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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745., by 
+Mrs. Thomson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745.
+       Volume I.
+
+Author: Mrs. Thomson
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2007 [EBook #20946]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Susan Skinner, Ted Garvin and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS
+
+OF
+
+THE JACOBITES
+
+OF 1715 AND 1745.
+
+BY MRS. THOMSON,
+
+
+AUTHOR OF
+
+"MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF HENRY THE EIGHTH,"
+"MEMOIRS OF SARAH, DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH," ETC.
+
+VOLUME I.
+
+LONDON:
+RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,
+Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty.
+1845.
+
+
+LONDON:
+
+Printed by S. & J. BENTLEY, WILSON, and FLEY,
+Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In completing two volumes of a work which has been for some years in
+contemplation, it may be remarked that it is the only collective
+Biography of the Jacobites that has yet been given to the Public. Meagre
+accounts, scattered anecdotes, and fragments of memoir, have hitherto
+rather tantalized than satisfied those who have been interested in the
+events of 1715 and 1745. The works of Home, of Mr. Chambers, and the
+collections of Bishop Forbes, all excellent, are necessarily too much
+mingled up with the current of public affairs to comprise any
+considerable portion of biographical detail. Certain lives of some of
+the sufferers in the cause of the Stuarts, printed soon after the
+contests in behalf of those Princes, are little more than narratives of
+their trials and executions; they were intended merely as ephemeral
+productions to gratify a curious public, and merit no long existence. It
+would have been, indeed, for many years, scarcely prudent, and certainly
+not expedient, to proffer any information concerning the objects of
+royal indignation, except that which the newspapers afforded: nor was it
+perfectly safe, for a considerable time after the turbulent times in
+which the sufferers lived, to palliate their offences, or to express any
+deep concern for their fate. That there was much to be admired in those
+whose memories were thus, in some measure, consigned to oblivion, except
+in the hearts of their descendants; much which deserved to be explained
+in their motives; much which claimed to be upheld in their
+self-sacrifices, the following pages will show. Whatever leaning the
+Author may have had to the unfortunate cause of the Stuarts, it has not,
+however, been her intention only to pourtray the bright ornaments of the
+party. She has endeavoured to show that it was composed, as well as most
+other political combinations, of materials differing in value--some
+pure, some base, some noble, some mean and vacillating.
+
+As far as human weakness and prejudice can permit, the Author has aimed
+at a strict scrutiny of conduct and motives. In the colouring given to
+these, she has conscientiously sought to be impartial: for the facts
+stated, she has given the authorities.
+
+It now remains for the Author publicly to acknowledge the resources from
+which she has derived some materials which have never before been given
+to the Public, and for which she has to thank, in several instances, not
+only the kindness of friends, but the liberality of strangers.
+
+A very interesting collection of letters, many of them written in the
+Earl of Mar's own hand, and others dictated by him, is interwoven with
+the biography of that nobleman. These letters were written, in fact, for
+the information of the whole body of Jacobites, to whom they were
+transmitted through the agent of that party, Captain Henry Straiton,
+residing in Edinburgh. They form almost a diary of Lord Mar's
+proceedings at Perth. They are continued up to within a few hours of the
+evacuation of that city by the Jacobite army. For these curious and
+characteristic letters, pourtraying as they do, in lively colours, the
+difficulties of the General in his council and his camp, she is indebted
+to the friendship and mediation of the Honourable Lord Cockburn, and to
+the liberality of James Gibson Craig, Esq.
+
+To the Right Honourable the Earl of Newburgh, the descendant and
+representative of the Radcliffe family, her sincere and respectful
+acknowledgments are due for his Lordship's readily imparting to her
+several interesting particulars of the Earl of Derwentwater and his
+family. She owes a similar debt of gratitude to the Viscount
+Strathallan, for his Lordship's communication to her respecting the
+House of Drummond. To the Honourable Mrs. Bellamy, the descendant of
+Viscount Kenmure, she has also to offer similar acknowledgments, for
+information respecting her unfortunate ancestor; and for an original
+letter of his Lordship; and she must also beg to express her obligations
+to William Constable Maxwell, Esq., and to Mrs. Constable Maxwell, of
+Terregles, the descendants of the Earl of Nithisdale, for their
+courteous and prompt assistance. To James Craik, Esq., of Arbigland,
+Dumfriesshire, she is indebted for a correspondence which continues, as
+it were, an account of that family during the later part of the year
+1745. To Sir Fitzroy Grafton Maclean, Bart., she owes the account of his
+clan and family, which has been printed for private circulation. She is
+also grateful to a descendant of the family of Lochiel, Miss Mary Anne
+Cameron, for some interesting particulars of the burning of Achnacarry,
+the seat of her ancestors.
+
+In some of these instances the information derived has not been
+considerable, owing to the total wreck of fortune, the destruction of
+houses, and the loss of papers, which followed the ruthless steps of the
+conquering army of the Duke of Cumberland. Most of the hereditary
+memorials of those Highland families who engaged in both rebellions,
+perished; and their representatives are strangely destitute of letters,
+papers, and memorials of every kind. The practice of burying family
+archives and deeds which prevailed during the troubles, was adopted but
+with partial advantage, by those who anticipated the worst result of the
+contest.
+
+In recalling with pleasure the number of those to whom the Author owes
+sincere gratitude for kindness and aid in her undertaking, the name of
+Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq. renews the remembrance of that store of
+antiquarian information from which others, far more worthy to enjoy it
+than herself, have owed obligations. The Author has also most gratefully
+to acknowledge the very kind and valuable assistance of Archibald
+Macdonald, Esq., of the Register Office, Edinburgh, to whom she is
+indebted for several original letters; and of Robert Chambers, Esq., to
+whose liberality she is indebted for several of her manuscript sources,
+as well as some valuable advice on the subject of her work. To Dr.
+Irvine, Librarian of the Advocate's Library, Edinburgh, the Author
+offers, with the most lively pleasure, her sincere acknowledgments for a
+ready and persevering assistance in aid of her undertaking. Again, she
+begs to repeat her sense of deep obligation to Mr. Keats, of the British
+Museum, the literary pilot of many years' historical research.
+
+        LONDON,
+    _October 27, 1845._
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The history of the Jacobites properly begins with the brave and
+conscientious men who followed James the Second to France, or fought and
+bled for him in the United Kingdom. Of the few nobles whom that Monarch
+had distinguished by his friendship when Duke of York, or graced with
+his favours when King, three only in Scotland remained attached openly
+to his interests: these were the Duke of Gordon, the Lord Balcarras, and
+Claverhouse of Dundee, who may be regarded as the parents of the
+Jacobite party in Scotland. "The other nobles of the late King's party,"
+remarks a great historian,[1] "waited for events, in hopes and in fears,
+from the Old Government and the New, intriguing with both, and depended
+upon by neither."
+
+Upon the death of Dundee, a troop of officers who had fought under the
+standard of that great General, and who had imbibed his lofty opinions
+and learned to imitate his dauntless valour, capitulated, and were
+suffered to leave the country and retire to France. Their number
+amounted to a hundred and fifty: they were all of honourable birth, and
+glorying in their political principles. At first these exiles were
+pensioned by the French Government, but, upon the close of the civil
+war, those pensions ceased. Finding themselves a burden upon King James,
+they formed themselves into a body-guard, which was afterwards
+incorporated with the French army. It may fairly be presumed that this
+remnant of Dundee's army, four of whom only returned to Scotland, were
+instrumental during their abode in France in maintaining a communication
+between the Court of St. Germains and their disheartened countrymen who
+had remained in their Highland homes. Abroad, they supported their
+military character as soldiers who had fought under Dundee: they were
+always the foremost in the battle and the last to retreat, and were
+distinguished by a superiority in order and discipline, no less than by
+their energy and courage.
+
+There can be no doubt but that the majority of the great landholders in
+England, as well as the Highland chiefs, continued, through the reign of
+William and Mary, disposed to high Tory views; and that had not the
+popular cry of the Church being in danger aided the designs of the
+Whigs, the Highflyers, or rigid Tories, would not have remained in
+quiescence during that critical period, which resembled the settling of
+a rushing current of waters into a frothing and bubbling pool, rather
+than the calm tenour of a gently-flowing stream. Throughout the
+distractions of his reign, it was the wise policy of William the Third
+to balance parties; to bestow great posts upon moderate men; to employ
+alternately persons of different opinions, and by frequent changes in
+his Ministry, to conciliate the good-will of both factions;--and this
+was all that that able Monarch could effect, until time should
+extinguish political animosity.
+
+Queen Mary, educated in Tory principles, and taught by her maternal
+uncle, the Earl of Rochester, to consider every opposition to the
+Sovereign's will as rebellion, was scarcely regarded in the light of an
+enemy to the doctrine of passive obedience and non-resistance,
+notwithstanding her unfilial conduct;[2] and it is remarkable that,
+during her life, great favour was shown at Court to the Highland
+partisans of James the Second; distinctions were as much avoided as it
+was possible; and the personal prepossessions of the Queen were supposed
+to be on the side of the High Church Tories.
+
+During the reign of Anne, notwithstanding the coalition of Godolphin,
+Marlborough, and other leaders of the moderate Tories with the Whigs,
+and the reputation and glory which their combined abilities and
+characters obtained, a conviction was still prevalent that the heart of
+the Queen was disposed to the restoration of the ancient race, and that
+her days would not close before a design to secure the succession to her
+nephew would be matured, and the Act of Succession, which was chiefly
+the offspring of Whig policy, should be set aside. There was,
+doubtless, not only in the mind of Anne, but in that of her sagacious
+predecessor, an apprehension that after the death of the last of their
+dynasty, the succession would again be fiercely disputed. Impressed with
+this conviction, it was a favourite scheme of William to invite the
+child, who afterwards, under the name of the Chevalier St. George, was
+the hero, in dumb show, it must be acknowledged, of the Insurrection of
+1715, to receive his education in England under his kingly care; to be
+bred up a Protestant; and to make that education the earnest of his
+future succession. The proposal was rejected by James the Second, to the
+great prejudice of his son's interests, and to the misfortune, it may be
+presumed, of the British nation. For one can scarcely suppose a more
+perfect combination of all the qualities calculated to form a popular
+Monarch, in this country, than the natural abilities of the Stuart race,
+perfected under the able guidance of so reflective a ruler--so
+accomplished a general--so consummate a statesman, as William. The
+education which that Monarch had planned for the young Duke of
+Gloucester shows how enlarged and practical were his views of the
+acquirements necessary for a Sovereign: it presents a scheme of tuition
+which, if it may be deemed not wholly adapted to the present day, was on
+the most comprehensive and liberal scale. But James, acting, at all
+events, with the consistency of a sincere believer, returned, as
+Dalrymple expresses it, "slowly and sadly to bury the remembrance of his
+greatness in the convent of La Trappe;" and all future attempts on the
+part of his posterity to recover the throne of their ancestors were
+frustrated by the hollowness of French professions of friendship.
+
+The tranquil demeanour of the Jacobite party during the reign of Anne
+may seem surprising, when we consider the avowed favour and protection
+which were held out by Louis the Fourteenth to the royal exiles of St.
+Germain. During the lifetime of James, who considered that he had
+exchanged the hope of an earthly for that of a heavenly Crown, there was
+little to wonder at in this inactivity and apparent resignation. Had it
+not been for the influence of an enthusiastic, high-minded, and
+fascinating woman, the very mention of the cause would probably have
+died away in the priest-thronged saloons of St. Germains. To Mary of
+Modena the credit is due--if credit on such account is to be
+assigned--for maintaining in the friends of her consort, for instilling
+in the breast of her son, a desire of restoration;--that word, in fact,
+might be found, to speak metaphorically, written in her heart. To her
+personal qualities, to her still youthful attractions, to her pure mind,
+and blameless career of conjugal duty--to the noble, maternal ambition
+which no worthy judge of human motives could refuse a tribute of pity
+and admiration--to her disregard of low and unworthy instruments to
+advance her means, as in the case of Lovat, even the warmest partisans
+of the Revolution were forced to do justice. The disinterested and
+sagacious Godolphin is said to have done more: he is supposed to have
+cherished such a respectful enthusiasm for the young mother who thus
+supported the claims of her son, as might have become the chivalric
+Surrey. Whatever were the fact, during the existence of Anne, the
+payment of a dowry to Mary of Modena, the favourable understanding
+between her son, as he grew up to man's estate, and the English Court,
+the small reward offered for his apprehension, the conniving at the
+daily enlistment of men in his service, and the indulgence shown to
+those who openly spoke and preached against the Revolution, were certain
+indications and ample proofs that had the Queen's life been prolonged,
+some effectual steps would have been taken to efface from her memory the
+recollection of her early failure of duty to King James, and to satisfy
+the reproaches of her narrow, though conscientious mind. That such was
+the fact, the declaration or manifesto of the Chevalier, dated from
+Plombières, August 2, 1714, and printed in French, English, and Latin,
+attests; and the assertion was confirmed by a letter from the Duke of
+Lorrain to the English Government. This favourable disposition on the
+part of Anne proves that she gave no credence to the report of the
+supposititious birth of the Prince; although, in her youthful days, and
+when irritated against her step-mother, she had entered into the Court
+gossip on that subject, with all the eagerness of a weak and credulous
+mind.
+
+Nourished in secret by these hopes, the Jacobites in England constituted
+a far more important party than our historians are generally willing to
+allow. The famous work entitled, "English Advice to the Freeholders of
+Great Britain," supposed to be written by Bishop Atterbury, was
+extensively circulated throughout the country: it tended to promote an
+opposition cry of "the Church in danger!" by insinuating that the Whigs
+projected the abolition of Episcopacy. It was received with great
+enthusiasm; and was responded to with fervour by the University of
+Oxford, which was inflamed with a zeal for the restoration of the
+Stuarts; and which displayed much of the same ardour, and held forth the
+same arguments that had stimulated that seat of learning in the days of
+Charles the First. To these sentiments, the foreign birth, the foreign
+language, and, above all, the foreign principles of the King added
+considerable disgust: nor can it be a matter of surprise that such
+should be the case. It appears, nevertheless, extraordinary that the
+opposition to so strange an engrafting of a foreign ruler should not
+have been received with greater public manifestations of dislike than
+the unorganized turbulence of Oxford under-graduates, or the ephemeral
+fury of a London populace.
+
+In Scotland a very different state of public feeling prevailed. In
+England men of commerce were swayed in their political opinions by the
+good of trade, which nothing was so likely to injure as a disputed
+succession. The country gentlemen were, more or less, under the
+influence of party pamphlets, and were liable to have their political
+prejudices smoothed down by collision with their neighbours. Excepting
+in the northern counties, the dread of Popery prevailed also
+universally. The remembrance of the bigotry and tyranny of James the
+Second had not faded away from the remembrance of those whose fathers or
+grandfathers could remember its details. In the Highlands of Scotland
+the memory of that Monarch was, on the other hand, worshipped as a
+friend of that noble country, as the Stuart peculiarly their own, as the
+royal exile, whose health and return, under various disguises, they had
+pledged annually at their hunting-matches, and to whose youthful son
+they transferred an allegiance which they held sacred as their religion.
+
+Nor had James the Second earned the devotion of the Highland chieftains
+without some degree of merit on his own part. The most incapable and
+unworthy of rulers, he had yet some fine and popular qualities as a man;
+he was not devoid of a considerable share of ability although it was
+misapplied. His letters to his son, his account of his own life, show
+that one who could act most erroneously and criminally, did,
+nevertheless, often think and feel rightly. His obstinate adherence to
+his own faith may be lamented by politicians; it may be sneered at by
+the worldly; but it must be approved by all who are themselves staunch
+supporters of that mode of faith which they conscientiously adopt. In
+private society James had the power of attaching his dependents; and
+perhaps from a deeper source than that which gave attraction to the
+conversation of his good-natured, dissolute brother. His melancholy and
+touching reply to Sir Charles Littleton, who expressed to him his shame
+that his son was with the Prince of Orange:--"Alas! Sir Charles! why
+ashamed? Are not my daughters with him?" was an instance of that
+readiness and delicacy which are qualities peculiarly appropriate to
+royalty. His exclamation at the battle of La Hogue, when he beheld the
+English sailors scrambling up the sides of the French ships from their
+boats--"None but my brave English could do this!" was one trait of a
+character neither devoid of sensibility, nor destitute of certain
+emotions which appear incompatible with the royal patron of Judge
+Jeffries, and with the enemy of Monmouth.
+
+During his residence, when Duke of York, at Holyrood, accompanied by
+Anne Hyde, when Duchess of York, James became extremely popular in
+Edinburgh; in the Highlands his hold of the affections of the chieftains
+had a deeper origin. The oppressor of the English had endeavoured to
+become the emancipator of the chieftains. The rigour of the feudal
+system, which was carried to its utmost extent in the Highlands,
+although softened by the patriarchal character of the chiefs, was
+revolting to the chieftains or landholders under the yoke of some feudal
+nobleman or chief; and they became ambitious of becoming direct holders
+from the Crown. It was a scheme of James the Second to abolish this
+system of infeudation, by buying up the superiorities,--a plan, the
+completion of which was attempted by William the Third, but defeated by
+the avarice and dishonesty of those who managed the transaction. The
+chieftains, however, never forgot the obligation which they owed to
+James:[3] they refused all offers of emolument or promotion from his
+successor; and they adhered to the exiled King with a loyalty which was
+never shaken, and which broke forth conspicuously in the Insurrection of
+1715. "The Highlanders," says Dalrymple, "carried in their bosoms the
+high point of honour without its follies."
+
+Without entering into the various reasons which strengthened this
+sentiment of gratitude and allegiance; without commenting upon the
+partly patriarchal nature of the clan system, and the firm compact which
+was cemented between every member of that family by a common
+relationship of blood; it is sufficient to remark, that to a people so
+retired, in many parts insulated, in all, apart from daily intelligence,
+far away from communication with any whose free disquisitions might
+possibly stake their opinions, it was not surprising that the loyalty to
+James should continue unalloyed during two successive reigns. It burned,
+indeed, with a steady though covered flame. The Insurrection of 1715,
+which seems, in the pages of history, to break forth unexpectedly, was
+long in being organized. From Anne's first Session of Parliament until
+the completion of the Union, Scotland was in a state of ferment, and
+violent party divisions racked civil society. In 1707, the famous
+Colonel Hooke was sent to the northern parts of Scotland from France, to
+sound the nobility and chieftains with respect to their sentiments, to
+ascertain the amount of their forces, and to inquire what quantity of
+ammunition and other warlike stores should be necessary to be sent from
+France. A full account of affairs was compiled, and was signed by
+fifteen noblemen and gentlemen, amongst whom the Duke of Athole, who
+aspired, according to Lockhart, to be another General Monk, was foremost
+in promoting the restoration of the youthful son of James the Second.
+This mission was followed by the unsuccessful attempt at invasion on the
+part of James, in 1708; when, according to some representations, there
+was a far more reasonable prospect of success than at any later period.
+The nobility and gentry were, at that time, well prepared to receive the
+royal adventurer; the regular army was wholly unfit, either in numbers
+or ammunition, to oppose the forces which they would have raised. The
+very Guards, it is supposed, would have done duty on the person of James
+Stuart the night that he landed. The equivalent money sent to Scotland
+to reward the promoters of the Union, was still in the country, and a
+considerable part of it was in the Castle of Edinburgh; and a Dutch
+fleet had recently run aground on the coast of Angus, and had left
+there a vast quantity of powder, shot, and cannon, and a large sum of
+money, which might have been secured. England was, at this time,
+distracted with jealousies and factions; and although the great
+Marlborough was then in the vigour of his youth, ready to defend his
+country, as well as to extend her dominions, there were suspicions that
+the General was not wholly adverse to the claims of James Stuart.[4]
+
+How far these expectations might have been realised, it is difficult to
+say. The French newspapers had proclaimed the preparations for invasion,
+and Louis the Fourteenth had taken leave of James, wishing him a
+prosperous voyage, and expressing, as the highest compliment, "the hope
+that he should never see him again," when a slight, accidental
+indisposition disturbed the whole arrangement. The royal youth was taken
+ill with the measles; upon which the French troops which had embarked at
+Dunkirk disembarked. A fatal delay was occasioned; and the French fleet,
+after an ineffectual voyage, went "sneakingly home," "doing," as one of
+the most active Jacobites remarks, "much harm to the King, his country,
+and themselves."
+
+Such was the fate of the attempt, in 1708, to place James Stuart on the
+throne of his ancestors; and it will readily be believed that the
+ill-starred endeavour did not add to the probable success of any future
+enterprise. Scarcely had the accession of George the First, an event
+which a certain historian denominates "a surprising turn of Providence,"
+taken place, than the removal of Lord Bolingbroke from office announced
+to the Tory party that they had lost their best friend at Court. Upon
+this intelligence reaching the Highlands, many of the Jacobites took up
+arms; but this hasty demonstration of good will to their cause was
+instantly suppressed. The Chevalier was, nevertheless, proclaimed King
+in the night time, and three noblemen, the Duke of Gordon, the Marquis
+of Huntley, and Lord Drummond, were kept prisoners in their own houses.
+In the middle of November, the Chevalier's Declaration, asserting his
+right and title to the Crown of England, was sent by a French mail to
+many persons of rank in this country. For some months the country was in
+a state of ferment, such as, perhaps, had never been witnessed since the
+days of the Great Rebellion. The Jacobites were centered in Oxford, but
+Bristol was also another of their strongholds; the course of justice was
+impeded there by riots; and every effort was made, both there and
+elsewhere, to influence the elections, which were carried on with a
+degree of venom and fury, exasperated by the cry of "the Church in
+danger!"
+
+In February, 1715, the Duke of Argyle, Commander-in-Chief of his
+Majesty's forces in Scotland, received information that a vessel
+containing arms and ammunition had landed in the Isle of Sky, and that
+five strangers had disembarked there, and had instantly dispersed
+themselves throughout the country. This was the first positive
+indication of the combination, which already comprised most of the
+ancient and respected names in Scotland. This confederacy, as it may be
+called, had existed ever since the peace of Utrecht, under the form of
+the Jacobite Association. In 1710, the formation of the October Club had
+shewed plainly the bias of the country gentlemen, who, according to a
+judge of men's motives who was rarely satisfied, "did adhere firmly to
+their principles and engagements, acting the part of honest countrymen
+and dutiful subjects."[5]
+
+About the month of May, the report of James Stuart's intended invasion
+of Scotland, and particulars of the preparations made for it in England,
+Scotland, and France, became public. Measures were, of course, instantly
+taken to guard the coasts of England and Scotland, and to augment land
+forces. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended in England, and in Scotland.
+An Act, passed in 1701, for preventing wrong imprisonments, and against
+undue delay in trials, was also suspended from the twenty-third of July,
+1715, until the twenty-fourth of the ensuing January. A fleet, under the
+command of Sir George Byng, was ordered to cruise in the Downs; and the
+most active and vigilant measures were taken in order to put the nation
+into a position of defence. The former intended invasion of 1708 was not
+forgotten, and it acted like a warning voice to the English Ministry. A
+Whig Association was framed among persons of rank and influence; and in
+Edinburgh a body of volunteers was formed, who might daily be seen
+exercising in the Great Hall of the College.
+
+Meantime the Jacobites were increasing in strength. During the last six
+years collections had been made in the continental nations, purporting
+to be for a "gentleman in distress," and the amount was said to have
+exceeded twelve millions.[6] Of this sum, one hundred thousand pounds
+was entrusted to the Earl of Mar.
+
+The whole scheme of the insurrection was matured, and the Chevalier had
+been proclaimed King in different towns in Scotland, when the death of
+Louis the Fourteenth cast such a damp over the spirits of the party,
+that there ensued a consultation as to the expediency of their
+separating and returning to their homes. In this emergency, unhappily
+for the brave and ardent men whom he had assembled at Braemar, the
+influence of the Earl of Mar, and the arguments which his sanguine
+spirit suggested, prevailed; and the assembled chiefs parted, only to
+meet again at their appointed places of rendezvous.
+
+The scheme of the Insurrection of 1715 embraced three different
+movements. In the north, the Earl of Mar was to possess himself of all
+the rich coasts of Fife, and also to maintain, in the name of James the
+Third, the northern counties, which, with few exceptions, were soon
+under the control of the insurgents. An attempt was made upon the
+southern parts of Scotland, by sending Brigadier Mackintosh, with a
+strong detachment of men, to cross the Firth of Forth, and to land in
+the Lothians, there expecting to be joined by friends on the borders and
+from England. In the west, a rising of the south-country Scots, under
+the command of Lord Kenmure, was projected; whilst in Northumberland the
+English Jacobites, headed by Mr. Forster, with a commission of General
+from Lord Mar, and aided by the Earl of Derwentwater, was to give the
+signal and incentive to the adherents of James in the sister Kingdom, as
+well as to co-operate with the Scottish forces under the commands of
+Brigadier Mackintosh and Viscount Kenmure. An attack upon Edinburgh was
+also concerted.
+
+Such is the outline of a plan of an insurrection to the effect of which
+the Earl of Mar declared the Jacobites had been looking for six and
+twenty years. How immature it was in its conception--how deficient in
+energy and union was its execution--how unworthy was its chief
+instrument--how fatal to the good and great were its results--and, by a
+singular fortune, how those who least merited their safety escaped,
+whilst the gallant and honest champions of the cause suffered, will be
+fully detailed in the following pages. Let it be remembered that the
+task of compiling these Memoirs has been undertaken with no party
+spirit, nor with any wish to detract from the deep obligations which we
+owe to those who preserved us from inroads on our constitution, and
+oppression in our religious opinions. It has been, however, begun with a
+sincere wish to do justice to the disinterested and the good; and, as
+the task has proceeded, and increased information on the subject has
+been gained, it has been continued with a conviction that, whatever may
+be the nature or merits of the abstract principles on which it was
+undertaken, the Insurrection of 1715 forms an episode in the history of
+our country as creditable to many of the ill-fated actors in its tragic
+scenes, as any that have been detailed in the pages of that history.
+
+        LONDON,
+    _October 28, 1845._
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Dalrymple.
+
+[2] Rapin. Dissertation on the Origin and Government of England, vol.
+xiv. p. 423.
+
+[3] See Introduction to the Memoirs of Cameron of Lochiel, p. 22.
+
+[4] Lockhart, vol. i. p. 239.
+
+[5] Lockhart, vol. i. p. 324.
+
+[6] Reay, p. 187.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+TO
+
+THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+JOHN ERSKINE, EARL OF MAR (with a Portrait)                            1
+
+JAMES RADCLIFFE, EARL OF DERWENTWATER (with a Portrait)              224
+
+THE MASTER OF SINCLAIR                                               282
+
+CAMERON OF LOCHIEL                                                   313
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN ERSKINE, EARL OF MAR.
+
+
+"The title of Mar," observes Lord Hailes, "is one of the Earldoms whose
+origin is lost in its antiquity." It existed before our records, and
+before the era of general history: hence, the Earls of Mar claimed
+always to be called first in the Scottish Parliament in the roll of
+Earls, as having no rival in the antiquity of their honours.
+
+From the time of Malcolm Canmore, in the year 1065, until the fourteenth
+century, the family of De Mar enjoyed this Earldom; but on the death of
+Thomas, the thirteenth Earl of Mar, in 1377, the direct male line of
+this race ended. The Earldom then devolved upon the female
+representatives of the house of De Mar; and thence, as in most similar
+instances in Scotland, it became the subject of contention, fraud, and
+violence.
+
+Isabel, Countess of Mar and Garioch, the last of the De Mar family, was
+won in marriage by a singular and determined species of courtship,
+formerly common in Scotland; the influence of terror. The heiress of the
+castle of Kildrummie, and a widow, her first husband, Sir Malcolm
+Drummond, having died in 1403, her wealth and rank attracted the regards
+of Alexander Stewart, the natural son of Robert Earl of Buchan, of royal
+blood. Without waiting for the ordinary mode of persuasion to establish
+an interest in his favour, this wild, rapacious man appeared in the
+Highlands at the head of a band of plunderers, and planting himself
+before the castle of Kildrummie, stormed it, and effected a marriage
+between himself and the Countess of Mar. Alexander Stewart, in cooler
+moments, however, perceived the danger of this bold measure, and
+resolved to establish his right to the Countess and to her estates by
+another process. One morning, during the month of September 1404, he
+presented himself at the Castle gate of Kildrummie, and formally
+surrendered to the Countess the castle, its furniture, and the
+title-deeds kept within its chests; thus returning them to her to do
+with them as she pleased. The Countess, on the other hand, holding the
+keys in her hand, and declaring herself to be of "mature advice," chose
+the said Alexander for her husband, and gave him the castle, the Earldom
+of Mar, with all the other family estates in her possession. She
+afterwards conferred these gifts by a charter, signed and sealed in the
+open fields, in the presence of the Bishop of Ross, and of her whole
+tenantry, in order to show that these acts were produced by no unlawful
+coercion on the part of her husband. The said honours and estates were
+also to descend to any children born in that marriage. Some of her
+kindred listened resentfully to the account of these proceedings of
+Isabel of Mar.
+
+The next heir to the Earldom, after the death of Isabel, was Janet,
+grand-daughter of Gratney, eleventh Earl of Mar. This lady had married
+Sir Thomas Erskine, the proprietor of the Barony of Erskine, on the
+Clyde, the property of the family during many ages; and she expected, on
+the death of the Countess of Mar, to succeed to the honours which had
+descended to her by the female line. By a series of unjust and rapacious
+acts on the part of the Crown, not only did Robert, Lord Erskine, her
+son, fail in securing his rights, but her descendants had the vexation
+of seeing their just honours and rights revert to the King, James the
+Third, who bestowed them first upon his brother, the accomplished and
+unfortunate John Earl of Mar, who was bled to death in one of the houses
+of the Canongate, in Edinburgh; and afterwards, upon Cochrane, the
+favourite of James the Third. The Earldom of Mar was then conferred on
+Alexander Stewart, the third son of King James; and after his death,
+upon James Stewart, Prior of St. Andrews, who had a charter from his
+sister, Queen Mary, entitling him to enjoy the long contested honour.
+But he soon relinquished the title, to assume that of Moray, which had
+also been bestowed upon him by the Queen: and in 1565 Mary repaired the
+injustice committed by her predecessors, and restored John Lord Erskine
+to the Earldom of Mar.
+
+The house of Erskine, on whom these honours now descended, has the same
+traditional origin as that of most of the other Scottish families of
+note. In the days of Malcolm the Second, a Scottish man having killed
+with his own hand Enrique, a Danish general, presented the head of the
+enemy to his Sovereign, and, holding in his hand the bloody dagger with
+which the deed had been performed, exclaimed, in Gaelic, "Eris Skyne,"
+alluding to the head and the dagger; upon which the surname of Erskine
+was imposed on him. The armorial bearing of a hand holding a dagger, was
+added as a further distinction, together with the motto, _Je pense
+plus_, in allusion to the declaration of the chieftain that he intended
+to perform even greater actions than that which procured him the name
+which has since been so celebrated in Scottish history. The crest and
+motto are still borne by the family.
+
+This anecdote has, however, been rejected for the more probable
+conjecture that the family of Erskine derived its appellation from the
+estate of Erskine on the Clyde:[7] yet it is not impossible but that
+tradition may, in most cases, have a deeper source than we are willing
+to allow to it. "There are few points in ancient history," observes a
+modern writer, "on which more judgment is required than in the amount
+of weight due to _tradition_. In general it will be found that the
+tradition subsisting in the families themselves has a true basis to rest
+upon, however much it may be overloaded with collateral matter which
+obscures it."[8]
+
+But that which ennobled most truly the first Earl of Mar, of the house
+of Erskine, was his own probity, loyalty, and patriotism. Destined
+originally to the church, John, properly sixth Earl of Mar, carried into
+public life those virtues which would have adorned the career of a
+private individual. In the melancholy interest of Queen Mary's eventful
+life, it is consolatory to reflect on the integrity and moderation of
+this exemplary nobleman. Too good and too sensitive for his times, he
+died of a broken heart, the result of that inward and incurable sorrow
+which the generous and the honest experience, when their hopes and
+designs are baffled by the selfish policy of their own party. "He was,
+perhaps," says Robertson, "the only person in the kingdom who could have
+enjoyed the office of Regent without envy, and have left it without loss
+of reputation."[9]
+
+From the restoration of John Earl of Mar to his family honours, until
+the reign of Charles the First, the prosperity of this loyal and
+favoured family increased, interrupted indeed by some vicissitudes of
+fortune, but by no serious reverses, until that period which, during the
+commotions of the Great Rebellion, reduced many of our proudest nobility
+to comparative poverty.
+
+Among other important trusts enjoyed by the family of Erskine, the
+government of the Castle of Edinburgh, and the custody of the principal
+forts in the kingdom, attested the confidence of their Sovereigns. To
+these was added by Mary Queen of Scots, the command of the Castle of
+Stirling, and the still more important charge of her infant son. To
+these marks of confidence numerous grants of lands and high appointments
+succeeded,--obligations which were repaid with a fidelity which
+impoverished the family of Erskine; and which produced, towards the
+close of the seventeenth century, a marked decline in their fortunes,
+and decay of their local influence.
+
+John, ninth Earl of Mar, the grandfather of the Jacobite Earl, suffered
+severely for his loyalty in joining the association at Cumbernauld, in
+favour of Charles the First. He afterwards raised forces at Brae-Mar for
+the King's service, for which he was heavily fined by the Parliament,
+and his estates were sequestrated. During all this season of adversity
+he lived in a cottage at the gate of his house at Alloa, until the
+Restoration relieved him from the sequestration.
+
+His son Charles, who raised the first regiment of Scottish Fusileers,
+and was constituted their Colonel, began life as a determined Royalist;
+but disapproving of the measures of James the Second, he had prepared
+to go abroad when the Prince of Orange landed in England. He appears
+afterwards to have pursued somewhat of the same wavering course as that
+of which his son has been accused, and, joining the disaffected party
+against William, he was arrested, but afterwards released. The heavy
+incumbrances upon his estates, contracted during the civil wars, were
+such as to oblige him to sell a great portion of his lands, and to part
+with the ancient Barony of Erskine, the first possession of the family.
+This necessity may almost be considered as an ill omen for the future
+welfare of a family; which never seems to be so utterly brought low by
+fortune, as when compelled to consign to strangers that from which the
+first sense of importance and stability has been derived.
+
+Under these circumstances, certainly not favourable to independence of
+character, John, eleventh Earl of Mar of the name of Erskine, and
+afterwards Lieutenant-general to the Chevalier St. George, was born at
+Alloa, in Clackmannan, where his father resided. He was a younger son of
+a numerous family, five brothers, older than himself, having died in
+infancy. His mother, the Lady Mary Maule, eldest daughter of George Earl
+of Panmure, gave birth to eight sons, and a daughter. Of the sons, the
+Earl of Mar and his brothers, James Erskine of the Grange, afterwards
+the husband of the famous and unfortunate Lady Grange; and Henry, killed
+at the battle of Almanza in 1707, alone attained the age of manhood.
+The only sister of Lord Mar, Lady Jean, was married to Sir Hugh Paterson
+of Bannockburn, in Stirlingshire.
+
+The Earl of Mar succeeded to the possession and management of estates,
+heavily encumbered, in 1696.[10] His qualities of mind and person, at
+this early period of his life, were not eminently pleasing. His
+countenance, though strongly marked, had none of the attributes of
+intellectual strength. In person he is said to have been deformed,
+although his portrait by Kneller was skilfully contrived to hide that
+defect; his complexion was fair: he was short in stature. In his early
+youth the Earl is declared by historians who were adverse to the
+Stuarts, to have been initiated into every species of licentious
+dissipation, by Neville Payne: and the young nobleman is characterized
+as "the scandal of his name."[11] Although his ancestors had been
+devotedly attached to the interests of the exiled family, yet, it was to
+be shewn how far Mar preferred those interests to his own, or upon what
+principles he eventually adopted the cause of hereditary monarchy, which
+had already brought so much inconvenience, and so many losses to his
+father and grandfather.
+
+The first political prepossessions of the young Earl must certainly have
+been those of the Cavaliers; such was the name by which the party
+continued to be called who still desired the restoration of James the
+Second, and fervidly believed in the fruition of their hopes. His
+father had indeed, to use the words of Lockhart of Carnwath, "embarked
+with the Revolution;" but had given tokens of his deep contrition for
+that act, so inconsistent with his hereditary allegiance. But the
+unformed opinions of the young are far more easily swayed by events
+which are passing before their eyes than by the cool reasonings of the
+closet; and the inclinations of the Earl of Mar's childhood were likely
+soon to be effaced by the state of public affairs. The later occurrences
+of the reign of William the Third were calculated not only to repress
+the spirit of Jacobitism, but to shame even the most enthusiastic of its
+partisans out of a scheme which the sagacity of William had defeated,
+and which his wisdom had taught him to forgive. It was in the year 1696,
+just as the Earl of Mar succeeded to his title, that the projected
+invasion of the kingdom, and the scheme of assassinating the King, were
+defeated:--that William, hastening to the House of Commons, gave to the
+nation an account of the whole conspiracy. The House of Commons, without
+rising from their seats, then "declared that William was their rightful
+king, and that they would defend him with their lives." It was at this
+important æra that James the Second, after long waiting at Calais, and
+casting thence many a wishful look towards England, returned to St.
+Germains, "to thank God that he had lost his country, because it had
+saved his soul."[12] The hopes of the Cavaliers were thus wholly
+extinguished: and to these circumstances were the first observations of
+the youthful Earl of Mar doubtless directed.
+
+His guardians, seemingly desirous of retrieving the affairs of the
+family, had endeavoured to imbue his mind with Revolution
+principles;[13] and the famous association which acknowledged the title
+of William to the throne of England, framed about this time, was signed
+by many who became in after life the friends of the Earl of Mar. This
+was precisely the period when that political profligacy, too justly
+charged upon the leading men in this country, and which induced them,
+under the impression that the exiled family would be eventually
+restored, to correspond with the Court of St. Germains, was
+tranquillized, although not eradicated by the great policy and
+forbearance of William.[14] That single reply of William's to Charnock,
+who had trafficked between France and England with these negotiations,
+and who offered to disclose to the King the names of those who had
+employed him;--these few words, "I do not wish to hear them,"[15] did
+more to soothe discontents, and to repress the violence of faction, than
+the subsequent executions in the reign of George the First.
+
+The Earl of Mar, left as he was at the early age of fourteen to his own
+guidance, very soon displayed a remarkable prudence in his pecuniary
+affairs, and a desire to repair by good management the fortunes of his
+family,--a point which he accomplished, to a certain extent. His
+dawning character shewed him to be shrewd and wary, but possessing no
+extended views, and disposed to rest his hopes of elevation and
+distinction upon petty intrigues, rather than to look upon probity and
+exertion as the true basis of greatness. His great talent consisted in
+the management of his designs, "in which," remarks one who knew him
+well, "it was hard to find him out when he desired to be incognito; and
+thus he shewed himself to be a man of good sense, but bad morals."[16]
+
+On the 8th of September, 1696, the Earl of Mar took his seat in the
+Scottish Parliament, protesting, as his forefathers had done, against
+any Scottish Earl being called before him in the Roll. He became a
+frequent, but indifferent speaker in Parliament; but his continual
+activity, and the address which he soon acquired as the fruit of
+experience, together with the position which he held, as one generally
+understood to be well affected to the new order of things, yet of
+sufficient importance to be gained over to the other side, soon made him
+an object for party spirit to assail.
+
+During the reign of William, the Earl of Mar continued constant to the
+side to which he had declared himself to belong. His pecuniary
+embarrassments, acting upon a restless, ambitious temper, rendered it
+difficult to a man weak in principle to retain independence of
+character: and it must be avowed, that there are few temptations to
+depart from the road of integrity more urgent than the desire to raise
+an ancient name to its original splendour. No encumbrances are so
+likely to drag their victim away from integrity as those by which rank
+is clogged with poverty.
+
+In April, 1697, Lord Mar was chosen a privy councillor; and shortly
+afterwards invested with the Order of the Thistle; and the command of a
+company of foot bestowed upon him. On the death of William his fortune
+was rather improved than deteriorated, although he continued to attach
+himself to the Revolution Party, who, it was generally understood, were
+very far from being acceptable to the Queen. "At her accession,"
+declares a Jacobite writer, "the Presbyterians looked upon themselves as
+undone; despair appeared in their countenances, which were more upon the
+melancholic and dejected than usual." The management of Scottish affairs
+was, nevertheless, entirely in the hands of the advocates of the
+Revolution; and one of their greatest supporters, the Duke of
+Queensbury, was appointed High Commissioner of the Scottish Parliament,
+notwithstanding the representations of some of the most powerful
+nobility in Scotland.
+
+To the party of this celebrated politician the Earl of Mar attached
+himself, with a tenacity for which those who recollected the hereditary
+politics of the Erskine family, could find no motives but self-interest.
+James, Duke of Queensbury, was, it is true, the son of one of the most
+active partisans of the Stuart family, to whom the house of Queensbury
+owed both its ducal rank and princely fortune. Possessed of good
+abilities, but devoid of application, and with the disadvantage to a
+public man of being of an easy, indolent temper, this celebrated
+promoter of the union between Scotland and England, had acquired, by
+courtesy, and by a long administration of affairs, a singular influence
+over his countrymen. His character has been written with a pen that
+could scarcely find sufficient invectives for those politicians who, in
+the opinion of the writer, were the ruin of their country. The Duke of
+Queensbury falls under the heaviest censures. "To outward appearance,"
+says Lockhart, "he was of a gentle and good disposition, but inwardly a
+very devil, standing at nothing to advance his own interest and designs.
+Though his hypocrisy and dissimulation served him very much, yet he
+became so well known, that no man, except such as were his nearest
+friends, and _socii criminis_, gave him any trust; and so little regard
+had he to his promises and vows, that it was observed and notorious,
+that if he was at any pains to convince you of his friendship, and by
+swearing and imprecating curses on himself and family to assure you of
+his sincerity, then, to be sure, he was doing you underhand all the
+mischief in his power."[17]
+
+These characteristics must be viewed as proceeding from the pen of a
+partisan; nor can we wonder at the contrariety of opinion which prevails
+respecting any public man who proposes a great and startling measure.
+Honours, places, and a pension were showered down upon this most
+fortunate of ministers; and his career is remarkable as having been
+cheered by the favour of four sovereigns of very different tempers. In
+his early youth, after his return from his travels, the Duke of
+Queensbury was appointed a Privy Councillor of Scotland by Charles the
+Second. He held the same post under James the Second, but resigned it in
+1688. The reserved and doubting William of Orange placed him near his
+person, making him a Lord of the Bedchamber, and captain of his Dutch
+guard; eventually he became Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, and--to
+abridge a list of numerous employments and honours--Lord High
+Commissioner of Scotland. So far had Queensbury's fortunes begun with
+the Stuarts and continued under the House of Orange. It appeared
+unlikely that the successor of William--she who in her first speech
+announced that her heart was "wholly English," to mark the distinction
+between herself and the foreigner who had sat on the throne before
+her,--would adopt as her own representative in Scotland the favourite of
+William; yet she continued Queensbury in that high station which it was
+believed none could fill so adequately in the disturbed and refractory
+kingdom of Scotland.[18]
+
+During the early years of Queen Anne's reign, and in the season of his
+own comparative prosperity, the young Earl of Mar entered into his first
+marriage, at Twickenham, with Lady Margaret Hay, daughter of John Earl
+of Kinnoul. The wife whom he thus selected was the daughter of a house
+originally adverse to the principles of the Revolution. William Earl of
+Kinnoul, in the time of James the Second, had remained at St. Germains
+with that monarch. But the same change which had manifested the
+political course of Lord Mar, had been apparent in the father of Lady
+Margaret Hay. The Earl of Kinnoul was afterwards one of the
+Commissioners for the Union, and supported that treaty in Parliament;
+yet, when the Rebellion of 1715 commenced, this nobleman was one of the
+suspected persons who were summoned to surrender themselves, and was
+committed a prisoner to Edinburgh Castle. His daughter, the Countess of
+Mar, was happily spared from witnessing the turmoils of that period.
+Married in her seventeenth year, she lived only four years with a
+husband whose character was but partially developed, when, in 1707, she
+died at the age of twenty-one, having given birth to two sons. She was
+buried at the family seat at Alloa Castle, an ancient fortress, built in
+the year 1300, one turret of which still remaining rises ninety feet
+from the ground. Seven years intervened before Lord Mar supplied the
+place of his lost wife by another union.
+
+His days were, indeed, consumed in public affairs, varied by the
+improvement of his Scottish estates, embellishing the tower of Alloa by
+laying out beautiful gardens in that wilderness style of planting which
+the Earl first introduced into Scotland.[19] He had the reward of
+seeing his efforts succeed, the gardens of Alloa being much eulogized
+and visited. This was by no means Lord Mar's only recreation;
+architecture was his delight, and he introduced into London the
+celebrated Gibbs, who, out of gratitude, eventually bequeathed a large
+portion of his fortune to the children of the Earl.[20] It is refreshing
+to view this busy and versatile politician in this light before we
+plunge into the depths of those intricate politics which form the
+principal features of his life.
+
+It was during the year 1703 that a political association or club was
+framed consisting of the chief nobility and gentlemen of fortune and
+afterwards known by the name of the _Squadrone Volante_. They acquired
+distinguished popularity and influence by the patriotic character of the
+measures which they introduced into the Scottish Parliament; and by
+their professions of being free from any court interest, they gained the
+confidence of the country. They were firm friends of the Revolution
+party, great sticklers to the Protestant succession, forming a _separate
+band_ distinct from the Whigs, yet opposed to the Cavaliers, or, as they
+were afterwards called, Jacobites. The power of the Squadrone was, in a
+great measure, the result of those jarring counsels in the Scottish
+Parliament, which only coalesced upon one theme,--independence of
+England--interference of "foreign" or English counsels, as they were
+termed. This combination was headed by the Duke of Montrose, the Marquis
+of Tweedale, and several other Scottish noblemen, to whom adhered thirty
+commoners.[21]
+
+During the existence of this association, the celebrated "Queensbury
+affair," as it was usually called, involved the temporary disgrace of
+the Duke of Queensbury, and first brought to view those convenient
+doctrines of expediency which afterwards formed so marked a feature in
+the character of Lord Mar.
+
+The "sham plot," as it is called by Jacobite writers, was a supposed
+intended invasion of Great Britain, disclosed to the Duke of Queensbury
+by Simon Fraser of Beaufort, afterwards Lord Lovat; whose very name
+seems to have suggested to his contemporaries, as it has since done to
+posterity, the combination of all that is subtle, treacherous, and base,
+with all that is dangerous, desperate, and remorseless in conduct.
+
+This tool of the court of St. Germains came over from France, in company
+with John Murray, who was sent to watch his proceedings, and also to aid
+his object in procuring the promises of the most distinguished Highland
+chieftains to the furtherance of the projected invasion of England. The
+assistance of Captain Murray was conjoined on this occasion, the
+fidelity of that gentleman having been ascertained by the court of St.
+Germains; whilst there existed not a human being who did not
+instinctively distrust Beaufort: to Mary of Modena, who far more
+ardently desired the restoration of the Stuarts than her consort James,
+he was peculiarly obnoxious.
+
+The exiled Queen's fears proved well founded, for no sooner had Beaufort
+landed in England, than he formed the scheme of converting this secret
+enterprise into a means of obtaining reward and protection from the Duke
+of Argyle, whose mediation with the Duke of Queensbury he required for
+private reasons; he therefore notified his arrival to Argyle, who had
+been his early and hereditary friend, offering at the same time to make
+great disclosures, if he had previous assurances of remuneration.
+
+Such is the account of most impartial writers, and more especially of
+those who lean to the Whig party: but, by the Jacobites, the very
+existence of a conspiracy to invade England at this time was denied, and
+the whole affair was declared to be a scheme of the Duke of Queensbury's
+to undermine the reputation of the Cavaliers, and "to find a pretence to
+vent his wrath, and execute his malice against those who thwarted his
+arbitrary designs," for the completion of a treaty of union between
+Scotland and England, which had been in contemplation ever since the
+days of William the Third.[22]
+
+After much deliberation the Duke of Queensbury was induced to have
+several communications with Fraser of Beaufort, and to listen to the
+information which he gave, all of which the Duke transmitted to Queen
+Anne, although he concealed the name of his informant. In consequence of
+Fraser's disclosures, several persons coming from France to England were
+apprehended on suspicion of being engaged in the Pretender's service,
+and an universal alarm was spread, as well as a distrust of the motives
+and proceedings of Queensbury, who thus acted upon the intelligence of
+an avowed spy, and noted outlaw, like Fraser. A temporary loss of
+Queensbury's political sway in Scotland was the result, and a consequent
+increase of power to the Squadrone Volante.
+
+It was at this juncture that the Earl of Mar came forward as the
+advocate of the Duke of Queensbury's measures, and the opponent of the
+Squadrone Volante, who had now completely fixed upon themselves that
+name, from their pretending to act by themselves, and to cast the
+balance of contending parties in Parliament. The opposition of Lord Mar
+to the Squadrone was peculiarly acceptable to the Tories, or Cavaliers,
+who had recently applied to that faction to assist them in the defence
+of their country against the Union, but who had been greeted with an
+indignant and resolute refusal.
+
+The Earl of Mar therefore appeared as the champion of the Cavaliers, and
+for the first time won their confidence and approbation. "He headed,"
+writes the bitter and yet truthful Lockhart, "such of the Duke of
+Queensbury's friends as opposed the Marquis of Tweedale and his party's
+designs; and that with such art and dissimulation, that he gained the
+favour of all the Tories, and was by them esteemed an honest man, and
+well inclined to the royal family. Certain it is, he vowed and protested
+as much many a time; but no sooner was the Marquis of Tweedale and his
+party dispossessed, than he returned as a dog to the vomit, and promoted
+all the court of England's measures with the greatest zeal
+imaginable."[23] The three parties in the Scottish Parliament, according
+to the same authority, consisted of the Cavaliers,--that remnant of the
+Jacobite party which remained vigorous, more especially in the
+Highlands, since the days of Dundee,--of the Squadrone, "or _outer_
+court party," and of the present court party, consisting of true blue
+Presbyterians and Revolutioners.[24] With the interests of the latter
+party the Earl of Mar was undoubtedly engaged.
+
+Scotland was at this time, and continued for several years, racked with
+dissensions regarding the Treaty of Union. No one can form an adequate
+idea of the heartburnings, feuds, parties, and tumults, by which that
+great measure was preceded, and followed, without looking into the
+contemporary writers, whose aim it ever is to heighten the picture of
+passing events; whereas the calm historian subdues it into one general
+effect of keeping.
+
+The Earl of Mar took a prominent part in seconding the treaty; no man's
+commencement of a career could be more opposed to its termination than
+that of this politician of easy virtue. The Duke of Queensbury was for
+some time so hated in Scotland as scarcely to venture to appear there,
+but contented himself with sending the Duke of Argyle as commissioner,
+and "using him as the monkey did the cat in pulling out the hot roasted
+chesnut." But when he was, after an interval, reinstated in power, Lord
+Mar was again his devoted ally. The influence of the Duke over every
+mind with which he came into collision was, indeed, almost irresistible.
+"I cannot but wonder," remarks the indignant Lockhart, "at the influence
+he had over all men of sense, quality, and estate; men that had, at
+least many of them, no dependance on him, yet were so deluded as to
+serve his ambitious designs, contrary to the acknowledged dictates of
+their own conscience."[25]
+
+In 1706, in the beginning of the session of Parliament, the Earl of Mar
+presented the draught of an Act for appointing Commissioners, to treat
+of an Union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England. Thus was he the
+instrument of first presenting to the Scotch that measure so revolting
+to their prejudices, so singularly distasteful to a proud and
+independent people. It is impossible to judge how far Lord Mar was
+convinced of the expediency of the Treaty, or whether he was, in secret,
+one of those who feigned an affection for the measure, whilst, in their
+hearts, they wished for the preponderance of the votes against it. The
+Treaty of Union was espoused by those in whose opinions Lord Mar had
+been nurtured,--and originally, according to De Foe, it had been mooted
+by William the Third, who declared that this Island would never be easy
+without an union. "I have done all I can in that affair," he once
+observed; "but I do not see a temper in either nation that looks like
+it: it may be done, but not yet."[26]
+
+The Treaty, retarded by many interests, clashing between nations, but,
+more especially, by the burning recollections of massacred countrymen in
+the blood-stained valley of Glencoe, was now brought into discussion
+just when the Earl of Mar was at that age when a thirst for gain, or an
+ambition to rise is unquenched, in general, by disappointment. Differing
+in one respect from many Cavaliers, in being of a family strictly
+Protestant, Lord Mar had not the inducement which operated upon the
+Catholics, in their undiminished, ardent desire to restore the young
+Prince of Wales to the throne. Differing, again, in another respect from
+many of the Jacobites, Lord Mar had not the tie of a personal knowledge
+of the exiled King to fix his fidelity; or, what was considered far more
+likely to have sealed his, or any adherent allegiance, he had enjoyed no
+opportunities of cultivating the favour of the enthusiastic, bigoted,
+and yet intelligent Mary of Modena, whose exertions for her family kept
+alive the spirit of Jacobitism during the decline of her royal devotee
+and the childhood of her son. Lord Mar seems to have been reared
+entirely in Scotland, and he might perhaps come under the description
+given by the eloquent Lord Belhaven of a Whig in Scotland:--"A true,
+blue Presbyterian, who, without considering time or power, will venture
+all for the Kirk, but something less for the State;"[27] but that his
+subsequent conduct contradicts this supposition.
+
+The Treaty struggled on through a powerful and memorable opposition. It
+is a curious instance of Scottish pride, that one of the objections made
+to the Commissioners appointed to treat of the Union, was, that there
+were six or eight newly-raised families amongst them, and but few of
+the great and ancient names of Hamilton, Graham, Murray, Erskine, and
+many others.[28] Never was there so much domestic misery and
+humiliation, abroad, for poor Scotland, as during the progress of this
+Treaty. The fame of Marlborough, and the fortunes of Godolphin, were now
+at their zenith; they were considered as the great arbiters of Scottish
+affairs,--the Queen being only applied to for the sake of form. These
+two great statesmen treated the Scottish noblemen to whom the Cavaliers
+entrusted the success of their representations, with a lofty insolence,
+which galled the proud Highlanders, and went to their very hearts.
+
+"I myself," writes the author of Memoirs of Scotland, "out of curiosity,
+went sometimes to their levées, where I saw the Commissioners, the Duke
+of Queensbury, the Chancellor, the Secretary, Lord Mar, and other great
+men of Scotland, hang on near an hour; and when admitted, treated with
+no more civility than one gentleman pays another's valet-de-chambre; and
+for which the Scots have none to blame but themselves, for had they
+valued themselves as they ought to have done, and not so meanly and
+sneakingly prostituted their honour and country to the will and pleasure
+of the English Ministry, they would never have presumed to usurp such a
+dominion over Scotland, as openly and avowedly to consult upon and
+determine in Scots' affairs."[29]
+
+At home, the spirit of party ran to an extent which cannot be called
+insane, because the interests at stake were those dearest to a
+high-spirited people. "Factions," exclaimed Lord Belhaven, "in
+Parliament, are now become independent, and have got footing in
+councils, in parliaments, in treaties, in armies, in incorporations, in
+families, among kindred; yea, man and wife are not free from them."[30]
+"Hannibal, my Lord," he cried, in one of what Lockhart calls his long
+premeditated harangues, "Hannibal is at our gates; Hannibal is come the
+length of this table; he is at the foot of this throne: he will demolish
+the throne; if we take not notice, he will seize upon these regalia;
+he'll take them as our _spolia opima_, and whip us out of this House,
+never to return again."
+
+In order to understand the effect of the Act of Union upon the hopes of
+the Jacobite party, it is necessary to take into consideration the
+following facts. The Act of the English Parliament, by which the Crown
+had been settled on Queen Mary and her sister, extended only to the
+Princess Anne and her issue. After the death of the Duke of Gloucester,
+and about the end of the reign of William the Third, another settlement
+was made, by which the Crown was settled on the House of Hanover; but no
+similar Act was passed in Scotland. And at the beginning of Queen Anne's
+reign, and until after the Union, the Scottish Parliament were legally
+possessed of a power to introduce again the exiled family into Great
+Britain.[31]
+
+During the course of the negotiations for the Treaty of Union, the Earl
+of Mar formed an alliance with the celebrated Duke of Hamilton. In the
+consideration of public affairs at this period, it may not appear a
+digression to give some insight into the character of one who headed the
+chief party in the Scottish Parliament, and with whom the Earl of Mar
+was, at this period of his life, in frequent intercourse.
+
+James Duke of Hamilton was at this period nearly fifty years of age. His
+youth had been passed in the gay court of Charles the Second, as one of
+the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber of that monarch,--an office which he
+only relinquished to become Ambassador Extraordinary to France, where he
+remained long enough to serve in two campaigns under Louis the
+Fourteenth. Upon the death of Charles the Second, Louis recommended the
+young nobleman, then termed Earl of Arran, strongly and essentially to
+James the Second, who made him Master of his Wardrobe, and appointed him
+to other offices.
+
+Under these circumstances it is not surprising that in the honest and
+warm feelings of the Duke of Hamilton, affection for the Stuarts should
+form a principal feature. He had the courage to adhere firmly to James
+the Second, amid the general obloquy, and to accompany the monarch on
+his abdication to his embarkation at Rochester. "I can distinguish," he
+said, at a meeting of the Scottish nobility in London, over which his
+father, the Duke of Hamilton presided, "between the King's popery and
+his person. I dislike the one, but have sworn to do allegiance to the
+other, which makes it impossible to withhold that which I cannot forbear
+believing is the King my master's right: for his present absence in
+France can no more affect my duty, than his longer absence from us has
+done all this while."
+
+Notwithstanding these professions, upon the unfortunate conclusion of
+the affair of Darien, the Earl of Arran, after twice encountering
+imprisonment upon account of the Stuarts, esteemed it his duty to his
+country to take the oaths to King William, in order to qualify himself
+to sit in Parliament.
+
+The character of the Duke of Hamilton presents a favourable specimen of
+the well-principled and well-intentioned Scotchman, with the
+acknowledged virtues and obvious defects of the national character. He
+was disinterested in great matters, refusing many opportunities of
+worldly advantage, and bearing for the first eight years of his public
+career, a retirement which is always more galling to an ambitious temper
+than actual danger; yet, it was supposed, and not without reason, that,
+whilst his heart was with the Cavaliers, or country party, the
+considerations of his great estate in England occasioned a lukewarmness
+in his political conduct, and broke down his opposition to the Union.
+Wary and cautious, he could thus sacrifice his present hopes of a
+distinction which his talents would have readily attained, to his
+adherence to a lost cause; but his resolution failed when the sacrifice
+of what many might deem inferior interests, was required.
+
+The Duke soon formed a considerable party in the Parliament; and his
+empire over the affections of his countrymen grew daily. To those to
+whom he confided, the Duke was gracious and unbending; but a suspicion
+of an insult recalled the native haughtiness attributable to his
+house.[32] "Frank, honest, and good-natured," as he was esteemed by
+Swift, and displaying on his dark, coarse countenance, the
+characteristics of good sense and energy, the Duke was a bitter and
+vindictive foe[33]--characteristics of his age, and of a nation
+undoubtedly prone to wreak a singular and remorseless revenge on all who
+offend the hereditary pride, or militate against the prejudices of its
+people.
+
+Endowed with these qualities, the whole career of James Duke of Hamilton
+was a struggle between his love for his country, and his consideration
+for what he esteemed its truest interests, and his desire to support the
+claims of the royal family of Stuart. His political career has been
+criticised by writers of every faction; but it must be judged of as
+having taken place in times of peculiar difficulty, and a due credit
+should be given to the motives of one who displayed, during the greater
+portion of his life, forbearance and consistency. "Had not his loyalty
+been so unalterable," writes Lockhart, "and that he would never engage
+in King William's and his Government's service, and his love to his
+country induced him to oppose that King and England's injustice and
+encroachments on it, no doubt he had made as great a figure in the world
+as any other whatsoever, and that either in a civil or military
+capacity."[34] "The Duke of Hamilton's love for his country," observes a
+contemptuous, anonymous assailant, "made him leave London, and follow
+King James, who had enslaved it. His love to his country had engaged him
+in several plots to restore that prince, and with him, tyranny and
+idolatry, poverty and slavery."[35] Upon the odious principle of always
+seeking out for the lowest and the most selfish motive that can actuate
+the conduct of men,--a principle which is thought by weak and bad minds
+to display knowledge of the world, but which, in fact, more often
+betrays ignorance,--another part of his conduct was misjudged. The
+reluctance of the Duke of Hamilton, in 1704, to nominate a successor to
+the throne of England, before framing the treaty touching "the Commerce
+of Scotland and other Concerns," was ascribed by many to the remote hope
+of succeeding to the Crown, since, in case of the exclusion of the
+Princess Sophia and her descendants, his family was the next in
+succession, of the Protestant Faith. Such was one of the reasons
+assigned for the wise endeavour which this nobleman exerted to prevent
+an invasion of the kingdom by James Stuart during the reign of Anne, and
+such the motive adduced for his advice to the Chevalier to maintain
+terms of amity with his royal sister. It was the cause calumniously
+assigned of his supposed decline in attachment to the exiled family.[36]
+
+But, notwithstanding the inference thus deduced, the Duke of Hamilton
+continued to enjoy, in no ordinary degree, popular applause and the
+favour of Queen Anne, until his tragical death in 1712 occurring just
+before the Rebellion of 1715, spared him the perplexity of deciding on
+which side he should embark in that perilous and ill-omened
+insurrection.
+
+This celebrated statesman,--one who never entered into a new measure,
+nor formed a project, ("though in doing thereof," says Lockhart, "he was
+too cautious") that he did not prosecute his designs with a courage that
+nothing could daunt,--now determined to win over the Earl of Mar from
+the Duke of Queensbury. The Duke of Hamilton was the more induced to the
+attempt, from the frequent protestations made by the Earl of Mar of his
+love for the exiled family; and he applied himself to the task of
+gaining this now important ally with all the skill which experience and
+shrewdness could supply. Hamilton was considered invincible in such
+undertakings, and was master of a penetration which no one could
+withstand. "Never was," writes Lockhart, "a man so qualified to be the
+head of a party as himself; for he could, with the greatest dexterity,
+apply himself to, and sift through, the inclinations of different
+parties, and so cunningly manage them, that he gained some of all to
+his." But the Duke met in Lord Mar with one equally skilled in diving
+into motives, and in bending the will of others to his own projects. In
+the encounter of these two minds, the Duke is said to have been worsted
+and disarmed; and the Earl of Mar, by his insinuations, is suspected to
+have materially influenced the conduct of that great leader of party. "I
+have good reason to suppose," says Lockhart, "that his Grace's appearing
+with less zeal and forwardness in this ensuing than in former
+Parliaments, is attributable to some agreement passed between them
+two."[37]
+
+For the effect of his newly-acquired influence over the Duke of
+Hamilton, and for his other services in promoting the Union, the Earl of
+Mar was amply rewarded. During the Parliament of 1705, he was
+constituted one of the Commissioners of that Treaty, his name being
+third on the list. In 1706, he was appointed one of the Secretaries of
+State for Scotland; and afterwards, upon the loss of that office, in
+consequence of the Union between the two countries, he was compensated
+by being made Keeper of the Signet, with the addition of a pension.[38]
+Those who were the promoters of the Treaty must have required some
+consolation for the general opprobrium into which the measure brought
+the Commissioners. The indignant populace converted the name of
+"Treaters" into Traitors: the Parliament Close resounded with "very free
+language," denouncing the "Traitors." That picturesque enclosure, since
+destroyed by fire, was crowded by a vehement multitude, who rushed into
+the outer Parliament House to denounce the Duke of Queensbury and his
+party, and to cheer the Duke of Hamilton, whom they followed to his
+residence in Holyrood House, exhorting him to stand by his country, and
+assuring him of support. The tumults were, indeed, soon quelled by
+military force; but the deliberations of Parliament were carried on at
+the risk of summary vengeance upon the "Traitors:" and the eloquence of
+members was uttered between walls which were guarded, during the whole
+session, by all the military force that Edinburgh could command. The
+Duke of Queensbury was obliged to walk "as if he had been led to the
+gallows,"[39] through two lanes of musqueteers, from the Parliament
+House to the Cross, where his coach stood; no coaches, nor any person
+who was not a member, being allowed to enter the Parliament Close
+towards evening: and he was conveyed in his carriage to the Abbey,
+surrounded both by horse and foot guards.
+
+On the 1st of May, 1707, the Articles of Union were ratified by the
+Parliament of England. That day has been set down by the opponents of
+the measure as one never to be forgotten by Scotland,--the loss of their
+independence and sovereignty. Superstition marked every stage of the
+measure as happening upon some date adverse to the Stuarts. On the
+fourth of November the first Article of the Union was approved; on a
+fourth of November was William of Orange born. On the eighth of January
+the Peerage was renounced; on an eighth of January was the warrant for
+the Murder at Glencoe signed. The ratification of the Article of Union
+was on the sixteenth of January. On a sixteenth of January was the
+sentence of Charles the First pronounced. The dissolution of the
+Scottish Parliament took place upon the twenty-fifth of March, according
+to the Old Style, New Year's Day: that concession might therefore be
+esteemed a New-year's Gift to the English.
+
+Finally,--The Equivalent, or Compensation Money, that is, "the price of
+Scotland," came to Edinburgh on the fifth of August, the day on which
+the Earl of Gowrie designed to murder James the Sixth.[40]
+
+The discontents and tumults which attended the progress of the Union ran
+throughout the whole country, and pervaded all ranks of people. Yet it
+is remarkable, that the nobility of Scotland should have been the first
+to fail in their opposition to the measure; and that the middle ranks,
+together with the lowest of the people, should have been foremost to
+withstand what they considered as insulting to the independence of their
+country. The very name and antiquity of their kingdom was dear to them,
+although there remained, after the removal of James the First into
+England, little more than "a vain shadow of a name, a yoke of slavery,
+and image of a kingdom."[41] It was in vain that the Duke of Hamilton
+had called, in the beginning of the debates on this measure, upon the
+families of "Bruce, Campbell, Douglas," not to desert their country: the
+opposition to the Union was bought over, with many exceptions, with a
+price;--twenty thousand pounds being sent over to the Lords
+Commissioners to employ in this manner, twelve thousand pounds of which
+were, however, returned to the English Treasury, there being no more who
+would accept the bribe. The Earl of Mar and the Earl of Seafield had
+privately secured their own reward, having bargained "for greater
+matters than could be agreed upon while the kingdom of Scotland stood in
+safety."[42]
+
+Amidst the resentment of the Scotch for their insulted dignity, it is
+amusing to find that this Union of the two countries could be deemed
+derogatory to English dignity; yet Dean Swift, among others, considered
+it in that light. "Swift's hatred to the Scottish nation," observes Sir
+Walter Scott, "led him to look upon that Union with great resentment, as
+a measure degrading to England. The Scottish themselves hardly detested
+the idea more than he did; and that is saying as much as possible."[43]
+
+Swift vented his wrath in the verses beginning with these lines:
+
+    "The Queen has lately lost a part
+    Of her entirely-English heart,[44]
+    For want of which, by way of botch,
+    She piec'd it up again with Scotch.
+    Blest Revolution! which creates
+    Divided hearts, united states!
+    See how the double nation lies
+    Like a rich coat with skirts of frize:
+    As if a man in making posies,
+    Should bundle thistles up with roses!"
+
+That the conduct of Lord Mar throughout this Treaty was regarded with
+avowed suspicion, the following anecdote tends to confirm: Lord
+Godolphin, at that time First Lord of the Treasury, wishing to tamper
+with one of a combination against the Queensbury faction, sent to offer
+that individual a place if he would discover to him how the combination
+was formed, and in what manner it might be broken. But the gentleman
+whose fidelity he thus assailed, was true to his engagements; and
+returned an indignant answer, desiring the Lord Treasurer's agent "not
+to think that he was treating with such men as Mar and Seafield."[45]
+
+At this time the Earl of Mar was said to be in the full enjoyment of
+Lord Godolphin's confidence, and to have been one of those whom the
+treasurer consulted, in settling the government of Scotland. The rumour
+was not conducive to his comfort or well-being in his native country;
+and the Earl appears to have passed much more time in intrigues in
+London than among the gardens of Alloa.
+
+It was not long before the effects of the general discontent were
+manifested in the desire of the majority of the Scottish nation to
+restore the descendant of their ancient kings to the throne, and even
+the Cameronians and Presbyterians were willing to pass over the
+objection of his being a Papist. "God may convert the Prince," they
+said, "or he may have Protestant children, but the Union never can be
+good."[46] The middle orders openly expressed their anxiety to welcome a
+Prince to their shores, whom they regarded as a deliverer: the nobility
+and gentry, though more cautious, yet were equally desirous to see the
+honour of their nation, in their own sense of it, restored.
+Episcopalians, Cavaliers, and Revolutionists, were unanimous, or, to use
+the Scots' proverb, "were all one man's bairns." This state of public
+feeling was soon communicated to St. Germains, and Colonel Hooke, famous
+for his negotiations, was, according to the writer of the Memoirs,
+"pitched upon by the French King, and palmed upon the court of St.
+Germains, and dispatched to sound the intentions of the principal
+Scottish nobility." This agent arrived in Scotland in the month of March,
+1707. The paper containing assurances of aid to James Stuart was signed
+by sixteen noblemen and gentlemen; but the Earl of Mar was, at that
+time, engaged in a very different undertaking, and was in close amity
+with Sunderland, Godolphin, and the heads of the Whig party.
+
+The spring of 1708 discovered the designs of Louis, and the news of
+great preparations at Dunkirk spread consternation in England. At this
+juncture, the first in which the son of James the Second was called upon
+to play a part in that drama of which he was the ill-starred hero, the
+usual fate of his race befel him. He came to Dunkirk hastily, and in
+private, intending to pass over alone to the Firth of Forth. He was
+attacked by the measles; at a still more critical moment of his
+melancholy life, he was the victim of ague: both of them ignoble
+diseases, which seem to have little concern with the affairs of royalty.
+The delay of the Prince's illness, although shortened by the peremptory
+commands of the French King to proceed, was fatal, for the English fleet
+had time to make preparations. A storm drove the French fleet
+northwards; in the tempest the unfortunate adventurer passed the Firth
+of Forth and Aberdeen; and although the fleet retraced its course to the
+Isle of May, it was only to flee back to France, daunted as the French
+admirals were by the proximity of Sir George Byng and the English fleet,
+who chased the enemy along the coasts of Fife and Angus. It was shortly
+after this event that the Pretender, upon whose head a price of a
+hundred thousand pounds was set by the English Government, first
+assumed the title of Chevalier of St. George, in order to spare himself
+the expense of field equipage in the campaign in Flanders.
+
+The conduct of the Earl of Mar, in relation to conspiracy, has been
+alluded to rather than declared by historians. He is supposed not to
+have been, in secret, unfavourable to the undertaking. He was,
+nevertheless, active in giving to the Earl of Sunderland the names of
+the disaffected with whom he was generally supposed to be too well
+acquainted. Many of those who were suspected were brought to London, and
+were in some instances committed to prison, in others confined to their
+own houses. On this occasion the advice of the great Marlborough was
+followed, and the guilty were not proceeded against with more severity
+than was necessary for the Queen's safety. The same generous policy was
+in after times remembered, in mournful contrast with a very different
+spirit.
+
+It was the ill-fortune of Mar to give satisfaction to none of those who
+had looked on the course of public affairs during the recent
+transactions; nor was it ever his good fortune to inspire confidence in
+his motives. Some notion may be formed of the thraldom of party in
+Scotland by the following anecdote:--
+
+In 1711-12 the Queen conferred upon the Duke of Hamilton a patent for an
+English dukedom; but this, according to a vote of the House of Lords,
+did not entitle him to sit as a British Peer. Indignant at being
+thought incapable of receiving a grace which the King might confer on
+the meanest commoner, the Scotch Peers took the first opportunity of
+walking out of the House in a body, and refusing to vote or sit in that
+House. In addition to the affront implied by their incapacity of
+becoming British Peers, it was more than hinted that it would not be
+advisable for the independence of the House if the King could confer the
+privileges of British Peers upon a set of nobles whose poverty rendered
+them dependent on the Crown.
+
+Just when this offensive vote of the House was the theme of general
+conversation, Dean Swift encountered the Earl of Mar at Lord Masham's.
+"I was arguing with him, (Lord Mar)," he writes, "about the stubbornness
+and folly of his countrymen; they are so angry about the affair of the
+Duke of Hamilton, whom the Queen has made a Duke of England, and the
+Lords will not admit him. He swears he would vote for us, but dare not,
+because all Scotland would detest him if he did; he should never be
+chosen again, nor be able to live there."[47]
+
+The Earl of Mar continued to be one of the Representative Peers for
+Scotland, having been chosen in 1707, and rechosen at the general
+elections in 1708, 1710, and 1713.[48]
+
+Upon the death of the Duke of Queensbury in 1711, the office of
+Secretary of State for Scotland became vacant, and the Duke of Hamilton
+and the Earl of Mar were rival expectants for the high and important
+post. Government hesitated for some time before filling up the post,
+being disposed rather to abolish it than to offend any party by its
+disposal, and deeming it as an useless expense to the Government; nor
+was it filled up for a considerable time.
+
+The tragical death of one who, with some failings, deserved the
+affection and respect of his country, procured eventually to the Earl of
+Mar the chief management of public affairs in Scotland. Whilst on the
+eve of embarking as Ambassador Extraordinary to France, upon the
+conclusion of the peace of Utrecht, the Duke of Hamilton fell in a duel
+with his brother-in-law, Lord Mohun,--a man whose course of life had
+been stained with blood, but whose crimes had met with a singular
+impunity.
+
+The character of Lord Mohun seems rather to have belonged to the reign
+of Charles the Second, than to the sober period of William and Anne. The
+representative of a very ancient family, he had the misfortune of coming
+to his title when young, while his estate was impoverished. "His quality
+introduced him into the best company," says a contemporary writer, "but
+his wants very often led him into bad." He ran a course of notorious and
+low dissipation, and was twice tried for murder before he was twenty.
+His first offence was the cruel and almost unprovoked murder of William
+Mountford, an accomplished actor, whom Mohun stabbed whilst off his
+guard. The second was the death of Mr. Charles Coote. For these crimes
+Lord Mohun had been tried by his peers, and, strange to say, acquitted.
+On his last acquittal he spoke gracefully before the Peers, expressing
+great contrition for the disgrace which he had brought upon his order,
+and promising to efface it by a better course of life. For some time
+this able but depraved nobleman kept to his resolution, and studied the
+constitution of his country.[49] He became a bold and eloquent speaker
+in the House on the side of the Whigs; and he had attained a
+considerable popularity, when the affair with the Duke of Hamilton
+finished his career before the age of thirty.[50]
+
+A family dispute, exasperated by the different sides taken by these two
+noblemen in Parliament, was the cause of an event which deprived the
+Jacobite party of one of their most valuable and most moderate leaders;
+for had the counsels of the Duke of Hamilton prevailed, the Chevalier
+would never have undertaken the futile invasion of 1708, nor perhaps
+have engaged in the succeeding attempt in 1715. Upon the fortunes of the
+Earl of Mar, the death of the Duke so far operated that it was not until
+all fear of offending the powerful and popular Hamilton was ended by his
+tragical death, that the appointment of Secretary was conferred upon his
+rival. The Whigs were calumniously suspected of having had some unfair
+share in the death of the Duke,--an event which took place in the
+following manner.
+
+Certain offensive words spoken by Lord Mohun in the chambers of a Master
+in Chancery, and addressed to the Duke of Hamilton, brought a
+long-standing enmity into open hostility. On the part of Lord Mohun,
+General Macartney was sent to convey a challenge to the Duke, and the
+place of meeting, time, and other preliminaries were settled by
+Macartney and the Duke over a bottle of claret, at the Rose Tavern, in
+Covent Garden. The hour of eight on the following day was fixed for the
+encounter, and on the fatal morning the Duke drove to the lodgings of
+his friend, Colonel Hamilton, who acted as his second, in Charing Cross,
+and hurried him away. It was afterwards deposed, that on setting out,
+the Colonel, in his haste, forgot his sword; upon which the Duke stopped
+the carriage, and taking his keys from his pocket, desired his servant
+to go to a certain closet in his house, and to bring his mourning-sword,
+which was accordingly done. This was regarded as a fatal omen in those
+days, in which, as Addison describes, a belief in such indications
+existed.
+
+The Duke then drove on to that part of Hyde Park leading to Kensington,
+opposite the Lodge, and getting out, walked to and fro upon the grass
+between the two ponds. Lord Mohun, in the mean time, set out from Long
+Acre with his friend, General Macartney, who seems to have been a worthy
+second of the titled bravo.
+
+Lord Mohun having taken the precaution of ordering some burnt wine to be
+prepared for him upon his return from the rencounter, proceeded to the
+place of appointment, where the Duke awaited him. "I must ask your
+Lordship," said Lord Mohun, "one favour, which is, that these gentlemen
+may have nothing to do with our quarrel." "My Lord," answered the Duke,
+"I leave them to themselves." The parties then threw off their cloaks,
+and all engaged; the seconds, it appears, fighting with as much fury as
+their principals. The park-keepers coming up, found Colonel Hamilton and
+General Macartney struggling together; the General holding the Colonel's
+sword in his left hand, the Colonel pulling at the blade of the
+General's sword. One of the keepers went up to the principals; he found
+Lord Mohun in a position between sitting and lying, bending towards the
+Duke, who was on his knees, leaning almost across Lord Mohun, both
+holding each other's sword fast, both striving and struggling with the
+fury of remorseless hatred. This awful scene was soon closed for ever,
+as far as Mohun was concerned. He expired shortly afterwards, having
+received four wounds, each of which was likely to be mortal. The Duke
+was raised and supported by Colonel Hamilton and one of the keepers; but
+after walking about thirty yards, exclaimed that "he could walk no
+farther," sank down upon the grass, and expired. His lifeless remains,
+mangled with wounds which showed the relentless fury of the encounter,
+were conveyed to St. James's Square, the same morning, while the
+Duchess was still asleep.[51]
+
+Lord Mohun, meanwhile, was carried, by order of General Macartney, to
+the hackney-coach in which he had arrived, and his body conveyed to his
+house in Marlborough Street, where, it was afterwards reported, that
+being flung upon the best bed, his Lady, one of the nieces of Charles
+Gerrard, Earl of Macclesfield, expressed great anger at the soiling of
+her new coverlid, on which the bleeding corpse was deposited.[52]
+
+General Macartney escaped. It appeared on oath that he had made a
+thrust at the Duke, as he was struggling with Mohun; and it being
+generally believed that it was by that wound that the Duke died, an
+address was presented to her Majesty by the Scottish Peers, begging that
+she would write to all the kings and states in alliance with her, not to
+shelter Macartney from justice.[53]
+
+A deep and general grief was shown for the death of the Duke of
+Hamilton. In Scotland mourning was worn, and the churches were hung with
+black. It was in vain that the Duchess offered a reward of three hundred
+pounds for the apprehension of Macartney; the murderer had fled beyond
+seas.
+
+The Cavaliers lost, in Hamilton, an ornament to their party, from the
+strict honour and fidelity of his known character. But the crisis which
+the unfortunate Duke had in vain endeavoured to avert was now at hand,
+and the death of Queen Anne brought with it all those consequences which
+a long series of cabals, during the later disturbed years of the Queen's
+existence, had been gradually ripening into importance.
+
+The Earl of Mar had openly espoused the High-church party in the case of
+Sacheverel; and he had on that account, as well as from the doubt
+generally entertained of his fidelity, little reason to expect from the
+House of Hanover a continuance in office. No sooner had the Queen
+expired, than those whom Lord Mar had long, in secret, been regarding
+with interest, expressed openly their disappointment at the result of
+the last reign.
+
+"The accession of George the First," remarks Dr. Coxe, "was a new era in
+the history of that Government which was established at the Revolution.
+Under William and Anne the Stuart family can scarcely be considered as
+absolutely excluded from the throne; for all parties, except the extreme
+Whigs, looked forward to the possibility of the Stuarts returning to the
+throne. But, in fact, the Revolution was not completed till the actual
+establishment of the Brunswick line, which cut off all hopes of a return
+without a new revolution."[54]
+
+When the news of Queen Anne's dangerous condition reached the Chevalier
+de St. George, he was at Luneville; but he repaired instantly to
+Barleduc, where he held a council. As he entered the council-chamber, he
+was heard to exclaim, "If that Princess dies, I am lost."[55] There was
+no doubt that a correspondence with the exiled family had been carried
+on with great alacrity, during the last few years of Queen Anne's reign,
+with the cognizance of the Sovereign;[56] and that large sums were spent
+by Mary of Modena, and by her son, in procuring intelligence of all
+that was going on in the English Court.
+
+Immediately after the Queen's death, Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester,
+proposed to Lord Bolingbroke to proclaim James at Charing Cross, and
+offered, himself, to head the procession in lawn sleeves. But
+Bolingbroke shrank from the enterprise; and, with an exclamation of
+passion, Atterbury exclaimed,--"There is the best cause in Europe lost
+for want of spirit." The boldness of the proposition, and the ardent
+temper from which it originated, recall, with regret, the remembrance of
+one who, as Lord Hailes in his notes on Atterbury's Correspondence has
+remarked, was "incapable of dark conspiracies."[57]
+
+The Chevalier was then residing at Barleduc, with a suite of sixty
+persons; some of whom boasted of having taken part in the conspiracies
+against William the Third, and were proud of having compassed the death
+of that Sovereign. From time to time, Englishmen of distinction
+travelled from Paris to Barleduc, under pretext of seeing the country,
+but in fact to proffer a secret allegiance to the Prince. The individual
+to whom these attentions were addressed, is described by an anonymous
+emissary of the English Court, as leading a regular life,--hunting when
+the weather permitted, and hearing mass every day with great precision
+and devotion. "Il est fort maigre," adds the same writer, "assez grand;
+son teint est brun, son humeur et sa personne ne sont pas désagréables."
+In another place, it is added, "Il paroit manquer de jugement et de
+résolution:" an opinion, unhappily, too correct.[58] On the question
+being put by Bolingbroke to the Duke of Berwick, whether the Prince was
+a bigot, the answer was in the negative. "Then," said Bolingbroke, "we
+shall have no objection to place him on the throne." This anecdote,
+which was told by the Chevalier himself to Brigadier Nugent, probably
+gave countenance to the rumour spread in England, that James was likely
+to renounce the Catholic faith, and conform to the English Church.[59]
+
+The Earl of Mar and his brother, Lord Grange, were now the two most
+considerable men in Scotland. Lord Grange had been made Lord of Session
+in 1707, and afterwards Lord Justice Clerk, during the three last years
+of Queen Anne's reign. His character presents traits even more repulsive
+and more dangerous than the time-serving and duplicity of the Earl of
+Mar. Lord Grange was one of those men whom the honest adherents to
+either party would, doubtless, gladly have turned over to the other
+side. His abilities, if we judge of the high appointments which he held,
+must have been eminent; but he was devoid of all principle, and was
+capable, if the melancholy and extraordinary history of his unhappy
+wife be true, of the darkest schemes.
+
+It would be difficult to reconcile, in any other man, the discrepancy of
+Lord Grange's real opinions and of his subsequent efforts to restore the
+House of Stuart; but, in a brother of the Earl of Mar, the difficulty
+ceases, and all hopes of consistency, or rather of its origin,
+sincerity, vanish. Lord Grange is declared to have been a "true blue
+republican, and, if he had any religion, at bottom a Presbyterian;" yet
+he was deeply involved in transactions with the Chevalier and his
+friends.[60]
+
+Lord Grange was united to a lady violent in temper, of a dauntless
+spirit, and a determined Hanoverian. Their marriage had been enforced by
+the laws of honour, and was ill-omened from the first; therefore, where
+respect has ceased, affection soon languishes and expires. The daughter
+of Cheisly of Dalry, a man of uncontrolled passions, who shot Sir George
+Lockhart, one of the Lords of Session, for having decided a law-suit
+against him, Mrs. Erskine of Grange, commonly called Lady Grange,
+inherited the determined will of her father. It was said that she had
+compelled Lord Grange to do her justice by marrying her, and "had
+desired him to remember, by way of threat, that she was Cheisly's
+daughter." For this menace she suffered in a way which could only be
+effected in a country like Scotland at that period, and among a people
+held in the thraldom of the clans. Her singular history belongs to a
+later period in the annals of those events in which so much domestic
+happiness was blasted, never to be recovered.[61]
+
+With his brother, Lord Mar was in constant correspondence, during his
+own residence in London; and although Lord Grange was skilful enough to
+conceal his machinations, and to retain his seat on the bench as a
+Scottish judge, there is very little reason to doubt his secret
+co-operation in the subsequent movements of the Earl.
