+Daughters of America, I gave some to the Parent-Teachers' Association, I
+gave some to the schools, and lots to the poor in one way or another.
+I've sent five girls to different summer schools of religious education,
+and a girl scout to a summer camp. I helped them all out all around, not
+only in my own district, but in other places in different parts of the
+country. So you got everything. You got your delegate over there duly
+enrolled, and you got some money when you most needed it, and so did all
+those other people. Not only to the amount of $800, but to a good deal
+more. I feel better satisfied and I think that you all ought to be
+better satisfied. If there is anyone that isn't satisfied, let him get
+up and I'll argue it out with him.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+I might state at this time that there will be another contest this year,
+at least for black walnuts and hickories. The prizes will be as follows:
+first prize $10, second prize $5, third prize $3, fourth prize $2, fifth
+prize $1, and honorary mention for others. Instructions will be issued
+and anyone desiring to enter this contest should write the secretary for
+instructions. It's understood, I might say, that the nuts will be sent
+to Mr. C. A. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture at
+Washington, who has kindly consented to look after that work and report
+to a contest committee which will be named later.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+We will now have the report of the resolutions committee.
+
+
+RESOLUTION
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association assembled in convention at the W.
+K. Kellogg Hotel, Battle Creek, Michigan, September 10 and 11, 1934,
+expresses its sincere appreciation of the courteous hospitality of the
+local committee on arrangements, headed by Prof. James A. Neilson. It
+would mention in particular Mr. W. K. Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg,
+and the W. K. Kellogg Hotel management. It appreciates the use of the
+splendid auditorium and is grateful for the attractive bouquets arranged
+about the room.
+
+The association heartily commends the nut work being done in the state
+of Michigan with the aid of Mr. W. K. Kellogg and under the direction of
+the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and actively under the lead
+of Prof. Neilson. The association records its pride in the establishment
+and maintenance of 115 acres of nut trees for purposes of
+experimentation and variety testing. In so far as known to the
+association there is no other tract of equal area in existence for this
+purpose.
+
+Be it resolved, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the
+minutes of this meeting and that the secretary be instructed to send
+copies to Mr. W. K. Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, the Kellogg Hotel
+management, Director V. R. Gardner and Prof. James A. Neilson.
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association records its extreme sorrow at the
+death of its active and able, although but recently elected, treasurer,
+Newton H. Russell of South Hadley, Massachusetts, on April 27, 1934. For
+many years Mr. Russell was a very active member of the association, a
+regular attendant at its conventions, and a loyal supporter of its
+various activities. The genial personalities of both Mr. and Mrs.
+Russell are greatly missed at this convention. Our deep sympathy is
+expressed to Mrs. Russell and her children in their bereavement.
+
+Be it resolved, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the
+minutes of this meeting, and that the secretary be instructed to send a
+copy to Mrs. Newton H. Russell.
+
+Resolutions Committee,
+
+  G. L. Slate, Chairman
+  C. A. Reed
+  A. S. Colby.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+I think that the thanks of the association are especially due to our
+president, Mr. Frey, for having so successfully stepped into the breach
+for the completion of the arrangements for this meeting, and for the
+very excellent program which he completed. I think he should also be
+thanked for the separate notices which he sent out, directing the
+attention of the persons coming to and going from this meeting to the
+nut orchards and other things of interest that may be seen on the way.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+I thank you. I might say that the suggestion for visiting interesting
+trees and nut plantings came from Mr. Reed. I want to call to your
+attention again that next year's meeting will be held at Rockport,
+Indiana, on September 9 and 10, 1935.
+
+The dues of this association are now only $2.00, and action taken at
+this convention will result in your receiving without additional charge
+the American Fruit Grower Magazine, which has been adopted as our
+official journal and included with the dues. You also have the privilege
+of joining the American Horticultural Society for the fee of $2 instead
+of $3.00. We are affiliated with that society and they allow to their
+affiliated associations the privileges of the members. Secure a
+membership and get the quarterly journal for the price of $2.00. We
+certainly recommend this association. We think that you get your money's
+worth many times over and it does a great deal of good.
+
+The only other item of business is a report from the nominating
+committee.
+
+DR. DEMING:
+
+Your nominating committee reports through the chairman the nomination of
+the following members as officers for the ensuing year:
+
+President--Mr. Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Illinois.
+
+Vice President--Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
+
+Secretary--Mr. George L. Slate, of Geneva, New York.
+
+Treasurer--Mr. Carl F. Walker, of Cleveland Heights, Ohio.
+
+For Members of the Executive Committee--Mr. Frank H. Frey, Dr. G. A.
+Zimmerman, Mr. George L. Slate, Mr. Carl F. Walker, Professor J. A.
+Neilson and Mr. D. C. Snyder.
+
+As Dean of the Association--Dr. Robert T. Morris, of Connecticut.
+
+As Field Secretary--Mr. Zenas H. Ellis, of Vermont.
+
+I move that the secretary be authorized to cast one ballot for the
+election of the ticket nominated.
+
+The motion was unanimously carried, and the officers nominated by the
+committee were elected for the ensuing year.
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+I might say that I won't, at least, have to sing a "swan song," and I'm
+not going to take the time to make any speech of acceptance. I
+appreciate your confidence in re-electing me and I am sure the other
+officers feel the same way. We'll all do what we can for your interest
+and what we are all interested in. Sometimes we may be a little slow in
+getting results but with your help I think we can make progress.
+
+The twenty-fifth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association adjourned at 9:30 P. M. Tuesday, September 11, 1934.
+
+
+
+
+Letter from J. U. Gellatly
+
+_British Columbia_
+
+
+I have just returned from a six weeks' trip to the B. C. Coast scouting
+for new nut trees and selling nut tree nursery stock. The outstanding
+discovery of the trip is the Rapier walnut tree. This young giant was
+planted 24 years ago by Mr. Rapier on Texada Isl. I estimate this tree
+to be 60 to 70 feet in height, the measured spread is 60 feet one way
+and 70 at widest point, and other measurements as follows: from ground
+to first limbs there is 8 feet of straight trunk with a girth of 7 feet
+one inch taken one foot above ground, and at 6 feet above ground girth
+is 69 inches. The tree has cropped regularly since it was about 6 years
+old. The largest crop to date was produced in 1931 totaling 500 pounds.
+The shape of nut is long oval, size medium. The flavor of those I
+tasted of the 1933 crop certainly was the sweetest I have tasted to date
+for this class of nut.
+
+I have no definite information as to source of this tree, but judge it
+to be a Franquette seedling as that was the class of trees sold by the
+nursery from which the tree was purchased. I have made arrangements for
+sample nuts from this year's crop and will send you some later. This
+tree is well worth testing for hardiness as it is evidently
+self-fertile, there being no other nut trees of the same age near by.
+
+Another discovery of interest from the nut breeding angle is the
+McDonald walnut. This is a hybrid English X. J. Sieboldiana, growing at
+West Vancouver, B. C. Nut large and heavy shell, but the best kernel
+cavity I have seen in any of these crosses. The tree is a nice tree and
+leaves show distinct crossing. This is the first year it has borne and
+it had 2 nuts. One shell I am sending you with other samples of new
+nuts.
+
+The Watt English walnut at Penticton, B. C., is proving a regular
+cropper of uniform large round nuts of good flavor. This tree is a
+seedling from my own nursery. I do not know from what tree it grew, but
+it is worthy of testing for hardiness in districts north of present
+location as there is some evidence of hardiness. I know this tree to be
+a good cropper but have no definite record of any one year's crop as the
+tree is located where many persons help themselves to the nuts.
+
+The Lindy walnut from the beaches at Kelowna, B. C., continues to make
+good tree growth and produce good crops of large round nuts with thin
+shells and well developed kernels of good flavor. This tree is a
+seedling grown from a nut brought from Kulu Hills, India, in 1912. This
+tree is also worthy of trial for hardiness in districts north of present
+locations. I do not know how this tree is as a self-pollenizer as there
+are two other trees near by of the same stock and planting. I do know
+that seedlings grown from this tree make a good growth and look alike in
+the nursery row and are very uniform as to color and growth of leaf, in
+striking contrast to seedlings from some other trees which vary a lot in
+every feature.
+
+In heartnuts the newest I have of outstanding promise are from my own
+nursery. Two are now growing at Peachland, B. C. One, the MacKenzie, is
+a vigorous, well grown tree and bears regularly heavy crops of large,
+rough-shelled heartnuts that are easily cracked. The kernels are light
+in color and of good flavor.
+
+The other, the Rover heartnut, is a young tree just carrying a record
+crop. Tree is in a poor location on the edge of wild timber competing
+for soil space. The nut is a big step in the elimination of the central
+division, so pronounced in most heartnuts. This is the outstanding
+feature of this nut. Cracking and other features are still undetermined
+but promising. I have a number of others that are promising. One is the
+Flavo Heart, a heartnut and butternut cross. This is a seedling of
+Callender heart and butternut. The outstanding features are the shape of
+nut, flavor of kernel and ease of extraction. This is its first crop.
+
+
+
+
+From B. D. Wallace
+
+_Portage la Prairie, Manitoba_
+
+
+I will endeavor to give you a short account of our progress in the
+culture of butternuts and black walnuts.
+
+Our success with butternuts has been due, very largely, to the method we
+adopted some twenty years ago and might be summed up in the following
+report. From one hundred pounds of butternut seed, which we secured in
+the fall of 1914, and which we planted the same season in October, we
+got in the following year a splendid stand of seedlings which gave great
+promise the first summer. During the winter of 1915 a great number of
+those seedlings were partially or altogether destroyed, through the
+climatic conditions of the country. But quite a number of them stood up
+in splendid condition. After about three years we eliminated everything
+that did not stand up 100 per cent and show a splendid growth. We had in
+the neighborhood of fifty trees and thus, through a survival of the
+fittest, the foundation of this industry became established. We
+distributed perhaps twenty or more trees to the Experimental Farm and
+other places. These have all stood up, as far as I can learn, with
+splendid success. This left about thirty of the original trees in our
+nurseries. These thirty have never shown any sign of frost killing nor
+are they in any other way affected.