+
+Acting as if "he thought that all things were governed by fate or
+fortune,"[62] George the First remained a long time to settle his own
+affairs in Hanover, before coming to England. This delay was employed by
+the Earl of Mar, in an endeavour to extenuate the tenor of his political
+conduct of late years in the eyes of the Sovereign, and in placing
+before the King the merit of his services and his claims to favour. The
+letter which he addressed to George the First, when in Holland, was
+printed by Tonson, during the year 1715, with prefatory remarks by Sir
+Richard Steele, whose comments upon this production of a man who,
+scarcely a year after it was written, set up the standard of the
+Pretender at Braemar, are expressed in these terms:
+
+"It gives me a lively sense of the hardships of civil war, wherein all
+the sacred and most intimate obligations between man and man are to be
+torn asunder, when I cannot, without pain, represent to myself the
+behaviour of Lord Mar, with whom I had not even the honour of any
+further commerce than the pleasure of passing some agreeable hours in
+his company: I say, when even such little incidents make it irksome to
+be in a state of war with those with whom we have lived in any degree of
+familiarity, how terrible must the image be of rending the ties of
+blood, the sanctity of affinity and intermarriage, and the bringing men
+who, perhaps in a few months before, were to each other the dearest of
+all mankind, to meet on terms of giving death to each other at the same
+time that they had rather embrace!" Thus premising, and declaring that
+he could with difficulty efface from his mind all remains of good will
+and pity to Lord Mar, Sir Richard Steele subjoins a document, fatal to
+the reputation of Lord Mar--the following letter, which Lord Mar
+addressed to the King, in explanation of his conduct.
+
+
+LORD MAR TO THE KING.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Having the happiness to be your Majesty's subject, and also the
+    honour of being of your servants, as one of your Secretaries of
+    State, I beg leave by this to kiss your Majesty's hand, and
+    congratulate your happy accession to the Throne; which I should have
+    done myself the honour of doing sooner, had I not hoped to have had
+    the honour of doing it personally ere now. I am afraid I may have
+    had the misfortune to be misrepresented to your Majesty, and my
+    reason for thinking so is, because I was the only one of the late
+    Queen's servants whom your Ministers here did not visit, which I
+    mentioned to Mr. Harley and the Earl of Clarendon, when they went
+    from hence to wait on your Majesty; and your Ministers carrying so
+    to me was the occasion of my receiving such orders as deprived me of
+    the honour and satisfaction of waiting on them and being known to
+    them. I suppose I had been misrepresented to them by some here upon
+    account of party, or to ingratiate themselves by aspersing others,
+    as one party here too often occasion; but I hope your Majesty will
+    be so just as not to give credit to such misrepresentations.
+
+    "The part I acted in bringing about and making of the Union when the
+    succession to the Crown was settled for Scotland on your Majesty's
+    family, when I had the honour to serve as Secretary of State for
+    that kingdom, doth, I hope, put my sincerity and faithfulness to
+    your Majesty out of dispute. My family had had the honour for a
+    great tract of years to be faithful servants to the Crown, and have
+    had the care of the King's children (when King of Scotland)
+    entrusted to them. A predecessor of mine was honoured with the care
+    of your Majesty's grandmother, when young; and she was pleased
+    afterwards to express some concern for our family, in letters I now
+    have under her own hand.
+
+    "I have had the honour to serve her late Majesty in one capacity or
+    other ever since her accession to the Crown. I was happy in a good
+    mistress, and she was pleased to have some confidence in me and
+    regard for my services. And since your Majesty's happy accession to
+    the Crown, I hope you will find that I have not been wanting in my
+    duty in being instrumental in keeping things quiet and peaceable in
+    the country to which I belong and have some interest in.
+
+    "Your Majesty shall ever find me as faithful and dutiful a subject
+    and servant as ever any of my family have been to the Crown, or as I
+    have been to my late mistress the Queen. And I beg your Majesty may
+    be so good not to believe any misrepresentations of me, which
+    nothing but party hatred and my zeal for the interest of the Crown
+    doth occasion; and I hope I may presume to lay claim to your royal
+    favour or protection. As your accession to the Crown hath been quiet
+    and peaceable, may your Majesty's reign be long and prosperous; and
+    that your people may soon have the happiness and satisfaction of
+    your presence amongst them, is the earnest and fervent wish of him
+    who is, with the humblest duty and respect, Sir, your Majesty's most
+    faithful, most dutiful and most obedient subject and servant,
+
+                                                               MAR."
+
+    "Whitehall, August thirtieth, 1714, o. s."
+
+This disgraceful letter was ineffectual. The Monarch, "whose views and
+affections were, according to Lord Chesterfield, singly confined to the
+narrow compass of his Electorate," and for "whom England was too big,"
+acted with a promptness and decision which gave no time for the workings
+of faction. An immediate change of ministry was announced by Kryenberg,
+the Hanoverian resident, at the first Privy Council; and among other
+changes, Lord Townshend was appointed in the place of Lord Bolingbroke.
+Well might Bolingbroke exclaim, "The grief of my soul is this; I see
+plainly that the Tory party is gone."[63]
+
+For many months Lord Mar continued to maintain such a demeanour as might
+blind those of the opposite party to his real intentions. It seems,
+indeed, certain that at first he hoped to ensure a continuance in office
+by exerting his influence in Scotland to procure the good conduct of the
+clans: he was successful in obtaining even from some of those Highland
+chieftains who were afterwards the most deeply implicated in the
+Rebellion, an address declaring that they were "ready to concur with his
+Lordship in faithfully serving King George." "Your Lordship," states
+that memorial, "has an estate and interest in the Highlands, and is so
+well known to bear good will to your neighbours, that in order to
+prevent any ill impression which malicious and designing people may at
+this juncture labour to give of us, we must beg leave to address your
+Lordship, and entreat you to assure the Government, in our names, and in
+that of the rest of our clans, who, by distance of the place, could not
+be present at the signing of our letter, of our loyalty to his sacred
+Majesty, King George."[64] This address was signed by Maclean of that
+Ilk, Macdonald of Glengary, Mackenzie of Fraserdale, Cameron of Lochiel,
+and by several other chiefs of clans, who afterwards fought under the
+banners of the Earl of Mar. It furnishes a proof of the great influence
+which the Earl possessed in his own country, but he had not the courage
+to present it to the King. His Majesty, on the contrary, on hearing of
+this address was highly offended, believing that it had been drawn up at
+St. Germains in order to insult him, and his refusal to receive it was
+accompanied by an order to Lord Mar to give up the seals.
+
+The Earl lingered, nevertheless, for some time in London, where he had
+now some attractions which to a less ambitious mind might have operated
+in favour of prudence. In the preceding year, July, 1714, he had
+married, at Acton in Middlesex, the Lady Frances Pierrepoint, the second
+daughter of Evelyn, first Duke of Kingston, and the sister of Lady Mary
+Wortley. The Countess of Mar was, at the time of her marriage,
+thirty-three years of age, being born in 1681. She does not appear to
+have been endowed with the rare qualities of her sister's mind; but that
+she was attached to her husband, her long exile from England on his
+account, sufficiently proves. Her married life was embittered by his
+career, and her latter days darkened by the direst of all maladies,
+mental aberration.
+
+It is singular that so recently before his final effort, Lord Mar should
+have connected himself with a Whig family. The Marquis of Dorchester,
+who was created, by George the First, Duke of Kingston, was a member of
+the Kit Cat Club, and received early proofs of the good will of the
+Hanoverian Sovereign. It is true that Lady Mary Wortley augured ill of
+the match between her sister and Lord Mar, detesting as she did the
+Jacobite party, and believing that her sister was "drawn in by the
+persuasion of an officious female friend," Lord Mar's relation. But
+there is no reason to conclude that the Duke of Kingston in any way
+objected to a match apparently so dissonant with his political bias.[65]
+
+Whilst Lord Mar remained near the court, the discoveries made by the
+Earl of Stair in France, communicated the first surmise of an intended
+invasion of England. Several seizures of suspected people warned one who
+was deep in the intrigues of St. Germain, not long to delay the open
+prosecution of his schemes. The melancholy instance of Mr. Harvey, who
+was apprehended while he was hawking at Combe, in Surrey, alarmed the
+Jacobite party. Mr. Harvey being shown a paper written in his own hand,
+convicting him of guilt, stabbed himself, but not fatally, with a
+pruning-knife which he had used in his garden. Upon some hope of his
+confessing being hinted, it was answered that his Majesty and the
+Council knew more of it than he did. The celebrated John Anstis, the
+heraldic writer, was also apprehended, and warrants were issued for the
+seizure of other suspected persons.
+
+Notwithstanding his strong family interest, the Earl of Mar could
+scarcely consider himself secure under the present state both of the
+country and the metropolis. The events of the last year had succeeded
+each other with an appalling rapidity. The flight of Bolingbroke had
+scarcely ceased to be the theme of comment, before the general elections
+excited all the ill blood and fanaticism which such struggles at any
+critical era of our history have always produced. Riots, which have been
+hastily touched upon in the histories of the period, but which the
+minute descriptions of memoirs of that period show to have been attended
+with an unusual display of violence and brutality on both sides, broke
+out upon every anniversary which could recall the Stuarts to
+recollection. On St. George's day, in compliment to the Chevalier, who,
+according to an observer of those eventful days, "had assumed the name
+of that far-famed Cappadocian Knight, though every one knew he has
+nothing of the valour, courage, and other bright qualities of the
+saint," a tumult was raised in London, and among other outrages,
+passengers through the streets of the City were beaten if they would not
+cry "God bless the late Queen and the High Church!" Sacheverel and
+Bolingbroke were pledged in bumpers by a mob, who burnt, at the same
+time, King William in effigy.[66] A similar contagion spread throughout
+the country; Oxford took the lead in acts of destruction; her streets
+were filled with parties of Whigs and Tories, both of them infuriated,
+until their mad rage vented itself in acts of murder, under the
+pretence, on the one hand, of a dread of popery, on the other, on a
+similar plea of religious zeal. A Presbyterian meetinghouse was pulled
+down, and cries of "An Ormond!" "A Bolingbroke!" "Down with the
+Roundheads!" "No Hanover!" "A new Restoration!" accompanied the
+conflagration. On the same day similar exclamations were again heard in
+the streets of London; and all windows not illuminated were broken to
+pieces. The tenth of June, the anniversary of the Chevalier's birthday,
+was the signal for a still more decisive manifestation. On that day
+three Scottish magistrates went boldly to the Cross at Dundee, and there
+drank the Pretender's health, by the name of King James the Eighth, for
+which they were immediately apprehended and tried.
+
+The impeachment of Lord Oxford still further exasperated the country,
+which rang with the cry, "No George, but a Stuart." The peaceable
+accession of the first monarch of the Brunswick line has been greatly
+insisted upon by historians; but that stillness was ominous; it was the
+stillness of the air before a storm; and was only indicative of
+irresolution, not of a diminished dislike to the sway of a foreigner.
+
+It is supposed that an intercepted letter which the Duke de Berwick, the
+half-brother of the Chevalier, addressed to a person of distinction in
+England, first gave the intelligence of an intended invasion.[67] The
+burden of that letter was to encourage the riots and tumults, and to
+keep up the spirits of the people with a promise of prompt assistance.
+The impeachment of Viscount Bolingbroke and of the Duke of Ormond
+followed shortly afterwards; and although these noblemen provided for
+their own safety by flight, they were degraded as outlaws, and in the
+order in Council were styled, according to the usual form of law, "James
+Butler, yeoman," and "Henry Bolingbroke, labourer," and the arms of
+Ormond were taken from Windsor Chapel, and torn in pieces by the Earl
+Marshal.
+
+The English fleet, under the command of Sir George Byng, was stationed
+in the Downs, in case of a surprise. Portsmouth was put in a state of
+defence; and, during the month of July, the inhabitants of London beheld
+once more a sight such as had never been witnessed by its citizens since
+the days of the Great Rebellion. In Hyde Park the troops of the
+household were encamped, according to the arrangements of General
+Cadogan, who had marked out a camp. The forces were commanded by the
+Duke of Argyle. In Westminster the Earl of Clare reviewed the militia,
+and the trained bands were directed to be in readiness for orders. At
+the same time fourteen colonels of the Guards, and other inferior
+officers were cashiered by the King's orders, on suspicion of being in
+James Stuart's interest; so deep a root had this cause, which many have
+pretended to treat as a visionary scheme of self-interest, taken in the
+affections even of the British army.
+
+A proclamation ordering all Papists and reputed Papists to depart from
+the cities of London and Westminster, was the next act of the
+Government. All persons of the Roman Catholic persuasion were to be
+disarmed and their horses sold; a declaration against transubstantiation
+was to be administered to them, and the oath of abjuration to
+non-jurors.[68] After such mandates, it seems idle to talk of the
+tyranny of Henry the Eighth.
+
+There is no doubt but that the greatest alarm and consternation reigned
+at St. James's. The stocks fell, but owing to the vigilance of the
+Ministry, information was obtained of the whole scheme of the invasion,
+in a manner which to this day has never been satisfactorily explained.
+
+The Earl of Mar must have trembled, as he still lingered in the
+metropolis. It is probable that he waited there in order to receive
+those contributions from abroad which were necessary to carry on his
+plans. He was provided at last with no less a sum than a hundred
+thousand pounds; and also furnished with a commission dated the seventh
+of September, 1715 appointing him Lieutenant General and Commander in
+Chief of the forces raised for the Chevalier in Scotland.[69] Large sums
+were already collected from Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and France, to
+the amount, it has been stated, of twelve millions. It has been well
+remarked by Sir Walter Scott, in his notes on the Master of Sinclair's
+MS., that "when the Stuarts had the means, they wanted a leader (as in
+1715); when (as in 1745) they had a leader, they wanted the means."
+
+With the eye of suspicion fixed upon him, his plans matured, his friends
+in the north prepared, the Earl of Mar had the hardihood, under such
+circumstances, to appear at the court of King George. A few weeks before
+the Habeas Corpus Act had been suspended; but the Earl trusted either to
+good fortune, or to his own well-known arts of insinuation. He braved
+all possibility of detection, and determined to carry on the game of
+deep dissimulation to the last moment.
+
+On the first of August, 1715, the Earl of Mar attended the levee of King
+George. One can easily suppose how cold, if not disdainful, must have
+been his reception; but it is not easy to divine with what secret
+emotions, the subject on the eve of an insurrection could have offered
+his obeisance to the Monarch. Grave in expression, with a heavy German
+countenance, hating all show, and husbanding his time, so as to avoid
+all needless conversation; without an idea of cultivating the fine arts,
+of encouraging literature, or of even learning to speak English, George
+the First must have presented to his English subjects the reverse of all
+that is attractive. A decided respectability of character might have
+redeemed the ungainly picture; but, although esteemed a man of honour,
+and evincing liberal and even benevolent tendencies, the Monarch
+displayed not only an unblushing and scandalous profligacy, but a love
+for coarse and unworthy society. His court is said to have been modelled
+upon that of Louis the Fifteenth; but it was modelled upon the grossest
+and lowest principles only, and had none of the elegance even of that
+wretched King's depraved circles; and public decency was as much
+outraged by the three yachts which were prepared to carry over King
+George's mistresses and their suite,[70] when he visited Hanover, as by
+the empire of Madame de Pompadour. It must, independent of every other
+consideration, have been galling to Englishmen to behold, seated on
+their throne, a German, fifty-four years of age, who from that very
+circumstance, was little likely ever to boast, like Queen Anne, "of an
+English heart." "A hard fate," observes a writer of great impartiality,
+"that the enthronement of a stranger should have been the only means to
+secure our liberties and laws!"[71]
+
+A week after he had been received at the levee of King George, the Earl
+embarked at Gravesend in a collier, attended by two servants, and
+accompanied by General Hamilton and Captain Hay. They were all
+disguised, and escaping detection, arrived on the third day afterwards
+at Newcastle. It has been even said, that in order the better to conceal
+his rank, the Earl of Mar wrought for his passage.[72] From Newcastle
+Lord Mar proceeded northward in another vessel; and landing at Elie, in
+Fifeshire, went first to Crief, where he remained a few days. He then
+proceeded to Dupplin, in the county of Perth, the seat of his
+brother-in-law, the Earl of Kinnoul, and thence, on the eighteenth of
+August, crossing the river Perth, he proceeded to his own Castle of
+Kildrummie, in the Braes of Mar. He was accompanied by forty horse.
+
+On the day after the arrival of the Earl at Kildrummie, he despatched
+letters to the principal Jacobites, inviting them to attend a grand
+hunting-match in Braemar on the twenty-seventh of August. This summons
+was couched in this form, for fear of a more explicit declaration being
+intercepted, revealing the design; but the great chiefs who were thus
+collected together were aware that "hunting" was but the watchword.
+
+A gallant band of high-spirited chieftains answered the call. It is
+consolatory to turn to those who, unaffected by the intrigues of a
+Court, came heartily, and with a disinterested love, to the cause of
+which the Earl of Mar was the unworthy leader.
+
+First in rank, was the Marquis of Huntly, eldest son of George, the
+first Duke of Gordon, and of that daring Duchess of Gordon, a daughter
+of the house of Howard, who, in 1711, had presented to the Dean and
+Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh a silver medal, with the head of the
+Chevalier on one side, and on the other the British Islands, with the
+word "Reddite." The learned body to whom the Duchess had proposed this
+dangerous gift, at first hesitated to receive it: after a debate,
+however, among their members, it was agreed that the donation should be
+accepted, and a vote was passed to return thanks to the Duchess. The
+Advocates then waited in a body upon the Duchess, and expressed their
+hopes that her Grace would soon have occasion to present the Faculty
+with a second medal on the _Restoration_.[73] The Duke of Gordon,
+notwithstanding his having been brought up a Roman Catholic, was neutral
+in the troubles of the Rebellion of 1715, but his son took a force of
+three thousand men into the field,--the clan siding with the young
+Marquis rather than with their chief. The Marquis of Huntly was,
+probably for that reason, spared in the subsequent proceedings against
+the Jacobites, his participation in their schemes being punished only by
+a brief imprisonment.
+
+William Marquis of Tullibardine, one of the most constant friends to the
+House of Stuart, the Earl of Nithisdale, and the Earl Marischal, also
+appeared at the time appointed. It was the fortune of the Marquis of
+Tullibardine, like that of the Marquis of Huntly, afterwards to appear
+in the field unsanctioned by his father, the Duke of Athol, who either
+was, or appeared to be, in favour of Government, whilst his son headed
+the clan to the number of six thousand. Lord Nairn, the younger brother
+of the Marquis, also joined in the undertaking. Of these distinguished
+Jacobites, separate lives will hereafter be given in this work: it
+therefore becomes unnecessary any further to expatiate upon them here.
+Of some, whose biography does not present features sufficiently marked
+to constitute a distinct narrative, some traits may here be given.
+
+Charles Earl of Traquair, who hastened to Braemar, was one of those
+Scottish nobles who claimed kindred with royalty. He was descended from
+Sir James Stewart, commonly called the Black Knight of Lorn, and from
+Jane, daughter of John Earl of Somerset, and widow of King James the
+First. One of Lord Traquair's ancestors, the first Earl, had levied a
+regiment of horse, in order to release Charles the First from his
+imprisonment in the Isle of Wight; but, marching at the head of it at
+the battle of Preston, he and his son, Lord Seatoun, were taken
+prisoners and conveyed to Warwick Castle, where they languished four
+years in imprisonment, with the knowledge that their estates had been
+sequestered.
+
+Connected with the family of Seatoun, on his mother's side, the Earl of
+Traquair had married the sister of Lord Nithisdale, being thus nearly
+related to two of those chiefs who gladly obeyed the summons of Lord Mar
+to the hunting-field. The Earl of Traquair appears to have escaped all
+the penalties which followed the Rebellion of 1715, perhaps because he
+does not appear to have taken any of his tenantry into the field.
+
+Less prudent, or less fortunate, William Mackenzie, Earl of Seaforth,
+joined the standard of James Stuart with a body of three thousand men.
+He was attainted when the struggle was over, and his estates, both in
+Scotland and England, forfeited. He escaped to the Continent; but, in
+1719, again landed with the Spaniards at Kintail; and was wounded at the
+battle of Glenshiels, but being carried off by his followers, again fled
+to the Continent, with the Marquis of Tullibardine and the Earl
+Marischal. Lord Seaforth was one of those to whom the royal mercy was
+shown. George the First reversed his attainder, and George the Second
+granted him arrears of the feu duties due to the Crown out of the
+forfeited estates. The title has been eventually restored.
+
+James Livingstone, Earl of Linlithgow, was amongst the many who
+experienced less clemency than the Earl of Traquair. He had been chosen
+one of the sixteen representative peers of Scotland, on the death of the
+Duke of Hamilton; and enjoyed the possession of considerable family
+estates, which were eventually forfeited to the Crown. He led a band of
+three hundred clansmen to the field.
+
+Perhaps one of the most sturdy adherents of the Chevalier St. George was
+James Maule, fourth Earl of Panmure. In his youth this nobleman had
+served as a volunteer at the siege of Luxembourg, where he had
+signalized his courage. In 1686, he succeeded his brother, and added to
+the honours of a peerage those of a character already established for
+bravery. To these distinctions was added that of being a Privy
+Councillor to James the Second; but he was removed upon his opposing the
+abrogation of the penal laws against Popery. Whilst thus protesting
+against what might then be deemed objectionable innovations, Lord
+Panmure was a firm adherent of James, and vigorously supported his
+interests in the convention of estates in 1689.
+
+The accession of William and Mary drove this true Jacobite from the
+Scottish Parliament. He never appeared in that assembly after that
+event, having refused to take the oaths. Of course he disapproved of the
+Union; and the next step which he took was to join the standard of the
+Chevalier.
+
+After that decisive proceeding, the course of this unfortunate
+nobleman's life was one of misfortune, in which his high spirit was
+sustained by a constancy of no ordinary character. At the battle of
+Sherriff Muir, the brave Panmure was taken prisoner, but was rescued by
+his brother Harry, who, like himself, had engaged in the rebellion.
+Panmure escaped to France: he was attainted of high treason,--his
+estates, which amounted to 3456_l._ per annum, and were the largest of
+the confiscated properties, were forfeited, as well as his hereditary
+honours. Twice were offers made to him by the English Government to
+restore his rank and possessions, if he would take the oath of
+allegiance to the House of Hanover; but Panmure refused the proffered
+boon, and preferred sharing the fortunes of him whom he looked upon as
+his legitimate Prince. When he joined the Jacobites at Braemar, Lord
+Panmure was no longer a young, rash man: he was in the sixty-fifth year
+of his age. His wife, the daughter of William Duke of Hamilton, was,
+after his attainder, provided for by act of Parliament in the same
+manner as if she had been a widow. His brother, Harry Maule, of Kellie,
+a man of considerable accomplishments, was so fortunate as to be enabled
+to return to his native country, and died in Edinburgh in 1734. But Lord
+Panmure, like most of the other brave and honest men who preferred their
+allegiance to their interest, finished his days in exile, and died at
+Paris, in 1723.[74]
+
+Kenneth Lord Duffus was another of those noblemen who had already
+established a character for personal bravery. He was a person of great
+skill in maritime affairs, and was promoted by Queen Anne to the command
+of the Advice ship of war, with which, in 1711, this gallant Highlander
+engaged eight French privateers, and after a desperate resistance of
+some hours, he was taken prisoner, after receiving five balls in his
+body.
+
+He was, however, released in time to engage in the Rebellion of 1715;
+and though it does not appear that he took any followers to fight
+beneath the Chevalier's standard, he was included in the Act of
+Attainder. The intelligence was communicated to Lord Duffus when he was
+in Sweden. He resolved immediately to surrender himself to the British
+Government, and declared his intention to the British Minister at
+Stockholm, who notified it to Lord Townshend, Secretary of State.
+Notwithstanding this manly determination, Lord Duffus was arrested on
+his way to England, at Hamburgh, and was detained there until the time
+specified for surrendering had expired. He thence proceeded to London,
+where he was confined more than a year in the Tower, but released in
+1717, without being brought to trial. Lord Duffus died, according to
+some accounts, in the Russian service; to others, in that of France. He
+married a Swedish lady, and attained to the rank of Admiral.[75]
+
+Such were some of those Jacobite chieftains whose history has sunk into
+obscurity, partly from the difficulty of obtaining information
+concerning their career, after the contest was at an end. Amongst those
+who met Lord Mar in the hunting-field, but who afterwards became
+neutral,[76] although most of his clan joined in the Rebellion, was the
+Earl of Errol, one of a family whose fame for valour was dated from the
+time of the Danish invasion. The origin of the House of Errol is
+curious, and marks the simplicity of the times. An aged countryman,
+named Hay, and his sons, had arrested the progress of the ruthless
+conquerors in a defile near Lanearty in Perthshire. The old man was
+rewarded by Kenneth the Third with as much land in the Carse of Gowrie
+as a falcon from a man's hand flew over until she lighted. The bird flew
+over a space of six miles, which was thence called Errol, and which is
+still in possession of the family; and the old man and his sons were
+raised from the rank of plebeians by the assignment of a coat of arms,
+on which were three escutcheons, gules, to denote that the father and
+the two sons had been the shields of Scotland. The family grew in wealth
+and estimation, and the office of Hereditary High Constable of Scotland
+was added to their other honours.
+
+The Countess of Errol, the mother of the High Constable, and sister of
+the Earl of Perth, had already taken a decided part in the affairs of
+the Jacobite party. When Colonel Hooke had been sent over in 1707 to
+Scotland, she had met him at the sea-coast, and had there placed in the
+hands of that emissary several letters from her son, expressing his
+earnest intention to support the cause of the Chevalier. The Earl of
+Errol had also received Hooke at his castle, and had entertained him
+there several days, and employed that time in initiating Hooke into the
+various characteristics and views of the Jacobite nobility in Scotland.
+He was thus deeply pledged to aid the undertaking at that time (the year
+1707); and in a letter to the Chevalier, the Earl expressed his hopes
+that he might have the happiness of seeing his Majesty, "a happiness for
+which," he adds, "we have long sighed, to be delivered from oppression."
+The Countess of Errol also addressed a letter to the mother of James
+Stuart, as the Queen of England, declaring that the delays which the
+Scotch had suffered had not "diminished their zeal, although they had
+prolonged their miseries and misfortunes."[77] Whether, upon the rising
+in 1715, the views of Lord Errol were altered, or that female influence
+had been lessened by some circumstance, does not exactly appear. He kept
+himself neutral in the subsequent outbreak, notwithstanding his
+appearance at Braemar, and although his clan were for the most part
+against the Government.[78] The Earl of Errol died, unmarried, in 1717:
+his adherence to his Jacobite principles were not, therefore, put to the
+test in 1745.
+
+To these noblemen were united Seaton, Viscount of Kingston, whose
+estates were forfeited to the Crown; Livingstone Viscount of Kilsyth,
+one of the representative peers, who died an exile at Rome in 1733; Lord
+Balfour of Burleigh; Lord Ogilvy, afterwards Earl of Airly, and Forbes,
+Lord Pitsligo. This last-mentioned nobleman was a man of a grave and
+prudent character, whose example drew many of his neighbours to embark
+in an enterprise in which so discreet a person risked his honours and
+estate. He was the author of essays, moral and philosophical; and either
+from respect to his merits, or from some less worthy cause, his
+defection in 1715 passed with impunity. But, in 1745, the aged nobleman
+again appeared in the field, infirm as he was: and one of the most
+pleasing traits in Charles Edward's noble, yet faulty character was his
+walking at the head of his forces, having given up his carriage for the
+use of this tried adherent of his father. Attainder and forfeiture
+followed this last attempt, but the sentence was reversed by the Court
+of Session, from a misnomer in the attainder; and the venerable Lord
+Forbes, surviving many who had set out on the same course with him, had
+the comfort of breathing his last in his native country. He died at
+Auchiries in Aberdeenshire, in 1762.[79]
+
+Several of these noblemen had been long contemplating the possibility of
+James's return to Scotland. Like the Earl of Errol, they had been
+dissatisfied with the prudence of the Duke of Hamilton, whose policy it
+had been to postpone the risk of a precarious undertaking, and whose
+foresight was acknowledged when it was too late. Lord John Drummond,
+Lord Kilsyth, and Lord Linlithgow, had been all deeply concerned in the
+schemes and speculations which had been formed in 1707, on the subject
+of the Restoration; but the zeal of Lord Kilsyth had been doubted, from
+his intimacy with the Duke of Hamilton, who was then objectionable to
+the violent Jacobite leaders.[80]
+
+These chieftains were not unworthy to come into the same field with
+Tullibardine, Nithisdale, Marischal, and their brave associates. A still
+nobler band of associates was formed in the different members of the
+house of Drummond, a family who could boast of being derived from "the
+ancient nobility of the kingdom of Hungary:" and from the daughters of
+whose house Charles the Second was lineally descended in the ninth and
+sixth degree. Well may it be called "the splendid family of Drummond,"
+even if we regard only its proud antiquity, or the singular
+"faithfulness of the family, or the accomplishments and virtues which
+characterised many of its members." Nothing can be finer than the manner
+in which the claims of birth are placed before us, in the address of
+William Drummond of Hawthornden to "John Earle of Perthe," in his
+manuscript "Historie of the Familie of Perthe:"
+
+"Though, as Glaucus sayes to Diomed (in Homer),
+
+                        'Like the race of leaves
+    The race of man is, that deserves no question: nor receaves
+    His being any other breath; the wind in autumn strowes
+    The earth with old leaves; then the spring the woods with new endowes,'
+
+"yet I have ever thought the knowledge of kindred and genealogies of the
+ancient families of a country a matter so far from contempt, that it
+deserveth highest praise. Herein consisteth a part of the knowledge of a
+man's own selfe. It is a great spurr to vertue to look back on the worth
+of our line. In this is the memory of the dead preserved with the
+living, being more firm and honourable than any epitaph. The living know
+that band which tyeth them to others. By this man is distinguished from
+the reasonless creatures, and the noble of men from the base sort. For
+it often falleth out (though we cannot tell how) for the most part, that
+generositie followeth good birth and parentage."[81] The two members of
+the Drummond family who attended Lord Mar in his famous hunting-field
+were James Earl of Perth, and William Drummond, Viscount Strathallan.
+
+The Earls of Southesk and Carnwath, the Viscounts Kenmure and Stormont,
+and the Lord Rollo, complete the list of Scottish peers who were present
+on this memorable occasion. But perhaps the more remarkable feature of
+the hunting-match was the arrival of twenty-six gentlemen of influence
+in the Highlands, men of sway and importance, of which it is impossible,
+without a knowledge of Highland manners, to form an adequate notion. The
+constitution of the clans is thus pourtrayed by one who knew it well.
+
+"In every narrow vale where a blue stream bent its narrow course, some
+hunter of superior prowess, or some herdsman whom wealth had led to
+wealth and power to power, was the founder of a little community who
+ever after looked up to the head of the family as their leader and their
+chief. Those chains of mountains which formed the boundings of their
+separate districts had then their ascents covered with forests, which
+were the scene of their hunting-excursions: when their eagerness in
+pursuit of game led them to penetrate into the districts claimed by the
+chief of the neighbouring valleys, a rash encounter was the usual
+consequence, which laid the foundation of future hostilities."[82]
+
+These petty wars gave room for a display of valour in the chiefs, and
+led to a mutual dependence from the followers. Alliances offensive and
+defensive were formed among the clans, and intermarriages were
+contracted between the confederated clans, who governed their followers
+by a kind of polity not ill regulated. The chief had the power of life
+and death over his large family, but it was a power seldom used. A
+chieftain might be cruel to his enemies, but never to his friends. Nor
+were those paternal rulers by any means so despotic as they have been
+represented to be; of all monarchs their power was the most limited,
+being allowed to take no step without permission of their friends, or
+the elders of their tribe, including the most distant branches of their
+family. The kind and conciliatory system adopted towards their clansmen
+accounts for the warm attachment and fidelity displayed towards their
+chiefs; and these sentiments were heightened to enthusiasm by the songs
+and traditions of the bards, in which the exploits of their heroes were
+perpetuated. Still there is nothing, as it has been justly said, so
+remarkable in the political history of any country, as the succession of
+the Highland chiefs, and the long and uninterrupted sway which they held
+over their followers.[83] The system of clanship gives all the romantic
+interest which the Rebellions of 1715 and 1745 inspire;--it perfects a
+picture which would only otherwise be a factious contention for power;
+it was annihilated only after the last of the Stuarts had fled for ever
+from the mountains of Scotland.
+
+It was at the head of the clans that the Earl of Mar frequently placed
+himself, at the battle of Sherriff Muir: he now welcomed their
+chieftains to the field. Among these were General Hamilton, General
+Gordon, Glengary, Campbell of Glendarvel, and the lairds of Auchterhouse
+and Aldebar.
+
+So great an assembly of those whom the Chevalier afterwards not inaptly
+termed "little kings," was by no means unusual at that period. It was
+the custom among the lords and chieftains in the Highlands to invite
+their neighbours and vassals to a general rendezvous to chase the deer
+upon the mountains, and after the diversion was over, to entertain the
+persons of note in the castle hall. This expedient would, therefore,
+have excited but little attention, had it not been for several years
+the practice of the Jacobites to hold these hunting-parties annually, in
+order to maintain the spirit of the association, which had been carried
+on since the peace of Utrecht.
+
+The halls of Kildrummie received the noblemen and chieftains that day
+beneath its roof, and the Earl of Mar addressed his guests in a long,
+premeditated harangue. He is described as having little pretension to
+eloquence; but his hearers were probably not very fastidious judges, and
+from the influence which the Earl acquired over those whom he led on to
+the contest, it may be inferred that he understood well how to address
+himself to the passions of a Highland audience.
+
+At first the Earl was heard with distrust,--at least if we may credit
+the account of one on whom, perhaps, too great a reliance has been
+placed.[84]
+
+"It is true, that at first," says Mr. Patten, "he gained little or no
+credit among them, they suspecting some piece of policy in him to
+ensnare them; but some were weak enough to suck in the poison, and
+particularly some of those who were with him at his house, called
+Brae-Mar. These, listening to him, embraced his project, and, as is
+reported, engaged by oath to stand by him and one another, and to bring
+over their friends and dependants to do the like."[85]
+
+The Earl began his harangue by expressing a deep regret for having
+promoted the Union, which had delivered his countrymen into the hands of
+the English, whose power to enslave them was far too great, and whose
+intentions to do so still further were manifest from the proceedings of
+the Elector of Hanover ever since he ascended the throne. That Prince
+regarded, according to Lord Mar, neither the welfare of his people, nor
+their religion, but solely left the management of affairs to a set of
+men who made encroachments in Church and State. Many persons, he said,
+were now resolved to consult their own safety, and determined to defend
+their liberties and properties, and to establish on the throne of these
+realms the Chevalier St. George, who had the only undoubted right to the
+Crown, who would hear their grievances, and redress their wrongs. He
+then incited his hearers to take arms for the Chevalier, under the title
+of King James the Seventh; and told them, that for his part, he was
+determined to set up his standard and to summon all the fencible men of
+his own tenants, and with them to hazard his life in the cause. To this
+declaration he added the assurance, that a general rising in England and
+assistance from France would aid their undertaking; that thousands were
+in league and covenant with him to establish the Chevalier and depose
+King George.
+
+To these inducements were added others. Letters from the Chevalier were
+read to the assembly, promising to come over in person; with assurances
+that ships, arms, and ammunition would be dispatched to their aid.[86]
+
+The proposals of Lord Mar were unfolded with such address, and his
+popularity was at that time so great, that one might have supposed an
+immediate assent to his schemes would have followed. On the contrary
+some degree of persuasion was required: the Highlanders are slow to
+promise, but sure to fulfil. The very chieftains who hung back from a
+too ready consent, never deserted the cause which they once undertook.
+The universal fidelity to the part which they espoused was violated in
+no instance during the first Rebellion.
+
+At length the assembled chiefs swore an oath to stand by the Earl of
+Mar, and to bring their friends and dependants to do the same. However,
+no second meeting was at that time determined upon: every man went back
+to his own estate, to take measures for appearing in arms after again
+hearing from the Earl of Mar, who remained among his own people with few
+attendants. But the Jacobites were not idle during that interval. They
+employed themselves in collecting their servants and kindred, but with
+the utmost secrecy, until everything was ready to break out. Nor were
+they long kept in suspense. On the third of September, another meeting
+at Abbone, in Aberdeenshire, was held, and there the Earl directed his
+adherents to collect their men without loss of time. He returned to
+Braemar, and continued for several days gathering the people together,
+until they amounted, according to Reay, to two thousand horse; although
+some have said that there were only sixty followers at that time
+assembled.[87]
+
+On the sixth of September, the standard of the Pretender was set up at
+Braemar, by the Earl of Mar, in the presence of the assembled forces.
+The superstitious Highlanders remarked with dismay, that, as the
+standard was erected, the ball on the top of it fell off; and they
+regarded this accident as an ill omen. "The event," says a quaint
+Scottish writer, "has proven that it was no less."[88]
+
+This grave accordance in the verification of the omen, was a feature of
+the times and country. "When a clan went upon any expedition," observes
+Dr. Brown in his valuable work upon the Highlands, "they were much
+addicted to omens. If they met an armed man they believed that good was
+portended. If they observed a deer, fox, hare, or any four-footed beast
+of game, and did not succeed in killing it, they prognosticated evil. If
+a woman, barefooted, crossed the road before them, they seized her, and
+drew blood from her forehead." This mixture of fear of visionary evils,
+and courage in opposing real ones, of credulity and distrust, strength
+and weakness, presents a singular view of the Highland character. It
+had, however, in many respects, no inconsiderable influence upon the
+contests of 1715 and 1745.
+
+From Braemar the Earl proceeded to Kirk Michael, a small town, where he
+proclaimed the Chevalier, and set up his standard. He then marched to
+Moulin in Perthshire, where he rested some time, collecting his forces.
+
+It is a remarkable fact, that up to this period the Earl of Mar was
+acting without a commission from the Chevalier. The disposition which is
+too predominant in society, and which leads men always to add the
+bitterness of invective to the mortification of failure, has attributed
+to the Earl of Mar, relatively to this commission, a line of conduct
+from which it is agreeable to be able to clear his memory. It was not
+very long after the meeting in Braemar, that Lord Mar discovered that
+there was what he called "a devil" in his camp, in the person of the
+Master of Sinclair, whose manuscript strictures upon the unfortunate and
+incompetent leader of the Jacobites have contributed to blacken his
+memory.
+
+According to the Master of Sinclair, the Earl of Mar produced at the
+meeting a forged commission; but this statement is not only contradicted
+by Lord Mar's own account, but completely invalidated by the fact that
+the commission is in existence, among various other curious documents
+and letters, many of which place the character of Lord Mar in a much
+fairer light than that in which it has hitherto been viewed. The Earl of
+Mar, in a justification of his conduct, printed at Paris, and added to
+Patten's History of the Rebellion, gives the following account of the
+affair:
+
+"It was near a month after the Earl of Mar[89] set up the Standard
+before he could produce a commission, and it is no small proof of the
+people's zeal for their country that so great a number followed his
+advice and obeyed his orders before he could produce one. It must,
+though, be owned, and it is the less to be wondered at, that his
+authority being thus precarious, some were not so punctual in joining
+him, and others performed not so effectually the service they were sent
+upon, which, had they done, not only Scotland, but even part of England,
+had been reduced to the Chevalier's obedience, before the Government had
+been in a condition to make head against us."[90]
+
+The commission was, however, at that time written, although it had not
+been sent over to Scotland. It is dated the seventh of September, 1715,
+and is superscribed James R.[91] The Earl of Mar was doubtless aware
+that such an instrument was in preparation.
+
+When the Earl had first arrived in Scotland, he found, as he himself
+alleges, the people far more eager to take arms than his instructions
+allowed him to permit; but before actual steps were commenced, that
+ardour was cooled by two circumstances: first, by the Chevalier's not
+landing in England, as the Jacobites had confidently hoped; and,
+secondly, by the Duke of Berwick's not coming to Scotland.[92] The
+vigorous measures adopted by Government made, therefore, a far greater
+impression on the public mind than could have been expected had the Earl
+of Mar been boldly seconded by him who was most of all interested in the
+event of the contest. The Lord Advocate summoned all the principal
+Jacobites to appear at Edinburgh within specified periods, in order to
+give bail to Government for their allegiance. "Many," says Lord Mar,
+"seemed inclined to comply." Yet the number of those who did comply with
+the summons was inconsiderable; the rest, including the most honoured
+names in Scotland, rushed into the insurrection. The different heads of
+noble houses dispersed, and each in the district in which he had most
+power, and in the principal towns proclaimed the Chevalier King. The
+Fiery Cross was sent throughout the country, with blood at one end, and
+fire at the other; and it was afterwards asserted by some of the rebels
+who were tried at Liverpool, that they were forced into the service of
+the Chevalier, the person who bore that cross assuring them that, unless
+they hastened to Mar's camp, they were to perish by blood and fire.[93]
+
+Intelligence of the death of Louis the Fourteenth, which had happened
+during the preceding August, reached Scotland at this time, and cast an
+universal gloom over his party. It was even disputed whether the
+Jacobite leaders should not disperse until news of the Chevalier's
+landing should reassure them, or the certainty of a rising in England
+should give vigour to their proceedings. At this critical moment Lord
+Mar published a declaration which has been printed in most of the
+histories of the period, exhorting all those who were well-affected to
+the good cause to put themselves under arms, and summoning his
+confederates to the Tower of Braemar, on the eleventh of September,
+promising them, in the name of the King, their pay from the moment of
+setting out.
+
+"Now is the time," said the Earl, "for all good men to show their zeal
+for his Majesty's service, whose cause is so deeply concerned, and the
+relief of our native country from oppression and a foreign yoke too
+heavy for us and our posterity to bear.
+
+"In so honourable, good, and just a cause," he added, "we cannot doubt
+of the assistance, direction, and blessing of Almighty God, who has so
+often rescued the royal family of Stuart, and our country from sinking
+under oppression.
+
+"Your punctual observance of these orders is expected, for the doing of
+all which, this shall be to you, and all you employ in the execution of
+them, a sufficient warrant."
+
+In a very different tone was a letter, written the same night by the
+Earl to his baillie of Kildrummie: from this epistle, so characteristic
+of the politic Earl of Mar, it was manifest that his own followers were
+more tardy in the field than those of the other chieftains of the
+Highlands. The means taken to intimidate and compel them are strongly
+characteristic of the state of society in Scotland at that period.[94]
+The reluctance of his clan must have been a subject of deep
+mortification to Lord Mar, when, in one evening, the summons of the
+Fiery Cross, paraded round Loch Tay, a distance of thirty-two miles,
+could assemble five hundred men, at the bidding of the Laird of
+Glenlyon, to join the Earl of Mar.[95]
+
+A few days after the assembling of the forces, the Earl of Mar, assisted
+by his Jacobite friends, published a manifesto, asserting the right of
+James the Eighth, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, &c., and
+pointing to the relief of the kingdom from oppression and
+grievances.[96]
+
+Whilst the adherents of James were thus assembling in the North, a brave
+but unsuccessful attempt was made to surprise the castle of Edinburgh.
+Ninety chosen men, under the command of Lord Drummond, were engaged in
+this undertaking, of which the design was, to seize the citadel and to
+place it under the command of Lord Drummond; then the artillery within
+the castle was to be employed in firing their rounds by way of signal to
+different posts, in concert. Fires were to be lighted up on the hills as
+a signal to Lord Mar to march and take possession of the city. The
+failure of this design was owing to the disclosure of one Dr. Arthur, a
+physician in Edinburgh, to his wife, who gave information of the whole
+plan to the Lord Justice Clerk, to whom she sent an unsigned letter the
+evening she had gained from her unwilling husband intelligence of the
+scheme. This failure, the first of those adverse events which
+disheartened the spirits of the Jacobites, was, however, less deplored
+than it would have been, had not the progress of the Earl of Mar's
+exertions borne the most flattering aspect. In September, the Earl
+marched to Logaret, where his forces still increased, and thence into
+the beautiful region around Dunkeld; here he was joined, with fourteen
+hundred men, by the Marquis of Tullibardine, and by five hundred
+Campbells from the Breadalbane territory, headed, not by their chief,
+but by Campbell of Glenderule, Campbell of Glenlyon, and John Campbell,
+the Earl's chamberlain. Enforced also by the addition of two hundred
+Highlanders from different quarters, the Earl of Mar resolved to make
+the town of Perth his head-quarters.
+
+This was a wise resolution: the situation of that fine city presented
+the most important advantages to the General of the Jacobite forces.
+Seated on the river Tay, and near the sea-coast, it gave the Earl the
+control of the East Lowlands, of the rich counties of Angus, the Carse
+of Gowrie, Mearns, Murray, Aberdeen, and Banff, and also of the Shire of
+Fife. It also cut off the communication between the north and the south
+of Scotland, so that the friends of Government could neither act nor fly
+from the enemy. Thus all the usual posts were stopped. The revenues of
+the public fell into the hands of the insurgents who gave receipts for
+them in the name of James the Eighth, and the landowners in the counties
+subject to the Earl were taxed at whatever rate he chose to impose.
+Perth continued to be the head-quarters of the Lieutenant General until
+a few days before this disastrous contest was finally closed.
+
+At the first general review at Perth, the forces of Lord Mar amounted
+only to five thousand men; but a few weeks afterwards, by the accession
+of his friends in the north, they were increased to the number of twelve
+thousand, both horse and foot, of well appointed men. That Lord Mar's
+hopes were high, and, at this period, not without reason of, at any
+rate, a partial success, the following letter addressed by him to
+Captain Henry Straiton,[97] at Edinburgh, is a proof. It relates, in the
+first instance, to the insurrection in Northumberland, under the
+guidance of Mr. Forster, a gentleman of suspected zeal and little
+discretion, to whom Lord Mar unwisely trusted the conduct of the gallant
+but ill-fated bands who fell at Preston:--
+
+                      "From the Camp of Perth, October 12th, 1715."[98]
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "It was yesterday afternoon as I got yours of the ninth, which you
+    may be sure was very acceptable, and also the others you sent me.
+    Tom Forster tells me in his of the sixth, that they had taken the
+    field that day with a hundred and sixty horse; that he had sent to
+    the gentelmen of Lancaster who he expected to join him, and also the
+    gentilmen from the scots side, that he expected two thousand foot
+    from my camp and five hundred horse, that the town of Newcastle had
+    promist to open their gates to them, and that they intended to take
+    possession of Tinmouth.
+
+    "They have been better than their word in coming together so soon,
+    and I would fain hope it has been occasioned by some consort with
+    our friends further south, who are to join them, and that the Duke
+    of Ormond is in England before this time, as I have reason to
+    believe he is.
+
+    "My letters by M^{r}. E----ne[99] had not then reached those on the
+    boarder, but when they do, I hope it will put the project of
+    shooting themselves up in Tinmouth out of their thoughts; what good
+    could they do there? I have wrote so fully by M^{r}. E----ne upon
+    the subject of the way of their disposeing of themselves, that I
+    need say little of it now. You certainly know of the detachment of
+    two thousand foot, lying these severall dayes on the coast of Fife,
+    to get over, if possible; but now that there's five men of warr in
+    the Firth, I'm afraid it is not; however, they are stile about it,
+    and will do what they can: but for finding horse that way, you will
+    easily see is impracticable, unless the passage were open, and I
+    hope our friends on the boarder will not want horse from us. I was
+    very fond of the project of getting the passage of the whole armie
+    opened, when I wrote by Mr. E----ne; but since that time, beside
+    that of more men of warr comeing into the Firth, there's another
+    thing I know since, which makes me alter my thoughts about it, at
+    least of doing it soon, were it in my power. Mr. Ogilvie of Boin
+    arrived here from France on the sixth, as perhaps you have heard,
+    with my new commission, of which I send you a copie inclosed, and
+    letters from Lord Bolingbroke; but I know you have accounts of a
+    latter date at Edinb. so I need say the less of them. Lord
+    Bolingbroke tels me, that in all probability, the King wou'd land
+    very quickly in the north of Scotland; so until we be so happie that
+    he comes to us, or at least we hear from him again, which by those
+    letters I expect every day, I judge it were not prudent for me to
+    pass the armie at Leith or Queensferry, were it in my power, for
+    that wou'd be leaveing the enimie bewint the King and us, and he
+    might have difficulty in passing over to us, and being in danger of
+    the enimie; but this of passing the whole armie at any of these
+    places seems not likely to be in our power.
+
+    "Lord Huntly and Earl Marishall are come up to us with their people
+    in very good order, but Lord Seafort is not, being deteaned by
+    forceing Earl Sutherland to submitt before he left that country,
+    which he has done by this time, and will be with us soon. I make
+    his not being come up the reason of our lying still here, but that
+    of our expecting the King or one from him, is the true one; and I
+    think we must do, until that happen, so as long as we loose no
+    credit by it. I thought it was necessary to let you know this, the
+    better to advise our friends in the South what meassurs to take;
+    which they had best determine by the success of our detachment
+    getting over to them,--what expectation they have of friends in
+    England joining them, and what is to be expexted about Edinburgh. If
+    they should be prest in England, which I hope will not be the case,
+    and could do nothing at Edinbrugh, they can march throw the south
+    and west of Scotland to Dumbartonshire, where before they can be,
+    Generall Gordon's armie or a considerable detachment of it, will be
+    before they can reach it, which they will aply join and be saif til
+    we meet them. Glengarry is actually marcht from Auchalator that way
+    alreddy. I have taken care to have detachments at all the places on
+    the coasts, where I judge the King can land, so I hope all is safe
+    for him when he comes on it; and so many of the cruisers being in
+    the Frith make the coast pretty clear, which is one good our
+    detachment in Fife has done, should they do no more. We have this
+    day sent two gentelmen to France (I hope) a safe way with a letter
+    to the Regent from the noblemen and gentelmen here, which we had
+    resolved on before Boin arrived; but should the King be come off
+    before it arrives in France it can do no hurt and may do good.
+
+    "I have wrote to Lord Bolingbroke (who is to remain in France to
+    negotiate the King's affairs there during his absence,) a full
+    account of things here; and if the King be come off, which I hope in
+    God he is, he is to lay it before the Queen, to whom I have likewise
+    wrote. I'm exceeding sorry for the loss of honest Keith's son, but
+    these gentelmen will have it yet payd home to them.
+
+    "As to your going to the South, or staying at Edinbrugh, I scarce
+    know what to say. I wish you could be in both places; but since that
+    cannot be, I leave it to yourself to do which you think will be of
+    most use to the service. If you go South I beg you may settle a
+    correspondence 'twixt Edin^{b} and this, and acquaint me with it.
+
+    "I heard to-day that my letters to our friends in the West,
+    desireing they might go immediately South to join Lord Kenmore, came
+    safe to hand, so I hope they will be with him soon. I have sent you
+    some of the manifestos which were printed at Aberdeen, and are
+    finely done: I wish they may come to you saif. I also send you
+    encloset a letter to Sir Rich. Steele, which I leave open for you to
+    read and take a copie of. Pray seal it and get it put into the
+    post-house; and I wish you could get it printed at Edinburgh, tho'
+    let me not seen it; and if you send a copie to any of your
+    correspondants at London and Newcastle, to get if printed there it
+    would do no hurt. I'm endeavouring to get a correspondence settled
+    by barks from the point of Fife to Newcastle, which may be of use
+    to us, especially if the communications twixt us and Ed^{r} should
+    be stopt."
+
+On the very day of the Earl's arrival at Perth, Mr. James Murray, second
+son of Lord Stormont arrived from St. Germains, bringing assurances of
+support, and letters from the Chevalier, who had appointed him Secretary
+of State for the affairs of Scotland. Mr. Murray is said also to have
+presented the Earl of Mar with a patent, creating him Duke of Mar,
+Marquis of Stirling and Earl of Alloway: "And though," observes an
+historian, "there was little more said about it, yet the relation seems
+justified by this, that in some of the papers printed at Perth, he is
+styled the Duke of Mar."[100]
+
+Extensive preparations were also declared to be in progress for the
+invasion of England. Twelve large ships were actually at that time at
+anchor in Havre, St. Malos, and other places. These vessels, with
+several frigates of good force, were loaded with ammunition, and manned
+with generals, officers, and soldiers. A particular account of the
+"Pretender's Magazine" is extant. But these preparations were all
+frustrated by the remonstrances of the Earl of Stair at the Court of the
+Regent of France. Admiral Byng was sent with a squadron to cruise on the
+coast of France, and the ships ready to sail for the enterprise against
+England were obliged, by command of the Regent, in order not to
+implicate the French Government, to declare that they were thus
+employed without the sanction or knowledge of the Regent. Thus, even
+whilst Mr. Murray was raising the sanguine hopes of the Jacobites to the
+highest pitch, their evil star had again prevailed. They were, indeed,
+singularly unhappy in those in whom they placed confidence. Their
+schemes perpetually got wind: whether it were owing to the irresolution
+of some of their partisans, or to the great participation which the
+female sex took in the affairs of the Chevalier's party, it is difficult
+to determine.
+
+The Jacobite ladies were as fearless as they were persevering. The
+Duchess of Gordon, whose present of a medal to the Faculty of Advocates
+denoted her principles, and whose son, the second Duke of Gordon
+suffered a brief imprisonment on account of his share in the
+insurrection, was one of the most approved channels of communication
+between the two parties. She generally resided in Edinburgh, where she
+occupied herself as a mediator between some of the Presbyterians and the
+friends of James. Colonel Hooke mentions her as one of the depositories
+of all that was going on during his mission.
+
+The Earl of Mar, in his letters, refers repeatedly to different ladies
+with approval of their zeal and courage, and mentions one of his fair
+confederates in the north of Scotland, through whose hands many of his
+letters were sent to different chieftains; but these channels may not,
+in all cases, have been so secure as the Earl conceived.[101]
+
+The proceedings of the English Government were, meantime, marked with
+energy and judgment. The various movements of the insurgent party were
+met in every direction by a systematic resistance, the details of which
+have been minutely detailed by historians, and belong not to a narrative
+which is chiefly of a personal nature.
+
+On the fourteenth of September, the Duke of Argyle, Commander in Chief
+of his Majesty's Forces in Scotland, and General of the army, arrived in
+Edinburgh. The interest of this able and powerful nobleman in the
+Western Highlands, his zeal for the Protestant succession, were
+sufficient reasons for his appointment to this important office. The
+following original letter from George the Second, then Prince of Wales,
+gives an insight into the views which were entertained by George the
+First upon the mode of conducting the warfare in Scotland. It is among
+various other papers in the Mar Correspondence.
+
+                                      "St. James's, 7th October, 1715."
+
+    "I have learned, my dear Duke, by your two last expresses, the
+    embaras you are in through the want of regular troupes. We have used
+    such efforts that the King has consented last Wednesday to detach to
+    you four batallions from Ireland, to reinforce your camp. Orders
+    have been given to cause those marche who are nearest, and to cause
+    them embarque as they come up, without waiting for their conjunction.
+    It appeares yet by the departure of the Duke of Ormond, from Paris,
+    that the malcontents continue in their wicked design of raiseing up
+    troubles in this kingdom here, which is the cause that hinders me
+    from sending you Campbell yet, untill that I see if he will not be
+    necessary for his post, where I think that it is best every body
+    should be fixed. As soon as all appearance of Rebellion is ended
+    here, I shall dispatch you him, if you shall have need of him there.
+    With respect to the orders you demand, it would be very difficult to
+    give you them positive, not knowing the situation of your affairs,
+    as you may judge yourself. The King remits himself entirely to your
+    judgment, and to your conduct. All that I can say to you is not to
+    hazard an action without a probable appearance of carrying it,--rather
+    to shune an engadgment, and to yeild to them the ground, than to
+    expose the affairs of the King to such ill consequences as would
+    follow from a defeat. In case that my Lord Mar march into England
+    before that you receive your reinforcement, I think you would do
+    very well to allow him at least with your cavalery, and to harass
+    him untill that we march to meet him. This last reasoneing is my own
+    properly, but which you will judge yourself, if practicable or not.
+    Farewell, my dear Duke; be assured of my esteem, and my sincere
+    friendship."
+
+            (Signed) "GEORGE P."
+
+The Earl of Mar now began to fortify Perth, and brought up fourteen
+pieces of cannon for that purpose from Dundee and Dunotter Castle. His
+time and thoughts were at this time occupied in concerting and
+encouraging the movements of the southern insurrection conducted by
+Viscount Kenmure. There can be no better means of showing the state of
+the Earl's hopes and feelings at this time, than by giving them in his
+own words.
+
+
+TO VISCOUNT KENMURE.
+
+    "My Lord,
+
+    "I wish your Lordship and Mr. Forster may have gott my letters,
+    which I took all the care I could to send safe. I wrote last by a
+    lady on the twenty-third, and she is so discreet and dextrous, that
+    I make little doubt of its going right. I have since had two from an
+    indisposed friend of ours on your side the water, and with them one
+    of the twenty-second from Brigadier Mackintosh to him, where he
+    tells of his being joined by your Lordship and five hundred horse
+    with you,--Lords Withrington and Derwentwater, Mr. Forester, and
+    about six hundred English gentlemen. Your Lordship may be sure this
+    was very agreeable news to me, and now, with the blessing of God, if
+    we do not mismanage, I think our game can scarce fail. By Brigadier
+    Mackintosh's letter, it seems the English are all for your going to
+    England in a body to put into execution a certain design, and our
+    countrymen are for first having the Pass of Stirling opened, and our
+    armies joined. I apprehended there would be difference about this
+    before I saw that letter, as your Lordship would easily see by what
+    the lady carried. It is indeed a difficult point to know or advise
+    which of the two is the best for the King's affairs; and we on this
+    side Forth being so ignorant of your situation on the other side,
+    and also of the condition of England, that I could not take it upon
+    me to determine in it, or to give any positive orders what your
+    Lordship should do; but after stating the advantages of both, and
+    what might happen according as the enemy should act, I left it to be
+    advised and determined among yourselves on that side, who could not
+    but know a great deal more, as you should judge it best for the
+    King's interest in generall.
+
+    "I know our indisposed friend, for whose judgment I have a very
+    great regard, advised coming to Dalkeith, and we have a report from
+    Fife last night that you have done so.
+
+    "I long impatiently to know what resolution your Lordship and the
+    noblemen and gentlemen with you have come to. It is of great
+    consequence and deserves to be well weighed. If you are now come to
+    Dalkeith, I will adventure to tell my thoughts in it, which I was
+    not quite so clear in before when you were at a greater distance
+    from it. That place was a far way from the other, where I judge the
+    secret design was to be put in execution; and I am afraid before you
+    can get there they'll have so strengthened the place, and filled it
+    with troops, that the design would prove impracticable with the
+    small army you have,--and it might prove, too, (especially if the
+    Dutch troops come to England,) that you could not penetrate farther
+    into that country with safety, and retiring back into Scotland would
+    have many inconveniences.
+
+    "Dalkeith is but a short way from Stirling, where we on this side
+    must pass (I mean near it), and I hope we shall attempt it very
+    soon; and when we do, your being in the rear of the enemy could not
+    but very much incommode them, and be of great advantage to us. The
+    Duke of Argyle would be so hemmed in at Stirling by your being on
+    the one hand of him and our being on the other, that I scarce see
+    what I can do but to intrench myself, and by that our passage over
+    Forth and joining of you might be very easy; nor do I see how the
+    Duke of Argyle in those circumstances can subsist long there. Were
+    we once past Forth and joined on the south side, we should soon make
+    our way good to England, and then should be much more able to put in
+    execution the project of our English friends, without being in any
+    danger of returning back to Scotland. It would be of great consequence
+    to have possession of Edinburgh, but I hear just now that the Duke
+    of Argyle has sent two regiments of dragoons, so tho' perhaps that
+    may prevent your getting possession of that town, yet I scarce
+    believe that they will be able with all the detachments that the
+    Duke of Argyle dare adventure to send from Stirling to make any
+    attempt against you at Dalkeith, which is so strong a place naturally;
+    and should the enemy return again from Stirling, you might either
+    follow them in their rear without danger, or take possession of
+    Edinburgh. Were once Lord Seaforth come up to us and General Gordon
+    with the clans which I expect every day, I shall not be long of
+    leaving this place, and I shall likewise be able to send more foot
+    over the water, as I sent the last, if you want them, and your being
+    at Dalkeith, they could easily join you. Should most of the Dutch
+    troops come to Scotland, as is probable they will, it would be very
+    hard for us here to pass Forth without your assistance, which would
+    be a great loss and a grateing thing. I hear to-day from about
+    Stirling that Sir William Blacish is upon the head of several
+    thousands in the North of England, but your Lordship and our English
+    friends will know the truth of this better: be it as it will, I do
+    not think it alters the case much. The main and principal thing is
+    for us to get soon joined all in one body, then I am sure we should
+    be more considerable than all the force the Government, with the six
+    thousand Dutch, can bring against us, and when once the British
+    troops see so considerable a force together, asserting their King's
+    and their country's cause, I cannot believe they will, but rather
+    join us, and restore their country to peace and liberty.
+
+    "These, my Lord, are my humble thoughts, but they are with
+    submission to your Lordship's and the King's friends with you who
+    are equally concerned with us, and I know equally zealous, and you
+    all certainly know a great deal more than me here.
+
+    "I beg your Lordship may make my compliments to our countrymen, with
+    you, and to those noblemen and gentlemen of England who have so
+    handsomely and generously joined you. I long impatiently to be with
+    you, and with all the haste I can.
+
+    "I send copies of this three different ways, that one or other of
+    them may certainly come to your hands.
+
+    "I also send by one of them, if not two, a power for your Lordship
+    to raise money for the use of your armie, which my commission for
+    the King fully empowers me to do and give.
+
+    "I wish this may come to your hand, and I long to hear from your
+    Lordship, which it being necessary I should soon, I am, with all
+    respect, my Lord, your Lordship's most obedient humble servant,
+
+                                                        "MAR."[102]
+
+It was the intention of Lord Mar to remain at Perth until all the
+Jacobite clans should have joined his army; but having gained the
+intelligence that some arms for the use of the Earl of Sutherland were
+put on board a vessel at Leith, to be taken northwards, he determined to
+take possession of them. The master of the vessel had dropped anchor at
+Brunt Island, for the purpose of seeing his wife, who was there: Lord
+Mar sent a detachment to surprise the harbour, which succeeded in
+carrying off the spoil, back to Perth. A report was at the same time
+raised in Stirling: that the Earl was marching to Alloa, the Duke of
+Argyle forthwith ordered out the picquets of horse and foot, and, also,
+all the troops to be ready to march out to sustain them, if required.
+But the Jacobite army did not appear; and the report of their advance to
+Stirling was believed to be a false alarm, contrived by Mar in order to
+draw off the attention of the Duke of Argyle from the expedition to
+Brunt Island.
+
+The insurgents were now masters of the eastern coasts of Scotland from
+Brunt Island to the Murray Frith, an extent of above one hundred and
+sixty miles along the shore. On the western side, the Isle of Skye,
+Lewis, and all the Hebrides were their own, besides the estates of the
+Earl of Seaforth, Donald Mac Donald, and others of the clans. So that
+from the mouth of the river Lochie to Faro-Head, all the coast of
+Lochaber and Ross, even to the north-west point of Scotland, was theirs:
+theirs, in short, was all the kingdom of Scotland north of the Forth,
+except the remote counties of Caithness, Strathnaver and Sutherland
+beyond Inverness, and that part of Argyleshire which runs north-west
+into Lorn, and up to Lochaber, where Fort William continued in
+possession of the Government.
+
+The Earl of Mar had resolved to impose an assessment upon the large
+extent of country under his sway, to raise money for the use of his
+army. It was of course an unpopular, though doubtless a necessary
+measure. The sum of twenty shillings sterling was to be paid by each
+landholder upon every hundred pounds Scots of valued rent; and, if not
+paid by a certain day, the tax was to be doubled. In levying this
+assessment, the friends of the Government were far more severely treated
+than those of the Chevalier; and the Presbyterian Ministers, who had
+dared to raise their voices in their churches against the Pretender, as
+they called the Chevalier, were commanded to be silent on that subject;
+their houses were plundered, and many of them were driven by tyranny
+from their homes.[103]
+
+The northern clans were now on their march to join the camp at Perth.
+First came the famous Laird of Mackintosh, better known as Brigadier
+Mackintosh, chief of that numerous clan in Invernesshire. His regiment,
+composed of five hundred men, whom he had persuaded to join in the
+insurrection, was considered the best that the Earl of Mar could boast.
+The Marquis of Huntley, with five hundred horse and two thousand foot,
+next arrived; and the Earl Marischal shortly afterwards brought a
+thousand men to the camp. But Lord Seaforth, afraid lest in his absence
+the Earl of Sutherland should invade his country, was still absent; and
+the anxiety of the Earl of Mar for his arrival is expressed in more than
+one of his letters. The whole strength of the army amounted to sixteen
+thousand seven hundred men; this number was afterwards diminished by the
+detachment sent southwards by the Earl, and by the number of three
+thousand who were dispersed in garrisons. But it was no common force
+that was now encamped at Perth.
+
+At this critical moment where was the individual for whom these great
+and gallant spirits had ventured their all, the hills so dear to them,
+their homes, the welfare of their families, to say nothing of that which
+Highlanders least consider, their personal safety? At this moment, the
+ill-advised and irresolute James Stuart, was absent. What could have
+been his counsels? who were his advisers? of what materials was he made?
+why did he ever come? are questions to which the indignant mind can
+scarcely frame a reply. The fact, indeed, seems to be that his heart was
+never really in the undertaking; that he for whom the tragedy was
+performed, was the only actor in it who did not feel his part; it was
+reserved for a nobler and a warmer nature to experience the ardour of
+hope, and the bitter mortifications of disappointment.
+
+It was not until the middle of October that the Earl of Mar took any
+personal share in the contest between the Jacobite army and that of the
+Government. Hitherto he had remained at Perth, acting with an ill-timed
+caution, and apparently bestowing far more attention upon the ill-fated
+insurrection in Northumberland, aided by the low country Scots under
+Lord Kenmure, than upon the proximate dangers of his own army. The
+detachment of a body of troops under Brigadier Mackintosh, sent in order
+to assist the Lowlanders, who were marching back into Scotland,
+accompanied by the forces under Mr. Forster and the Earl of
+Derwentwater, was the immediate cause of the two armies coming to an
+engagement. The Earl of Mar in his narrative thus explains his plans and
+their failure.
+
+The detachment under Brigadier Mackintosh having been sent, "occasioned,"
+Lord Mar says, "the Duke of Argyle's leaving Stirling, and going with a
+part of his army to Edinburgh. Now, had the Scots and English horse, who
+were then in the south of Scotland, come and joined the fifteen hundred
+foot, (under Brigadier Mackintosh) as was expected; had the Highland
+clans performed, as they promised, the service they were sent upon in
+Argyleshire, and marched towards Glasgow, as the Earl of Mar marched
+towards Sterling, he had then given a good account of the Government's
+army, the troops from Ireland not having yet joined them, nor could they
+have joined them afterwards. But all this failing by some cross
+accidents, Lord Argyle returned with that part of his army to Scotland,
+and the Earl of Mar could not then, with the men he then had, advance
+further than Dumblane, and for want of provisions there, was soon after
+obliged to return to Perth."
+
+"But immediately after that we had got provisions, and that the clans
+and Lord Seaforth had joined us, we marched again towards the enemy; and
+notwithstanding the many difficulties the Earl of Mar had upon that
+occasion with some of our own people, he gave the enemy battle: and, as
+you saw in our printed account of it, had not our left wing given way,
+which was occasioned by mistake of orders and scarcity of experienced
+officers, that being composed of as good men, and marched as cheerfully
+up to the field of battle as the other, our victory had been complete.
+And as it was, the enemy, who was advanced on this side the river, was
+forced to retire back to Sterling."[104]
+
+Such is the Earl of Mar's comment upon the battle of Sherriff Muir, of
+which the friends of Government gave a very different representation.
+
+The Earl had, it is evident, no disposition to risk a general engagement
+before the Chevalier arrived in Scotland. He had sent two gentlemen to
+the Prince to learn his determination, and had resolved to remain at
+Perth until their return. During his continuance in that city he
+employed himself not only in throwing up entrenchments round the town,
+but in publishing addresses to the people, to keep up the spirits of the
+Jacobites. Since the Earl was never scrupulous as to the means of which
+he availed himself, we may not venture to reject the declaration of an
+historian of no good will to the cause, that he ordered "false news" to
+be printed and circulated; and published that which he hoped would
+happen, as having already taken place. "The detachment," he related,
+"had passed the Forth, had been joined by the army in the South, were
+masters of Newcastle, and carried all before them; and their friends in
+and about London had taken arms in such numbers, that King George had
+made a shift to retire." These falsehoods were printed by Freebairn,
+formerly the King's printer at Edinburgh, whom the Earl had established
+at Perth, and provided with the implements brought by the army from
+Aberdeen.[105]
+
+In the beginning of November, the Earl of Seaforth arrived at Perth, and
+the Mac Invans, the Maccraws, the Chisholmes of Strath-Glass, and
+others, completed all the forces that Lord Mar expected to join him.
+Truly might the Earl say, "that no nation in such circumstances, and so
+destitute of all kind of succour from abroad, ever made so brave a
+struggle for restoring their prince and country to their just
+rights."[106] But the usual fate of the Stuarts involved their devoted
+adherents in ruin: or rather, let us not call that fate, which may be
+better described by the word incapacity in the leaders of their cause.
+
+The want of ammunition, which was to have been supplied from abroad, was
+now severely felt. "I must here add one thing," says Lord Mar, "which,
+however incredible the thing may appear, is, to our cost, but too true:
+and that is, that from the time the Earl of Mar set up the Chevalier's
+standard to this day, we never received from abroad the least supply of
+arms and ammunition of any kind; though it was notorious in itself, and
+well known, that this was what from the first we mainly wanted; and, as
+such, it was insisted upon by the Earl of Mar, in all the letters he
+writ, and by all the messengers he sent to the other side."[107]
+
+On the ninth of November it was determined, at a great council of war,
+to march straight to Dumblane with the ultimate view of following the
+Brigadier Mackintosh into England, with the main body of the army,
+amounting to nine thousand men, whilst a detachment of three thousand
+should, if possible, gain possession of Stirling.
+
+The engagement which ensued, and which was called the battle of Sherriff
+Muir, was fought on a Sunday; after both armies had been under arms all
+night. No tent was pitched for the Duke of Argyle's men, either by
+officer or soldier, on that cold November evening. Each officer was at
+his post, nor could they much complain whilst their General sat on
+straw, in a sheepcote, at the foot of the hill, called Sherriff Muir,
+which overlooks Dumblane, on the right of his army. In the dead of the
+night, the Duke, by his spies, learned where the enemy were; for,
+although on account of the hills and broken ground, they could not be
+seen, they were not at two miles' distance. This was at Kinback; at
+break of day, the army of Argyle was completely formed, and the General
+rode up to the top of the hill to reconnoitre the foe.[108]
+
+The Earl of Mar, meantime, had given orders for his army to form to the
+left of the road that leads to Dumblane, and whilst they were forming
+in front of the town of Dumblane, they discovered the enemy on the
+height of the west end of the Sherriff Muir. A council of war was then
+held, and it was resolved, _nemine contradicente_, to fight.
+
+The Earl of Mar's forces had also been ready for combat during the whole
+of the night. To the Highlanders the want of shelter was of little
+consequence. It was usual to them, before they lay down on the moor to
+dip their plaids in water, by which the cloth was made impervious to the
+wind; and to choose, as a favourite and luxurious resting-place, some
+spot underneath a cover of overhanging heath. So late as the year 1745,
+they could not be prevailed on to use seats.[109] It was therefore with
+unimpaired vigour that they rushed on to the combat.
+
+The Earl of Mar placed himself at the head of the clans: perhaps a
+finer, a more singular, a more painful sight can rarely have been
+witnessed than the rush of this great body of Highlanders to the
+encounter. It was delayed by the Earl of Mar's despatching his
+aide-de-camp, Colonel Clephan, to Lord Drummond, and to General Gordon,
+with orders to march and attack immediately. On their return, pulling
+off his hat, he waved it with an huzza, and advanced in front of the
+enemy's formed battalions. Then was heard the _slogan_ or war-cry, each
+clan having its own distinctive watch-word, to which every clansman
+responded, whether his ear caught the sound in the dead of night, or in
+the confusion of the combat. Distinguished by particular badges, and by
+the peculiar arrangement and colours of the tartans, these devoted men
+followed the Earl of Mar towards the foe.
+
+But the action cannot be described in a manner better adapted to this
+narrative, than in the words of Lord Mar himself, in his letter on the
+very day of the engagement, to Colonel Balfour, whom he had left in
+command of the garrison at Perth. It is dated Ardoch, November 13th,
+1715.
+
+                                              "Ardoch, Nov. 13th, 1715."
+
+    "I thought you would be anxious to know the fate of this day. We
+    attacked the enemy on the end of the Sherriff Muir, at twelve of the
+    clock this day, on our right and centre; carried the day entirely;
+    pursued them down to a little hill on the south of Dumblane; and
+    there I got most of our horse and a pretty good number of our foot,
+    and brought them again into some order. We knew not then what was
+    become of our left, so we returned to the field of battle. We
+    discerned a body of the enemy on the north of us, consisting mostly
+    of the Grey Dragoons, and some of the Black. We also discovered a
+    body of their foot farther north upon the field where we were in the
+    morning; and east of that, a body as we thought of our own foot, and
+    I still believe it was so. I formed the horse and foot with me in a
+    line on the north side of the hill, where we had engaged and kept
+    our front towards the enemy to the north of us, who seem'd at first
+    as if they intended to march towards us; but upon our forming and
+    marching towards them, they halted and marched back to Dumblane. Our
+    baggage and train-horses had all run away in the beginning of the
+    action. But we got some horses and brought off most of the train to
+    this place where we quarter to-night about Ardock, whither we
+    march'd in very good order: and had our left and second line behaved
+    as our right and the rest of the first line did, our victory had
+    been compleat: but another day is coming for that, and I hope ere
+    long too.
+
+    "I send you a list of the officers' names who are prisoners here,
+    besides those who are dangerously wounded and could not come along,
+    whose words of honour were taken. Two of these are the Earl of
+    Forfar, who I'm afraid will die, and Captain Urquhart, of Burn's
+    Yard, who is very ill wounded. We have also a good number of private
+    men prisoners; but the number I do not exactly know.
+
+    "We have lost, to our regret, the Earl of Strathmore and the Captain
+    of Clan Ranald. Some are missing, but the fate we are not sure of.
+
+    "The Earl of Panmure, Drummond of Logie, and Lieutenant Colonel
+    Maclean are wounded.
+
+    "This is all that I have to say now, but that I am,
+
+                                               "Yours, &c.    MAR."
+
+    "P.S. We have taken a great many of the enemy's arms."
+
+Lord Mar, on this occasion, showed a degree of personal bravery worthy
+of the great name which he bore. He had placed himself on the right,
+and, as he was giving orders to the Macdonalds to charge that battalion
+of the enemy opposite to them, he encountered a very close fire. "The
+horse on which my Lord was," writes an eye-witness on the Jacobite side,
+"was wounded, for he fell down with him upon the fire, and got away, and
+my Lord immediately mounted another horse: he exposed his person but too
+much, and showed a great deal of bravery, as did the other lords about
+him."[110]
+
+The army of the Duke of Argyle lay on their arms all night, expecting
+that the next day the battle would be resumed; but, on Monday the
+fourteenth of November, the Duke went out with the piquet guard to the
+field to view the enemy, but found them gone: and leaving the piquet
+guard on the place, he returned to Dumblane, and thence to Stirling,
+carrying off with him fourteen of the enemy's colours and standards, and
+among them the royal standard called the Restoration, besides several
+pieces of artillery, and many prisoners, some of them men of rank and
+influence.
+
+Both sides claimed the victory of Sherriff Muir as their own; but,
+however it may be argued, it is certain that with only three thousand
+effective troops, Argyle had contrived "to break the heart of the
+rebellion," and to subdue an army such as could never again be
+reassembled. Between six and eight hundred of the Jacobites are stated
+to have fallen on the field,[111] and several, among whom was the brave
+Earl of Panmure and Colonel Maclean, were among the wounded. Lord Mar,
+nevertheless, celebrated the engagement as if it had been a victory.
+
+Thanksgiving-sermons were ordered to be preached at Perth, and a Te Deum
+sung in the church; and ringing of bells, and other demonstrations
+deceived the hearts of those who knew little of the real injury done to
+the cause, or amused others whose nearest interests had not suffered in
+the Sherriff Muir. A paper was also circulated containing a report of
+the battle, of course highly favourable to the Earl of Mar's part in
+what he called his victory. The following is the statement which he sent
+to the Chevalier.
+
+
+THE EARL OF MAR TO THE CHEVALIER.[112]
+
+                                                         "Nov. 24, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "It was but yesterday that I had accounts of your being at sea, and
+    I thought myself obliged to do all in my power to let you know the
+    state of affairs in this island before you land in it, so that you
+    may not be disapointed upon your comeing.
+
+    "I had the certain account yesterday of those who had appear'd in
+    arms besouth Forth, and in the north of England, all being made
+    prisoners at Preston in Lancashire, which I'm affraid will putt a
+    stop to any more riseings in that country at this time.
+
+    "Your Majesty's army, which I have the honour to command, fought the
+    enime on the Shirreff-Muir, near Dumblain, the thirteenth of this
+    moneth. Our left behav'd scandalously and ran away, but our right
+    routed the enimies left and most of their body.
+
+    "Their right follow'd and pursued our left, which made me not
+    adventure to prosecute and push our advantage on our right so far as
+    otherwayes wee might have done, however wee keept the field of
+    battle, and the enimie retir'd to Dumblain.
+
+    "The armie had lyen without cover the night before, and wee had no
+    provisions there, which oblidg'd me to march the armie back two
+    milles that night, which was the nearest place where I could get any
+    quarters. Next day I found the armie reduced to a small number, more
+    by the Highlanders going home than by any loss wee sustained, which
+    was but very small. So that and want of provisions oblidg'd me yet
+    to retire, first to Auchterarder, and then here to Perth. I have
+    been doing all I can ever since to get the armie together again, and
+    I hope considerable numbers may come in a little time; but now that
+    our friends in England are defeated, there will be troops sent down
+    from thence to reinforce the Duke of Argyle, which will make him so
+    strong, that wee shall not be able to face him, and I am affraid wee
+    shall have much difficultie in makeing a stand any where, save in
+    the Highlands, where wee shall not be able to subsist.
+
+    "This Sir, is a melancholy account, but what in duty I was oblidg'd
+    to let you know, if possibly I can, before you land; and for that
+    end I have endeavour'd to send boats out about those places where I
+    judg'd it most probable you would come.
+
+    "Ther's another copie of this upon the West Coast, and I wish to God
+    one or other of them may find you if your Majesty be upon the coast.
+
+    "By the strength you have with you, your Majesty will be best able
+    to judge if you will be in a condition, when join'd with us, to make
+    a stand against the enimie. I cannot say what our numbers will be
+    against that time, or where wee shall be, for that will depend on
+    the enimie, and the motions they make; but unless your Majesty have
+    troops with you, which I'm affraid you have not, I see not how wee
+    can oppose them even for this winter, when they have got the Dutch
+    troops to England, and will power in more troops from thence upon us
+    every day.
+
+    "Your Majestie's coming would certainly give new life to your
+    friends, and make them do all in their power for your service; but
+    how far they would be able to resist such a formed body of regular
+    troops as will be against them, I must leave your Majestie to judge.
+
+    "I have sent accounts from time to time to Lord Bolingbroke, but I
+    have not heard once from any of your Majestie's servants since Mr.
+    Ogilvie of Boin came to Scotland, nor none of the five messengers I
+    sent to France are return'd, which has been an infinite loss to us.
+    I sent another, which is the sixt, to France, some days ago, with
+    the account of our victory, who I suppose is sail'd ere now.
+
+    "May all happiness attend your Majestie, and grant you may be safe,
+    whatever come of us. If it do not please God to bless your kingdoms
+    at this time with your being settled on your throne, I make no doubt
+    of its doing at another time; and I hope there will never be wanting
+    of your own subjects to assert your cause, and may they have better
+    fortune than wee are like to have. I ask but of Heaven that I may
+    have the happiness to see your Majestie before I die, provided your
+    person be safe; and I shall not repine at all that fortune has or
+    can do to me.
+
+    "Your Majestie may find many more capable, but never a more faithful
+    servant than him who is with all duty and esteem, Sir, your
+    Majestie's most dutiful, most faithfull and most obedient subject
+    and servant,
+
+                                                              "MAR."
+
+    "From the Camp of Perth, Nov. 24, 1715."
+
+
+A fortnight previously the Earl of Mar had addressed the following
+curious letter to Captain Henry Straiton,[113] at Edinburgh, to whom
+many of Lord Mar's epistles are written. The allusion to Margaret Miller
+refers to Lady Nairn, the sister-in-law of the Marquis of Tullibardine,
+and wife of Lord Nairn, who, in compliance with a Scottish custom, took
+his wife's title, she being Lady Nairn in her own right. The allusion
+to "a dose" which will require the air of a foreign country to aid it,
+seems to offer some notion of the Earl's subsequent flight.
+
+                                                   "Novemb. 8th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I had yours of the fourth this forenoon, which was very wellcome.
+    And I hope we shall soon see the certainty of what the accounts
+    makes us expect of these folks' arivall. I sent of a pacquet
+    yesterday with an answer to Margaret Miller's of the second, and in
+    it I sent a copie of my last to Mr. H----n, which was dated the
+    second and third, of which I sent him copies two different wayes, so
+    I hope he'll get one of them at least. They were pressing them to go
+    into England; and now that they are actually gone their, and in so
+    good a way, I am easie as to that. I hope God will direct and assist
+    them.
+
+    "I thought to have marcht from this to-day. The foot are mostly
+    gone, and I march with the horse to-morrow morning. Our generall
+    revew is to be at Auchterardor on Thursday morning, and then to
+    march forward immediately. It is of great use to hear often from
+    you, and to have accounts of our friends in the north of England,
+    and what is doing in England beside; so I know you'll write as often
+    as you can find occasions. I fancie I may hear to-day from our
+    friends in the north of England, for I hope they had some days ago a
+    way of sending directly. It seems the Duke of Argyll's absence from
+    London is not like to do his own court of interest there much good.
+    I hope our manifesto's being disperced at London, will have good
+    effect; and I long to see what the prints call the Pretender's
+    declaration, and the declaration of the people of England. The run
+    upon the bank, I hope, will not lessen. The public credit must not
+    be once ruined to make it raise again, and I hope that time may be
+    sooner than we think of. We have rainy weather, but that is an
+    inconveniencie to the enimie as well as to us. My humble service to
+    Margaret Miller: I thank her for the information she gives me, of
+    one about me giving intelligence; but other friends may be easie
+    about it, for I am sure there is nothing in it; and I know what made
+    them belive, which I confess had colour enough. I wish she would get
+    the Doctrix to send a new dose to the patient she knows of, for
+    there was a little too much of one of the ingredients in the last,
+    which toke away the effect of the whole. It is the ingredient that
+    has the postponeing quality in it; and the patient's greatest
+    distemper is the apprehentions he has of a perfect cure being long
+    of comeing, and that it is not to be til he get the air of another
+    country. The dose must be carefully made up, and no appearance of
+    its comeing from any other hand but the Doctrix' own. Ther's some
+    copies herewith sent of a paper printed on this side the water, of
+    which I hear severall are at Stirling. The other two papers I got
+    to-day are given to revise, and are to be printed soon. I send you a
+    copie of a letter was wrote t'other day, and sent to the Cameronians
+    in the west. I wish you could send this one to some of them in the
+    south. This is all I will trouble you with; but I hope both to get
+    from you and give you good news soon, and I ever am, with all
+    sincerity and truth, yrs. &c.
+
+    "Perhaps Capt. R----n will not be found to have done so much hurt as
+    was thought he designed; but this is not to bid trust him yet."