+
+Our trees commenced to bear in their sixth year, in 1920 and have
+increased in size and fruiting year by year, until today they are about
+thirty feet high with a spread of about thirty-six feet and are without
+question the most beautiful row of trees west of the Great Lakes. We
+have grown at least one hundred thousand trees from the nuts taken from
+these trees, which have been distributed over a very wide territory,
+reaching from the northern part of Ontario to the Rocky Mountains. Many
+of our customers have now their own trees bearing. In addition to our
+selling the trees, we offer to our customers one two-year-old butternut
+or horse chestnut with each ten dollar order sent in. We took this
+method to get our nut trees into the hands of a great number of the
+people.
+
+We have followed practically the same line with black walnuts, but with
+less success than with butternuts, as a very much greater percentage of
+the black walnuts went down. Notwithstanding that we have a number of
+trees which have survived in splendid condition. One of these is bearing
+for its second year and one other is just bearing for the first time.
+However, we have a good deal of hardy wood, as our trees are growing
+bushy and we intend to use the butternut seedlings for stocks on which
+to graft the black walnut. By this method we will not have to wait so
+long to get a good supply of trees. There is no question whatever about
+the future success of the butternut, as we have this year the third
+generation of them bearing, which is ample proof that they have become
+entirely acclimated. The butternuts grow fully as large as in eastern
+Canada, as do also the black walnuts, and as far as I can see the
+quality is equal if not better.
+
+In addition to the butternut and black walnut, we have made a complete
+success of the horse chestnut. Ours were planted in 1914, and commenced
+bearing about the same time as the butternut, and we have grown great
+crops of nuts continually from that date to the present. We are also
+trying out the heartnut, both from young trees and from seed. Out of
+three different plantings that is planted the same year but in different
+sections, one planting of six trees has stood up completely for the last
+three years, whereas the other two freeze back a little. In addition to
+these we are growing from seed the filbert, which seems to be hardy, but
+is not old enough to fruit yet. However, there is no question in my mind
+whatever that we shall succeed with all those different trees, following
+our own method of only using wood and seed from those trees which are
+proof against the most severe climatic conditions. We used this same
+method thirty-five years ago in laying the foundation for fruit growing.
+Out of twelve thousand of the hardiest fruit trees that we could buy
+from Dakota and Minnesota, after three years we eliminated all but
+fourteen trees. These were divided between standard apples, crab-apples,
+plums and plum hybrids. By using northern Russia plum seed and Siberian
+crab seed for roots, we have been able to lay a foundation for fruit
+growing in this western country that will live long after we are
+forgotten.
+
+
+
+
+From Vera Nekiassena
+
+_Turkestan_
+
+
+My opinion is there are two kin species growing in Turkestan--Juglans
+regia L and J fallasc Dode; the first in the Kopet-Dag, the second in
+the Fansha mountains, in guissar and Darwas. The J. regia is further
+cultivated in Turkestan gardens and in the Lowawschan Valley. The J.
+Kamaonia Dode is occasionally to be observed likewise in gardens. I did
+not chance to see it personally and am in possession of only one of its
+nuts. Both species (the J. regia and the J. fallasc) produce a great
+variety of nuts as to shape, thickness of shell and size of kernel. Both
+these species have been united by some authors (Mr. M. Popof in Bull. of
+Applied Botany of Genetics and plant breeding XXII N3 (1929), p. 294)
+into one--that of J. regia but always distinguishing the Kopet-dog nuts
+in the jsp. turcomanica Popof; difference between them being certainly
+esctant. The number of leaflets of the J. fallasc amounts to 2-4, they
+are rounder and more obtuse, the shell of the nut is thicker and also
+rounder and smaller. The number of J. regia leaflets is 3-5, they are
+narrower and more pointed (lance shaped), the nuts more elongated,
+larger and their shell thinner.
+
+Having been for my part mainly occupied with the geographical
+distribution of nuts without regard to the variation of the fruit shape,
+I would recommend you to apply for a choice of nuts to Mr. Gursey,
+(Caucasus, Pjabigorsx), who is making a special study of the problem.
+
+For cultivation in the north you will be interested in J. Manshurica
+originating in the Far East and very hardy. It is cultivated and
+produces fruit in Leningrad, young specimens of it were planted on the
+Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea and there outlived excellently.
+
+Concerning the list of trees appended to your letter, I can give you the
+following information.
+
+_J. Regia_ grows well in the park of Botanic Institute in Leningrad,
+attaining 8-10 M.; in the southern part of Smolensk district the tree
+produces fruit as far as Minsk. There is a considerable number of fruit
+producing specimens in the Masir district in the north of White Russia.
+
+_J. Sieboldiana_ freezes up in cold winters in Leningrad.
+
+_J. cinerea_ is very hardy and effects self-polinasation in White
+Russia; near Kasan there is one specimen producing about 100 fruits
+yearly.
+
+_J. rigra_ produces fruits in Koslon.
+
+_Corylus Colurna_--a large old specimen esctant in Leningrad rather
+frequently observed in many parks of European U. S. S. R.
+
+_C. Acellana_ is widely spread in a wild state attaining Ladoga-laxe.
+
+_C. Mascima_ frequently in the Crimea and the Caucasus.
+
+_Castanea Sabiva_ grows in the Caucasus only, and cultivated in Urraina.
+Castanea Henryii Corylus chinensis.
+
+C. Lacquement and Cticstica I do not know in U. S. S. R.
+
+_C. Seguinu, C. Crensta_ and _C. Mollissima, separate_ strains probably
+to be had in Suchum.
+
+
+
+
+From Divisional Forest Officer
+
+_Utilization Division, Baramulla Kashmir_
+
+
+There are two distinct species of of walnut growing here. One which
+grows from 3,500 to 7,000 feet above sea level near about habitations
+and on rich fertile soil has got good big sized nuts which are very easy
+to break even with the pressure of hand, and about which you probably
+seem interested. The other species grows higher in the forest up to
+about 11,000 feet elevation. It has hard nuts which cannot be broken
+easily and have moreover very little kernel as compared to former
+species. Even the timber of both the species is distinctly different, in
+as much as the former has dark gray color and the latter has reddish
+gray. Regarding nomenclature the botanists differ. The former species is
+named Juglans regia hin. The latter species which is wild may be called
+Juglans fallax, Dode or Juglans Kamaonia, Dode, but actually it is a bit
+different from either and is something midway between the two and so is
+yet to be determined properly.
+
+Corylus colurna is the only species of Corylus found here out of your
+list.
+
+B. The altitudes of walnut zone has been stated above. Corylus Colurna
+also grows between 8,000 and 11,000 feet. Both the walnut species are
+confined to Kashmir and Chamba states, while Corylus Colurna grows all
+over the Himalayas.
+
+C. The maximum height and girth of a tree I have felled was 100 ft. and
+15 ft. respectively. This tree grew in a forest at 9,000 foot altitude
+amongst firs. Trees growing outside in the fields in the open are
+sometimes bigger in girth but their bole is very short and the height
+also is small compared with forest grown trees. The trees growing in the
+fields in the open are of soft rind species.
+
+D. The trees growing in the fields and of soft rind species are
+generally fast grown and they have about 8 to 10 rings to an inch. The
+trees growing in the forest have about 16 to 20 rings to an inch.
+
+E. The length of frost-free season depends upon the situation and
+locality, generally from May to September there is no frost, the rest of
+the season has frost.
+
+F. The maximum temperature is 92 degrees, while the minimum is many
+points below zero when the country is snow-bound all over. There is snow
+in the forests for about six months.
+
+G. The average annual rainfall is between 54 and 34 inches in the year,
+according to the locality.
+
+H. All the walnut trees are grown for extraction of oil from their nuts.
+This oil is used for cooking purposes, in place of fats and butter. When
+the tree gets old or gets diseased, it is felled and timber is used for
+making furniture and carving. Kashmir walnut carving is well known.
+
+I. Hazel trees grow wild in the forest, the hazel nuts are collected and
+are eaten. Sometimes these nuts are exported to British India, where
+kernels are used chiefly to adulterate almond kernels.
+
+Corylus has not been grown here as a garden tree and so I do not know
+its requirements of germination. I will however be thankful to you if
+you could kindly send me a little fresh seed, C. Colema, to grow it here
+in Kashmir. Some years ago I had sent for the seeds of Rhamnus Purshiana
+from U. S. A. This was sown here but it did not germinate. I shall feel
+obliged if you could let me know the requirements of this species, that
+is, the situation, soil, et cetera, which this species demands. Rhamnus
+dahuricus grows wild here as a small shrub. Do you think I can get
+American species by grafting my species with Rhamnus Purshiana scions?
+
+
+
+
+Communication from John W. Hershey, 1934
+
+
+I called at the experimental nut planting place of the late J. W. Waite,
+at Normandy, Tennessee, on June 1st and found he had been dead about
+eight months. I talked with a native who told me he was one of the most
+plucky men he had ever seen, having had, because of some disease, both
+legs amputated, was all crippled up otherwise, and traveled in a wheel
+chair. He even use to milk cows and drive around in an old buggy.
+
+This setting at the Waite place is going to be of immense value to the
+T. V. A. tree crop program. I met the daughter who knew very little
+about the trees, but the first thing she mentioned was the wonderful
+nuts they got off the McCalister tree.