+
+By two manuscript letters among the Mar papers, it appears, however,
+that the account soon afterwards published by Lord Mar was not so full
+of artifice and untruths as his enemies represented. "He kept the field
+of battle until it was dark," says one writer, in a letter dated from
+Perth (November the 19th, 1715); "and nothing but want of provisions
+prevented us from going forward the next day. We hear the Whigs give
+various accounts of the battle, to cover the victory; but the numbers of
+the slain on their part being eleven or twelve hundred, and ours not
+above fifty or sixty, and our keeping the field when they left it, makes
+the victory incontestable. Your friends that I know here mind you often,
+and they and I would be glad to have the opportunity to drink a bottle
+with you beyond the Forth."
+
+Another eye-witness gives a still more detailed account.[114] "I have
+yours of the seventeenth, with the paper inclosed, wherein that
+gentleman has taken the liberty to insert many falsehoods relative to
+the late action, a true and impartial account of which I here send you,
+which is but too modest on our side, and many things omitted that will
+be afterwards made publick, particularly their murdering Strathmoir,
+after he had asked quarters, and the treatment they gave to Panmuir and
+several others, who, I hope, will be living witnesses against them. The
+enclosed is so full that I have little to say, only that we have not
+lost a hundred men in the action, and none of note, except Strathmoir,
+and the Captain of Clan Ronald."
+
+The cruel spirit of party destroyed the generous characteristics of the
+soldier, during the excitement of the combat: but how can we palliate
+the conduct of one of the King's generals, Lord Isla, after the
+fierceness of the encounter was over? The letter referred to discloses
+particulars which were hushed up, or merely glanced at, in the partial
+annals of the time.
+
+    "So soon as they saw us coming down upon them, they marched off in
+    great haste towards Dumblain, and left several of our people they
+    had taken, among which was Lord Panmuir, who offered to give his
+    parole, not knowing what had passed upon the eighth; but he was told
+    by the person he sent to Lord Isla, that he could not take a parole
+    from a rebel, and they were in such haste that they lost him in a
+    little house, with several others near the field, where we found
+    them when we advanced and brought him along with us to Ardoch, two
+    miles furder, where we stayed all night and next day, until that we
+    heard the enemy were marched off to Stirling. He is now pretty well
+    and in no danger. Earl Loudoun passed him as he lay in the field,
+    without taking any notice of him, and he was wounded there by the
+    dragoons after he had surrendered to them; but I hope there will be
+    one other day of reckoning for these things. My Lord Mar sent off
+    two or three people to take care of Lord Forfar when he heard he was
+    wounded, and one of them waited of him to Stirling. He expressed a
+    good dale of consern that he should have been ingadged against his
+    countrymen, and sent a breslet off his arm to Lord Mar, so that we
+    all wish he may live. A good pairt of our baggage and the provisions
+    we had, were distroyed by our own people who went of from our left.
+    We are now getting provisions and every thing ready as soon as
+    possible; and I am hopefull we will be in a condition in a very few
+    days to pass forth without oposition.
+
+    "We have got accounts this day of a victorie obtained by our friends
+    in the south, the particulars of which we long for. I have sent you
+    some copies of the printed account of the action to give our
+    friends.
+
+                                                        "So adieu."
+
+Notwithstanding the humane attentions shewn by the Earl to Lord Forfar,
+that brave and generous nobleman died of his wounds. After lingering
+more than three weeks, he expired at Stirling on the eighth of
+December. He was wounded in sixteen different places, but a shot which
+he received in his knee seems to have been the most fatal injury. The
+conduct of the Earl appears in strong contrast with that of the Earl of
+Isla; but we must remember that each party had its own chroniclers. It
+is, nevertheless, a result of observation, more easily stated than
+explained, that through the whole of the two contests, both in 1715 and
+1745, the generous and somewhat chivalric bearing of the Jacobites was
+acknowledged; whilst a spirit of cruel persecution marked the conduct of
+some of the chief officers on the opposite side. The Duke of Argyle
+indeed, in his own person, presented an exception to this remark, which
+chiefly applies to those secondary to him in command and influence.
+
+The conduct of Lord Mar, in retreating to Perth after the affair of
+Sherriff Muir, has been severely censured. But, as Sir Walter Scott has
+observed, he met with that obloquy which generally follows the leader of
+an unsuccessful enterprise. According to Lord Mar's own account (and it
+has been corroborated by others), his retiring to Perth was unavoidable.
+The Highlanders, brave as they were, had a custom of returning home
+after a battle; and many of them went off when the engagement was ended.
+The Earl of Mar was not, therefore, in a condition to pursue the
+advantage which he had gained, but was forced to await at Perth the
+arrival of the Chevalier, or of the Duke of Berwick; on the notification
+of which, the Highlanders would have rallied to his standard. No
+supplies had been sent; the gentlemen of the army, as well as the men,
+had been long absent from their homes, and were living at their own
+expense; and therefore were impatient for leave of absence. To add to
+the general discouraging aspect of affairs, the fatal result of the
+English insurrection, under the command of Mr. Forster, was communicated
+at this time.
+
+At first the result of the battle of Preston was represented to the
+Jacobites at Perth in a very different light to that in which the defeat
+of the English Jacobites afterwards appeared. The following is an
+extract of a letter from Lord Mar, dated the twentieth of November.
+"This day we hear from good hands that they (the English Jacobites) have
+had a victory, for which we have had rejoicings, and I hope in God they
+are in a good way by this time. Let me hear from you often, I beg it of
+you, and I'll long for the particulars of that affair.
+
+"I am doing all I can to get us again in a condition to march from home.
+It will not be so soon as I wish, which is no small mortification to me,
+but our friends; you may depend on it, that it shall be as soon as I
+can, and no time shall be lost. It is wonderfull that neither the King
+nor the Duke of Ormond comes, nor that I have not accounts from them.
+Now that there is so considerable a party appearing in England, I hope
+they will put it off no longer. I hope all your friends in England are
+well in particular, but pray let me have an account of it.
+
+"Lord Tullibardin and Lord George are well; they are gone again to
+Atholl to bring back their men, who went off that they might retrieve
+their honour, as I doubt not but they will. It is a great pity if poor
+Strathmore and Clanronald, and I'm afraid honest Auchterhouse, is
+killed, for we can get no account of him.
+
+"I wish our prisoners may be as civilly treated as theirs are with us.
+They are all sent to Dundee (the officers I mean), where they have the
+liberty of the town, and wear their swords. My compliments to our sick
+friend, who I am sorry is still so; but he has had a good second and
+secretary.
+
+"Pray let us have some good news now, and I am with all truth and
+esteem,
+
+                                                         Yours, &c."
+
+"Perth, November 20, 1715."
+
+"Lord Panmure recovers pritty well. The enimie give out that he gave his
+parole when he was prisoner, but it was not so, he off'red it them but
+they wou'd not take it from a rebel as they call'd him, and neither did
+Strewan; so they were both resqued."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These letters place Lord Mar in a somewhat more estimable light than the
+usual statements have done. The truth is, that we ought never to judge
+of a man's actions before we have had an insight into his real motives
+and circumstances at the time. Few individuals had greater difficulties
+to contend with than Lord Mar.
+
+Harassed by cabals among the adherents of the Chevalier; unable to
+account for the continued reserve and absence of that Prince; and
+weakened greatly both by the secession of the clan of Fraser, who had
+joined the Insurgents with Mackenzie of Fraserdale, but who now went
+away, and joined him whom they considered as their real chieftain, the
+infamous Simon Fraser, of Beaufort, Lord Lovat; the Earl began to listen
+to those who talked of capitulating with the enemy. He found, indeed,
+that he was forced to comply with the wishes of the chieftains, some of
+whom were making private treaties for themselves. It must have been a
+bitter humiliation to Lord Mar to have sent a message to his former
+rival in politics, the Duke of Argyle, "to know if he had power to treat
+with him;" but the measure appears from the following letter to have
+been unavoidable. It was written after the news of the defeat at Preston
+had reached Perth. It bespeaks some degree of compassion and
+consideration for a man whose councils were distracted by dissensions,
+and who was embarrassed beyond measure by the absence of the Chevalier,
+to whose arrival he looked anxiously to give some hopes of revival to a
+sinking cause. The Master of Sinclair, to whom Lord Mar refers as a
+"devil," and who, since the disaster at Preston was known, "appeared in
+his own colours," was the eldest son of Henry, eighth Baron Sinclair, a
+devoted adherent of the House of Stuart, and one of those who had
+withdrawn from the Convention of 1689 when the resolution to expel James
+the Second was adopted. John, Master of Sinclair, was afterwards
+attainted, and never assumed the title of his father, although pardoned
+in 1726.
+
+                                                 "November 27th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I had yours of the twenty-second, the twenty-fifth, and also spoke
+    with the person you mention in it; I suppose he wou'd see you, as he
+    returned. The disaster of our friends in England is very unlucky,
+    both to affairs there and here. Since we knew of it here a _devil_,
+    who I suspected for some time to be lurking amongst us, has appeared
+    openly in his own colours. I forsaw this a-comeing some days ago. I
+    have endeavoured to keep people from breaking amongst themselves,
+    and was forced to go into the first step of it; but I hope we shall
+    be able to have the manadgement of it, and prevent its doing any
+    hurt, but to confounde in time comeing the designs of those who were
+    the promoters of it. It was by the advise of all your friends what I
+    have done, so let not our folks be alarmed when they hear of it from
+    I----g. It is odd where the K----[115] can be all this time, since,
+    by all appearance and all the accounts we have, he has left France
+    long ago; but that must quickly appear, and I hope to get things
+    staved off til it does. But without his comeing what can be done?
+    Tho' I hope that will not be the case. It is odd that others write
+    of Col. H----y and Doctor Abor--y, both at Parise, and that they do
+    not write themselves, tho' I'm told to-day that there's a letter
+    from them to me at Edinburgh, which I long for. We are told of
+    troops comeing from Englande, both English and Dutch. I doubt if
+    they'll ventur to quitt with both, and I would fain hope that none
+    of them will come soon. God grant that the K---- be safe. If he go
+    to England, as we are told he designed, I doubt not but he knows of
+    support there. I confess there's a great deal lost by his long
+    delay, but that certainly was not in his power to help, else it
+    wou'd not have been so. If he still come here, I hope we will yet be
+    able to make a stand for him this winter, but I thought I was
+    obledged to let him know the true situation before he land, which I
+    have done to the best of my pow'r, and lodged letters for him in the
+    places where I thought it most likely he wou'd come, so that he may
+    not be dissapointed by expecting to find things better than they
+    are. He has been so long by the way that it wou'd seme he is not
+    comeing to England, but that he is comeing round about Ireland to
+    Scotland; and neither he nor D---- O----d[116] be in England. It
+    wou'd seem that they will not stir there, which would make it a very
+    hard task here; but I hope Providence will protect him, and yet
+    settle him on his throne.
+
+    "I find it will be sometime before I can stirr from hence, and if
+    the enemy get not reinforcments, I judge they will not stirr either;
+    but as soon as they get them they certainly will, and I'm afraid we
+    shall be oblidged to take the hills, which is a could quarter now.
+    I wish you knew a great many particulars I have to tell you, but it
+    is not safe writing them; there are some people with us who it had
+    been good for the King they had stay'd at home, where they want not
+    a little to be, and will leave us at last, but we must make the best
+    of them, tho' there be but ill stuff to make it of as the saying is.
+    Never had man so plaguie a life as I have had o' late; but I'll do
+    the best I can to go threw it, and not be unworthy of the trust
+    reposed in me. My service to Mr. Hall, and I hope he'll make my
+    compliments to his correspondent at P----se,[117] who he mentions in
+    his to me; but its odd that I have heard from none there myself ever
+    sine B----n came, especially since other letters come through. I
+    must own I have not had many encouragements, but that should be
+    nothing if I had encouragements for others. Should it please God
+    that the King's affairs should not succeed, but that people
+    capitulated, I do not purpose to be a Scots or Englishman if they
+    would let me, and all that I wou'd ask for myself is liberty to go
+    abroad, for in that case I wou'd rather live in Siberia than
+    Britain. If the King does not come soon, I find people will not hold
+    out long; but if he does, there are honest men enough to stand by
+    him and not see him perish. Pray let me hear from you as often as
+    you can, and when you write to Mrs. Miller[118] make my compliments
+    to her. I wish some of our men here had her spirit. I hope you are
+    now perfectly recover'd, but pray take care that you fall not ill
+    again. Adieu.
+
+    "Pray cause give the enclosed to my brother as soon as it comes to
+    your handes. I beg you may apprise our friends at London and Parise
+    of what has been done hear to-day; the sending to Argle at Stirling
+    a message about articles of treaty, as appears from other papers,
+    which I tel you I was forced to go into;--that they may not be
+    surprised at it and think we have given all over, which might have
+    very bad consequences in both places. Do this by the first post. All
+    will come right again if the King come soon to Britain."
+
+The answer returned by the Duke of Argyle to Lord Mar's overture was
+this: that "he had no sufficient powers to treat with the Earl of Mar
+and his Council as a body, but that he would write to Court about it."
+
+To this reply, which was sent with much courtesy by the Duke, a
+rejoinder was made, "That when the Duke should let the Earl of Mar and
+his Council know that he had sufficient power, then they would make
+their proposition." The proposal was sent up to St. James's, but no
+further notice was taken of it, nor were the powers of the Duke of
+Argyle extended to enable him to come to any terms with Lord Mar. But
+although the negotiation thus died away, the weakness it betrayed among
+the Jacobite party was highly prejudicial to their cause.
+
+James, during all the recent events, had been engaged in making several
+attempts to leave St. Maloes. He had gone openly on board ships which
+were laden with arms and ammunition for his use, but had withdrawn when
+he found that his embarkation was known. He therefore changed his plans,
+and crossing to Normandy, resolved to embark at Dunkirk. Having lurked
+for several days, disguised as a mariner, on the coast of Brittany, he
+went privately to Dunkirk, where he embarked, attended by the Marquis of
+Tynemouth, the eldest son of the Duke of Berwick, Lieutenant Cameron,
+and several other persons, on board a French ship, which, according to
+some accounts, "was laden with brandy, and furnished with a good
+pass-port." Thus at length having ventured on the ocean, the Prince set
+sail towards Norway; but changed his direction, and steered towards
+Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire. During all this time, the Earl of Mar
+suffered from the utmost anxiety and perplexity for one who was unworthy
+of the exertions made for his restoration. This is evident from the
+following letter, dated November the thirtieth, to Captain Straiton:
+
+    "The accounts of that person's[119] way of going on, and the danger
+    he is in, confound me; but I hope Providence has not preserved him
+    all this while to destroy him at last. I am doing all I can to make
+    it safe; and perhaps what we thought our misfortune, (the men going
+    home after Sheriff Muir,) may prove our happiness, they being where
+    that person is to come, and I send troops there immediately."
+
+    "I knew before I got yours that the Dutch troops were coming
+    here.[120] Those by sea may come soon, but those by land cannot be
+    here a long time. They will now power in all the troups from England
+    on us; but I hope we may hold it this winter in spite of them, tho'
+    we shall have hard quarters in the Highlands. In case of what Mr.
+    H----ll writes me prove true, and happen, for fear of accidents
+    after it does, were it not fitt that you should write to France to
+    send some ships to cruise up and down the north-west coast to save
+    the person Mr. H----ll writes of, if things should not prove right?
+    and our friends in France can either send them from thence or Spain,
+    round Ireland? I hear of but two little ships of warr on that coast;
+    and the ships I would have sent may pass as marchant ships tradeing
+    and putting in by accident therabouts, which they often do. Pray
+    think of this, and write of it soon to France, as I intend to do
+    to-night by an express I am sending; and were it not fitt you should
+    write of it too to some trusty friend at London? But it must be done
+    with the utmost caution, for fear of disheartning the English. Tho'
+    the safty of that person is of such consequence that all ways is to
+    be taken for it, and all accidents guarded against.
+
+    "I wrote to you the twenty-seventh, and in it I gave you account of
+    an affair which happened amongst us, which obliged us to send a
+    message to the Duke of Argyll. I hope this came safe to your hand.
+    His answer was very civil, and our return was in the words
+    following, viz: 'We are obliged to the Duke of Argyll for his
+    civility; that, since he has no powers to treat with us, we can say
+    no more now; but if at any time he shall have them, and let us know
+    it, we shall give our answer.'
+
+    "I hope this affair has been so manadgd that all the spirit of
+    division amongst us is crusht; and pray take care to informe our
+    friends at London and Parise about it, that it may not alarme them.
+    I am affraid of its alarmeing the Regent, and keeping him from doing
+    anything for the King; for which reason I send an express to Lord
+    Bolingbroke to-night. I suppose it will be ten or twelve dayes at
+    least before the Duke of Argyll will have a return, and we may know
+    much before that time. If they agree to a treaty, it is still in our
+    own power; and if not, I hope people will stand together for their
+    own sake.
+
+    "You speak in your two last as if you were opresst about our
+    divisions. All I shall trouble you further in relation to
+    this,--there are odd people amongst us, and those of whom it should
+    not have been expected; they had instild their spirit so farr into
+    many, that there was no steming the tide but by going into it, or
+    else breaking amongst ourselves, and, like them, make a seperat
+    peace; but now those wise folk are ashamed of themselves, and are
+    disclaimed by those who they said comissioned them. I do all I can
+    to make others forgett this behaveour of those people, and I hope we
+    shall be as unite as ever. If the King come, I am sure we shall; and
+    if God is not pleased to bless us with his presence, whatever we do
+    shall be in consert.
+
+    "I beg to hear often from you, and particularly what you can learn
+    of the motion of the enimie and their designs.
+
+    "I send a reinforcement to-night to Bruntisland of a hundred men,
+    and there was fifty in it before.
+
+    "Lord Seaforth went north some time ago, and severall of Lord
+    Huntly's people; so I hope they togither will be able to keep Lord
+    Sutherland from doing much mischife, and e'er long to reduce him and
+    all the King's enimies there. We are not yet in so much apprehention
+    of them as Mr. H----ll seems to be. I am mightily pleased you are so
+    much recovered, which I know by your hand-writeing; but I can scarce
+    conceave how you get yourself keept free of our enimies,--may you do
+    long so, and
+
+            "I am sincearly yours, &c. Adieu."
+
+On the first of December, the Earl having still heard no tidings of the
+Chevalier, and being ignorant of his real movements, again writes in all
+the uncertainty, and with the circumspection of one who knows not
+whether his letter will be received. He seems always to have sent
+duplicates of his letters.
+
+    "I am in the utmost pain about the K----,[121] and I have done all
+    in my power to make him safe, but I hope Providence will protect
+    him. I sent one for France this morning, and I hope he may sail in a
+    day or two, but let that not keep you from writeing there too. I
+    would fain hope that the Regent has altered his measurs, and is
+    comeing into the K----'s intrest, else I do not see how it had been
+    possible for him to get thro' France: if so, I have good hopes, and
+    I wish he may come to us; but if not, and that England do nothing, I
+    wish he were safe again where he formerly was, for we shall never be
+    able alone to do his bussiness, and he will be in the utmost danger
+    after starveing a winter in the Highlands. Lord Huntley is still
+    very much out of humour and nothing can make him yet believe that
+    the K----'s a-comeing. He intends to go north, under the pretext of
+    reduceing Lord Sutherland, and his leaving us at this time I think
+    might have very bad effects, which makes me do all I can to keep
+    him. The Master of Sinclair is a very bad instrument about him, and
+    has been most to blaim of any body for all the differences amongst
+    us. I am plagued out of my life with them, but must do the best I
+    can. I expect now to hear every day of the K----'s landing; but
+    should he be any time of comeing, and the Duke of Argyll get his
+    powers and send us word of it before he come, our old work will
+    begin again, and I am sure I shall be deserted by a great many. Some
+    people seem so farr from being pleased with the news of the K----'s
+    comeing, that they are visiblie sorry for it; and I wish to God
+    these people had never been with us for they will be our undoing!
+    and what a plague brought them out, since they could not hold it out
+    for so short a time? I shall be blamed, I know, over all Europe for
+    what I am entirely innocent of. It will be my own ruin beside, but
+    if that could advance the K----'s affairs I am contented. In time I
+    shall be justified when my parte in all this affair comes to be
+    knowen, and I bless God I have witnesses enough who have seen all;
+    and if accidents do not happen them, my papers will show it to
+    conviction, for I have been pretty exact in keeping copies and a
+    journall.
+
+    "Since I have wrote so fully to you, I do not write to Mr. H----ll,
+    for which I hope he'll forgive me.[122]
+
+    "I am anxious to know if my brother got my note that was inclosed to
+    you in that of the twenty-seventh, which was to caution him in a
+    thing that I was affraid his over great concern for me might make
+    him do, and which would vex me extreamly if he did.
+
+    "I long to hear from you again, as I suppose you will from me; and
+    as soon as I know of what you'll expect to hear of from me, you
+    shall. Adieu."
+
+In a few days afterwards Lord Mar had gained more precise intelligence
+of the Prince's movements; on the delay at St. Maloes he puts the
+favourable construction of the vessel's having been wind-bound, as will
+be seen by the following letter. The dissensions in his counsels, aided,
+as he hints, by the influence which the Master of Sinclair exercised
+over the Marquis of Huntley, were, still, not among the least of his
+difficulties.
+
+                                                  "December 6th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Last night one of the messengers I had sent to France returned, and
+    there came with him to Montrose, Mr. Charles Fleeming and General
+    Eclin; but they are not yet come here, nor some money that came
+    along with them. I have a letter from the King, the fifteenth of
+    November, N. S. from St. Malos; severall from Lord Bolingbroke, the
+    last of which was the twenty-seventh, and he belived the King then
+    to be saild, and he had been wind bound there three weeks; but he
+    did not sail, as I understand from the messenger til the eighteenth
+    inst., he having seen a letter from Col. Hay at St. Maloes, to Mr.
+    Arbuthnot, two dayes after he sailed. God send him safe to us, for
+    which I have done all in my power! It is in the hands of Providence,
+    and I hope God will protect him. It is not to be known where he is
+    to land, and indeed it cannot be known certainly. Even this has not
+    quite cured all the whims amongst us. Lord grant a safe landing, and
+    I hope that will. The Duke of Ormond is gone to England, and I
+    believe he has some troops with him and arms and ammunition.
+
+    "I hear from Fife to-day that there landed at Leith on Sunday last
+    four hundred of the Dutch troops. I hope that's all that are comeing
+    by sea. I have the King's Declaration, which is to be reprinted
+    here, and shall be dispers'd in a few days. The less that it be
+    spoke that the King is to land soon, I believe the better, until he
+    actually does, for that but make the Government more alert. Were he
+    but once landed, I have reason to belive that there will be a new
+    face of affairs seen abroad as well as at home in the King's favour,
+    which is all I dare yet adventure to trust of it to paper; but I
+    hope in God were the King once with us all will be well.
+
+    "There are more officers comeing to us from abroad different wayes,
+    so it's likely they may be dropping in every day. The Duke of
+    Berwick stays behind for a very good reason, and is to follow. The
+    King has been pleased to confer new honours on me, but I do not
+    think it fitt to take it on me til he comes, and if it pleases not
+    God he come to us safe, I am indifferent what becomes of all I ever
+    had, and this may go with the rest. It is goodness in him, and more
+    than I askt or deserve. I will long to hear from you; and tho' I
+    desire you not to let the news I write you be much talkt of, yet I
+    suppose it will be no secret, for I am obliged to communicate what I
+    get to so many that it cannot possible be keept, and yet I cannot
+    help this. Tho' Lord Huntley said little to me to-day upon my
+    shewing him my letters, yet I know it from good hands he is not a
+    bitt in better humour and that he will now positively go north;
+    which I suppose he'll write of to me to-morrow, for 'tis seldom now
+    he'll either see me or let me see him, tho' I take all the ways I
+    can to please and humour him, but all will not do: however, I hope
+    will not have many followers. Master of Sinclair is gone this day to
+    see his father upon a sharp letter he had from him yesterday about
+    his behaviour. Some others are ashamed of the part they acted, but
+    if the King come not soon all of them will relapse again. The clans
+    stand firm, and I hope will to the last.
+
+    "Pray try to get notice of what private letters from London say upon
+    our proposeing terms, and let me know as soon as you can. Adieu."
+
+It is curious to trace the revival of the Earl's hopes, and the increase
+of his confidence. The following letter contains, among other
+circumstances, a reference to the supposed attempt of the Earl of Stair,
+in France, to assassinate James.
+
+                                                 "December 10th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Yesterday I had yours of the fourth and fifth, for which I thank
+    you. I wrote to you on the eighth, which I hope you got safe, and
+    in it I told you of one of the messengers I had sent to France being
+    returned, and with him General Eclin and Mr. Charles Fleming, and
+    some money: since that Doctor Abercromby is returned and Lord Edward
+    Drummond is come with him and brought some more money. They come off
+    the same day with the others, and landed the same day at Aberdeen
+    the others did at Montrose. They only brought duplicates of the
+    dispatches I had by the others, and a letter to me from the Q----
+    with a pacquet from her to the K----, by which you may be sure he is
+    sail'd, and we hourly expect to hear of his landing. Since those
+    people came, those amongst us who had been uneasy, are now comeing
+    to be in good humour again, particularly Lord Huntley; and I have
+    agreed to his going north with some of his horse to get all his
+    people there together to suppress those about Inverness, and also to
+    have them in readiness against the K. comes. Pray God send him safe
+    and soon, and then I do not despair of things going right still. Our
+    whole prisoners almost, I mean the private men, are like to take on
+    since they heard of the K----g's being certainly a-comeing; and
+    since they saw the two enclosed papers, they say that were he once
+    come, there will be news of their armie and all those prisoners.
+    Even those who do not lift with us, pray openly for the K----, and
+    that God may keep him out of the hands of his enimies.
+
+    "The two enclosed are sent about to a great many places: it is
+    better to delay dispersing the K----'s declaration til he arrive,
+    since I hope that is near.
+
+    "I admear we hear no certain accounts of the Duke of Ormond, for the
+    fifteenth inst. the K---- and Q---- too write to me that he was
+    saild a second time for England.
+
+    "Pray God it may be well with him, and if he do not, then I wish he
+    may come here with all my heart.
+
+    "We have heard nothing as yet of the Duke of Argyle's return from
+    London, and I imagine we shall hear nothing from him upon it, when
+    he does get it and I hope he shall never be askt for it more by us.
+    The Duke of Atholl will himself send his men against Crafourd.
+
+    "I believe I forgot to tell you in my last that Colonel Hay mist
+    very narrowly being murdered in France, takeing him for the K----
+    (being in one of his cheases), by Lord Stair's gang, and in their
+    pockets Lord Stair's orders were found to go to such a place, and
+    there obey what orders they should receive from Count Douglass[123]
+    (Lightly), let them be never so desperate. This is something so
+    horrid that I want words to express it. I tell it you just as those
+    from France tell me. The fellow was imprisoned by the government
+    there and reclaimed by Lord Stair. Lord Clairmont was actually
+    reclaimed by the Regent before they come away; so his being brought
+    to England after, may work something. I have just now a packet of
+    news sent me by A. M., for which I thank you. Notwithstanding this
+    great new General's being come, I see not how they can do anything
+    at Stirling till the Dutch join them, and that cannot be yet for
+    some time; pray Heavens the K---- come before them! I know by other
+    accounts as well as yours, from abroad, that they are not above four
+    thousand complete and some of these are lost. Our Highlanders have
+    got in their heads a mighty contempt for them, which may do good.
+    This goes by the Hole,[124] from when your packet yesterday was sent
+    me. I have nothing further to add now, but I hope soon to send you
+    agreable news. Pray give my service to I. H. and desire him to make
+    my compliments to his landlady and tel her, I hope she is now right
+    with her son, which I am exceeding glad of. Adieu."
+
+At length, on the twenty-second of December, James landed at Peterhead,
+after a voyage of seven days. His arrival dispelled many doubts of his
+personal courage, since, after all his deliberations, he adopted by no
+means the least hazardous course by traversing the British ocean, which
+was beset by British men-of-war. He had sailed from Dunkirk in the
+small vessel in which he had embarked, and which was followed by two
+other vessels, containing his domestics, and stores for the use of his
+army. His immediate attendants were disguised as French officers, and his
+retinue as seamen. It had been the Chevalier's original intention to
+have landed in the Frith of Tay; but observing a sail which he suspected
+to be unfriendly, he altered his course, and landed at Peterhead, where
+the property of the Earl Marischal was situated. The ship in which the
+Chevalier sailed was, however, near enough to the shore to be able, by
+signals, to make signs to his friends of his approach. At Perth the
+intelligence was received with the utmost joy, and produced a most
+favourable effect, even among the prisoners of war, which Lord Mar
+describes in the following letter. Up to the twenty-eighth of the month
+he had not seen the Prince:
+
+                                                   "The 28th December.
+
+    "Yours of the twenty-second I have got just now by the Hole, and I
+    sent one that way to you yesterday from our friend here, in which
+    you have the joyfull news of the King's safe arival, which I hope in
+    God will effectually sement what you recomend to us. Our friend went
+    yesterday morning to meett his master, who I hope will be here with
+    us again Friday; I pray God turn the hearts of his enemies, both for
+    the sake of him and their poor country! It will be a monstruous
+    crime never to be forgiven, if they now draw their swords against
+    him, since he has been pleased to give them a most gratious
+    indemnity for all that is past, without exception. All will now soon
+    be dispersed in the North that opose him. Sutherland's men are
+    deserting him, and the Frasers are all gone home. I make no doubt
+    but that we are masters of Inverness, and so consequently the whole
+    North before this time. I make no doubt but that the King's presence
+    will forward everything: it has already had great effects here: and
+    those that were for separate measurs have reason to be ashamed, and
+    I hope they will make amends by their future behaveor. We have sent
+    over some of the declarations, and ane other paket of them is gone
+    this night. Now is the time for every body to bestir themselves, and
+    that all resort here to their master. I ame persuaded you'l not be
+    idle. Those that made a pretext of the King's not being landed, are
+    now left unexcusable; and if those kind of folks now sit still and
+    look any more on, they ought to be worse treated than our worst
+    enemies. I beg of you to send us what accounts you can learn on your
+    side, and what they are now to do upon this news. I hope in God we
+    shall now be soon ready to give them a meeting! It will be of
+    consequence for us to hear often from your side, and we have little
+    other accounts than from you. I have sent yours by ane express this
+    day to our friend, and I hope to hear from you soon in return to the
+    last that went on Munday. The K---- lay on Saturday night at the
+    Earl of Marischall's house; he had a very good and safe passage,
+    and has given them fair slip, for I supose they did never rekon on
+    his comeing the near way. I hear there is a great resort to him,
+    since he landed, of all ranks.
+
+    "The Duke of Athol[125] sent a pairty of two hundered of his men
+    yesterday morning, under the comand of his brother Lord Edward, and
+    his son Lord James, to Dunkeld to have surprised our garison there,
+    which consisted of about one hundred men of the clans; but it seems
+    the garison had notice of it some hours before they came, and gave
+    them such a warm reception, that they retired in great haste with
+    the loss of two men killed by our out-sentinels and five or sixe
+    wounded. I belive his Grace's men had no good will to the work, and
+    were brought their against their inclinations. They had nott then
+    gott the account there of the King's arival, els I belive they had
+    not atempted it. I wish our garison were now at Brunt Island, but I
+    hope that loss soon be made up. I hope you'll omitte no occasion in
+    letting us hear from you. Adieu.
+
+    "The above is writte to H. S.,[126] but it will serve you both to
+    forward it to him. I got the money and the cloas safe. I expect to
+    hear from you soon. I have yours of the twenty-third. I have sent
+    over a paket to be dispersed, and some ane other way. Your letters
+    are longer be the way than they need so order it. Fall on some
+    proper way to gett the enclosed delivered by some person, but be not
+    seen in it yourself. If ane answer can be got, send it."
+
+The Chevalier slept in the town of Peterhead on the first night of his
+landing, but on the second he was received at Newburgh, a seat of the
+Earl Marischal; and the adherents who welcomed him as their Prince, had
+there an opportunity of forming a judgment of one whom they had hitherto
+known only by the flattering representations of those who had visited
+the young adventurer, at his little Court in Lorraine.
+
+In person, James is reported by the Master of Sinclair to have been
+"tall and thin, seeming to incline to be lean rather than to fill as he
+grows in years." His countenance, to judge by the most authentic
+portraits[127] of this Prince, had none of the meditative character of
+that of Charles the First, whom the Chevalier was popularly said to
+resemble: neither had it the sweetness which is expressed by every
+feature of that unhappy Monarch, nor had his countenance the pensiveness
+which wins upon the beholder who gazes upon the portraits of Charles.
+The eyes of the Chevalier were light-hazel, his face was pale and long,
+and in the fullness of the lips he resembled his mother, Mary of Modena.
+To this physiognomy, on which it is said a smile was rarely seen to
+play, were added, according to the account of a contemporary, from whose
+narrative we will borrow a further description, "a speech grave, and not
+very clearly expressive of his thoughts, nor over much to the purpose;
+his words were few, and his behaviour and temper seemed always composed.
+
+"What he was in his diversions we know not; here was no room for such
+things. It was no time for mirth. Neither can I say I ever saw him
+smile. Those who speak so positively of his being like King James the
+Seventh, must excuse me for saying that it seems to say they either
+never saw this person or never saw King James the Seventh; and yet I
+must not conceal that when we saw the man whom they called our King, we
+found ourselves not at all animated by his presence; and if he was
+disappointed in us, we were tenfold more so in him. We saw nothing in
+him that looked like spirit. He never appeared with cheerfulness and
+vigour to animate us: our men began to despise him; some asked if he
+could speak. His countenance looked extremely heavy. He cared not to
+come abroad among us soldiers, or to see us handle our arms to do our
+exercise. Some said the circumstances he found us in dejected him. I am
+sure the figure he made dejected us; and had he sent us but five
+thousand men of good troops, and never himself come, we had done other
+things than we have done. At the approach of that crisis when he was to
+defend his pretensions, and either lose his life or gain a Crown, I
+think, as his affairs were situated, no man can say that his appearing
+grave and composed was a token of his want of thought, but rather of a
+significant anxiety grounded on the prospect of his inevitable ruin,
+which he could not be so void of sense as not to see plainly before
+him,--at least, when he came to see how inconsistent his measures
+were--how unsteady the resolution of his guides, and how impossible it
+was to make them agree with one another."[128]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was at Glammis Castle, the seat of the Earl of Strathmore, that the
+Earl of Mar drew up a flattering account of the Prince, which he caused
+to be printed and diligently circulated.[129] The whole is here given,
+as affording an insight into all that was going on:--
+
+    "I have had three of yours since I left Perth, but I wonder I have
+    no letters from London. I mett the King at Fetteresso on Tuesday
+    se'night, where we stayed til Friday; from thence we came to
+    Brichan, then to Kinnaird, and yesterday here. The King designed to
+    have gone to Dundee to-day, but ther's such a fall of snow that he
+    is forced to put it off til to-morrow, if it be practicable then;
+    and from thence he designs to go to Scoon. There was no haste in his
+    being there sooner, for nothing can be done in this season, else he
+    had not been so long by the way. People every where as we have come
+    along, are excessively fond to see him and express that duty they
+    ought. Without any compliment to him, and to do him nothing but
+    justice, set aside his being a prince, he is realie the finest
+    gentelman I ever knew. He has a very good presence, and resembles
+    King Charles a great dele. His presence, tho', is not the best of
+    him; he has fine partes, and dispatches all his buissiness himself
+    with the greatest exactness. I never saw any body write so finely.
+    He is afable to a great degree w^{t}out looseing that majestie that
+    he ought to have, and has the sweetest temper in the world. In a
+    word, he is even fitted to make us a happie people, were his subjects
+    worthie of him. To have him peaceablie settled on his thron is what
+    these kingdomes do not deserve; but he deserves it so much, that I
+    hope ther's a good fate attending him. I am sure ther's nothing
+    wanting to make the rest of his subjects as fond of him as we are,
+    but thus knowing as we now have the happiness to do. And it will be
+    odd if his presence amongst us, after his running so many hazards to
+    compass it, do not turn the hearts of even the most obstinat. It is
+    not fit to tel all the particulars, but I assure you, since he
+    arived, he has left nothing undone that well could be to gain every
+    body, and I hope God will touch their hearts. His Majestie is very
+    sensible of the service you have done him and he desires you may
+    continue, for which he hopes he may yet be able to reward you. He
+    wrote to France as soon's he landed, and sent it with the shipe he
+    came in, which we hope got safe there long ago. It is not often that
+    we can have opportunity of writeing or sending there, and the Queen
+    and others will be mighty impatient to hear frequently; therefore
+    his Majestie expects you should write there frequently, and give
+    them all the accounts you can. I have reason to hope we shall very
+    quickly see a new face on affairs abroad in the King's favour, which
+    is all I dare comitt to paper. The Government will nott certainly
+    send all the strength against us they can, but e'er long, perhaps,
+    they may have ocasion for their troups else where.
+
+    "I belive one wou'd speak to you lately of a kind of comisary of the
+    Dutch, that may be spoke to, which by no means ought to be
+    neglected, and he being on your side the watter, it is left to you,
+    and you must not stick at offering such a reward as he himself can
+    desire, which I shall see made good: there should no time be lost in
+    this, and I'll be glad to know soon if there be any hopes that way.
+
+    "Tho' the way of sending letters betwixt us be now much more
+    difficult than ever, yet you must write as often as you possiblie
+    can get any probable way of sending of them safe; and pray give us
+    all the accounts you can. I have ordred some of the King's
+    declarations for England to be sent you, and when they come to your
+    hands you wou'd get some way of sending them to London and other
+    places of England. Send the enclosed for my wife under a cover, as
+    you used to do; by my not hearing from her, I am affraid my last has
+    not come to her hands. When any comes from her for me, pray take
+    care that you send them a safe way. We long to know what effects the
+    news of the King's arivall had at London, Stirling, and Edinburgh. I
+    suppose you still hear from Kate Bruce. I do not understand what she
+    means by going to the country, which she mentions in her letter to
+    you.
+
+    "I see in one of the prints that Lawrance is come off from London,
+    so by this time he must certainly be in Scotland; pray let me know
+    what you hear of him. If he be come, I suppose he'll understand
+    himself so well as our prisoner, that he will immediately give
+    himself up to us again.
+
+    "The King wears paper caps under his wige, which I know you also do;
+    they cannot be had at Perth, so I wish you could send some on, for
+    his own are near out.
+
+    "We are in want of paper for printing; is there no way to send us
+    some from your side?
+
+    "Pray, send my wife one of the Scots and one of the English
+    declarations at the same time my letter goes, but under another
+    cover. Adieu.
+
+    "Since writeing I have yours of the thirty-first and first, for
+    which I thank you, and am just going to read them to my master."
+
+Little dependance can be placed on the entire accuracy of either of
+these varying descriptions,--the one penned by a disappointed, and
+perhaps wavering, adherent, the other by a man whose personal interests
+were irrevocably involved with those of James. We must trust to other
+sources to enable us to form a due estimate of the merits of this
+ill-starred Prince.
+
+James Stuart was at this time in his twenty-seventh year. From his very
+cradle he had been, as it might seem to the superstitious, marked by
+fate for a destiny peculiarly severe. His real birth was long disputed,
+without the shadow of a reason, except what was suggested by a base
+court intrigue. This slur upon his legitimacy, which was afterwards
+virtually wiped away by the British Parliament, was nevertheless the
+greatest obstacle to his accession, there being nothing so difficult to
+obliterate as a popular impression of that nature.
+
+Educated within the narrow precincts of the exiled court, James owed the
+good that was within him to a disposition naturally humane, placable,
+and just, as well as to the communion with a mother, the fidelity of
+whose attachment to her exiled consort bespoke a finer quality of mind
+than that which Nature had bestowed on the object of her devotion. By
+this mother James must doubtless have been embued with a desire for
+recovering those dominions and that power for which Mary of Modena, like
+Henrietta Maria, sighed in vain, as the inheritance of her son; but the
+stimulus was applied to a disposition with which a private life was far
+more consonant than the cares of sovereignty. Rising as he does to
+respectability, when we contrast the good nature and mild good sense of
+the Chevalier with the bigotry of James the Second,--or view his career,
+blameless with some exceptions, in contrast with the licentiousness of
+Charles the Second, there were still no high hopes to be entertained of
+the young Prince; his character had little energy, and consequently
+little interest: he was affable, just, free from bigotry although firm
+in his faith, and capable of great application to business; but he
+wanted ardour. From his negative qualities, the pitying world were
+disposed to judge him favourably. "He began the world," says Lockhart,
+"with the general esteem of mankind; but he sank year by year in public
+estimation: his Court subsequently displayed the worst features of the
+Stuart propensities, an intense love of prerogative; and his mind, never
+strong, became weaker and weaker under the dominion of favourites."
+
+The ship in which James had sailed returned to France immediately to
+give the news of his safe arrival, and at the same time Lieutenant
+Cameron, the son of Cameron of Lochiel, was dispatched to Perth to
+apprise the Earl of Mar of the event. Upon the spur of the moment the
+Earl, accompanied by the Earl Marischal and General Hamilton, and
+attended by twenty or thirty persons of quality, on horseback, set out
+with a guard of horse to attend him whom they considered as their
+rightful Sovereign. The cavalcade met the Chevalier at Fetteresso, the
+principal seat of the Earl Marischal. "Here," says Reay, "the Chevalier
+dressed, and discovered himself," and they all kissed his hand, and
+owned him as their King, causing him to be proclaimed at the gates of
+the house. At Fetteresso the Prince was detained during some days by
+that inconvenient malady the ague. Meantime, the declaration which he
+had prepared, and which was dated from Commercy, was disseminated, and
+was dropped in some loyal towns by his adherents in the night-time,
+there being danger in promulgating it openly.[130]
+
+On the second of January, 1715-16, the Chevalier proceeded to Brechin,
+and thence to Kinnaird; and on Thursday to Glammis Castle, the seat of
+the Earl of Strathmore. On the sixth of January he made his public entry
+into Dundee on horseback, at an early hour. Three hundred followers
+attended him, and the Earl of Mar rode on his right hand, the Earl
+Marischal on his left. At the suggestion of his friends, the Prince
+shewed himself in the market-place of Dundee for nearly an hour and a
+half, the people kissing his hands. The following extract from a letter
+among the Mar Papers affords a more minute and graphic account of the
+Chevalier's demeanour than is to be found in the usual histories of the
+day.
+
+    "I hear the Pretender went this day from Glams to Dundee, and comes
+    to Scoon to-morrow; and I am shourly informed that your old friend
+    Willie Callender went to Glams on Wensday and kissed the Pretender's
+    hand, of whom he makes great speeches, and says he is one of the
+    finest gentlemen ever he saw in his life. Its weell that his landing
+    is keept up from the army, for he has gained so much the good will
+    of all ranks of people in this country that have seen him, that if
+    it was made publick it's thought it might have ill effects among
+    them. He is very affable and oblidging to all, and great crowds of
+    the common people flok to him. When he toke horse this morning from
+    Glams, there was about a thousand country people at the gate, who
+    they say, gave him many blessings: he has tuched several of the
+    ivil, as he did some this morning. He is of a very pleasant temper,
+    and has intirely gained the hearts of all thro' the places he has
+    passed. He aplyes himself very closs to business, and they say might
+    very weell be a Secretarie of State. He has declared Lord Marischall
+    one of his bedchamber. The toun of Aberdeen made him ane address, as
+    did all the other touns as he passed; and I hear he is, at the
+    request of the episcopal clergy in this country, to apoint a day of
+    thanksgiving for his safe arival, and likeways a proclamation, to
+    which will be referred his declaration, with something new, which
+    shall be sent to you with first ocasion. There came a battalion of
+    Bredalbins men to Perth on Tuesday, and ane other of Sir Donald
+    M^{c}Donalds this day; and they are now daily getting in more men.
+
+    "This is all the intelligence I can give you, and I hope to hear
+    from you again soon, and lett me know what certain number are now
+    come over, and what more designed. Deliver the enclosed and tell him
+    these papers could not be gott him just now, but shall per next. I
+    ame affraid poor W. Maxewell wild be dead before you get this, of a
+    fever and a flux: he is given over this two days. Write soon."
+
+After the display at Dundee, the Chevalier rode to the house of Stewart
+of Grandutly, in the neighbourhood, where he dined and passed the day.
+On the following day he proceeded along the Carse of Gowrie to Castle
+Lyon, a seat of the Earl of Strathmore, where he dined, and went thence
+to Fingask, the seat of Sir David Threipland. On the eighth of January
+he took up his abode in the royal palace of Scoon, where he intended to
+remain until after his coronation.
+
+For this event preparations were actually made by the Earl of Mar, whose
+sanguine spirit appears to have been somewhat revived by the presence of
+the Chevalier. The addition of a new dignity to his own ancestral
+honours had marked the favour and confidence of James. Before the
+arrival of the Chevalier in Scotland, the Earl of Mar had been informed
+that a patent of dukedom was made out for him; on which he thus
+expressed himself in a letter, written before the Chevalier's landing,
+full of gratitude and professions.[131]
+
+"Your Majesty has done me more honour than I deserve. The new dignity
+you have been pleased to confer on me is what I was not looking for; and
+coming from your Majesty's hands is what gives it the value. The patent
+is not yet come, but tho' it had, I think I ought not to make use of it
+till your Majesty's arrival."
+
+The Earl of Mar had now had an opportunity of throwing himself at the
+feet of the King, which, as he expressed, "is the thing in the world he
+had longed most for." But still, the difficulties in his path seemed to
+be rendered more insurmountable than ever by the arrival of James.
+
+In the first place, the landing of the Chevalier evidently sealed the
+doom of those gallant and unfortunate noblemen who had been taken
+prisoners at Preston; and rendered all hopes of mercy futile. The
+sixteenth of January, which witnessed the forming of the Chevalier's
+council at Perth, was the day on which the unfortunate Derwentwater,
+Nithisdale, Kenmure, Wintoun, and Widdrington, petitioned for two days'
+delay to prepare for their trials. Their doom was hurried on in the
+general panic; and in the addresses from both Houses of Parliament to
+King George, it was declared by the members of those assemblies "that
+the landing of the Pretender in this kingdom had greatly encreased
+their indignation against him and his adherents."
+
+It is impossible that the Earl of Mar could have heard, without deep
+commiseration, and perhaps remorse, of the peril in which those
+ill-fated adherents of James were placed, although he may not have
+anticipated the full severity of the law. In one of his subsequent
+letters he remarks: "By the news I see the Parliament is to have no
+mercie on our Preston folks: but I hope God will send them salvation in
+time." One of his greatest sources of anxiety had been respecting the
+movements of the Duke of Ormond, upon whose making a diversion in favour
+of James, in England, Mar had counted. The news that Ormond, after
+having been seen on the coast of England, had returned, disheartened,
+was brought by the Chevalier, who heard of it at St. Maloes. The only
+chance of success, the last hope, were centered in this resource. The
+failure of this expectation was fatal, as Lord Mar conceived, to the
+cause, and on it he grounded his own subsequent withdrawal from England.
+
+The entrance of the Chevalier into Perth, on the ninth of January, was
+attended with far less enthusiasm than the previous portion of his
+progress. His reception was comparatively cold. On asking to see their
+"little kings" (the chieftains) with their armies, the Highlanders,
+diminished in numbers by the secession of the Marquis of Huntley and the
+absence of Lord Seaforth and others, were marched before him. James
+could not help admiring their bearing; but the small amount of troops in
+the camp filled him with a dejection which he could not conceal. When, a
+few days afterwards, the unfortunate Prince addressed his council for
+the first time, he said, with mournful truth, these words. "For me it
+will be no new thing if I am unfortunate: my whole life, even from my
+cradle, has been a constant series of misfortunes." This sentiment of
+ill-presage was re-echoed in the address of the Episcopal clergymen.
+
+"Your Majesty has been trained up," said these divines, at Fetteresso,
+"in the School of the Cross, in which the Divine grace inspires the mind
+with true wisdom and virtue, and guards it against those false
+blandishments by which prosperity corrupts the heart." And as this
+school has sent forth the most illustrious princes,--Moses, Joseph, and
+David, it was hoped that a similar benefit would accrue to the character
+of the Prince whom the Episcopal Clergy thus welcomed to their country.
+
+Meantime the project of crowning the Chevalier at Scone amused the minds
+of the people, and continued to be the subject of diligent preparation
+by the Earl of Mar. Unhappily a ship laden with money and other aids,
+had been lost on its passage from France, close to the Tay, for want of
+a pilot.[132] The difficulties which were augmented by this misfortune,
+are alluded to in the following extract from one of Lord Mar's letters.
+
+                                               "January 15th, 1715-16.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I wrote to you yesterday by one that used to come here from Mr.
+    Hall, which I hope will come safe to your hands. At night I had
+    yours of the fourteenth, and this night that of the tenth. The caps
+    do pritty well, and I have orders to thank you for them. I send you
+    one of his own; if you can get such paper t'is well, and if not, the
+    other is what he likes best of any that you sent; so let some of
+    either one or other come when you have an occasion.
+
+    "I am sorry Mr. Brewer[133] is ill, for his presence here wou'd be
+    of great use; and as soon as he is able I wish he wou'd come, which
+    I am ordered to tel you, and also that you may endeavour to get a
+    copie of the coronation of King Charles the First and Second, which
+    certainly are to be had in Edinburgh. Willie Wilson had them, and
+    perhaps some of his friends may have got copies of them from him,
+    which may be had.
+
+    "I spoke to one some time ago about makeing a crown in pices at
+    Edinburgh and bringing it over here to be put togither, who, I
+    believe, talkt to you of it. That man was here some days ago, but
+    went away before I knew it is wisht that such a thing could yet be
+    done, which is left to your care.
+
+    "In case there be occasion for it here, as I wish there may, bulion
+    gold is what I'm afraid will be wanting, but it will not take much.
+    Had not the misfortune I wrote to you of hapn'd to Sir J.
+    Erskine[134] there had been no want of that. We have got no farther
+    account of that affair, tho' we have people about it; but if they do
+    not succeed this night or to-morrow when the spring tide is, it is
+    lost for ever. There is more by the way tho', and I hope will have
+    better fate. I have ordered more papers to be sent you, and
+    certainly you have more of them before now. It is mighty well taken
+    what that lady (the letters from London say) has ordered, as to
+    those you sent her, which you are desired to let her have; and I do
+    not doubt she will do the same as to those concerning E----d.
+    Adieu."
+
+By the next letter it appears that the good opinion entertained by Lord
+Mar of the Chevalier was real; since the whole of the epistle has the
+tone of being a natural effusion of feeling, and is a simple statement
+of what actually took place, and not the letter of a diplomatist.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I have seen a letter from Mr. S----g, who had spoke with you on the
+    subject I formerly wrote to you of, concerning that fo--f--y of the
+    D----h to a gentleman with us, Mr. S----q's friend, and upon it our
+    master has thought fit to write the enclosed to him, and orders me
+    to tell you that you must cause give him an hundred guineas at the
+    delivery of the letter. The letter is left open for your perusal,
+    and I wish it may have effect, as perhaps it may. There's no time
+    to be lost in it, and I'll long to know what passes in it, and what
+    hopes you have of him. I sent you credit for five hundred pounds,
+    which I hope you got safe; but if by any accident it should not come
+    to your hands, Mr. S----q there, is a certain goldsmith that will
+    advance what there is occasion for this way. I send you enclosed a
+    letter, which may be of use in an affair I wrote of in my last.
+
+    "We have got severall deserters since the K. came and last night
+    nine came in with their clothes and arms, and says many more will
+    follow soon, which I wish we may see. They say, too, that the two
+    regiments of dragoons are marcht from Glasgow for England, and that
+    two are to go from Stirling to replace them. Were they designing to
+    march against Scoon, sure they would not do this, nor is it possible
+    they can do anything in this weather; but if they, notwithstanding,
+    attempt it, perhaps they may find frost in it.
+
+    "As I am writing I have received yours of the thirteenth. I read it
+    to the K----g, and delivered him the enclosed letter from Mr.
+    Holmes, which was very well taken, as you will see by the enclosed
+    return, which you'll take care to forward safely; and pray do me the
+    favour to make my compliments there.
+
+    "Perhaps you'll hear things of the two northern powers[135] that
+    will look odd to your other friends, as no wonder; but all will come
+    right again--the time they had taken being out in a few days.
+    There's one sent some days ago to assist them, so I hope things will
+    be soon right there, tho' they have done much to spoil them, and
+    each of them makes an excuse of one another as they have done from
+    the begining. The K----, you will see by all the enclosed, is not
+    spareing of his pains. You must fall on the right way of having them
+    all delivered.
+
+    "That to Seaforth he writes upon the great professions he made when
+    in France; he is such a fellow that I'm afraid it will do little
+    good.
+
+    "I have nothing else material to say just now, but I cannot give
+    over without telling a thing which I'm sure will please you--that
+    the longer one knows the King the better he's liked, and the more
+    good qualities are found in him; that of good-nature is very
+    eminent, and so much good sense that he might be a first minister to
+    any king in Europe, had he not been born a king himself. He has
+    allowed Neil Campbell to go to Edinburgh t'other day on his parole,
+    he being ill, and it was with so much good nature that was evident
+    in his doing of it, that it charmed me. I wish you could get notice
+    how Neil represents it or expresses himself when he gets there; for
+    I wrote it at length to the gentleman who wrote to me about him.
+    Adieu.
+
+    "If people from S----q be designing to come to us, they should
+    either do it soon or give us assurances of doing it soon as we are
+    in view of each other; and these assurances must be such that we can
+    depend on, for our conduct must in a great measure be regulated by
+    what we expect that way.
+
+    "It were highly necessary that methods and measures were concerted
+    for the right way of doing this, which you should let such of them
+    as you know are so trusted know, and it is absolutely necessary that
+    they either send one to me about this, or let me know it certainly
+    some other way, that we may not be drawing different ways when we
+    are designing the same thing.
+
+    "We have no return of the last message which was sent to the good
+    man of the house you wrote of, and t'is above eight days ago. I
+    believe he designs right, tho' t'is odd."
+
+The enthusiasm which was at first displayed towards the Chevalier was
+soon cooled, not only by his grave and discouraging aspect, but by his
+fearless and impolitic display of his religious faith. He never allowed
+any Protestant even to say grace for him, but employed his own confessor
+"to repeat the Pater nosters and Ave Marias:" and he also shewed an
+invincible objection to the usual coronation oath,--a circumstance which
+deferred the ceremony of coronation,--Bishop Mosse declaring that he
+would not consent to crown him unless that oath were taken. This
+sincerity of disposition--for it cannot be called by a more severe
+name--especially diminished the affections of the Chevalier's female
+episcopal friends, who had excited their male relations to bear arms in
+his favour. But the circumstance which weighed the most heavily against
+James, was the order which he published, on hearing that the Duke of
+Argyle was making preparations to march against him, for burning the
+towns and villages, and destroying the corn and forage, between Dumblane
+and Perth. This act of destruction, from the effects of which the
+desolate village of Auchterarder has never recovered, was determined on,
+in order that the enemy might be incommoded as much as possible upon
+their march; it added to the miseries of a people already impoverished
+by the taxes and contributions which the Jacobites had levied. It
+appears, however, from a letter of James's, since discovered, or
+perhaps, only suppressed at the time, to have been an act which he
+bitterly regretted, and the order for which he signed most unwillingly.
+He was desirous of making every reparation in his power for the ravages
+which were committed in his name.[136]
+
+On the ninth of January a council of war was held by the Duke of Argyle
+at Stirling, where, by a singular coincidence, the council sat in the
+same room in which James the Second, then Duke of York, had, in 1680,
+been entertained by the Earl of Argyle, to whom he had proposed the
+repeal of the sanguinary laws against Papists. The refusal of Argyle to
+concur in that measure, the consequences of his conduct, and his
+subsequent death, are circumstances which, doubtless, arose to the
+remembrance of his descendant, as he discussed, in that apartment, the
+march towards Perth.
+
+The country between Stirling and Perth was covered with a deep snow; the
+weather was one continual storm; it was therefore impossible for the
+army of Argyle to proceed until the roads were cleared,--a process which
+required some time to effect. It is asserted, nevertheless, by an
+historian, that upon Colonel Ghest being sent with two hundred dragoons
+to reconnoitre the road leading to Perth, that the greatest panic
+prevailed in that town: immediate preparations were made for defence,
+and nothing was to be seen except planting of guns, marking out
+breastworks and trenches, and digging up stones, and laying them with
+sand to prevent the effects of a bombardment.[137] The Earl of Mar,
+nevertheless, does not appear, if we may accredit his own words, to have
+even then despaired of a favourable issue. The following letter betrays
+no fear, but speaks of some minor inconvenience, which is far from being
+of a melancholy description. The difficulty of procuring the right sort
+of ribbon for the decoration of the Garter, is altogether a new feature
+among the adversities of royal personages. It seems strange that James
+should not have provided himself, before quitting France, with all that
+was necessary to preserve the external semblance of majesty.
+
+                                               "January 20th, 1715-16.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I wrote to you the eighteenth, and sent severall others enclosed,
+    which I hope will come safe to you. The inclosed, markt D. F., is
+    from the King to Davie Floid at London, which he desires you may
+    take care to gett conveid to him safly and soon, it being of
+    consequence. The other is for my wife, which I beg you may forward
+    as usewall.
+
+    "We are told that ther's some foot come to Dumblain, and that ther's
+    more expected there. And they still talk as if they designed to
+    march their whole armie against us nixt week. Perhaps they intend
+    it, but with this weather I see not how 'tis in their power. If they
+    do tho', upon their expecting we are to abandon Perth upon their
+    aproach, as I'm told they believe, they will find themselves
+    mistaken, for all here are resolved to stand it to the last, and
+    perhaps we will not wait their comeing the lenth, but meet them by
+    the way. We might have left it indeed, some time ago; but that time
+    is past, and the King's being with us alters the case in every
+    respect. After all, I cannot get myself to belive that they will
+    actually come to us in haste, and if they do they may mistake their
+    reckning. Sure I am, it were impossible for us to march to them in
+    this snow, and our folks are as good at that as they. The snow puts
+    me in mind of the children of Israel's pillar of smoke and pillar of
+    fire; and to say truth, ther's something in the weather very odd
+    and singular; I never saw such.
+
+    "My cloathes are almost all worn out, haveing left some at the
+    battle: I know not if you could get me any made and sent from
+    Edinburgh; but if you could, I should be glad of it. Ther's one Bird
+    was my tayler and I belive has my measur, or some old cloathes of
+    mine, that he could make them by. Perhaps he's a whig tho', and will
+    not do it. I would have them deep blew, laced with gold, but not on
+    the seams. I have but one starr and no riban, but 'tis no great
+    matter for that, a better man than I is in the same case; he has
+    only one scrub, one which he got made since he came, and no right
+    riban. I believe ther's neither of that kind of blew nor green riban
+    to be got at Edinburgh; but if you could get some tolorablie like
+    it, you send some of both. Wine is like to be a more sensible want.
+    We got a little Burgundy for the King, but it is out; and tho' we
+    know of a little more, I'm affraid we shall scarce get it brought
+    here; and he does not like clarit, but what you'l think odd, he
+    likes ale tolorably well. I hope they will send us some from France,
+    but with this wind nothing can come from thence. George Hamilton
+    saild on Saturday last, and I belive is there long e'er now, which I
+    heartily wish he may, and I hope you shall soon see the effects of
+    his going with what he caried with him.
+
+    "I am affraid Macintosh's men in England may be in hard
+    circumstances for want of money. The King has ordred some for them,
+    which is this daye given to a friend of theirs who was sent to me
+    from the North, who sayes he knows how to get it remitted to them.
+
+    "By the news I see the Parliament is to have no mercie on our
+    Preston folks, but I hope God will send them salvation in time.
+
+    "I wish you would send us the newspapers oftner for we get them but
+    seldome; the soonest way of sending them is by A. W. at Kirkaldy,
+    who will find some way of sending them to us, notwithstanding of
+    their garisons in Fife.
+
+    "I'm affraid what I wrote to you of formerly to be in danger will
+    never be recovered, for it could not at this time, tho' it was
+    try'd; and I fear shall not the next either, tho' we are to do all
+    we can about it, and it was too much to go that way.
+
+    "We have heard nothing further as yet from the goodman of the house,
+    as you call him, which I am surprized at. I can say no more now, so
+    Adieu."
+
+If we may believe the public prints of the day, dissensions now arose
+between the Chevalier and the Earl of Mar: the former blaming his
+general for having urged him to come over, when he had so small a force
+to appear in his favour; the latter, recriminating that the failure of
+aid from the Continent had discouraged the Chevalier's friends. The Earl
+of Mar was severely blamed, to quote from the same source, for having
+deceived the Chevalier in making him believe that the forces in
+Scotland were more considerable than they really were, and for giving
+his Scottish friends reason to suppose that the Chevalier would bring
+over foreign auxiliaries. That the former part of these allegations
+against Mar was untrue, is shewn by the letter which has been given,
+explaining to the Prince the state of affairs; and rather discouraging
+him from his attempt.[138] That the whole report was groundless, was
+manifested by the favour and confidence which James long continued to
+extend to the Earl after his exile abroad.
+
+For some time, the Earl of Mar and his party contrived to keep up their
+hopes. The season was indeed in some respects their friend, since it
+necessarily impeded the movements of Argyle's army against them. The
+winter of 1715-16 was one of the most severe that had been felt for many
+years, not only in Scotland, but abroad. In France and Spain the cold
+was so excessive, and the snow so deep, that the country people could
+not go to the market towns to buy provisions, whilst the plains were
+infested with bears and wolves, emboldened by the desolation, and
+ranging over the country in great numbers.[139]
+
+Whilst the intense frost lasted, the three thousand Highlanders who were
+encamped at Perth were able to defy the English army, although now
+supplied with artillery and ammunition from Berwick. Their security was
+furthermore increased by a heavy fall of snow succeeding a partial thaw,
+and followed by a frost, which rendered the roads more impracticable
+than ever, especially for the foot-soldiers. This circumstance had even
+occasioned some deliberation whether it would not be advisable for the
+Duke of Argyle to defer his march to Perth until the winter should be
+ended. Until the middle of January, it was the full intention of the
+Highlanders, and also that of the Earl of Mar, to stand the event of a
+battle, let the enemy's force be what it might. That they purposed thus
+to maintain their ancient character for valour, was, even as those most
+adverse to them allow, the prevalent report. It is borne out by the Earl
+of Mar's correspondence. On the twenty-third of January he thus writes
+to Captain Straiton:
+
+                                                    "The 23rd January.
+
+    "I have yours of the seventeenth and the twentieth both togather
+    last night, and a paket from H. in the last. I wrote to you on
+    Saturday the old way, and sent you a paket enclosed, which I belive
+    is of consequence, so I hope it's come safe, and that H. has gott
+    it. He has had two or three sent him from this of late, different
+    ways, and one goes of this day by the near way he sometimes uses. We
+    hear from all hands of the preparations against us, but we resolve
+    to stand it, cost what it will, and if they come out we will
+    certainly give them battle, lett their number be never so great. It
+    must now be plain to all that will allow themselves to see, that
+    nothing less is designed by the present managers than the intire
+    ruin and destruction of this poor country, and of every honest man
+    in it; and if this will not be an awakened people, I know nothing
+    that will. Since this then is plainly the case, there can be no
+    choise in dying honourably in the field for so just a cause, or
+    leving to see the ruin and intire destruction of our country, our
+    King, and our friends and relations. For my part, I shall prefer the
+    first with all cheerfulness, and never desire to live to be a
+    witness to the latter, which certainly will be the case if it please
+    God our King should be defeat."
+
+The next paragraph of this letter speaks mournfully of disappointment in
+those on whose aid the Earl had counted.
+
+    "It must be a strange infatuation that has gott amongst people,
+    especially those that always pretended to be friends to our cause,
+    many of whom told before the King came that they wad certainly joyn
+    him when he landed, and made his not being with us the only
+    objection, and now when he is come they make some other shift;--I
+    must say such people are worse than our greatest enemies; and if any
+    misfortune should befal the King or his cause, (which God forbid!) I
+    think they that pretended to be our friends have very much to count
+    for, and are more the cause of it than any others, since no doubt
+    the ashourances that many gave to joyn us when the King landed was
+    a chief motive for his comming to us. I hope in God we shall be able
+    to opose them tho' their numbers should be greater, and to their
+    shame and confusion be it if they come against us. I hope very soon
+    the King will have such assistance as will defeat all their designs,
+    and that his affairs will take a sudden turn in other pairts."
+
+The most serious defection from the Jacobite cause was the submission of
+the Marquis of Huntley and the Earl of Seaforth to the victorious arms
+of the Earl of Sutherland, aided by Lord Lovat, in Invernesshire.
+Seaforth had collected, on the Moor of Gilliechrist, twelve hundred men,
+the remnant of those whom he had been able to save from Sherriff Muir;
+but finding that Lord Sutherland had resolved to force him into an
+engagement, he owned King George as his lawful Sovereign, and promised
+to lay down his arms. This had occurred early in December, and,
+according to Lord Mar, before the Earl of Seaforth, in those remote
+regions, could have heard of the Chevalier's landing. Mar therefore
+regarded it as a temporary cessation on the part of Seaforth and
+Huntley, for a given period, of hostilities against the Government.
+
+As far as related to Lord Seaforth, the belief of Lord Mar was correct.
+At the end of the days agreed upon for the cessation of arms, Seaforth
+drew his people together, the influence of clanship enabling him to
+summon them at will, like a king; and again appeared in arms. This was
+the consequence of the news that James had landed having reached
+Inverness. But Seaforth could not retrieve the cause of James in the
+North, nor repair the effects of even a temporary submission. Eventually
+he returned to the party which he had espoused, and escaped to France.
+The Marquis of Huntley made his own terms with the Government.
+
+At this critical juncture, unanimity still prevailed, according to Lord
+Mar, among the assembled chieftains at Perth. "I do assure you," he
+writes, "that since the arms came here, there has not been a quarrel of
+any kind happened among us--not even among the Highland men, which is
+very extraordinary; and you may depend upon it there is the greatest
+unanimity here just now, and all fully resolved to stand to it, let what
+will come. I pray God preserve our King from the wicked and hellish
+designs of his enemies! I hope we will be apprized of their motions, so
+as to be in readiness to receive them."
+
+These expressions were written, but the letter which contained them was
+not sent, on the twenty-third of January. The postscript, written in a
+hurried hand, shows that the camp at Perth was not unprepared for the
+coming attack.
+
+    "Since writing of the inclosed, I have two from which I gott last
+    night with the paket; and ane account of that detachment of horse
+    comming out, who we hear came the lenth of Acterardie,[140] upon
+    which account the whole army here were ordred to be in a readyness
+    to march this morning, and we have no account they are returned: we
+    hear it was to vew the roads, and to try if it was practicable to
+    march their army, which they will find very hard to doe while this
+    weather holds. The account you gave in yours of their motions and
+    that detachment was very distinct. The K. read it himself,--it came
+    prety quick. I entreat you fail not to lett us have what accounts
+    you can learn, for what comes from you are among the best we can
+    gett.
+
+    "The K. ordered a review of the whole army here this morning, and
+    they are all to hold themselves ready at one half ane hour's
+    advertisment. Lett me hear from you soon. Adieu."
+
+Again, on the twenty-fourth of January:
+
+    "What is above should have gone this morning, but was delyed. Six
+    hundered of the clans are gone out this night to reinforce the
+    garison of Braco and Crief. I hear they have orders to destroy the
+    corn-yards and barns about Achterardir and Black Ford, which we hear
+    were revewed by the enemy yesterday. The King signed thir orders, I
+    can ashour you, most unwillingly; and caused put it in the order
+    that every thing should be made good to the poor people, with a
+    gratuity; and if any of them pleased to come to Perth, they should
+    be maintained and all care taken of them. This you may take for
+    truth, for no doubt they will make a great noise about it.
+
+    "We have just now got ane account of a ship being come into
+    Montross, but we know not yett what she brings. Adieu,--writte soon.
+    I am in haste."
+
+    "Eleven att night."
+
+On the twenty-fourth of January, the Duke of Argyle marched to Dumblane,
+with two hundred horse, to reconnoitre the roads. The report that the
+enemy was approaching, was quickly conveyed to Perth; and now was the
+order to burn and destroy the village of Auchterarder, the contents of
+the houses, all stores of corn and forage, mournfully and promptly
+executed. It was supposed by this, that the march of Argyle's forces
+would be impeded; but it produced no other inconvenience to that army
+than obliging them to lie one night in the open air; whilst the
+unpopularity it brought on James and his advisers, was long the subject
+of comment to their enemies. It is consolatory to those who wish to
+judge favourably of James to find this declaration in Lord Mar's
+correspondence.
+
+    "The King was forced, sore against his will, to give these burning
+    orders, as all of us were, could we have helped it; but this
+    extraordinary manœuvre of the enemy made it absolutely necessary.
+    A finger must be cut off to save the whole body. I have ordered some
+    copies of a proclamation to be sent you. There is about two of the
+    places burnt, and there's another ordred about the rest. Adieu.
+
+    "It was not amiss that this proclamation were sent to London."
+
+In pursuance of the cruel and impolitic commands to which Lord Mar
+refers, three thousand Highlanders were sent forth to the act of
+destruction. Auchterarder, Crieff, Blackford, Denning and Muthel, were
+mercilessly burned; and the wretched inhabitants turned out at that
+inclement season to destitution without a roof to shelter them. Many
+decrepid people and children perished in the flames.[141] Had James
+sought, in truth, to prepare a way for the Government in the hearts of
+the people, he could not have adopted a more suitable means. In the Duke
+of Argyle, he had a generous and humane adversary to deal with,--one
+whose forbearance laid him under the imputation of a want of zeal for
+the cause of the Government, and rendered him no favourite at the
+English Court. The fashion at the Court of St. James's, according to a
+letter in the Mar Papers, was, to rail against the Duke, and even George
+the First and those about him joined in the unjust and ungrateful abuse.
+
+Even so late as Sunday, the twenty-ninth of January, when Argyle's
+troops left Stirling and advanced to Braco Castle, Lord Mar appears to
+have been in ignorance of their actual movements. Perhaps, like the busy
+world of London politicians, he regarded the project of an attempt upon
+Perth in such weather as impracticable. Such was the opinion at St.
+James's. "Argyle's friends here," writes one near the Court, "speak of
+the march and the attempt at present as madness." And another individual
+writes, that "one half of their people must die of cold, and the other
+be knocked o' the head. So it seems Argyle is dragg'd to this matter. We
+cannot perceive, by all the letters that come up, any particular
+certainty as to Lord Mar's number and his designs. The Court are
+positive he will not stand; and they, as well as Ridpeath, assert
+strongly that the Pretender is gone already as far as Glammis. The
+Jacobites fancy that if he went thither, it was to meet and assemble
+these officers that were landed."[142]
+
+Whilst in this state of perplexity Lord Mar thus writes:
+
+                                                       "Jan. 29th.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I have keept the man that brought yours of the nineteenth and
+    twentieth, from A. W., on Saturday, till now, that I might have a
+    sure and speedy way of writeing to you when anything of consequence
+    happened, which we were expecting every minut last night. I wrote
+    one to you when I belived the enemie's front to be at Auchterarder,
+    and despatcht it; but late at night getting intelligence of that
+    party of the enemie who were marching towards Aucterarder haveing
+    marcht back without comeing the lenth of that place to Dumblain, if
+    not to Stirling, without halting by the way, I stopt my letter and
+    kepp it till they actually march, and then perhaps I may yet send it
+    to you, there being some other things in it necessary for you to
+    know upon that emergance which is needless other wayes.
+
+    "In it I told you of my haveing received yours of the eighteenth on
+    Sunday, and last night those of the fifteenth and twenty-first both
+    togither.
+
+    "By all appearance the enemie resolve to march against us, as one
+    might say, whether it be possible or not. They sent a party of horse
+    and foot to Dumblain on Sunday, which came near to Auchterarder
+    yesterday, I belive to try if the thing was practicable, but they
+    returned to Dumblain as above. We shall be forced to burn and
+    distroy a good deal of the country to prevent their marching, which
+    goes very, _very_ much against the King's mind, as it does mine and
+    more of us; but ther's an absolat necessity for it, and I believe it
+    will be put in execution this night or to-morrow morning, which
+    grieves me. Could it be helpt? this way of their makeing warr in
+    this, I may say, impracticable season, must have extraordinary
+    methods to oppose it. And I hope in God, any that suffers now, it
+    shall soon be in the King's power to make them a large reparation.
+    After all, when they have no cover left them, I see not how it is
+    possible for them to march. We are like to be froze in the house;
+    and how they can endure the cold for one night in the fields, I
+    cannot conceive; and then the roads are so, that but one can go
+    abreast, as their party did yesterday; and ther's no going off the
+    road for horse and scarce for foot, without being lost in the snow;
+    but if, after all, they do march, we must do our best, and I hope
+    God will preserve and yet prosper the King, who is the best prince I
+    belive in the world.
+
+    "As for news in the kingdome of Fife, I suppose you wou'd hear that
+    a party of the M^{c}Grigors some dayes ago from Faulkland attacquet
+    a party of Swise and militia from Leslie and beat them, takeing
+    thirty-two prisoners, wherof eleven horse, as I hear. I have not
+    time to say more, so adieu."
+
+    "January 29th, 1715-16."
+
+Again, in another letter on the same day, the Earl still seems to
+consider the game as not then lost. It is amusing to find how, in the
+carrying on of his projects, he availed himself of the aid of ladies,
+and how troubled he sometimes found himself with "busie women." Whilst
+this letter was being penned, Argyle was employing the country people
+around Auchterarder in clearing the roads of snow: and on the following
+day, he had advanced towards Tullibardine, within eight miles of Perth.
+On that very Sunday, Lord Mar thus writes: it is evident he had at this
+time formed no plan of retreat.
+
+                  "Sunday, 11 o'clock forenoon, Janū 29th, 1715-16.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Since I wrote to you I have got yours of the twenty-second, one of
+    the twenty-third, and two of the twenty-fifth; the last of which,
+    tho' the first wrote, I got not til this morning. I wou'd have wrote
+    to you these two dayes by post, but we have had so many alarms of
+    the enimie's marching towards us, that I had not time, as I have
+    very little to say anything just now, for I expect ivery minut to
+    hear of their being marcht from Dumblain, where a considerable
+    number of them have been these two dayes this way.
+
+    "The enclosed you must take care to send by the first post which is
+    opened again on purpose for you to read, but I'm affraid you will
+    not understand it all. As to that paper you sent me which came from
+    England, there can be nothing said to it from hence just now, only
+    that they are to do the best they can; and I hope shortly that
+    country shall have sent them where withall to enable them to make a
+    better figur than they have hitherto done. We are not in a condition
+    here to give them any help just now. Ther's one Mrs. Lawson, who
+    seems to be a diligent body, that complains a little that you do not
+    allow her to see you often enough, which I take to be the complaint
+    of an over busie woman, than which ther's nothing more uneasie; but
+    just now such people must be humoured, and she has really been
+    usefull. Before this goes 'tis very likely I may have occassion to
+    inclose one I formerly wrote to you upon a certain occasion, but
+    did not then send as I told you in another, the thing not then
+    hapning, but we expect it every minut. Deserters of all kinds come
+    in to us pritty fast, foreigners as well as subjects; and if they
+    but give them time, I am perswaded great numbers will.
+
+    "'Tis now five o'clock and we have no accounts of any of the enimie
+    being come further than Dodoch, where a partie of them came last
+    night, so I'll detain the messenger. This goes by no stranger.
+    Perhaps they may find the roads impracticable, and by the burning
+    that they can advance no further,--at which, indeed, I shall not be
+    much surprised; and if so, may be forced to delay their extraordinary
+    march til more human weather for making warr. The King was forced,
+    sore against his will, to give these burning orders,--as all of us
+    were, could wee have helpt it; but this extrodinar manuver of the
+    enimie made it absolutly necessary: a fingor must be cut of to save
+    the whole body. I have ordered some copies of a proclamation to be
+    sent you, there is about two of the places burnt, and ther's another
+    order about the rest. Adieu.
+
+    "It were not amiss that this proclamation was sent to London. The
+    little young letter enclosed is for Lady Wigton, which pray cause
+    deliver."
+
+On Tuesday, the last day of January, the Duke of Argyle passed the river
+Eru, and took possession of Tullibardine. It has been stated by several
+historians that the Jacobites fled from Perth on the same day; but the
+following letter from Lord Mar, dated the first of February, shows that
+the flight could not have taken place until the following day. This
+curious letter, which was written at the early hour of six in the morning,
+is unfinished. It is the last in the series of that correspondence which
+has formed of itself a narrative of Lord Mar's life, from his first
+taking upon himself the office of General and Commander-in-Chief, to the
+hour when he virtually resigned that command. In the midst of pressing
+danger his sanguine nature seems not to have deserted him: his love of
+the underplots of life, the influence of "Kate Bruce," and the
+arrangements for a coronation, were as much in his thoughts as in the
+more hopeful days before Sherriff Muir and Preston.
+
+                  "Wednesday, about six forenoon, ffebruary 1st, 1716.
+
+    "On Monday evening I gave you the trouble of a greatly long letter,
+    mostly on indifferent subjects, and sent it off yesterday to A. W.
+    If I was too tedious upon what concerned a woman and a Prince, it
+    was with a good intent, and to make matters plain. By what I hear
+    from R. B., and the Hole, that Argyle's forces were yesterday
+    forenoon at Stirling, and so was the regiments of dragoons there and
+    St. Ninian's, for accounts of motions there and thereabouts, on both
+    sydes of the river,--you may expect it best sent from R. B., the
+    Hole, and a grave gentleman.
+
+    "By yesternight's post I sent of M^{c}Quart's letter; and indeed, in
+    most or all letters I write to that quarter for ten weeks past, I
+    alwayes requested that whatever was to be done might be quickly
+    done. I lykeways sent to London between fyve or six, several honest
+    hands, to put off the proclamation declaration about burning, and
+    that paper of which I some days ago sent you two copies. And now I
+    begin to think I have been in the wrong to Mr. S----g, in the short
+    character I gave you of him, at least, if it be true that I am told,
+    that he is not only author of that paper I sent you the two copies
+    of, but has got a very great number of them printed; and tho' I may
+    be an insufficient judge, I must acknowledge I am very well pleased
+    with the paper, for I think it full of plain truths; and besydes
+    other dispersings, I did indeed yesterday cause putt in fiftein
+    copies of it in the Lords of Session's boxes.
+
+    "The litle letter to my good Lady W.[143] I caused carefully to be
+    delivered. I wish all women had some share of her good, sweet, easie
+    temper, for, as you will observe, over-busied women are most
+    uneasie; and I have had much experience of it within these four
+    months past in many instances, and with more persons than one or
+    two. The only inconvenience I had by Kate Bruce lodging in the same
+    house with me was, it brought in too many women upon me, and some
+    of these brought in others, and to this minute I cannot with
+    descretion get quit of them.
+
+    "A good time ago you were pleased to tell me you could not well
+    conceive how I got myself keept free, but if you now knew what a
+    multitude knows where I lodge, you would wonder more; and indeed it
+    is no litle admiration to myself: but as soon as I have so much
+    strenth, and can fynd a convenient place (which is not easie), I
+    will change my quarters, if it were for no other reason than to be
+    quit of useless people of both sexes, that interrupt me from
+    busieness, or trouble with impertinent questions. And whyle I am
+    accuseing others of indescretion, I wish I am not so myself in so
+    much insisting upon and troubling you with such matters.
+
+    "At Perth I have gott a collection of all papers relating to the
+    coronation of King Charles the First and Second, and shall send them
+    whenever you think fitt; but I suppose it may be convenient to lett
+    the present hurrie a little over before I send them to you.
+
+    "How the great Generalls can imploy their hors to great purpose in
+    the deep snow, or how men and hors will long hold out in such
+    weather, is what I do not understand. I hope a shorter time than
+    they imagine will destroy, even without the help of an enemy,--at
+    least, make many, both men and hors, inserviceable."
+
+Much had been going on in the meantime, to which Lord Mar, perhaps from
+the fear of spreading a panic, does not even allude to his correspondent
+in Edinburgh. When it became known in Perth that Argyle had left
+Stirling, the advisers of the Chevalier were dismayed and distracted by
+contending counsels. But the mass of the army expressed a very different
+sentiment, rejoicing that the opportunity of a rencontre with the enemy
+was so near: congratulations were heard passing from officers to their
+brother officers, and the soldiers, as they drank, pledged their cups to
+the good day near at hand. The council, meantime, sat all night: the
+irresolution of that body, towards morning, was disclosed to the
+impatient soldiery: the indignation of the brave men, and more
+especially of the Highlanders, burst forth upon the disclosure of what
+had passed in the council. The gentlemen volunteers resented the
+pusillanimity of their leaders: and one of them was heard to propose
+that the clans should take the Chevalier out of the hands of those who
+counselled him to retreat, and added that he would find ten thousand
+gentlemen in Scotland that would risk their lives for him. A friend of
+Mar, after remonstrating with these malcontents, asked "What they wished
+their officers to do?" "Do!" was the reply; "what did you call on us to
+take arms for? was it to run away? What did the King come hither for?
+was it to see his people butchered by hangmen and not strike a note for
+their lives? Let us die like men, and not live dogs."[144]
+
+On the thirtieth of January the Chevalier himself opened another council
+in the evening, and in a few words proposed a retreat. Lord Mar then
+addressed the meeting, and advocated the measure with a degree of
+ingenuity and eloquence which, at that moment, we are disposed rather to
+condemn than applaud; yet, his reasons for abandoning Perth were such,
+as in cool reflection were not devoid of justice, and they might be
+founded upon a humane consideration for the brave adherents of a lost
+cause. He stated, first, as the cause of his proposal, the failure of
+the Duke of Ormond's invasion of England. Secondly, the accession of
+foreign troops to the Duke of Argyle's force. Lastly, the reduced number
+of the Chevalier's troops, which then amounted to four thousand, only
+two thousand three hundred of which were properly armed. Even in that
+weak condition the Chevalier would, according to Lord Mar's subsequent
+statement, gladly have maintained Perth, or ventured a battle; but when
+the enemy with an army of eight thousand men were actually advanced near
+to the place, it was found impracticable to defend Perth, the town being
+little more at that time than an open village; and the river Tay on one
+side, and the fosse on the other, being both frozen over, it would have
+been easy to enter the town at any quarter. Added to this, the mills had
+been long stopped by the frost, so that there were not above two days'
+provision in the town. There were no coals to be procured: the enemy had
+possession of the coal mines in Fife, and wood was scarce. The Earl also
+contended that the Highlanders, however able in attack, were not
+accustomed to the defence of towns.
+
+Reasons equally cogent were employed against going out to fight the
+enemy, and a retreat northwards was at length proposed. But it was no
+easy task to bring the brave spirits who had hailed the approach of
+Argyle, to accord in sentiments which might spring from discretion, but
+which ill agreed with the Highland notions of honour. The council, after
+a stormy debate, was broken up in confusion, and adjourned until the
+next morning.
+
+Some hours afterwards, a few, who were favourable to the abandonment of
+Perth, were summoned privately by Lord Mar; and it was then agreed not
+to fight, but to retreat. For a time this determination was concealed
+from the bulk of the army, but it gained wind; and on the evening of the
+thirty-first of January, eight hundred of the Highlanders indignantly
+left Perth, and retired beyond Dunkeld, to their homes. That very night,
+also, the Chevalier, who had far less of the Scottish Stuart within him
+than of that modified and inferior variety exemplified in the British
+line of the family, disappeared from the town, and repaired to Scone. He
+supped and slept in the house of the Provost Hay; and on the following
+morning, at an early hour, was ready for retreat. To do the Chevalier
+justice, there was, according to Lord Mar's journal, much difficulty in
+persuading him to this step: it was found necessary to convince him that
+it had become a duty to retire from the pursuit of the Government,
+which, as long as he was in the country, would never cease to persecute
+his followers, who could not make any terms of capitulation so long as
+he remained. He was obliged, at last, to consent: "And, I dare say,"
+adds Lord Mar, "no consent he ever gave was so uneasy to him as this
+was."[145] Of that point it would be satisfactory to be well assured.
+
+On the first of February, four hours after the unfinished letter of Lord
+Mar was written, the Jacobites abandoned Perth, and crossing the frozen
+stream of the Tay, took their route to Dundee. They went forth in such
+precipitation, that they left their cannon behind them,--a proof that
+they never hoped to oppose again the victorious arms of Argyle. About
+noon the Chevalier, accompanied by Lord Mar, followed his people towards
+the North. He is said to have been disconsolate,--and, shedding tears,
+to have complained "that instead of bringing him a crown, they had
+brought him to his grave." This murmur and these tears having been
+reported to Prince Eugene, of Savoy, that General remarked "that weeping
+was not the way to conquer kingdoms."[146]
+
+The Jacobites marched direct for Dundee, along the Carse of Gowrie. The
+Duke of Argyle's forces entered Perth only two hours after the Highland
+army had entirely cleared the Tay, which, happily for their retreat, was
+frozen over with ice of an extraordinary thickness. At Dundee the
+Chevalier rested one night only; but leaving it on the second of
+February, was again succeeded by Argyle and his squadrons, who arrived
+there on the following day.
+
+The unfortunate Prince pursued his way to Montrose. His route along the
+sea-coast gave credence to a report which had now gained ground, of his
+intention of embarking for France. The loudest murmurs again ran through
+the Highland forces, worthy of a noble leader, and the sight of some
+French vessels lying near the shore confirmed the general suspicion.
+This was, nevertheless, somewhat allayed by an order to the clans to
+march that evening at eight o'clock to Aberdeen, where, in accordance
+with the crooked policy and deceptive plan of Lord Mar, it was
+represented that large supplies of troops and arms would meet them from
+France. But a very different scheme was in agitation among those who
+governed the feeble James, and perhaps, with right motives, guided him
+to his safety.
+
+A small ship lay in the harbour of Montrose, for the purpose,
+originally, of carrying over an envoy from James to some foreign court.
+This vessel was now pitched upon to transport the Chevalier; the size
+being limited, she could accommodate but few passengers: and therefore,
+to avoid confusion, the Chevalier "himself thought fit to name who
+should attend him." "The Earl of Mar, who was the first named, made
+difficulty, and begged he might be left behind; but the Chevalier being
+positive for his going, and telling him that, in a great measure, there
+were the same reasons for his going as for his own,--that his friends
+could more easily get terms without him than with him,--and that, as
+things now stood, he could be of no more use to them in their own
+country, he submitted."[147]
+
+The Chevalier then chose the Marquis of Drummond to accompany him: this
+nobleman was lame from a fall from his horse, and was not in a condition
+to follow the army. He, as well as the Earl of Mar, the Lord
+Tullibardine, and the Lord Linlithgow had a bill of attainder passed
+against them. The Chevalier on that account was desirous of taking these
+other Lords with him; but both were absent: Lord Tullibardine was at
+Brechin with a part of the foot, and Lord Linlithgow at Berire with the
+horse. He ordered the Earl Marischal, General Sheldon, and Colonel
+Clephan to accompany him.
+
+After these arrangements the Chevalier issued several orders which
+reflect the utmost credit upon his disposition. After appointing General
+Gordon Commander-in-chief, with all necessary powers, he wrote a paper
+containing his reasons for leaving the kingdom, and, delivering it to
+the General, gave him at the same time all the money in his possession,
+except a small sum which he reserved for his expenses and those of his
+suite; and desired, that after the army had been paid, the residue
+should be given to the impoverished and houseless inhabitants of
+Auchterarder. He then dictated a letter to the Duke of Argyle, in which
+he dwelt at some length upon his distress at being obliged "among the
+manifold mortifications which he had had in this unfortunate
+expedition," to burn the villages. The letter, which was never delivered
+to the Duke of Argyle, is in the possession of the Fingask family.[148]
+
+Having completed these arrangements, the Chevalier prepared to take
+leave for ever of the Scottish shores. The hour had now arrived which
+was appointed for the march of the troops, and the Chevalier's horses
+were brought before the door of the house in which he lodged: the guard
+which usually attended him whilst he mounted, were in readiness, and all
+was prepared as if he were resolved to march with the clans to Aberdeen.
+But meantime, the Chevalier had slipped out of his temporary abode on
+foot, accompanied only by one servant; and going to the Earl of Mar's
+lodgings, he went thence, attended by the Earl, through a bye-way to the
+water side, where a boat awaited him and carried him and the Earl of Mar
+to a French ship of ninety tons, the Marie Therese, of St. Malo. About a
+quarter of an hour afterwards two other boats carried the Earl of
+Melfort and Lord Drummond, with General Sheldon and ten other gentlemen,
+on board the same ship: they then hoisted sail and put to sea; and
+notwithstanding that several of the King's ships were cruizing on the
+coast, they sailed in safety, and after a passage of seven days, arrived
+at Waldam, near Gravelines, in French Flanders.
+
+The Chevalier sailed at nine o'clock. Some hours afterwards, Earl
+Marischal and Colonel Clephan arrived at the shore, but they could get
+no boat to convey them, for fear of the men-of-war that were cruizing
+near. The Marie Therese, nevertheless, got out of reach of these vessels
+before daylight.
+
+With what reflections Lord Mar left his native country a prey to the
+power of an irritated Government, cannot readily be conceived. That he
+left it at such a moment, is a fact which for ever stamps his memory
+with degradation. The deserted adherents of James, being in no condition
+to make a stand against the Duke of Argyle, betook themselves to holes
+and caves, mostly in the remote parts of the Highlands, where many
+lurked until they could safely appear; but such as were most obnoxious
+took the first opportunity of ships to carry them into foreign
+countries; and vessels were, to this end, provided by the Chevalier with
+such success, that many escaped from the pursuit of justice.
+
+James, accompanied by the Earl of Mar, proceeded to his former residence
+at St. Germains, where, in spite of the wishes of the French Government
+that he should repair to his old asylum in Lorraine, he wished to
+remain. In Paris, the Chevalier met two of his most distinguished
+adherents,--the faithless Bolingbroke, and the popular Duke of Ormond.
+Although aware of the unsoundness of Bolingbroke's loyalty, James
+received him cordially. "No Italian," says Bolingbroke, "ever embraced
+the man he was going to stab with a greater show of affection and
+confidence."
+
+For some time the Chevalier lingered in Paris, hoping to see the Regent.
+"His trunks were packed, his chaise was ordered at five that afternoon,"
+writes Lord Bolingbroke, "and I wrote word to Paris that he was gone.
+Instead of taking post for Lorraine, he went to the little house in the
+Bois de Boulogne, where his female ministers resided; and there he
+continued lurking for some days, pleasing himself with the air of
+mystery and business, while the only real business which he should have
+had at heart he neglected."[149]
+
+Avignon was now fixed on as the retreat of the Chevalier; and thither,
+after some delay, he retired, to an existence politically forgotten by
+the Continental powers, until the war with Spain and the consequent
+declaration of the Spanish King in his favour recalled him to
+importance.
+
+Lord Mar, meantime, occupied himself in fruitless endeavours to excite,
+once more, the struggle which had just ended so fatally. As far as
+France was concerned, all those schemes upon which Mar successively
+built were futile: no aid could ever be expected during the Regency. "My
+hopes," said Bolingbroke, speaking of the Jacobite cause, "sunk as he
+[Louis the Fourteenth] declined, and died when he expired. The event of
+things has sufficiently shown that all those which were entertained by
+the Duke [of Ormond], and the Jacobite party under the Regency, were the
+grossest delusions imaginable."[150]
+
+Some of the remaining years of Lord Mar's life were, nevertheless,
+devoted to chimerical projects for which he received in return little
+but disappointment, ingratitude, and humiliation. One of his schemes was
+to engage Charles the Twelfth of Sweden on the side of the Chevalier. In
+a letter to Captain Straiton, the Chevalier's agent in Edinburgh, he
+signified that if five or six thousand bolls of meal could be purchased
+by the King's friends and sent to Sweden, where there was then a great
+scarcity, it would be of service to his master in conciliating the good
+will of Charles. This proposal was communicated by Mar's desire to
+Lockhart of Carnwath, to Lord Balmerino, and to the Bishop of Edinburgh.
+But it was the sanguine disposition of Mar which alone could lead him to
+suppose such a scheme practicable. It was, in the first place, found
+impossible to raise so large a sum from men, many of them exiles, or
+involved in difficulties from the expenses of the recent insurrection.
+It was also deemed folly to conceive that so large a quantity of Scotch
+meal as necessary could be exported without exciting the suspicion of
+Government.
+
+The next plan which Lord Mar contrived was not so fully unfolded as the
+project of which Charles the Twelfth was to be the object. He wrote to
+Edinburgh soon after the failure of the first scheme, to this effect:
+that a certain foreign prince had entered into a design for the
+restoration of James: that it "would look odd if his friends at home did
+not assist him;" and he wished they would fall on some means to have in
+readiness such a sum as they could afford to venture in his cause when a
+fair opportunity occurred. The hint was taken up seriously by the
+zealous Lockhart of Carnwath, and assurances were sent from "several
+persons of honour, that they would be in a condition to answer his
+Majesty's call." Among these, the Earl of Eglintoun offered three
+thousand guineas; and the others "would have given a good round sum."
+The conduct of the English Government to the Duke of Argyle, who had
+been superseded as Commander-in-Chief in Scotland, and the strong
+personal friendship between Lockhart and the Duke, emboldened Mar to
+hope that a negotiation might be entered into with Argyle, and that he
+might be persuaded to join in their schemes. At the same time, Lord Mar
+enjoined the strictest secrecy in all these affairs, and with reason,
+for the letters of the exiled Jacobites abounded in false hopes and
+plans; many of their correspondents at home had not the discretion to
+conceal their delight, when the sanguine expectations of their party
+prevailed over despair.
+
+The agent employed by Lockhart to treat with the Duke of Argyle was
+Colonel John Middleton. By him Lockhart was, however, assured that his
+Grace would neither directly nor indirectly treat with Mar for "he
+believed him his mortal enemy, and had no opinion of his honour; and,"
+added Middleton, "I cannot think Mar does, more seriously now than
+before, desire to see Argyle in the King's measures, lest he eclipsed
+him." It was therefore resolved by Lockhart, that the correspondence
+between the Chevalier and Argyle should be contrived without Mar's
+cognizance. A letter was written to James, and was forwarded by Captain
+Straiton, enclosed, to the Earl of Mar, who was, in another epistle from
+Lockhart, "entreated not to be offended that the contents of the letter
+were not communicated to him, because he was bound to impart the same
+alone to the King."
+
+This letter, containing a proposal so important to the interests of
+James, is supposed never to have reached the Chevalier. Mar, distrustful
+and offended, is suspected of having broken it open, and given it his
+own answer in a letter to the Duke of Argyle, which tended to affront
+and repel the Duke rather than to invite him to allegiance. When, some
+time afterwards, Lockhart's son spoke on the subject to the Chevalier at
+home, and represented what a fair opportunity had been lost, the Prince
+replied, "that he did not remember ever to have heard of it
+before."[151] Whether Mar was misjudged or not must be a matter of
+doubt, but this anecdote proves how little respect was entertained for
+his good faith, or even for his possessing the common sentiments of
+gentlemanly propriety, when the suspicion of breaking open a letter
+which had been entrusted to him was attached to his conduct.
+
+In consequence of the difficulty of bringing any scheme to bear, from
+the want of a head, Lockhart had contrived a plan of having trustees in
+Scotland to conduct it, to be empowered by James to act during his
+absence, and in his behalf. This plan had the usual obstacles to
+encounter among a set of factious partisans, who were only united when
+the common danger pressed and common services were required, but
+discordant and selfish in the calmer days of suspense. Mar, perhaps,
+with greater wisdom than he was allowed to display, did not advance the
+scheme; his reluctance to promote it was ascribed to his love of power
+in Scotland; but since the plan was resented by Tullibardine, Seaforth,
+and Penmure,[152] as infringing upon their dignity, there is as good
+reason for believing that it was the suggestion of an intriguing
+ambition on the part of the proposer, as that Mar resisted it on selfish
+grounds. The notion was excellent, but the difficulty was to find men of
+sufficient fidelity, honesty, and prudence to exercise functions so
+delicate.
+
+The spirit of Jacobitism seems scarcely, at this period to have been
+checked in the bosoms of the resolute people who had suffered so much;
+and the Netherbow and the High Street of Edinburgh still resounded at
+times with the firing of musquetry, directed against a harmless rabble
+of boys who betrayed the popular feeling by the white roses in their
+hats.[153] Nor was the lingering enthusiasm for the Jacobite cause
+confined to the lower classes in either country. It is almost incredible
+that men of Whig principles, who held high offices in the Government,
+should, at various times, have engaged in correspondence with the agents
+of James; yet such is the fact.
+
+Among those who were involved in these dangerous negotiations, Charles
+Earl of Sunderland, the son-in-law of Marlborough, and at that time
+Prime Minister of George the First, was one with whom Lord Mar treated.
+Among the Sunderland Papers is to be found a singular letter from the
+Earl of Mar to the Earl of Sunderland, urging that nobleman to assist in
+inducing his royal master to accede to a proposal from which he might
+himself derive a suitable advantage. "We find," says Dr. Coxe,
+"unequivocal proofs that Lord Sunderland, who was considered at the head
+of the new administration formed in 1717, was in secret correspondence
+with the Pretender and his principal agents."[154]
+
+The letter referred to from Lord Mar, on which Dr. Coxe has inscribed
+the word "curious," began with professions of respect and confidence on
+the part of his Lordship, to whom it was quite as easy to address those
+expressions to a man of one party as of the other. It contained also a
+promise of secrecy, and an exaction of a similar observance on the part
+of Lord Sunderland. He then alluded to the misfortunes into which the
+British nation was thrown by the disputed succession, and the violence
+of party spirit in consequence. The subtle politician next touched on
+the subject of George the First, whom he delicately terms, "your
+master."
+
+"Whatever good opinion you may have of _your master_, and the way that
+things are ordered there at present, does not alter the case much; his
+health is not so good as to promise a long life, and he is not to live
+always even if it were good, nor will things continue there as they are,
+any longer than he lives at most."
+
+He then suggests that the Earl would have it in his power to prevent the
+dangers resulting from a disputed succession, "which can only be
+prevented by restoring the rightful and lineal heir."
+
+"I can assure your Lordship," he continues, "my master has so many good
+qualities, that he will make the nation happie, and wants but to be
+known to be beloved; and I dare promise in his name, that there is not
+any thing you could ask of him, reasonable, for yourself and your
+friends, but he would agree to. My master is young, in perfect good
+health, and as likely to live as any who has pretensions to his crown,
+and he is now about marrying, which, in all appearance, will perpetuate
+rightfull successors to him of his own body, who will ever have more
+friends in those kingdoms, as well as abroad, than to allow the house of
+Hanover to continue in possession of their right without continual
+disturbance."
+
+The Earl then suggests that George the First should secure to himself
+the possession of "his old and just inheritance, and by the assistance
+of '_his master_,' and those who would join, acquire such new ones on
+the Continent as would make his family more considerable than any of its
+neighbours.
+
+"Britain and Ireland will have reason to bless your master for so good
+and Christian an action; and Europe no less for the repose it would have
+by it: and your master would live the remainder of his life in all the
+tranquillity and splendour that could be required, and end his days with
+the character of good and just."
+
+Lord Mar was at this time on the borders of France, where he proposed to
+wait until he received Lord Sunderland's reply, in hopes that the
+Minister of George the First might be induced to give him a meeting,
+either in France or Flanders. "If you approve not of what I have said,"
+he adds, "let it be buried on your side, as, upon my honour, it shall be
+on mine." "I am afraid," he adds in a postscript, "you know not my hand;
+but I have no other way of assuring you of this being no counterfeit
+than by writing it myself, and putting my seal to it."
+
+The following remarks on this letter are interesting; they were penned
+by Dr. Coxe:
+
+"Singular as this overture, made at such a period, may appear, we have
+strong proofs that it was not discouraged by Sunderland; for he not only
+procured a pension for the exiled nobleman, but even flattered the
+Jacobites with hopes that he was inclined to favour their cause. This we
+find by intelligence given at a subsequent period by the Jacobite
+spies."
+
+The following addition to the above-stated remark of Dr. Coxe is even
+yet more astonishing:
+
+"On the death of Lord Sunderland the secret of this correspondence
+became by some means known to the Regent Duke of Orleans, and he
+hastened to make so important a communication to the King of England.
+The letter written on this occasion by the British agent at Paris, Sir
+Luke Schwaub, and the reply of his friend Lord Carteret, then Secretary
+of State, are highly curious, because they prove, not only the
+correspondence, but the fact that it was known and approved by the
+King."[155]
+
+How near were the unfortunate Stuarts to that throne which they were
+destined never to ascend!
+
+Upon the disgrace of Bolingbroke, and on his return to England, the
+Seals had been offered by James Stuart to Lord Mar, who refused them on
+the ostensible ground that he "could not speak French." The actual
+reason was perhaps to be sought for in a far deeper motive.[156]
+
+In 1714 the celebrated Lord Stair had been sent as Ambassador to France,
+chiefly to watch over the proceedings of the Jacobites, and to cement a
+friendship with the Duke of Orleans, on whom King George could not rely.
+The brilliant and spirited manner in which Lord Stair executed this
+commission, the splendour by which his embassy was distinguished, and
+his own personal qualities, courtesy, shrewdness, and diligence,
+contributed mainly to the diminution of the Jacobite influence, which
+declined under his exertions. It was from Lord Stair's address that
+Bolingbroke, or, as Stair calls him in his correspondence, Mr. York, was
+confirmed in his disgust to the Jacobite cause.
+
+Between Lord Stair and the Earl of Mar an early acquaintance had
+existed. Agreeably to the fashion of the period, which led Queen Anne
+and the Duchess of Marlborough to assume the names of Morley and
+Freeman, Lord Stair and Lord Mar, in the early days of their confidence,
+had adopted the familiar names of Captain Brown, and Joe Murray.
+
+Lord Mar had remained in Paris until October 1717; he then went into
+Italy with the Duke of Ormond; but previous to his departure he called
+on Lord Stair, and remained in the house of the Ambassador for four or
+five hours. He appears to have declared to Lord Stair that he then
+looked upon the affairs of his master as desperate. "He flung out," as
+Lord Stair wrote, "several things, as I thought, with a design to try
+whether there was any hopes of treating." Lord Stair, not liking to give
+an old friend false hopes, declined "dipping into particulars;" adding
+at the same time, in his account of the interview, "he would not have
+dealt so with me: but in conversation of that kind there is always
+something curious to be learned."
+
+They parted without explanation, and Lord Mar proceeded to Rome. The
+correspondence between these two noblemen ceased for nearly two
+years.[157] During that interval, James had married the Princess
+Clementina Maria, a daughter of Prince Sobieski, elder son of John King
+of Poland. The marriage could scarcely have been solemnized, since it
+took place early in May 1719, before we find Lord Mar at Geneva, on his
+way from Italy, resuming his negotiations with Lord Stair.
+
+
+LORD MAR TO LORD STAIR.
+
+                                                       "May 6th, 1719.
+
+    "Good Captain Brown will not, I hope, take amiss his old acquaintance
+    Jo. Murraye's writing to him at this time; and when he knows the
+    occasion, I am persuaded he will forgive him, and comply, as far as
+    he can, with what he is to ask him. My health is not so good just
+    now nor for some time past, as you would wish it; and I am advised
+    to drink the waters of Bourbon for it, as being the likest to those
+    of the Bath of any this side the sea, of which I formerly found so
+    much good. The hot climate where I have been for some time past, by
+    no means agrees with my health; and I am persuaded that where some
+    of our company is gone will still do worse with me.
+
+    "The affair in which it might be thought my Captain would employ me
+    being now, I suppose, over for this bout, there needs be, I should
+    think, no objection to what I should ask.
+
+    "I am come part of the way already; but I would not go much further,
+    without acquainting you with it. And now I beg that on the
+    consideration of the health of an old friend, you will give me
+    allowance or furlo to go to the waters of Bourbon, and to continue
+    there so long as I may have occasion for them during the two seasons
+    this year; and I promise to you I shall do nothing in any way, the
+    time of my being there, but as you would have me; so that this
+    allowance can be of no prejudice to the service. If you cannot give
+    me the furlo yourself, I imagine your Colonel will not refuse it, if
+    you will be so good as to ask it for me.
+
+    "But because the first season of the waters is going fast away, I
+    should be glad you could do it without waiting to hear from your
+    Colonel about it, who, I should think, will not take it amiss when
+    you acquaint him with your having ventured to do so. Do not, I beg
+    of you, think there is any fetch in this, or anything but what I
+    have told you, which, upon honour, is nothing but truth, and all the
+    truth.
+
+    "I hope there will be no occasion of your mentioning your having had
+    this trouble from me to any, unless it be to your Colonel and one or
+    two about him, and the person, it is like, you must speak to where
+    you are. There is one with me, an old school acquaintance of yours
+    too, Mr. Stuart of Invernethy, whom you have seen dance very merrily
+    over a sword; and if the allowance is granted me, I hope it will not
+    be refused to him, for whom I promise as I do for myself.
+
+    "When I have done with the waters, I hope there will be no objection
+    to my returning to Italy again, if I have a mind; but I judged it
+    fit to mention this to you.
+
+    "The person who delivers you this, will get conveyed to me what you
+    will be so good to write."
+
+Whilst he was thus in treaty with his former friend, Lord Mar was
+stopped on his way to St. Prix, near Geneva, by the orders of the
+Hanoverian Minister: his papers were seized and sealed up; and among
+them, a copy of that which was written to Lord Stair as Captain Brown.
+Lord Mar, who had borne an assumed name, disclosed his real rank, and
+wrote to Lord Stair for assistance,--again urging permission to go to
+the waters of Bourbon, or, if not allowed to go into France, the liberty
+to return to Italy, "where," he said, "I may end my days in quiet; and
+those, probably, will not be many in that climate." Whilst awaiting the
+reply of Lord Stair, the Earl was treated with respect by the
+authorities of Geneva; and "had only to wish that he had a little more
+liberty for taking air and exercise." He expected that Lord Stair's
+answer could not arrive in less than a fortnight: in the meantime, he
+adds, "I shall be obliged, on account of my health, to ask the
+Government here a little more tether."[158]
+
+His indulgent friend, Lord Stair, was, meantime, urging his cause by
+every means in his power. "I wish Lord Mar," he wrote to the English
+Ministry, "was at liberty upon his parole to the town of Geneva, or he
+had permission to go to the waters of Bourbon. I should be glad to know
+what pension you would allow him till he be restored?"
+
+Lady Mar was now in Rome, whither she had followed her husband soon
+after his leaving Scotland. Her jointure, it appears, was stopped by
+the Commissioners, and she was unable, without that supply, to travel
+from Rome to Geneva. She was, probably, aware of Lord Mar's intention to
+leave the Chevalier's service, for the Earl had written a long letter,
+explanatory of his situation and intentions, to her father the Duke of
+Kingston. "I have offered him for Lady Mar's journey," says Lord Stair,
+"credit upon me for a thousand pounds." Yet notwithstanding this
+liberality, Lord Mar now began to be extremely uneasy at Geneva, and to
+fear that the Government meant "merely to expose him." In vain, for some
+time, did Stair plead for him, with Secretary Craggs and Lord Stanhope.
+They were evidently, from Lord Stair's replies to their objections,
+afraid to have any dealings with him. "As to Lord Mar," writes Stair,
+"the things that shock you, shock me; but our business is to break the
+Pretender's party by detaching him from it, which we shall effectually
+do by letting him live in quiet at Geneva or elsewhere, and by giving
+him a pension. Whatever his Lordship's intentions may be, it is very
+certain, in a few months, that the Jacobites will pull his throat
+out,--you know them well enough not to doubt of it. The Pretender," he
+adds, "looks upon Mar as lost, and has had no manner of confidence in
+him ever since Lady Mar came into Italy. They looked upon her as a spy,
+and that she had corrupted her husband. This, you may depend on it, is
+true." Little more than a week afterwards, Lord Stair informed his
+friends that "Lord Mar was _outré_ at the usage he had met with. He says
+our Ministers may be great and able men, but that they are not skilful
+at making proselytes, or keeping friends when they have them. I am
+pretty much of his mind."
+
+It was, doubtless, as Lord Stair declared, the full determination of
+Lord Mar at that time to leave the Chevalier's interests. "The
+Pretender, I know," said Stair, "wrote him the kindest letter imaginable
+since his [the Pretender's] return into Italy from Spain, with the
+warmest invitations to return to his post."
+
+The letters which Lord Stair had received, in the course of this
+negotiation, from Lord Mar, were instantly sent to Hanover. They were in
+some instances written in his own hand, but without signature, and in
+the third person. In the first which he wrote to Lord Stair, Mar
+announced that he had quitted the service of James, and was desirous of
+making peace with King George upon the promise of a pardon, and the
+restoration of his estates.
+
+"You are to consider," says Lord Stair, writing to the Secretary of
+State at home concerning this proposal, "whether it will be worth the
+while to receive him. In my humble opinion the taking him on will be the
+greatest blow that can be given to the Pretender's interest, and the
+greatest discredit to it. And it may be made of use to show to the world
+that nobody but a Papist can hope to continue in favour with the
+Pretender. I wish," adds the Ambassador, "you may think as I do. I own
+all his faults and misfortunes cannot make me forget the long and
+intimate friendship and familiarity that has been between him and me."
+It is consoling to find any politician acting upon such good
+old-fashioned maxims, the result of honest feeling.
+
+Lady Mar having now joined her husband, Lord Mar resolved to make his
+escape from Geneva. Lord Stair advised him against it; but adds, in his
+letters to his friends at home, "I could hardly imagine that a man of
+his temper, and in his circumstances, will refuse his liberty when he
+sees he has nothing but ill usage and neglect to expect from us."[159]
+
+Thus ended this negotiation, the main conditions of which were, provided
+Lord Mar kept himself free from any plots against the Government, an
+offer of the family estate to his son; and, in the interim, till an act
+of Parliament could be obtained to that effect, a pension of two
+thousand pounds sterling, over and above one thousand five hundred
+pounds paid of jointure to his wife and daughter.[160]
+
+It was the fortune of Lord Mar on this, as on many other occasions, to
+reap the ignominy of having accepted this pension, without ever
+receiving the profits of his debasement.
+
+During the absence of Lord Mar at Geneva, his Countess, who remained in
+Rome, received the following letters from the Chevalier and his
+Princess, Maria Clementina: these epistles show how desirous the
+Chevalier still was to retain Lord Mar in his interests.[161]
+
+                                        "Montefiascony, Sept. 9, 1719.
+
+    "The Duke of Mar's late misfortunes and my own situation for some
+    months past, hath occasioned my being much in the dark as to his
+    present circumstances, which touche me too nearly not to desire you
+    will inform me particularly of them. The last letter I had from him
+    was in the begining of May, from Genua, in which he mentioned to me
+    his ill state of health, and something of your comeing to meet him
+    at Bourbon waters; but the season for them now advanceing, or rather
+    passeing, I reckon that whether he had gone thither or not, he will
+    soon be here on ye receipt of the note I sent you t'other day for
+    him, and by consequence that what measures he may have taken with
+    you about your meeting him will be altered on sight of that. I
+    thought it necessary to inform you of these particulars to prevent
+    any thoughts you might have of a journey so expensive and now
+    useless: for as to his liberty, I make no doubt but that it will
+    immediately follow the certainty of my return to this country. I
+    should think it not prudent to write any politicks to him now, not
+    knowing what fate my letters might meet with; but there is no secret
+    in your sayeing all that is kind from me to him. If you cannot
+    exagerate as to my impatience to see him, after all our mutual
+    misfortunes and adventures, and I am sure he will be glad to know
+    and see me more happy in a wife than I can be otherwayes, in most
+    respects.
+
+    "I hope soon to have the satisfaction of seeing you at Rome, when I
+    believe I shall soon convince you that if you and your lord have in
+    the world many false friends, I am and ever shall be a true one to
+    you both.
+
+                                                           JAMES R."
+
+
+LETTER FROM THE PRINCESS CLEMENTINA TO THE COUNTESS OF MAR.
+
+                                           "Montefiasconi, 23rd. Sept.
+
+   [162]"Je vien de recevoire, votre chère letre par Mr. Clepen, et vous
+   sui bien obligé, de l'attention que vous avé eu, de mervoyer dutée,
+   lequell ne sauroit que étre bon venant de vous; vous me marquez
+   avoire de la peine á ecrire le fransoi, mai votre esprit vous,
+   laprendera bientot. Le Roi me charge de vous faire, se compliment et
+   soy et aussi persuadez, de l'estime que j'auray toujour pour votre
+   merite.
+
+                                                        "CLEMENTINE R.
+
+    "J'ambrase de tous mon coeure la charman petite, J'espere dan peu de
+    le pouvoire faire personnellement, et a vous de même. Nous nous
+    porton très bien; l'aire d'icy est foie bonne."
+
+A subsequent letter is addressed "A ma cousine La Duchesse de Mar"--and
+subscribed "votre affectionée cousine, Clementine;" yet notwithstanding
+these professions of confidence and affection, the seeds of distrust
+were, it seems, soon sown between James and the Earl and Countess of
+Mar. At first the suggestions to their disadvantage were repelled,
+"There has been enough pains," writes James, "taken from Rome within
+these few days to do you ill offices with me, but I can assure you with
+truth they have made no impression upon me, nor will they produce any
+other effect than to make me, if possible, kinder to you. But when I see
+you I shall say more on this head, for 'tis fitt you should know your
+false from your true friends; _and among the last you shall ever find
+me_.[163]
+
+                                                          "JAMES R."
+
+An order, dated the ninth of October, 1719, that all such boxes "as are
+in the Duchesse of Mar's custody should be first naled by her, and then
+delivered with their keyes to Sir William Ellis," written in the
+Chevalier's own hand, shews either that Lady Mar was on the eve of her
+departure from Italy, or that a breach of confidence had taken
+place.[164]
+
+Lord Mar, with impaired health, and writhing under the rejection of his
+offers, returned to Italy. There, had he adhered to a resolution which
+he had formed, of not interfering in public affairs, he might still have
+closed his days in tranquillity.
+
+Notwithstanding the apparent continuance of the Chevalier's regard, he
+never forgot the treaty between Lord Stair and the Earl of Mar. The
+whole of this intrigue, discreditable as it was, has been reprobated by
+all who have touched upon this portion of Lord Mar's history. His
+accepting the loan of a thousand pounds from Stair, an old friend, for
+the purpose of ensuring Lady Mar's journey, has been censured, I think,
+with too great severity. But, although it be desirable to set to rights
+matters of fact, yet, it is always unsatisfactory to begin the defence
+of a bad cause. There is no evidence to show that Lord Mar ever received
+a pension: he was not thought worth conciliating; but that circumstance,
+in this case, and after a display of his willingness to receive all that
+could be granted, assists very little in his vindication, and rather
+adds to the degradation of one whom no party could trust.
+
+Soon after Lord Mar's return to Rome, the seeds of disunion between
+James and his young and high-spirited wife began to disturb the minds of
+all who were really well wishers to the Stuarts.
+
+Maria Clementina, reported by Horace Walpole to have been "lively,
+insinuating, agreeable, and enterprising," had encountered, soon after
+her marriage with James, the too frequent fate of many who were
+sacrificed to royal marriages. She had quickly perceived that her
+influence was inferior to that of the Prince's favourites: she was
+shortly made aware of his infidelities: she became jealous, without
+affection; and her disappointment in her consort was that of a proud,
+resentful woman, to whom submission to circumstances was a lesson too
+galling to be learned.
+
+The Prince, after the fashion of his forefathers, was governed by
+favourites: like Charles the First, he had his Buckingham and his
+Strafford; and his miniature Court was rent with factions. But the
+Chevalier had neither the purity of Charles the First, nor the charm of
+character which gilded over the vices of Charles the Second. His
+household was an epitome of the worst passions; and his melancholy
+aspect, his want of dignity and spirit, his bigotry and even his
+unpopular virtue of economy, cast a gloom over that turbulent region. It
+was bitterly, but perhaps truly said of him, "that he had all the
+superstition of a capuchin, but none of the religion of a Prince."[165]
+Like most of his immediate family, his character deteriorated as he grew
+older. He did not rise under the pressure of adversity; and his timid,
+irresolute nature was crushed by the effects of his cruel situation.
+
+Colonel John Hay, of Cromlix, the brother of the Earl of Mar's first
+wife, and of George, seventh Earl of Kinnoul, succeeded in obtaining
+mastery over his subdued nature. The lady of Colonel Hay, Margery, the
+third daughter of Viscount Stormont, was said, also, to have possessed
+her own share of influence over the mind of the Chevalier. Of the real
+existence of any criminal attachment between the Prince and Mrs. Hay,
+there is, however, considerable doubt; and it has been generally
+regarded as one of those amours raised for a purpose, during the
+continuance of a fierce contention for power.
+
+Clementina had also her favourites; and a certain Mrs. Sheldon, who had
+had the charge of Prince Charles Edward, had acquired her confidence.
+This choice was peculiarly infelicitous.
+
+Mrs. Sheldon was reported to be about as unworthy a favourite as the
+unhappy Princess could have selected. According to Colonel Hay, she was
+the mistress of General Dillon, one of the most ardent adherents of the
+Stuarts, and the spy of the Earl of Mar.[166] For four or five years,
+nevertheless, after Prince Charles's birth, she continued to be his
+governess, and to sway the feelings of his mother, in the same manner as
+confidants and dependants usually direct the angry passions of their
+mistresses into the most dangerous channels.
+
+During the height of Colonel Hay's favour, the confidence of the
+Chevalier in Lord Mar visibly declined, as appears in the following
+letter to one of his adherents in Scotland.
+
+"I have always been unwilling to mention Marr, but I find myself
+indispensably engaged at present to let my Scots friends know that I
+have withdrawn my confidence entirely from him, as I shall be obliged to
+doe from all who may be any ways influenced by him. This conduct is
+founded on the most urgent, strongest, and most urging necessity, in
+which my regard to my faithfull subjects and servants have the greatest
+share.
+
+"What is here said of Marr, is not with a view of its being made
+publick, there being no occasion for that, since, many years ago, he put
+himself under such engagements, that he could not serve me in a publick
+capacity, neither has he been publickly employed by me."
+
+To this it was answered, by the confidential friend to whom the remarks
+were addressed, "It is some time agoe since your friends here had doubts
+of the Earl of Marr; and thence it was that I was directed to mention
+him in the manner I did in my last two letters, it being matter of no
+small moment to us to know in whom wee might confide thorowly, and of
+whom beware,--especially when a person of his figure was the
+object."[167]
+
+Affairs were in this state; the Chevalier distrustful of Lord Mar, and
+devoted to his rival, Colonel Hay; the Princess heading an opposite
+faction, nominally commanded by Mrs. Sheldon, but secretly instigated by
+Lord Mar; when, in 1722, the conspiracy of Atterbury was discovered by
+the British Government.
+
+The Earl of Mar was at that time in Paris, and Lord Carteret who was at
+the head of affairs in England, remembering the Earl's former
+negotiations with Lord Stair, dispatched a gentleman to Mar, with
+instructions to sound that nobleman as to his knowledge of the plot.
+Lord Mar happening to be in Colonel Dillon's company when the messenger
+reached Paris, and soon divining after one interview the nature of the
+embassy, it was agreed between him and Dillon that they would do James's
+cause a service by leading the British Government off the right scent.
+They therefore drew up, in conjunction, an answer to Lord Carteret. What
+was the nature of that reply,[168] does not appear; but its result was
+such as to cast upon Lord Mar a degree of odium far greater than that
+which he had incurred in Lord Stair's business. He was accused by
+Atterbury with having, on that occasion, written such a letter as had
+been the cause of his banishment; with having betrayed the secrets of
+the Chevalier St. George to the British Government; and of several other
+charges of "base and treacherous practises, discovered by the Bishop of
+Rochester, that the like had scarce been heard of, and seem'd to be what
+no man, endued with common sense, or the least drop of noble blood,
+could perpetrate; and that the King's friends were at a loss in not
+knowing what credit to give to such reports, tho' they apprehended the
+worst, from the directions he had lately given of having no
+correspondence with Mar or his adherents, from whom he had withdrawn all
+confidence."
+
+Shortly after this declaration the Chevalier declared Colonel Hay to be
+his Secretary, and created the favourite Earl of Inverness; between whom
+and the Earl of Mar an antipathy, which had now become open hostility,
+prevailed. "The Duke of Mar," wrote the Earl of Inverness to Lockhart,
+"has declared himself my mortal enemy, only because I spoke truth to
+him, and could not, in my conscience, enter into his measures nor
+approve his conduct, tho' I always shunned saying any thing to his
+disadvantage, but to the King alone, from whom I thought I was obliged
+to conceal nothing."[169]
+
+With respect to the treachery towards Atterbury, the justification of
+Lord Mar rests upon the testimony of Colonel Dillon, and other persons
+who saw the Earl's letter to Carteret. It is also certain that James
+accorded his approval to Mar's conduct in that affair. No positive
+intention of mischief can be made out against Mar; but his habit of
+rarely acting a straightforward part, his insatiable love of
+interference, and his mistaking cunning for policy, brought upon him the
+mournful indignation of the exiled Atterbury, and fixed upon him a grave
+imputation which it were almost impossible to wipe away.
+
+Another charge brought by Atterbury against Lord Mar, was his advising
+James to barter his pretensions to the Crown for a pension. But this
+accusation is refuted by the two letters, of which vouchers are given in
+the Lockhart Papers, on which the allegation is founded. These letters
+were written from Geneva to the Prince and to Colonel Dillon.[170]
+
+Lastly, Lord Mar stood charged with a scheme, discovered to Atterbury
+by Lord Inverness, for the restoration of the Stuarts, which, under
+pretence of replacing them on the throne, would for ever have rendered
+that restoration impracticable. From this allegation Lord Mar justified
+himself by referring to the scheme itself, which he was declared to have
+laid before the Regent of France with the intent to ruin James. Of this
+scheme, the two main features were, first to re-establish the ancient
+independence of Scotland and Ireland: secondly, that a certain number of
+French troops should remain in England, and that five thousand Scots,
+and as many Irish troops, should be sent to France and kept in pay by
+the French King, for a certain number of years. There is certainly a
+great deal of Mar's double policy, his being all things to all men, in
+such a scheme. He declared, however, and proved that he acquainted James
+with his plan in confidence, and that Colonel Hay sent a copy of it to
+the Bishop of Rochester. Little as one can approve of Mar's conduct, it
+is manifest that, by a deeply-laid intrigue, it was resolved for ever to
+uproot him from the confidence of James.
+
+But the public career of Lord Mar had now drawn to its ignoble close.
+That he had his partisans, who repelled the charges against him by
+counter allegations, Lord Inverness soon found; and he began to think
+that "the less noise that was made about Mar," the better.[171]
+
+During the year 1725, James further evinced his distrust of Lord Mar, by
+dismissing Mr. Sheldon, his supposed spy, and placing Mr. James Murray,
+a Protestant, as preceptor to the young Prince.
+
+The retirement of the Princess Clementina into a convent, followed this
+last step. The correspondence of the royal couple, their recriminations,
+furnished, for some months, conversation for the continental courts, and
+even for St. James's, until the dismissal of Colonel Hay and his wife
+appeased the resolute daughter of the Sobieski, and produced an apparent
+reconciliation.
+
+From the close of this altercation, and after the disgrace of Colonel
+Hay, the name of Lord Mar occurs no more in the history of the period.
+He resided at Paris until 1729, when, falling into ill health, he
+repaired to Aix la Chapelle, where he died in May 1732.
+
+His wife survived him twenty-nine years, only to be the victim of mental
+disease, and, as it has been said, of cruelty and neglect. She became
+insane, and was placed under the charge of her sister, Lady Mary W.
+Montague, who, it has been reported, from avarice, stinted her
+unfortunate sister of even the common necessaries of life, and
+appropriated the allowance to herself. But this statement has been
+disproved.[172]
+
+The latter years of Lord Mar were passed neither in idleness, nor wholly
+in the intrigues of the Court at Albano. His amusement was to draw plans
+and designs for the improvement of Scotland, which he had loved "not
+wisely," but to which his warmest affections are said to have ever
+recurred. In 1728 he composed a paper, in which he suggested building
+bridges on the north and south sides of the city of Edinburgh: he
+planned, also, the formation of a navigable canal between the Forth and
+the Clyde. His beloved Alloa was sold by the Commissioners of the
+forfeited estates to his brother, Lord Grange, who, in 1739, conveyed it
+to Lord Erskine, his nephew. Lord Mar's children were enriched by the
+gratitude of Gibbs, the architect, who bequeathed to the offspring of
+his early patron the greatest part of his fortune.
+
+The Earl of Mar was succeeded by his son, Thomas Lord Erskine, who was
+deprived of the famed title of Mar by his father's attainder. Lord
+Erskine was appointed by Government, Commissary of Stores at Gibraltar.
+His marriage with Lady Charlotte Hope being without issue, the title was
+restored to the descendant of Lord Grange, and consequently to the
+children of the unfortunate Lady Grange, whose sufferings, from the
+effects of party spirit, seem to belong more properly to the page of
+romance, than to the graver details of history.
+
+The conduct of John Erskine, Earl of Mar, has afforded a subject of
+comment to two men of very different character, John Lockhart of
+Carnwath, and the Master of Sinclair. Neither of the portraits drawn by
+these master-hands are favourable; and they were, in both instances,
+written under the influence of strong, yet transient impressions of
+disappointment and suspicion. The mind naturally seeks for some safer
+steersman to guide opinion than the intemperate though honest Jacobite,
+Lockhart, or the sarcastic and slippery friend, Sinclair. The worst
+peculiarity in the career of Mar was, that no one trusted him; towards
+the latter portion of his life he had even lost the power of deceiving:
+it had become impossible to him to act without mingling the poison of
+deception with intentions which might have been honest, and even
+benevolent. The habits of a long life of intrigue had warped his very
+nature. When we behold him fleeing from the coasts of Scotland, leaving
+behind him the trusting hearts that would have bled for him, we fancy
+that no moral degradation can be more complete. We view him soliciting
+to be a pensioner of England, and we acknowledge that it was even
+possible to sink still more deeply into infamy.
+
+With principles of action utterly unsound, it is surprising how much
+influence Lord Mar acquired over all with whom he came into collision.
+He was sanguine in disposition, and, if we may judge by his letters,
+buoyant in his spirits; his disposition was conciliatory, his manners
+were apparently confiding. At the bottom of that gay courtesy there
+doubtless was a heart warped by policy, but not inherently unkind. He
+attached to him the lowly. Lockhart speaks of the love of two of his
+kinsmen to him:--his tenantry, during his exile, contributed to supply
+his wants, by a subscription. These are the few redeeming characteristics
+of one made up of inconsistencies. He conferred, it must be allowed, but
+little credit on a party which could number among its adherents the
+brave Earl Marischal, the benevolent and honourable Derwentwater, and
+the disinterested Nithisdale. When we contrast the petty and selfish
+policy of the Earl of Mar with the integrity and fidelity of those who
+fought in the same cause, and over whom he was commander, his character
+sinks low in the estimate, and acts like a foil to the purity and
+brightness of his fellow sufferers in the strife.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] See Wood's Peerage of Scotland.
+
+[8] Histories of Noble British Families by Henry Drummond, Esq. Preface
+to Part I.
+
+[9] Robertson's History of Scotland, ii. 32.
+
+[10] Wood's Peerage. The year of his birth is not stated.
+
+[11] Cunningham's History of Great Britain, i. 326.
+
+[12] Dalrymple's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 100.
+
+[13] Chambers's Biography, art. Erskine.
+
+[14] See Dr. Coxe's MSS. in the British Museum, vol. iii.
+
+[15] Dalrymple's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 98.
+
+[16] Lockhart's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 114.
+
+[17] Lockhart, vol. i. p. 45.
+
+[18] Granger, vol. ii. p. 31. Somerville's Queen Anne, p. 184.
+
+[19] Of Alloa the following account is given. "Alloa House, situated in
+the immediate neighbourhood of the town, in the midst of a fine park,
+the seat of the Earl of Mar, and the subject of a fine Scottish song, is
+a place worthy of visit. The principal part of the building was
+destroyed some years ago by fire, and with it the only certain original
+portrait of Queen Mary existing in the kingdom. The original tower, a
+building of the thirteenth century, the walls of which are eleven feet
+thick, and ninety feet high, alone remains. In it James the Sixth and
+his eldest son, Henry, were successively educated under the care of the
+Mar family. The cradle of the former, and his little nursery-chair,
+besides Prince Henry's golfs, were preserved in the tower till a recent
+period, when they fell into the possession of Lady Frances Erskine,
+daughter of the late venerable Earl of Mar, who, we understand, now
+preserves them, with the care and veneration due to such valuable
+heirlooms, in her house in Edinburgh. The country in every direction
+round Alloa is extremely level and beautiful, interspersed with numerous
+fine seats, and abounding in delightful little old-established
+bower-like villages. Among the latter we would particularize one called
+the Bridge of Allan as everything which a village ought to be--soft,
+sunny, and warm--a confusion of straw-roofed cottages, and rich massy
+trees; possessed of a bridge and a mill, together with kail-yards,
+bee-skeps, colleys, callants, old inns with entertainment for man and
+horse, carts with their poles pointing up to the sky, venerable dames in
+drugget knitting their stockings in the sun, and young ones in gingham
+and dimity tripping along with milk-pails on their heads.
+
+"Besides all these characteristics as a village, the Bridge of Allan
+boasts of a row of neat little villas for the temporary accommodation of
+a number of fashionables who flock to it in the summer, on account of a
+neighbouring mineral well."--_Chambers's Picture of Scotland._
+
+[20] Wood's Peerage.
+
+[21] Somerville's Queen Anne, p. 167.
+
+[22] Somerville, p. 177. Memoirs of Scotland, London, 1714. Defoe's
+History of the Union, p. 64.
+
+[23] Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 114.
+
+[24] Lockhart.
+
+[25] Lockhart, p. 116.
+
+[26] Daniel De Foe on the Union, p. 64.
+
+[27] De Foe, p. 322.
+
+[28] Lockhart. Letter to one English Lord concerning the Treaty, 1702,
+vol. i. p. 272.
+
+[29] Memoirs, p. 74. De Foe, p. 321.
+
+[30] Memoirs, p. 74. De Foe, p. 371.
+
+[31] Introduction to De Foe's History of the Union, p. 16.
+
+[32] Memoirs of Scotland, p. 31.
+
+[33] Mackay.
+
+[34] Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 54.
+
+[35] Memoirs of North Britain, p. 113.
+
+[36] Wood's Peerage, vol. i. pp. 714, 717; also Mackay's Memoirs, p.
+178.
+
+[37] Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 115.
+
+[38] Wood's Peerage, art. Erskine of Mar.
+
+[39] Memoirs of Scotland, p. 224.
+
+[40] Memoirs of Scotland, p. 340.
+
+[41] Cunningham's Hist. Great Britain, p. 257.
+
+[42] Ibid. p. 61.
+
+[43] Swift's Works, edited by Sir W. Scott, pp. 14, 72.
+
+[44] The motto on Queen Anne's coronation medal.
+
+[45] Cunningham, p. 71.
+
+[46] Memoirs of Scotland. Cunningham, p. 157.
+
+[47] Swift's Letters, vol. ii. p. 488; also p. 487, note by Sir W.
+Scott.
+
+[48] Wood's Peerage. Swift's Letters, p. 475. See note.
+
+[49] Mackay's Characters, p. 94.
+
+[50] Swift added, in his own hand, to this eulogium, this remark: "He
+was little better than a conceited talker in company."
+
+[51] The following letter shows that the Duke anticipated the result of
+the duel.
+
+                                                London, Nov. 14, 1712.
+
+    My dear Son,
+
+    I have been doing all I could to recover your mother's right to her
+    estate, which I hope shall be yours. I command you to be dutiful
+    towards her, as I hope she will be just and kind to you; and I
+    recommend it particularly to you, if ever you enjoy the estate of
+    Hamilton, and what may, I hope, justly belong to you, (considering
+    how long I have lived with a small competence, which has made me run
+    in debt,) I hope God will put it into your head to do justice to my
+    honour, and pay my just debts. There will be enough to satisfy all,
+    and give your brothers and sisters such provisions as the state of
+    your condition and their quality in Scotland will admit of.
+
+    I pray God preserve you, and the family in your person. My humble
+    duty to my mother, and my blessing to your sisters. If it please God
+    I live, you shall find me share with you what I do possess, and ever
+    prove your affectionate and kind father, whilst
+
+                                                           HAMILTON.
+
+    I again upon my blessing charge you, that you let the world see you
+    do your part in satisfying my just debts.
+
+    Addressed thus: "To my dear Son the Marquis of Chilsdale."
+
+    _Memoirs of the Life and Family of James Duke of Hamilton._
+
+[52] The Lady Elizabeth Gerrard, the sister of Lady Mohun, and Duchess
+of Hamilton, is said to have been "a lady of great wit and beauty, and
+all the fine accomplishments that adorn her sex." Through her the great
+estates in Lancashire and Staffordshire came into the family of
+Hamilton.
+
+[53] Wood's Peerage; also "Life of the Duke of Hamilton," a scarce
+tract, p. 102.
+
+[54] Coxe MSS. 9128. Plut. cxxxviii. H. British Museum.
+
+[55] Ibid. See a Letter in French, dated April 5, 1714, p. 1.
+
+[56] Coxe MSS.
+
+[57] Lord Mahon's Hist. England, vol. i. p. 139. See also a scarce
+little book to be met with in the Advocate's Library in Edinburgh
+(Atterbury's Correspondence, with marginal notes by Lord Hailes): "By
+what accident these Letters have been preserved," says the noble Editor,
+"I know not: by what means they are now brought to light, I am not at
+liberty to explain."
+
+[58] See the Letter before quoted.
+
+[59] Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 440.
+
+[60] Lockhart of Carnwath, vol. i. p. 446; also "Notices of Lady
+Grange," by Dr. Mackay.
+
+[61] See "Notices of Lady Grange," by K. Mackay, M.D., 3rd edition.
+Glasgow, 1819.
+
+[62] Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 441.
+
+[63] Lord Mahon, vol. i. p. 152.
+
+[64] "A Collection of Original Letters relating to the Rebellion of
+1715." Edinburgh, 1730.
+
+[65] Introductory Anecdotes to Lord Wharncliffe's Edition of Lady M.
+Wortley's Letters, p. 26.
+
+[66] Reay, p. 135.
+
+[67] Reay, p. 152.
+
+[68] Reay, p. 171.
+
+[69] This commission was long doubted, and was even denied by the
+Chevalier. It is, nevertheless, signed by his Secretary, and is among
+the valuable papers which, belonging to Mr. Gibson Craig of Edinburgh,
+have been liberally placed at the service of the author.
+
+[70] Caledonian Mercury, 1722.
+
+[71] Lord Mahon, p. 147.
+
+[72] Lord Mahon; from the Master of Sinclair's MS.
+
+[73] Burke's Peerage.
+
+[74] Buchan's History of the Keith Family.
+
+[75] Buchan's History of the Keith Family; also Scottish Peerage.
+
+[76] See Patten's List of Chieftains.
+
+[77] Secret History of Colonel Hooke's Negotiations, pp. 26, 110.
+
+[78] Patten, p. 232.
+
+[79] Buchan's History of the Keith Family, p. 153.
+
+[80] Colonel Hooke's Negotiations.
+
+[81] See "Genealogie of the Most Noble and Ancient House of Drummond, by
+the First Viscount Strathallan," Appendix. For this curious and
+elaborate work I am indebted to the Rev. Arthur Drummond.
+
+[82] MS. Account of Several Clans, by Mrs. Grant, of Laggan.
+
+[83] Brown's Highlands, vol. i. p. 131.
+
+[84] The Rev. Robert Patten, from whose animated narrative many other
+writers have implicitly copied, was a man of indifferent character, who
+accompanied Mr. Forster, in the insurrection in Northumberland, as his
+chaplain. He afterwards turned king's evidence, and appeared against
+those whom he had served. For this act of treachery his pension was
+raised (as I find by the Caledonian Mercury for 1722) from 50_l._ to
+80_l._ a-year. He dedicates his History of the Rebellion to Generals
+Carpenter and Wills.
+
+[85] Patten, p. 151.
+
+[86] Mar Papers.
+
+[87] Reay, p. 191.
+
+[88] Reay, p. 191.
+
+[89] It seems to have been the custom of that period to write in the
+third person when in memoirs and statements. Lord Lovat's manifesto is
+in the same style.
+
+[90] Patten, p. 257.
+
+[91] A copy from the original, for which I am indebted to Mr. Gibson
+Craig, is given for the confirmation of Lord Mar's assertion:--
+
+    "James the Eighth, by the grace of God King of Scotland, England,
+    France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c., to our right trusty
+    and well-beloved Cousin and Counsellor, John Earl of Mar, &c. We
+    reposing especial trust & confidence in your loyalty, courage,
+    experience, and good conduct, doe by these * * constitute and
+    appoint you to be our General and Commander in Cheif of all our
+    forces, both by sea and land, in our antient kingdom of Scotland.
+    Whereupon you are to take upon you the said command of General and
+    Commander in Cheif, and the better to support you in the said
+    authority, our will and pleasure is, that you act in consert with
+    and by our * * * * We doe likeways hereby empower you to grant
+    commissions in our name to all officers, both by sea and land, to
+    place and displace the same as you shall think fitt and necessary
+    for our service, to assemble our said forces, raise the militia,
+    issue out orders for all suspected persons, and seizing of all forts
+    and castles, and putting garrisons into them, and to take up in any
+    part of our dominions, what money, horses, arms, and ammunition and
+    provisions you shall think necessary for arming, mounting, and
+    subsisting the said forces under your command, and to give recepts
+    for the same, which we hereby promise to pay. By this our Commission,
+    we likeways here empower you to make warr upon our enemies, and upon
+    all such as shall adhere to the present government and usurper of
+    our dominions. Leaving entirely to your prudence and conduct to begin
+    the necessary acts of hostility when and where you think most
+    advantageous conducing to our restoration; and we doe hereby command
+    all, and require all officers and souldiers, both by sea and land,
+    and all our subjects, to acknowledge and obey you as our General and
+    Commander as Cheif of our army; and you to obey such furder orders
+    and directions as you shall from time to time receive from us. In
+    pursuance of the great power and trust we have reposed in you.
+
+    "Given at our Court at Bar le duc, the seventh day of September,
+    1715, and in the fourteenth year of our reign.
+
+        "By His Majestie's command,
+            Sic Subscribitur,
+                THOMAS HIGGINS."
+
+
+[92] Patten, p. 256.
+
+[93] Note in Reay. From the _Weekly Journal_, Feb. 4th, 1715-16.
+
+[94] Reay, p. 193.
+
+[95] Brown's Highlands, vol. i. p. 129.
+
+[96] Mar Papers. In these there is a copy of this Manifesto; but since
+it has been printed in Reay's History of the Rebellion, and others, I do
+not think it necessary to insert it here.
+
+[97] The Chevalier's agent there.
+
+[98] The orthography of this letter is copied from the original, with
+the exception of the abbreviations usual at that period.
+
+[99] Erskine.
+
+[100] Reay, p. 221.
+
+[101] Mar Papers.
+
+[102] Mar Papers, communicated by Mr. Gibson Craig.
+
+[103] Reay, pp. 236, 237.
+
+[104] The Earl of Mar's Journal, as printed at Paris. At the end of
+Patten's History of the Rebellion, and addressed by Lord Mar to Colonel
+Balfour, p. 259.
+
+[105] Reay, p. 197.
+
+[106] Earl of Mar's Journal.
+
+[107] Earl of Mar's Journal.
+
+[108] Reay, p. 308.
+
+[109] Brown's Highlands.
+
+[110] Mar Papers.
+
+[111] Reay, p. 309.
+
+[112] From the MS. letter in the possession of Archibald Macdonald, Esq.
+
+[113] The agent of the Jacobites in Edinburgh.
+
+[114] Mar Papers, in the possession of Gibson Craig, Esq.
+
+[115] King.
+
+[116] Duke of Ormond.
+
+[117] Paris.
+
+[118] Lady Nairn.
+
+[119] The Chevalier.
+
+[120] The Dutch auxiliaries, to the amount of 6000, demanded by the
+English government, as accorded by treaty, arrived, to the number of
+3000, in the Thames, on the 16th of November, expressly to assist in
+suppressing the rebellion, and proceeded to Scotland on the 25th. They
+were afterwards followed by 3000 more, who, being obliged to put in at
+Harwich, marched on by land. Reay, p. 327.
+
+[121] The King.
+
+[122] Lord Grange.
+
+[123] The following note is annexed to this letter. It is in the
+hand-writing of Bishop Keith:--"Son of Sir Wm. Douglass, colonel of a
+regiment, and who had come over with the Prince of Orange to England,
+and was made Knight and Colonel by the said Prince, as says my Lady
+Bruce. The story Wm. Erskine, brother to the Earl of Buchan, told me, as
+the King and he were travelling through France at this period, they saw
+the Chevalier's picture set up in some of the post-houses, and they were
+told this was done by the desire of the English Ambassador, who had
+promised a reward to those who should stop and apprehend the person whom
+the picture resembled."
+
+[124] A concealment in the House of Kineil, near Borrostowness.
+
+[125] The younger brother of the Marquis of Tullibardine, but assuming
+the forfeited title as head of the house.
+
+[126] Henry Straiton.
+
+[127] I have had the advantage of seeing an original crayon portrait of
+the Chevalier, in the possession of Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq., of
+Edinburgh; also, a miniature painted at Rome, belonging to Mr. Sharpe.
+In the miniature the eyes are darker, and have more animation than in
+the crayon drawing. The portrait lately placed at Hampton Court gives a
+much more pleasing impression of James Stuart than either of these
+likenesses: the countenance is animated and benevolent.
+
+[128] "A True Account of the Proceedings at Perth," by a Rebel, supposed
+to be the Master of Sinclair.
+
+[129] That portion of the letter only which refers to the Chevalier
+appears to have been printed. I have given the entire letter from which
+the account was taken. A portion of this letter is published in Brown's
+History of the Highlands, vol. iv. p. 332.
+
+[130] Reay, p. 352.
+
+[131] MS. Letter in the possession of Alexander Macdonald, Esq., of the
+Register Office, Edinburgh.
+
+[132] Mar Papers.
+
+[133] Thomas Bruce, afterwards Earl of Kincardine.
+
+[134] The loss of the ship from France.
+
+[135] An allusion to the Marquis of Huntley and Lord Seaforth.
+
+[136] Mar Papers.
+
+[137] Reay, p. 364.
+
+[138] Flying Post, or the Post Master, for January 28 and 31, 1716.
+
+[139] Evening Post, Feb. 2, 1716.
+
+[140] Auchterarder.
+
+[141] Reay, p. 364.
+
+[142] Mar Correspondence.
+
+[143] Probably Wigton.
+
+[144] Brown's Highlands, vol. iv. p. 337.
+
+[145] Patten, p. 248.
+
+[146] Reay, p. 367.
+
+[147] Lord Mar's Journal.
+
+[148] A copy is given of the Prince's letter in Dr. Brown's work on the
+Highlands, vol. iv. p. 340. It is a sort of expostulation with the Duke,
+but mildly and sensibly expressed. "I fear," he said, alluding to the
+British people, "they will find yet more than I the smart of preferring
+a foreign yoke to the obedience they owe me."
+
+[149] Bolingbroke's Letter to Sir William Wyndham.
+
+[150] Letter to Sir Wm. Wyndham, p. 139.
+
+[151] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 17.
+
+[152] Ibid.
+
+[153] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 64.
+
+[154] Coxe's Papers in the British Museum, MS. 9129. Plut. cxxxviii. II.
+
+[155] I find that the biographers of Lord Mar, in the short lives given
+of him, (see Chambers's Scottish Biography, Georgian Era, &c.) have
+overlooked this correspondence. The letter from Sir Luke Schwaub, in
+French, with a translation, and the answer of Lord Carteret, in the Coxe
+Papers, although not exactly relevant to my subject, are interesting. "A
+thousands thanks," writes the generous Lord Carteret, in reply to
+Schwaub, "for your private letter, which affords me the means of
+obviating any calumny against the memory of a person who will always be
+dear to me." [That is, Lord Sunderland.] "I have shown it to the King,
+who is entirely satisfied with it." The anxiety on the part of
+Government to secure the papers of Lord Sunderland, was extreme, and
+affords a collateral proof of this connivance. The mysterious documents
+were seized by order of the King, and inspected by Lord Townshend, and
+not a trace of the correspondence was left when the papers were restored
+to the family. The seizure occasioned a suit between the executors of
+the Earl of Sunderland and the two Secretaries of State.--_Coxe MSS._
+
+[156] Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 252.
+
+[157] Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 565.
+
+[158] Hardwicke Papers, p. 586.
+
+[159] Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 600.
+
+[160] Chambers, art. _Erskine_.
+
+[161] From original letters, for which I am indebted to Alexander
+Macdonald, Esq., of the Register Office, Edinburgh.
+
+[162] The spelling is preserved as in the original.
+
+[163] These words were written in the Chevalier's own hand.
+
+[164] Letters in the possession of A. Macdonald, Esq.
+
+[165] Bolingbroke.
+
+[166] Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. p. 221.
+
+[167] Lockhart Papers.
+
+[168] See various papers in the State Paper Office. Collections for
+1722.
+
+[169] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 149.
+
+[170] Id. p. 183.
+
+[171] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 198.
+
+[172] Mr. C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe was good enough to inform me that he had
+seen some letters on this subject, which exculpated Lady Mary W.
+Montague. The correspondence was destroyed, but it conveyed to the mind
+of that accomplished and erudite gentleman, who saw it, the impression
+that the charge against Lady Mary Wortley was groundless.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES, EARL OF DERWENTWATER.
+
+
+In the vale of Hexham, on the summit of a steep hill, clothed with wood,
+and washed at its base by a rivulet, called the Devil's Water, stand the
+ruins of Dilstone Castle. A bridge of a single arch forms the approach
+to the castle or mansion; the stream, then mingling its rapid waters
+with those of the Tyne, rushes over rocks into a deep dell embowered
+with trees, above a hundred feet in height, and casting a deep gloom
+over the sounding waters beneath their branches.
+
+Through the arch of the bridge, a mill, an object ever associated with
+peace and plenty, is seen; and, beyond it, the eye rests upon the bare,
+dilapidated walls of the castle. Its halls, its stairs, its painted
+chambers, may still be traced; its broken towers command a view of
+romantic beauty; but all around it is desolate and ruined, like the once
+proud and honoured family who dwelt beneath its roof.
+
+This was once the favourite abode of the Ratcliffes, or Radcliffes,
+supposed to be a branch of the Radcliffes in Lancashire,[173] from whom
+were, it is said, descended the Earls of Sussex,[174] who became the
+owners of Dilstone in the days of Queen Elizabeth.
+
+During several generations after the Conquest, a family of the name of
+Devilstone was in possession of Dilstone, until the time of Henry the
+Third. The estates then passed to many different owners; the Tynedales,
+the Crafters, the Claxtons, were successively the masters of the castle;
+and it was not, according to some accounts,[175] until the tenth year of
+Queen Elizabeth's reign, that it first owned for its lord one of that
+unfortunate race to whom it finally belonged, until escheated to the
+Crown. But certain historians have asserted that, so early as the reign
+of Henry the Sixth, Dilstone was the seat of Sir Nicholas Radcliffe.[176]
+At this period, too, other estates were added to those already enjoyed
+by the Radcliffes. Sir Nicholas married the heiress of Sir John De
+Derwentwater, to whom had belonged, for several centuries, the manors of
+Castlerigg and Keswick, and who, since the time of Edward the First, had
+enjoyed great consideration in the county of Cumberland. This alliance
+with the Derwentwater family, although it brought to the Radcliffe the
+possession of a territory, which, for its beauty and value, monarchs
+might envy, did not for many years, entice them to a removal to the
+mansion of Castlerigg. That old dwelling-place, a gloomy fortress, among
+"storm-shaken mountains and howling wildernesses," was far less commodious
+than the castle at Dilstone, then in great fame from the flourishing
+monastery which reared its head in the Vale of Hexham. Castlerigg,
+being, eventually, abandoned by the Radcliffes, went utterly to decay;
+the materials of the old manor-house are supposed to have been employed
+in forming a new residence on Lord's Island, in Keswick Lake; and the
+estate was divided into tenancies, which, in process of time, were
+infranchised. The ancient demesne of the De Derwentwaters has now passed
+into the hands of the Trustees of Greenwich Hospital, and the oaks of
+the park which skirts the lake have of late years supplied much valuable
+timber.
+
+The family of Radcliffe continued, during several centuries after the
+intermarriage with the De Derwentwaters, to increase in wealth and
+importance. It was not, however, ennobled until the reign of James the
+Second, in 1688, when, in consequence of the eldest son of Sir Francis
+Radcliffe having married during his father's life time the Lady Mary
+Tudor, a natural daughter of Charles the Second, by Mistress Mary Davis,
+Sir Francis was created Earl of Derwentwater, Baron Dilstone, and
+Viscount Langley.[177] "This alliance to the royal blood," says the
+biographer of Charles Radcliffe, "gave them a title to match with the
+noblest families in the kingdom, and was likewise the occasion of that
+strict attachment which the several branches of the Derwentwater family
+have inviolably preserved for the line of Stuarts ever since."[178]
+There was also another reason for this act of royal favour on the one
+hand, and for this devotion on the other: Sir George Radcliffe, we find
+by the Macpherson papers, was Governor of James the Second when he was
+Duke of York, and during the troubles of the Great Rebellion; and, under
+his care, the young prince remained some time in the city of
+Oxford.[179]
+
+Whatsoever may be thought of the effect of this connection with royalty,
+in ennobling an ancient and loyal race, the marriage produced a lasting
+influence on the fortunes of the family. That they were proud of the
+alliance appears from the circumstance that the children of that
+marriage used to wear the prince's feather, that plume which has, since
+the days of Edward the Black Prince, distinguished the heir apparent to
+royalty. But the consanguinity in blood to the Stuarts produced another,
+and a far more serious result. The sons of the Lady Mary Tudor and of
+Francis, second Earl of Derwentwater, were educated, like brothers, with
+the son of the abdicated monarch. James Radcliffe, who was born about
+the year 1692, and who afterwards became Earl of Derwentwater, passed
+his childhood at St. Germains with his royal namesake, James Stuart. The
+brother of the Earl, Charles, was also brought up in France; both of
+these youths, whose fate was afterwards so tragical, were reared in the
+faith of the Church of Rome, and under the tuition of the Roman Catholic
+clergy. They thus grew up, without perhaps hearing, certainly without
+entertaining, a doubt of those rights which they died to assert. "The
+late Earl of Derwentwater," writes the biographer of Charles Radclyffe,
+"and his brother Charles were so strongly attached to the Pretender's
+party, that their advice or consent was not so much as asked in those
+consultations that were held among the disaffected previous to the
+Rebellion; neither did the party think it necessary, because they were
+always sure of them whenever they should come to action."
+
+In 1705, Francis, Earl of Derwentwater, died; and during a season of
+domestic tranquillity, whilst as yet the Jacobites were full of hopes
+that the succession would be restored to the Stuart line, his son James
+succeeded to the Earldom, and to the vast estates which had accumulated
+to give dignity and influence to rank. Besides the castle of Dilstone
+and Castlerigg, which Leland, who visited Cumberland in 1539, describes
+as still being the "head place of the Radcliffes," many other valuable
+properties, had been gradually added to the patrimonial possessions.
+
+It was the disposition of Lord Derwentwater to employ the advantages of
+wealth and birth to the benefit of others. He returned to England,
+English in heart, and became the true model of an English nobleman. "He
+was a man," said a contemporary writer, "formed by nature to be beloved;
+for he was of so universal a beneficence, that he seemed to live for
+others."[180] Residing among his own people, among them he spent his
+estate, and passed his days in deeds of kindness, and in acts of
+charity, which regarding no differences of faith as obstacles to the
+course of that heavenly virtue, were extended alike by this unfortunate
+nobleman to Protestant and to Roman Catholic. In his days, Dilstone was
+the scene of an open-hearted hospitality, "which," observes the renegade
+Jacobite who has chronicled the events of the period, "few in that
+country do, and none can, come up to." That castle-hall, now ruined and
+for ever deserted, was thronged by the distressed, who, whether the poor
+denizens of the place or the wanderer by the way side, found there
+relief, and went away consoled. The owner of the castle gave bread to
+thousands, who long remembered his virtues, and mourned his fate. He
+conciliated the good will of his equals, and disarmed the animosity of
+those who differed from him in opinion. Beloved, trusted, almost
+reverenced in the prime of youth, James Earl of Derwentwater held, at
+the period of the first Rebellion, the enviable position of one whose
+station was remembered only in conjunction with the higher dignity of
+virtue. To the solid qualities of integrity, he added a sweetness and
+courtesy of manner which must have lent to even homely features their
+usual charm.[181] Blessing and blest, he thus dwelt amid the romantic
+scenery of the Vale of Hexham.
+
+Lord Derwentwater married Anna Maria, one of the five daughters of Sir
+John Webb, Baronet of Odstock in Wiltshire. An ancestor of Sir John Webb
+had first acquired the title in the reign of Charles the First for "his
+family having both shed their blood in the King's cause, and
+contributed, as far as they were able, with their purses, in his
+defence," as is expressed in their patent.[182]
+
+During the reign of Queen Anne, Lord Derwentwater took no part in the
+various intrigues which were carried on by the Jacobite party. He lived
+peaceably at Dilstone, where his name was long honoured after the
+tragical events which hurried him into an early grave had occurred. But
+this tranquil demeanour does not argue, as it has been supposed, that
+the early playmate of James had become indifferent to the cause of the
+Stuarts. The friends of the exiled family founded their hopes of its
+restoration on the well-known partiality of Queen Anne for her brother,
+and on the circumstance of her having seen the last of her children
+consigned to the tomb. There seems no reason to doubt but that, had Anne
+lived longer, she would have taken measures, in unison with the wishes
+of the bulk of the nobility, and in conjunction with her confidential
+ministers, to have placed the Chevalier St. George the next in
+succession. In this hope, the wishes of the most respectable portion of
+the Jacobite nobility were tranquillized.[183]
+
+The sudden decease of Queen Anne disconcerted the hopes of those who had
+been thus waiting for the course of events; and the immediate change of
+ministry depriving those who were favourable to the house of Stuart of
+power, the succession of George the First was secured, under the aspect,
+for a few weeks, of the most perfect national repose. It has been well
+explained, that, unless some circumstances connected with the birth and
+education of the Chevalier had favoured the interests of Hanover, a very
+different result would have appeared. The notion so diligently spread
+abroad, of a supposititious birth--the foreign education of the young
+Prince--above all, the pains which had been taken to inculcate in his
+heart a devotion to the faith of both his parents, were considerations
+which strongly favoured the accession of the Elector of Hanover.[184]
+
+A year passed away, and that tranquillity was succeeded by an
+ill-concerted, immature enterprise, headed by a man of every talent
+except the right sort; and chilled, rather than aided, by the presence
+of that melancholy exile who presented himself for the first and last
+time, to sadden by the gloom of his aspect, and the inertness of his
+measures, the hearts that yearned to welcome him back to Britain.
+
+It was towards the latter end of August, in 1715, in the shire of Perth,
+that the people first began to assemble themselves in a body, until they
+marched to a small market town, named Kirk Michael, where the Chevalier
+was first proclaimed, and his standard set up.[185] Meantime several
+noblemen and gentlemen, both in England and in Scotland, influenced by
+the Earl of Mar, began to collect their servants and dependants from
+different places, and under various pretexts, for their proceedings.
+There were also measures concerted in London by the Chevalier's friends;
+and among the more active of the partisans, was a certain Captain Robert
+Talbot, an Irish officer, who, upon being acquainted with the projected
+insurrection, took shipping and sailed for Newcastle-upon-Tyne. By this
+agent, the resolutions which had been adopted by the Jacobites in London
+were conveyed to their friends in the north of England. This was part of
+the scheme of the Jacobites; London was the centre of all their
+conferences, and from the metropolis intelligence was secretly conveyed
+in various directions: measures were concerted; the parties who were to
+engage were furnished with means to act, and brought together; letters
+were carried by private hands to various confederates, and debates and
+correspondence were carried on some months before the Rebellion actually
+broke out.
+
+The plot was managed with care and address. The common conveyance of
+letters was dangerous, and the office of delivering them was undertaken
+by gentlemen of Jacobite principles, who rode from place to place as
+travellers, pretending merely that they were viewing the country, and
+making inquiries to gratify curiosity: these travellers were all Irish
+and Papists.
+
+Another class of agents, consisting of Mr. Clifton, a brother of Sir
+Gervase Clifton, and of Mr. Beaumont, both gentlemen of Nottinghamshire,
+and attended by Mr. Buxton, a clergyman of Derbyshire, rode like
+gentlemen, with servants, but were armed with swords and pistols. These
+emissaries also continued moving from place to place, and kept up a
+constant intercourse between the disaffected parties, until all things
+were ready for action.
+
+Under these circumstances, Government took a decided step, which, as it
+turned out, brought the whole concerted plot into action sooner than the
+confederates had originally intended. Means were taken for the
+apprehension of several suspected Jacobites. Towards the end of
+September, Lord Derwentwater, among others, received notice that there
+was a warrant issued by the Secretary of State to apprehend him, and
+that messengers were actually arrived at Durham in order to seize his
+person.[186]
+
+On receiving this information, Lord Derwentwater, who had at that time
+taken no ostensible part in the consultations of the Jacobites, and who,
+as it was thought by many who knew him intimately, was undecided whether
+to join the insurgents or not, adopted the line of conduct most suitable
+to innocence. He repaired to the house of a neighbouring justice of the
+peace, whose name has not been given at length and boldly placed himself
+in his hands. He demanded what were the grounds of his accusation.
+Unhappily the magistrate's loyalty was not unimpeachable. Had this
+gentleman been zealously affected to the Government, or had he been a
+true friend to Lord Derwentwater, he would either have persuaded that
+nobleman to surrender to the messengers of Government, or he would have
+detained him, and thus prevented the rash outbreak which afterwards
+ensued. Such is the opinion of one who knew all the parties concerned in
+the insurrection well. Such is the statement of Mr. Robert Patten,
+himself a Jacobite, and chaplain to Mr. Forster. He afterwards turned
+King's evidence, and received for that treachery, or, as he is pleased
+to call it, penitence, a suitable remuneration.[187]
+
+Lord Derwentwater unfortunately adopted a course which could but have
+one termination. He concealed himself from those who were employed to
+apprehend him. Clear from any direct imputation, had he then given
+himself up, he would have been released; and he might have been deterred
+from a participation in the disastrous scenes which ensued. He had now
+two children, a son and a daughter. He had many valuable considerations
+to forfeit for the one abstract principle of indefeasible right to the
+throne. Few men had more to venture. Many of the Jacobites went into the
+field with tarnished characters, and with ruined fortunes: they might
+gain,--they could not lose by the perilous undertaking. Amid the bands
+of high-born and highly principled men who co-operated in both the
+Rebellions, adventurers would appear, whose previous lives shed
+dishonour upon any cause; but the irreproachable, the prosperous, the
+beloved, could desire little more for themselves than what they already
+possessed: they ventured their rich and glorious barks upon the
+current; and let those who sully every motive with suspicion, say that
+there was no virtue, no patriotism, in the Jacobite party.
+
+By his own descendant, Lord Derwentwater is believed to have hesitated
+upon the verge of his fate, but to have been urged into it by his
+brother Charles. Young and ardent, courageous even to rashness, the
+first to offer himself where an enterprise was the most hazardous,
+seeming to set no value upon his life where glory was to be obtained,
+the darling of his party, and, to sum up the whole, only twenty-two
+years of age, Mr. Radcliffe rashly drew his brother into a confederacy,
+so agreeable to his own ambitious and fearless spirit. But there was
+another individual on whom the responsibility of that luckless movement
+in the North must chiefly rest. This was Mr. Thomas Forster the younger,
+of Etherston in the county of Northumberland, and member for the county.
+During the first thirty years of his life, this gentleman had scarcely
+been known beyond the precincts of his paternal estate. He became a
+member of Parliament, and was drawn into the vortex of party without
+talents to adorn or judgment to guide his conduct. Although a Protestant,
+Mr. Forster soon made his house the place of rendezvous for all the
+non-jurors and disaffected people of the county in which he lived; and
+he became involved in the dangers of their schemes, almost before he was
+aware of the perils which he was about to encounter. The party of the
+Jacobites was composed of very dissimilar materials. Whilst some adopted
+its projects to retrieve character, or to attain, as they vainly hoped,
+fortune, whilst others were actuated by genuine motives, there were many
+who mingled in the mazes of the intricate politics of that day from
+vanity, and the love of being at the head of faction: such was Forster;
+and his career was unsatisfactory and inglorious as his character was
+weak.
+
+A warrant for Mr. Forster's apprehension having been sent forth, he was,
+like Lord Derwentwater, obliged to fly from place to place, until he
+arrived at the house of Mr. Fenwick, at Bywell. Lord Derwentwater,
+meantime, had been secreted under the roof of a man named Lambert, in a
+cottage, where he had remained in safety. His horses had been seized by
+one of the neighbouring magistrates, and had been detained in custody
+for several weeks, pursuant to an order in council; yet, when he had
+need of them they were returned. "I afterwards asked that lord," Mr.
+Patten relates, "how he came so quietly by his horses from the justice's
+possession, whom the believing neighbourhood esteemed a most rigid Whig.
+I was answered thus, by that lord's repeating a saying of Oliver
+Cromwell's, 'that he could gain his ends with an ass-load of gold,' and
+left me to make the application."[188]
+
+Mr. Fenwick, of Bywell, was a secret, though not an avowed Jacobite; and
+it was soon agreed that at his house should be collected all those who
+were favourable to the cause. A meeting of the party was accordingly
+held: it was decided that finding there was now no longer any safety in
+shifting from place to place, and that since, in a few days they might
+all be hurried up to London, and secured in prisons, where they might be
+separately examined, and induced to betray each other;--it was now time
+to appear boldly in arms, and to show the loyalty of the confederates to
+King James.
+
+In pursuance of this resolution, the place and hour of meeting were
+appointed the very next morning; the sixth of October was named, and all
+were to assemble at Greenrig. Here those who rode from Bywell were met
+by Mr. Forster, with a party of twenty gentlemen. The meeting might have
+recalled the days of the Cavaliers: the winding of the river Tyne in the
+valley; the rural village of Bywell; on the rising ground to the right a
+ruin, once the fortress of the vale, and held in former times by the
+Baliols, presented a scene of tranquil beauty, which some who met that
+day were destined never to look upon again.
+
+The low situation of Greenrig was deemed inconvenient for the purpose of
+the insurgents, and the party ascended a hill called the Waterfalls,
+from which they could see the distant country. This spot is thus
+described: "As you look upon Bywell from the most pleasing point of
+view, the landskip lies in the following order:--from the road near the
+front of the river, the ruined piers of a bridge become the front
+objects; behind which, in a regular cascade, the whole river falls over
+a wear, extended from bank to bank, in height above eight feet
+perpendicular; a mill on the right hand, a salmon lock on the left: the
+tower and the two churches stretch along the banks of the upper basin of
+the river, with a fine curvature; the solemn ruins of the ancient castle
+of the Baliols lift their towers above the trees on the right, and make
+an agreeable contrast with the adjoining mansion-house. The whole
+background appears covered with wood."[189]
+
+On this height Mr. Forster and his party paused; but they had not been
+long there before they saw the Earl of Derwentwater, who came that
+morning from Dilstone, advancing. He was attended by several friends and
+by all his servants, some mounted on his coach-horses, and all well
+armed. As they marched through Corbridge, this gallant troop drew their
+swords. They were reinforced by several other gentlemen at the house of
+Mr. Errington, where they stopped; and they then advanced to the spot
+where their friends awaited their approach. They now mustered sixty
+horse, mostly composed of gentlemen and their attendants. After a short
+council it was decided that they should proceed towards the river
+Coquet, to Plainfield: here they were joined by several stragglers: they
+marched that evening to Rothbury a small market-town, where they
+remained all night, and continued their march on the following morning,
+the seventh of October, to Warkworth Castle.
+
+In thus assembling his friends and his tenantry, Lord Derwentwater was
+not blameless of undue influence and oppression. The instances, indeed,
+of threats and absolute compulsion being used to augment the forces of
+the Jacobites, and to draw unwilling dependants into participation, are
+very numerous; they may be collected from various petitions, borne out
+by evidence, among the State Papers for 1715 and 1716. It is true that
+such excuses were certain to be alleged by many persons unjustly; but,
+where the charges were substantiated, we must with pain confess that the
+virtues of the Earl of Derwentwater, as well as those of other
+Jacobites, are sullied by a violent exercise of power over their
+tenantry. One man, named George Gibson, afterwards, in memorialising
+Lord Townshend from Newgate, affirms that upon his refusal to carry a
+message from Lord Derwentwater to Mr. Forster, two days before the
+insurrection, and returning to his own house instead, he was one night
+dragged out of bed by seven or eight men, and hurried off to serve in
+the said insurrection without a single servant of his own attending him.
+It was proved also, by King's evidence, that the unfortunate man did all
+in his power to escape from Kelso, and really made the attempt; but it
+was defeated, for he was ever an object of suspicion to the Earl of
+Derwentwater and Mr. Forster, whose watchfulness kept him among the
+rebel troops.[190] Party may do much to blunt the feelings; yet there
+was too much of what was good in the character of Lord Derwentwater for
+him, in the solitude of his own prison, not to remember in after days
+the heavy responsibilities which even by one act of this nature he had
+incurred, in compelling a man to act against his will and conscience.
+
+Warkworth was probably chosen as a resting-place for the insurgents, on
+account of its strength. Situated only three-quarters of a mile from the
+sea, on the river Coquet, over which is thrown a bridge, guarded by a
+lofty tower, the Castle of Warkworth, which guards the town, commands a
+view both varied with objects of interest and importance.
+
+From a lofty turret of the castle a great extent of land and ocean is to
+be seen. The great Tower of the Percys, from which this turret rises, is
+decorated with the lion of Brabant, and is seated on the brink of a
+cliff above the town. From this lofty structure the eye, stretching
+along the coast, may discern the castles of Dunstanbrough and
+Bamborough: the Fern Islands, dotted upon the face of the waters, the
+Port of Alemouth, and, at a little distance, the mouth of the river
+Coquet, with its island and ruined monastery. To the north, a richly
+cultivated country extends as far as Alnwick; to the south lies a plain,
+interspersed with villages and woods; the shore, to which it inclines,
+is indented with many ports and creeks; the smoke rising from many
+scattered hamlets, and the spires of churches enliven the smiling
+prospect.
+
+In this secure station the rebels remained for two days; and here Mr.
+Forster assumed the rank of General of the Forces in the North, a title
+which had been bestowed on him by the Earl of Mar. On the day after his
+arrival at Warkworth, Mr. Forster sent Mr. Buxton, who was chaplain to
+the troops to desire Mr. Ton, the parish clergyman, to pray for the
+Chevalier as King; and, in the Litany, for Mary, the Queen Mother, and
+to omit the petition for King George, the Prince and Princess of Wales,
+&c. Mr. Ton declining to make this alteration, Mr. Buxton took
+possession of the reading-desk, and performed the service, whilst the
+deposed clergyman took flight, and, hastening to Newcastle, gave notice
+there of what had occurred. This was the first place where the Chevalier
+was prayed for in England; and Mr. Buxton's sermon, observes our
+historian, "gave mighty encouragement to his hearers, being full of
+exhortations, flourishing arguments, and cunning insinuations to be
+hearty in the cause." These incentives were aided by a "comely
+personage," and considerable eloquence and erudition.
+
+On the following day, after proclaiming James King of England with all
+due formality and with the sound of trumpet, Mr. Forster attending the
+ceremony in disguise, the troops marched to Morpeth, their numbers
+increasing as they went. At Felton Bridge, they were joined by seventy
+horse, composed of gentlemen from the borders; and by the time they
+reached Morpeth, their number had augmented to three hundred: these were
+all horse-soldiers: Mr. Forster refused the foot as auxiliaries,
+otherwise the increase would have been considerable. The reason assigned
+for this rejection was the impossibility of supplying the men with arms;
+but the fairest assurances were given to the friends of the cause that
+arms and ammunition would soon be procured, and regiments listed
+forthwith.
+
+The spirits of the Jacobite army were now high; their hopes were raised
+by the daily increase of their party. Newcastle was their next object,
+and thither they prepared to march, having first proclaimed the
+Chevalier,--Mr. Buxton taking upon himself the office of herald.