+
+I could identify a few of the trees but will not make much progress at
+it until this fall, when the nuts are ripe. They are heavily set with
+bloom now. To assist me in this work, I am wondering if the Association
+has anything in its files pertaining to the varieties that he has. As
+you know, one can identify a tree quicker if he knows what he is looking
+for.
+
+
+
+
+Letter From Mrs. E. W. Freel
+
+_Pleasantville, Iowa, September 5, 1934_
+
+
+Yesterday, when coming home, we drove around (which was not out of our
+way) to see those walnut trees about which you made inquiry. The Freel
+tree has been topped and it has made a wonderful growth this year and is
+going to make a very pretty tree. The Marion has a few walnuts on this
+year, but they are falling off due to the dry weather this year. Last
+year it was loaded. The Metcalf tree has some on but, like the others,
+most all of them have fallen off. It was also full last year. The
+Worthington tree also had some on this year, but have all fallen off. It
+also had walnuts on last year.
+
+I have never known any of these trees to be a complete failure unless it
+would be this year due to the drought which has been pretty severe with
+us. We have had no garden to speak of and the crops in this section have
+almost been a complete failure.
+
+The Wheeling tree had walnuts on last year but I have been unable to get
+out there this year. It is off the gravel road and it has been raining
+here for the last two days.
+
+I have not been able to get out to the hickory nut trees. They had some
+nuts on last year but not very plentiful. I have noticed along the
+highways, as we would be driving along, that some of the hickory nut
+trees were full and others would not have any on, but do not know as yet
+how the drought will affect them.
+
+I wish we could attend the convention, but it will be impossible for us
+this year.
+
+
+
+
+Letter From Geo. W. Gibbens
+
+_Godfrey, Illinois, September 6, 1934_
+
+
+The Mid-West Nut Growers' Association is not functioning.
+
+There will be a normal crop of black walnuts in this section of the
+state. The hickory and pecan crop is very light. The chestnut crop will
+be light. Many of our chestnut trees were killed by the drought this
+summer. Some young trees on cultivated land will develop nuts, and a few
+of the older trees may do so.
+
+For many years here (E. A. Riehl Farm) we have been trying to grow the
+English walnut to bearing size. This year we have a young tree that is
+bearing. It is the Alpine.
+
+I wish we could attend the convention.
+
+
+
+
+Letter From Fred Kettler
+
+_Platteville, Wisconsin_
+
+
+In regard to the Kettler walnut tree here: It seems to be gradually
+dying; has many dead branches, which is caused by the drought we have
+had the last few years. We should get 25 to 30 inches rainfall a year
+and we had only 8 or 10 last year and about that same amount this year.
+The ground is wet down only about 15 inches on top. Below that it is
+dry.
+
+The old tree had quite a few nuts on this year. However, most of them
+were blown off by a cyclone six weeks ago. There is about a peck of nuts
+on the tree now.
+
+All walnuts here are only half a crop on account of the June beetle and
+the weather conditions, and they are quite small nuts, the weather being
+so dry.
+
+I grafted 150 of the Wisconsin No 1, or Kettler walnut. It was boiling
+hot here in April and May and it again spoiled it for me. We watered
+them every day and shaded them, but the heat and dry, hot dirt was too
+much. All were grafted on young yearling trees close to the ground where
+I covered them with dirt. Many started, but died later; anyway, I
+succeeded in getting six more nice trees started (one to three feet tall
+now). My tree from last year is about five feet tall and made some side
+branches; so you see I am getting started. I doubt if I can get any
+graft wood from the old tree next spring.
+
+We are in the nursery business just in a small way. We have only the
+best of varieties.
+
+I have discovered also a thin-shell hickory nut with a wonderful meat. I
+don't know if I will get any of the nuts this year as they have been
+stealing them every year, I am told by the man who owns it. I succeeded
+in getting one growing on a young pecan tree I had. I think it is even
+better than my walnut. I enclose one with a this year walnut sample. The
+hickory is a last year sample.
+
+What our country needs is timber on every farm from one acre to ten
+acres, according to size of farm, all over the United States. Then we
+will get more rain. That would be a real crop control--instead of
+destroying crops like the New Deal is doing. Planting a strip of timber
+from Canada to the Gulf will not help anyone. We believe the
+"brain-trusters" need a doctor.
+
+
+
+
+Telegram
+
+
+Sept. 11, 1934.
+
+Dear Dr. Morris:
+
+The Northern Nut Growers' Association is in session in the W. K. Kellogg
+Hotel, Battle Creek, Michigan. The members present are reminded that
+this is the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Association. It recalls with
+interest the first meeting held in New York City, which was called to
+order by Dr. Deming, at which you became charter President, Mr. T. P.
+Littlepage of Washington, charter Vice President, Dr. Deming, charter
+Secretary.