+Newcastle was, however, on her defence: the city gates were closed
+against the troops, and they turned towards Hexham, and thence marched
+to a moor near Dilstone Castle, and here they halted for some days. This
+was a feint, as they intended, it is thought, to have surprised the town
+of Newcastle. But the news they received from that place were far from
+encouraging. The gentry in the neighbourhood had rallied for its
+defence; and Lord Scarborough, the lord-lieutenant of the county, had
+entered the town with a body of men. Still there was a powerful High
+Church party, who, as the Jacobites hoped, would declare for the
+Chevalier. It was from Newcastle that Lord Derwentwater had been
+apprised, in the first instance, that there were messengers sent to
+apprehend him. The insurgents therefore, continued near Hexham, where
+they seized on all the horses and arms they could, read prayers in the
+churches for King James, and proclaimed him in the market-place.
+
+The Earl of Derwentwater had appointed his brother to the command of his
+troop, whilst Captain Shaftoe was under Mr. Radcliffe. This, in some
+respects, was an unfortunate step: the young and brave commander had
+never even seen an army before: he was inexperienced, and ignorant of
+all military discipline: what he wanted in knowledge, he is said,
+however, to have made up for by the influence he acquired over his men,
+and by the power he had of inciting them to great exploits.[191]
+
+Whilst the rebel forces lay at Hexham, they received the intelligence
+that Lord Kenmure, the Earls of Nithisdale, of Carnwath, and Wintoun,
+had risen in Nithisdale, and had marched thence to England to join the
+troops in Northumberland, and had even advanced as far as Rothbury. On
+the nineteenth of October, Mr. Forster joined the Scottish army at
+Rothbury, and afterwards marched with an increasing force to Kelso. Here
+prayers were read in the great kirk by Mr. Buxton; "and I," relates Mr.
+Patten, "preached on these words, Deut. xxi. 17,--the latter part of the
+verse: 'The right of the first-born is his.'" The service of the Church
+of England was then read for the first time on that side of the
+Tweed.[192]
+
+William Gordon, Viscount Kenmure, had the command of the Jacobite army
+until they had crossed the Tweed. Like the Earl of Derwentwater, this
+unfortunate nobleman is declared to have shewn reluctance to take up
+arms. On having been solicited by the Earl of Mar to command the forces,
+and assured that he would join him, he at first refused the offer, but
+had finally acceded, and had set up the standard of the Chevalier at
+Moffat, in Annandale. The standard was made, for this occasion, by Lady
+Kenmure, the sister of Robert, sixth Earl of Carnwath. It was very
+handsome; one side being blue, with the arms of Scotland wrought in
+gold; on the other side a thistle,--the words so often uttered during
+the Rebellion, and re-echoed in many a Scottish heart, "No Union," were
+wrought underneath the thistle. Above it were the words NEMO ME IMPUNE
+LACESSIT; white pendants were attached to the standard, on which were
+inscribed--"For our Wronged King and Oppressed Country!" "For our Lives
+and Liberties!"
+
+But the nobleman who had taken this prominent part in the Rebellion of
+1715, although possessed of extraordinary knowledge in politics and
+civil affairs, was an utter stranger to all military business. His mild
+temper and his unoffending character inspired compassion for his
+subsequent fate, but unfitted him for the office of command: his
+gentler qualities were united, nevertheless, to a resolute and lofty
+mind. The fate of this nobleman, like that of his most distinguished
+friends, was a brief tragedy.
+
+Lord Kenmure had a troop of gentlemen with him, the command of which he
+gave to the Hon. Bazil Hamilton of Beldoun, and a nephew of the Duke of
+Hamilton.
+
+Among other characters who were conspicuous on this occasion, was the
+celebrated Brigadier Mackintosh. The sixth regiment, named after the
+Brigadier as chief of the clan, was commanded by a kinsman. The
+Brigadier had served in Germany, and had there gained his military rank.
+Descended from the ancient house of Fife, the chieftain had increased
+his influence by marrying, while a minor, the heiress of Clanchattan, in
+right of whom he became chieftain of that clan, comprising many others.
+His motto, "Touch not the cat without a glove," and the coat-of-arms
+supported by two wild cats, with a cat for the crest, were not
+inappropriate. No suspicion had been entertained of Mackintosh's
+adherence to the Chevalier, with whom he became acquainted abroad, until
+he actually joined the party.
+
+The Earl of Carnwath, Lord Nairn, Lord Charles Murray, and the Earl of
+Wintoun, commanded the other Scottish regiments, which were generally
+better armed than those of the English. The Earl of Derwentwater, and
+the Lords Widdrington had the two principal English regiments, of which
+there were four.[193]
+
+On the twenty-fifth of October, the united army of Scots and English
+left Kelso, and marched to Jedburgh. On their march, some of the Scots,
+taking umbrage, left the army under the guidance of the Earl of Wintoun;
+and although that nobleman afterwards returned with his troop, above
+four hundred Highlanders deserted, and returned to their country.
+
+During the progress of the insurgent forces, there is little reason to
+conclude that Lord Derwentwater took a very active or important part in
+the various consultations which were held, always with great disunion,
+and with a melancholy want of judgment, between the General, Mr.
+Forster, and his military council. The amiable nobleman appears to have
+assigned to his less discreet brother the entire guidance of his troop.
+"His temper and disposition," as he expresses it in his defence,
+"disposed him to peace. He was totally inexperienced in martial affairs;
+that he entered upon the undertaking without any previous concert with
+its chief promoters,--without any preparation of men, horses, and arms,
+or other warlike accoutrements," was at once an instance of his
+imprudence and a mitigation of his error.[194] There was, indeed, no
+doubt but that Lord Derwentwater might have brought many hundreds of his
+followers to the field, even from one portion of his estate only; for he
+possessed the extensive lead mines on Alstone Moor, where a large body
+of men were daily employed, and received from him their sole means of
+support.[195]
+
+But whether or not this unfortunate nobleman failed in energy or in
+zeal; whether he entered with his whole heart into the cause of James
+Stuart; or whether, with the conscientious scruples of a gentle nature,
+he shrank from involving in the risk of this insurrection the majority
+of his humble dependants, he acted throughout the whole of this brief
+campaign with the consideration for others so characteristic of his
+mind. He truly affirmed on his trial, that no one could charge him with
+any cruel, severe, or harsh action during his continuance in arms: and
+his conduct in the last extremity corresponded to his previous
+forbearance. Such dispositions appear to have been cherished, indeed, by
+the rest of the Jacobite party. The merciful temper of the Chevalier,
+and his known aversion to destructive measures, may have had its
+influence over those who asserted his claims. There was something like
+the spirit of the cavalier of the Great Rebellion in Mr. Forster's reply
+to some of his officers, who wished to put down or burn a Presbyterian
+meetinghouse at Penrith: "It is by clemency, and not by cruelty, that we
+are to prevail."[196]
+
+After the insurgent troops had marched from place to place for some
+time, it was decided that the English regiments should recross the
+border; and after many disputes and much loss of time, they resolved on
+a march into Lancashire, a country abounding at that time in Roman
+Catholic gentry, and strongly Jacobite.[197] This decision, like most of
+the other military movements of the unfortunate Jacobites, was the work
+of a strong party in the camp, and was founded upon the alleged
+authority of private letters, which gave the assurance of a general
+insurrection taking place on the appearance of the insurgent force. The
+unlucky change of plans superseded a meditated attack upon the town of
+Dumfries. "Nothing," observes Mr. Patten, "could be a greater token of a
+complete infatuation,--that Heaven confounded all their devices, and
+that their destruction was to be of their own working, than their
+omitting such an opportunity." After a rapid march from Langholm in the
+west of Scotland, across the borders, and through Penrith, Appleby, and
+Kendal, to Kirby Lonsdale, the combined force entered the county of
+Lancaster; and having entered Lancaster without opposition, they
+resolved to proceed to Preston. It is now that the last disastrous
+events of Lord Derwentwater's brief career brought to light his
+excellent qualities, his pure and amiable motives of action. It is not
+possible to read the account of the battle of Preston, in which he was
+engaged, without a deep regret for the personal misfortunes of one so
+young, so well intentioned, and so esteemed, as this ill-fated nobleman.
+
+The forces of the Jacobites amounted, after being joined by a party of
+volunteers under the Lords Rothes and Torpichen, and since their
+separation from the Highlanders, to about two thousand men. The foot was
+commanded by Brigadier Mackintosh; and six hundred Northumbrian and
+Dumfriesshire horsemen, by Lord Kenmure and Mr. Forster.[198]
+
+On the ninth instant the march to Preston was commenced; the cavalry
+troops reached that town on the same evening; but the day proving rainy,
+and the roads heavy, the foot regiments were left at a small market-town
+called Garstang, half-way between Manchester and Preston. Two troops of
+Stanhope's dragoons, formerly quartered at Preston, having retired as
+the rebels approached, the spirits of the Jacobite officers and the
+ardour of their men were greatly encouraged. On the following day,
+Thursday the tenth of November, the Chevalier was proclaimed at Preston,
+and here the rebels were joined by many country gentlemen, their tenants
+and servants: this was the first accession to the party since their
+entrance into Lancashire. The new allies were chiefly Roman Catholics, a
+circumstance which aroused the instinctive dread of the Scottish
+volunteers to persons of that persuasion. The High Church party hung
+back from joining the cause. The Roman Catholics began, according to
+the historian of the Rebellion of 1715, "to show their blind side,"
+being never right hearty for their cause until they are "mellow," as
+they call it "over a bottle or two."[199]
+
+The town of Preston seated on the river Ribble, was a place from which
+an enemy might, in the year 1715, have been easily repulsed. About a
+mile and a half from the town, a bridge over the river offered an
+admirable stand for a besieged garrison; it might have been so easily
+barricadoed, that it would have been impracticable to pass that way if
+the commonest precautions had been adopted. The river in this part was
+not fordable for a considerable distance on either side of the bridge,
+and it could have been easily rendered impassable. From the Ribble
+bridge to the town, the road ran between two steep banks; and this way,
+or lane, was then so narrow, that in several places two men could not
+ride abreast. It was here that Oliver Cromwell had met with a famous
+resistance from the King's forces in 1648, large mill-stones having been
+rolled down upon him from the rising grounds, so that the republican
+general was in considerable danger, and he only escaped with life by
+making his horse plunge into a quicksand.
+
+This lane formed a curious natural outwork; and might easily have been
+barricadoed, but the deficiencies of Mr. Forster's generalship were
+fatal to so simple and obvious a plan of defence. He confined his
+exertions to the town, barricadoed the streets, and posted men in the
+bye-lanes and houses. The Jacobite troops formed four main barriers: one
+in the churchyard, commanded by Brigadier Mackintosh. This barrier was
+to be supported by four noblemen, who, at the head of the volunteer
+horse, (as in many instances in the army of Charles the First,) composed
+of gentlemen solely, was planted in the churchyard of Old St. Wilfred,
+as the parish-church of Preston was then called: their leaders were the
+Earl of Derwentwater, Lord Kenmure, the Earl of Nithisdale, and the Earl
+of Wintoun,--a truehearted band as ever braved the terrors of an
+encounter with their countrymen. At a little distance from the
+churchyard and at the extremity of a lane leading into the fields, Lord
+Charles Murray defended another post. The third was at a windmill, and
+that Colonel Mackintosh was appointed to command. The fourth was in the
+town.
+
+Lord Derwentwater and his brothers were the objects, even before the
+action began, of universal approbation. Whatever may have been the real
+or supposed reluctance of the former to engage in the cause, it vanished
+as he came into action. There he stood, having stripped off his clothes
+to his waistcoat, encouraging the men, giving them money to induce them
+to cast up the trenches, and animating them to a vigorous defence. His
+brother addressed the soldiers also, and displayed all the ardour of his
+fearless spirit. "No man of distinction," wrote a Scottish prisoner in
+the Marshalsea to his friend in the North, "behaved himself better than
+the Earl of Derwentwater. He kept himself most with the Scots,
+abundantly exposing himself."[200] But all this was in vain, if we dare
+to call any manifestations of heroic devotion in vain.
+
+With singular incapacity, Mr. Forster had failed in procuring the
+necessary intelligence of the movements of the enemy. He had been
+assured by the Lancashire gentlemen, that General Wills, who headed the
+King's forces, could not come within forty miles of Preston without
+their knowledge. On Saturday, the twelfth of November, after he had
+ordered the forces to march toward Manchester, the intelligence reached
+him that General Wills had advanced as far as Wigan to attack the
+rebels. Even at this crisis affairs might have been retrieved: a body of
+the Jacobites was, indeed, sent forward to defend the Ribble bridge,
+whilst Mr. Forster went on with a party of horse to reconnoitre. He soon
+saw the enemy's dragoons; but instead of disputing the bridge, or
+allowing Colonel Farquharson, belonging to Mackintosh's battalion, to
+keep the pass, he ordered a retreat to the town. Then all was confusion,
+slaughter, disgrace. General Wills advanced; he remembered the disaster
+of Oliver Cromwell; he looked carefully around him, and caused the
+hedges and fields to be viewed; but no enemy appeared to dispute his
+progress. The dragoons advanced towards the town; at first, their
+General conjectured that it must have been abandoned. When he
+discovered his mistake, he ordered his troops to pass through a gate
+which leads into the fields at the back of the town, and immediately
+disposed his forces so as to prevent either a sally or a retreat.
+
+The insurgents, meantime, were prepared to receive him. The ancient
+church of St. Wilfred, which has since 1814 been replaced by a modern
+structure, and endowed with another name, that of St. John, must have
+been shaken to its foundations with the explosion of the cannon, as it
+was discharged beneath its ancient walls. The besieged formed four main
+barriers; one a little below the church, commanded by Brigadier
+Mackintosh: the Earl of Derwentwater and his gallant volunteers were
+commanded to support that barrier in particular, and here the first
+attack was made; but it met with so fierce a reception, and such a fire
+upon the assailants, that the dragoons were obliged to retreat to the
+entrance of the town. Of this repulse Lord Derwentwater and his youthful
+brother gained the chief credit. The scene that followed is a detail of
+fruitless gallantry, and of an agonised but ill-concerted resistance.
+The fatality which attended the Stuart cause, and which rendered the
+bloodshed of its gallant champions unavailing to promote it, was here
+conspicuous. That fatality was doubtless resolvable into a want of
+common sense, in entrusting the command of the forces into incompetent
+hands. All night, indeed, the Jacobite forces met their opponents with
+a determined resistance, that made up, in some measure, for inequality
+of numbers: the besieged were in many instances sheltered from the
+enemy's shot, and they had also the advantage on their side of cannon,
+with which General Wills was not supplied. In the course of that night
+of horrors, whilst the brave were carried away, mangled or dying, Lord
+Charles Murray, who was attacked late in the evening, wanted a
+reinforcement of men. He sent Mr. Patten to the Earl of Derwentwater to
+ask for aid; it was granted; Mr. Patten passing in safety on account of
+his black coat, upon which neither party would fire, conducted a troop
+of fifty volunteers to Lord Charles, who maintained his post, and
+obliged the enemy to retire with loss. Had it not been for another of
+Mr. Forster's fatal blunders, the insurgents would still have remained
+in possession of the town of Preston, which has always, from its
+commanding situation, been deemed, in all the civil commotions of the
+kingdom, as a military post of great importance.
+
+All Saturday night, the platoons of the King's forces were incessantly
+playing upon the insurgents from two principal houses which the
+besiegers had taken, but few persons of importance were killed. Several
+houses were set on fire by both parties, but the wind was still,
+otherwise the inhabitants and the Jacobite troops must have perished in
+the flames. Towards morning the information arrived in the town through
+some of the King's soldiers who had been made prisoners, that General
+Carpenter, with three regiments of dragoons was marching towards
+Preston, and that he had arrived at Clithero. This intelligence spread
+great consternation among the Jacobites; and a capitulation began to be
+mentioned among them; yet it is probable they would still have held out,
+had not one of the avenues into Preston, by an inexcusable oversight of
+the Jacobite General, been left unguarded.
+
+It was discovered by some of the King's men that the street leading to
+Wigan had not been barricadoed. This weak point was thereupon attacked
+by Lord Forrester, at the head of that brave and old regiment, called
+Preston's regiment. The assailants marched into a straight passage
+behind the houses: then Lord Forrester came into the open street, and
+faced Mackintosh's barrier; there were many shots fired at him, and he
+was wounded; yet he went back, and lead his men fearlessly into the
+street, where many of that regiment fell a sacrifice to this dauntless
+assault. It prevailed; and from that time the fate of the heroes of the
+churchyard of Preston, of Derwentwater and his noble comrades was
+determined. But, during that appalling conflict, whilst the blood of the
+valiant was tinging the streets of Preston, where was the General, who
+should have shared the dangers with his officers? "I had almost forgot
+to tell you," writes the plain-spoken Scottish soldier above referred
+to, "that in the hottest time of our little action, which was about
+eleven on Saturday night, Lord Charles Murray's men falling short of
+ammunition, Robertson of Guy, and another gentleman, were sent to the
+General, Mr. Forster, for a recruit. When they got access, they found
+him lying in his naked bed, with a sack-posset, and some confections by
+him; which I humbly judge was not a very becoming posture at that time
+for a General. He took all along particular care of himself."[201]
+
+Towards morning Mr. Forster in conjunction with Lord Widdrington and
+Colonel Oxburgh, proposed a capitulation. It was considered, that by
+submission, terms of mercy might be procured by the insurgent troops.
+Those who thus argued had had no experience of the temper of those to
+whom they trusted, or they would have willingly died sword in hand
+rather than have confided in such slender hopes of clemency. The Earl of
+Derwentwater was among those who counselled the surrender. From his
+general character, the reasons which he assigned afterwards in his
+defence, for such advice, have ever been credited. When the fury of the
+action was over, the amiable nobleman perceived that it was his duty to
+coincide in a step by which the lives of his countrymen might be spared:
+he trusted to the mediation of Colonel Oxburgh, who offered to go to the
+King's forces, and to request a cessation of arms; and who also
+promised, by his personal influence, to obtain fair terms of
+capitulation. As a guarantee for the suspension of hostilities, Lord
+Derwentwater volunteered to become one of the hostages until the
+morning, should General Wills require it. It appears that his offer was
+accepted, and that while the Earl was in the camp of General Wills, he
+received assurances of King George's being a prince of known
+clemency,--a virtue which was said to form a distinguishing mark in his
+character.[202] But Mr. Radcliffe, young and ardent, opposed the
+capitulation with the vehemence natural to his character. During the
+whole of the action, he had been in the midst of the fire, and had
+displayed the utmost intrepidity; and now he declared, that "he would
+rather die with his sword in his hand, like a man of honour, than be
+dragged like a felon to the gallows, there to be hanged like a dog." He
+was, of course, obliged to submit to the majority.[203] The common
+soldiers joined in his declamations. "Never," writes the Scottish
+soldier, "was a handful of men more ready to fight than those at
+Preston." It was with difficulty that the gallant Highlanders could be
+restrained from sallying forth, with their claymores, at all hazards,
+upon the enemy. They chafed under the disappointment and humiliation of
+that day; but all was to little purpose. Perhaps no power of words could
+express the bitter feelings of that hour better than the homely phrases
+of an eye-witness of the scene.
+
+"On Sunday, to our surprise, about three in the afternoon," writes the
+Highlander from his prison, "we saw a drum of the enemy beating a
+chamade in the street. In an instant we were all called from our posts
+to the Market-place: the horsemen were ordered to mount. This made us
+believe the parley had been proposed by General Wills, and that we were
+to break out and attack them sword in hand,--at least, break through
+them at that end of the town; but we soon found it was proposed by Mr.
+Forster, and that there was a cessation till nine next morning, and a
+capitulation to be made. This was very choaking to us all, but there was
+no helping of it; for no sooner had we left our posts, than they made
+themselves master of them, and of our cannon."[204]
+
+Whilst the chamade was beating, Colonel Cotton, sent by General Wills,
+rode up the street, and alighted at the sign of the Mitre: the firing
+meantime had not ceased from several of the houses: the common soldiers
+were ignorant of the real state of the case, and believed that General
+Wills had sent to offer honourable terms, not knowing that the offer of
+a capitulation had proceeded from their own party.
+
+Still there were obstacles to the capitulation raised by the Scottish
+party, who were represented by Brigadier Mackintosh. "He could not," he
+replied, when urged for his consent, "answer for the Scotch, for they
+were people of desperate fortunes, and he had been a soldier himself,
+and knew what it was to be a prisoner at discretion." When this demur
+was stated to General Wills, "Go back to your people again," was his
+answer to those who stated it: "I will attack the town, and I will not
+spare a man of you." At the subsequent trial of the rebels General Wills
+was able, with truth, to deny the charge of having given his unhappy
+prisoners any hopes, to induce them to sign the capitulation. "All the
+terms he offered them," such was his assertion, "was, that he would save
+their lives from the soldiers till further orders, if they surrendered
+at discretion: (the meaning of which was, that by the rules of war it
+was in his power to cut them all to pieces, but he would give them their
+lives till further orders;) and if they did not comply, he would renew
+the attack, and not spare a man."[205]
+
+No sooner had the news of the capitulation been bruited about the
+streets, than it was received with a sorrow and indignation almost past
+description. Had the unlucky and pusillanimous Mr. Forster appeared at
+that moment, he "would certainly," as Mr. Patten relates, "have been cut
+to pieces." Even in his chamber, the General was attacked by his own
+Secretary, Mr. Murray, and a pistol which was aimed at him only averted
+by Mr. Patten's hand. The truth is, even Forster's fidelity has been
+doubted; and subsequently, the mild treatment which he received during
+his imprisonment, and his escape from prison, have been construed, with
+what justice it is difficult to say, into a confirmation of this charge.
+
+On the morning after the surrender, the rebels were all made prisoners
+and disarmed, soon after daybreak. That day, so fatal to the Jacobites
+of 1715, witnessed also the battle of Sherriff Muir under Lord Mar, and
+the retaking of the town of Inverness by Lovat. It must have aggravated
+the regrets of those who then laid down their arms, to see the
+townspeople of Preston plundered, in despite of every hope to the
+contrary, by the King's forces, as they dislodged the dejected Jacobites
+from their quarters. But these irregularities were soon checked.
+
+At last the sound of trumpets and the beating of drums were heard: the
+two Generals were entering the town in form. They rode into the
+Market-place, around which the Highlanders were drawn up with their
+arms. The lords and gentlemen among the rebels were first secured, and
+placed severally under guard in separate rooms at the inn. Then the poor
+Highlanders laid down their arms where they stood, and were marched off
+to the church, under a sufficient guard. Here the thrifty Scots amused
+themselves by making garments of the linings of the pews, which they
+ripped off from the seats.
+
+Seven noblemen, besides one thousand four hundred and ninety others,
+including gentlemen and officers, were taken at Preston.[206] Generally
+speaking, they were treated well by the military: "The dragoons were
+civil to us," writes the Highlander, "their officers choosing rather to
+want beds themselves than we should."[207] At Wigan the prisoners were
+allowed to commune together, under the inspection of sentinels; and a
+warm altercation occurred between Lord Widdrington and Brigadier
+Mackintosh, in the presence of Lord Derwentwater, who took little notice
+of the Brigadier, but turning to another gentleman, said: "You see what
+we have brought ourselves to by giving credit to our highborn Tories--to
+such men as Fenwick, Tate, Green, and Allgood. If you outlive misfortune,
+and return to live in the North, I desire you never to be seen in
+converse with such rogues in disguise, who promised to join us, and
+animated us to rise with them." The gentleman promised that he would
+observe his Lordship's counsels. "Ah!" said Lord Derwentwater, "I know
+you to be of an easy temper."[208]
+
+The prisoners were now carried on towards London by easy marches, Mr.
+Patten accompanying his patron, Mr. Forster. As they went, the undaunted
+Highlanders called out to the country people who came to gaze at them,
+"Where are all your high-church Tories? If they would not fight with us,
+let them come and rescue us." This indiscretion redoubled the vigilance
+of the watch put upon the rebels. From Daventry to London, Mr. Forster
+and Mr. Patten were greeted by the common people with encomiums upon a
+warming-pan, in allusion to the supposed birth of the Pretender. When
+the prisoners arrived at Barnet, messengers came to meet them, and to
+pinion their arms with cords,--"More for distinction," adds the
+subservient Mr. Patten, "than for any pain that attended." Yet the
+indignity must have been cruelly galling to the highborn and gallant men
+who were thus mercilessly paraded to their doom amid the cries of the
+populace.
+
+At Highgate a strong detachment of horse-soldiers and dragoons received
+the prisoners from Lumley's Horse, which had hitherto guarded them; and
+now they were separated into pairs, a foot-soldier holding the bridle of
+each horse; and in this manner the Jacobite peers, Lord Derwentwater
+among the rest, were conducted to London through "a hedge of a mob," as
+the Highland soldier declares, hired, as he hints, at Lord Pelham's
+charge, to muster that day. Cries of "Long live King George!" and "Down
+with the Pretender!" greeted the ear as they passed on to their several
+destinations. A Quaker, fixing his eyes on Mr. Patten, and seeing his
+black dress, remarked, "Friend, thou hast been the trumpeter of
+rebellion to those men,--thou must answer for them." The moralizer was
+touched by a grenadier with the butt end of his musket, so that the
+"spirit fell into the ditch." But the Quaker was not rebuffed. "Friend,"
+he said to the soldier, "thou art, I fear, no true friend to King
+George."
+
+Even at the last, Mr. Forster had hopes, it is said, of being released
+by a Tory mob. The Jacobite noblemen had been, indeed, all along misled,
+or ignorant of the real inclinations of the mass of the people. The
+dread of what they term "popery" is a deep and engrossing passion in
+the hearts of the lower and even of the middle classes, and it formed an
+effectual barrier against the restoration of the Stuarts. The cause of
+those unfortunate Princes was never, in this country, as it was in
+Scotland, the cause of the people. The personal attachment of the
+Highlanders to the ancient race of Stuart, and their devotion to their
+clan, superseded their religious scruples;[209] but that was not the
+case in the South.
+
+The Earl of Derwentwater and his brother were consigned to different
+prisons,--the former to the Tower, the latter to Newgate; a very strict
+guard was set upon the Earl, and no one was allowed to see him or speak
+to him.[210]
+
+On the seventh of January, 1716, the case of the seven rebel lords[211]
+was brought before the House of Commons; and Mr. Lechmere moved that
+they should not be left to the ordinary method of prosecutions, but
+should be proceeded against by way of impeachment.[212] In a long and,
+as far as the report enables a reader to judge, able speech, he referred
+to the declaration of the Pretender, given under his sign manual and
+privy seal at Commercy, on the twenty-fifth of October, 1715. "This
+paper," Mr. Lechmere observed, "which he held in his hand, was
+sufficient to fire the thoughts of every gentleman there; and the House
+could do no more than to resent this so far as to make themselves the
+prosecutors of those who avowed the cause of the Pretender, and set
+themselves at the head of armies, in the heart of his Majesty's
+dominions." In conclusion, "he impeached James, Earl of Derwentwater, of
+high treason, which impeachment he undertook to make good."
+
+Six other members then severally impeached the other six Jacobite lords;
+and an impeachment was carried up to the Bar of the House of Lords, with
+an assurance "that articles to make good the charge against the Earl of
+Derwentwater and the other noblemen would shortly be exhibited."
+
+A committee of the House of Commons, with Mr. Lechmere as their
+chairman, was therefore formed; and the articles were framed, and read
+before the Bar of the House of Lords. On the tenth of January the
+Jacobite lords were summoned to hear the articles of impeachment: a few
+days were allowed to them to prepare their replies. On the following
+Saturday, the Earl of Derwentwater was brought by the Gentleman Usher of
+the Black Rod before the Bar, where he knelt, until told by the Lord
+Chancellor to rise. He then delivered his answer.
+
+Those who, in perusing the annals of these times, look for strength of
+character in the state prisoners who were now brought before the
+tribunal of the House of Lords, or for consistency in those principles
+which had led them into the field, will be painfully disappointed. In
+two instances alone was there displayed an undaunted demeanour, and a
+resolute adherence to the cause which they had avowed; and these were
+shewn in the subsequent rebellion, by the brave and admirable Lord
+Balmerino, and by the unfortunate Charles Radcliffe.
+
+The Earl of Derwentwater expressed, in his reply, the "deepest concern
+and affliction to a charge of so high and heinous a nature as that
+brought against him." He acknowledged with sorrow that he had been in
+arms, and did march through and invade several parts of the kingdom; and
+that he was thereby guilty of the offence whereof he was charged in the
+articles. "But," he continued, "if any one offence of that kind was ever
+attended with circumstances which might move compassion, the said Earl
+hopes he may be entitled to it." He then referred to his peaceable
+disposition, and pleaded his youth and inexperience; the absence of all
+malice, of all concerted conspiracy; his having made no warlike
+preparations. He pleaded also, that he could not be justly reproached
+with any cruel or harsh conduct while he bore arms: he specified his
+advice to those with him to submit at Preston, and to trust to the
+King's mercy. He adduced his anxiety to save the lives of his Majesty's
+subjects by avoiding further bloodshed, and brought in proof a letter
+which he had written to those of his own party, conjuring them to
+capitulate. Under such circumstances, the Earl implored the mediation
+both of their Lordships and of the Commons for mercy on his behalf,
+"which will lay him," so he declared in conclusion, "under the highest
+obligations of duty and affection to his Majesty, and perpetual
+gratitude to both Houses."
+
+The answer not appearing to the Lords to be sufficiently "express and
+clear," the Earl was then asked by the Chancellor, whether he meant to
+plead guilty to the articles of the impeachment. The Earl replied that
+he did, and that he submitted to the King's mercy. His answer and plea
+were entered accordingly, and the Earl then withdrew.[213]
+
+On Thursday, February the ninth, the Lords came from their own House
+into the hall erected in Westminster Hall, to pass sentence upon James,
+Earl of Derwentwater, and upon the five other noblemen who had pleaded
+guilty with him; the Earl of Wintoun, who had pleaded not guilty, being
+reserved for trial.
+
+The Lord High Steward who presided on this occasion was William Earl
+Cowper, Lord Chancellor, who, for the time of trial, was called "your
+Grace," and had the privilege of walking uncovered, his train borne,
+except whilst the commission was read by the Clerk of the Crown.
+
+The usual proclamation rang through the Court, and the Sergeant-at-Arms,
+saying "Oyez! Oyez! Oyez!" enforced silence. Then another proclamation
+was made, commanding the Lieutenant of the Tower to bring forth his
+prisoners to the Bar, and accordingly the six rebel lords were brought
+to the Bar by the Deputy-Governor of the Tower, having the axe carried
+before them by the Gentleman Jailer, who stood with it on the left hand
+of the prisoners, with the edge turned from him. The prisoners after
+kneeling before the Bar, bowed to his Grace the High Steward, and also
+to the Peers, whose sad privilege it is to try those of the same rank in
+the scale of society as themselves, and often, from extensive
+intermarriages, connected by ties of blood. The articles of impeachment
+against James Earl of Derwentwater were read, and the prisoner's reply.
+
+He was then asked if he pleaded guilty to the high treason in the said
+articles of impeachment. His Lordship replied, "I do." He was ordered to
+withdraw; but was called before the Bar the same day to receive
+judgment. Upon being asked by the Lord High Steward "Why judgment should
+not be passed upon him according to law?" the Earl repeated a few
+circumstances mentioned in his answer to the articles. His voice was
+scarcely articulate as he proceeded to say, "But the terrors of your
+Lordship's just sentence, which at once deprive me of my life and
+estate, and complete the misfortunes of my wife and innocent children,
+are so heavy upon my mind, I am scarcely able to allege what may
+extenuate my offence, if any thing may do it." He then again besought of
+their Lordships the mediation in his behalf.
+
+After the Lords Widdrington, Kenmure, Nithisdale, and Carnwath had been
+severally addressed, and had replied to the Court, proclamation for
+silence was again made, and judgment was given. It was prefaced by a
+long and elaborate address; which, however elegant, however
+explanatory, however just, it may be considered, was strongly tinctured
+by the adulatory spirit of the day, and was calculated to wound and to
+harden the offending prisoners, rather than to unfold with dignity the
+reasons for condemnation. In conclusion, since nothing could, in the
+narrowing view of party, be too dictatorial for the unfortunate
+Jacobites, they were exhorted not to rely any longer on the usual
+directors of their consciences, but to be assisted by some of the pious
+and learned divines of the Church of England. This was addressed to men
+who were, with two exceptions, of the Church of Rome, and whose chief
+reliance must naturally be upon those of their own persuasion.
+
+The terrible sentence of the law was then recorded. It was that usually
+given against the meanest offenders in like kind, the most ignominious
+and painful parts being remitted by the grace of the Crown to persons of
+quality. Judgment was, however, pronounced, according to the usual form
+for high treason.[214]
+
+The prisoners were then reconducted to the Tower; the Lord High Steward,
+standing up uncovered, broke the staff of office, and declared the
+present commission to be ended. The Peers returned to the House of
+Lords.
+
+Little is known of the dreary and solemn hours which intervened between
+the judgment and the execution of the sentence. But one brief
+expression, in an old newspaper, relative to the young and unhappy Earl
+of Derwentwater, speaks volumes: "The Earl of Derwentwater is so
+desponding, that two warders are obliged to sit up with him during the
+night."[215] He was visited in his prison by Thomas Townshend, Viscount
+Sydney, then Under Secretary of State for George the First;[216] one of
+the most amiable men, as well as refined and elegant scholars of the
+day, and a nobleman whose sensibility and delicacy of feeling, which
+prevented his taking a share in the more active parts of public
+business, must have caused an interview with the Earl of Derwentwater to
+have been deeply touching. The Duke of Roxburgh also visited the
+condemned nobleman; but no record is left of these communications. The
+Duke was at that time Keeper of the Privy Seal for Scotland, and
+Lord-Lieutenant of the counties of Roxburgh and Selkirk. He had recently
+distinguished himself at Sherriff Muir: he was at this time a young man
+of twenty-five years of age, and one whom all parties have commended.
+"Learned, without pedantry, he was, perhaps," says Lockhart of Carnwath,
+"the best accomplished young man of Europe." To these acquirements were
+added a singular charm of manner.[217] One can hardly suppose the visits
+of two such men not to have had their source from some motive of
+kindness.
+
+To the credit of the House of Lords, an address was voted to the King,
+petitioning that his Majesty would reprieve such of the rebel lords as
+deserved his mercy. The royal answer was couched in these terms: that
+"the King on this, and all occasions, would do what he thought consistent
+with the dignity of the Crown and the safety of his people."[218] It was
+unfortunate that, both at this time and in the Rebellion of 1745, there
+was no Queen Consort. A woman's heart would, one may trust, have pleaded
+for the young, gallant, and beloved Derwentwater. The English Court was,
+at that time, insulted by the audacious intrigues of foreign mistresses.
+These women had no interest in the King's real fame, nor in the national
+credit. Such was the case in the first Rebellion.[219] In 1745 Queen
+Caroline, the wife of George the Second, was dead.
+
+Accompanied by two courageous ladies, the young Countess of Derwentwater
+threw herself at the feet of the King, and implored mercy on her
+husband.[220] In the House of Commons, the First Lord of the Treasury
+declared, that he had been offered a bribe of sixty thousand pounds to
+save Lord Derwentwater. Sir Richard Steele spoke loudly in favour of the
+condemned lords, but the declaration of Walpole suppressed all hopes of
+mercy. "He was moved with indignation," he said, "to see that there
+should be such unworthy members of this great body as to open their
+mouths, without blushing, in favour of rebels and parricides." He
+adjourned the House until the first of March, it being understood that
+the peers would be executed in the mean time. It is some consolation to
+reflect that the Minister had, on this occasion, only a majority of
+seven.
+
+At this juncture, when all hope seemed lost, Mary, Dowager Countess of
+Derwentwater, proffered the following petition in behalf of her sons.
+One can hardly suppose how it could have been disregarded; but the
+Monarch had few sympathies with his people of England.
+
+    "The humble Petition of Mary Countess of Derwentwater, 1716, to the
+    King's most excellent Majesty, sheweth,
+
+    "That the Earl of Derwentwater and Charles Radcliffe (your
+    petitioner's two and only sons) having been unfortunately engaged
+    and surprised into a horrid and open Rebellion against your most
+    sacred Majesty, have surrendered themselves at Preston, and
+    submitted to your Majesty's great clemency and mercy.
+
+    "Their crimes are so enormous, that your petitioner can scarce hope
+    for a pardon; yet the greatness of their offence doth not make your
+    petitioner lay aside all hopes of mercy, when your petitioner and
+    they, who are both very young, throw themselves, absolute and
+    entirely, at your Majesty's feet for it; and as they have a just
+    abhorrence and a sincere and true repentance for what is past, so
+    they will give undoubted security and proof of their most dutiful
+    behaviour to your Majesty's Government for the future.
+
+    "Wherefore your petitioner most humbly prays that your Majesty will,
+    out of your royal clemency and boundless mercy and compassion, spare
+    the lives of your petitioner's sons, and grant them your most
+    gracious pardon.
+
+    "And your petitioner shall ever, as in duty bound, &c."[221]
+
+The petition was unavailing, and the unfortunate young nobleman prepared
+to meet his doom.
+
+On the twenty-fourth of February, at ten o'clock, the Earl of
+Derwentwater, with Lord Kenmure, was carried in a hackney-coach from the
+Tower to the Transport Office in Tower Hill, where there was a room
+prepared for their reception, hung with black, and a passage or gallery
+railed in, which led to the place of execution. The scaffold was
+surrounded with the Guards. Lord Derwentwater suffered first. He was
+observed to turn very pale as he proceeded through the gallery and
+ascended the steps; but there was a modest composure observable in his
+demeanour. He held a book in his hand, from which he read prayers for
+some time; then, requesting leave of the Sheriffs to read a paper to the
+people, he went to the rails of the scaffold, and there delivered the
+following touching and beautiful address, which, how different soever
+may be the sentiments and opinions with which it is perused, can hardly
+fail to impress the reader as coming from a conscientious mind:--
+
+    "Being in a few minutes to appear before the Tribunal of God, where,
+    though most unworthy, I hope for mercy, which I have not found from
+    men now in power, I have endeavoured to make my peace with His
+    Divine Majesty, by most humbly begging pardon for all the sins of my
+    life; and I doubt not of a merciful forgiveness, through the merits
+    of the passion of my Saviour Jesus Christ; for which end I earnestly
+    desire the prayers of all good Christians.
+
+    "After this, I am to ask pardon of those whom I might have
+    scandalized by pleading guilty at my trial. Such as were permitted
+    to come to me, told me that, having been undeniably in arms,
+    pleading guilty was but the consequence of having submitted to
+    mercy, and many arguments were used to prove there was nothing of
+    moment in so doing,--among others, the universal practice of signing
+    leases, whereof the preambles ran in the name of the persons in
+    possession.
+
+    "But I am sensible that in this I have made bold with my loyalty,
+    having never owned any other but King James the Third for my lawful
+    King: him I had an inclination to serve from my infancy, and was
+    moved thereto by a natural love I had to his person, knowing him to
+    be capable of making his people happy; and though he had been born
+    of a different religion to mine, I should have done for him all
+    that lay in my power, as my ancestors have done for his
+    predecessors, being thereto bound by the laws of God and man.
+
+    "Wherefore, if in this affair I have acted rashly, it ought not to
+    affect the innocent; I intended to wrong nobody, but to serve my
+    King and my country, and that without self-interest,--hoping, by the
+    example I gave, to have induced others to their duty; and God, who
+    sees the secrets of my heart, knows I speak the truth. Some means
+    have been proposed to me for saving my life, which I looked upon as
+    inconsistent with honour and innocence, and therefore I rejected
+    them; for, with God's assistance, I shall prefer any death to the
+    doing a base unworthy action. I only wish now, that the laying down
+    my life might contribute to the service of my King and country, and
+    the re-establishment of the ancient and fundamental constitution of
+    these kingdoms; without which, no lasting peace or true happiness
+    can attend them. Then I should, indeed, part with my life even with
+    pleasure; as it is, I can only pray, that these blessings may be
+    bestowed upon my dear country; and since I can do no more, I beseech
+    God to accept of my life as a small sacrifice to it.
+
+    "I die a Roman Catholic: I am in perfect charity with all the world
+    (I thank God for it), even with those of the present Government, who
+    are most instrumental in my death. I freely forgive all such as
+    ungenerously reported false things of me; and hope to be forgiven
+    the trespasses of my youth by the Father of Mercies, into whose
+    hands I commend my soul.
+
+                                                     J. DERWENTWATER."
+
+    P.S. "If that Prince who now governs had given me my life, I should
+    have thought myself obliged never more to have taken up arms against
+    him."
+
+After delivering this address, the unfortunate nobleman thus spoke to
+the executioner: "You will find something for you in my pocket [this was
+two half-guineas], and I have given that gentleman [pointing to a person
+who held his hat and wig] somewhat more for you. Let me lie down once,
+to see how the block fits me." This he did. Then, kneeling down again,
+and uttering a short prayer with the executioner, he arose, and
+undressed himself for execution, the headsman assisting him. After
+which, the Earl desired the executioner to take notice, that "when he
+heard the words 'sweet Jesus!' then he should do his office so soon as
+he pleased." After which, his Lordship laid himself down on the block,
+and said, "I forgive my enemies, and hope that God will forgive me;" and
+then, turning his head up towards the executioner, he exclaimed, "After
+the third time I cry '_sweet Jesus!_' strike then, and do what is most
+convenient to you."
+
+A solemn and appalling scene then ensued. The voice of Lord Derwentwater
+was heard to exclaim, and the watchful ear of the executioner caught
+these words: "_Sweet Jesus_, receive my spirit; _sweet Jesus_, be
+merciful unto me; _sweet Jesus_"--he seemed to be going on, when the
+sentence was broken and the voice for ever hushed, the executioner
+severing his Lordship's head from his body, which he did at one stroke.
+Then the executioner took up the head, and at the several quarters of
+the scaffold elevated it with both his hands, crying with a loud voice,
+"Behold the head of a traitor! God save King George!" When he had done
+so, the friends of the Earl not being provided with hearse or coffin,
+Sir John Fryer, the Sheriff, ordered the body to be wrapped in black
+baize, to be conveyed to a hackney coach, and delivered to his friends,
+one of whom had wrapped up his head in a handkerchief.[222]
+
+On the day of the execution, Mary, Countess of Derwentwater, accompanied
+by another female, dressed herself as a fishwoman, and in a cart drove
+under Temple Bar, having previously bribed some people to throw the head
+of her lord into her lap, as she passed under the pinnacle on which it
+was placed.[223]
+
+Various accounts have been given of the interment of the Earl of
+Derwentwater. He is generally believed to have been buried in the church
+of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, near the altar. But a popular tradition has
+found credence, that he was buried at Dilstone. This has arisen from
+the Jacobite ditty, called "Derwentwater's Good Night," or has probably
+given origin to that lay, in which the Earl is made to say:--
+
+    "Albeit that here in London town
+      It is my fate to die,
+    O carry me to Northumberland,
+      In my father's grave to lie:
+    There chaunt my solemn requiem,
+      In Hexham's holy towers,
+    And let six maids of fair Tynedale,
+      Scatter my grave with flowers."[224]
+
+This is said to have been his last request, but to have been refused,
+for fear of any popular tumult in the North. Either a pretended burial
+in the church of St. Giles took place, or the Earl's body was removed,
+"for it was certainly," says Mr. Hogg, "carried secretly to Dilstone,
+where it was deposited by the side of the Earl's father, in his chapel."
+"A little porch before the farm-house of Whitesmocks," adds the same
+authority, "is pointed out as the exact spot where the Earl's remains
+rested, avoiding Durham." The coffin is said to have been opened during
+the present century, and the body of the Earl recognized, both by his
+appearance of youth, his features, and the suture round his neck. It is
+seldom satisfactory to state what has no other source than common
+report. In the North, the aurora borealis is still said to be called
+"Lord Derwentwater's lights," because, on the night of his execution, it
+appeared remarkably vivid. It is, any rate, pleasant to reflect, that
+one who "gave bread to thousands" is remembered by this beautiful
+appearance in the county which he loved, and where his virtues are
+remembered and his errors forgotten.
+
+His fate was hard. Let us not, contrary to nature, call up motives of
+state policy to vindicate the death of this brave and honourable man.
+The Earl of Derwentwater was one upon whom clemency might safely have
+been shown. Generous, liberal, sincere, a prince might have relied upon
+his assurance that, had mercy been shown to him, it would never have
+been repaid by treachery. His youth and inexperience,--his wife, his
+children,--should not have been forgotten: nor should it have been
+forgotten, that the principles of loyalty for which his life was
+forfeited, have dictated some of the most important services which have
+been rendered to the state, and have secured the existence of an
+hereditary government.
+
+Of what the Earl of Derwentwater might have become, in character, in
+intellect, his early fate has prevented our judging. In person he was
+noble and elegant; his portraits do not give the impression of that
+beauty of feature which has been ascribed to him. In character he was
+irreproachable. He was, in one sense, one of those noblemen of whom it
+were well for this country to have more: he lived among those from whom
+he drew his fortunes--their benefactor and their friend.
+
+The widowed Countess of Derwentwater died at Brussels in August,
+1723.[225] The descendants of the Earl are now extinct, a son and
+daughter who survived him having both died. His Lordship's brother
+married a Scottish peeress, and is the ancestor of the present Earl of
+Newburgh, the rightful representative of the Earl of Derwentwater.
+
+"The domains of the Derwentwater family in Cumberland are," says Lord
+Mahon, "among the very few forfeitures of the Jacobites which have never
+been restored by the clemency of the House of Hanover." In 1788, a clear
+rent of two thousand five hundred pounds was, however, granted out of
+these estates to the Newburgh family. "They were first," says the same
+authority, "settled on Greenwich Hospital, but have since been sold to
+Mr. Marshall, of Leeds."
+
+The deeds of the Derwentwater estates were preserved in the following
+manner: "On the night when Preston surrendered, Lord Derwentwater found
+means," as Mr. Hogg relates, "to send messengers to Capheaton, to
+prevent the family there from appearing in arms. By his orders, the
+family papers were removed to Capheaton, and they were laid between two
+walls and a chimney. A slater employed about the house discovered
+several chests with the Derwentwater arms engraved on the lids. Being a
+rigid Presbyterian, he informed old Sir Ambrose Middleton, of Belsay,
+who being Deputy-Lieutenant for the Duke of Somerset, searched Capheaton
+for arms, and under that pretence broke open the walls, and found the
+deeds, from the concealment of which Greenwich Hospital had been put to
+some difficulties."
+
+Such was the fate of the last memorial of the unfortunate Earl of
+Derwentwater. It is impossible to help regretting that a name once so
+honoured should have become extinct; and there appears to be an
+unaccountable injustice in that oblivion, whilst most of the Scottish
+forfeited titles have been restored.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[173] I write it Radcliffe, because the most careful historians and
+genealogists have given the preference to that mode of spelling the
+name.
+
+[174] The fact has been rather surmised than proved.
+
+[175] Hutchinson's View of Northumberland, vol. i. p. 171.
+
+[176] Lysons' Magna Britannia, vol. ii. p. 85.
+
+[177] Burke's Extinct Peerage, art. _Radcliffe_; also Wood's Peerage,
+309. It has been erroneously stated, that Francis Radclyffe himself, who
+married Mary Tudor, was first ennobled. It was his father, Sir Francis
+Radclyffe.
+
+[178] Life of Charles Radcliffe. "By a gentleman of the family, to
+prevent the public being imposed upon by any erroneous or partial
+accounts to the prejudice of this unfortunate gentleman." London, 1746.
+
+[179] Macpherson Papers, vol. ii.
+
+[180] Patten's Hist. Rebellion, p. 47.
+
+[181] In personal appearance the Earl is declared to have been
+distinguished for grace and comeliness. Neither the prints of this
+nobleman, nor an original picture in the possession of the Earl of
+Newburgh, at Hassop in Derbyshire, give the impression that the Earl was
+handsome. Yet he obtained the appellation of "handsome Derwentwater."
+
+[182] Kimber's Baronetage, vol. i. p. 517.
+
+[183] Encyclopædia Metropolitana.
+
+[184] Id. Annals of George I.
+
+[185] Patten, p. 3.
+
+[186] The following is a copy of the warrant, and affords a specimen,
+which may be novel to some readers, of the form in which such affairs
+are couched. The original is still preserved by the present Earl of
+Newburgh, the descendant of Charles Radcliffe. I am indebted to the
+courtesy of the Earl of Newburgh for permission to copy this document,
+and also for several particulars concerning the family of Radcliffe,
+which I have interwoven with this biography:--
+
+    "_James Stanhope, Esq., one of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy
+               Council, and Principal Secretary of State._
+
+    "These are in his Majesty's name, to authorise and require you,
+    taking a constable to your assistance, forthwith to make strict and
+    diligent search in such places as you shall have notice, for the
+    Right Honourable James, Earl of Derwentwater; and him having found,
+    you are to seize and apprehend for suspicion of Treason, and to
+    bring him, together with his papers, before me to be examined
+    concerning the Premisses, and to be further dealt with according to
+    law: for the due execution whereof, all Mayors, Sheriffs, Justices
+    of the Peace, Constables, and all his Majesty's officers, Civil and
+    Military, and loving subjects whom it may concern, are to be aiding
+    and assisting to you as there shall be occasion. And for so doing,
+    this shall be your warrant.
+
+    "Given at Whitehall the two-and-twentieth day of September, 1715.
+
+                                                     "JAMES STANHOPE."
+
+    "To Richard Shorman, John Hutching, and John
+        Turner, three of his Majesty's Messengers
+        in Ordinary."
+
+[187] His pension was raised for his services from fifty to eighty
+pounds per annum.--See Caledonian Mercury, 1722.
+
+[188] Patten, p. 19.
+
+[189] Hutchinson's History of Northumberland, vol. i. p. 131.
+
+[190] State Papers. Domestic, No. 4, 1716.
+
+[191] Life of Charles Radcliffe, p. 15.
+
+[192] Patten, p. 31.
+
+[193] Patten. Smollett.
+
+[194] Parliamentary History, 2 Geo. I. vol. vii. p. 269.
+
+[195] Patten, p. 47.
+
+[196] Id. p. 65.
+
+[197] An instance of this spirit is related by Lord Sunderland in the
+case of a Mr. Crisp, a Lancashire gentleman, who acted with such zeal
+for the Government during the Rebellion, that he was never able to live
+in his native country afterwards.--Lord Mahon's History of England since
+the Peace of Utrecht, vol. i. p. 253.
+
+[198] Lord Mahon, vol. i. p. 248.
+
+[199] Patten, p. 79.
+
+[200] Letter from a Scots Prisoner.--See Weekly Journal, or British
+Gazette, for 1716.
+
+[201] Weekly Journal, p. 354.
+
+[202] Parliamentary History, p. 269.
+
+[203] Life of Charles Radcliffe, p. 23.
+
+[204] Patten.
+
+[205] Patten, p. 96.
+
+[206] Patten, p. 103.
+
+[207] Weekly Journal.
+
+[208] Patten.
+
+[209] Patten.
+
+[210] Caledonian Mercury for 1716.
+
+[211] Earls of Derwentwater, Nithisdale, Carnwath, and Wintoun; Viscount
+Kenmure, and Lords Widdrington and Nairn.
+
+[212] State Trials, vol. xv. p. 762.
+
+[213] Parliamentary History, vol. vii. p. 269.
+
+[214] State Trials.
+
+[215] Caledonian Mercury for 1716.
+
+[216] Beatson's Political Index.
+
+[217] Douglas's Peerage of Scotland.
+
+[218] State Trials, vol. xv. p. 802.
+
+[219] Lord Mahon's History, vol. i. p. 291.
+
+[220] Id.
+
+[221] State Papers, 1716, No. 4; now, for the first time, printed.
+
+[222] Or rather, a piece of red cloth, which is still preserved at
+Hassop, the seat of the Earl of Newburgh, the marks of blood being still
+visible.
+
+[223] From a tradition current in the descendants of this family.
+
+[224] Hogg's Jacobite Relics, vol. i. p. 31.
+
+[225] See Caledonian Mercury, 1723.
+
+
+
+
+THE MASTER OF SINCLAIR.
+
+
+John Sinclair, called, in compliance with the custom of Scotland in
+regard to the eldest sons of Barons, the Master of Sinclair, was
+descended from the ancient family of Saint Clare, in France, on whom
+lands were bestowed by Alexander the Third of Scotland. In early times,
+the titles of Earls of Orkney and Caithness had been given to the first
+settlers of the Saint Clares; and the possession of the islands of
+Orkney and Shetland had been added to certain royal donations, by a
+marriage with an heiress of the sirname of Speire. One of the Sinclairs
+had even borne the dignity of Prince of Orkney; but this distinction was
+lost by an improvident member of the house of Sinclair, called William
+the Waster; and the prosperity of his descendants was due only to the
+favour of James the Sixth, who created Henry Sinclair, of Dysart in
+Fife, a Baron.
+
+The family continued in honour and estimation, until the subject of this
+memoir, John, brought upon it disgrace, and incurred to himself lasting
+self-reproach.
+
+The Master of Sinclair was the eldest son of Henry, seventh Lord
+Sinclair, and the representative, therefore, of an honourable family.
+But it was his fate to forfeit his birthright, not so much by his
+adherence to an ill-fated cause, as by the violence and brutality of his
+own temper and conduct.
+
+He was, at an early age, engaged in the military profession, and bore
+the commission of Captain-Lieutenant in Preston's regiment under the
+great Marlborough. At the battle of Wynendale, fought on the
+twenty-eighth of September, 1708, the events which stamped the future
+character of the Master of Sinclair's destiny occurred.
+
+Two brothers of the name of Schaw, Scotchmen, of an ancient race, and
+ancestors, collaterally, of the present family of Shaw-Stewart of
+Renfrew, had commissions also in Preston's regiment. These unfortunate
+young men were of the chief family of the Schaws, or Sauchie, who had
+flourished since the reign of Robert the Second.
+
+By that singular coincidence which sometimes occurs, and which seems to
+stamp certain races with misfortune, the Schaws had already been nearly
+exterminated in feudal times by the violence of a neighbouring clan, the
+Montgomeries of Skellmorlie; and had been preserved from total
+destruction by what seemed to human comprehension to be the merest
+chance. By one of the Montgomeries, the Tower of Greenock was invaded
+and taken, and the Laird of Schaw and four or five of his sons were put
+to death. One child, then in his cradle, alone escaped, and grew up to
+manhood, with the resolution to avenge his father and his brothers
+rankling at his heart. Accordingly, he collected his friends and
+dependants, and invested, during a period of repose and security, the
+house of his enemy. Montgomery, finding his castle attacked, stood forth
+on the battlements, and, after demanding a parley with the besieger,
+"Are you not," he cried out, "an ungrateful man to come hither with bow
+and brand to take the life of the man who made you young laird and auld
+laird in the same day?" Young Schaw, struck by the argument, drew off
+his forces, and left the castle of Skellmorlie standing, and its inmates
+uninjured.
+
+The family of Schaw were zealous Whigs, the father of the two young
+officers in Preston's regiment having raised a regiment at the time of
+the Revolution, without any other expense to the Government than that of
+sergeants and drummers.
+
+The eldest brother, Sir John Schaw, had been an active promoter of the
+Union; and, upon a threatened invasion of the French, and a consequent
+alarm of the Jacobites, Sir John had offered to join the army with five
+or six hundred of his followers. This decided political bias may, perhaps,
+in some measure, account for the disposition to affront on the side of
+Sinclair, and the quickness to resent on the other hand, which was shown
+between the parties.
+
+During the battle of Wynendale, in the midst of the fire, it appeared,
+in evidence afterwards taken, that Ensign Hugh Schaw, the first of the
+victims to the Master of Sinclair's wrath, was heard to call out to the
+Master "to stand upright;" it was afterwards publicly stated by Ensign
+Hugh Schaw, that he had done so upon seeing Sinclair bow himself down to
+the ground for a considerable time. This alleged act of cowardice on the
+part of Sinclair appears, however, not to have really taken place; but
+it was made the groundwork of a calumnious imputation. It must, however,
+be acknowledged, that there was nothing in the subsequent conduct of the
+Master of Sinclair, as far as the battle of Sherriff Muir was concerned,
+to raise his character as a man of personal bravery.
+
+Upon hearing of this injurious report, Sinclair sent a challenge to
+Ensign Schaw. It was dispatched through the medium of a brother officer,
+to whom the Ensign replied, at first, that he had just heard of his
+brother George's being wounded before Lisle, and that it was of far
+greater importance that he should go to him than accept the Master of
+Sinclair's challenge; besides, the young man added, that since his last
+misfortune, probably a fatal duel, he had pledged himself neither to
+receive nor to give a challenge. Should a rencontre happen, he would
+defend himself as he could; that, after all, he had said nothing but
+what he could prove. Upon these words being repeated to the Master of
+Sinclair, he fell into a violent passion, and swore that he would not
+give Schaw fair play; that his honour was concerned. The second whom he
+had employed then threatened to take the challenge to Colonel Preston;
+upon which the Master told him "he was a rascal if he did it."
+
+On the following day, the Master met Ensign Schaw, and taking a stick
+from underneath his coat, struck the Ensign two blows over the head with
+it. They both drew, and fought with such fury that the Master's sword
+was broken, and that of the Ensign bent; upon which Sinclair retired
+behind a sentinel, desiring him "to keep off the Ensign, as his sword
+was broken." Schaw then said, "You know I am more of a gentleman than to
+pursue you when your sword is broken." But the young soldier Schaw had
+at this time received a mortal wound, of which he died; but not until
+after the verdict of the court-martial ultimately held on Sinclair.
+
+In the course of three days a second fatal rencontre succeeded this
+deadly contest; and another brother, Captain Alexander Schaw, fell a
+victim to the vindictive and brutal notions at that period considered in
+the army to constitute a code of honour.
+
+Captain Schaw was naturally indignant at the death of his brother; he
+expressed his anger openly, and said, that the Master of Sinclair had
+"paper in his breast," against which his brother's sword was bent; and
+that he had received the fatal wound after his sword had thus become
+useless. The Master of Sinclair having heard of these assertions,
+resolved to avenge himself for these imputations cast upon him. On the
+thirteenth of September, as Captain Schaw was riding at the head of
+Major How's regiment, the sound of his own name, repeated twice,
+announced the approach of the hated Sinclair. Captain Schaw turned, and
+inquired of the Master what he wanted. Sinclair replied, by asking him
+to go to the front, as he wanted to speak to him; to which Captain Schaw
+rejoined, that he might speak to him there. "Yes," returned Sinclair,
+"but if I fire at you here, I may shoot some other body." Captain Schaw
+answered, that he might fire at him if he pleased, he bore him no
+ill-will. "If you will not go to the front," returned Sinclair, "beg my
+pardon." This was refused, some words of further aggravation ensued;
+then the Master of Sinclair drew his pistol and fired at Schaw. The
+Captain was also preparing to fire; his hand was in the act of drawing
+his pistol when it was for ever checked, whether employed for good or
+evil; the aim of Sinclair was certain, and Schaw fell dead from his
+horse. Sinclair, without waiting to inquire how far mortal might be the
+wound he had inflicted, rode away.
+
+Thus perished two young officers, described by their brother, Sir John
+Schaw, as "very gallant gentlemen." To complete the tragedy, a third,
+wounded at Lisle, was brought to the camp at Wynendale, and expired in
+the same room with his brother, Ensign Schaw, partly of his wounds,
+partly of grief for his brother's death; so that the offender, as the
+surviving brother remarked, "was not wholly innocent even of his blood:"
+yet both these rencontres, to adopt the mild term employed by Sir Walter
+Scott, were viewed in a very lenient manner by the officers of the
+court-martial which afterwards sat upon the case, and even by
+Marlborough himself. The Master of Sinclair speaks of them in his
+narrative in terms which imply that one, whose hands were so deeply dyed
+in crime, regarded himself as an injured man; there can scarcely be a
+better exemplification of the deceitfulness of the heart than such a
+representation.
+
+On the seventeenth of October, 1708, a court-martial upon the Master of
+Sinclair was held at Ronsales by the command of the Duke of Marlborough.
+Upon the first charge, that of challenging Ensign Hugh Schaw (in breach
+of the twenty-eighth article of war), Sinclair was acquitted, the court
+being of opinion that the challenge was not proved.
+
+Of the second accusation, that of killing Captain Alexander Schaw, the
+Master of Sinclair was found guilty, and sentenced to suffer death. He
+was, however, recommended to the mercy of the Duke of Marlborough, in
+consideration of the provocation which he had received,--the prisoner
+having declared that, not only on that occasion, but upon several, and
+in different regiments, Captain Schaw had defamed him; that he was
+forced to do what he did, and that he had done it with reluctance.
+
+The case was, however, afterwards referred to the Attorney General and
+the Solicitor General, who gave it their opinion that Sinclair was
+guilty of murder; for had the trial taken place in England before a
+common jury, the judge must have directed the jury to find him guilty of
+murder, no provocation whatever being sufficient to excuse malice, or to
+make the offence of killing less than murder, when it is committed with
+premeditation. How far the provocation was to be considered as a ground
+of mercy, these legal functionaries declined to judge.
+
+Upon the publication of this sentence, Sir John Schaw addressed a
+petition to Queen Anne, praying for justice on the murderer of his
+brothers, and appealing to his Sovereign against the extraordinary
+recommendation of the court to mercy. He also wrote urgent letters to
+the Earl of Stair and the Duke of Argyle, praying for their intercession
+with the Duke of Marlborough that the murderer of his brothers might be
+punished. He next wrote to the Duke of Marlborough himself. The
+following letters show the earnestness of the pleader, and prove the
+caution and subtlety of the General. Some deep political motive lay
+beneath the mercy shown to Sinclair, otherwise it seems impossible to
+account for the conduct of so great a disciplinarian as Marlborough in
+this affair.
+
+
+SIR JOHN SCHAW TO THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.
+
+    "May it pleas your Grace,
+
+    "Amongst the misfortunes that attend the murthers of my two
+    brothers, I thinck it's one to be constrain'd to appear importunate
+    with your Grace. The case, by the depositions of the witnesses,
+    being in the opinion of the learn'd lawyers of the most atrocius
+    nature, and not pardonable by the law of the country whereof we are
+    subjects, and such as indispensable requires my utmost applications
+    for redress, I cannot forbear the repeating of my submissive prayers
+    to your Grace for speedy justice. The blood of my brothers, the tyes
+    of nature, and the sentiments of friendship, would render the least
+    negligence on my part inexcusable with the world and with my own
+    conscience.
+
+    "I should deliver my petition personally, rather than venture to
+    give your Grace the trouble of letters, were I not sufficiently
+    assured of your Grace's justice, and at the same time willing to
+    gratifie my wellwisshers desires in staying here. Hoping your Grace
+    wil, with a condescending compassion to my present circumstances,
+    favourably admit the bearer, Capt. James Stuart, in Coll. M'Carty's
+    regiment, who is my faithfull friend and near relation, to deliver
+    this letter, and represent my case, that the whole matter may be
+    sett in a true light for a finall decision, in the meantime, I
+    remain, with a profound respect, my Lord, Your Grace's most humble,
+    etc."
+
+    "To the Duke of Marlborough, London, the 29th November, 1708."
+
+
+THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH TO SIR JOHN SCHAW.[226]
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Captain Stewart has delivered me your letter of the twenty-first of
+    November; I had before, from the Secretary at Warr, the opinion of
+    the Attorney and Sollicitor General upon the proceedings of the
+    court-martiall, with the copie of the petition you had presented to
+    the Queen, but no positive directions from hir Majesty, which I
+    should have been very glad to have received, being without it under
+    very great uneasiness, as Captain Steward will tell you; however,
+    you may be sure I shall have all the regard you can desire for your
+    just resentment against Mr. Sinclair, being truly, Sir,
+
+    "Your most humble servant,
+        (_Sic subscribitur_)
+            "MARLBOROUGH."
+
+    "Copie letter Duke of Marlborrough to Sir
+        John Schaw, dated at the Camp at
+        Melle, the 16th December, 1708."
+
+After this correspondence, the unhappy brother of the two young officers
+had every reason to conclude that the delinquent would very soon be
+brought to justice. He wrote to Mr. Cardonnel, secretary to the Duke of
+Marlborough, in grateful terms for the kind intercession employed for
+him. What was afterwards his astonishment to find that Sinclair was
+allowed to serve in the British army in the sieges of Lisle and Ghent,
+and eventually received in the Prussian service! The evident favour of
+the Duke is fully shown in the following passage from the Master of
+Sinclair's narrative:
+
+"I was obliged to quit [the army] for two misfortunes which happened in
+a very short time, one after the other, notwithstanding of the
+court-marshall's recommending me to the General, his Grace the Duke of
+Marlborough's mercy, which was always looked on as equal to a pardon,
+and which I can aver was never refused to any one but myself. Nor was
+his allowing me to serve at the sieges of Lisle and Ghent precedented on
+my giving my word of honour to return to arrest after these sieges were
+over, which I did and continued (prisoner) till his Grace the Duke of
+Marlborough sent his repeated orders to make my escape, which I
+disobeyed twice; but at last being encouraged by his promise to
+recommend me to any prince that I pleased, for these were his words, I
+went off, and procured his recommendation to the King of Prussia, from
+whose service, which I may say is of the strictest, I came back to serve
+in the Low Countries, where I continued until the end of the war, at
+which time her Majesty Queen Anne having, as it is said, turned Tory,
+vouchsafed me her pardon."
+
+These marks of indulgence to Sinclair fell heavily upon the heart of him
+who still mourned two promising brothers, sent to an untimely grave by
+brutal revenge. The following letter from Sir John Schaw is beautifully
+and touchingly expressed.[227] What effect it produced upon the great
+but not faultless man to whom it was addressed, can only be known by the
+impunity with which Sinclair, his hands being imbued in the blood of his
+countrymen, continued in the Prussian army, and afterwards returned to
+Scotland.
+
+    "It is with very great regrate that I give your Grace any further
+    trouble on account of the melancholy story of my two brothers, who
+    had the misfortune to be murthered in the space of three dayes by
+    Lieutenant Sinclair, then in the regiment of Prestoun, in the year
+    1708. Your Grace was at the paines to be informed of the whole case,
+    and the murtherer, being a man of quality, had many to intercede for
+    him; your justice did overcome all other considerations and indeed
+    nothing could be more worthie of the great character your Grace has,
+    and the glorious name you must leave to posterity, than the
+    punishment of so cruel and bloodie a fact; but the criminal escaped,
+    and the sentence of death pronounced by the court-martial, and
+    confirmed by your Grace, was not executed; and I, having done all I
+    could to bring the murtherer of my unfortunate brothers to condign
+    punishment, was satisfied to pursue him no further, tho' the
+    atrocity of the crime committed against the law of nations would
+    have affoarded me ground to have prosecuted him in any country where
+    he could have been found. But to my surprize and sorrow, I have of
+    late been informed that Lieutenant Sinclair has added to the
+    repeated murthers the impudence of returning, an officer in a
+    Prussian regiment, to the army, where he was condemn'd, as it were
+    to affront justice, and glory in what he has done. I am wel
+    persuaded, that if his guilt had been known to the King of Prussia
+    or his Generals, his Majesty would not have suffered so odious ane
+    offender to be entertained in his service. Nor can the Generals or
+    Ministers of Prussia have anything to plead, why a sentence
+    pronounced by a British court-martial against one of hir Majesty's
+    subjects, and confirmed by your excellency her Generall should not
+    now be executed. I am confident your Grace will not sufferr publick
+    justice to be insulted in that affair, and I doe in the most humble
+    and earnest manner begg that your Grace would cause apprehend the
+    murtherer, that justice may be done upon him for his barbarous and
+    bloodie crimes. I had about two years ago four brothers, of whom I
+    may without vanity say, they were very gallant gentlemen; two were
+    murthered by Lieutenant Sinclair; the third died in the roome with
+    one of these, partly of his wounds received before Lille, and
+    pairtly out of griefe for his brothers' misfortunes, so that the
+    offender is not innocent even of his blood; the fourth was killed at
+    the battle of Mons. The blood of these that were barbarously slain,
+    call for vengeance; the law of God and nature requires it. They had,
+    and I in their name have a claime, in a particular manner, to your
+    Grace's justice, they having been all four under your Grace's
+    command; forgive it to my natural affection, if I use arguments with
+    your Grace to do an act of justice when the whole world, and I in
+    particular, have such proofs of the greatness of your minde and
+    virtue, I shall only add my most sincere and humble acknowledgement
+    of your Grace's justice and dispatch in the melancholie affair, of
+    which I shall ever retain the most gratefull sense; and remain under
+    the strictest tyes of dutie, with the most profound respect, my
+    Lord, your Grace's most humble, most obedient, obliged, and faithful
+    servant," &c.
+
+With this letter, and some memorials of Sir John Schaw's public service,
+end all known appeals for justice on the murderer. But conscience
+avenged the crime. Many years afterwards, when living in opulence upon
+his patrimonial estate at Dysart in Fife, the Master received from an
+humble individual a bitter, though involuntary reproach. When preparing
+to cross the Frith, he stopped at an inn in order to engage a running
+footman to attend him. Detested by his neighbours, and ever in dread of
+the Schaws, Sinclair preserved a sort of incognito. A youth was
+presented for his approval. The Master inquired of the young candidate
+what proof he could give of his activity, on which this remarkable reply
+was given: "Sir, I ran beside the Master of Sinclair's horse when he
+rode post from the English camp to escape the death for which he was
+condemned for the murder of the two brothers." "The Master," adds Sir
+Walter Scott, "much shocked, was nearly taken ill on the spot."[228]
+
+During the insurrection of 1715, the Master of Sinclair took at first an
+active part, and became the commander of a company of Jacobite gentlemen
+of Fife. He joined the Earl of Mar at Perth,[229] and was employed in an
+expedition which gained some credit to the Jacobites. Some arms having
+been brought out of Edinburgh for the use of the Earl of Sutherland, and
+being put on board a ship at Leith, the Earl of Mar resolved to
+intercept these supplies. The wind being contrary, the master of the
+vessel thus loaded had dropped into Brunt Island, and had gone into the
+town on that island to see his family. A party of four hundred horse and
+as many foot was meantime detached on the second of October, 1715, and
+arrived at the island about midnight. They pressed all the boats in the
+harbour, and boarded the vessel, carrying off three hundred and six
+complete stand of arms, together with a considerable number which they
+found in the town. This expedition was skilfully contrived and managed,
+the horse surrounding the town whilst the foot ransacked it; and the
+invasion was made so silently that the Duke of Argyle gained no tidings
+of it.[230]
+
+After this exploit the Master of Sinclair returned to the camp at Perth,
+there to promote, if not actually to originate, divisions which were
+fatal to the cause which he had espoused. Lord Mar, in his letters,
+charges him, indeed, distinctly with being the very source of the
+dissensions which soon sprang up among the Jacobite chiefs.[231] The
+temper of Sinclair could ill brook submission to the Earl of Mar, whom,
+as a General, he soon ceased to respect; and for whose difficult
+situation he had no relenting feelings. "The Master," writes Sir Walter
+Scott, "who was a man of strong sense, acute observation, and some
+military experience, besides being of a haughty and passionate temper,
+averse to deference and subordination, soon placed himself in opposition
+to the general, whom he seems to have at once detested and
+despised."[232]
+
+The unfortunate result of the siege of Preston, soon brought to light
+the discontents which the Master had nourished among the followers of
+Mar. Parties had, indeed, for some time agitated the camp. When the
+disasters in England gave them a fresh impulse, and Lord Mar feelingly,
+and perhaps not too severely, described the influence of Sinclair when
+he bitterly describes him as "a devil in the camp, known in his true
+colours when calamity had befallen those with whom he was in
+conjunction." It was henceforth in vain that Mar, to use his own
+expression, "endeavoured to keep people from breaking among themselves
+until the long-expected arrival of the Chevalier should, it was hoped,
+check the growing jealousies in the camp;" a party arose, headed by Lord
+Huntley, Lord Seaforth, and the Master of Sinclair, who soon obtained
+the name of the Grumbler's Club, and who rendered themselves odious to
+the sincere and zealous Jacobites.
+
+Lord Huntley appears from Lord Mar's representations, "to have been
+completely under the influence of the Master." "Lord Huntley," writes
+Lord Mar, "is still very much out of humour, and nothing can make him
+yet believe that the King is coming. He intends to go north, under the
+pretext of reducing Lord Sutherland, and his leaving us at this time, I
+think, might have very bad effects, which makes me do all I can to keep
+him. The Master of Sinclair is a very bad instrument about him, and has
+been most to blame for all the differences amongst us. I am plagued out
+of my life with them, but must do the best I can."[233]
+
+Lord Huntley, however, continued to manifest the greatest disgust and
+suspicion of Lord Mar, often refusing to see him, and, though still
+lingering at Perth, threatening continually to leave the camp and go
+northward.
+
+Lord Sinclair, meantime, having heard of these factions, and being
+sincerely affected to the cause of the Stuarts, wrote to his son "a
+sharp letter about his behaviour," and a visit of explanation from the
+Master instantly followed. During his absence there was a revulsion of
+feeling among the Grumblers, and some contrition was expressed by them
+for the part that they had acted; but the fiend returned, and the
+malcontents quietly relapsed.[234]
+
+The news of James's certain arrival silenced, for a time, all
+complaints; but again they revived. Lord Mar seems to have had some
+misgiving of this, when he wrote, "Those that made a pretext of the
+King's not being landed, are now left inexcusable, and if those kind of
+folks now sit still and look any more on, they ought to be worse treated
+than our worse enemies." Yet it appears by a subsequent letter, that the
+grievances of which the General complained so bitterly, were not cured
+even by the presence of the Chevalier; that those who had made a
+pretext of his absence to complain and despond, desponded still, and
+that, in fact, the malady was so deep-seated as to be incurable.
+
+It may be urged, in vindication of the Master, who obviously aggravated
+the spirit of the Grumblers, that the event proved that his
+apprehensions were well founded. It was, indeed, natural for an
+experienced officer who had served under Marlborough, to view with
+dissatisfaction and suspicion the feeble and tardy movements of Lord
+Mar. Yet a hearty well-wisher to any cause would have abstained from
+infusing distrust into those counsels which, whether wise or foolish,
+were destined to guide the adherents of the party. A man of honour will
+enter, heart and soul, into what he undertakes, or not enter at all. The
+conduct of Sinclair was that of a mean, morose spirit; and it is but
+fair to conclude that his motives for adopting the name of Jacobite were
+either those of personal advancement, or arose out of an enforced
+compliance with the wishes of his father.
+
+Whilst Sinclair was thus undermining the welfare of the party to which
+he nominally belonged, his determined enemy, Sir John Schaw, after
+assisting the Duke of Argyle in defending Inverness against the
+insurgent troops, was marching with Lord Isla to rejoin the Duke of
+Argyle in his march towards Perth. It so happened that Lord Isla and his
+friends reached Sherriff Muir at the very moment when the Government
+troops and the Jacobites were about to join in battle. "Sir John," says
+Sir Walter Scott, "though he had no command, engaged as a volunteer; and
+we may suppose his zeal for King George was heightened by the
+recollection that the slayer of his brothers fought under the opposite
+banners." He behaved himself with distinguished courage, receiving a
+wound on his arm, and another in his side.[235] He was, at this time,
+the only surviving brother out of four, his brother Thomas having been
+slain at the siege of Mons a year after the death of the others. A month
+before Sir John Schaw had joined the Duke, Lady Schaw, the daughter of
+Sir Hugh Dalrymple, and a woman of singular energy and spirit, assembled
+the Greenock companies in arms, and telling them that the Protestant
+religion, with their laws, liberties, and lives, and all that was dear
+to them as men and Christians, were in hazard by that unnatural
+rebellion, exhorted them to conduct themselves suitably to the occasion.
+
+The conduct of Sinclair at the battle of Sherriff Muir was not
+inconsistent with his former life. He remained, in that engagement,
+stationary, with the Marquis of Huntley, at the head of the cavalry of
+Fife and Aberdeen; hence the lines in the old song on Sherriff Muir.
+
+        "Huntly and Sinclair
+        They baith play'd the Tinkler,
+    With consciences black as a craw, man."
+
+Upon the return of the Jacobite army to Perth, where they waited, as
+Scott remarks in a tone of mournful reprobation of Mar, "until their own
+forces should disperse, those of their enemy advance, and the wintry
+storm so far subside as to permit the Duke of Argyle to advance against
+them," Sinclair was the chief promoter of a scheme formed by the
+Grumblers for a timely submission to Government. Instigated by their
+wishes, an attempt was made by Lord Mar to procure, through the Duke of
+Argyle's mediation, some terms with Government; but it failed, and those
+who had embarked in the cause were obliged to provide, as they best
+might, individually for their safety. The whole tenour of Sinclair's
+conduct was such as to draw down upon him the severest invectives of his
+party. In one of the poems of the day he is thus described:
+
+    "The master with the bully's face,
+      And with the coward heart,
+    Who never fail'd, to his disgrace,
+      To act a coward's part,
+    Did join Dunbogue, the greatest rogue,
+      In all the shire of Fife,
+    Who was the first the cause to leave,
+      By counsel from his wife."
+
+The Master quitted the insurgent party at Perth, and joined the Marquis
+of Huntley at Strathbogie; thence he proceeded as a fugitive through
+Caithness and Orkney, with a few friends, who, like himself, were
+hopeless of pardon. After wandering in these remote districts for some
+time, the Master and his friends seized upon a small vessel and fled to
+the Continent. The Marquis of Huntley, more fortunate than his
+political ally, obtained his full pardon in consideration of his having
+left the rebels in time.[236]
+
+The Master of Sinclair married, afterwards, the widowed Countess of
+Southesk, whom he probably met when on the Continent, since it appears
+that the Countess, for some time subsequent to the death of her husband,
+lived at Brussels. In referring to this union, it may not be improper to
+give some account of the family into connection with which it brought
+the Master of Sinclair.
+
+James Carnegie, Earl of Southesk, the first husband of the lady whom the
+Master of Sinclair married, was descended from David Carnegie, an
+eminent lawyer, who in 1616 was raised to the dignity of Lord Carnegie
+of Kinnaird, and in 1623 was created, by Charles the First, Earl of
+Southesk. Like most of those families who had been elevated by the
+Stuarts to the peerage, the house of Carnegie retained a strong sense of
+their duty of allegiance to the Crown; and the first Earl of Southesk
+suffered for his principles by imprisonment and the extortion of a fine
+of three thousand pounds from his estates in the time of Cromwell.
+
+James, the fifth Earl of Southesk, although nearly allied by his
+mother's side to the Maitlands, Earls of Lauderdale, had retained as
+great an affection for the Stuarts as his ancestors had manifested. Of
+the personal qualities of this nobleman little is generally known,
+except that he has been designated, "Brave, generous Southesk!"--of his
+fate, and of the subsequent fortunes of his family, still less is to be
+ascertained. Some few particulars which are to be derived from the State
+Papers are discreditable to the memory of this nobleman. Like several
+other Jacobite noblemen who have been mentioned elsewhere, Lord Southesk
+did not hesitate to summon his tenants to follow him to the field in the
+most peremptory terms. His commands fell heavily, in one instance, upon
+a poor man who lived on the Earl's estate, and bore also the name of
+James Carnegie. This unlucky man was a natural son of Charles, the late
+Earl of Southesk, and was therefore a brother of the present Earl James.
+Like all dependants in those days, he seems to have entertained a deep
+sense of his obligation to serve and to obey the head of the family; and
+his obedience was probably ensured by the tie of blood, however
+unacknowledged as constituting a claim between him and the Earl of
+Southesk. James Carnegie exercised the profession of a surgeon in the
+neighbourhood of Kinnaird, then the territory of Lord Southesk, and was
+employed by the Earl, who appears to have entertained considerable
+opinion of his skill. When the Insurrection of 1715 broke out, it would
+have been consistent with the character of a "brave and generous man" to
+have left this humble practitioner free to follow his own wishes, and
+not to have embroiled him in the dangers of that disastrous undertaking.
+A further claim upon the Earl's forbearance was the personal defect of
+the poor surgeon, who was lame, and short in stature. He was
+nevertheless ordered to meet Lord Southesk, at a certain place of
+rendezvous, on a certain day. A compliance was expected as a matter of
+course, for James Carnegie was a yearly pensioner of his noble and
+powerful brother, and refusal was ruin.[237] Nevertheless, the surgeon
+ventured on this occasion to judge for himself. He had, it appears, from
+his subsequent declaration, been ever well affected to the reigning
+Government and attached to the Revolution interest and, by his
+disapprobation of the Insurrection of 1715, had given umbrage to his
+nearest relations. Upon the command of Lord Southesk being issued to
+follow him to the camp at Perth, Carnegie would have fled and hidden
+himself but for the illness of his wife; he afterwards took refuge in
+the house of Lord Northesk, but his seclusion was of no avail. The
+following letter from Lord Southesk, the original of which is in the
+State Paper Office, affords a curious insight into the despotism
+exercised by the little kings of the Highlands over their subjects:--
+
+    "James,--
+
+    "After what I both wrote and spoke to you, I did not think you would
+    have made any furder difficultys of going to Perth with me. I know
+    very well your wife's circumstances are to be pityd; however, since
+    you have a pension from me, and served me since you have had any
+    business, there is nobody of your employment in this country that I
+    can put any confidence in, whatever may happen to me. Therefore I
+    desire you may make no furder excuses; and if you can't be ready to
+    wait upon me from Kinnaird upon Monday, I desire you may follow me
+    upon Teusday; if you do not, you will for ever disoblige
+
+                                                         "SOUTHESQUE."
+
+    "Kinnaird, Sept. 17, 1715."
+
+    "I desire you may come and speak with me this night, or to-morrow,
+    at furdest."
+
+"The Case of James Carnegie," also in the State Paper Office, furnishes
+a supplement to this peremptory summons.
+
+"The Case of James Carnegie showeth, that though he lived in a country
+and amongst men the most notoriously disaffected of any in Scotland, he
+had, ever since his appearance in the world, espoused the Revolution
+interest, and given proofs of his affection to it, as would appear more
+fully in a declaration from the Presbytery of Brichen, in whose bounds
+he resided, and from another from Mr. John Anderson, his parish
+minister. That upon the first suspision of the treasonable designs of
+the rebells, Mr. James Carnegy would have set off and gone south, had
+not his wife's dangerous state (thought to be dying) obliged him to
+remain. That after the rebellion broke out, he firmly withstood all
+solicitations to join it, his neighbours and friends there threatening
+to burn house and land. He being disappointed of going south, attempted
+to retire to Ethie, Lord Northesk's house in Forfarshire. He could not
+remain concealed, the rebells being possessed of all the passes in the
+country. Finding himself blocked up amongst his enemies, to avoid the
+execution of the threatenings against him, he was induced, to his shame
+and regret, to go to Perth, but permitted none of his dependants or
+tennents to accompany him, and went with no arms but what gentlemen were
+in the habit of wearing. In order to give no support to those traiterous
+designs, he feigned illness at Coupar of Angus, but they forced him to
+go."
+
+The issue of this affair was mournful. At the battle of Sherriff Muir
+where the Earl of Southesk appeared with three hundred men, the
+unfortunate nobleman was supposed to be slain. His faithful, though
+reluctant attendant, James Carnegie, was taken prisoner as he was
+looking over the field of battle in order to find the body of his lord.
+He was carried into prison at Carlisle, whence considerable exertions
+were made for his release, not only by his own representations, but by
+the mediation of Sir James Stewart, the governor of the castle. What was
+the result, whether the blameless victim of the will of others was
+released, or whether he sank among the many who could not sustain the
+hardships of their fate, does not appear.[238]
+
+The Earl of Southesk, although it was reported he had been killed,
+rallied his men, and retreated with the Marquis of Tullibardine, the
+Earl Marischal and several heads of clans to the mountains, to shelter
+themselves from the pursuit of the Government troops. Some of these
+chieftains afterwards made their escape to Skye, Lewis, and other of the
+north-western islands, till ships came to their relief and carried them
+abroad.[239] What was the fate of the Earl of Southesk afterwards is not
+known: neither what became of his descendant.[240] He had married the
+Lady Margaret Stewart, daughter of the Earl of Galloway, and by her,
+according to some accounts, he had two sons; according to a contemporary
+Scottish peerage, he had one child only. His widow also went on the
+Continent, and the mention of her name by her brother, the Earl of
+Galloway, in a letter written at Clery in France,[241] without that of
+her husband, in May 1730, appears to indicate that she was then a widow,
+and not married again.[242]
+
+How long Lady Southesk lived, the wife of the Master of Sinclair, is
+dubious. He survived her, and married afterwards, Emilia the daughter of
+Lord George Murray, brother of the Duke of Atholl. This intimate
+connection with one of the principal leaders of the Rebellion of 1745,
+did not, however, induce the Master to enter a second time into a course
+towards which he had, perhaps in truth, no sincere good will.
+
+Upon his flight to the Continent, the Master of Sinclair was outlawed,
+and attainted in blood for his share in the Insurrection of 1715. His
+father being still alive, and not having taken an active part, his
+estates escaped forfeiture, and Lord Sinclair endeavoured so to dispose
+of them as to prevent their becoming the property of the Crown. It was
+necessary, on this account, that Lord Sinclair should disinherit his
+eldest son; and "as it would," says Sir Walter Scott, "have been highly
+impolitic to have alleged his forfeiture for treason as a cause of the
+deed, the slaughter of the Schaws was given as a reason for his
+exheredation." The following is a clause of the deed by which the end
+was to be accomplished:
+
+"This new diposition of the family estate is explained and qualified by
+the second deed, being a back bond running in the names of the said
+James and William Sinclairs, which set forth that their father had been
+induced to grant a disposition of his estate in their favour, and to
+pass over their elder brother, to prevent all inconvenience and hazard
+whatsoever which the rents of the said Lord Sinclair, his heritable
+estate, or his moveables, might be liable to, if they were settled in
+the said Master's person, '_on accompt of the said Master of Sinclair
+his present circumstances, by means of an unfortunate quarrel that some
+years ago fell out between the said Master and two sons of the deceased
+Sir John Schaw of Greenock_; therefore," the deed proceeds to state, "it
+was reasonable that they, James and William Sinclair, should grant a
+back bond of settlement, binding themselves to manage the property, when
+they should respectively succeed to it by advice of friends, overseers,
+and managers,--viz. Sir John Erskine of Alva, Bart., Sir William Baird
+of New Baith, Bart., Mr. John Paterson, eldest lawful son to the
+deceased Archbishop of Glasgow, their brother-in-law--Sir John Cockburn
+of that Ilk, Bart., and Mr. Mathew Sinclair of Hermiston, their uncles.
+The said James and William Sinclair, as they should respectively succeed
+to the estate, were obliged to make certain necessary expenditure to the
+family for behoof of the Master; and the said James and William Sinclair
+became also bound, in case the Master, their brother, should become free
+of his present inconveniences, or should have a family of lawful
+children, then, and in that case to convey the estate to the said
+Master, or to his said children, at the sight of his trustees."[243]
+
+In the year 1726, the Master of Sinclair received pardon, as far as his
+life was concerned, but the forfeiture of his estates was not taken off,
+nor certain other incapacities reversed. He then returned to the family
+estate of Dysart in Fife, of which he was, by his father's disposition
+of affairs, the actual proprietor; and although the rents of the
+property were levied in his brother's name, they were applied and
+received by the Master. General James Sinclair, the second brother of
+the Master, was then the nominal owner only of the estates. But although
+thus returning to his patrimonial inheritance, the Master never
+recovered the good will of his former friends, nor the blessings of
+security, and of a calm and honoured old age. He seldom visited
+Edinburgh, living in seclusion and never going from home without being
+well guarded and attended for fear of the Jacobites, or of his enemies
+the Schaws. Under these circumstances it seems to have been a relief to
+his bitter and mortified spirit to have vented itself, in like manner
+with Lord Lovat, in composing memoirs of his own life. "These memoirs,"
+says Sir Walter Scott, who long had a copy of them in his possession,
+"are written[244] with talent, and peculiar satirical energy: so much
+so indeed, that they have been hitherto deemed unfit for publication.
+The circumstances attending the slaughter of the Schaws argue a fierce
+and vindictive temper, and the frame of mind which Sinclair displays as
+an author exhibits the same character. They are, however, very curious,
+and it is to be hoped will one day be made public, as a valuable
+addition to the catalogue of royal and noble authors. It is singular
+that the author seems to have written himself into a tolerably good
+style, for the language of the Memoirs, which at first is scarcely
+grammatical, becomes as he advances disengaged, correct, and
+spirited."[245]
+
+On the whole, it must be acknowledged that qualities more repulsive and
+a career more culpable, have darkened no narrative connected with the
+Jacobites so unpleasantly as the biography of the Master of Sinclair. A
+disgrace to every party, he appears to have joined the adherents of the
+Stuarts, only in order to disturb their councils, and to vilify their
+memory with personal invective. He has extorted no compassion for the
+errors and crimes of his earlier years by the courage and magnanimity of
+a later period: his character stands forth, unredeemed by a single trait
+of heroism, in all the darkness of violence and revenge.
+
+The Barony of Sinclair, lost to the family in consequence of the
+attainder of the Master of Sinclair, was not assumed either by him,
+after his pardon in 1726, nor by his brother General James Sinclair. At
+the death of General Sinclair in 1762, the title reverted to Charles
+Sinclair, Esq., of Herdmanstown, a cousin, and after him to his son
+Andrew, who also allowed his claim to the Barony to lie dormant. It was,
+however, revived at his death in 1776, by his only son Charles, who is
+the present Lord Sinclair.[246]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[226] See Proceedings of the Court Martial held upon John, Master of
+Sinclair, with Correspondence, p. 27. 1828. Printed by Ballantyne and
+Company. Presented to the Roxburgh Club by Sir Walter Scott.
+
+[227] It is printed in the interesting little collection before referred
+to, p. 35.
+
+[228] Life of the Master of Sinclair, p. ix.
+
+[229] His name is not among those who were assembled on the
+hunting-field of Braemar.
+
+[230] Reay, p. 234.
+
+[231] See Lord Mar's Life and Letters.
+
+[232] Life of the Master of Sinclair, page v.
+
+[233] See Lord Mar's Life, from the Mar Papers.
+
+[234] Mar Papers.
+
+[235] Reay's History of the Rebellion, p. 218.
+
+[236] Reay, p. 387.
+
+[237] See the certificate of the Justices of Forfar, in the State Paper
+Office, respecting the case of James Carnegie. Dated, Montrose, the
+first of October, 1716.
+
+[238] See Papers in the State Paper Office for 1715 and 1716.
+
+[239] Reay, p. 372.
+
+[240] The title has remained in abeyance ever since. A mystery hangs
+over the fate of this family.
+
+[241] See Letter.
+
+[242] The letter from Lord Garlies, in which Lady Southesk is mentioned,
+is to be seen in the Murray MS. in the Advocate's Library at Edinburgh.
+It is addressed to the eccentric and imprudent Sir Alexander Murray of
+Stanhope. These papers were found on a floor of a room in Herriot's
+Hospital, and were rescued from destruction by Dr. Irvine of the
+Advocate's Library. After some remarks of no moment, Lord Garlies,
+afterwards the Earl of Galloway, observes--
+
+    "But now I hope that yours and all honest men's misfortunes are to
+    have a turn, and since my cheif has had the good fortune to gett a
+    young prince, I pray God his and all honest men's misfortunes may be
+    at an end; and I hope before my young cheif dies, he shall have the
+    name of Charles the Third. I beg of you to let me hear from you, and
+    when I may expect to have the happinesse of seeing you in this
+    countrey, which is what I both long mightily for, and expect as soon
+    as you can conveniently. Besides, it will be a mighty obligation
+    added to the many you have already done me, who am, dear Sandy,
+
+    "yours entirely whylst
+                                                            "GARLIES."
+
+    "May 12, 1730."
+
+    "Sister Southesque and my spouse make their compliments to you."
+
+[243] Life of Master of Sinclair, page viii.
+
+[244] The manuscript from which the life of the Master of Sinclair was
+taken, was found by Sir Walter Scott among the papers of his mother, who
+was distantly related to the family of Greenock. The proceedings of the
+court-martial were attested by the subscription of John Cunningham,
+probably a clerk of the court.
+
+[245] The MS. Memoirs of the Master of Sinclair are at present in the
+possession of the Countess of Rosslyn.
+
+[246] Burke's Peerage.
+
+
+
+
+CAMERON OF LOCHIEL.[247]
+
+
+The clan Cameron, from whom were descended the chieftains who took an
+active part in the Jacobite cause, had its seat in Lochaber, of which
+one of their ancestors had originally received a grant from Robert
+Bruce. They sprang, according to some accounts, from the same source as
+that of the clan Chattan: they became, nevertheless, in the course of
+the fourteenth century, an independent state. In a manuscript history of
+the clan Cameron, they have been traced so far back as to the year 404;
+and their origin in Scotland ascribed to the arrival of a younger son of
+the royal family of Denmark, their progenitors acquiring the name of
+Cameron from his crooked nose.
+
+The clan consisted of three septs; but the family of Lochiel were
+acknowledged as the chief, and, according to the singular system of
+clanship, the Camerons freely gave up their wills to that of their
+head. The history of this family, whilst it shows by what decision of
+character and intrepidity of conduct this superiority was maintained,
+presents little else than a tissue of successive feuds between the clan
+and its neighbours, until, during the seventeenth century, the events of
+history brought forth qualities of still greater importance to
+distinguish the house of Lochiel. From henceforth the disputes with the
+clan Chattan, and the long-standing feuds with the Mackintoshes, merged
+into obscurity compared with the more stirring interests into which the
+chieftains were now, fatally for their prosperity, intermingled.
+
+The celebrated Sir Ewan Dhu of Lochiel, one of the finest specimens of
+the Highland chieftains on record, had passed a long life in the service
+of the Stuart family, for whom, even as a boy, he had manifested a sort
+of intuitive affection. This cherished sentiment had repelled the
+efforts of his kinsman, the Marquis of Argyle, to mould his youthful
+mind to the precepts of the Puritans and Covenanters. Sir Ewan Dhu
+combined a commanding personal appearance with a suitable majesty of
+deportment, and with a shrewd, dauntless, honourable, generous mind. His
+very sirname had an influence upon the good will of his superstitious
+and devoted followers. It denoted that he was dark, both in hair and
+complexion; and so many brave achievements had been performed by
+chieftains of the clan Cameron, who were of this complexion, that it had
+been foretold by gifted seers, that never should a fair Lochiel prove
+fortunate. Endowed with this singular hold upon the confidence of his
+people, Ewan Dhu eclipsed all his predecessors in the virtues of his
+heart and the strength of his understanding. His vigilance, his energy,
+and firmness were the qualities which had distinguished him as a
+military leader when, in the close of his days, the hopes and designs of
+the modern Jacobites began to engage the attention of the Highland
+chiefs.
+
+The career of Ewan Dhu Cameron had been one of singular prosperity. At
+the age of eighteen, he had broken loose from the trammels of Argyle's
+control, and joined the standard of the Marquis of Montrose. He had
+contrived to keep his estate clear, even after the event of that
+unsuccessful cause, from Cromwell's troops. He next repaired to the
+royal standard raised in the Highlands by the Earl of Glencairne, and
+won the applause of Charles the Second, then in exile at Chantilly, for
+his courage and success. The middle period of his life was consumed in
+efforts, not only to abet the cause of Charles the Second, but to
+restore peace to his impoverished and harassed country. Yet he long
+resisted persuasions to submit and swear allegiance to Cromwell, and at
+length boldly avowed, that rather than take the oath for an usurper, he
+would live as an outlaw. His generous and humane conduct to the English
+prisoners whom he had captured during the various skirmishes had,
+however, procured him friends in the English army. "No oath," wrote
+General Monk, "shall be required of Lochiel to Cromwell, but his word to
+live in peace." His word was given, and, until after the restoration,
+Lochiel and his followers, bearing their arms as before, remained in
+repose.
+
+At Killicrankie, however, the warrior appeared again on the field,
+fighting, under the unfortunate Viscount Dundee, for James the Second.
+As the battle began, the enemy in General Mackay's regiment raised a
+shout. "Gentlemen," cried the shrewd Lochiel, addressing the
+Highlanders, "the day is our own. I am the oldest commander in the army,
+and I have always observed that so dull and heavy a noise as that which
+you have heard is an evil omen." The words ran throughout the
+Highlanders; elated by the prediction, they rushed on the foe, fighting
+like furies, and in half an hour the battle was ended.
+
+Although Sir Ewan Dhu was thus engaged on the side of James, his second
+son was a captain in the Scottish fusileers, and served under Mackay in
+the ranks of Government. As General Mackay observed the Highland army
+drawn up on the face of a hill, west of the Pass, he turned to young
+Cameron and said, "There is your father and his wild savages; how would
+you like to be with him?" "It signifies little," replied the Cameron,
+"what I would like; but I would have you be prepared, or perhaps my
+father and his wild savages may be nearer to you before night than you
+may dream of." Upon the death of Dundee, Sir Ewan Dhu, disgusted by the
+deficiencies of the commander who succeeded him, retired to Lochaber,
+and left the command of his clansmen to his eldest son, John Cameron,
+who, with his son Donald, form the subjects of this memoir.
+
+Sir Ewan Dhu lived until the year 1719, enjoying the security which his
+exploits had procured for him; and maintaining, by his own dignified
+deportment, the credit of a family long upheld by a previous succession
+of able and honourable chieftains. The state and liberality of the
+Camerons were not supported, nevertheless, by a lavish expenditure;
+their means were limited: "Yet," says Mrs. Grant of Laggan in her MS.
+account of the clan, "perhaps even our own frugal country did not afford
+an instance of a family, who lived in so respectable a manner, and
+showed such liberal and dignified hospitality upon so small an income,"
+as that of Lochiel.
+
+The part which Sir Ewan Dhu had taken in the action at Killicrankie
+would, it was naturally supposed, draw down upon him the vengeance of
+those who visited with massacre the neighbouring valley of Glencoe. The
+forbearance of Government can only be accounted for by the supposition
+that King William, with his usual penetration, decreed it safer to
+conciliate, than to attempt to crush a clan which was connected by
+marriage with the most powerful of the Highland chieftains.
+
+No arts could, however, win the allegiance of the Camerons from those
+whom they considered as their rightful sovereigns. Towards the end of
+William's reign, the young chieftain John was sent privately to France,
+where his early notions of loyalty were confirmed, and his attachment
+to the court of James enhanced, by the influence of the Duke of Berwick,
+who formed with him a sincere and durable friendship.
+
+The character of the chieftain was softened in the young Lochiel. He was
+intelligent, frank, and conciliating in his manners, and had associated
+more generally with the world than was usually the case with the
+chieftains of those days. Among the circles with whom the young Lochiel
+mingled, Barclay Urie, the well known apologist of the Quakers, was also
+accustomed to appear. An attachment was thenceforth formed between John
+Cameron and the daughter of Barclay, and a matrimonial alliance was soon
+afterwards decided upon between the daughter of that gentleman and the
+young chieftain.
+
+The choice was considered a singular one on the part of the young man.
+It was the customary plan to intermarry with some of the neighbouring
+clans; nor was it permitted for the chieftain to make a choice without
+having first ascertained how far the clan were agreeable to his wishes.
+This usage proceeded, in part, from the notion of consanguinity between
+every member of a clan, even of the lowest degree, to his chieftain, and
+the affability and courtesy with which the head was in the habit of
+treating those over whom he ruled. The clans were even known to carry
+their interference with the affairs of their chief so far as to
+disapprove of the choice of their abodes, or to select a site for a new
+residence.[248]
+
+The sway which Sir Ewan Dhu had acquired over his followers was such
+that he dispensed with the ordinary practice, and, without the consent
+of the clans, agreed to receive the young Quakeress as his daughter. The
+marriage was completed, and eventually received the full approbation of
+the whole clan Cameron.
+
+Meantime, great efforts had been made on the part of the English
+Government to detach Sir Ewan Dhu from his faith to James the Second.
+But the monarch who could attempt so hopeless a task as the endeavour to
+cause a Highlander to break his oath of fidelity, very faintly
+comprehended the national character, then existing in all its strength
+and all its weakness,--in its horror of petty crimes and its
+co-operation of great outrages,--in its small meannesses and lofty
+generous traits,--in its abhorrence of a broken vow or of treachery to a
+leader. The temptation offered was indeed considerable. Sir Ewan Dhu was
+to have a pension of three hundred a-year, to be perpetuated to his son,
+whom the Government were particularly anxious to entice back to
+Scotland. The old chieftain was also to be appointed Governor of Fort
+William.[249] But the emissaries of William the Third could not have
+chosen a worse period than that in which to treat with the brave and
+wary Cameron. The massacre of Glencoe was fresh in the remembrance of
+the people, and the stratagem, the fiendish snares which had been
+prepared to betray the unsuspecting Macdonalds to their destruction,
+were also recalled with the deep curses of a wronged and slaughtered
+people. The game of cards, the night before the massacre, between the
+villain Campbell, and the two sons of Glencoe,--the proffered and
+accepted hospitality of the chieftain, whose hand was grasped in seeming
+friendliness by the man who had resolved to exterminate him and his
+family, were cherished recollections--cherished by the determined spirit
+of hate and revenge which contemplated future retribution.
+
+Sir Ewan Dhu therefore rejected these dazzling offers; he neither
+recalled his son from France, nor accepted the command offered to him,
+but busied himself in schemes which eventually swayed the destinies of
+the Camerons.
+
+Not many miles from Achnacarry, the seat of Lochiel, rose, on the border
+of Loch Oich, the castle of Alaster Dhu, or Dusk Alexander, of
+Glengarry. The territories of this chieftain were contiguous to those of
+Lochiel; and his character, which was of acknowledged valour, wisdom,
+and magnanimity, formed a still stronger bond of union than their
+relative position. Glengarry was the head of a very powerful clan,
+called Macdonnells, in contradistinction to the Macdonalds of the Isles,
+whose claim to superiority they always resisted; declaring, by the voice
+of their bards and family historians, that the house of Antrim, from
+whom the Macdonalds of the Isles were descended, owed its origin to the
+Macdonnells of Glengarry.
+
+The clan Glengarry was now at its height of power under the heroic
+Alaster Dhu, its chieftain, whose immediate predecessor had risen to be
+a Lord of Session, at a time when that office brought no little power
+and influence to its possessors: he had gained both wealth and credit in
+his high seat; and, upon retiring, had visited Italy, had brought back a
+taste for architecture to his native country, and the castle of
+Invergarrie, part of the walls of which remain undemolished, rose as a
+memento of his architectural taste.
+
+The Lord of Session had cherished sentiments of loyalty for the exiled
+family; these were transmitted to Alaster Dhu. The gallant Lochiel and
+the chief of Glengarry were therefore disposed to smother in their
+feelings of loyalty the feuds which too often raged between clans nearly
+approximate. They therefore formed a compact to promote, in every way,
+the interest of the royal exiles; and in this vain attempt at
+restoration which ensued, the fate of their clansmen was sealed.[250]
+That of the Camerons is yet to be told; a slight digression respecting
+their gallant allies may here be excused.
+
+When the feudal system which subsisted between the Highland chieftains
+and their clansmen was dissolved, it became the plan of many of the
+landholders to rid themselves of their poor tenantry, and to substitute
+in their place labourers and farmers from the south of Scotland. The
+helpless population of the glens and hill-sides were thus sent to
+wander, poor and ignorant of anything but their own homes, and speaking
+no language but their mother tongue, and wholly unskilled in any
+practical wisdom. Some emigrated, but many were pressed into service on
+board the emigrant ships, although the commanders of those vessels could
+not, in some instances, prevail upon themselves to tear the Highlanders
+away from their wives and families.
+
+To remedy this melancholy state of affairs, and to employ the banished
+mountaineers, it was proposed about the year 1794, to embody some of the
+sufferers, the Macdonnells of Glengarry in particular, into a Catholic
+corps, under their young chieftain, Alexander Macdonnell, and employ
+them in the service of the English Government. This scheme, after many
+difficulties, was accomplished. At first, it worked well for the relief
+of the destitute clan; but, in 1802, in spite of their acknowledged good
+conduct, the Glengarry regiment was disbanded.
+
+The friend of the unfortunate, who had originally proposed the
+consolidation of the corps, was Dr. Macdonald, who had been afterwards
+appointed chaplain to the regiment. He now projected another scheme for
+the maintenance of the clan Glengarry; and, after some opposition, his
+plan was effected. It was to convey the whole of the Macdonnells, with
+their wives and families, to a district in Upper Canada, where the clan,
+at this moment, is permanently established. The place in which they live
+bears the name of their native glen, and the farms they possess are
+called by the loved appellations of their former tenements: and, when
+the American war tried the fidelity of the emigrants, the clan gave a
+proof of their loyalty by enrolling themselves into a corps, under the
+old name of the Glengarry Fencibles.[251]
+
+In the battle of Killicrankie, Glengarry had led his forces to fight for
+James the Second; and after that engagement, in which Glengarry had had
+a brother killed, he had become very obnoxious to the Government, and
+had found it necessary to retire for some time, whilst his more favoured
+friend Lochiel tranquilly occupied his own house of Achnacarrie, a place
+wholly undefended. The retreat in which Glengarry hid himself was a
+small wooded island in Lochacaig; and in this seclusion a manœuvre
+was planned, highly characteristic of the subtlety, and yet daring of
+the Highland chieftains who were engaged in it. It shows, also, the
+state of the national feeling towards the English Government, at a time
+when comparative quiet appeared to be established in the Highlands.
+
+Attached to certain regiments which were then lying at Fort William,
+there were a number of young volunteers, men of good family, who had a
+soldier's pay, if they wished it, and were considered as pupils in the
+art of war, "at liberty to retire if they chose, and eligible, being
+often persons of family, to fill the vacancies which war or disease
+occasioned among the subalterns."[252] This regiment was now about to
+occupy the garrisons, and on their way to the Tyendrum or Black Mount,
+the officers engaged in conversation, little dreading an assault in a
+country inhabited only by a few herdsmen, and considered by them as
+wholly subdued. But they were deceived in their sense of safety. Among
+the heath and bushes in a narrow pass, circumscribed, on the one side,
+by a steep mountain, and on the other by a small lake, which skirted the
+path, for road there was not, lay in ambush two hundred well-armed and
+light-footed Highlanders. The youths, or volunteers, were in the rear of
+the regiment; as they marched fearlessly through the deep solitude of
+this wild district, the Highlanders sprang forwards from their
+ambuscade; and before the young soldiers could recover their surprise or
+have recourse to their arms, eight or ten young men of family were
+seized on and hurried away. With these were mingled others, among these
+volunteers of less importance, who were carried away in the confusion by
+mistake. A few shots were fired by the soldiery, but without any effect,
+for the Highlanders had disappeared. This sudden attack excited the
+utmost consternation among the officers of the regiment, nor could they
+discover the object of this aggression; nor did they know either how to
+pursue the assailants, or in what terms to report to Government so
+ignominious a loss. They marched, therefore, silently to Dumbarton
+without attempting to pursue an enemy whose aim it might be to lure
+them into some fastness, there to encounter a foe too powerful, from the
+nature of the country, to be resisted. On arriving at Dumbarton the
+mystery was explained. There the commander of the corps found a letter,
+stating that "certain chiefs of clans had no objection to King William's
+ruling in England, considering that nation as at liberty to choose its
+own rulers; but that they never could, consistently with what they had
+sworn on their arms, take an oath to any other sovereign while the
+family of St. Germains remained in existence. They were," the writers
+continued, "unwilling either to perjure themselves, or to hold their
+lands in daily fear, and subject to the petty instruments of power. They
+were willing to live peaceably under the present rule, but were resolved
+neither to violate the dictates of conscience, nor to have their
+possessions disturbed. In the meantime, to prevent encroachments upon
+their lands, and to prevent the necessity of rushing into hostilities
+with the Government, they had taken hostages to ensure their safety, and
+with these they would never part until Sir Ewan Dhu and Alaster Dhu had
+obtained assurances that they should never be disturbed for their
+principles whilst they lived peaceably on their estates."
+
+This declaration was accompanied by a powerful remonstrance upon the
+folly and danger of exasperating clans powerful from their union, and
+from the inaccessibility of the country which they inhabited. The
+tenderness of conscience, the fidelity to an exiled monarch, were made,
+the writers urged, a plea for every species of oppression and petty
+tyranny. The late massacre of Glencoe justified, they said, the measures
+of precaution they were taking; and, finally they threatened, should
+their petition be refused to take refuge in France, carrying with them
+their young hostages, there to proclaim the impolicy and injustice of
+the English Government. This address was dispatched, not to the Privy
+Council, but to the relations and friends of the young prisoners, who
+were interested in procuring a favourable reception for its negotiation;
+and the chiefs who subscribed to this address reasonably expected that
+the fear of their power, exaggerated in the sister kingdom, where a
+total ignorance of the manners and character of the Scottish
+mountaineers existed, would prevail to lend force to their arguments.
+This negotiation was never made public; it proved, however, effectual,
+as far as the comfort of some of the parties engaged in it were
+concerned.
+
+By the influence of the rising party, who, espousing the interests of
+the Princess Anne, were gaining ground in the country during the decline
+of William, Sir Ewan Dhu and Glengarry, who were jointly considered as
+the promoters of this affair, remained unpunished for a manœuvre on
+which public opinion in England was not inclined to pass a very severe
+judgment, after the recent massacre of Glencoe.[253] Some secret
+negotiations placed everything on a secure footing; and, during the
+reign of Queen Anne; the two chieftains lived in tranquillity, their
+mutual regard continuing undiminished during their lives, and becoming
+the subject, after their deaths, of the lays composed in their honour by
+their native bards.
+
+During his latter days, Sir Ewan Dhu had the consolation of seeing his
+son happy in the choice of a wife. Beautiful and good, the young
+Quakeress soon established herself in the good opinions of all those who
+were acquainted with her; and there seems every reason to conclude that
+she inherited the virtues, without the peculiarities of her father,
+Robert Barclay of Urey. That eminent man was descended from a Norman
+family which traced its ancestry to Thomas de Berkley, whose descendants
+established themselves in Scotland. By his mother's side, Barclay was
+allied to the house of Huntley; and by his connection with the heiress
+of the mother's family, a considerable estate in Aberdeenshire was added
+to the honours of antiquity. Unhappily for the lovers of the old Norman
+appellations, the name of de Berkley was changed, in the fifteenth
+century, into that of Barclay. One of Robert Barclay's sons, who became
+a mercer in Cheapside, had the rare fortune of entertaining three
+successive monarchs when they visited the City on the Lord Mayor's
+Day,--George the First, George the Second, and George the Third; whose
+heart, as it is well known, was touched by the beauty of one of the fair
+descendants of Robert Barclay.
+
+Previously to the marriage between Lochiel and the young Quakeress, the
+family into which he entered had been impoverished, and the estate of
+Mathers, from which the Barclays derived their name, sold to defray
+debt.
+
+The career of Robert Barclay was singular. He was first converted to
+Popery during his residence in Paris, when he was fifteen; and he
+changed that faith for the simple persuasion of the Quakers when he had
+attained his nineteenth year. He adopted the tenets of the Friends at a
+period when it required much courage to adhere to a sect who were
+vilified and ridiculed, not only in England but in Scotland. It was to
+refute these attacks against the Quakers that Barclay wrote the book
+entitled, "Truth cleared of Calumnies." His ability and sincerity have
+never been doubted; but some distrust of his reason may be forgiven,
+when we find the Quaker, a grave and happily married man, walking
+through the streets of Aberdeen, clothed in sackcloth and ashes, under
+the notion that he was commanded by the Lord to call the people unto
+repentance; he appealed to witnesses to prove the "agony of his spirit,"
+and how he "had besought the Lord with tears, that this cup might pass
+away from him."
+
+This singular act of humiliation was contrasted by frequent visits to
+the Court of Charles the Second, and to Elizabeth of Bohemia. To the
+house of Stuart, Barclay was ever fondly attached. His father had
+suffered in the civil wars; and the doctrines of non-resistance and
+passive obedience, avowed by the Quakers, were favourable to the Stuart
+dynasty. The last visit which Barclay paid to London was rendered
+memorable by the abdication of James the Second. As he was standing
+beside that monarch, near a window, the King looked out, and remarked
+that "the wind was fair for the Prince of Orange to come over." "It is
+hard," replied Barclay, "that no expedient can be found to satisfy the
+people." James answered, that "he would do anything becoming a
+gentleman, except parting with liberty of conscience, which he would
+never do while he lived." Barclay only survived that eventful period two
+years. His children, singular as it may seem, were all living fifty
+years after their father's death.
+
+To the daughter of this inflexible and courageous man was Cameron of
+Lochiel united. During the first years of their marriage, even before
+the death of Sir Ewan Dhu, they lived peacefully in the home of their
+ancestors; and whilst Anne reigned, that happy tranquillity was
+undisturbed. The name of Anne was long cherished in the Highlands on
+account of the rare intervals of peace and plenty which her rule, and as
+it was thought, her pious prayers, afforded to a ravaged and oppressed
+country. Seven years' famine, during the reign of William, were charged
+upon the monarch's head: plenteous crops and peaceful abundance were
+ascribed to the merits of Queen Anne.[254] Meantime, the gentle and
+happy Lady of Lochiel won all hearts: she was distinguished, as
+tradition reports, for prudence, activity and affability. "One great
+defect," adds Mrs. Grant, "she had, however, which was more felt as such
+in the Highlands than it would have been in any other place. She did
+not, as a certain resolute countrywoman of hers was advised to do,
+'bring forth men-children only;' on the contrary, daughters in
+succession, a thing scarce pardonable in one who was looked up to and
+valued in a great measure as being the supposed mother of a future
+chief. In old times women could only exist while they were defended by
+the warriour and supported by the hunter. When this dire necessity in
+some measure ceas'd, the mode of thinking to which it gave rise
+continued. And after the period of youth and beauty were past, woman was
+only consider'd as having given birth to man. John Locheil's mind was
+above this illiberal prejudice: he loudly welcomed his daughters and
+caress'd their mother on their appearrance as much as if every one of
+them had been a young hero in embryo. His friends and neighbours us'd on
+these occassions to ask in a sneering manner, "What has the lady got?"
+To which he invariably answered, "A lady indeed:" this answer had a more
+pointed significance there than with us. For in the Highlands no one is
+call'd a lady but a person named to the proprietors of an estate. All
+others, however rich or high-born, are only _gentlewomen_. How the
+prediction intentionally included in the chief's answer was fulfill'd,
+will hereafter appear.
+
+"Besides the family title, every Highland chieftain has a patronymic
+deriv'd from the most eminent of their ancestors, probably the founder
+of the family, and certainly the first who confer'd distinction on it.
+Thus Argyle is the son of Colin, Breadalbane the son of Archibald, &c.;
+and the chief of the Camerons was always stil'd son of Donald Dhu, Black
+Donald, whatever his name or complexion may be, as well as the
+appellation deriv'd from it, because it would appear hereditary in the
+family, and at length it became a tradition or prophesy among the clan
+that a fair Lochiel should never prosper."
+
+At length, after the birth of twelve daughters, a son and heir made his
+appearance. But the satisfaction of the clans was dashed by hearing that
+the ill-starred little laird was fair, like his sisters. The prophecy
+that a fair Lochiel should never prosper, was recalled with dismay; and,
+unhappily, the fears of superstition were too mournfully realized by
+fact. The young Cameron was named Donald: his birth was followed by the
+appearance of two other boys,--Archibald, afterwards the ill-fated Dr.
+Cameron, and John, who was called Fassefern, from an estate. "The proud
+prediction of their father," continues Mrs. Grant, "was soon amply
+fulfilled with regard to the daughters of this extraordinary family."
+"Their history," she adds, "unites the extravagance of romance with the
+sober reality of truth."
+
+The twelve daughters of Lochiel were admirably educated, and the fame of
+their modest virtues soon extended through the Highlands. The great
+point in matrimonial alliances in those rude regions was to obtain a
+wife well born, and well allied; and little fortune was ever expected
+with the daughter of a chief. Ancestry was the great point with a
+Highlander, for he believed that defects of mind, as well as of person,
+were hereditary. All, therefore, sought the daughters of Lochiel, as
+coming of an untainted race. The elder ones were married early, and
+seemed, as Mrs. Grant expresses it, by the solicitude to obtain them, as
+ever to increase, like the Sibyl's leaves, in value, as they lessened in
+number. Of the daughters, one, the youngest and the fairest, was
+actually married to Cameron of Glendinning, in the twelfth year of her
+age. She became a widow, and afterwards married Maclean of Kingasleet,
+so that she was successively the wife of two heads of houses. Another,
+Jean Cameron, who was the least comely of her family, but possessed of a
+commanding figure and powerful understanding, was married to Clunie, the
+Chief of the Clan Macpherson. She is said to have been celebrated in the
+pathetic poem, entitled "Lochaber no More," the poet, who laments his
+departure from Lochaber, and his farewell to his Jean, having been an
+officer in one of the regiments stationed at Fort William.
+
+By the marriage of his twelve daughters with the heads of houses, the
+political importance of Lochiel was considerably enhanced, and a
+confederacy, containing many noted families who were bound together by
+opinion and kindred, formed a strong opposition to the reigning
+Government. The sons-in-law of Lochiel were the following chiefs:
+Cameron of Dungallan, Barclay of Urie, Grant of Glenmoriston, Macpherson
+of Clunie, Campbell of Barcaldine, Campbell of Auchalader, Campbell of
+Auchlyne, Maclean of Lochbuy, Macgregor of Bohowdie, Wright of Loss,
+Maclean of Ardgour, and Cameron of Glendinning. All the daughters became
+the mothers of families; "and these numerous descendants, still,"
+observes Mrs. Grant, "cherish the bonds of affinity, now so widely
+diffused, and still boast their descent from these female
+worthies."[255]
+
+Among most of the influential chieftains who espoused the daughters of
+Lochiel, was the celebrated Macpherson of Clunie, who afterwards took a
+very important part in the Rebellions of 1715 and 1745. The career of
+Clunie affords a melancholy, but rare, instance of indecision, if not of
+double dealing, in the Jacobites. Before the battle of Culloden, anxious
+to retrieve his affairs and to ensure his safety, he took the oaths to
+the English Government, and was appointed to a company in Lord Loudon's
+Highlanders. His clan, nevertheless, were eager to join Charles Edward,
+and urged him to lead them to his standard. Clunie hesitated between
+the obligation to his oath, and his secret devotion to the Stuarts. His
+defection irritated the British Government: he became one of those whose
+life was forfeited to the laws. After the battle of Culloden he secreted
+himself, and lived for nine years in a cave, at a short distance from
+the site of his own house, which had been burned by the King's troops.
+The cave was in front of a woody precipice, the trees, &c., completely
+concealing the entrance. It was dug out by his own people, who worked at
+night, or when time had slackened the rigour of the search. Upwards of
+one hundred persons knew of this retreat, and one thousand pounds were
+offered as a reward to any who would discover it. Eighty men were
+stationed there to intimidate the tenantry into a disclosure, but it was
+all in vain; none could be found so base as to betray their chief.[256]
+
+For two years Sir Hector Monro in vain remained in Badenoch, for the
+purpose of discovering Clunie's retreat. The Macphersons remained true
+to their chieftain. At times he emerged from his dark recess, to mingle
+for awhile in the hours of night with his friends, when he was protected
+by the vigilance and affection of his clansmen, unwearied in their work
+of duty. At last, broken-spirited, and despairing of that mercy which
+was accorded by the English Government to so few of the insurgents,
+Clunie escaped to France, and there died, ten years after the fatal
+events of 1745.[257] The estate of this unfortunate chieftain was
+restored to his family, who claim to be the ancient representatives of
+the clan Chattan; with what justice it would be dangerous to declare,
+since no risk could be more rashly encountered than that which is
+incurred in discussing Highland prerogative.
+
+Surrounded by his powerful relatives and fair daughters, Lochiel hailed
+with no very sanguine spirit the coming troubles which quickly followed
+the accession of the house of Hanover. Already was the Jacobite
+association busily at work in the south of Scotland; and it was
+impossible, from the temper of the populace in both nations, not to
+augur, in a short time, some serious popular outbreak. In the minds of
+the Highland chieftains a hatred of English dominion, and a desire of
+independence, constituted even a more potent source of adherence of the
+Stuarts than any personal feeling towards that line. Most of these
+chiefs languished to see a king of their own nation reign over them. To
+such a ruler they would, as they considered, be viewed not as a
+secondary object. Their interests had been neglected in the Treaty of
+Darien,--a settlement which had inspired the landholders of the Low
+Country with aversion to William.
+
+Expectations had also been raised, tending to the belief that Anne,
+secretly well affected to her brother, had made such provisions in her
+will as would ensure the descent of the Crown in the direct line; and
+nothing could exceed the disgust and amazement of the Highlanders when
+they beheld a foreigner seated on a throne, from which, they well knew,
+it would be impossible to dispossess him. "To restore," as Mrs. Grant
+observes, "their ancient race of monarchs to the separate Crown of
+Scotland, was their fondest wish. This visionary project was never
+adopted by the Jacobites at large, who were too well informed to suppose
+it either practicable or eligible. But it serv'd as an engine to excite
+the zeal of bards and sennachies, who were still numerous in the
+Highlands, and in whose poetry strong traces of this airy project may
+still be found."
+
+Soon after the accession of George the First, certain of the Highland
+chieftains dispatched a letter to the Earl of Mar, desiring that
+nobleman to assure the Government of their loyalty and submission. Among
+the names subscribed are those of Lochiel, of his friend Glengarry, and
+of Clunie. The address is said to have been a stratagem of Mar's to gain
+time, and to give him an opportunity of ripening his schemes.[258] But
+it appears more probable that there was, at first, a spirit of
+moderation and a desire for peace in the chieftains, until they were
+afterwards stimulated by the intrigues of the disappointed and baffled
+Earl of Mar. Lochiel, as well as many others, had little to gain, but
+much to lose, in any change of dynasty or convulsion in the state.
+Prosperous, beloved, secure, his fidelity to that which he believed to
+be the right cause was honourable to the highest degree to his
+character. That he was not sanguine in his hopes, is more than probable.
+Before he went to the battle of Sherriff Muir, he arranged his affairs
+so as to be prepared for the worst result that might befal his family.
+The frequent occurrence of feuds and civil wars in Scotland had taught
+the higher classes the use of stratagem and manœuvre in these
+domestic disturbances. It was not unusual for a son and a father often
+to affect to take opposite sides, in order that the estate, happen what
+might, should be preserved to the family; and this was considered as
+consulting the general good of the clan. Lochiel, although he did not
+pursue this plan, yet left his affairs so arranged that, in the most
+fatal results of the Rebellion of 1715, his estate might be protected.
+His sons-in-law, powerful and devoted to the same cause, were well
+qualified to aid and to protect those members of the family who were
+entrusted to their friendly guidance. John Cameron was still styled
+"Cameron the younger, of Lochiel," for the renowned Sir Ewan Dhu was
+living when Mar summoned the chieftains to the hunting-field of Braemar.
+The aged chieftain had, at this time, attained his eighty-seventh year;
+it had been his glory, in early life, to defend a pass near Braemar
+against Cromwell's troops, until the royal army had retired; and, in
+fact, to be the instrument of saving Glencairn's troops, keeping himself
+clear of those cabals which at that time fatally harassed the
+disorganized Royalists. It was now his fate to send forth, under the
+guidance of his son, his gallant Camerons, to the number of eight
+hundred, to espouse the cause of the Stuarts.[259] No jealousies
+disturbed the confidence reposed on the one side, nor alienated
+affection on the other. The affection of the Highlanders for their
+children was one of the softened features in the national character. It
+was usually repaid with a decree of reverence, of filial piety, which,
+however other qualities may have declined and died away in the Highland
+character, have remained, like verdant plants amid autumnal decay. The
+appalling spectacle of a parent forsaken, or even neglected, by a child,
+is a sight never known in the Highlands: nor is the sense of duty
+lessened by absence from the mountains where first the sentiment was
+felt. The Highland soldier, far from his country, is accompanied by this
+holy love, this inexhaustible stimulus to exertion, which induces him to
+save with what may be unjustly called a niggard hand his earnings, to
+support, in their old age, those who have given him birth. "I have
+been," says General Stewart, "a frequent witness of these offerings of
+filial bounty, and the channel through which they were communicated; and
+I have generally found that a threat of informing their parents of
+misconduct, has operated as a sufficient check on young soldiers, who
+always received the intimation with a sort of horror."[260]
+
+Blessed, doubtless, with the approval of his father, Sir Ewan Dhu,
+Lochiel quitted his home. He left a wife whom he loved, a parent whom
+he reverenced, and whose span of life could not be long extended; he
+left a numerous and prosperous family, upon a sense of duty, a principle
+of loyalty, an adherence, so fixed and so sure among the Highlanders, to
+his engagements. The name of Cameron does not appear among the
+chieftains who were assembled at Braemar; but it appears probable that
+he attended the Earl of Mar's summons, since he was cited, by the
+authority of an act passed on the thirtieth of August, to appear at
+Edinburgh, as well as a number of other disaffected chieftains and
+noblemen, to give bail for his allegiance to the Government. The summons
+was not answered by a single individual, and the preparations for the
+fatal insurrection continued in unabated activity.
+
+The details of the hopeless struggle contain no especial mention of John
+Cameron of Lochiel; but, from manuscript sources, we learn that, after
+the battle of Sherriff Muir, he continued with the Jacobite army,
+conducted by General Gordon, to whom James Stuart had entrusted the
+command of that remnant of his gallant and deserted adherents. The
+Jacobite army having marched to Aberdeen, were there informed by General
+Gordon of the flight of the Chevalier, of that of Lord Mar, and of the
+other principal leaders. A letter was then read to them from James,
+declaring that the disappointments which he had met with, especially
+from abroad, had obliged him to leave the country. He thanked his
+subjects for their services, and desired them to advise with General
+Gordon, and to consult their own safety, either by keeping in a body,
+or separating, and encouraged them to hear from him again in a very
+short time. A singular scene ensued. General Gordon and the chief
+officers of the army, are said to have pretended surprise at this
+disclosure, although they were previously in the secret; but the
+indignation of the soldiers was extreme.
+
+"We are basely betrayed," they cried out; "we are all undone; we have
+neither King nor General left!"
+
+Shortly after this crisis, the Jacobite army dispersed; two hundred of
+them, amongst whom were many chieftains, went towards Peterhead,
+intending to embark, in vessels which they knew were waiting for them,
+for France; but the main body of the army marched westward, to
+Strathspey and Strath-dore to the Hills of Badenoch, where they
+separated. The foot-soldiers dispersed into the mountains, near Lochy,
+and the horse went to Lochaber, agreeing to reassemble, such was their
+undaunted fidelity and courage, on receiving notice from the
+Chevalier.[261] But such a summons never came, to arouse those brave men
+from the repose of their glens and fortresses.
+
+Lochiel had entrusted the guidance of his clan to his son, afterwards
+well known by the name of "gentle Lochiel," and the faithful promoter of
+Charles Edward's ill-starred enterprise. Persuaded that the safety and
+honour of his house were safe in the hands of this promising young man,
+who had been purposely kept in ignorance of the projected rising, and
+had taken no part in it, Lochiel resolved to consult his own safety, and
+to follow his royal master to France. After wandering for some time near
+Braemar, and in Badenoch, he escaped by means of one of the French
+frigates which were cruising near the coast of Scotland.[262]
+
+In 1719 Sir Ewan Dhu expired, having witnessed the rise and fall of that
+attempt to restore the Stuarts, which was only succeeded by a more
+desperate and melancholy undertaking. He lived to see his son an exile,
+but he had the consolation of reflecting that the honour of his clan,
+the great desideratum with a chieftain, was yet unstained either by
+cowardice or disloyalty.
+
+The Camerons do not appear to have had any participation in the abortive
+attempt in 1718 to revive the Stuart claim. Considered by the English
+Government as a proscribed rebel, and deemed of too much importance to
+be forgiven, Lochiel passed henceforth most of his days in the
+melancholy court of St. Germains, where he soon perceived how little
+faith there was to be placed in the energy and determination of James
+Stuart. At times his weary exile was relieved by secret visits to his
+own home at Achnacarry, where he found his son, dutiful and amiable,
+holding his possessions as in trust for his father. Lochiel was enabled
+by the power and alliance of his sons-in-law to remain in safety, as
+long as he pleased, during these visits; yet he professed to renounce
+Scotland until a change of Government should facilitate his return as a
+chieftain to his clansmen. In every district he found kindred ready to
+protect him, and he derived much importance from the influence he
+possessed through his children. His sons-in-law were mostly the heads of
+clans, and they all looked up to Lochiel with affectionate reverence.
+Had Lochiel been a remorseless partisan of James, instead of a true
+lover of his country, he might easily have stimulated his kindred, and
+set into motion the whole of that powerful connection of which he was
+the centre. But he perceived too plainly the risk of such a proceeding,
+and wisely declined involving the peaceful and the prosperous in the
+dangers of another contest. His moderate sentiments were confirmed by
+the early wisdom of his son,--one of those bright patterns of human
+excellence, gifted with every charm which attends a noble and gallant
+chieftain.
+
+During the early part of the Rebellion of 1745, John of Lochiel remained
+in France; but, when the battles of Falkirk and of Preston Pans raised
+the hopes of his party, he came over to Scotland, and landed on the
+coasts of Lochaber, a short time before the fatal blow to the Stuart
+cause was given at Culloden. After taking a last look at his house, and
+visiting, with what feelings can well be conceived, the scenes of his
+childhood, the haunts of his ancestry,--the house of Achnacarry, which
+was soon, as he well might conjecture, to be the object of vengeance to
+a foe more ruthless and brutal than ever party spirit had infuriated in
+this country before,--Lochiel, embarking in the vessel which had brought
+him to Scotland, elate with hope, returned to France. His exile was
+cheered by the friendship of the Duke of Berwick, but his heart seems
+ever to have been in Scotland. A few years afterwards he came over again
+privately to Edinburgh, and there his eventful life was closed.[263] His
+estates were included, after the year 1745, in the numerous forfeitures
+which followed the Rebellion; but they were eventually restored, and
+they have remained in possession of the family. Intrepid and amiable as
+John of Lochiel appears to have been, and perilous as was his career,
+his character bears no comparison in interest with that of one who was
+one of the brightest ornaments of his party--his gallant unfortunate
+son.
+
+Donald Cameron of Lochiel, had long exercised the authority of a
+chieftain, before the Rebellion of 1745 entailed upon him a
+participation in occupations still more arduous. He had, in short,
+arrived at middle age when he was called upon to support the claims of
+Charles Edward.
+
+To the virtues and intentions of this chieftain, even his enemies have
+borne tribute. He was accomplished, refined, and courteous; yet brave,
+firm, and daring. The warlike tribes around him, unaccustomed to such a
+combination of qualities, idolized the gallant and the good Lochiel. His
+father, reposing on his honour and prudence, relied with security upon
+his son's management of the family estates, and this confidence was
+never disturbed by presumption on the one hand, nor by suspicion on the
+other.
+
+Donald Cameron had imbibed the principles of his father; and there is
+little doubt but that, during the furtive visits of John Lochiel to
+Scotland, a tacit understanding had been formed between them to support
+the "good old cause," as they termed it, whenever circumstances should
+permit. But Donald Cameron, although "he loved his King well, loved his
+country better;" nor could he be persuaded to endanger the peace of that
+country by a rash enterprise, which could never, as he justly thought,
+prosper without foreign aid, and the hearty co-operation of the English
+Jacobites. His own clansmen were, he well knew, prepared for the
+contest, come when it might; for the conversation of the small gentry
+and of the retainers consisted, to borrow a description from a
+contemporary writer, entirely of disquisitions upon "martiall
+atchievements, deer huntings, and even valuing themselves upon their
+wicked expeditions and incursions upon their innocent low-country
+neighbours. They have gott," adds the same author,[264] "a notion and
+inviollable maxim handed down to them from their forefathers, that they,
+being the only ancient Scotsmen, that whole nation belongs to them in
+property, and look on all the low-country-men as a mixture of Danes,
+Saxons, Normans, and English, who have by violence robbed them of the
+best part of their country, while they themselves are penned up in the
+most mountainous and barren parts thereof to starve; therefore think it
+no injustice to commit dayly depredations upon them, making thereby
+conscience to interrupt their illegal possession (as they call it) in
+case it should prescribe into a right."[265]
+
+It would not have been difficult to have blown such combustible
+materials into a flame; but Donald Cameron adopted a different policy,
+and endeavoured to allay the angry passions of the tribe over which he
+ruled: nevertheless, his own conduct was perfectly consistent with his
+principles; and such was the notion entertained of his integrity and
+moderation, that though he never took the oaths to the reigning family,
+he was indulged in that tenderness of conscience and permitted to remain
+in peace, even though residing in the immediate neighbourhood of a great
+military station.[266]
+
+Donald Cameron had indeed a more valuable stake in the country than
+houses or lands. He was married in the year 1723 to the daughter of Sir
+James Campbell of Auchinbreck, a lady of whom it is high praise to say,
+that she was worthy of being the companion of such a man.
+
+Thus situated, the nominal holder of an estate which, though long
+maintained in the family, is said never to have exceeded in value five
+hundred pounds a-year, and less prejudiced against the English and the
+ruling powers than his predecessors, Donald Cameron felt, it is
+asserted, little desire to promote a second invasion of the country by
+the Chevalier. The slightest intimation of his father's wish to revive
+that cause would have been sufficient to set the whole family
+confederacy into motion; but the wisdom of the younger Lochiel had been
+ripened by the cautious and critical part which he had had to perform in
+life; and that prudent disposition, enforced by his father's
+circumspection, prevented any precipitate measures.
+
+Of the favour and confidence of the Chevalier, Donald Cameron was well
+assured. In 1729, the following letter was addressed to him, under the
+name of Mr. Johnstone, by James.[267]
+
+    "I am glad of this occasion to let you know how well plessed I am to
+    hear of the care you take to follow your father's and uncle's
+    example in their loyalty to me; and I doubt not of your endeavours
+    to maintain the true spirit in the clan. Allan is now with me, and
+    I am always glad to have some of my brave Highlanders about me, whom
+    I value as they deserve. You will deliver the enclosed to its
+    address, and doubt not of my particular regard for you, which I am
+    persuaded you will always deserve.
+
+            (Signed) "JAMES R."
+
+    "April 11, 1727."
+
+In addition to these instructions, Donald Cameron received a letter from
+his uncle, Allan Cameron, (in 1729,) who attended the Chevalier during
+his residence at Albano; from which it appears that a full commission
+had been sent to Lochiel to treat with "such of the King's friends in
+Scotland," as he thought were safe to be trusted concerning his affairs.
+It was also intimated that James had conceived a high opinion of the
+good sense and prudence of Lochiel, from his letters; and encouragement
+was given to any future exertions. The uncle then instructed his nephew
+how to answer the King's letter in the following explicit manner. These
+directions are tolerably minute:[268]
+
+    "I think it proper you should write to the King by the first post
+    after you receive his letter. I need not advise you what to say in
+    answer to such a gracious letter from your King, only let it not be
+    very long. Declare your duty and readiness to execute his Majesty's
+    commands on all occasions, and your sense of the honour he has been
+    pleased to do you in giving you such a commission. I am not to chuse
+    words for you, because I am sure you can express yourself in a
+    dutiful and discreet manner without any help. You are to write, Sir,
+    on a large margin, and to end, Your most faithful and obedient
+    subject and servant; and to address to the King and no more; which
+    inclose to me sealed. I pray send me a copy of it on a paper
+    inclosed, with any other thing that you do not think fit or needful
+    the King should see in your letter to me, because I will shew your
+    answer to this, wherein you may say that you will be mindful of all
+    I wrote to you, and what else you think fit."
+
+To these instructions assurances were added, that the elder Lochiel, who
+had, it seems, been in necessitous circumstances after his attainder,
+and during his exile, should be relieved at the Chevalier's expense; "so
+that," adds the uncle, "your mind may be pretty easy upon that point."
+Donald had, it appears, expressed some discontent at the comparative
+comfort in which some of the exiled Jacobites lived, and the poverty of
+his father's circumstances, which he had observed when in Paris a few
+years previous to this correspondence. Allan Cameron further advised his
+nephew to keep on good terms with Glengarry and all other neighbours; to
+let "byganes, be byganes," as long as such neighbours continue firm to
+the "King's interests;" to avoid private animosities, and yet to keep a
+watch over their fidelity to the cause. "As to Lovat," adds the uncle,
+"be on your guard, but not so as to lose him; on the contrary, you may
+say that the King trusts a great deal to the resolution he has taken to
+serve him, and expects he will continue in that resolution. But, dear
+nephew, you know very well that he must give true and real proof of his
+sincerity by performance, before he can be entirely reckoned on, after
+the part he has acted. This I say to yourself, and therefore you must
+deal with him very dexterously; and I must leave it to your own judgment
+what lengths to go with him, since you know he has always been a man
+whose chief view was his own interest. It is true, he wishes our family
+well; and I doubt not he would wish the King restored, which is his
+interest, if he has the grace to have a hand in it, after what he has
+done. So, upon the whole, I know not what advice to give you, as to
+letting him know that the King wrote you such a letter as you have; but
+in general, you are to make the best of him you can, but still be on
+your guard; for it is not good to put too much in his power before the
+time of executing a good design. The King knows very well how useful he
+can be if sincere, which I have represented as fully as was necessary.
+
+"This letter is of such bulk, that I have inclosed the King's letter
+under cover with another letter addressed for your father, as I will not
+take leave of you till next post. I add only, that I am entirely yours,
+
+            (Signed)    "A. CAMERON."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Eight years afterwards (in 1736), when inquiries were made by the
+Chevalier concerning the temper of the people, and the state of the
+clans, it was stated that the most leading men among the clans were
+Cameron of Lochiel and Sir Alexander Macdonald. The Cameronians were, it
+was stated, well armed, and regularly regimented among themselves, but
+"so giddy and inconstant" that they could not be depended on; only that
+they were strongly enraged against the Government. "The leading men
+among the loyalists were reported much diminished; nor was it easy, from
+the necessity of concealing their sentiments, since the last rising, to
+make any estimate of the amount of those who would enter into any second
+scheme."[269] Considering Cameron of Lochiel as thus empowered to give
+information of the first movements of James, the Jacobites in the
+Highlands were in continual communication with Cameron; yet, perhaps
+considering that those who engaged in the last insurrection, being
+nearly superannuated, would rather wish well to the cause than engage
+again, he still kept the fervent spirits of that political party whom he
+thus regarded in an equable state,--ready to act, yet willing to wait
+for a favourable occasion. In 1740 Donald Cameron signed, nevertheless,
+the association of seven carried by Drummond of Bochaldy to Rome; but
+when the Court of France, after the disaster at Dunkirk, withdrew its
+aid, he was one of those who sent over Murray to dissuade Charles from
+coming to Scotland, unless accompanied by a body of foreign troops:--so
+true were his professions of fidelity, and so finely was that fidelity
+tempered with prudence. Holding these opinions, which were amply
+verified by the result of the Rebellion of 1745, when Donald Cameron
+received a letter from Prince Charles, written at Borodale, and desiring
+to see him immediately, it was in sorrow and perplexity that he received
+the summons. He sent his brother, the unfortunate Dr. Archibald Cameron,
+to urge the Prince to return, and to assure him that he should not join
+in the undertaking. But the Prince persisted in the resolution he had
+formed of persevering in his attempt, and gave to Dr. Cameron the same
+reply that he had already given to others, and then, addressing himself
+to Macdonald of Scothouse, who had gone to the coast to pay his respects
+to the Prince, he asked him if he could go to Lochiel and endeavour to
+persuade him to do his duty. Young Scothouse replied, he would comply
+with the Prince's wishes, and immediately set out for Achnacarry. Such a
+message from such a quarter could not be resisted, and Lochiel prepared
+to accompany young Scothouse to Borodale. Lochiel's reluctance to assent
+was not, however, overcome: his mind misgave him. He knew well the state
+of his country, and he took this first step with an ominous foreboding
+of the issue. He left his home, determined not to take arms. On his way
+to Borodale he called at the house of his brother, John Cameron of
+Fassefern, who came out and inquired what had brought him from home at
+that early hour? Lochiel replied that the Prince had arrived from
+France, and had sent to see him. Fassefern inquired what troops the
+Prince had brought? what money? what arms? Lochiel answered that the
+Prince had brought neither money, nor arms, nor troops, and that he was
+therefore resolved not to be concerned in any attempt, and to dissuade
+Charles from an insurrection. Fassefern approved of his brother's
+decision, but recommended him not to proceed to Borodale, but to
+communicate his resolution by letter. "No," rejoined Lochiel; "it is my
+duty to go to the Prince, and unfold to him my reasons, which admit of
+no reply." "Brother," returned Fassefern, "I know you better than you
+know yourself; if the Prince once sets his eyes upon you, he will make
+you do whatever he pleases."[270]
+
+Lochiel, nevertheless, proceeded to Borodale.
+
+The gallant chief found the Prince surrounded by those who, like
+himself, had consented, unwillingly, to join in the ill-starred
+enterprise. The personal courage of Charles Edward has been doubted; but
+his determination and fearlessness at this critical moment, afford an
+ample contradiction of the charge. Whilst on board the ship which
+brought him to Scotland, it was represented to him that he must keep
+himself very retired, as the garrison at Inverlochie was not far off,
+and as the Campbells in the neighbourhood would be ready to take him. "I
+have no fear about that at all," was his reply. "If I could get six
+stout trusty fellows to join me," he said, on another occasion, "I would
+rather skulk about the mountains of Scotland than return to France."[271]
+
+The Prince was in this temper of mind when Lochiel reached him. Upon his
+arrival at Borodale, the Prince and he immediately retired to a long and
+private conference.
+
+The conversation began, upon the part of Charles, by complaints of the
+treatment which he had received from the Ministers of France, "who had
+long," he said, "amused him with vain hopes, and deceived him with
+promises:" "their coldness in his cause," he added, "but ill agreed with
+the confidence which he had in his own claims, and with the enthusiasm
+which the loyalty of his father's brave and faithful subjects had
+inspired in him." Lochiel acknowledged the engagements of the chiefs,
+but remarked that they were not binding, since his Highness had come
+without the stipulated aid; and, therefore, since there was not the
+least prospect of success, he advised the Prince to return to France,
+and reserve himself and his faithful friends to some more favourable
+opportunity.[272]
+
+This counsel was extremely distasteful to Charles Edward; already had
+the young and gallant Prince declared to one of the Macdonalds, who had
+urged the same opinion, that he did not choose to owe the restoration
+of his father's throne to foreigners, but to his own friends, to whom he
+was now come to put it in their power to have the glory of that
+event.[273] He therefore refused to follow Lochiel's advice, asserting
+that there could not be a more favourable moment than the present, when
+all the British troops were abroad, and kept at bay by Marshal Saxe. In
+Scotland, he added, there were only a few regiments, newly raised, and
+unused to service. These could never stand before the brave Highlanders;
+and the first advantage gained would encourage his father's friends to
+declare themselves, and would ensure foreign aid. He only wanted "the
+Highlanders to begin the war."
+
+"Lochiel," to use the words of Mr. Home, "still resisted, entreating
+Charles to be more temperate, and consent to remain concealed where he
+was, till he (Lochiel) and his other friends should meet together and
+concert what was best to be done." Charles, whose mind was wound up to
+the utmost pitch of impatience, paid no regard to this proposal, but
+answered, that he was determined to put all to the hazard. "In a few
+days," said he, "with the few friends that I have, I will erect the
+royal standard, and proclaim to the people of Britain that Charles
+Stuart is come over to claim the crown of his ancestors, to win it, or
+to perish in the attempt: Lochiel," continued he, "who my father has
+often told me was our firmest friend, may stay at home, and learn from
+the newspapers the fate of his Prince; and so shall every man over whom
+nature or fortune hath given me any power." Such was the singular
+conversation on the result of which depended peace or war; for it is a
+point agreed among the Highlanders, that if Lochiel had persisted in his
+refusal to take arms, the other chiefs would not have joined the
+standard without him, and the spark of rebellion must have instantly
+expired.[274]
+
+To the details of this interview are added others, which somewhat
+reflect upon the disinterestedness of Lochiel. They rest, however, upon
+hearsay evidence; and, since conversations repeated rarely bear exactly
+their original signification, some caution must be given before they are
+credited: yet, even if true, one can scarcely condemn a man who is
+forced into an enterprise from which he shrinks, screening himself from
+all the consequences of defeat, and striving to preserve an inheritance
+which he might justly regard as a trust, rather than a property. It must
+also be remembered that Donald Cameron was at this time only nominally
+the proprietor of the patrimonial estates. The following is the extract
+from Bishop Forbes's diary, from which the information is supplied:--
+
+                                      "Leith, Thursday, April 9, 1752.
+
+    "Alexander Macdonnell, the younger, of Glengary, did me the honour
+    to dine with me. In the course of conversation, I told young
+    Glengary, that I had oftener than once, heard the Viscountess
+    Dowager of Strathallan tell, that Lochiel, junior, had refused to
+    raise a man, or to make any appearance, till the Prince should give
+    him security for the full value of his estate, in the event of the
+    attempt proving abortive. To this young Glengary answered, that it
+    was fact, and that the Prince himself (after returning from France)
+    had frankly told him as much, assigning this as the weighty reason
+    why he (the Prince) had shown so much zeal in providing young
+    Lochiel (preferably to all others) in a regiment. 'For,' said the
+    Prince, 'I must do the best I can, in my present circumstances, to
+    keep my word to Lochiel.' Young Glengary told me, moreover, that
+    Lochiel, junior, (the above bargain with the Prince notwithstanding,)
+    insisted upon another condition before he would join in the attempt,
+    which was, that Glengary, senior, should give it under his hand to
+    raise his clan and join the Prince. Accordingly Glengary, senior,
+    when applied to upon the subject, did actually give it under his
+    hand, that his clan should rise under his own second son as colonel,
+    and Mac Donell, of Lochgary, as lieutenant-colonel. Then, indeed,
+    young Lochiel was gratified in all his demands, and did instantly
+    raise his clan.
+
+    "Glengary, junior, likewise assured me that Cluny Mac Pherson,
+    junior, made the same agreement with the Prince, before he would
+    join the attempt with his followers, as young Lochiel had done,
+    viz. to have security from the Prince for the full value of his
+    estate, lest the expedition should prove unsuccessful; which the
+    Prince accordingly consented unto, and gave security to said Cluny
+    Mac Pherson, junior, for the full value of his estate. Young
+    Glengary declared that he had this from the young Cluny Mac
+    Pherson's own mouth, as a weighty reason why he, Cluny, would not
+    part with the money which the Prince had committed to his care and
+    keeping."
+
+Lochiel, after these arrangements with the Prince, returned to
+Achnacarry, in order to prepare for the undertaking. A deep sadness
+pervaded his deportment when he began thus to fulfil his promise to the
+Prince; but having once embarked in the enterprise, he exerted himself
+with as much zeal and perseverance as if he had engaged in it with the
+full approbation of his judgment. We cannot wonder at his dejection, for
+his assent was the assent of all the clans. It was a point agreed among
+the Highlanders, that had Lochiel not proceeded to take arms, the other
+chiefs would not have joined the standard without him; and the "spark of
+rebellion," thus writes Mr. Home, "must instantly have expired." "Upon
+this," says an eye-witness of the Rebellion, "depended the whole
+undertaking; for had Lochiel stood out, the Prince must either have
+returned to France on board the same frigate that brought him to
+Scotland, or remained privately in the Highlands, waiting for a landing
+of foreign troops. The event has shown that he would have waited for a
+long time."[275]
+
+From henceforth the career of Lochiel was one of activity and of
+exertions which it must have been almost melancholy to witness in one
+whose heart was sorrowing and foreboding. He arranged his papers and
+affairs as a man does before setting out on a journey from which he was
+not to return,[276] and he summoned his followers to give aid to a cause
+which as Mrs. Grant remarks, "a vain waste of blood adorned without
+strengthening."[277] He sent messengers throughout Lochaber and the
+adjacent countries in which the Camerons lived, requiring his chieftains
+to prepare and to accompany their chief to Glenfinnin. Before, however,
+the day appointed had arrived, a party of the Camerons and the
+Macdonalds of Keppoch had begun the war by attacking Captain John Scott,
+at High Bridge, eight miles from Fort William. The chief glory of this
+short but important action is due to Macdonald of Keppoch; the affair
+was over when Lochiel with a troop of Camerons arrived, took charge of
+the prisoners, and carried them to his house at Achnacarry.
+
+On the nineteenth of August (old style), Lochiel, followed by seven
+hundred men, marched to Glenfinnin, where Charles was anxiously awaiting
+his approach. When the Prince landed from one of the lakes in the glen,
+Lochiel was not to be seen; and the adventurer, entering one of the
+hovels, waited there two hours, until the sound of the bagpipes
+announced the approach of the Camerons. These brave men who were thus
+marching to their destiny advanced in two lines of three men deep,
+whilst between the lines were the prisoners taken at High Bridge,
+unarmed, trophies of the first victory of the Jacobites. The Camerons
+were reputed to be as active and strong and as well skilled in the use
+of arms as any of the clans of Scotland, and as little addicted to
+pilfering as any Highlanders at that time could be; for Lochiel had
+taken infinite pains to make them honest, and had administered justice
+among them with no little severity. "He thought," says a writer of the
+time, "his authority sufficient to keep his clan in subjection, and
+never troubled his head whether they obeyed him out of love or from
+fear."[278] Lochiel had not been able to prevail upon any of his
+brothers-in-law to accompany him, although they wished well to the
+undertaking, and, in some instances, afterwards joined it. One member of
+his family made, however, a conspicuous figure in the vale of
+Glenfinnin.
+
+This was the celebrated Jenny Cameron, daughter of Cameron of
+Glendessery, and a kinswoman of Lochiel. She is reported to have been a
+widow, and upwards of forty, according to one account,--to another, of
+fifty years of age. Her father, whose estate did not exceed in value one
+hundred and fifty pounds a year, had endeavoured to improve it by
+dealing in cattle, a business frequently followed even by men of good
+family in the Highlands. He had been some time dead, and the estate had
+devolved upon his grandson, a youth of weak intellect, to whom Miss
+Cameron acted as curatrix or guardian. The young man, although then of
+age, left all matters of business entirely to his aunt; and she came,
+therefore, to the standard of Prince Charles, as the representative of
+her nephew.
+
+Her appearance, if we are to accredit contemporary statements, must have
+been extremely singular. Having collected a troop of two hundred and
+fifty men, she marched at the head of it to the camp at Glenfinnin. She
+was dressed in a sea-green riding-habit, with a scarlet lappet, laced
+with gold; her hair was tied behind in loose curls, and surmounted with
+a velvet cap, and a scarlet feather. She rode a bay gelding, with green
+furniture, richly trimmed with gold; in her hand she carried a naked
+sword instead of a riding-whip. Her countenance is described as being
+agreeable, and her figure handsome;[279] her eyes were fine, and her
+hair as black as jet. In conversation she was full of intelligence and
+vivacity.[280] The Prince, it is said, rode out of the lines to receive
+her, and to welcome the addition to his army, and conducted her to a
+tent with much ceremony. It was reported that Mrs. Cameron continued in
+the camp as the commander of her troop, and accompanied the Prince into
+England. But this account is contradicted by Bishop Forbes. "She was so
+far," he says, "from accompanying the Prince's army, that she went off
+with the rest of the spectators as soon as the army marched; neither did
+she ever follow the camp, nor was ever with the Prince but in
+public,[281] when he had his Court in Edinburgh."[282]
+
+The Prince remained at Glenfinnin two days, and was observed to be in
+high spirits. Here he was presented by Major Macdonell with the first
+good horse that he had mounted in Scotland. Charles Edward then marched
+his little army to Lochiel, which is about five miles from Glenfinnin,
+resting first at Fassefern, the seat of Lochiel's brother, and then
+proceeded to a village called Moidh, belonging to Lochiel.
+
+From this time the fate of Lochiel was inevitably bound up with that of
+the Prince. At the siege of Edinburgh he distinguished himself at the
+head of his Camerons in the following manner:--When the deputies who
+were appointed by the town council to request a further delay from
+Charles set out in a hackney coach for Gray's Mill to prevail upon Lord
+George Murray to second their application, as the Netherbow Port was
+opened to let out their coach, the Camerons, headed by Lochiel, rushed
+in and took possession of the city. The brave chief afterwards obtained
+from Prince Charles the guard of the city, as he was more acquainted
+with Edinburgh than the rest of the Highland chiefs; and his discipline
+was so exact that the city guns, persons, and effects were as secure
+under his care as in the time of peace. There was indeed some pilfering
+in the country, but not more than was to be expected in the
+neighbourhood of an army of undisciplined Highlanders.
+
+Lochiel remained in Edinburgh while the Prince continued there, and
+witnessed the brief splendour of the young Chevalier's Court: it is thus
+described by an eye-witness:[283]--"The Prince's Court at Holyrood soon
+became very brilliant. There were every day, from morning till night, a
+vast affluence of well-dressed people. Besides the gentlemen that had
+joined or come upon business, or to pay their court, there were a great
+number of ladies and gentlemen that came either out of affection or
+curiosity, besides the desire of seeing the Prince. There had not been a
+Court in Scotland for a long time, and people came from all quarters to
+see so many novelties. One would have thought the King was already
+restored, and in peaceable possession of all the dominions of his
+ancestors, and that the Prince had only made a trip to Scotland to show
+himself to the people and receive their homage. Such was the splendour
+of the Court, and such the satisfaction that appeared in everybody's
+countenance."
+
+At the battle of Falkirk, Lochiel was slightly wounded, as well as his
+brother Archibald.[284] Throughout that engagement, as well as during
+the whole of the unhappy contest of 1745-6, Lochiel distinguished
+himself by his clemency, gallantry, and good faith. An incident which
+happened after the battle of Falkirk, shows the respect paid to the head
+of the clan.
+
+While Charles Edward was standing at an open window at his house in
+Falkirk, reading a list of prisoners just presented by Lord Kilmarnock,
+a soldier in the uniform of one of King George's regiments made his
+appearance in the street below. He was armed with a musket and bayonet,
+and wore a black cockade in his hat, as it appeared, by way of defiance.
+Upon perceiving this, Charles directed the attention of Lord Kilmarnock,
+who was standing near him, to the soldier. Lord Kilmarnock ran down
+stairs immediately, went up to the soldier, struck the hat off his head,
+and set his foot on the black cockade. At that instant a Highlander came
+running across the street, and laid hands on Lord Kilmarnock, and pushed
+him back. Lord Kilmarnock pulled out a pistol and presented it at the
+Highlander's head: the Highlander drew out his dirk and pointed it at
+Lord Kilmarnock's heart. After remaining in this position a few seconds
+they were separated: the man with the dirk took up the hat and put it on
+the head of the soldier, who was marched off in triumph by the
+Highlanders.
+
+This little scene was explained to some of the bystanders thus: The man
+in the King's uniform was a Cameron, who, after the defeat of the
+Government army, had joined his clan. He was received with joy by the
+Camerons, who permitted him to wear his uniform until others could be
+procured. The Highlander who pointed the dirk at Lord Kilmarnock's
+breast, was the soldier's brother; the crowd who surrounded him were his
+kinsmen of the clan. No one, it was their opinion, "could take that
+cockade out of the soldier's cap, except Lochiel himself."[285] Lochiel
+accompanied the Prince in his disastrous expedition to Derby.
+
+At the end of February 1746, he was sent with General Stapleton to
+besiege Fort William. He left that enterprise when summoned by Charles
+Edward to assemble around his standard on the field of Culloden. On the
+eventful fourteenth of April, the day before the battle, Lochiel joined
+the Prince's army: that night, the Highlanders, who never pitched a
+tent, lay among the furze and trees of Culloden Wood, whilst their young
+leader slept beneath the roof of Culloden House.
+
+The following extract from the Duke of Cumberland's orderly-book shows
+how closely that able general and detestable individual had studied the
+habits of those whom it was his lot to conquer; and mark also his
+contempt for the "Lowlanders and arrant scum" who sometimes made up the
+lines behind the Highlanders.[286]
+
+                     "Edinburgh, 12 Jan. 1745-6. Sunday Parole, Derby.
+
+    "Field-officer for the day: to-morrow Major Willson. The manner of
+    the Highlander's way of fighting, which there is nothing so easy to
+    resist, if officers and men are not prepossessed with the lyes and
+    accounts which are told of them. They commonly form their front rank
+    of what they call their best men, or true Highlanders, the number of
+    which being allways but few, when they form in battallions they
+    commonly form four deep, and these Highlanders form the front of the
+    four, the rest being Lowlanders and arrant scum; when these
+    battallions come within a large musket-shott, or three-score yards,
+    this front rank gives their fire and immediately throw down their
+    firelocks and come down in a cluster with their swords and targets,
+    making a noise and endeavouring to pearce the body, or battallions
+    before them. Becoming twelve or fourteen deep by the time they come
+    up to the people, they attack. The sure way to demolish them is at
+    three deep to fire by ranks diagonally to the centre where they
+    come, the rear rank first, and even that rank not to fire till they
+    are within ten or twelve paces; but if the fire is given at a
+    distance you probably will be broke, for you never get time to load
+    a second cartridge; and if you give way, you may give your foot for
+    dead, for they being without a firelock, or any load, no man with
+    his arms, accoutrements, &c. can escape them, and they give no
+    quarters; but if you will but observe the above directions, the are
+    the most despicable enemy that are."
+
+On the following day when the army, being drawn up on Drumossie Moor,
+waited in vain till mid-day for the approach of the enemy, Charles
+addressed his generals and chiefs, and proposed to attack the Duke of
+Cumberland's camp at Nairn that evening.
+
+His proposal was, unfortunately for his brave followers, not seconded by
+the powerful voice of Lord George Murray. Lochiel, who was not a man
+given to much elocution, recommended delay, and urged that the army
+would be at least fifteen hundred stronger on the following day. The
+return of the army to Culloden, fatigued and famished, between five and
+six o'clock on the following morning, was the result of that ill-advised
+attempt. At eight o'clock the alarm was given at Culloden House by one
+of the clan Cameron, that the Duke's army was in full march towards
+them.
+
+When the army was formed into two lines, Lochiel's regiment was placed
+on the left, next to the Athole Brigade. The Camerons, with the
+Maclaclans and Macleans, the Mackintoshes, the Stuarts, attacked sword
+in hand. Most of the chiefs who commanded these five regiments were
+killed, and Cameron of Lochiel, advancing at the head of his regiment,
+was so near Burrel's regiment[287] that he had fired his pistol, and was
+drawing his sword when he fell wounded with grape-shot in both ankles.
+His two brothers, afterwards more unfortunate even than himself, were on
+each side of him; they raised him up, and bore him off the field in
+their arms. The Camerons, at the field of Culloden, sustained the
+greatness of their fame; nor have the imputations which were cast upon
+other clans, perhaps had a just foundation of truth. No reliance can be
+placed upon the opinions of the English press at the time.[288]
+
+The blood of Cameron of Lochiel was sought, as Mrs. Grant expresses it,
+with the "most venomous perseverance." His own country, to which he was
+at first removed, affording him no shelter,[289] he sheltered himself in
+the Braes of Bannoch. He suffered long from his wounds, until in June,
+his friend Clunie Macpherson brought from Edinburgh a physician, Sir
+Stewart Threipland, who gave him the benefit of his aid. Meantime the
+spirit of Lochiel remained undaunted; and he who had entered into the
+insurrection unwillingly, was almost the last to give up the cause. A
+resolution was taken on the eighth of May by the chieftains to raise
+each a body of men, for the service of the Prince; and the rendezvous
+was appointed at Achnacarry on the fifteenth instant. We find a letter
+addressed by Lochiel on May the twenty-fifth to the chiefs, accounting
+for his not having met them according to promise, by the risk of a
+surprise, and recommending them to keep quiet until a promised succour
+from France. The letter speaks the language of hope; but whether that
+was the real feeling of the writer, or only intended to keep up
+exertion, cannot be ascertained. In the postscript Lochiel states his
+regret that many had given up their arms without his knowledge. "I
+cannot," he adds, "take upon me to direct in this particular, but to
+give my opinion, and let every one judge for himself."
+
+During May, Lochiel continued at Loch Arkeg, preparing for a summer
+campaign, and corresponding with Clunie Macpherson and with the
+treacherous Murray of Broughton on the subject. He was, at this time, in
+want of food and money. "I have scarcely a sufficiency of meal," he
+writes, "to serve myself and the gentlemen who are with me for four
+days, and can get none to purchase in this country."[290] After the
+breaking up of the scheme of fresh cooperations in May, and when
+Lochaber was occupied by the Government troops, Lochiel became anxious
+to retire to Badenoch. This district is one of the wildest parts of the
+Highlands; though destitute of wood, it afforded shelter in its rocky
+dens and in the sides of its rugged hills. Not only did Lochiel desire
+repose and safety, but he longed to be beyond the reach of those
+heartrending accounts which were ever brought to him of the sufferings
+of his people, and of the dwellers in Lochaber. The severities and
+cruelties of the military, licensed by the Duke of Cumberland to every
+atrocity, to use the simple language of Mr. Forbes, "bore very hard upon
+him." One day[291] when accounts were brought to Lochiel, in Badenoch,
+that the poor people in Lochaber had been so pillaged and harassed that
+they had really no necessaries to keep in their lives, Lochiel took out
+his purse and gave all the money he could well spare to be distributed
+among such in Lochaber. "And," said a friend who was with him, "I
+remember nothing better than that Sir Stewart Threipland at that time
+took out his purse and gave five guineas, expressing himself in these
+words: "I am sure that I have not so much for myself; but then, if I be
+spared I know where to get more, whereas these poor people know not
+where to get the smallest assistance!""
+
+Meantime the news reached Lochiel of the total destruction of his house
+at Achnacarrie. Previously to the demolition of the house, the family
+had buried or concealed many things in the earth. The English soldiers,
+encamping round the smoking ruins, are said, on tradition, to have
+actually boiled their kettles at the foot of each of a fine avenue of
+plane-trees. The avenue remains, and fissures can still be traced
+running up the stem of each tree. Not a memorial of the House of
+Achnacarrie remained. For this, and other acts of wanton barbarity, the
+pretext was that the Camerons, as well as other tribes, had promised to
+surrender arms at a certain time, but had broken their word. "His Royal
+Highness, the Duke of Cumberland," to borrow from a contemporary writer,
+"began with the rebels in a gentle, paternal way, with soft admonitions,
+with a promise of protection to all the common people that would bring
+in their arms, and submit to mercy." Since, however, some equivocated,
+and others broke their word, the Duke was obliged to lay "the rod on
+more heavy." Fire and sword were therefore carried through the country
+of the Camerons; the cattle were driven away; even the cotter's hut
+escaped not: the homes of the poor were laid in ashes: their sheep and
+pigs slaughtered: and the wretched inmates of the huts, flying to the
+mountains, were found there, some expiring, some actually dead of
+hunger. The houses of the clergy were crowded with the homeless and
+starving: whole districts were depopulated: the Sabbath was outraged by
+acts of destruction, which wounded, in the nicest point, the feelings
+of the religious mountaineer; and the goods of the rebels were publicly
+auctioned, without any warrant of a civil court. During all these
+proceedings, the "jovial Duke," as he was called, was making merry at
+Fort Augustus in a manner which, if possible, casts more odium on his
+memory even than his atrocious and unpunished cruelties.[292]
+
+Achnacarrie was razed to the ground. A modern structure, suitable in
+splendour to the truly noble family who possess it, has arisen in its
+place; but no erection can restore the house of Sir Ewan Dhu, and the
+home of his "gentle" grandson, Donald Cameron. As the plunderers
+ransacked the house, they found a picture of Lochiel, and one which was
+accounted a good likeness. This was given to the soldiers, who were
+dispatched over Corryarie in search of the wounded and unfortunate
+original. On the top of that mountain the military encountered
+Macpherson of Urie, who, being of a fair and pleasing aspect, was
+mistaken by them for Lochiel.
+
+"Urie," writes Mrs. Grant, who had the story from himself, "was a
+Jacobite, and had been _out_, as the phrase was then. The soldiers
+seized him, and assured him he was a d----d rebel, and that his title
+was Lochiel. He, in turn, assured them that he was neither d----d, nor a
+rebel, nor by any means Lochiel. When he understood, however, that they
+were in search of Lochiel, and going in the very direction where he lay
+concealed, he gave them reason finally to suppose he was the person they
+sought. They returned to Fort Augustus where the Duke of Cumberland then
+lay, in great triumph with their prisoners; Urie, as he expected, from
+the indulgence of some who were about the Duke, was very soon set at
+liberty."
+
+This temporary captivity of Urie had, however, the effect of allowing
+Lochiel time to contrive means of escape from the country. There was
+one, however, dear to him as his own life, whose continuance in Scotland
+ensured that of Lochiel. This was Prince Charles, who evinced for
+Lochiel a regard, and displayed a degree of confidence in his fidelity,
+which were amply merited by the tried affection of the chieftain. For
+nearly three months Lochiel remained ignorant of the fate of Charles,
+until the joyful tidings were brought of his being safe at Loch-Arkeg.
+Lochiel was at Ben Aulder, a hill of great circumference in Badenoch,
+when he received this intelligence from one of his tenants named
+Macpherson, who was sent by Cameron of Clunes to find out Lochiel and
+Clunie, and to inform them that their young master was safe.
+
+Upon the return of Macpherson to Cameron of Clunes, the Prince, being
+informed where Lochiel was, sent Lochgarry and Dr. Archibald Cameron
+with a message to them. Since it was impossible that Lochiel could go to
+the Prince on account of his wounds, it was agreed between Lochiel and
+these friends, that Charles should take refuge near Achnacarrie, as the
+safest place for him to pass some time; and Dr. Cameron and Lochgarry
+returned to Charles to impart the details of this arrangement. The
+attachment of Charles to Lochiel was shown in a very forcible manner:
+when he was informed that the chief was safe and recovering, he
+expressed the greatest satisfaction, and fervently returned thanks to
+God. The ejaculation of praise and thanksgiving was reiterated three or
+four times.
+
+Charles now crossed Loch Arkeg, and took up his abode in a fir-wood on
+the west side of the lake, to await the arrival of Clunie, who had
+promised to meet him there. The impatience of the Prince to behold his
+friends Clunie and Lochiel was so great, that he set out for Badenoch
+before Clunie could arrive.
+
+Lochiel had, during the months of June and July, remained on Ben Aulder,
+under which name is comprehended a great chase belonging to Clunie. His
+dwelling was a miserable shieling at Mellamir, which contained him and
+his friend Macpherson of Breackachie, also his principal servant, Allan
+Cameron, and two servants of Clunie. Here Clunie and Lochiel, who were
+cousins-german, were chiefly supplied with provisions by Macpherson of
+Breackachie, who was married to a sister of Clunie. The secret of their
+retreat was known to many persons; but the fidelity of the Highlanders
+was such, that though the Earl of Loudon had a military post not many
+miles from Ben Aulder, he had not the slightest knowledge of the place
+of Lochiel's concealment. The same high principle which guarded Prince
+Charles in his wanderings, and resisted the temptation of a large
+reward, protected Lochiel in his retirement.
+
+In this retreat he was found by the Prince, who had missed Clunie, and
+had gradually made his way through Badenoch to the Braes of Bannoch,
+accompanied by five persons. When Lochiel from his hut beheld a party
+approaching, all armed, he concluded that a troop of militia were coming
+to seize him. Lame as he was, it was in vain to think of retreating: he
+held a short conference with his friends, and then resolved to receive
+the supposed assailants with a general discharge of fire-arms. He had
+twelve firelocks and some small pistols in the botine or hut; these were
+all made ready, the pieces levelled, and planted; and Lochiel and his
+friends trusted to getting the better of the searchers, whose number did
+not exceed their own. Thus Charles Edward, after the unparalleled
+dangers of his recent wanderings, ran a risk of being killed by one of
+his most devoted adherents! "But," observes Clunie, in relating this
+circumstance, "the auspicious hand of God, and his providence, so
+apparent at all times in the preservation of his Royal Highness,
+prevented those within from firing at the Prince and his four
+attendants, for they came at last so near that they were known by those
+within."[293]
+
+It was, indeed, no difficult matter to discern in the person of Charles
+Edward the handsome and princely youth who had presided over the Court
+at Holyrood. He had discarded the old black kilt, philibeg, and
+waistcoat which he had worn at Loch Arkeg, for a coarse, brown, short
+coat: a new article of dress, such as a pair of shoes and a new shirt,
+had lately replenished his wardrobe. He had a long red beard, and wore a
+pistol and dirk by his side, carrying always a gun in his hand. Yet "the
+young Italian," as the Whigs delighted to call him, had braved the
+rigours of his fate, and thriven beneath the severities of the Scottish
+climate. His spirits were good; his frame, originally slender, had
+become robust: he had fared in the rudest manner, and had acquired the
+faculty of sleeping soundly, even with the dread of a surprise ever
+before him.