+
+It is the unanimous feeling of the present membership that the society
+for which you and the others so ably laid the foundation at that time
+has been abundantly justified by the accomplishments of the
+organization. We are especially indebted to you for the able leadership
+from you which the Association enjoyed, not only while you served in an
+executive capacity, but during the many years which followed while you
+were an active leading member, and now for approximately ten years
+during which you have been Dean.
+
+We regret that impaired health makes it impossible for you to attend
+meetings at present, but we assure you that your name is not being
+forgotten nor is the work which you inaugurated being allowed to lapse.
+
+(Signed by the members present.)
+
+
+
+
+Catalogue of Top-Grafted Nut Trees on the Kellogg Farm, Kellogg School
+Grounds, and Kellogg Estate.
+
+
+  Place and Variety  Species                Stock             Year Grafted
+
+  Kellogg School--
+   1. Fairbanks      Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1933
+   2. Pleas, Des     Hicans                 Pignut                  1934
+      Moines and
+      McCallister
+
+  Kellogg Farm (Farm Lane)
+   1. Broadview      English Walnut         Black Walnut            1931
+      Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   2. Allen          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+   3. Dennis         Shagbark               Pignut                  1934
+   4. Creager        Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1934
+
+  (Hickory Block)
+   1. Fairbanks      Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1931
+   2. Rohwer         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+   3. Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1933
+      (McIntyre)
+   4. Haviland       Shellbark              Pignut                  1931
+   5. McCallister    Hican                  Pignut                  1931
+   6. Burlington     Hican                  Pignut                  1932
+   7. Des Moines     Hican                  Pignut                  1932
+   8. Creager        Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1932
+   9. Dennis         Shagbark               Pignut                  1932
+  10. Stanley        Shellbark              Pignut                  1931
+  11. Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+  12. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1931
+  13. Des Moines     Hican                  Pignut                  1932
+  14. Pleas          Hican                  Pignut                  1934
+  15. Cedar Rapids   Shagbark               Pignut                  1931
+  16. McDermid       English                Black Walnut            1933
+  17. Shinnerling    Shagbark               Pignut                  1932
+  18. Stratford      Shagbark               Pignut                  1932
+  19. Hand           Shagbark               Pignut                  1932
+  20. Rockville      Hican                  Pignut                  1931
+  21. Rohwer         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+  22. Des Moines     Hican                  Pignut                  1932
+  23. Stratford      Shagbark               Pignut                  1932
+  24. Beaver         Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1932
+  25. Gerardi        Hican                  Pignut                  1934
+  26. Creitz         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1931
+  27. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1930
+  28. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1930
+      Howell         Black Walnut
+
+  Kellogg Farm (55 acre field)
+   1. Creitz         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+   2. Rohwer         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      Stambaugh      Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      McDermid       English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+      Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   3. Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   4. Wilkinson      English Walnut         Black Walnut            1933
+   5. Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+   6. Adams          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1934
+   7. Beck           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1934
+   8. Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+   9. Franquette     English Walnut         Black Walnut            1933
+  10. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1931
+      Rohwer         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+
+  Pasture Field--
+   1. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1930
+   2. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1930
+   3. Des Moines     Hican                  Bitternut               1933
+      and Pleas      Hican                                          1934
+   4. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1931
+   5. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1931
+   6. Wiard          Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+   7. Ohio           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1930
+   8. Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   9. Crath No. 2    English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+  10. McDermid       English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+  11. Corsan         Chinese Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+  12. Carpenter      Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      Beck           Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1933
+  13. Grundy         Black Walnut           Black Walnut            1932
+      Franquette     English Walnut         Black Walnut            1933
+
+  Kellogg Estate--
+   1. Fairbanks      Hickory Hybrid         Pignut                  1931
+   2. Crath No. 5    English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   3. Burlington     Hican                  Pignut                  1932
+   4. Stratford      Shagbark               Nursery Tree            1932
+   5. Faust          Heartnut               Japanese Walnut         1932
+   6. Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   7. Crath          English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   8. Alpine         English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+   9. Turkish Hazel  Tree Hazel (colurna)   Seedling                1932
+  10. McDermid       English Walnut         Black Walnut            1932
+  11. Burlington     Hicans                 Pignut                  1932
+      Des Moines                                                    1933
+  12. Fairbanks      Hickory Hybrid         Pignut                  1931
+      Dennis         Shagbark                                       1931
+      Des Moines     Hicans                                         1933
+  13. Fairbanks      Hybrid Hickory         Pignut                  1931
+      Burlington     Hican                                          1931
+      Des Moines     Hican                                          1932
+      Stratford      Shagbark                                       1931
+
+
+
+
+  EXHIBITS
+
+
+  Mr. A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Ill.
+
+  Bitternut No. 1
+  Bitternut No. 2
+  Shagbark--Shellbark cross No. 1
+  Shagbark--Shellbark cross No. 2
+  Shagbark--Shellbark cross No. 3
+  Shagbark--Shellbark cross No. 4
+
+
+  Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind
+
+  Busseron pecan
+  Indiana pecan
+  Kentucky pecan
+  Major pecan
+  Greenriver pecan
+  Butterick pecan
+  Posey pecan
+  McCallister Hican
+
+  Hican variety Mr. Wilkinson suggests calling Bixby in honor of the late
+    Willard G. Bixby.
+  Ohio black walnut
+  Stabler black walnut
+  Thomas black walnut
+
+
+  Mr. F. H. Frey, Chicago, Ill.
+
+  Wheeling black walnut, new find by Mrs. E. W. Freel, 1932
+  Worthington black walnut, from Mrs. E. W. Freel, 1932
+  Marion black walnut, Mrs. E. W. Freel, 1932
+  Freel black walnut, Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa
+  Metcalf black walnut, from Mrs. E. W. Freel
+  Stabler walnut, "one lobe," O. H. Casper, Anna, Ill.
+  Oklahoma seedling, black walnut, evidently J. rupestris
+    (per Dr. Waite, pg. 61--1932)
+  Rohwer black walnut, from John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa
+  Grundy black walnut, from John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa
+  Kettler or Wisconsin No. 1, from Fred Kettler, Platteville, Wisc.
+  Shellbark hickory, seedling No. 1, Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa
+  Shellbark hickory, seedling No. 2, Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa
+  Cedar Rapids shagbark hickory, from S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa
+  Shinnerling shagbark hickory, from Chas. Shinnerling, Amana, Iowa
+  Hagen shagbark hickory, from S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa
+
+
+  G. H. Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario, Canada
+
+  DuChilly and other European filberts grown on his place in Canada
+  Jones hybrid filberts, corylus americana--corylus avellana
+  Photograph of Corsan nut exhibit at Canadian National Exhibition
+  Craxezy, butternut, from Union City, Mich. From Harry Burgart, Michigan
+    Nut Tree Nursery
+  Mitchel hybrid heartnut, from Scotland, Ontario
+  Stratford hickory, exhibited by Mr. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa.
+    Mr. Snyder says this is the best bearing hickory for his section
+    in Iowa.
+
+
+  Prof. J. A. Neilson, Michigan State College, E. Lansing, Mich.
+
+  Harris black walnut, Allegan, Mich.
+  Thomas black walnut
+  Everett Wiard black walnut, Ypsilanti, Mich.
+  Glen Allen black walnut, Middleville, Mich.
+  Dan Beck black walnut, Hamilton, Mich.
+  Ten Eyck black walnut
+  Adams black walnut, Scotts, Mich.
+  M. S. C. Campus heartnut, East Lansing, Mich.
+  Crawford heartnut
+  Mrs. Henry Hanel, heartnut, Williamsburg, Mich.
+  Gellatly heartnut, Westbank, B. C.
+  Lancaster heartnut, Graham Station
+  McKenzie heartnut, B. C.
+  Mitchell heartnut, Scotland, Ont.
+  Fred Bourne, heartnut, Milford, Mich.
+  W. S. Thompson heartnut, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.
+  English, Chatham, Ont.
+  Mitchell butternut, Scotland, Ont.
+  Col. B. D. Wallace butternut, Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, Can.
+  Korean pine nuts, Abbotsford, P. Q.
+  W. S. Thompson filbert, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.
+  Harry Weber hazel, R. 2, Cleves, Ohio
+  Beck English walnut, Allegan, Mich.
+  W. S. Thompson English walnut, R. 2, St. Catherines, Ont.
+  Larsen English walnut, Ionia, Mich.
+  English walnut, from Broadview, B. C.
+  McDermid English walnut, St. Catherines, Ont.
+  Clyde Westphal pecan, Marcellus, Mich.
+  Fairbanks hickory, grown at Grand Rapids, Mich.
+  Haviland hickory, Bath, Mich.
+  Green hickory, Battle Creek, Mich.
+  Mrs. Ray D. Mann hickory, Davison, Mich.
+  Hill hickory, Davison, Mich.
+  Lyle House hickory, Fowlerville, Mich.
+  Miller hickory, North Branch, Mich.
+  Pleas pecan and bitternut hybrid hickory
+  Burlington hican
+  Rowley chestnut, Orleans, Mich.
+  John E. Dunham, chestnut, Oshtemo, Mich.
+  Chinese chestnuts, Ridgetown, Ont.
+
+
+
+
+  REGISTRATION
+
+
+  Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Illinois
+  A. S. Colby, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
+  A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Illinois
+  Mr. Harry Burgart, Union City, Michigan
+  Mrs. Harry Burgart, Union City, Michigan
+  Mrs. Charles Halder, Ceresco, Michigan
+  Mrs. Anton Burgart, Union City, Michigan
+  Mr. Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan
+  Mrs. Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan
+  Carl F. Walker, Cleveland Heights, Ohio
+  Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.
+  Mrs. Lennard H. Mitchell, Washington, D. C.