+
+Lochiel, on the other hand, was lame, and had suffered long from his
+close quarters, and from anxiety and sorrow. Tradition has brought down
+to us the accounts of the chief's personal beauty. Though fair, he was
+not effeminate; his countenance was regular and expressive. But those
+attributes which completed the romance of Lochiel's character must have
+been almost obliterated during these months of trial, infirm health, and
+uncured wounds. His spirit was not yet subdued. Eventually that noble
+heart was broken by all that it had endured, but, at that epoch of his
+eventful life, it still throbbed with hope.
+
+When Lochiel perceived that it was Charles Edward who approached, he
+made the best of his way, though lame, to receive his Prince. "The joy
+at this meeting," writes Clunie, "is much easier to be conceived than
+described." Lochiel attempted to kneel. "Oh no, my dear Lochiel!" cried
+the Prince; "we do not know who may be looking from the top of yonder
+hills; and if they see any such motions, they will conclude that I am
+here." Lochiel then shewed him into his habitation, and gave him the
+best welcome that he could: the Prince, followed by his retinue, among
+whom were the two outlaws, or "broken men," who had succoured him, and
+whom he had retained in his service, entered the hut.[294] A repast,
+almost amounting to a feast in the eyes of these fugitives, was prepared
+for them, having been brought by young Breackachie. It consisted of a
+plentiful supply of mutton; an anker of whiskey, containing twenty
+Scots' pints; some good beef sausages, made the year before; with plenty
+of butter and cheese, besides a well-cured ham. The Prince pledged his
+friends in a hearty dram, and frequently (perhaps, as the event showed,
+too frequently) called for the same inspiring toast again. When some
+minced collops were dressed with butter, in a large saucepan always
+carried about with them, by Clunie and Lochiel, Charles Edward,
+partaking heartily of that incomparable dish, exclaimed, "Now,
+gentlemen, I live like a prince." "Have you," he said to Lochiel,
+"always lived so well here?" "Yes, sir," replied the chief; "for three
+months, since I have been here with my cousin Clunie, he has provided me
+so well, that I have had plenty of such as you see. I thank Heaven your
+Highness has been spared to take a part!"
+
+On the arrival of Clunie two days afterwards, the royal fugitive and his
+friend Lochiel removed from Mellamur, and went two miles further into
+Ben Aulder, until they reached a shiel called Uiskchiboa, where the hut
+was peculiarly wretched and smoky; "yet his Royal Highness," as Clunie
+related, "put up with everything." Here they remained for two or three
+nights, and then went to a habitation still two miles further into Ben
+Aulder, for no less remote retreat was thought secure. This retreat was
+prepared by Clunie, and obtained the name of the Cage. "It was," as he
+himself relates, "a great curiosity, and can scarcely be described to
+perfection." It is best to give the account of the edifice which he had
+himself constructed, in Macpherson's own words. "It was situated in the
+face of a very rough, high, and rocky mountain, called Lettemilichk,
+still a part of Ben Aulder, full of great stones and crevices, and some
+scattered wood interspersed. The habitation called the Cage, in the face
+of that mountain, was within a small but thick wood. There were first
+some rows of trees laid down, in order to level a floor for the
+habitation; and, as the place was steep, this raised the lower side to
+an equal height with the other; and these trees, in the way of joists
+or planks, were levelled with earth or gravel. There were betwixt the
+trees, growing naturally on their own roots, some stakes fixed in the
+earth, which, with the trees, were interwoven with ropes, made of heath
+or birch-twigs, up to the top of the Cage, it being of a round or rather
+oval shape, and the whole thatched and covered over with bog. This whole
+fabric hung, as it were, by a large tree, which reclined from the one
+end, all along the roof to the other, and which gave it the name of the
+Cage; and by chance there happened to be two stones, at a small distance
+from one another, in the side next the precipice, resembling the pillars
+of a chimney, where the fire was placed. The smoke had its vent out
+here, all along the face of the rock, which was so much of the same
+colour that one could discover no difference in the clearest day. The
+Cage was no larger than to contain six or seven persons, four of whom
+were frequently employed playing at cards, one idle looking on, one
+baking, and another fixing bread and cooking."[295]
+
+Charles and Lochiel remained six or seven days in this seclusion, which
+was one of several to which Clunie was in the habit of retiring, never
+even informing his wife or his most attached friends whither he was
+going. But the deliverance of the Prince and Lochiel was now at hand.
+Several small vessels had arrived from France, and touched on the west
+coast, expressly to carry away the Prince, but not being able to find
+him out, they had returned. By the fidelity of the Highlanders and the
+connection between every member of the different clans, the Prince had
+been able to keep up a continual communication with persons on the
+coast, without discovery. This was managed by some of his adherents
+skulking near the shore; and though they knew not where Charles was, yet
+they conveyed the intelligence to others, who imparted it to persons in
+the interior, who again told it to those who were acquainted with the
+obscure place of his retreat. At last two French vessels, l'Heureux and
+la Princesse de Conti, departed under the command of Colonel Warren,
+from St. Malo, and arrived at Lochnarmagh early in September. This event
+was communicated to Cameron of Clunes, who, on the other hand, learned
+where the Prince was from a poor woman. A messenger was immediately
+dispatched to the Cage, and he reached that place on the thirteenth of
+September. Charles Edward and Lochiel now prepared to bid Scotland a
+final adieu. Notices were sent round by the Prince to different friends
+who might choose to avail themselves of this opportunity of escape; and
+it was intimated to them that they might join him if they were inclined.
+
+The place of embarkation was Borodale, whence Charles had first summoned
+Lochiel to support his cause. The party travelled only by night, and
+were six days on their road. They were joined by Glengary, John Roy
+Stewart, Dr. Cameron, and a number of other adherents. On the twentieth
+of September they left Lochnarmagh, and had a fair passage to the coast
+of France. The Prince had intended to sail direct for Nantes, but he
+altered his course in order to escape Admiral Lestoch's squadron; and
+after being chased by two men-of-war, he landed at Morlaix, in Lower
+Bretagne, in a thick fog, on the twenty-ninth of September.
+
+Lochiel was accompanied in his flight to France by his wife, the
+faithful and affectionate associate of his exile. His eldest son was
+left in the charge of his brother Cameron, of Fassefern. In Paris
+Lochiel found his father, who was then eighty years of age; and to this
+aged chief the Prince paid the well-merited compliment of placing him in
+the same carriage with himself and Lord Lewis Gordon, when he first went
+to the Court of Louis the Fifteenth in state. The Prince was followed on
+that occasion by a number of his friends, both in coaches and on
+horseback. Lord Ogilvy, Lord Elcho, and the Prince's secretary Kelly,
+preceded the royal carriage: the younger Lochiel and several gentlemen
+followed on horseback. Amid this noble train of brave men, the Prince
+appeared pre-eminent in the splendour of his dress. A coat of
+rose-coloured velvet, lined with silver tissue, presented a singular
+contrast to the brown short coat in which some of his adherents had
+formerly seen him. His waistcoat was of gold brocade with a spangled
+fringe, set out in scollops, and the white cockade in his hat was
+studded with diamonds. The order of St. Andrew and the George on his
+breast were adorned with the same jewels: "he glittered," as an
+eye-witness observed, "all over like the star which they tell you
+appeared at his nativity." But all this display, and the feigned
+kindness of his reception, were but the prelude to a heartless
+abandonment of his cause on the part of Louis the Fifteenth.
+
+Lochiel was, eventually, provided for by the French Monarch. He was made
+Colonel of a French regiment, and having a peculiar faculty of attaching
+others to him, he soon became beloved by those under his command. The
+Prince showed him affectionate respect; and, blessed in the society of
+his wife, and in a daughter whom he called Donalda, Lochiel might have
+passed the rest of his days in tranquil submission to the course of
+events: but his heart yearned for Scotland; he could not give up the
+hopes of another expedition, which he desired to undertake with any
+force that could be collected. Cherishing this scheme, the coldness of
+the Court of France, and the rashness of the Prince, gave great sorrow
+to his harassed mind. Soon after his arrival in Paris he opened a
+correspondence with the Chevalier St. George, and represented to him
+that the misfortunes which had befallen the cause were not
+irretrievable, and that if ten regiments only could be landed in
+Scotland before the depopulating system adopted by the English
+Government had taken effect, an insurrection might again be raised with
+good grounds for the hope of success.
+
+Still hoping thus to return to his country, and again to take arms in
+her service, as he deemed it, it was long before Lochiel consented to
+accept the command of the French regiment, "intending still," as he
+said, "to share the fate of his people." "I told his Royal Highness," he
+wrote to the Chevalier St. George, "that Lord Ogilvy or others might
+incline to make a figure in France, but my ambition was to save the
+crown and serve my country, or perish with it. His Royal Highness said,
+he was doing all he could, but persisted in his resolution to procure me
+a regiment. If it is obtained, I shall accept it out of respect to the
+Prince; but I hope your Majesty will approve of the resolution I have
+taken to share in the fate of the people I have undone, and, if they
+must be sacrificed, to fall along with them. This is the only way I can
+free myself from the reproach of their blood, and show the disinterested
+zeal with which I have lived, and shall dye.
+
+"Your Majesty's most humble, most obedient, and most faithful
+servant."[296]
+
+When Prince Charles, disheartened at the growing indifference of the
+French Court to his interests, contemplated leaving Paris, Lochiel
+objected to a proposal which seemed to imply an abandonment of the
+cause which he had pledged himself to support. His representations to
+the Prince were ineffectual, for a stronger influence had arisen to
+baffle the endeavours of Charles's friends; and he was under the sway of
+one who was, not inaptly, termed "his Delilah." He left Paris and
+arrived at Avignon, to which place Lochiel addressed to him a letter
+full of the most cogent reasons why he should not leave Paris. From his
+arguments it appears that the English Jacobites had expressed their
+willingness to rise, had the Prince either supplied them with arms or
+brought them troops to support them.
+
+"For Heaven's sake, sir," wrote Lochiel,[297] "be pleased to consider
+these circumstances with the attention that their importance deserves;
+and that your honour, your essential interest, the preservation of the
+royal cause, and the bleeding state of your suffering friends, require
+of you. Let me beg of your Royal Highness, in the most humble and
+earnest manner, to reflect that your reputation must suffer in the
+opinion of all mankind, if there should be room to suppose that you had
+slighted or neglected any possible means of retrieving your affairs."
+
+These remonstrances were at last so far effectual, that Charles returned
+to Paris, and was only again removed from that capital by force.
+
+The spirit of Lochiel was meantime broken by the mournful tidings which
+reached him of the death of friends on the scaffold, the cruelties
+enacted in Scotland, and, more than all, of the Act which took effect
+in August 1747, disarming the Highlanders and restraining the use of the
+Highland garb. By this statute it was made penal to wear the national
+costume: a first offence was punished with six months' imprisonment; a
+second, with transportation for seven years. Such were the efforts made
+to break the union of a fiery but faithful people, and such the attempt
+to produce a complete revolution in the national habits!
+
+Many were the projects which amused the exiled Jacobites into hopes that
+ended in bitter disappointment, and many the fleeting visions of a
+restoration of the Stuarts. During one of these brief chimeras, Lochiel
+and Clunie visited Charles at a retreat on the Upper Rhine, whither he
+had retired after the perfidious imprisonment at the Castle of
+Vincennes. They found the Prince sunk in the lassitude which succeeds a
+long course of exciting events, and of smothered but not subdued misery.
+The visit yielded to neither party satisfaction. Charles was deaf to the
+remonstrances of Lochiel, and Lochiel beheld his Prince wholly devoted
+to Miss Walkinshaw and her daughter, afterwards Countess of Albany, and
+completely under the influence of his mistress, who was regarded by
+Lochiel and Clunie as a spy of Hanover.
+
+Lochiel left the Prince, and they never met again. The health of the
+chief began to decline; his malady was a mental one, and admitted of no
+cure but a return to those vassals who had been so faithful and so much
+attached to him, and to friends with whose misfortunes he seems to have
+blamed himself. Of the affection of the clansmen he received frequent
+proofs. "The estates of Lochiel," says Mrs. Grant, "were forfeited like
+others, and paid a moderate rate to the Crown, such as they had formerly
+given to their chief. The domain formerly occupied by the Laird was
+taken on his behoof by his brother. The tenants brought each a horse,
+cow, colt, or heifer, as a free-will offering, till this ample
+grazing-farm was as well stocked as formerly. Not content with this,
+they sent a yearly tribute of affection to their beloved chief,
+independent of the rents they paid to the commissioners for the
+forfeited estates. Lochiel's lady and her daughters once or twice made a
+sorrowful pilgrimage among their friends and tenants. These last
+received them with a tenderness and respect which seemed augmented by
+the adversity into which they were plunged."
+
+At last the suffering spirit was released. Lochiel is conjectured to
+have died about the year 1760, and is generally thought to have sunk
+under the pressure of hopeless sorrow, or, to use the words of one who
+spoke from tradition, "of a broken heart." His daughter Donalda, who was
+about fourteen at the time of his death, had attached herself so fondly
+to her father, that after his decease she pined away, and never
+recovered. She died soon after her father, and the mother did not long
+survive her daughter. Never, perhaps, did a brave and unfortunate man
+sink to rest more honoured by society at large, more admired and
+respected by his friends, more revered by his vassals, than the gentle
+Lochiel. The beauty of his character showed itself also in the close
+ties of domestic life: and in some of these, more particularly as a
+brother, his warm and constant affections were destined to be severely
+wounded. He felt deeply the banishment of his brother Cameron of
+Fassefern; and still more severely the cruel fate of another brother,
+Dr. Archibald Cameron. The fate of that young man, who attended Charles
+Edward in most of his wanderings, presents, indeed, one of the saddest
+episodes of this melancholy period. Dr. Cameron, after sharing the
+dangers which the Prince ran, and following him to France, returned to
+Scotland in 1749. Charles Edward had left a large sum of money in the
+charge of Macpherson of Clunie, upon leaving Scotland; and Dr. Cameron
+was privy to the concealment of the money. He visited Clunie, and
+obtained from him six thousand louis-d'ors, for which, however, Clunie
+took Dr. Cameron's receipt. In 1753, Dr. Cameron made another visit,
+which is conjectured to have had a similar object. The money was
+concealed near Loch Arkeg, to the amount of twenty-two thousand
+louis-d'ors. Some degree of obscurity rests upon this transaction, which
+undoubtedly throws a degree of discredit on the memory of Dr. Cameron.
+Among the Stuart papers there is a letter from Mr. Ludovick Cameron to
+Prince Charles, alluding to the "misfortune" of his nephew, Dr. Cameron,
+in taking away a good round sum of his Highness's money, and clearing
+himself from the imputation. This proves that there was no commission,
+as it has been suggested,[298] to Dr. Cameron, but that the transaction
+was regarded in a disgraceful light, even by the relative of the
+unfortunate young man.
+
+A severe retribution awaited the offender, who intended, it is said, to
+enter into a mercantile concern at Glasgow with the money thus procured.
+He was taken prisoner in the house of Stewart of Glenbuckie, by a party
+of soldiers from the garrison at Inversnaid. He was carried to London,
+arraigned upon the Act of Attainder in 1745, in which his name was
+included, and sentenced to the death of a traitor. His wife, who then
+resided at Lisle, hurried to London to proffer fruitless petitions for
+mercy. Whatever may have been Dr. Cameron's errors, his death was worthy
+of the name he bore, and he sustained his fate with calmness and
+resignation. Seven children were left to deplore his loss. The Chevalier
+St. George, kindly passing over his fault, wrote of him in these terms.
+"I am a stranger to the motives which carried poor Archibald Cameron
+into Scotland; but whatever they may have been, his fate gives me the
+more concern, as I own I could not bring myself to believe that the
+English Government would carry their rigour so far." The French
+Government settled a pension of one thousand five hundred livres upon
+Mrs. Cameron, and an annual allowance of two hundred livres to each of
+her sons, who were in their service. The unfortunate Dr. Cameron was
+buried in the Savoy in London. The family of the man who betrayed him is
+said, in the Highlands, to have been visited with a severe retribution,
+having, ever since, had one of its members an idiot. Such is the notion
+of retributive justice in the Highlands.
+
+The death of this brother, and still more the stain upon the honour of
+Dr. Cameron, must have added greatly to the burden of sorrow which fell
+so heavily upon Lochiel. His son was, however, spared for some years,
+and was cherished by the Scots as the representative of their ancient
+chiefs. He was, it is true, what they called a "landless laird," yet the
+clansmen paid him all the honours due to the eldest son of Lochiel. He
+received a good education, and was prevented by his friends from taking
+any part in the various schemes set on foot at certain intervals for the
+return of Charles. He married at an early age. Government was at that
+time engaged in levying men for the American war, and found it
+convenient to use the influence of the clans for that purpose; Lochiel
+was offered a company in General Fraser's regiment, the seventy-first,
+provided he could raise it among his clan. Poor and broken as they were,
+the clansmen, true to their bond of fidelity, mustered around their
+landless laird; and Lochiel marched at the head of his company to
+Glasgow, in order to embark for America.
+
+It happened that whilst here, he was taken ill of the measles, a
+disorder which prevented his marching. It was therefore arranged that
+the first lieutenant should take his place. When, on the point of
+marching to Greenock in order to embark, the clansmen discovered this,
+they laid down their arms, declaring that they had not engaged with King
+George, but with Lochiel; and they refused to move. The chief hearing of
+this dilemma, ill as he was, arose, dressed himself, and went down to
+his people. He harangued them, and represented that unless they went on
+board, their conduct would be imputed to disaffection, and might injure,
+if not ruin his interests. The men immediately took up their arms,
+huzzaed their chief, and began to march. The result is melancholy.
+Enfeebled by this effort, Lochiel again took to his bed; the day on
+which he had made this fatal exertion was a raw November morning. He
+never recovered from that exposure, but died in a few days afterwards.
+
+Most of the company of Camerons perished in the contest which ensued.
+Thrice during the American war was General Fraser's regiment
+renewed.[299] Such was the devotion of this gallant race of men to their
+chief; and such were the services which those whose fathers had fought
+at Culloden, devoted to the cause of the English Monarch.
+
+Late in the eighteenth century, the estates of Lochiel were restored to
+the grandson of Lochiel; and the descendants of that race, in which so
+much honour, such disinterested exertion, such kindness and heroism
+existed, are again the Lords of Achnacarry.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[247] I am indebted to a MS. account of Cameron of Lochiel for the most
+interesting facts in the following memoir. It was communicated to me by
+R. Chambers, Esq., and was written by Mrs. Grant of Laggan. In her
+letters unpublished, she declares the source of her information to have
+been some papers in the possession of a Scotch clergyman, "which," says
+Mrs. Grant, "it appears he did not give to John Home, who would scarcely
+have asked the favour, keeping very shy of his old brethren."
+
+[248] Brown's History of the Highlands, part ii. p. 141.
+
+[249] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[250] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[251] Brown's Highlands.
+
+[252] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[253] "The credit of this feat," writes Mrs. Grant, "rests merely on the
+country tradition: and the silence concerning it, in the publications
+and records of those times, is accounted for, first, by the shame which
+the commanders of the party felt at being thus surprised and outwitted
+by an inferior number of those whom they had been accustomed to style
+barbarians and to treat as such."--_MS._
+
+[254] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[255] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[256] Sketches of the Highlands, vol. i. pp. 60, 61.
+
+[257] Brown's Highlands.
+
+[258] Reay, p. 88.
+
+[259] See Culloden Papers.
+
+[260] Stewart's Sketches, vol. i. p. 86.
+
+[261] Reay, p. 271.
+
+[262] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[263] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[264] Conjectured to be Lord Lovat.
+
+[265] Appendix to the Memoirs of Sir Ewan Cameron of Lochiel, p. 177.
+
+[266] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[267] Appendix to Home's History of the Rebellion, No. II.
+
+[268] See Appendix, No. II.
+
+[269] Home. Appendix. From the papers of Cameron of Fassefern, Lochiel's
+nephew.
+
+[270] In the year 1781, Fassefern repeated this conversation to Mr.
+Home. History of the Rebellion, p. 7.
+
+[271] Forbes, p. 19.
+
+[272] Home, p. 5.
+
+[273] Forbes, p. 19.
+
+[274] Home, p. 6.
+
+[275] Maxwell of Kirkconnel's Narrative, p. 23.
+
+[276] The beautiful poem of Campbell, entitled "Lochiel," is founded on
+this circumstance.
+
+[277] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[278] Life of Jenny Cameron. London. Printed for C. Whitefield, in White
+Friars, 1746.
+
+[279] Life of Jenny Cameron.
+
+[280] Forbes, p. 23.
+
+[281] The poem entitled "Jeanie Cameron's Lament," is, with other
+inedited Jacobite songs, likely soon to be given to the world, arranged
+to true Scottish airs, and published in parts. These songs are collected
+by a member of one of the most ancient Jacobite families. The
+accomplished young lady who has engaged in this undertaking is Miss
+Charlotte Maxwell, the sister of Sir William Maxwell, Bart., of
+Menteith, Wigtonshire, and a descendant of the Earl of Nithisdale. The
+ballad of Sherriff Muir, is among the first of the interesting
+collection.
+
+[282] Forbes, p. 23.
+
+[283] Maxwell of Kirkconnel, p. 45.
+
+[284] Maxwell, p. 105.
+
+[285] Home, p. 164.
+
+[286] Dated, Edinburgh, 12th Jan. 1745-6. This extract, for which I am
+indebted to Mr. Macdonald, who possesses the orderly-book, was
+considered an extremely curious passage by Sir Walter Scott.
+
+[287] Burrell's regiment was so broken, that not two men were left
+standing. Home, Appendix.
+
+[288] In a letter among the papers of Mr. Murray of Abercairney, the
+imputations upon the Highlanders are strongly and ably refuted. For
+obvious reasons I have not given the extract, nor gone more closely into
+a subject which belongs to the province of history.
+
+[289] See Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[290] Home, Appendix, p. 373.
+
+[291] See note 2 in Chambers's History of the Rebellion, p. 121.
+
+[292] See History of the Rebellion, taken from the Scots' Magazine, p.
+353.
+
+[293] Cluny Macpherson's Narrative. Home, Appendix, p. 365.
+
+[294] Of one of these there is an interesting anecdote in the Tales of a
+Grandfather, vol. iii. p. 295, note.
+
+[295] Home's History of the Rebellion, Appendix, p. 146.
+
+[296] Brown's History of the Highlands, Part II. App. CVII. from the
+Stuart Papers.
+
+[297] Brown's History of the Highlands. No. LXX.
+
+[298] Chambers, p. 145.
+
+[299] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+
+END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+LONDON:
+
+Printed by S. & J. BENTLEY, WILSON, AND FLEY,
+
+Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Note: The following errors in the original have been
+corrected.
+
+Page 24 - missing quote mark added: in Scots' affairs."[B]
+
+Page 36 - missing quote mark added: Scottish nobility."
+
+Page 47 - from Paris to Boisleduc changed to from Paris to Barleduc
+
+Page 54 - missing quote mark added: faithfully serving King George."
+
+Page 66 - few duties changed to feu duties
+
+Page 88 - disastrous contest changed to diastrous contest
+
+Page 94 - missing footnote marker added: Earl conceived.[101]
+
+Page 101 - extra comma removed from after harbour, which succeeded
+
+Page 111 - extra quote mark removed from before MAR.
+
+Page 126 - Footnote marker with no associated footnote after pardoned in
+1726.
+
+Page 158 - at Fetterosso changed to at Fetteresso
+
+Page 163 - missing quotation mark added after Ave Marias:
+
+Page 183 - Porbably (in footnote) changed to Probably
+
+Page 258 - missing quotation mark added before we saw a drum
+
+Page 266 - against him." missing closing quote after him added
+
+Page 300 - missing quotation mark added after black as a craw, man.
+
+Page 309 - extra quotation mark removed from after their uncles.
+
+Page 310 - missing quotation mark added after his possession,
+
+Page 369 - missing quotation mark added after the smallest assistance!"
+
+Page 383 - In this rereat changed to In this retreat
+
+Page 387 - from the imputation. extra quotation mark removed from after
+imputation
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and
+1745., by Mrs. Thomson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745., by 
+Mrs. Thomson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745.
+       Volume I.
+
+Author: Mrs. Thomson
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2007 [EBook #20946]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Susan Skinner, Ted Garvin and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS
+
+OF
+
+THE JACOBITES
+
+OF 1715 AND 1745.
+
+BY MRS. THOMSON,
+
+
+AUTHOR OF
+
+"MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF HENRY THE EIGHTH,"
+"MEMOIRS OF SARAH, DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH," ETC.
+
+VOLUME I.
+
+LONDON:
+RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,
+Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty.
+1845.
+
+
+LONDON:
+
+Printed by S. & J. BENTLEY, WILSON, and FLEY,
+Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In completing two volumes of a work which has been for some years in
+contemplation, it may be remarked that it is the only collective
+Biography of the Jacobites that has yet been given to the Public. Meagre
+accounts, scattered anecdotes, and fragments of memoir, have hitherto
+rather tantalized than satisfied those who have been interested in the
+events of 1715 and 1745. The works of Home, of Mr. Chambers, and the
+collections of Bishop Forbes, all excellent, are necessarily too much
+mingled up with the current of public affairs to comprise any
+considerable portion of biographical detail. Certain lives of some of
+the sufferers in the cause of the Stuarts, printed soon after the
+contests in behalf of those Princes, are little more than narratives of
+their trials and executions; they were intended merely as ephemeral
+productions to gratify a curious public, and merit no long existence. It
+would have been, indeed, for many years, scarcely prudent, and certainly
+not expedient, to proffer any information concerning the objects of
+royal indignation, except that which the newspapers afforded: nor was it
+perfectly safe, for a considerable time after the turbulent times in
+which the sufferers lived, to palliate their offences, or to express any
+deep concern for their fate. That there was much to be admired in those
+whose memories were thus, in some measure, consigned to oblivion, except
+in the hearts of their descendants; much which deserved to be explained
+in their motives; much which claimed to be upheld in their
+self-sacrifices, the following pages will show. Whatever leaning the
+Author may have had to the unfortunate cause of the Stuarts, it has not,
+however, been her intention only to pourtray the bright ornaments of the
+party. She has endeavoured to show that it was composed, as well as most
+other political combinations, of materials differing in value--some
+pure, some base, some noble, some mean and vacillating.
+
+As far as human weakness and prejudice can permit, the Author has aimed
+at a strict scrutiny of conduct and motives. In the colouring given to
+these, she has conscientiously sought to be impartial: for the facts
+stated, she has given the authorities.
+
+It now remains for the Author publicly to acknowledge the resources from
+which she has derived some materials which have never before been given
+to the Public, and for which she has to thank, in several instances, not
+only the kindness of friends, but the liberality of strangers.
+
+A very interesting collection of letters, many of them written in the
+Earl of Mar's own hand, and others dictated by him, is interwoven with
+the biography of that nobleman. These letters were written, in fact, for
+the information of the whole body of Jacobites, to whom they were
+transmitted through the agent of that party, Captain Henry Straiton,
+residing in Edinburgh. They form almost a diary of Lord Mar's
+proceedings at Perth. They are continued up to within a few hours of the
+evacuation of that city by the Jacobite army. For these curious and
+characteristic letters, pourtraying as they do, in lively colours, the
+difficulties of the General in his council and his camp, she is indebted
+to the friendship and mediation of the Honourable Lord Cockburn, and to
+the liberality of James Gibson Craig, Esq.
+
+To the Right Honourable the Earl of Newburgh, the descendant and
+representative of the Radcliffe family, her sincere and respectful
+acknowledgments are due for his Lordship's readily imparting to her
+several interesting particulars of the Earl of Derwentwater and his
+family. She owes a similar debt of gratitude to the Viscount
+Strathallan, for his Lordship's communication to her respecting the
+House of Drummond. To the Honourable Mrs. Bellamy, the descendant of
+Viscount Kenmure, she has also to offer similar acknowledgments, for
+information respecting her unfortunate ancestor; and for an original
+letter of his Lordship; and she must also beg to express her obligations
+to William Constable Maxwell, Esq., and to Mrs. Constable Maxwell, of
+Terregles, the descendants of the Earl of Nithisdale, for their
+courteous and prompt assistance. To James Craik, Esq., of Arbigland,
+Dumfriesshire, she is indebted for a correspondence which continues, as
+it were, an account of that family during the later part of the year
+1745. To Sir Fitzroy Grafton Maclean, Bart., she owes the account of his
+clan and family, which has been printed for private circulation. She is
+also grateful to a descendant of the family of Lochiel, Miss Mary Anne
+Cameron, for some interesting particulars of the burning of Achnacarry,
+the seat of her ancestors.
+
+In some of these instances the information derived has not been
+considerable, owing to the total wreck of fortune, the destruction of
+houses, and the loss of papers, which followed the ruthless steps of the
+conquering army of the Duke of Cumberland. Most of the hereditary
+memorials of those Highland families who engaged in both rebellions,
+perished; and their representatives are strangely destitute of letters,
+papers, and memorials of every kind. The practice of burying family
+archives and deeds which prevailed during the troubles, was adopted but
+with partial advantage, by those who anticipated the worst result of the
+contest.
+
+In recalling with pleasure the number of those to whom the Author owes
+sincere gratitude for kindness and aid in her undertaking, the name of
+Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq. renews the remembrance of that store of
+antiquarian information from which others, far more worthy to enjoy it
+than herself, have owed obligations. The Author has also most gratefully
+to acknowledge the very kind and valuable assistance of Archibald
+Macdonald, Esq., of the Register Office, Edinburgh, to whom she is
+indebted for several original letters; and of Robert Chambers, Esq., to
+whose liberality she is indebted for several of her manuscript sources,
+as well as some valuable advice on the subject of her work. To Dr.
+Irvine, Librarian of the Advocate's Library, Edinburgh, the Author
+offers, with the most lively pleasure, her sincere acknowledgments for a
+ready and persevering assistance in aid of her undertaking. Again, she
+begs to repeat her sense of deep obligation to Mr. Keats, of the British
+Museum, the literary pilot of many years' historical research.
+
+        LONDON,
+    _October 27, 1845._
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The history of the Jacobites properly begins with the brave and
+conscientious men who followed James the Second to France, or fought and
+bled for him in the United Kingdom. Of the few nobles whom that Monarch
+had distinguished by his friendship when Duke of York, or graced with
+his favours when King, three only in Scotland remained attached openly
+to his interests: these were the Duke of Gordon, the Lord Balcarras, and
+Claverhouse of Dundee, who may be regarded as the parents of the
+Jacobite party in Scotland. "The other nobles of the late King's party,"
+remarks a great historian,[1] "waited for events, in hopes and in fears,
+from the Old Government and the New, intriguing with both, and depended
+upon by neither."
+
+Upon the death of Dundee, a troop of officers who had fought under the
+standard of that great General, and who had imbibed his lofty opinions
+and learned to imitate his dauntless valour, capitulated, and were
+suffered to leave the country and retire to France. Their number
+amounted to a hundred and fifty: they were all of honourable birth, and
+glorying in their political principles. At first these exiles were
+pensioned by the French Government, but, upon the close of the civil
+war, those pensions ceased. Finding themselves a burden upon King James,
+they formed themselves into a body-guard, which was afterwards
+incorporated with the French army. It may fairly be presumed that this
+remnant of Dundee's army, four of whom only returned to Scotland, were
+instrumental during their abode in France in maintaining a communication
+between the Court of St. Germains and their disheartened countrymen who
+had remained in their Highland homes. Abroad, they supported their
+military character as soldiers who had fought under Dundee: they were
+always the foremost in the battle and the last to retreat, and were
+distinguished by a superiority in order and discipline, no less than by
+their energy and courage.
+
+There can be no doubt but that the majority of the great landholders in
+England, as well as the Highland chiefs, continued, through the reign of
+William and Mary, disposed to high Tory views; and that had not the
+popular cry of the Church being in danger aided the designs of the
+Whigs, the Highflyers, or rigid Tories, would not have remained in
+quiescence during that critical period, which resembled the settling of
+a rushing current of waters into a frothing and bubbling pool, rather
+than the calm tenour of a gently-flowing stream. Throughout the
+distractions of his reign, it was the wise policy of William the Third
+to balance parties; to bestow great posts upon moderate men; to employ
+alternately persons of different opinions, and by frequent changes in
+his Ministry, to conciliate the good-will of both factions;--and this
+was all that that able Monarch could effect, until time should
+extinguish political animosity.
+
+Queen Mary, educated in Tory principles, and taught by her maternal
+uncle, the Earl of Rochester, to consider every opposition to the
+Sovereign's will as rebellion, was scarcely regarded in the light of an
+enemy to the doctrine of passive obedience and non-resistance,
+notwithstanding her unfilial conduct;[2] and it is remarkable that,
+during her life, great favour was shown at Court to the Highland
+partisans of James the Second; distinctions were as much avoided as it
+was possible; and the personal prepossessions of the Queen were supposed
+to be on the side of the High Church Tories.
+
+During the reign of Anne, notwithstanding the coalition of Godolphin,
+Marlborough, and other leaders of the moderate Tories with the Whigs,
+and the reputation and glory which their combined abilities and
+characters obtained, a conviction was still prevalent that the heart of
+the Queen was disposed to the restoration of the ancient race, and that
+her days would not close before a design to secure the succession to her
+nephew would be matured, and the Act of Succession, which was chiefly
+the offspring of Whig policy, should be set aside. There was,
+doubtless, not only in the mind of Anne, but in that of her sagacious
+predecessor, an apprehension that after the death of the last of their
+dynasty, the succession would again be fiercely disputed. Impressed with
+this conviction, it was a favourite scheme of William to invite the
+child, who afterwards, under the name of the Chevalier St. George, was
+the hero, in dumb show, it must be acknowledged, of the Insurrection of
+1715, to receive his education in England under his kingly care; to be
+bred up a Protestant; and to make that education the earnest of his
+future succession. The proposal was rejected by James the Second, to the
+great prejudice of his son's interests, and to the misfortune, it may be
+presumed, of the British nation. For one can scarcely suppose a more
+perfect combination of all the qualities calculated to form a popular
+Monarch, in this country, than the natural abilities of the Stuart race,
+perfected under the able guidance of so reflective a ruler--so
+accomplished a general--so consummate a statesman, as William. The
+education which that Monarch had planned for the young Duke of
+Gloucester shows how enlarged and practical were his views of the
+acquirements necessary for a Sovereign: it presents a scheme of tuition
+which, if it may be deemed not wholly adapted to the present day, was on
+the most comprehensive and liberal scale. But James, acting, at all
+events, with the consistency of a sincere believer, returned, as
+Dalrymple expresses it, "slowly and sadly to bury the remembrance of his
+greatness in the convent of La Trappe;" and all future attempts on the
+part of his posterity to recover the throne of their ancestors were
+frustrated by the hollowness of French professions of friendship.
+
+The tranquil demeanour of the Jacobite party during the reign of Anne
+may seem surprising, when we consider the avowed favour and protection
+which were held out by Louis the Fourteenth to the royal exiles of St.
+Germain. During the lifetime of James, who considered that he had
+exchanged the hope of an earthly for that of a heavenly Crown, there was
+little to wonder at in this inactivity and apparent resignation. Had it
+not been for the influence of an enthusiastic, high-minded, and
+fascinating woman, the very mention of the cause would probably have
+died away in the priest-thronged saloons of St. Germains. To Mary of
+Modena the credit is due--if credit on such account is to be
+assigned--for maintaining in the friends of her consort, for instilling
+in the breast of her son, a desire of restoration;--that word, in fact,
+might be found, to speak metaphorically, written in her heart. To her
+personal qualities, to her still youthful attractions, to her pure mind,
+and blameless career of conjugal duty--to the noble, maternal ambition
+which no worthy judge of human motives could refuse a tribute of pity
+and admiration--to her disregard of low and unworthy instruments to
+advance her means, as in the case of Lovat, even the warmest partisans
+of the Revolution were forced to do justice. The disinterested and
+sagacious Godolphin is said to have done more: he is supposed to have
+cherished such a respectful enthusiasm for the young mother who thus
+supported the claims of her son, as might have become the chivalric
+Surrey. Whatever were the fact, during the existence of Anne, the
+payment of a dowry to Mary of Modena, the favourable understanding
+between her son, as he grew up to man's estate, and the English Court,
+the small reward offered for his apprehension, the conniving at the
+daily enlistment of men in his service, and the indulgence shown to
+those who openly spoke and preached against the Revolution, were certain
+indications and ample proofs that had the Queen's life been prolonged,
+some effectual steps would have been taken to efface from her memory the
+recollection of her early failure of duty to King James, and to satisfy
+the reproaches of her narrow, though conscientious mind. That such was
+the fact, the declaration or manifesto of the Chevalier, dated from
+Plombières, August 2, 1714, and printed in French, English, and Latin,
+attests; and the assertion was confirmed by a letter from the Duke of
+Lorrain to the English Government. This favourable disposition on the
+part of Anne proves that she gave no credence to the report of the
+supposititious birth of the Prince; although, in her youthful days, and
+when irritated against her step-mother, she had entered into the Court
+gossip on that subject, with all the eagerness of a weak and credulous
+mind.
+
+Nourished in secret by these hopes, the Jacobites in England constituted
+a far more important party than our historians are generally willing to
+allow. The famous work entitled, "English Advice to the Freeholders of
+Great Britain," supposed to be written by Bishop Atterbury, was
+extensively circulated throughout the country: it tended to promote an
+opposition cry of "the Church in danger!" by insinuating that the Whigs
+projected the abolition of Episcopacy. It was received with great
+enthusiasm; and was responded to with fervour by the University of
+Oxford, which was inflamed with a zeal for the restoration of the
+Stuarts; and which displayed much of the same ardour, and held forth the
+same arguments that had stimulated that seat of learning in the days of
+Charles the First. To these sentiments, the foreign birth, the foreign
+language, and, above all, the foreign principles of the King added
+considerable disgust: nor can it be a matter of surprise that such
+should be the case. It appears, nevertheless, extraordinary that the
+opposition to so strange an engrafting of a foreign ruler should not
+have been received with greater public manifestations of dislike than
+the unorganized turbulence of Oxford under-graduates, or the ephemeral
+fury of a London populace.
+
+In Scotland a very different state of public feeling prevailed. In
+England men of commerce were swayed in their political opinions by the
+good of trade, which nothing was so likely to injure as a disputed
+succession. The country gentlemen were, more or less, under the
+influence of party pamphlets, and were liable to have their political
+prejudices smoothed down by collision with their neighbours. Excepting
+in the northern counties, the dread of Popery prevailed also
+universally. The remembrance of the bigotry and tyranny of James the
+Second had not faded away from the remembrance of those whose fathers or
+grandfathers could remember its details. In the Highlands of Scotland
+the memory of that Monarch was, on the other hand, worshipped as a
+friend of that noble country, as the Stuart peculiarly their own, as the
+royal exile, whose health and return, under various disguises, they had
+pledged annually at their hunting-matches, and to whose youthful son
+they transferred an allegiance which they held sacred as their religion.
+
+Nor had James the Second earned the devotion of the Highland chieftains
+without some degree of merit on his own part. The most incapable and
+unworthy of rulers, he had yet some fine and popular qualities as a man;
+he was not devoid of a considerable share of ability although it was
+misapplied. His letters to his son, his account of his own life, show
+that one who could act most erroneously and criminally, did,
+nevertheless, often think and feel rightly. His obstinate adherence to
+his own faith may be lamented by politicians; it may be sneered at by
+the worldly; but it must be approved by all who are themselves staunch
+supporters of that mode of faith which they conscientiously adopt. In
+private society James had the power of attaching his dependents; and
+perhaps from a deeper source than that which gave attraction to the
+conversation of his good-natured, dissolute brother. His melancholy and
+touching reply to Sir Charles Littleton, who expressed to him his shame
+that his son was with the Prince of Orange:--"Alas! Sir Charles! why
+ashamed? Are not my daughters with him?" was an instance of that
+readiness and delicacy which are qualities peculiarly appropriate to
+royalty. His exclamation at the battle of La Hogue, when he beheld the
+English sailors scrambling up the sides of the French ships from their
+boats--"None but my brave English could do this!" was one trait of a
+character neither devoid of sensibility, nor destitute of certain
+emotions which appear incompatible with the royal patron of Judge
+Jeffries, and with the enemy of Monmouth.
+
+During his residence, when Duke of York, at Holyrood, accompanied by
+Anne Hyde, when Duchess of York, James became extremely popular in
+Edinburgh; in the Highlands his hold of the affections of the chieftains
+had a deeper origin. The oppressor of the English had endeavoured to
+become the emancipator of the chieftains. The rigour of the feudal
+system, which was carried to its utmost extent in the Highlands,
+although softened by the patriarchal character of the chiefs, was
+revolting to the chieftains or landholders under the yoke of some feudal
+nobleman or chief; and they became ambitious of becoming direct holders
+from the Crown. It was a scheme of James the Second to abolish this
+system of infeudation, by buying up the superiorities,--a plan, the
+completion of which was attempted by William the Third, but defeated by
+the avarice and dishonesty of those who managed the transaction. The
+chieftains, however, never forgot the obligation which they owed to
+James:[3] they refused all offers of emolument or promotion from his
+successor; and they adhered to the exiled King with a loyalty which was
+never shaken, and which broke forth conspicuously in the Insurrection of
+1715. "The Highlanders," says Dalrymple, "carried in their bosoms the
+high point of honour without its follies."
+
+Without entering into the various reasons which strengthened this
+sentiment of gratitude and allegiance; without commenting upon the
+partly patriarchal nature of the clan system, and the firm compact which
+was cemented between every member of that family by a common
+relationship of blood; it is sufficient to remark, that to a people so
+retired, in many parts insulated, in all, apart from daily intelligence,
+far away from communication with any whose free disquisitions might
+possibly stake their opinions, it was not surprising that the loyalty to
+James should continue unalloyed during two successive reigns. It burned,
+indeed, with a steady though covered flame. The Insurrection of 1715,
+which seems, in the pages of history, to break forth unexpectedly, was
+long in being organized. From Anne's first Session of Parliament until
+the completion of the Union, Scotland was in a state of ferment, and
+violent party divisions racked civil society. In 1707, the famous
+Colonel Hooke was sent to the northern parts of Scotland from France, to
+sound the nobility and chieftains with respect to their sentiments, to
+ascertain the amount of their forces, and to inquire what quantity of
+ammunition and other warlike stores should be necessary to be sent from
+France. A full account of affairs was compiled, and was signed by
+fifteen noblemen and gentlemen, amongst whom the Duke of Athole, who
+aspired, according to Lockhart, to be another General Monk, was foremost
+in promoting the restoration of the youthful son of James the Second.
+This mission was followed by the unsuccessful attempt at invasion on the
+part of James, in 1708; when, according to some representations, there
+was a far more reasonable prospect of success than at any later period.
+The nobility and gentry were, at that time, well prepared to receive the
+royal adventurer; the regular army was wholly unfit, either in numbers
+or ammunition, to oppose the forces which they would have raised. The
+very Guards, it is supposed, would have done duty on the person of James
+Stuart the night that he landed. The equivalent money sent to Scotland
+to reward the promoters of the Union, was still in the country, and a
+considerable part of it was in the Castle of Edinburgh; and a Dutch
+fleet had recently run aground on the coast of Angus, and had left
+there a vast quantity of powder, shot, and cannon, and a large sum of
+money, which might have been secured. England was, at this time,
+distracted with jealousies and factions; and although the great
+Marlborough was then in the vigour of his youth, ready to defend his
+country, as well as to extend her dominions, there were suspicions that
+the General was not wholly adverse to the claims of James Stuart.[4]
+
+How far these expectations might have been realised, it is difficult to
+say. The French newspapers had proclaimed the preparations for invasion,
+and Louis the Fourteenth had taken leave of James, wishing him a
+prosperous voyage, and expressing, as the highest compliment, "the hope
+that he should never see him again," when a slight, accidental
+indisposition disturbed the whole arrangement. The royal youth was taken
+ill with the measles; upon which the French troops which had embarked at
+Dunkirk disembarked. A fatal delay was occasioned; and the French fleet,
+after an ineffectual voyage, went "sneakingly home," "doing," as one of
+the most active Jacobites remarks, "much harm to the King, his country,
+and themselves."
+
+Such was the fate of the attempt, in 1708, to place James Stuart on the
+throne of his ancestors; and it will readily be believed that the
+ill-starred endeavour did not add to the probable success of any future
+enterprise. Scarcely had the accession of George the First, an event
+which a certain historian denominates "a surprising turn of Providence,"
+taken place, than the removal of Lord Bolingbroke from office announced
+to the Tory party that they had lost their best friend at Court. Upon
+this intelligence reaching the Highlands, many of the Jacobites took up
+arms; but this hasty demonstration of good will to their cause was
+instantly suppressed. The Chevalier was, nevertheless, proclaimed King
+in the night time, and three noblemen, the Duke of Gordon, the Marquis
+of Huntley, and Lord Drummond, were kept prisoners in their own houses.
+In the middle of November, the Chevalier's Declaration, asserting his
+right and title to the Crown of England, was sent by a French mail to
+many persons of rank in this country. For some months the country was in
+a state of ferment, such as, perhaps, had never been witnessed since the
+days of the Great Rebellion. The Jacobites were centered in Oxford, but
+Bristol was also another of their strongholds; the course of justice was
+impeded there by riots; and every effort was made, both there and
+elsewhere, to influence the elections, which were carried on with a
+degree of venom and fury, exasperated by the cry of "the Church in
+danger!"
+
+In February, 1715, the Duke of Argyle, Commander-in-Chief of his
+Majesty's forces in Scotland, received information that a vessel
+containing arms and ammunition had landed in the Isle of Sky, and that
+five strangers had disembarked there, and had instantly dispersed
+themselves throughout the country. This was the first positive
+indication of the combination, which already comprised most of the
+ancient and respected names in Scotland. This confederacy, as it may be
+called, had existed ever since the peace of Utrecht, under the form of
+the Jacobite Association. In 1710, the formation of the October Club had
+shewed plainly the bias of the country gentlemen, who, according to a
+judge of men's motives who was rarely satisfied, "did adhere firmly to
+their principles and engagements, acting the part of honest countrymen
+and dutiful subjects."[5]
+
+About the month of May, the report of James Stuart's intended invasion
+of Scotland, and particulars of the preparations made for it in England,
+Scotland, and France, became public. Measures were, of course, instantly
+taken to guard the coasts of England and Scotland, and to augment land
+forces. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended in England, and in Scotland.
+An Act, passed in 1701, for preventing wrong imprisonments, and against
+undue delay in trials, was also suspended from the twenty-third of July,
+1715, until the twenty-fourth of the ensuing January. A fleet, under the
+command of Sir George Byng, was ordered to cruise in the Downs; and the
+most active and vigilant measures were taken in order to put the nation
+into a position of defence. The former intended invasion of 1708 was not
+forgotten, and it acted like a warning voice to the English Ministry. A
+Whig Association was framed among persons of rank and influence; and in
+Edinburgh a body of volunteers was formed, who might daily be seen
+exercising in the Great Hall of the College.
+
+Meantime the Jacobites were increasing in strength. During the last six
+years collections had been made in the continental nations, purporting
+to be for a "gentleman in distress," and the amount was said to have
+exceeded twelve millions.[6] Of this sum, one hundred thousand pounds
+was entrusted to the Earl of Mar.
+
+The whole scheme of the insurrection was matured, and the Chevalier had
+been proclaimed King in different towns in Scotland, when the death of
+Louis the Fourteenth cast such a damp over the spirits of the party,
+that there ensued a consultation as to the expediency of their
+separating and returning to their homes. In this emergency, unhappily
+for the brave and ardent men whom he had assembled at Braemar, the
+influence of the Earl of Mar, and the arguments which his sanguine
+spirit suggested, prevailed; and the assembled chiefs parted, only to
+meet again at their appointed places of rendezvous.
+
+The scheme of the Insurrection of 1715 embraced three different
+movements. In the north, the Earl of Mar was to possess himself of all
+the rich coasts of Fife, and also to maintain, in the name of James the
+Third, the northern counties, which, with few exceptions, were soon
+under the control of the insurgents. An attempt was made upon the
+southern parts of Scotland, by sending Brigadier Mackintosh, with a
+strong detachment of men, to cross the Firth of Forth, and to land in
+the Lothians, there expecting to be joined by friends on the borders and
+from England. In the west, a rising of the south-country Scots, under
+the command of Lord Kenmure, was projected; whilst in Northumberland the
+English Jacobites, headed by Mr. Forster, with a commission of General
+from Lord Mar, and aided by the Earl of Derwentwater, was to give the
+signal and incentive to the adherents of James in the sister Kingdom, as
+well as to co-operate with the Scottish forces under the commands of
+Brigadier Mackintosh and Viscount Kenmure. An attack upon Edinburgh was
+also concerted.
+
+Such is the outline of a plan of an insurrection to the effect of which
+the Earl of Mar declared the Jacobites had been looking for six and
+twenty years. How immature it was in its conception--how deficient in
+energy and union was its execution--how unworthy was its chief
+instrument--how fatal to the good and great were its results--and, by a
+singular fortune, how those who least merited their safety escaped,
+whilst the gallant and honest champions of the cause suffered, will be
+fully detailed in the following pages. Let it be remembered that the
+task of compiling these Memoirs has been undertaken with no party
+spirit, nor with any wish to detract from the deep obligations which we
+owe to those who preserved us from inroads on our constitution, and
+oppression in our religious opinions. It has been, however, begun with a
+sincere wish to do justice to the disinterested and the good; and, as
+the task has proceeded, and increased information on the subject has
+been gained, it has been continued with a conviction that, whatever may
+be the nature or merits of the abstract principles on which it was
+undertaken, the Insurrection of 1715 forms an episode in the history of
+our country as creditable to many of the ill-fated actors in its tragic
+scenes, as any that have been detailed in the pages of that history.
+
+        LONDON,
+    _October 28, 1845._
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Dalrymple.
+
+[2] Rapin. Dissertation on the Origin and Government of England, vol.
+xiv. p. 423.
+
+[3] See Introduction to the Memoirs of Cameron of Lochiel, p. 22.
+
+[4] Lockhart, vol. i. p. 239.
+
+[5] Lockhart, vol. i. p. 324.
+
+[6] Reay, p. 187.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+TO
+
+THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+JOHN ERSKINE, EARL OF MAR (with a Portrait)                            1
+
+JAMES RADCLIFFE, EARL OF DERWENTWATER (with a Portrait)              224
+
+THE MASTER OF SINCLAIR                                               282
+
+CAMERON OF LOCHIEL                                                   313
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN ERSKINE, EARL OF MAR.
+
+
+"The title of Mar," observes Lord Hailes, "is one of the Earldoms whose
+origin is lost in its antiquity." It existed before our records, and
+before the era of general history: hence, the Earls of Mar claimed
+always to be called first in the Scottish Parliament in the roll of
+Earls, as having no rival in the antiquity of their honours.
+
+From the time of Malcolm Canmore, in the year 1065, until the fourteenth
+century, the family of De Mar enjoyed this Earldom; but on the death of
+Thomas, the thirteenth Earl of Mar, in 1377, the direct male line of
+this race ended. The Earldom then devolved upon the female
+representatives of the house of De Mar; and thence, as in most similar
+instances in Scotland, it became the subject of contention, fraud, and
+violence.
+
+Isabel, Countess of Mar and Garioch, the last of the De Mar family, was
+won in marriage by a singular and determined species of courtship,
+formerly common in Scotland; the influence of terror. The heiress of the
+castle of Kildrummie, and a widow, her first husband, Sir Malcolm
+Drummond, having died in 1403, her wealth and rank attracted the regards
+of Alexander Stewart, the natural son of Robert Earl of Buchan, of royal
+blood. Without waiting for the ordinary mode of persuasion to establish
+an interest in his favour, this wild, rapacious man appeared in the
+Highlands at the head of a band of plunderers, and planting himself
+before the castle of Kildrummie, stormed it, and effected a marriage
+between himself and the Countess of Mar. Alexander Stewart, in cooler
+moments, however, perceived the danger of this bold measure, and
+resolved to establish his right to the Countess and to her estates by
+another process. One morning, during the month of September 1404, he
+presented himself at the Castle gate of Kildrummie, and formally
+surrendered to the Countess the castle, its furniture, and the
+title-deeds kept within its chests; thus returning them to her to do
+with them as she pleased. The Countess, on the other hand, holding the
+keys in her hand, and declaring herself to be of "mature advice," chose
+the said Alexander for her husband, and gave him the castle, the Earldom
+of Mar, with all the other family estates in her possession. She
+afterwards conferred these gifts by a charter, signed and sealed in the
+open fields, in the presence of the Bishop of Ross, and of her whole
+tenantry, in order to show that these acts were produced by no unlawful
+coercion on the part of her husband. The said honours and estates were
+also to descend to any children born in that marriage. Some of her
+kindred listened resentfully to the account of these proceedings of
+Isabel of Mar.
+
+The next heir to the Earldom, after the death of Isabel, was Janet,
+grand-daughter of Gratney, eleventh Earl of Mar. This lady had married
+Sir Thomas Erskine, the proprietor of the Barony of Erskine, on the
+Clyde, the property of the family during many ages; and she expected, on
+the death of the Countess of Mar, to succeed to the honours which had
+descended to her by the female line. By a series of unjust and rapacious
+acts on the part of the Crown, not only did Robert, Lord Erskine, her
+son, fail in securing his rights, but her descendants had the vexation
+of seeing their just honours and rights revert to the King, James the
+Third, who bestowed them first upon his brother, the accomplished and
+unfortunate John Earl of Mar, who was bled to death in one of the houses
+of the Canongate, in Edinburgh; and afterwards, upon Cochrane, the
+favourite of James the Third. The Earldom of Mar was then conferred on
+Alexander Stewart, the third son of King James; and after his death,
+upon James Stewart, Prior of St. Andrews, who had a charter from his
+sister, Queen Mary, entitling him to enjoy the long contested honour.
+But he soon relinquished the title, to assume that of Moray, which had
+also been bestowed upon him by the Queen: and in 1565 Mary repaired the
+injustice committed by her predecessors, and restored John Lord Erskine
+to the Earldom of Mar.
+
+The house of Erskine, on whom these honours now descended, has the same
+traditional origin as that of most of the other Scottish families of
+note. In the days of Malcolm the Second, a Scottish man having killed
+with his own hand Enrique, a Danish general, presented the head of the
+enemy to his Sovereign, and, holding in his hand the bloody dagger with
+which the deed had been performed, exclaimed, in Gaelic, "Eris Skyne,"
+alluding to the head and the dagger; upon which the surname of Erskine
+was imposed on him. The armorial bearing of a hand holding a dagger, was
+added as a further distinction, together with the motto, _Je pense
+plus_, in allusion to the declaration of the chieftain that he intended
+to perform even greater actions than that which procured him the name
+which has since been so celebrated in Scottish history. The crest and
+motto are still borne by the family.
+
+This anecdote has, however, been rejected for the more probable
+conjecture that the family of Erskine derived its appellation from the
+estate of Erskine on the Clyde:[7] yet it is not impossible but that
+tradition may, in most cases, have a deeper source than we are willing
+to allow to it. "There are few points in ancient history," observes a
+modern writer, "on which more judgment is required than in the amount
+of weight due to _tradition_. In general it will be found that the
+tradition subsisting in the families themselves has a true basis to rest
+upon, however much it may be overloaded with collateral matter which
+obscures it."[8]
+
+But that which ennobled most truly the first Earl of Mar, of the house
+of Erskine, was his own probity, loyalty, and patriotism. Destined
+originally to the church, John, properly sixth Earl of Mar, carried into
+public life those virtues which would have adorned the career of a
+private individual. In the melancholy interest of Queen Mary's eventful
+life, it is consolatory to reflect on the integrity and moderation of
+this exemplary nobleman. Too good and too sensitive for his times, he
+died of a broken heart, the result of that inward and incurable sorrow
+which the generous and the honest experience, when their hopes and
+designs are baffled by the selfish policy of their own party. "He was,
+perhaps," says Robertson, "the only person in the kingdom who could have
+enjoyed the office of Regent without envy, and have left it without loss
+of reputation."[9]
+
+From the restoration of John Earl of Mar to his family honours, until
+the reign of Charles the First, the prosperity of this loyal and
+favoured family increased, interrupted indeed by some vicissitudes of
+fortune, but by no serious reverses, until that period which, during the
+commotions of the Great Rebellion, reduced many of our proudest nobility
+to comparative poverty.
+
+Among other important trusts enjoyed by the family of Erskine, the
+government of the Castle of Edinburgh, and the custody of the principal
+forts in the kingdom, attested the confidence of their Sovereigns. To
+these was added by Mary Queen of Scots, the command of the Castle of
+Stirling, and the still more important charge of her infant son. To
+these marks of confidence numerous grants of lands and high appointments
+succeeded,--obligations which were repaid with a fidelity which
+impoverished the family of Erskine; and which produced, towards the
+close of the seventeenth century, a marked decline in their fortunes,
+and decay of their local influence.
+
+John, ninth Earl of Mar, the grandfather of the Jacobite Earl, suffered
+severely for his loyalty in joining the association at Cumbernauld, in
+favour of Charles the First. He afterwards raised forces at Brae-Mar for
+the King's service, for which he was heavily fined by the Parliament,
+and his estates were sequestrated. During all this season of adversity
+he lived in a cottage at the gate of his house at Alloa, until the
+Restoration relieved him from the sequestration.
+
+His son Charles, who raised the first regiment of Scottish Fusileers,
+and was constituted their Colonel, began life as a determined Royalist;
+but disapproving of the measures of James the Second, he had prepared
+to go abroad when the Prince of Orange landed in England. He appears
+afterwards to have pursued somewhat of the same wavering course as that
+of which his son has been accused, and, joining the disaffected party
+against William, he was arrested, but afterwards released. The heavy
+incumbrances upon his estates, contracted during the civil wars, were
+such as to oblige him to sell a great portion of his lands, and to part
+with the ancient Barony of Erskine, the first possession of the family.
+This necessity may almost be considered as an ill omen for the future
+welfare of a family; which never seems to be so utterly brought low by
+fortune, as when compelled to consign to strangers that from which the
+first sense of importance and stability has been derived.
+
+Under these circumstances, certainly not favourable to independence of
+character, John, eleventh Earl of Mar of the name of Erskine, and
+afterwards Lieutenant-general to the Chevalier St. George, was born at
+Alloa, in Clackmannan, where his father resided. He was a younger son of
+a numerous family, five brothers, older than himself, having died in
+infancy. His mother, the Lady Mary Maule, eldest daughter of George Earl
+of Panmure, gave birth to eight sons, and a daughter. Of the sons, the
+Earl of Mar and his brothers, James Erskine of the Grange, afterwards
+the husband of the famous and unfortunate Lady Grange; and Henry, killed
+at the battle of Almanza in 1707, alone attained the age of manhood.
+The only sister of Lord Mar, Lady Jean, was married to Sir Hugh Paterson
+of Bannockburn, in Stirlingshire.
+
+The Earl of Mar succeeded to the possession and management of estates,
+heavily encumbered, in 1696.[10] His qualities of mind and person, at
+this early period of his life, were not eminently pleasing. His
+countenance, though strongly marked, had none of the attributes of
+intellectual strength. In person he is said to have been deformed,
+although his portrait by Kneller was skilfully contrived to hide that
+defect; his complexion was fair: he was short in stature. In his early
+youth the Earl is declared by historians who were adverse to the
+Stuarts, to have been initiated into every species of licentious
+dissipation, by Neville Payne: and the young nobleman is characterized
+as "the scandal of his name."[11] Although his ancestors had been
+devotedly attached to the interests of the exiled family, yet, it was to
+be shewn how far Mar preferred those interests to his own, or upon what
+principles he eventually adopted the cause of hereditary monarchy, which
+had already brought so much inconvenience, and so many losses to his
+father and grandfather.
+
+The first political prepossessions of the young Earl must certainly have
+been those of the Cavaliers; such was the name by which the party
+continued to be called who still desired the restoration of James the
+Second, and fervidly believed in the fruition of their hopes. His
+father had indeed, to use the words of Lockhart of Carnwath, "embarked
+with the Revolution;" but had given tokens of his deep contrition for
+that act, so inconsistent with his hereditary allegiance. But the
+unformed opinions of the young are far more easily swayed by events
+which are passing before their eyes than by the cool reasonings of the
+closet; and the inclinations of the Earl of Mar's childhood were likely
+soon to be effaced by the state of public affairs. The later occurrences
+of the reign of William the Third were calculated not only to repress
+the spirit of Jacobitism, but to shame even the most enthusiastic of its
+partisans out of a scheme which the sagacity of William had defeated,
+and which his wisdom had taught him to forgive. It was in the year 1696,
+just as the Earl of Mar succeeded to his title, that the projected
+invasion of the kingdom, and the scheme of assassinating the King, were
+defeated:--that William, hastening to the House of Commons, gave to the
+nation an account of the whole conspiracy. The House of Commons, without
+rising from their seats, then "declared that William was their rightful
+king, and that they would defend him with their lives." It was at this
+important æra that James the Second, after long waiting at Calais, and
+casting thence many a wishful look towards England, returned to St.
+Germains, "to thank God that he had lost his country, because it had
+saved his soul."[12] The hopes of the Cavaliers were thus wholly
+extinguished: and to these circumstances were the first observations of
+the youthful Earl of Mar doubtless directed.
+
+His guardians, seemingly desirous of retrieving the affairs of the
+family, had endeavoured to imbue his mind with Revolution
+principles;[13] and the famous association which acknowledged the title
+of William to the throne of England, framed about this time, was signed
+by many who became in after life the friends of the Earl of Mar. This
+was precisely the period when that political profligacy, too justly
+charged upon the leading men in this country, and which induced them,
+under the impression that the exiled family would be eventually
+restored, to correspond with the Court of St. Germains, was
+tranquillized, although not eradicated by the great policy and
+forbearance of William.[14] That single reply of William's to Charnock,
+who had trafficked between France and England with these negotiations,
+and who offered to disclose to the King the names of those who had
+employed him;--these few words, "I do not wish to hear them,"[15] did
+more to soothe discontents, and to repress the violence of faction, than
+the subsequent executions in the reign of George the First.
+
+The Earl of Mar, left as he was at the early age of fourteen to his own
+guidance, very soon displayed a remarkable prudence in his pecuniary
+affairs, and a desire to repair by good management the fortunes of his
+family,--a point which he accomplished, to a certain extent. His
+dawning character shewed him to be shrewd and wary, but possessing no
+extended views, and disposed to rest his hopes of elevation and
+distinction upon petty intrigues, rather than to look upon probity and
+exertion as the true basis of greatness. His great talent consisted in
+the management of his designs, "in which," remarks one who knew him
+well, "it was hard to find him out when he desired to be incognito; and
+thus he shewed himself to be a man of good sense, but bad morals."[16]
+
+On the 8th of September, 1696, the Earl of Mar took his seat in the
+Scottish Parliament, protesting, as his forefathers had done, against
+any Scottish Earl being called before him in the Roll. He became a
+frequent, but indifferent speaker in Parliament; but his continual
+activity, and the address which he soon acquired as the fruit of
+experience, together with the position which he held, as one generally
+understood to be well affected to the new order of things, yet of
+sufficient importance to be gained over to the other side, soon made him
+an object for party spirit to assail.
+
+During the reign of William, the Earl of Mar continued constant to the
+side to which he had declared himself to belong. His pecuniary
+embarrassments, acting upon a restless, ambitious temper, rendered it
+difficult to a man weak in principle to retain independence of
+character: and it must be avowed, that there are few temptations to
+depart from the road of integrity more urgent than the desire to raise
+an ancient name to its original splendour. No encumbrances are so
+likely to drag their victim away from integrity as those by which rank
+is clogged with poverty.
+
+In April, 1697, Lord Mar was chosen a privy councillor; and shortly
+afterwards invested with the Order of the Thistle; and the command of a
+company of foot bestowed upon him. On the death of William his fortune
+was rather improved than deteriorated, although he continued to attach
+himself to the Revolution Party, who, it was generally understood, were
+very far from being acceptable to the Queen. "At her accession,"
+declares a Jacobite writer, "the Presbyterians looked upon themselves as
+undone; despair appeared in their countenances, which were more upon the
+melancholic and dejected than usual." The management of Scottish affairs
+was, nevertheless, entirely in the hands of the advocates of the
+Revolution; and one of their greatest supporters, the Duke of
+Queensbury, was appointed High Commissioner of the Scottish Parliament,
+notwithstanding the representations of some of the most powerful
+nobility in Scotland.
+
+To the party of this celebrated politician the Earl of Mar attached
+himself, with a tenacity for which those who recollected the hereditary
+politics of the Erskine family, could find no motives but self-interest.
+James, Duke of Queensbury, was, it is true, the son of one of the most
+active partisans of the Stuart family, to whom the house of Queensbury
+owed both its ducal rank and princely fortune. Possessed of good
+abilities, but devoid of application, and with the disadvantage to a
+public man of being of an easy, indolent temper, this celebrated
+promoter of the union between Scotland and England, had acquired, by
+courtesy, and by a long administration of affairs, a singular influence
+over his countrymen. His character has been written with a pen that
+could scarcely find sufficient invectives for those politicians who, in
+the opinion of the writer, were the ruin of their country. The Duke of
+Queensbury falls under the heaviest censures. "To outward appearance,"
+says Lockhart, "he was of a gentle and good disposition, but inwardly a
+very devil, standing at nothing to advance his own interest and designs.
+Though his hypocrisy and dissimulation served him very much, yet he
+became so well known, that no man, except such as were his nearest
+friends, and _socii criminis_, gave him any trust; and so little regard
+had he to his promises and vows, that it was observed and notorious,
+that if he was at any pains to convince you of his friendship, and by
+swearing and imprecating curses on himself and family to assure you of
+his sincerity, then, to be sure, he was doing you underhand all the
+mischief in his power."[17]
+
+These characteristics must be viewed as proceeding from the pen of a
+partisan; nor can we wonder at the contrariety of opinion which prevails
+respecting any public man who proposes a great and startling measure.
+Honours, places, and a pension were showered down upon this most
+fortunate of ministers; and his career is remarkable as having been
+cheered by the favour of four sovereigns of very different tempers. In
+his early youth, after his return from his travels, the Duke of
+Queensbury was appointed a Privy Councillor of Scotland by Charles the
+Second. He held the same post under James the Second, but resigned it in
+1688. The reserved and doubting William of Orange placed him near his
+person, making him a Lord of the Bedchamber, and captain of his Dutch
+guard; eventually he became Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, and--to
+abridge a list of numerous employments and honours--Lord High
+Commissioner of Scotland. So far had Queensbury's fortunes begun with
+the Stuarts and continued under the House of Orange. It appeared
+unlikely that the successor of William--she who in her first speech
+announced that her heart was "wholly English," to mark the distinction
+between herself and the foreigner who had sat on the throne before
+her,--would adopt as her own representative in Scotland the favourite of
+William; yet she continued Queensbury in that high station which it was
+believed none could fill so adequately in the disturbed and refractory
+kingdom of Scotland.[18]
+
+During the early years of Queen Anne's reign, and in the season of his
+own comparative prosperity, the young Earl of Mar entered into his first
+marriage, at Twickenham, with Lady Margaret Hay, daughter of John Earl
+of Kinnoul. The wife whom he thus selected was the daughter of a house
+originally adverse to the principles of the Revolution. William Earl of
+Kinnoul, in the time of James the Second, had remained at St. Germains
+with that monarch. But the same change which had manifested the
+political course of Lord Mar, had been apparent in the father of Lady
+Margaret Hay. The Earl of Kinnoul was afterwards one of the
+Commissioners for the Union, and supported that treaty in Parliament;
+yet, when the Rebellion of 1715 commenced, this nobleman was one of the
+suspected persons who were summoned to surrender themselves, and was
+committed a prisoner to Edinburgh Castle. His daughter, the Countess of
+Mar, was happily spared from witnessing the turmoils of that period.
+Married in her seventeenth year, she lived only four years with a
+husband whose character was but partially developed, when, in 1707, she
+died at the age of twenty-one, having given birth to two sons. She was
+buried at the family seat at Alloa Castle, an ancient fortress, built in
+the year 1300, one turret of which still remaining rises ninety feet
+from the ground. Seven years intervened before Lord Mar supplied the
+place of his lost wife by another union.
+
+His days were, indeed, consumed in public affairs, varied by the
+improvement of his Scottish estates, embellishing the tower of Alloa by
+laying out beautiful gardens in that wilderness style of planting which
+the Earl first introduced into Scotland.[19] He had the reward of
+seeing his efforts succeed, the gardens of Alloa being much eulogized
+and visited. This was by no means Lord Mar's only recreation;
+architecture was his delight, and he introduced into London the
+celebrated Gibbs, who, out of gratitude, eventually bequeathed a large
+portion of his fortune to the children of the Earl.[20] It is refreshing
+to view this busy and versatile politician in this light before we
+plunge into the depths of those intricate politics which form the
+principal features of his life.
+
+It was during the year 1703 that a political association or club was
+framed consisting of the chief nobility and gentlemen of fortune and
+afterwards known by the name of the _Squadrone Volante_. They acquired
+distinguished popularity and influence by the patriotic character of the
+measures which they introduced into the Scottish Parliament; and by
+their professions of being free from any court interest, they gained the
+confidence of the country. They were firm friends of the Revolution
+party, great sticklers to the Protestant succession, forming a _separate
+band_ distinct from the Whigs, yet opposed to the Cavaliers, or, as they
+were afterwards called, Jacobites. The power of the Squadrone was, in a
+great measure, the result of those jarring counsels in the Scottish
+Parliament, which only coalesced upon one theme,--independence of
+England--interference of "foreign" or English counsels, as they were
+termed. This combination was headed by the Duke of Montrose, the Marquis
+of Tweedale, and several other Scottish noblemen, to whom adhered thirty
+commoners.[21]
+
+During the existence of this association, the celebrated "Queensbury
+affair," as it was usually called, involved the temporary disgrace of
+the Duke of Queensbury, and first brought to view those convenient
+doctrines of expediency which afterwards formed so marked a feature in
+the character of Lord Mar.
+
+The "sham plot," as it is called by Jacobite writers, was a supposed
+intended invasion of Great Britain, disclosed to the Duke of Queensbury
+by Simon Fraser of Beaufort, afterwards Lord Lovat; whose very name
+seems to have suggested to his contemporaries, as it has since done to
+posterity, the combination of all that is subtle, treacherous, and base,
+with all that is dangerous, desperate, and remorseless in conduct.
+
+This tool of the court of St. Germains came over from France, in company
+with John Murray, who was sent to watch his proceedings, and also to aid
+his object in procuring the promises of the most distinguished Highland
+chieftains to the furtherance of the projected invasion of England. The
+assistance of Captain Murray was conjoined on this occasion, the
+fidelity of that gentleman having been ascertained by the court of St.
+Germains; whilst there existed not a human being who did not
+instinctively distrust Beaufort: to Mary of Modena, who far more
+ardently desired the restoration of the Stuarts than her consort James,
+he was peculiarly obnoxious.
+
+The exiled Queen's fears proved well founded, for no sooner had Beaufort
+landed in England, than he formed the scheme of converting this secret
+enterprise into a means of obtaining reward and protection from the Duke
+of Argyle, whose mediation with the Duke of Queensbury he required for
+private reasons; he therefore notified his arrival to Argyle, who had
+been his early and hereditary friend, offering at the same time to make
+great disclosures, if he had previous assurances of remuneration.
+
+Such is the account of most impartial writers, and more especially of
+those who lean to the Whig party: but, by the Jacobites, the very
+existence of a conspiracy to invade England at this time was denied, and
+the whole affair was declared to be a scheme of the Duke of Queensbury's
+to undermine the reputation of the Cavaliers, and "to find a pretence to
+vent his wrath, and execute his malice against those who thwarted his
+arbitrary designs," for the completion of a treaty of union between
+Scotland and England, which had been in contemplation ever since the
+days of William the Third.[22]
+
+After much deliberation the Duke of Queensbury was induced to have
+several communications with Fraser of Beaufort, and to listen to the
+information which he gave, all of which the Duke transmitted to Queen
+Anne, although he concealed the name of his informant. In consequence of
+Fraser's disclosures, several persons coming from France to England were
+apprehended on suspicion of being engaged in the Pretender's service,
+and an universal alarm was spread, as well as a distrust of the motives
+and proceedings of Queensbury, who thus acted upon the intelligence of
+an avowed spy, and noted outlaw, like Fraser. A temporary loss of
+Queensbury's political sway in Scotland was the result, and a consequent
+increase of power to the Squadrone Volante.
+
+It was at this juncture that the Earl of Mar came forward as the
+advocate of the Duke of Queensbury's measures, and the opponent of the
+Squadrone Volante, who had now completely fixed upon themselves that
+name, from their pretending to act by themselves, and to cast the
+balance of contending parties in Parliament. The opposition of Lord Mar
+to the Squadrone was peculiarly acceptable to the Tories, or Cavaliers,
+who had recently applied to that faction to assist them in the defence
+of their country against the Union, but who had been greeted with an
+indignant and resolute refusal.
+
+The Earl of Mar therefore appeared as the champion of the Cavaliers, and
+for the first time won their confidence and approbation. "He headed,"
+writes the bitter and yet truthful Lockhart, "such of the Duke of
+Queensbury's friends as opposed the Marquis of Tweedale and his party's
+designs; and that with such art and dissimulation, that he gained the
+favour of all the Tories, and was by them esteemed an honest man, and
+well inclined to the royal family. Certain it is, he vowed and protested
+as much many a time; but no sooner was the Marquis of Tweedale and his
+party dispossessed, than he returned as a dog to the vomit, and promoted
+all the court of England's measures with the greatest zeal
+imaginable."[23] The three parties in the Scottish Parliament, according
+to the same authority, consisted of the Cavaliers,--that remnant of the
+Jacobite party which remained vigorous, more especially in the
+Highlands, since the days of Dundee,--of the Squadrone, "or _outer_
+court party," and of the present court party, consisting of true blue
+Presbyterians and Revolutioners.[24] With the interests of the latter
+party the Earl of Mar was undoubtedly engaged.
+
+Scotland was at this time, and continued for several years, racked with
+dissensions regarding the Treaty of Union. No one can form an adequate
+idea of the heartburnings, feuds, parties, and tumults, by which that
+great measure was preceded, and followed, without looking into the
+contemporary writers, whose aim it ever is to heighten the picture of
+passing events; whereas the calm historian subdues it into one general
+effect of keeping.
+
+The Earl of Mar took a prominent part in seconding the treaty; no man's
+commencement of a career could be more opposed to its termination than
+that of this politician of easy virtue. The Duke of Queensbury was for
+some time so hated in Scotland as scarcely to venture to appear there,
+but contented himself with sending the Duke of Argyle as commissioner,
+and "using him as the monkey did the cat in pulling out the hot roasted
+chesnut." But when he was, after an interval, reinstated in power, Lord
+Mar was again his devoted ally. The influence of the Duke over every
+mind with which he came into collision was, indeed, almost irresistible.
+"I cannot but wonder," remarks the indignant Lockhart, "at the influence
+he had over all men of sense, quality, and estate; men that had, at
+least many of them, no dependance on him, yet were so deluded as to
+serve his ambitious designs, contrary to the acknowledged dictates of
+their own conscience."[25]
+
+In 1706, in the beginning of the session of Parliament, the Earl of Mar
+presented the draught of an Act for appointing Commissioners, to treat
+of an Union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England. Thus was he the
+instrument of first presenting to the Scotch that measure so revolting
+to their prejudices, so singularly distasteful to a proud and
+independent people. It is impossible to judge how far Lord Mar was
+convinced of the expediency of the Treaty, or whether he was, in secret,
+one of those who feigned an affection for the measure, whilst, in their
+hearts, they wished for the preponderance of the votes against it. The
+Treaty of Union was espoused by those in whose opinions Lord Mar had
+been nurtured,--and originally, according to De Foe, it had been mooted
+by William the Third, who declared that this Island would never be easy
+without an union. "I have done all I can in that affair," he once
+observed; "but I do not see a temper in either nation that looks like
+it: it may be done, but not yet."[26]
+
+The Treaty, retarded by many interests, clashing between nations, but,
+more especially, by the burning recollections of massacred countrymen in
+the blood-stained valley of Glencoe, was now brought into discussion
+just when the Earl of Mar was at that age when a thirst for gain, or an
+ambition to rise is unquenched, in general, by disappointment. Differing
+in one respect from many Cavaliers, in being of a family strictly
+Protestant, Lord Mar had not the inducement which operated upon the
+Catholics, in their undiminished, ardent desire to restore the young
+Prince of Wales to the throne. Differing, again, in another respect from
+many of the Jacobites, Lord Mar had not the tie of a personal knowledge
+of the exiled King to fix his fidelity; or, what was considered far more
+likely to have sealed his, or any adherent allegiance, he had enjoyed no
+opportunities of cultivating the favour of the enthusiastic, bigoted,
+and yet intelligent Mary of Modena, whose exertions for her family kept
+alive the spirit of Jacobitism during the decline of her royal devotee
+and the childhood of her son. Lord Mar seems to have been reared
+entirely in Scotland, and he might perhaps come under the description
+given by the eloquent Lord Belhaven of a Whig in Scotland:--"A true,
+blue Presbyterian, who, without considering time or power, will venture
+all for the Kirk, but something less for the State;"[27] but that his
+subsequent conduct contradicts this supposition.
+
+The Treaty struggled on through a powerful and memorable opposition. It
+is a curious instance of Scottish pride, that one of the objections made
+to the Commissioners appointed to treat of the Union, was, that there
+were six or eight newly-raised families amongst them, and but few of
+the great and ancient names of Hamilton, Graham, Murray, Erskine, and
+many others.[28] Never was there so much domestic misery and
+humiliation, abroad, for poor Scotland, as during the progress of this
+Treaty. The fame of Marlborough, and the fortunes of Godolphin, were now
+at their zenith; they were considered as the great arbiters of Scottish
+affairs,--the Queen being only applied to for the sake of form. These
+two great statesmen treated the Scottish noblemen to whom the Cavaliers
+entrusted the success of their representations, with a lofty insolence,
+which galled the proud Highlanders, and went to their very hearts.
+
+"I myself," writes the author of Memoirs of Scotland, "out of curiosity,
+went sometimes to their levées, where I saw the Commissioners, the Duke
+of Queensbury, the Chancellor, the Secretary, Lord Mar, and other great
+men of Scotland, hang on near an hour; and when admitted, treated with
+no more civility than one gentleman pays another's valet-de-chambre; and
+for which the Scots have none to blame but themselves, for had they
+valued themselves as they ought to have done, and not so meanly and
+sneakingly prostituted their honour and country to the will and pleasure
+of the English Ministry, they would never have presumed to usurp such a
+dominion over Scotland, as openly and avowedly to consult upon and
+determine in Scots' affairs."[29]
+
+At home, the spirit of party ran to an extent which cannot be called
+insane, because the interests at stake were those dearest to a
+high-spirited people. "Factions," exclaimed Lord Belhaven, "in
+Parliament, are now become independent, and have got footing in
+councils, in parliaments, in treaties, in armies, in incorporations, in
+families, among kindred; yea, man and wife are not free from them."[30]
+"Hannibal, my Lord," he cried, in one of what Lockhart calls his long
+premeditated harangues, "Hannibal is at our gates; Hannibal is come the
+length of this table; he is at the foot of this throne: he will demolish
+the throne; if we take not notice, he will seize upon these regalia;
+he'll take them as our _spolia opima_, and whip us out of this House,
+never to return again."
+
+In order to understand the effect of the Act of Union upon the hopes of
+the Jacobite party, it is necessary to take into consideration the
+following facts. The Act of the English Parliament, by which the Crown
+had been settled on Queen Mary and her sister, extended only to the
+Princess Anne and her issue. After the death of the Duke of Gloucester,
+and about the end of the reign of William the Third, another settlement
+was made, by which the Crown was settled on the House of Hanover; but no
+similar Act was passed in Scotland. And at the beginning of Queen Anne's
+reign, and until after the Union, the Scottish Parliament were legally
+possessed of a power to introduce again the exiled family into Great
+Britain.[31]
+
+During the course of the negotiations for the Treaty of Union, the Earl
+of Mar formed an alliance with the celebrated Duke of Hamilton. In the
+consideration of public affairs at this period, it may not appear a
+digression to give some insight into the character of one who headed the
+chief party in the Scottish Parliament, and with whom the Earl of Mar
+was, at this period of his life, in frequent intercourse.
+
+James Duke of Hamilton was at this period nearly fifty years of age. His
+youth had been passed in the gay court of Charles the Second, as one of
+the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber of that monarch,--an office which he
+only relinquished to become Ambassador Extraordinary to France, where he
+remained long enough to serve in two campaigns under Louis the
+Fourteenth. Upon the death of Charles the Second, Louis recommended the
+young nobleman, then termed Earl of Arran, strongly and essentially to
+James the Second, who made him Master of his Wardrobe, and appointed him
+to other offices.
+
+Under these circumstances it is not surprising that in the honest and
+warm feelings of the Duke of Hamilton, affection for the Stuarts should
+form a principal feature. He had the courage to adhere firmly to James
+the Second, amid the general obloquy, and to accompany the monarch on
+his abdication to his embarkation at Rochester. "I can distinguish," he
+said, at a meeting of the Scottish nobility in London, over which his
+father, the Duke of Hamilton presided, "between the King's popery and
+his person. I dislike the one, but have sworn to do allegiance to the
+other, which makes it impossible to withhold that which I cannot forbear
+believing is the King my master's right: for his present absence in
+France can no more affect my duty, than his longer absence from us has
+done all this while."
+
+Notwithstanding these professions, upon the unfortunate conclusion of
+the affair of Darien, the Earl of Arran, after twice encountering
+imprisonment upon account of the Stuarts, esteemed it his duty to his
+country to take the oaths to King William, in order to qualify himself
+to sit in Parliament.
+
+The character of the Duke of Hamilton presents a favourable specimen of
+the well-principled and well-intentioned Scotchman, with the
+acknowledged virtues and obvious defects of the national character. He
+was disinterested in great matters, refusing many opportunities of
+worldly advantage, and bearing for the first eight years of his public
+career, a retirement which is always more galling to an ambitious temper
+than actual danger; yet, it was supposed, and not without reason, that,
+whilst his heart was with the Cavaliers, or country party, the
+considerations of his great estate in England occasioned a lukewarmness
+in his political conduct, and broke down his opposition to the Union.
+Wary and cautious, he could thus sacrifice his present hopes of a
+distinction which his talents would have readily attained, to his
+adherence to a lost cause; but his resolution failed when the sacrifice
+of what many might deem inferior interests, was required.
+
+The Duke soon formed a considerable party in the Parliament; and his
+empire over the affections of his countrymen grew daily. To those to
+whom he confided, the Duke was gracious and unbending; but a suspicion
+of an insult recalled the native haughtiness attributable to his
+house.[32] "Frank, honest, and good-natured," as he was esteemed by
+Swift, and displaying on his dark, coarse countenance, the
+characteristics of good sense and energy, the Duke was a bitter and
+vindictive foe[33]--characteristics of his age, and of a nation
+undoubtedly prone to wreak a singular and remorseless revenge on all who
+offend the hereditary pride, or militate against the prejudices of its
+people.