+  Homer L. Bradley, Kellogg Farm, Augusta, Michigan
+  J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Indiana
+  G. H. Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario
+  Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
+  Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
+  Oliver T. Healy, Union City, Michigan
+  Mrs. Anna H. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan
+  John T. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan
+  Mrs. John T. Bregger, Bangor, Michigan
+  S. E. Monroe, Chicago, Illinois
+  J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Michigan
+  Mrs. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Michigan
+  Mrs. C. M. McCrary, Augusta, Michigan
+  C. M. McCrary, Augusta, Michigan
+  Mildred M. Jones, Jones Nurseries, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
+  Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio
+  Mrs. Harry Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio
+  D. C. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa
+  W. K. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Rollin H. Tabor, Mt. Vernon, Ohio
+  George L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y.
+  L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York.
+  L. Housser, Cloverdale, Ontario
+  Fae Noverr, Enquirer and News, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vermont
+  Joan Deming, Hartford, Connecticut
+  Mrs. Oliver Healy, Union City, Michigan
+  Mr. Howard W. Harris, Allegan, Michigan. R. D. No. 7
+  Mr. Scott Healy, Otsego, Michigan. R. F. D. No. 2
+  Mrs. Scott Healy, Otsego, Michigan. R. F. D. No. 2
+  Glen Grunner, Coldwater, Michigan. R. D. No. 3
+  Leon Ford, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Marshall Moon, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Dean Phillips, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Lawrence Poole, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Evelyn Alwood, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Martha Richmond, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Irene VaVn De Bogart, Vicksburg, Michigan
+  Cleone Wells, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Herbert Bush, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Dorothy Jenney, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Cecelia Plushnik, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Vernice Fox, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Edward A. Malasky, Battle Creek, Michigan
+  C. A. Reed, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+  T. V. Hicks, Battle Creek, Michigan. R. 3
+  Norman Crittenden, Galesburg, Michigan
+  Arnold G. Otto, Detroit, Michigan
+  Miss Mary Barber, Kellogg Co., Battle Creek, Michigan
+  Professor V. R. Gardner, M. S. C., East Lansing, Michigan
+  H. A. Cardinell, M. S. C., East Lansing, Michigan
+  E. P. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio
+  Lila M. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio
+  Dora E. Gerber, Apple Creek, Ohio
+  H. W. Kaan, Wellesley, Massachusetts
+  R. S. Galbreath, Huntington, Indiana
+  Mrs. R. S. Galbreath, Huntington, Indiana
+  Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Connecticut
+  Everett Wiard, Ypsilanti, Michigan
+  Mrs. E. Wiard, Ypsilanti, Michigan
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS AND BULLETINS ON NORTHERN NUT GROWING
+
+
+1. Nut Culture in the United States, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1896.
+Out of print and out of date but of great interest.
+
+2. The Nut Culturist, Fuller, pub. Orange Judd Co., N. Y., 1906. Out of
+print and out of date, but a systematic and well written treatise. These
+two books are the classics of American nut growing.
+
+3. Nut Growing, Dr. Robert T. Morris, pub. MacMillan, N. Y. 2nd edition
+1931, price $2.50. The modern authority, written in the author's
+entertaining and stimulating style.
+
+4. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1501, 1926, Nut Tree Propagation, C. A. Reed,
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A very
+full bulletin with many illustrations.
+
+5. Tree Crops, Dr. J. Russell Smith, pub. Harcourt, Brace & Co., N. Y.,
+1929, price $4.00. Includes the nut crop.
+
+6. Annual reports of the Northern Nut Growers' Association from 1911 to
+date. To be had from the secretary. Prices on request.
+
+7. Bulletin No. 5, Northern Nut Growers' Association, by W. G. Bixby.
+2nd edition, 1920. To be had from the secretary. Price 50 cents.
+
+8. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1392, Black Walnut Culture for both Timber and
+Nut Production. To be had from the Supt. of Documents, Gov. Printing
+Office, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents.
+
+9. Year Book Separate No. 1004, 1927, a brief article on northern nut
+growing, by C. A. Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+10. Filberts--G. A. Slate--Bulletin No. 588, New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y., December, 1930.
+
+11. Leaflet No. 84, 1932, Planting Black Walnut, W. R. Mattoon and C. A.
+Reed, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+12. Harvesting and Marketing the Native Nut Crops of the North, by C. A.
+Reed, 1932, mimeographed bulletin, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+13. Dealers in Black Walnut Kernels, mimeographed bulletin by C. A.
+Reed, 1931, to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington,
+D. C.
+
+14. Eastern Nursery Catalogues Listing Nut Trees, mimeographed leaflet
+to be had free from U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
+
+15. Twenty Years Progress in Northern Nut Culture. A 48-page booklet of
+valuable information and instruction by John W. Hershey. Nuticulturist,
+Downingtown, Penna. Price 25 cents.
+
+16. Files of The American Nut Journal, to be had from the publishers,
+American Nurseryman Publishing Co., 39 State St., Rochester, N. Y.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
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