+
+Endowed with these qualities, the whole career of James Duke of Hamilton
+was a struggle between his love for his country, and his consideration
+for what he esteemed its truest interests, and his desire to support the
+claims of the royal family of Stuart. His political career has been
+criticised by writers of every faction; but it must be judged of as
+having taken place in times of peculiar difficulty, and a due credit
+should be given to the motives of one who displayed, during the greater
+portion of his life, forbearance and consistency. "Had not his loyalty
+been so unalterable," writes Lockhart, "and that he would never engage
+in King William's and his Government's service, and his love to his
+country induced him to oppose that King and England's injustice and
+encroachments on it, no doubt he had made as great a figure in the world
+as any other whatsoever, and that either in a civil or military
+capacity."[34] "The Duke of Hamilton's love for his country," observes a
+contemptuous, anonymous assailant, "made him leave London, and follow
+King James, who had enslaved it. His love to his country had engaged him
+in several plots to restore that prince, and with him, tyranny and
+idolatry, poverty and slavery."[35] Upon the odious principle of always
+seeking out for the lowest and the most selfish motive that can actuate
+the conduct of men,--a principle which is thought by weak and bad minds
+to display knowledge of the world, but which, in fact, more often
+betrays ignorance,--another part of his conduct was misjudged. The
+reluctance of the Duke of Hamilton, in 1704, to nominate a successor to
+the throne of England, before framing the treaty touching "the Commerce
+of Scotland and other Concerns," was ascribed by many to the remote hope
+of succeeding to the Crown, since, in case of the exclusion of the
+Princess Sophia and her descendants, his family was the next in
+succession, of the Protestant Faith. Such was one of the reasons
+assigned for the wise endeavour which this nobleman exerted to prevent
+an invasion of the kingdom by James Stuart during the reign of Anne, and
+such the motive adduced for his advice to the Chevalier to maintain
+terms of amity with his royal sister. It was the cause calumniously
+assigned of his supposed decline in attachment to the exiled family.[36]
+
+But, notwithstanding the inference thus deduced, the Duke of Hamilton
+continued to enjoy, in no ordinary degree, popular applause and the
+favour of Queen Anne, until his tragical death in 1712 occurring just
+before the Rebellion of 1715, spared him the perplexity of deciding on
+which side he should embark in that perilous and ill-omened
+insurrection.
+
+This celebrated statesman,--one who never entered into a new measure,
+nor formed a project, ("though in doing thereof," says Lockhart, "he was
+too cautious") that he did not prosecute his designs with a courage that
+nothing could daunt,--now determined to win over the Earl of Mar from
+the Duke of Queensbury. The Duke of Hamilton was the more induced to the
+attempt, from the frequent protestations made by the Earl of Mar of his
+love for the exiled family; and he applied himself to the task of
+gaining this now important ally with all the skill which experience and
+shrewdness could supply. Hamilton was considered invincible in such
+undertakings, and was master of a penetration which no one could
+withstand. "Never was," writes Lockhart, "a man so qualified to be the
+head of a party as himself; for he could, with the greatest dexterity,
+apply himself to, and sift through, the inclinations of different
+parties, and so cunningly manage them, that he gained some of all to
+his." But the Duke met in Lord Mar with one equally skilled in diving
+into motives, and in bending the will of others to his own projects. In
+the encounter of these two minds, the Duke is said to have been worsted
+and disarmed; and the Earl of Mar, by his insinuations, is suspected to
+have materially influenced the conduct of that great leader of party. "I
+have good reason to suppose," says Lockhart, "that his Grace's appearing
+with less zeal and forwardness in this ensuing than in former
+Parliaments, is attributable to some agreement passed between them
+two."[37]
+
+For the effect of his newly-acquired influence over the Duke of
+Hamilton, and for his other services in promoting the Union, the Earl of
+Mar was amply rewarded. During the Parliament of 1705, he was
+constituted one of the Commissioners of that Treaty, his name being
+third on the list. In 1706, he was appointed one of the Secretaries of
+State for Scotland; and afterwards, upon the loss of that office, in
+consequence of the Union between the two countries, he was compensated
+by being made Keeper of the Signet, with the addition of a pension.[38]
+Those who were the promoters of the Treaty must have required some
+consolation for the general opprobrium into which the measure brought
+the Commissioners. The indignant populace converted the name of
+"Treaters" into Traitors: the Parliament Close resounded with "very free
+language," denouncing the "Traitors." That picturesque enclosure, since
+destroyed by fire, was crowded by a vehement multitude, who rushed into
+the outer Parliament House to denounce the Duke of Queensbury and his
+party, and to cheer the Duke of Hamilton, whom they followed to his
+residence in Holyrood House, exhorting him to stand by his country, and
+assuring him of support. The tumults were, indeed, soon quelled by
+military force; but the deliberations of Parliament were carried on at
+the risk of summary vengeance upon the "Traitors:" and the eloquence of
+members was uttered between walls which were guarded, during the whole
+session, by all the military force that Edinburgh could command. The
+Duke of Queensbury was obliged to walk "as if he had been led to the
+gallows,"[39] through two lanes of musqueteers, from the Parliament
+House to the Cross, where his coach stood; no coaches, nor any person
+who was not a member, being allowed to enter the Parliament Close
+towards evening: and he was conveyed in his carriage to the Abbey,
+surrounded both by horse and foot guards.
+
+On the 1st of May, 1707, the Articles of Union were ratified by the
+Parliament of England. That day has been set down by the opponents of
+the measure as one never to be forgotten by Scotland,--the loss of their
+independence and sovereignty. Superstition marked every stage of the
+measure as happening upon some date adverse to the Stuarts. On the
+fourth of November the first Article of the Union was approved; on a
+fourth of November was William of Orange born. On the eighth of January
+the Peerage was renounced; on an eighth of January was the warrant for
+the Murder at Glencoe signed. The ratification of the Article of Union
+was on the sixteenth of January. On a sixteenth of January was the
+sentence of Charles the First pronounced. The dissolution of the
+Scottish Parliament took place upon the twenty-fifth of March, according
+to the Old Style, New Year's Day: that concession might therefore be
+esteemed a New-year's Gift to the English.
+
+Finally,--The Equivalent, or Compensation Money, that is, "the price of
+Scotland," came to Edinburgh on the fifth of August, the day on which
+the Earl of Gowrie designed to murder James the Sixth.[40]
+
+The discontents and tumults which attended the progress of the Union ran
+throughout the whole country, and pervaded all ranks of people. Yet it
+is remarkable, that the nobility of Scotland should have been the first
+to fail in their opposition to the measure; and that the middle ranks,
+together with the lowest of the people, should have been foremost to
+withstand what they considered as insulting to the independence of their
+country. The very name and antiquity of their kingdom was dear to them,
+although there remained, after the removal of James the First into
+England, little more than "a vain shadow of a name, a yoke of slavery,
+and image of a kingdom."[41] It was in vain that the Duke of Hamilton
+had called, in the beginning of the debates on this measure, upon the
+families of "Bruce, Campbell, Douglas," not to desert their country: the
+opposition to the Union was bought over, with many exceptions, with a
+price;--twenty thousand pounds being sent over to the Lords
+Commissioners to employ in this manner, twelve thousand pounds of which
+were, however, returned to the English Treasury, there being no more who
+would accept the bribe. The Earl of Mar and the Earl of Seafield had
+privately secured their own reward, having bargained "for greater
+matters than could be agreed upon while the kingdom of Scotland stood in
+safety."[42]
+
+Amidst the resentment of the Scotch for their insulted dignity, it is
+amusing to find that this Union of the two countries could be deemed
+derogatory to English dignity; yet Dean Swift, among others, considered
+it in that light. "Swift's hatred to the Scottish nation," observes Sir
+Walter Scott, "led him to look upon that Union with great resentment, as
+a measure degrading to England. The Scottish themselves hardly detested
+the idea more than he did; and that is saying as much as possible."[43]
+
+Swift vented his wrath in the verses beginning with these lines:
+
+    "The Queen has lately lost a part
+    Of her entirely-English heart,[44]
+    For want of which, by way of botch,
+    She piec'd it up again with Scotch.
+    Blest Revolution! which creates
+    Divided hearts, united states!
+    See how the double nation lies
+    Like a rich coat with skirts of frize:
+    As if a man in making posies,
+    Should bundle thistles up with roses!"
+
+That the conduct of Lord Mar throughout this Treaty was regarded with
+avowed suspicion, the following anecdote tends to confirm: Lord
+Godolphin, at that time First Lord of the Treasury, wishing to tamper
+with one of a combination against the Queensbury faction, sent to offer
+that individual a place if he would discover to him how the combination
+was formed, and in what manner it might be broken. But the gentleman
+whose fidelity he thus assailed, was true to his engagements; and
+returned an indignant answer, desiring the Lord Treasurer's agent "not
+to think that he was treating with such men as Mar and Seafield."[45]
+
+At this time the Earl of Mar was said to be in the full enjoyment of
+Lord Godolphin's confidence, and to have been one of those whom the
+treasurer consulted, in settling the government of Scotland. The rumour
+was not conducive to his comfort or well-being in his native country;
+and the Earl appears to have passed much more time in intrigues in
+London than among the gardens of Alloa.
+
+It was not long before the effects of the general discontent were
+manifested in the desire of the majority of the Scottish nation to
+restore the descendant of their ancient kings to the throne, and even
+the Cameronians and Presbyterians were willing to pass over the
+objection of his being a Papist. "God may convert the Prince," they
+said, "or he may have Protestant children, but the Union never can be
+good."[46] The middle orders openly expressed their anxiety to welcome a
+Prince to their shores, whom they regarded as a deliverer: the nobility
+and gentry, though more cautious, yet were equally desirous to see the
+honour of their nation, in their own sense of it, restored.
+Episcopalians, Cavaliers, and Revolutionists, were unanimous, or, to use
+the Scots' proverb, "were all one man's bairns." This state of public
+feeling was soon communicated to St. Germains, and Colonel Hooke, famous
+for his negotiations, was, according to the writer of the Memoirs,
+"pitched upon by the French King, and palmed upon the court of St.
+Germains, and dispatched to sound the intentions of the principal
+Scottish nobility." This agent arrived in Scotland in the month of March,
+1707. The paper containing assurances of aid to James Stuart was signed
+by sixteen noblemen and gentlemen; but the Earl of Mar was, at that
+time, engaged in a very different undertaking, and was in close amity
+with Sunderland, Godolphin, and the heads of the Whig party.
+
+The spring of 1708 discovered the designs of Louis, and the news of
+great preparations at Dunkirk spread consternation in England. At this
+juncture, the first in which the son of James the Second was called upon
+to play a part in that drama of which he was the ill-starred hero, the
+usual fate of his race befel him. He came to Dunkirk hastily, and in
+private, intending to pass over alone to the Firth of Forth. He was
+attacked by the measles; at a still more critical moment of his
+melancholy life, he was the victim of ague: both of them ignoble
+diseases, which seem to have little concern with the affairs of royalty.
+The delay of the Prince's illness, although shortened by the peremptory
+commands of the French King to proceed, was fatal, for the English fleet
+had time to make preparations. A storm drove the French fleet
+northwards; in the tempest the unfortunate adventurer passed the Firth
+of Forth and Aberdeen; and although the fleet retraced its course to the
+Isle of May, it was only to flee back to France, daunted as the French
+admirals were by the proximity of Sir George Byng and the English fleet,
+who chased the enemy along the coasts of Fife and Angus. It was shortly
+after this event that the Pretender, upon whose head a price of a
+hundred thousand pounds was set by the English Government, first
+assumed the title of Chevalier of St. George, in order to spare himself
+the expense of field equipage in the campaign in Flanders.
+
+The conduct of the Earl of Mar, in relation to conspiracy, has been
+alluded to rather than declared by historians. He is supposed not to
+have been, in secret, unfavourable to the undertaking. He was,
+nevertheless, active in giving to the Earl of Sunderland the names of
+the disaffected with whom he was generally supposed to be too well
+acquainted. Many of those who were suspected were brought to London, and
+were in some instances committed to prison, in others confined to their
+own houses. On this occasion the advice of the great Marlborough was
+followed, and the guilty were not proceeded against with more severity
+than was necessary for the Queen's safety. The same generous policy was
+in after times remembered, in mournful contrast with a very different
+spirit.
+
+It was the ill-fortune of Mar to give satisfaction to none of those who
+had looked on the course of public affairs during the recent
+transactions; nor was it ever his good fortune to inspire confidence in
+his motives. Some notion may be formed of the thraldom of party in
+Scotland by the following anecdote:--
+
+In 1711-12 the Queen conferred upon the Duke of Hamilton a patent for an
+English dukedom; but this, according to a vote of the House of Lords,
+did not entitle him to sit as a British Peer. Indignant at being
+thought incapable of receiving a grace which the King might confer on
+the meanest commoner, the Scotch Peers took the first opportunity of
+walking out of the House in a body, and refusing to vote or sit in that
+House. In addition to the affront implied by their incapacity of
+becoming British Peers, it was more than hinted that it would not be
+advisable for the independence of the House if the King could confer the
+privileges of British Peers upon a set of nobles whose poverty rendered
+them dependent on the Crown.
+
+Just when this offensive vote of the House was the theme of general
+conversation, Dean Swift encountered the Earl of Mar at Lord Masham's.
+"I was arguing with him, (Lord Mar)," he writes, "about the stubbornness
+and folly of his countrymen; they are so angry about the affair of the
+Duke of Hamilton, whom the Queen has made a Duke of England, and the
+Lords will not admit him. He swears he would vote for us, but dare not,
+because all Scotland would detest him if he did; he should never be
+chosen again, nor be able to live there."[47]
+
+The Earl of Mar continued to be one of the Representative Peers for
+Scotland, having been chosen in 1707, and rechosen at the general
+elections in 1708, 1710, and 1713.[48]
+
+Upon the death of the Duke of Queensbury in 1711, the office of
+Secretary of State for Scotland became vacant, and the Duke of Hamilton
+and the Earl of Mar were rival expectants for the high and important
+post. Government hesitated for some time before filling up the post,
+being disposed rather to abolish it than to offend any party by its
+disposal, and deeming it as an useless expense to the Government; nor
+was it filled up for a considerable time.
+
+The tragical death of one who, with some failings, deserved the
+affection and respect of his country, procured eventually to the Earl of
+Mar the chief management of public affairs in Scotland. Whilst on the
+eve of embarking as Ambassador Extraordinary to France, upon the
+conclusion of the peace of Utrecht, the Duke of Hamilton fell in a duel
+with his brother-in-law, Lord Mohun,--a man whose course of life had
+been stained with blood, but whose crimes had met with a singular
+impunity.
+
+The character of Lord Mohun seems rather to have belonged to the reign
+of Charles the Second, than to the sober period of William and Anne. The
+representative of a very ancient family, he had the misfortune of coming
+to his title when young, while his estate was impoverished. "His quality
+introduced him into the best company," says a contemporary writer, "but
+his wants very often led him into bad." He ran a course of notorious and
+low dissipation, and was twice tried for murder before he was twenty.
+His first offence was the cruel and almost unprovoked murder of William
+Mountford, an accomplished actor, whom Mohun stabbed whilst off his
+guard. The second was the death of Mr. Charles Coote. For these crimes
+Lord Mohun had been tried by his peers, and, strange to say, acquitted.
+On his last acquittal he spoke gracefully before the Peers, expressing
+great contrition for the disgrace which he had brought upon his order,
+and promising to efface it by a better course of life. For some time
+this able but depraved nobleman kept to his resolution, and studied the
+constitution of his country.[49] He became a bold and eloquent speaker
+in the House on the side of the Whigs; and he had attained a
+considerable popularity, when the affair with the Duke of Hamilton
+finished his career before the age of thirty.[50]
+
+A family dispute, exasperated by the different sides taken by these two
+noblemen in Parliament, was the cause of an event which deprived the
+Jacobite party of one of their most valuable and most moderate leaders;
+for had the counsels of the Duke of Hamilton prevailed, the Chevalier
+would never have undertaken the futile invasion of 1708, nor perhaps
+have engaged in the succeeding attempt in 1715. Upon the fortunes of the
+Earl of Mar, the death of the Duke so far operated that it was not until
+all fear of offending the powerful and popular Hamilton was ended by his
+tragical death, that the appointment of Secretary was conferred upon his
+rival. The Whigs were calumniously suspected of having had some unfair
+share in the death of the Duke,--an event which took place in the
+following manner.
+
+Certain offensive words spoken by Lord Mohun in the chambers of a Master
+in Chancery, and addressed to the Duke of Hamilton, brought a
+long-standing enmity into open hostility. On the part of Lord Mohun,
+General Macartney was sent to convey a challenge to the Duke, and the
+place of meeting, time, and other preliminaries were settled by
+Macartney and the Duke over a bottle of claret, at the Rose Tavern, in
+Covent Garden. The hour of eight on the following day was fixed for the
+encounter, and on the fatal morning the Duke drove to the lodgings of
+his friend, Colonel Hamilton, who acted as his second, in Charing Cross,
+and hurried him away. It was afterwards deposed, that on setting out,
+the Colonel, in his haste, forgot his sword; upon which the Duke stopped
+the carriage, and taking his keys from his pocket, desired his servant
+to go to a certain closet in his house, and to bring his mourning-sword,
+which was accordingly done. This was regarded as a fatal omen in those
+days, in which, as Addison describes, a belief in such indications
+existed.
+
+The Duke then drove on to that part of Hyde Park leading to Kensington,
+opposite the Lodge, and getting out, walked to and fro upon the grass
+between the two ponds. Lord Mohun, in the mean time, set out from Long
+Acre with his friend, General Macartney, who seems to have been a worthy
+second of the titled bravo.
+
+Lord Mohun having taken the precaution of ordering some burnt wine to be
+prepared for him upon his return from the rencounter, proceeded to the
+place of appointment, where the Duke awaited him. "I must ask your
+Lordship," said Lord Mohun, "one favour, which is, that these gentlemen
+may have nothing to do with our quarrel." "My Lord," answered the Duke,
+"I leave them to themselves." The parties then threw off their cloaks,
+and all engaged; the seconds, it appears, fighting with as much fury as
+their principals. The park-keepers coming up, found Colonel Hamilton and
+General Macartney struggling together; the General holding the Colonel's
+sword in his left hand, the Colonel pulling at the blade of the
+General's sword. One of the keepers went up to the principals; he found
+Lord Mohun in a position between sitting and lying, bending towards the
+Duke, who was on his knees, leaning almost across Lord Mohun, both
+holding each other's sword fast, both striving and struggling with the
+fury of remorseless hatred. This awful scene was soon closed for ever,
+as far as Mohun was concerned. He expired shortly afterwards, having
+received four wounds, each of which was likely to be mortal. The Duke
+was raised and supported by Colonel Hamilton and one of the keepers; but
+after walking about thirty yards, exclaimed that "he could walk no
+farther," sank down upon the grass, and expired. His lifeless remains,
+mangled with wounds which showed the relentless fury of the encounter,
+were conveyed to St. James's Square, the same morning, while the
+Duchess was still asleep.[51]
+
+Lord Mohun, meanwhile, was carried, by order of General Macartney, to
+the hackney-coach in which he had arrived, and his body conveyed to his
+house in Marlborough Street, where, it was afterwards reported, that
+being flung upon the best bed, his Lady, one of the nieces of Charles
+Gerrard, Earl of Macclesfield, expressed great anger at the soiling of
+her new coverlid, on which the bleeding corpse was deposited.[52]
+
+General Macartney escaped. It appeared on oath that he had made a
+thrust at the Duke, as he was struggling with Mohun; and it being
+generally believed that it was by that wound that the Duke died, an
+address was presented to her Majesty by the Scottish Peers, begging that
+she would write to all the kings and states in alliance with her, not to
+shelter Macartney from justice.[53]
+
+A deep and general grief was shown for the death of the Duke of
+Hamilton. In Scotland mourning was worn, and the churches were hung with
+black. It was in vain that the Duchess offered a reward of three hundred
+pounds for the apprehension of Macartney; the murderer had fled beyond
+seas.
+
+The Cavaliers lost, in Hamilton, an ornament to their party, from the
+strict honour and fidelity of his known character. But the crisis which
+the unfortunate Duke had in vain endeavoured to avert was now at hand,
+and the death of Queen Anne brought with it all those consequences which
+a long series of cabals, during the later disturbed years of the Queen's
+existence, had been gradually ripening into importance.
+
+The Earl of Mar had openly espoused the High-church party in the case of
+Sacheverel; and he had on that account, as well as from the doubt
+generally entertained of his fidelity, little reason to expect from the
+House of Hanover a continuance in office. No sooner had the Queen
+expired, than those whom Lord Mar had long, in secret, been regarding
+with interest, expressed openly their disappointment at the result of
+the last reign.
+
+"The accession of George the First," remarks Dr. Coxe, "was a new era in
+the history of that Government which was established at the Revolution.
+Under William and Anne the Stuart family can scarcely be considered as
+absolutely excluded from the throne; for all parties, except the extreme
+Whigs, looked forward to the possibility of the Stuarts returning to the
+throne. But, in fact, the Revolution was not completed till the actual
+establishment of the Brunswick line, which cut off all hopes of a return
+without a new revolution."[54]
+
+When the news of Queen Anne's dangerous condition reached the Chevalier
+de St. George, he was at Luneville; but he repaired instantly to
+Barleduc, where he held a council. As he entered the council-chamber, he
+was heard to exclaim, "If that Princess dies, I am lost."[55] There was
+no doubt that a correspondence with the exiled family had been carried
+on with great alacrity, during the last few years of Queen Anne's reign,
+with the cognizance of the Sovereign;[56] and that large sums were spent
+by Mary of Modena, and by her son, in procuring intelligence of all
+that was going on in the English Court.
+
+Immediately after the Queen's death, Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester,
+proposed to Lord Bolingbroke to proclaim James at Charing Cross, and
+offered, himself, to head the procession in lawn sleeves. But
+Bolingbroke shrank from the enterprise; and, with an exclamation of
+passion, Atterbury exclaimed,--"There is the best cause in Europe lost
+for want of spirit." The boldness of the proposition, and the ardent
+temper from which it originated, recall, with regret, the remembrance of
+one who, as Lord Hailes in his notes on Atterbury's Correspondence has
+remarked, was "incapable of dark conspiracies."[57]
+
+The Chevalier was then residing at Barleduc, with a suite of sixty
+persons; some of whom boasted of having taken part in the conspiracies
+against William the Third, and were proud of having compassed the death
+of that Sovereign. From time to time, Englishmen of distinction
+travelled from Paris to Barleduc, under pretext of seeing the country,
+but in fact to proffer a secret allegiance to the Prince. The individual
+to whom these attentions were addressed, is described by an anonymous
+emissary of the English Court, as leading a regular life,--hunting when
+the weather permitted, and hearing mass every day with great precision
+and devotion. "Il est fort maigre," adds the same writer, "assez grand;
+son teint est brun, son humeur et sa personne ne sont pas désagréables."
+In another place, it is added, "Il paroit manquer de jugement et de
+résolution:" an opinion, unhappily, too correct.[58] On the question
+being put by Bolingbroke to the Duke of Berwick, whether the Prince was
+a bigot, the answer was in the negative. "Then," said Bolingbroke, "we
+shall have no objection to place him on the throne." This anecdote,
+which was told by the Chevalier himself to Brigadier Nugent, probably
+gave countenance to the rumour spread in England, that James was likely
+to renounce the Catholic faith, and conform to the English Church.[59]
+
+The Earl of Mar and his brother, Lord Grange, were now the two most
+considerable men in Scotland. Lord Grange had been made Lord of Session
+in 1707, and afterwards Lord Justice Clerk, during the three last years
+of Queen Anne's reign. His character presents traits even more repulsive
+and more dangerous than the time-serving and duplicity of the Earl of
+Mar. Lord Grange was one of those men whom the honest adherents to
+either party would, doubtless, gladly have turned over to the other
+side. His abilities, if we judge of the high appointments which he held,
+must have been eminent; but he was devoid of all principle, and was
+capable, if the melancholy and extraordinary history of his unhappy
+wife be true, of the darkest schemes.
+
+It would be difficult to reconcile, in any other man, the discrepancy of
+Lord Grange's real opinions and of his subsequent efforts to restore the
+House of Stuart; but, in a brother of the Earl of Mar, the difficulty
+ceases, and all hopes of consistency, or rather of its origin,
+sincerity, vanish. Lord Grange is declared to have been a "true blue
+republican, and, if he had any religion, at bottom a Presbyterian;" yet
+he was deeply involved in transactions with the Chevalier and his
+friends.[60]
+
+Lord Grange was united to a lady violent in temper, of a dauntless
+spirit, and a determined Hanoverian. Their marriage had been enforced by
+the laws of honour, and was ill-omened from the first; therefore, where
+respect has ceased, affection soon languishes and expires. The daughter
+of Cheisly of Dalry, a man of uncontrolled passions, who shot Sir George
+Lockhart, one of the Lords of Session, for having decided a law-suit
+against him, Mrs. Erskine of Grange, commonly called Lady Grange,
+inherited the determined will of her father. It was said that she had
+compelled Lord Grange to do her justice by marrying her, and "had
+desired him to remember, by way of threat, that she was Cheisly's
+daughter." For this menace she suffered in a way which could only be
+effected in a country like Scotland at that period, and among a people
+held in the thraldom of the clans. Her singular history belongs to a
+later period in the annals of those events in which so much domestic
+happiness was blasted, never to be recovered.[61]
+
+With his brother, Lord Mar was in constant correspondence, during his
+own residence in London; and although Lord Grange was skilful enough to
+conceal his machinations, and to retain his seat on the bench as a
+Scottish judge, there is very little reason to doubt his secret
+co-operation in the subsequent movements of the Earl.
+
+Acting as if "he thought that all things were governed by fate or
+fortune,"[62] George the First remained a long time to settle his own
+affairs in Hanover, before coming to England. This delay was employed by
+the Earl of Mar, in an endeavour to extenuate the tenor of his political
+conduct of late years in the eyes of the Sovereign, and in placing
+before the King the merit of his services and his claims to favour. The
+letter which he addressed to George the First, when in Holland, was
+printed by Tonson, during the year 1715, with prefatory remarks by Sir
+Richard Steele, whose comments upon this production of a man who,
+scarcely a year after it was written, set up the standard of the
+Pretender at Braemar, are expressed in these terms:
+
+"It gives me a lively sense of the hardships of civil war, wherein all
+the sacred and most intimate obligations between man and man are to be
+torn asunder, when I cannot, without pain, represent to myself the
+behaviour of Lord Mar, with whom I had not even the honour of any
+further commerce than the pleasure of passing some agreeable hours in
+his company: I say, when even such little incidents make it irksome to
+be in a state of war with those with whom we have lived in any degree of
+familiarity, how terrible must the image be of rending the ties of
+blood, the sanctity of affinity and intermarriage, and the bringing men
+who, perhaps in a few months before, were to each other the dearest of
+all mankind, to meet on terms of giving death to each other at the same
+time that they had rather embrace!" Thus premising, and declaring that
+he could with difficulty efface from his mind all remains of good will
+and pity to Lord Mar, Sir Richard Steele subjoins a document, fatal to
+the reputation of Lord Mar--the following letter, which Lord Mar
+addressed to the King, in explanation of his conduct.
+
+
+LORD MAR TO THE KING.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Having the happiness to be your Majesty's subject, and also the
+    honour of being of your servants, as one of your Secretaries of
+    State, I beg leave by this to kiss your Majesty's hand, and
+    congratulate your happy accession to the Throne; which I should have
+    done myself the honour of doing sooner, had I not hoped to have had
+    the honour of doing it personally ere now. I am afraid I may have
+    had the misfortune to be misrepresented to your Majesty, and my
+    reason for thinking so is, because I was the only one of the late
+    Queen's servants whom your Ministers here did not visit, which I
+    mentioned to Mr. Harley and the Earl of Clarendon, when they went
+    from hence to wait on your Majesty; and your Ministers carrying so
+    to me was the occasion of my receiving such orders as deprived me of
+    the honour and satisfaction of waiting on them and being known to
+    them. I suppose I had been misrepresented to them by some here upon
+    account of party, or to ingratiate themselves by aspersing others,
+    as one party here too often occasion; but I hope your Majesty will
+    be so just as not to give credit to such misrepresentations.
+
+    "The part I acted in bringing about and making of the Union when the
+    succession to the Crown was settled for Scotland on your Majesty's
+    family, when I had the honour to serve as Secretary of State for
+    that kingdom, doth, I hope, put my sincerity and faithfulness to
+    your Majesty out of dispute. My family had had the honour for a
+    great tract of years to be faithful servants to the Crown, and have
+    had the care of the King's children (when King of Scotland)
+    entrusted to them. A predecessor of mine was honoured with the care
+    of your Majesty's grandmother, when young; and she was pleased
+    afterwards to express some concern for our family, in letters I now
+    have under her own hand.
+
+    "I have had the honour to serve her late Majesty in one capacity or
+    other ever since her accession to the Crown. I was happy in a good
+    mistress, and she was pleased to have some confidence in me and
+    regard for my services. And since your Majesty's happy accession to
+    the Crown, I hope you will find that I have not been wanting in my
+    duty in being instrumental in keeping things quiet and peaceable in
+    the country to which I belong and have some interest in.
+
+    "Your Majesty shall ever find me as faithful and dutiful a subject
+    and servant as ever any of my family have been to the Crown, or as I
+    have been to my late mistress the Queen. And I beg your Majesty may
+    be so good not to believe any misrepresentations of me, which
+    nothing but party hatred and my zeal for the interest of the Crown
+    doth occasion; and I hope I may presume to lay claim to your royal
+    favour or protection. As your accession to the Crown hath been quiet
+    and peaceable, may your Majesty's reign be long and prosperous; and
+    that your people may soon have the happiness and satisfaction of
+    your presence amongst them, is the earnest and fervent wish of him
+    who is, with the humblest duty and respect, Sir, your Majesty's most
+    faithful, most dutiful and most obedient subject and servant,
+
+                                                               MAR."
+
+    "Whitehall, August thirtieth, 1714, o. s."
+
+This disgraceful letter was ineffectual. The Monarch, "whose views and
+affections were, according to Lord Chesterfield, singly confined to the
+narrow compass of his Electorate," and for "whom England was too big,"
+acted with a promptness and decision which gave no time for the workings
+of faction. An immediate change of ministry was announced by Kryenberg,
+the Hanoverian resident, at the first Privy Council; and among other
+changes, Lord Townshend was appointed in the place of Lord Bolingbroke.
+Well might Bolingbroke exclaim, "The grief of my soul is this; I see
+plainly that the Tory party is gone."[63]
+
+For many months Lord Mar continued to maintain such a demeanour as might
+blind those of the opposite party to his real intentions. It seems,
+indeed, certain that at first he hoped to ensure a continuance in office
+by exerting his influence in Scotland to procure the good conduct of the
+clans: he was successful in obtaining even from some of those Highland
+chieftains who were afterwards the most deeply implicated in the
+Rebellion, an address declaring that they were "ready to concur with his
+Lordship in faithfully serving King George." "Your Lordship," states
+that memorial, "has an estate and interest in the Highlands, and is so
+well known to bear good will to your neighbours, that in order to
+prevent any ill impression which malicious and designing people may at
+this juncture labour to give of us, we must beg leave to address your
+Lordship, and entreat you to assure the Government, in our names, and in
+that of the rest of our clans, who, by distance of the place, could not
+be present at the signing of our letter, of our loyalty to his sacred
+Majesty, King George."[64] This address was signed by Maclean of that
+Ilk, Macdonald of Glengary, Mackenzie of Fraserdale, Cameron of Lochiel,
+and by several other chiefs of clans, who afterwards fought under the
+banners of the Earl of Mar. It furnishes a proof of the great influence
+which the Earl possessed in his own country, but he had not the courage
+to present it to the King. His Majesty, on the contrary, on hearing of
+this address was highly offended, believing that it had been drawn up at
+St. Germains in order to insult him, and his refusal to receive it was
+accompanied by an order to Lord Mar to give up the seals.
+
+The Earl lingered, nevertheless, for some time in London, where he had
+now some attractions which to a less ambitious mind might have operated
+in favour of prudence. In the preceding year, July, 1714, he had
+married, at Acton in Middlesex, the Lady Frances Pierrepoint, the second
+daughter of Evelyn, first Duke of Kingston, and the sister of Lady Mary
+Wortley. The Countess of Mar was, at the time of her marriage,
+thirty-three years of age, being born in 1681. She does not appear to
+have been endowed with the rare qualities of her sister's mind; but that
+she was attached to her husband, her long exile from England on his
+account, sufficiently proves. Her married life was embittered by his
+career, and her latter days darkened by the direst of all maladies,
+mental aberration.
+
+It is singular that so recently before his final effort, Lord Mar should
+have connected himself with a Whig family. The Marquis of Dorchester,
+who was created, by George the First, Duke of Kingston, was a member of
+the Kit Cat Club, and received early proofs of the good will of the
+Hanoverian Sovereign. It is true that Lady Mary Wortley augured ill of
+the match between her sister and Lord Mar, detesting as she did the
+Jacobite party, and believing that her sister was "drawn in by the
+persuasion of an officious female friend," Lord Mar's relation. But
+there is no reason to conclude that the Duke of Kingston in any way
+objected to a match apparently so dissonant with his political bias.[65]
+
+Whilst Lord Mar remained near the court, the discoveries made by the
+Earl of Stair in France, communicated the first surmise of an intended
+invasion of England. Several seizures of suspected people warned one who
+was deep in the intrigues of St. Germain, not long to delay the open
+prosecution of his schemes. The melancholy instance of Mr. Harvey, who
+was apprehended while he was hawking at Combe, in Surrey, alarmed the
+Jacobite party. Mr. Harvey being shown a paper written in his own hand,
+convicting him of guilt, stabbed himself, but not fatally, with a
+pruning-knife which he had used in his garden. Upon some hope of his
+confessing being hinted, it was answered that his Majesty and the
+Council knew more of it than he did. The celebrated John Anstis, the
+heraldic writer, was also apprehended, and warrants were issued for the
+seizure of other suspected persons.
+
+Notwithstanding his strong family interest, the Earl of Mar could
+scarcely consider himself secure under the present state both of the
+country and the metropolis. The events of the last year had succeeded
+each other with an appalling rapidity. The flight of Bolingbroke had
+scarcely ceased to be the theme of comment, before the general elections
+excited all the ill blood and fanaticism which such struggles at any
+critical era of our history have always produced. Riots, which have been
+hastily touched upon in the histories of the period, but which the
+minute descriptions of memoirs of that period show to have been attended
+with an unusual display of violence and brutality on both sides, broke
+out upon every anniversary which could recall the Stuarts to
+recollection. On St. George's day, in compliment to the Chevalier, who,
+according to an observer of those eventful days, "had assumed the name
+of that far-famed Cappadocian Knight, though every one knew he has
+nothing of the valour, courage, and other bright qualities of the
+saint," a tumult was raised in London, and among other outrages,
+passengers through the streets of the City were beaten if they would not
+cry "God bless the late Queen and the High Church!" Sacheverel and
+Bolingbroke were pledged in bumpers by a mob, who burnt, at the same
+time, King William in effigy.[66] A similar contagion spread throughout
+the country; Oxford took the lead in acts of destruction; her streets
+were filled with parties of Whigs and Tories, both of them infuriated,
+until their mad rage vented itself in acts of murder, under the
+pretence, on the one hand, of a dread of popery, on the other, on a
+similar plea of religious zeal. A Presbyterian meetinghouse was pulled
+down, and cries of "An Ormond!" "A Bolingbroke!" "Down with the
+Roundheads!" "No Hanover!" "A new Restoration!" accompanied the
+conflagration. On the same day similar exclamations were again heard in
+the streets of London; and all windows not illuminated were broken to
+pieces. The tenth of June, the anniversary of the Chevalier's birthday,
+was the signal for a still more decisive manifestation. On that day
+three Scottish magistrates went boldly to the Cross at Dundee, and there
+drank the Pretender's health, by the name of King James the Eighth, for
+which they were immediately apprehended and tried.
+
+The impeachment of Lord Oxford still further exasperated the country,
+which rang with the cry, "No George, but a Stuart." The peaceable
+accession of the first monarch of the Brunswick line has been greatly
+insisted upon by historians; but that stillness was ominous; it was the
+stillness of the air before a storm; and was only indicative of
+irresolution, not of a diminished dislike to the sway of a foreigner.
+
+It is supposed that an intercepted letter which the Duke de Berwick, the
+half-brother of the Chevalier, addressed to a person of distinction in
+England, first gave the intelligence of an intended invasion.[67] The
+burden of that letter was to encourage the riots and tumults, and to
+keep up the spirits of the people with a promise of prompt assistance.
+The impeachment of Viscount Bolingbroke and of the Duke of Ormond
+followed shortly afterwards; and although these noblemen provided for
+their own safety by flight, they were degraded as outlaws, and in the
+order in Council were styled, according to the usual form of law, "James
+Butler, yeoman," and "Henry Bolingbroke, labourer," and the arms of
+Ormond were taken from Windsor Chapel, and torn in pieces by the Earl
+Marshal.
+
+The English fleet, under the command of Sir George Byng, was stationed
+in the Downs, in case of a surprise. Portsmouth was put in a state of
+defence; and, during the month of July, the inhabitants of London beheld
+once more a sight such as had never been witnessed by its citizens since
+the days of the Great Rebellion. In Hyde Park the troops of the
+household were encamped, according to the arrangements of General
+Cadogan, who had marked out a camp. The forces were commanded by the
+Duke of Argyle. In Westminster the Earl of Clare reviewed the militia,
+and the trained bands were directed to be in readiness for orders. At
+the same time fourteen colonels of the Guards, and other inferior
+officers were cashiered by the King's orders, on suspicion of being in
+James Stuart's interest; so deep a root had this cause, which many have
+pretended to treat as a visionary scheme of self-interest, taken in the
+affections even of the British army.
+
+A proclamation ordering all Papists and reputed Papists to depart from
+the cities of London and Westminster, was the next act of the
+Government. All persons of the Roman Catholic persuasion were to be
+disarmed and their horses sold; a declaration against transubstantiation
+was to be administered to them, and the oath of abjuration to
+non-jurors.[68] After such mandates, it seems idle to talk of the
+tyranny of Henry the Eighth.
+
+There is no doubt but that the greatest alarm and consternation reigned
+at St. James's. The stocks fell, but owing to the vigilance of the
+Ministry, information was obtained of the whole scheme of the invasion,
+in a manner which to this day has never been satisfactorily explained.
+
+The Earl of Mar must have trembled, as he still lingered in the
+metropolis. It is probable that he waited there in order to receive
+those contributions from abroad which were necessary to carry on his
+plans. He was provided at last with no less a sum than a hundred
+thousand pounds; and also furnished with a commission dated the seventh
+of September, 1715 appointing him Lieutenant General and Commander in
+Chief of the forces raised for the Chevalier in Scotland.[69] Large sums
+were already collected from Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and France, to
+the amount, it has been stated, of twelve millions. It has been well
+remarked by Sir Walter Scott, in his notes on the Master of Sinclair's
+MS., that "when the Stuarts had the means, they wanted a leader (as in
+1715); when (as in 1745) they had a leader, they wanted the means."
+
+With the eye of suspicion fixed upon him, his plans matured, his friends
+in the north prepared, the Earl of Mar had the hardihood, under such
+circumstances, to appear at the court of King George. A few weeks before
+the Habeas Corpus Act had been suspended; but the Earl trusted either to
+good fortune, or to his own well-known arts of insinuation. He braved
+all possibility of detection, and determined to carry on the game of
+deep dissimulation to the last moment.
+
+On the first of August, 1715, the Earl of Mar attended the levee of King
+George. One can easily suppose how cold, if not disdainful, must have
+been his reception; but it is not easy to divine with what secret
+emotions, the subject on the eve of an insurrection could have offered
+his obeisance to the Monarch. Grave in expression, with a heavy German
+countenance, hating all show, and husbanding his time, so as to avoid
+all needless conversation; without an idea of cultivating the fine arts,
+of encouraging literature, or of even learning to speak English, George
+the First must have presented to his English subjects the reverse of all
+that is attractive. A decided respectability of character might have
+redeemed the ungainly picture; but, although esteemed a man of honour,
+and evincing liberal and even benevolent tendencies, the Monarch
+displayed not only an unblushing and scandalous profligacy, but a love
+for coarse and unworthy society. His court is said to have been modelled
+upon that of Louis the Fifteenth; but it was modelled upon the grossest
+and lowest principles only, and had none of the elegance even of that
+wretched King's depraved circles; and public decency was as much
+outraged by the three yachts which were prepared to carry over King
+George's mistresses and their suite,[70] when he visited Hanover, as by
+the empire of Madame de Pompadour. It must, independent of every other
+consideration, have been galling to Englishmen to behold, seated on
+their throne, a German, fifty-four years of age, who from that very
+circumstance, was little likely ever to boast, like Queen Anne, "of an
+English heart." "A hard fate," observes a writer of great impartiality,
+"that the enthronement of a stranger should have been the only means to
+secure our liberties and laws!"[71]
+
+A week after he had been received at the levee of King George, the Earl
+embarked at Gravesend in a collier, attended by two servants, and
+accompanied by General Hamilton and Captain Hay. They were all
+disguised, and escaping detection, arrived on the third day afterwards
+at Newcastle. It has been even said, that in order the better to conceal
+his rank, the Earl of Mar wrought for his passage.[72] From Newcastle
+Lord Mar proceeded northward in another vessel; and landing at Elie, in
+Fifeshire, went first to Crief, where he remained a few days. He then
+proceeded to Dupplin, in the county of Perth, the seat of his
+brother-in-law, the Earl of Kinnoul, and thence, on the eighteenth of
+August, crossing the river Perth, he proceeded to his own Castle of
+Kildrummie, in the Braes of Mar. He was accompanied by forty horse.
+
+On the day after the arrival of the Earl at Kildrummie, he despatched
+letters to the principal Jacobites, inviting them to attend a grand
+hunting-match in Braemar on the twenty-seventh of August. This summons
+was couched in this form, for fear of a more explicit declaration being
+intercepted, revealing the design; but the great chiefs who were thus
+collected together were aware that "hunting" was but the watchword.
+
+A gallant band of high-spirited chieftains answered the call. It is
+consolatory to turn to those who, unaffected by the intrigues of a
+Court, came heartily, and with a disinterested love, to the cause of
+which the Earl of Mar was the unworthy leader.
+
+First in rank, was the Marquis of Huntly, eldest son of George, the
+first Duke of Gordon, and of that daring Duchess of Gordon, a daughter
+of the house of Howard, who, in 1711, had presented to the Dean and
+Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh a silver medal, with the head of the
+Chevalier on one side, and on the other the British Islands, with the
+word "Reddite." The learned body to whom the Duchess had proposed this
+dangerous gift, at first hesitated to receive it: after a debate,
+however, among their members, it was agreed that the donation should be
+accepted, and a vote was passed to return thanks to the Duchess. The
+Advocates then waited in a body upon the Duchess, and expressed their
+hopes that her Grace would soon have occasion to present the Faculty
+with a second medal on the _Restoration_.[73] The Duke of Gordon,
+notwithstanding his having been brought up a Roman Catholic, was neutral
+in the troubles of the Rebellion of 1715, but his son took a force of
+three thousand men into the field,--the clan siding with the young
+Marquis rather than with their chief. The Marquis of Huntly was,
+probably for that reason, spared in the subsequent proceedings against
+the Jacobites, his participation in their schemes being punished only by
+a brief imprisonment.
+
+William Marquis of Tullibardine, one of the most constant friends to the
+House of Stuart, the Earl of Nithisdale, and the Earl Marischal, also
+appeared at the time appointed. It was the fortune of the Marquis of
+Tullibardine, like that of the Marquis of Huntly, afterwards to appear
+in the field unsanctioned by his father, the Duke of Athol, who either
+was, or appeared to be, in favour of Government, whilst his son headed
+the clan to the number of six thousand. Lord Nairn, the younger brother
+of the Marquis, also joined in the undertaking. Of these distinguished
+Jacobites, separate lives will hereafter be given in this work: it
+therefore becomes unnecessary any further to expatiate upon them here.
+Of some, whose biography does not present features sufficiently marked
+to constitute a distinct narrative, some traits may here be given.
+
+Charles Earl of Traquair, who hastened to Braemar, was one of those
+Scottish nobles who claimed kindred with royalty. He was descended from
+Sir James Stewart, commonly called the Black Knight of Lorn, and from
+Jane, daughter of John Earl of Somerset, and widow of King James the
+First. One of Lord Traquair's ancestors, the first Earl, had levied a
+regiment of horse, in order to release Charles the First from his
+imprisonment in the Isle of Wight; but, marching at the head of it at
+the battle of Preston, he and his son, Lord Seatoun, were taken
+prisoners and conveyed to Warwick Castle, where they languished four
+years in imprisonment, with the knowledge that their estates had been
+sequestered.
+
+Connected with the family of Seatoun, on his mother's side, the Earl of
+Traquair had married the sister of Lord Nithisdale, being thus nearly
+related to two of those chiefs who gladly obeyed the summons of Lord Mar
+to the hunting-field. The Earl of Traquair appears to have escaped all
+the penalties which followed the Rebellion of 1715, perhaps because he
+does not appear to have taken any of his tenantry into the field.
+
+Less prudent, or less fortunate, William Mackenzie, Earl of Seaforth,
+joined the standard of James Stuart with a body of three thousand men.
+He was attainted when the struggle was over, and his estates, both in
+Scotland and England, forfeited. He escaped to the Continent; but, in
+1719, again landed with the Spaniards at Kintail; and was wounded at the
+battle of Glenshiels, but being carried off by his followers, again fled
+to the Continent, with the Marquis of Tullibardine and the Earl
+Marischal. Lord Seaforth was one of those to whom the royal mercy was
+shown. George the First reversed his attainder, and George the Second
+granted him arrears of the feu duties due to the Crown out of the
+forfeited estates. The title has been eventually restored.
+
+James Livingstone, Earl of Linlithgow, was amongst the many who
+experienced less clemency than the Earl of Traquair. He had been chosen
+one of the sixteen representative peers of Scotland, on the death of the
+Duke of Hamilton; and enjoyed the possession of considerable family
+estates, which were eventually forfeited to the Crown. He led a band of
+three hundred clansmen to the field.
+
+Perhaps one of the most sturdy adherents of the Chevalier St. George was
+James Maule, fourth Earl of Panmure. In his youth this nobleman had
+served as a volunteer at the siege of Luxembourg, where he had
+signalized his courage. In 1686, he succeeded his brother, and added to
+the honours of a peerage those of a character already established for
+bravery. To these distinctions was added that of being a Privy
+Councillor to James the Second; but he was removed upon his opposing the
+abrogation of the penal laws against Popery. Whilst thus protesting
+against what might then be deemed objectionable innovations, Lord
+Panmure was a firm adherent of James, and vigorously supported his
+interests in the convention of estates in 1689.
+
+The accession of William and Mary drove this true Jacobite from the
+Scottish Parliament. He never appeared in that assembly after that
+event, having refused to take the oaths. Of course he disapproved of the
+Union; and the next step which he took was to join the standard of the
+Chevalier.
+
+After that decisive proceeding, the course of this unfortunate
+nobleman's life was one of misfortune, in which his high spirit was
+sustained by a constancy of no ordinary character. At the battle of
+Sherriff Muir, the brave Panmure was taken prisoner, but was rescued by
+his brother Harry, who, like himself, had engaged in the rebellion.
+Panmure escaped to France: he was attainted of high treason,--his
+estates, which amounted to 3456_l._ per annum, and were the largest of
+the confiscated properties, were forfeited, as well as his hereditary
+honours. Twice were offers made to him by the English Government to
+restore his rank and possessions, if he would take the oath of
+allegiance to the House of Hanover; but Panmure refused the proffered
+boon, and preferred sharing the fortunes of him whom he looked upon as
+his legitimate Prince. When he joined the Jacobites at Braemar, Lord
+Panmure was no longer a young, rash man: he was in the sixty-fifth year
+of his age. His wife, the daughter of William Duke of Hamilton, was,
+after his attainder, provided for by act of Parliament in the same
+manner as if she had been a widow. His brother, Harry Maule, of Kellie,
+a man of considerable accomplishments, was so fortunate as to be enabled
+to return to his native country, and died in Edinburgh in 1734. But Lord
+Panmure, like most of the other brave and honest men who preferred their
+allegiance to their interest, finished his days in exile, and died at
+Paris, in 1723.[74]
+
+Kenneth Lord Duffus was another of those noblemen who had already
+established a character for personal bravery. He was a person of great
+skill in maritime affairs, and was promoted by Queen Anne to the command
+of the Advice ship of war, with which, in 1711, this gallant Highlander
+engaged eight French privateers, and after a desperate resistance of
+some hours, he was taken prisoner, after receiving five balls in his
+body.
+
+He was, however, released in time to engage in the Rebellion of 1715;
+and though it does not appear that he took any followers to fight
+beneath the Chevalier's standard, he was included in the Act of
+Attainder. The intelligence was communicated to Lord Duffus when he was
+in Sweden. He resolved immediately to surrender himself to the British
+Government, and declared his intention to the British Minister at
+Stockholm, who notified it to Lord Townshend, Secretary of State.
+Notwithstanding this manly determination, Lord Duffus was arrested on
+his way to England, at Hamburgh, and was detained there until the time
+specified for surrendering had expired. He thence proceeded to London,
+where he was confined more than a year in the Tower, but released in
+1717, without being brought to trial. Lord Duffus died, according to
+some accounts, in the Russian service; to others, in that of France. He
+married a Swedish lady, and attained to the rank of Admiral.[75]
+
+Such were some of those Jacobite chieftains whose history has sunk into
+obscurity, partly from the difficulty of obtaining information
+concerning their career, after the contest was at an end. Amongst those
+who met Lord Mar in the hunting-field, but who afterwards became
+neutral,[76] although most of his clan joined in the Rebellion, was the
+Earl of Errol, one of a family whose fame for valour was dated from the
+time of the Danish invasion. The origin of the House of Errol is
+curious, and marks the simplicity of the times. An aged countryman,
+named Hay, and his sons, had arrested the progress of the ruthless
+conquerors in a defile near Lanearty in Perthshire. The old man was
+rewarded by Kenneth the Third with as much land in the Carse of Gowrie
+as a falcon from a man's hand flew over until she lighted. The bird flew
+over a space of six miles, which was thence called Errol, and which is
+still in possession of the family; and the old man and his sons were
+raised from the rank of plebeians by the assignment of a coat of arms,
+on which were three escutcheons, gules, to denote that the father and
+the two sons had been the shields of Scotland. The family grew in wealth
+and estimation, and the office of Hereditary High Constable of Scotland
+was added to their other honours.
+
+The Countess of Errol, the mother of the High Constable, and sister of
+the Earl of Perth, had already taken a decided part in the affairs of
+the Jacobite party. When Colonel Hooke had been sent over in 1707 to
+Scotland, she had met him at the sea-coast, and had there placed in the
+hands of that emissary several letters from her son, expressing his
+earnest intention to support the cause of the Chevalier. The Earl of
+Errol had also received Hooke at his castle, and had entertained him
+there several days, and employed that time in initiating Hooke into the
+various characteristics and views of the Jacobite nobility in Scotland.
+He was thus deeply pledged to aid the undertaking at that time (the year
+1707); and in a letter to the Chevalier, the Earl expressed his hopes
+that he might have the happiness of seeing his Majesty, "a happiness for
+which," he adds, "we have long sighed, to be delivered from oppression."
+The Countess of Errol also addressed a letter to the mother of James
+Stuart, as the Queen of England, declaring that the delays which the
+Scotch had suffered had not "diminished their zeal, although they had
+prolonged their miseries and misfortunes."[77] Whether, upon the rising
+in 1715, the views of Lord Errol were altered, or that female influence
+had been lessened by some circumstance, does not exactly appear. He kept
+himself neutral in the subsequent outbreak, notwithstanding his
+appearance at Braemar, and although his clan were for the most part
+against the Government.[78] The Earl of Errol died, unmarried, in 1717:
+his adherence to his Jacobite principles were not, therefore, put to the
+test in 1745.
+
+To these noblemen were united Seaton, Viscount of Kingston, whose
+estates were forfeited to the Crown; Livingstone Viscount of Kilsyth,
+one of the representative peers, who died an exile at Rome in 1733; Lord
+Balfour of Burleigh; Lord Ogilvy, afterwards Earl of Airly, and Forbes,
+Lord Pitsligo. This last-mentioned nobleman was a man of a grave and
+prudent character, whose example drew many of his neighbours to embark
+in an enterprise in which so discreet a person risked his honours and
+estate. He was the author of essays, moral and philosophical; and either
+from respect to his merits, or from some less worthy cause, his
+defection in 1715 passed with impunity. But, in 1745, the aged nobleman
+again appeared in the field, infirm as he was: and one of the most
+pleasing traits in Charles Edward's noble, yet faulty character was his
+walking at the head of his forces, having given up his carriage for the
+use of this tried adherent of his father. Attainder and forfeiture
+followed this last attempt, but the sentence was reversed by the Court
+of Session, from a misnomer in the attainder; and the venerable Lord
+Forbes, surviving many who had set out on the same course with him, had
+the comfort of breathing his last in his native country. He died at
+Auchiries in Aberdeenshire, in 1762.[79]
+
+Several of these noblemen had been long contemplating the possibility of
+James's return to Scotland. Like the Earl of Errol, they had been
+dissatisfied with the prudence of the Duke of Hamilton, whose policy it
+had been to postpone the risk of a precarious undertaking, and whose
+foresight was acknowledged when it was too late. Lord John Drummond,
+Lord Kilsyth, and Lord Linlithgow, had been all deeply concerned in the
+schemes and speculations which had been formed in 1707, on the subject
+of the Restoration; but the zeal of Lord Kilsyth had been doubted, from
+his intimacy with the Duke of Hamilton, who was then objectionable to
+the violent Jacobite leaders.[80]
+
+These chieftains were not unworthy to come into the same field with
+Tullibardine, Nithisdale, Marischal, and their brave associates. A still
+nobler band of associates was formed in the different members of the
+house of Drummond, a family who could boast of being derived from "the
+ancient nobility of the kingdom of Hungary:" and from the daughters of
+whose house Charles the Second was lineally descended in the ninth and
+sixth degree. Well may it be called "the splendid family of Drummond,"
+even if we regard only its proud antiquity, or the singular
+"faithfulness of the family, or the accomplishments and virtues which
+characterised many of its members." Nothing can be finer than the manner
+in which the claims of birth are placed before us, in the address of
+William Drummond of Hawthornden to "John Earle of Perthe," in his
+manuscript "Historie of the Familie of Perthe:"
+
+"Though, as Glaucus sayes to Diomed (in Homer),
+
+                        'Like the race of leaves
+    The race of man is, that deserves no question: nor receaves
+    His being any other breath; the wind in autumn strowes
+    The earth with old leaves; then the spring the woods with new endowes,'
+
+"yet I have ever thought the knowledge of kindred and genealogies of the
+ancient families of a country a matter so far from contempt, that it
+deserveth highest praise. Herein consisteth a part of the knowledge of a
+man's own selfe. It is a great spurr to vertue to look back on the worth
+of our line. In this is the memory of the dead preserved with the
+living, being more firm and honourable than any epitaph. The living know
+that band which tyeth them to others. By this man is distinguished from
+the reasonless creatures, and the noble of men from the base sort. For
+it often falleth out (though we cannot tell how) for the most part, that
+generositie followeth good birth and parentage."[81] The two members of
+the Drummond family who attended Lord Mar in his famous hunting-field
+were James Earl of Perth, and William Drummond, Viscount Strathallan.
+
+The Earls of Southesk and Carnwath, the Viscounts Kenmure and Stormont,
+and the Lord Rollo, complete the list of Scottish peers who were present
+on this memorable occasion. But perhaps the more remarkable feature of
+the hunting-match was the arrival of twenty-six gentlemen of influence
+in the Highlands, men of sway and importance, of which it is impossible,
+without a knowledge of Highland manners, to form an adequate notion. The
+constitution of the clans is thus pourtrayed by one who knew it well.
+
+"In every narrow vale where a blue stream bent its narrow course, some
+hunter of superior prowess, or some herdsman whom wealth had led to
+wealth and power to power, was the founder of a little community who
+ever after looked up to the head of the family as their leader and their
+chief. Those chains of mountains which formed the boundings of their
+separate districts had then their ascents covered with forests, which
+were the scene of their hunting-excursions: when their eagerness in
+pursuit of game led them to penetrate into the districts claimed by the
+chief of the neighbouring valleys, a rash encounter was the usual
+consequence, which laid the foundation of future hostilities."[82]
+
+These petty wars gave room for a display of valour in the chiefs, and
+led to a mutual dependence from the followers. Alliances offensive and
+defensive were formed among the clans, and intermarriages were
+contracted between the confederated clans, who governed their followers
+by a kind of polity not ill regulated. The chief had the power of life
+and death over his large family, but it was a power seldom used. A
+chieftain might be cruel to his enemies, but never to his friends. Nor
+were those paternal rulers by any means so despotic as they have been
+represented to be; of all monarchs their power was the most limited,
+being allowed to take no step without permission of their friends, or
+the elders of their tribe, including the most distant branches of their
+family. The kind and conciliatory system adopted towards their clansmen
+accounts for the warm attachment and fidelity displayed towards their
+chiefs; and these sentiments were heightened to enthusiasm by the songs
+and traditions of the bards, in which the exploits of their heroes were
+perpetuated. Still there is nothing, as it has been justly said, so
+remarkable in the political history of any country, as the succession of
+the Highland chiefs, and the long and uninterrupted sway which they held
+over their followers.[83] The system of clanship gives all the romantic
+interest which the Rebellions of 1715 and 1745 inspire;--it perfects a
+picture which would only otherwise be a factious contention for power;
+it was annihilated only after the last of the Stuarts had fled for ever
+from the mountains of Scotland.
+
+It was at the head of the clans that the Earl of Mar frequently placed
+himself, at the battle of Sherriff Muir: he now welcomed their
+chieftains to the field. Among these were General Hamilton, General
+Gordon, Glengary, Campbell of Glendarvel, and the lairds of Auchterhouse
+and Aldebar.
+
+So great an assembly of those whom the Chevalier afterwards not inaptly
+termed "little kings," was by no means unusual at that period. It was
+the custom among the lords and chieftains in the Highlands to invite
+their neighbours and vassals to a general rendezvous to chase the deer
+upon the mountains, and after the diversion was over, to entertain the
+persons of note in the castle hall. This expedient would, therefore,
+have excited but little attention, had it not been for several years
+the practice of the Jacobites to hold these hunting-parties annually, in
+order to maintain the spirit of the association, which had been carried
+on since the peace of Utrecht.
+
+The halls of Kildrummie received the noblemen and chieftains that day
+beneath its roof, and the Earl of Mar addressed his guests in a long,
+premeditated harangue. He is described as having little pretension to
+eloquence; but his hearers were probably not very fastidious judges, and
+from the influence which the Earl acquired over those whom he led on to
+the contest, it may be inferred that he understood well how to address
+himself to the passions of a Highland audience.
+
+At first the Earl was heard with distrust,--at least if we may credit
+the account of one on whom, perhaps, too great a reliance has been
+placed.[84]
+
+"It is true, that at first," says Mr. Patten, "he gained little or no
+credit among them, they suspecting some piece of policy in him to
+ensnare them; but some were weak enough to suck in the poison, and
+particularly some of those who were with him at his house, called
+Brae-Mar. These, listening to him, embraced his project, and, as is
+reported, engaged by oath to stand by him and one another, and to bring
+over their friends and dependants to do the like."[85]
+
+The Earl began his harangue by expressing a deep regret for having
+promoted the Union, which had delivered his countrymen into the hands of
+the English, whose power to enslave them was far too great, and whose
+intentions to do so still further were manifest from the proceedings of
+the Elector of Hanover ever since he ascended the throne. That Prince
+regarded, according to Lord Mar, neither the welfare of his people, nor
+their religion, but solely left the management of affairs to a set of
+men who made encroachments in Church and State. Many persons, he said,
+were now resolved to consult their own safety, and determined to defend
+their liberties and properties, and to establish on the throne of these
+realms the Chevalier St. George, who had the only undoubted right to the
+Crown, who would hear their grievances, and redress their wrongs. He
+then incited his hearers to take arms for the Chevalier, under the title
+of King James the Seventh; and told them, that for his part, he was
+determined to set up his standard and to summon all the fencible men of
+his own tenants, and with them to hazard his life in the cause. To this
+declaration he added the assurance, that a general rising in England and
+assistance from France would aid their undertaking; that thousands were
+in league and covenant with him to establish the Chevalier and depose
+King George.
+
+To these inducements were added others. Letters from the Chevalier were
+read to the assembly, promising to come over in person; with assurances
+that ships, arms, and ammunition would be dispatched to their aid.[86]
+
+The proposals of Lord Mar were unfolded with such address, and his
+popularity was at that time so great, that one might have supposed an
+immediate assent to his schemes would have followed. On the contrary
+some degree of persuasion was required: the Highlanders are slow to
+promise, but sure to fulfil. The very chieftains who hung back from a
+too ready consent, never deserted the cause which they once undertook.
+The universal fidelity to the part which they espoused was violated in
+no instance during the first Rebellion.
+
+At length the assembled chiefs swore an oath to stand by the Earl of
+Mar, and to bring their friends and dependants to do the same. However,
+no second meeting was at that time determined upon: every man went back
+to his own estate, to take measures for appearing in arms after again
+hearing from the Earl of Mar, who remained among his own people with few
+attendants. But the Jacobites were not idle during that interval. They
+employed themselves in collecting their servants and kindred, but with
+the utmost secrecy, until everything was ready to break out. Nor were
+they long kept in suspense. On the third of September, another meeting
+at Abbone, in Aberdeenshire, was held, and there the Earl directed his
+adherents to collect their men without loss of time. He returned to
+Braemar, and continued for several days gathering the people together,
+until they amounted, according to Reay, to two thousand horse; although
+some have said that there were only sixty followers at that time
+assembled.[87]
+
+On the sixth of September, the standard of the Pretender was set up at
+Braemar, by the Earl of Mar, in the presence of the assembled forces.
+The superstitious Highlanders remarked with dismay, that, as the
+standard was erected, the ball on the top of it fell off; and they
+regarded this accident as an ill omen. "The event," says a quaint
+Scottish writer, "has proven that it was no less."[88]
+
+This grave accordance in the verification of the omen, was a feature of
+the times and country. "When a clan went upon any expedition," observes
+Dr. Brown in his valuable work upon the Highlands, "they were much
+addicted to omens. If they met an armed man they believed that good was
+portended. If they observed a deer, fox, hare, or any four-footed beast
+of game, and did not succeed in killing it, they prognosticated evil. If
+a woman, barefooted, crossed the road before them, they seized her, and
+drew blood from her forehead." This mixture of fear of visionary evils,
+and courage in opposing real ones, of credulity and distrust, strength
+and weakness, presents a singular view of the Highland character. It
+had, however, in many respects, no inconsiderable influence upon the
+contests of 1715 and 1745.
+
+From Braemar the Earl proceeded to Kirk Michael, a small town, where he
+proclaimed the Chevalier, and set up his standard. He then marched to
+Moulin in Perthshire, where he rested some time, collecting his forces.
+
+It is a remarkable fact, that up to this period the Earl of Mar was
+acting without a commission from the Chevalier. The disposition which is
+too predominant in society, and which leads men always to add the
+bitterness of invective to the mortification of failure, has attributed
+to the Earl of Mar, relatively to this commission, a line of conduct
+from which it is agreeable to be able to clear his memory. It was not
+very long after the meeting in Braemar, that Lord Mar discovered that
+there was what he called "a devil" in his camp, in the person of the
+Master of Sinclair, whose manuscript strictures upon the unfortunate and
+incompetent leader of the Jacobites have contributed to blacken his
+memory.
+
+According to the Master of Sinclair, the Earl of Mar produced at the
+meeting a forged commission; but this statement is not only contradicted
+by Lord Mar's own account, but completely invalidated by the fact that
+the commission is in existence, among various other curious documents
+and letters, many of which place the character of Lord Mar in a much
+fairer light than that in which it has hitherto been viewed. The Earl of
+Mar, in a justification of his conduct, printed at Paris, and added to
+Patten's History of the Rebellion, gives the following account of the
+affair:
+
+"It was near a month after the Earl of Mar[89] set up the Standard
+before he could produce a commission, and it is no small proof of the
+people's zeal for their country that so great a number followed his
+advice and obeyed his orders before he could produce one. It must,
+though, be owned, and it is the less to be wondered at, that his
+authority being thus precarious, some were not so punctual in joining
+him, and others performed not so effectually the service they were sent
+upon, which, had they done, not only Scotland, but even part of England,
+had been reduced to the Chevalier's obedience, before the Government had
+been in a condition to make head against us."[90]
+
+The commission was, however, at that time written, although it had not
+been sent over to Scotland. It is dated the seventh of September, 1715,
+and is superscribed James R.[91] The Earl of Mar was doubtless aware
+that such an instrument was in preparation.
+
+When the Earl had first arrived in Scotland, he found, as he himself
+alleges, the people far more eager to take arms than his instructions
+allowed him to permit; but before actual steps were commenced, that
+ardour was cooled by two circumstances: first, by the Chevalier's not
+landing in England, as the Jacobites had confidently hoped; and,
+secondly, by the Duke of Berwick's not coming to Scotland.[92] The
+vigorous measures adopted by Government made, therefore, a far greater
+impression on the public mind than could have been expected had the Earl
+of Mar been boldly seconded by him who was most of all interested in the
+event of the contest. The Lord Advocate summoned all the principal
+Jacobites to appear at Edinburgh within specified periods, in order to
+give bail to Government for their allegiance. "Many," says Lord Mar,
+"seemed inclined to comply." Yet the number of those who did comply with
+the summons was inconsiderable; the rest, including the most honoured
+names in Scotland, rushed into the insurrection. The different heads of
+noble houses dispersed, and each in the district in which he had most
+power, and in the principal towns proclaimed the Chevalier King. The
+Fiery Cross was sent throughout the country, with blood at one end, and
+fire at the other; and it was afterwards asserted by some of the rebels
+who were tried at Liverpool, that they were forced into the service of
+the Chevalier, the person who bore that cross assuring them that, unless
+they hastened to Mar's camp, they were to perish by blood and fire.[93]
+
+Intelligence of the death of Louis the Fourteenth, which had happened
+during the preceding August, reached Scotland at this time, and cast an
+universal gloom over his party. It was even disputed whether the
+Jacobite leaders should not disperse until news of the Chevalier's
+landing should reassure them, or the certainty of a rising in England
+should give vigour to their proceedings. At this critical moment Lord
+Mar published a declaration which has been printed in most of the
+histories of the period, exhorting all those who were well-affected to
+the good cause to put themselves under arms, and summoning his
+confederates to the Tower of Braemar, on the eleventh of September,
+promising them, in the name of the King, their pay from the moment of
+setting out.
+
+"Now is the time," said the Earl, "for all good men to show their zeal
+for his Majesty's service, whose cause is so deeply concerned, and the
+relief of our native country from oppression and a foreign yoke too
+heavy for us and our posterity to bear.
+
+"In so honourable, good, and just a cause," he added, "we cannot doubt
+of the assistance, direction, and blessing of Almighty God, who has so
+often rescued the royal family of Stuart, and our country from sinking
+under oppression.
+
+"Your punctual observance of these orders is expected, for the doing of
+all which, this shall be to you, and all you employ in the execution of
+them, a sufficient warrant."
+
+In a very different tone was a letter, written the same night by the
+Earl to his baillie of Kildrummie: from this epistle, so characteristic
+of the politic Earl of Mar, it was manifest that his own followers were
+more tardy in the field than those of the other chieftains of the
+Highlands. The means taken to intimidate and compel them are strongly
+characteristic of the state of society in Scotland at that period.[94]
+The reluctance of his clan must have been a subject of deep
+mortification to Lord Mar, when, in one evening, the summons of the
+Fiery Cross, paraded round Loch Tay, a distance of thirty-two miles,
+could assemble five hundred men, at the bidding of the Laird of
+Glenlyon, to join the Earl of Mar.[95]
+
+A few days after the assembling of the forces, the Earl of Mar, assisted
+by his Jacobite friends, published a manifesto, asserting the right of
+James the Eighth, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, &c., and
+pointing to the relief of the kingdom from oppression and
+grievances.[96]
+
+Whilst the adherents of James were thus assembling in the North, a brave
+but unsuccessful attempt was made to surprise the castle of Edinburgh.
+Ninety chosen men, under the command of Lord Drummond, were engaged in
+this undertaking, of which the design was, to seize the citadel and to
+place it under the command of Lord Drummond; then the artillery within
+the castle was to be employed in firing their rounds by way of signal to
+different posts, in concert. Fires were to be lighted up on the hills as
+a signal to Lord Mar to march and take possession of the city. The
+failure of this design was owing to the disclosure of one Dr. Arthur, a
+physician in Edinburgh, to his wife, who gave information of the whole
+plan to the Lord Justice Clerk, to whom she sent an unsigned letter the
+evening she had gained from her unwilling husband intelligence of the
+scheme. This failure, the first of those adverse events which
+disheartened the spirits of the Jacobites, was, however, less deplored
+than it would have been, had not the progress of the Earl of Mar's
+exertions borne the most flattering aspect. In September, the Earl
+marched to Logaret, where his forces still increased, and thence into
+the beautiful region around Dunkeld; here he was joined, with fourteen
+hundred men, by the Marquis of Tullibardine, and by five hundred
+Campbells from the Breadalbane territory, headed, not by their chief,
+but by Campbell of Glenderule, Campbell of Glenlyon, and John Campbell,
+the Earl's chamberlain. Enforced also by the addition of two hundred
+Highlanders from different quarters, the Earl of Mar resolved to make
+the town of Perth his head-quarters.
+
+This was a wise resolution: the situation of that fine city presented
+the most important advantages to the General of the Jacobite forces.
+Seated on the river Tay, and near the sea-coast, it gave the Earl the
+control of the East Lowlands, of the rich counties of Angus, the Carse
+of Gowrie, Mearns, Murray, Aberdeen, and Banff, and also of the Shire of
+Fife. It also cut off the communication between the north and the south
+of Scotland, so that the friends of Government could neither act nor fly
+from the enemy. Thus all the usual posts were stopped. The revenues of
+the public fell into the hands of the insurgents who gave receipts for
+them in the name of James the Eighth, and the landowners in the counties
+subject to the Earl were taxed at whatever rate he chose to impose.
+Perth continued to be the head-quarters of the Lieutenant General until
+a few days before this disastrous contest was finally closed.
+
+At the first general review at Perth, the forces of Lord Mar amounted
+only to five thousand men; but a few weeks afterwards, by the accession
+of his friends in the north, they were increased to the number of twelve
+thousand, both horse and foot, of well appointed men. That Lord Mar's
+hopes were high, and, at this period, not without reason of, at any
+rate, a partial success, the following letter addressed by him to
+Captain Henry Straiton,[97] at Edinburgh, is a proof. It relates, in the
+first instance, to the insurrection in Northumberland, under the
+guidance of Mr. Forster, a gentleman of suspected zeal and little
+discretion, to whom Lord Mar unwisely trusted the conduct of the gallant
+but ill-fated bands who fell at Preston:--
+
+                      "From the Camp of Perth, October 12th, 1715."[98]
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "It was yesterday afternoon as I got yours of the ninth, which you
+    may be sure was very acceptable, and also the others you sent me.
+    Tom Forster tells me in his of the sixth, that they had taken the
+    field that day with a hundred and sixty horse; that he had sent to
+    the gentelmen of Lancaster who he expected to join him, and also the
+    gentilmen from the scots side, that he expected two thousand foot
+    from my camp and five hundred horse, that the town of Newcastle had
+    promist to open their gates to them, and that they intended to take
+    possession of Tinmouth.
+
+    "They have been better than their word in coming together so soon,
+    and I would fain hope it has been occasioned by some consort with
+    our friends further south, who are to join them, and that the Duke
+    of Ormond is in England before this time, as I have reason to
+    believe he is.
+
+    "My letters by M^{r}. E----ne[99] had not then reached those on the
+    boarder, but when they do, I hope it will put the project of
+    shooting themselves up in Tinmouth out of their thoughts; what good
+    could they do there? I have wrote so fully by M^{r}. E----ne upon
+    the subject of the way of their disposeing of themselves, that I
+    need say little of it now. You certainly know of the detachment of
+    two thousand foot, lying these severall dayes on the coast of Fife,
+    to get over, if possible; but now that there's five men of warr in
+    the Firth, I'm afraid it is not; however, they are stile about it,
+    and will do what they can: but for finding horse that way, you will
+    easily see is impracticable, unless the passage were open, and I
+    hope our friends on the boarder will not want horse from us. I was
+    very fond of the project of getting the passage of the whole armie
+    opened, when I wrote by Mr. E----ne; but since that time, beside
+    that of more men of warr comeing into the Firth, there's another
+    thing I know since, which makes me alter my thoughts about it, at
+    least of doing it soon, were it in my power. Mr. Ogilvie of Boin
+    arrived here from France on the sixth, as perhaps you have heard,
+    with my new commission, of which I send you a copie inclosed, and
+    letters from Lord Bolingbroke; but I know you have accounts of a
+    latter date at Edinb. so I need say the less of them. Lord
+    Bolingbroke tels me, that in all probability, the King wou'd land
+    very quickly in the north of Scotland; so until we be so happie that
+    he comes to us, or at least we hear from him again, which by those
+    letters I expect every day, I judge it were not prudent for me to
+    pass the armie at Leith or Queensferry, were it in my power, for
+    that wou'd be leaveing the enimie bewint the King and us, and he
+    might have difficulty in passing over to us, and being in danger of
+    the enimie; but this of passing the whole armie at any of these
+    places seems not likely to be in our power.
+
+    "Lord Huntly and Earl Marishall are come up to us with their people
+    in very good order, but Lord Seafort is not, being deteaned by
+    forceing Earl Sutherland to submitt before he left that country,
+    which he has done by this time, and will be with us soon. I make
+    his not being come up the reason of our lying still here, but that
+    of our expecting the King or one from him, is the true one; and I
+    think we must do, until that happen, so as long as we loose no
+    credit by it. I thought it was necessary to let you know this, the
+    better to advise our friends in the South what meassurs to take;
+    which they had best determine by the success of our detachment
+    getting over to them,--what expectation they have of friends in
+    England joining them, and what is to be expexted about Edinburgh. If
+    they should be prest in England, which I hope will not be the case,
+    and could do nothing at Edinbrugh, they can march throw the south
+    and west of Scotland to Dumbartonshire, where before they can be,
+    Generall Gordon's armie or a considerable detachment of it, will be
+    before they can reach it, which they will aply join and be saif til
+    we meet them. Glengarry is actually marcht from Auchalator that way
+    alreddy. I have taken care to have detachments at all the places on
+    the coasts, where I judge the King can land, so I hope all is safe
+    for him when he comes on it; and so many of the cruisers being in
+    the Frith make the coast pretty clear, which is one good our
+    detachment in Fife has done, should they do no more. We have this
+    day sent two gentelmen to France (I hope) a safe way with a letter
+    to the Regent from the noblemen and gentelmen here, which we had
+    resolved on before Boin arrived; but should the King be come off
+    before it arrives in France it can do no hurt and may do good.
+
+    "I have wrote to Lord Bolingbroke (who is to remain in France to
+    negotiate the King's affairs there during his absence,) a full
+    account of things here; and if the King be come off, which I hope in
+    God he is, he is to lay it before the Queen, to whom I have likewise
+    wrote. I'm exceeding sorry for the loss of honest Keith's son, but
+    these gentelmen will have it yet payd home to them.
+
+    "As to your going to the South, or staying at Edinbrugh, I scarce
+    know what to say. I wish you could be in both places; but since that
+    cannot be, I leave it to yourself to do which you think will be of
+    most use to the service. If you go South I beg you may settle a
+    correspondence 'twixt Edin^{b} and this, and acquaint me with it.
+
+    "I heard to-day that my letters to our friends in the West,
+    desireing they might go immediately South to join Lord Kenmore, came
+    safe to hand, so I hope they will be with him soon. I have sent you
+    some of the manifestos which were printed at Aberdeen, and are
+    finely done: I wish they may come to you saif. I also send you
+    encloset a letter to Sir Rich. Steele, which I leave open for you to
+    read and take a copie of. Pray seal it and get it put into the
+    post-house; and I wish you could get it printed at Edinburgh, tho'
+    let me not seen it; and if you send a copie to any of your
+    correspondants at London and Newcastle, to get if printed there it
+    would do no hurt. I'm endeavouring to get a correspondence settled
+    by barks from the point of Fife to Newcastle, which may be of use
+    to us, especially if the communications twixt us and Ed^{r} should
+    be stopt."
+
+On the very day of the Earl's arrival at Perth, Mr. James Murray, second
+son of Lord Stormont arrived from St. Germains, bringing assurances of
+support, and letters from the Chevalier, who had appointed him Secretary
+of State for the affairs of Scotland. Mr. Murray is said also to have
+presented the Earl of Mar with a patent, creating him Duke of Mar,
+Marquis of Stirling and Earl of Alloway: "And though," observes an
+historian, "there was little more said about it, yet the relation seems
+justified by this, that in some of the papers printed at Perth, he is
+styled the Duke of Mar."[100]
+
+Extensive preparations were also declared to be in progress for the
+invasion of England. Twelve large ships were actually at that time at
+anchor in Havre, St. Malos, and other places. These vessels, with
+several frigates of good force, were loaded with ammunition, and manned
+with generals, officers, and soldiers. A particular account of the
+"Pretender's Magazine" is extant. But these preparations were all
+frustrated by the remonstrances of the Earl of Stair at the Court of the
+Regent of France. Admiral Byng was sent with a squadron to cruise on the
+coast of France, and the ships ready to sail for the enterprise against
+England were obliged, by command of the Regent, in order not to
+implicate the French Government, to declare that they were thus
+employed without the sanction or knowledge of the Regent. Thus, even
+whilst Mr. Murray was raising the sanguine hopes of the Jacobites to the
+highest pitch, their evil star had again prevailed. They were, indeed,
+singularly unhappy in those in whom they placed confidence. Their
+schemes perpetually got wind: whether it were owing to the irresolution
+of some of their partisans, or to the great participation which the
+female sex took in the affairs of the Chevalier's party, it is difficult
+to determine.
+
+The Jacobite ladies were as fearless as they were persevering. The
+Duchess of Gordon, whose present of a medal to the Faculty of Advocates
+denoted her principles, and whose son, the second Duke of Gordon
+suffered a brief imprisonment on account of his share in the
+insurrection, was one of the most approved channels of communication
+between the two parties. She generally resided in Edinburgh, where she
+occupied herself as a mediator between some of the Presbyterians and the
+friends of James. Colonel Hooke mentions her as one of the depositories
+of all that was going on during his mission.
+
+The Earl of Mar, in his letters, refers repeatedly to different ladies
+with approval of their zeal and courage, and mentions one of his fair
+confederates in the north of Scotland, through whose hands many of his
+letters were sent to different chieftains; but these channels may not,
+in all cases, have been so secure as the Earl conceived.[101]
+
+The proceedings of the English Government were, meantime, marked with
+energy and judgment. The various movements of the insurgent party were
+met in every direction by a systematic resistance, the details of which
+have been minutely detailed by historians, and belong not to a narrative
+which is chiefly of a personal nature.
+
+On the fourteenth of September, the Duke of Argyle, Commander in Chief
+of his Majesty's Forces in Scotland, and General of the army, arrived in
+Edinburgh. The interest of this able and powerful nobleman in the
+Western Highlands, his zeal for the Protestant succession, were
+sufficient reasons for his appointment to this important office. The
+following original letter from George the Second, then Prince of Wales,
+gives an insight into the views which were entertained by George the
+First upon the mode of conducting the warfare in Scotland. It is among
+various other papers in the Mar Correspondence.
+
+                                      "St. James's, 7th October, 1715."
+
+    "I have learned, my dear Duke, by your two last expresses, the
+    embaras you are in through the want of regular troupes. We have used
+    such efforts that the King has consented last Wednesday to detach to
+    you four batallions from Ireland, to reinforce your camp. Orders
+    have been given to cause those marche who are nearest, and to cause
+    them embarque as they come up, without waiting for their
+    conjunction. It appeares yet by the departure of the Duke of
+    Ormond, from Paris, that the malcontents continue in their wicked
+    design of raiseing up troubles in this kingdom here, which is the
+    cause that hinders me from sending you Campbell yet, untill that I
+    see if he will not be necessary for his post, where I think that it
+    is best every body should be fixed. As soon as all appearance of
+    Rebellion is ended here, I shall dispatch you him, if you shall have
+    need of him there. With respect to the orders you demand, it would
+    be very difficult to give you them positive, not knowing the
+    situation of your affairs, as you may judge yourself. The King
+    remits himself entirely to your judgment, and to your conduct. All
+    that I can say to you is not to hazard an action without a probable
+    appearance of carrying it,--rather to shune an engadgment, and to
+    yeild to them the ground, than to expose the affairs of the King to
+    such ill consequences as would follow from a defeat. In case that my
+    Lord Mar march into England before that you receive your
+    reinforcement, I think you would do very well to allow him at least
+    with your cavalery, and to harass him untill that we march to meet
+    him. This last reasoneing is my own properly, but which you will
+    judge yourself, if practicable or not. Farewell, my dear Duke; be
+    assured of my esteem, and my sincere friendship."
+
+            (Signed) "GEORGE P."
+
+The Earl of Mar now began to fortify Perth, and brought up fourteen
+pieces of cannon for that purpose from Dundee and Dunotter Castle. His
+time and thoughts were at this time occupied in concerting and
+encouraging the movements of the southern insurrection conducted by
+Viscount Kenmure. There can be no better means of showing the state of
+the Earl's hopes and feelings at this time, than by giving them in his
+own words.
+
+
+TO VISCOUNT KENMURE.
+
+    "My Lord,
+
+    "I wish your Lordship and Mr. Forster may have gott my letters,
+    which I took all the care I could to send safe. I wrote last by a
+    lady on the twenty-third, and she is so discreet and dextrous, that
+    I make little doubt of its going right. I have since had two from an
+    indisposed friend of ours on your side the water, and with them one
+    of the twenty-second from Brigadier Mackintosh to him, where he
+    tells of his being joined by your Lordship and five hundred horse
+    with you,--Lords Withrington and Derwentwater, Mr. Forester, and
+    about six hundred English gentlemen. Your Lordship may be sure this
+    was very agreeable news to me, and now, with the blessing of God, if
+    we do not mismanage, I think our game can scarce fail. By Brigadier
+    Mackintosh's letter, it seems the English are all for your going to
+    England in a body to put into execution a certain design, and our
+    countrymen are for first having the Pass of Stirling opened, and our
+    armies joined. I apprehended there would be difference about this
+    before I saw that letter, as your Lordship would easily see by what
+    the lady carried. It is indeed a difficult point to know or advise
+    which of the two is the best for the King's affairs; and we on this
+    side Forth being so ignorant of your situation on the other side,
+    and also of the condition of England, that I could not take it upon
+    me to determine in it, or to give any positive orders what your
+    Lordship should do; but after stating the advantages of both, and
+    what might happen according as the enemy should act, I left it to be
+    advised and determined among yourselves on that side, who could not
+    but know a great deal more, as you should judge it best for the
+    King's interest in generall.
+
+    "I know our indisposed friend, for whose judgment I have a very
+    great regard, advised coming to Dalkeith, and we have a report from
+    Fife last night that you have done so.
+
+    "I long impatiently to know what resolution your Lordship and the
+    noblemen and gentlemen with you have come to. It is of great
+    consequence and deserves to be well weighed. If you are now come to
+    Dalkeith, I will adventure to tell my thoughts in it, which I was
+    not quite so clear in before when you were at a greater distance
+    from it. That place was a far way from the other, where I judge the
+    secret design was to be put in execution; and I am afraid before you
+    can get there they'll have so strengthened the place, and filled it
+    with troops, that the design would prove impracticable with the
+    small army you have,--and it might prove, too, (especially if the
+    Dutch troops come to England,) that you could not penetrate farther
+    into that country with safety, and retiring back into Scotland would
+    have many inconveniences.
+
+    "Dalkeith is but a short way from Stirling, where we on this side
+    must pass (I mean near it), and I hope we shall attempt it very
+    soon; and when we do, your being in the rear of the enemy could not
+    but very much incommode them, and be of great advantage to us. The
+    Duke of Argyle would be so hemmed in at Stirling by your being on
+    the one hand of him and our being on the other, that I scarce see
+    what I can do but to intrench myself, and by that our passage over
+    Forth and joining of you might be very easy; nor do I see how the
+    Duke of Argyle in those circumstances can subsist long there. Were
+    we once past Forth and joined on the south side, we should soon make
+    our way good to England, and then should be much more able to put in
+    execution the project of our English friends, without being in any
+    danger of returning back to Scotland. It would be of great
+    consequence to have possession of Edinburgh, but I hear just now
+    that the Duke of Argyle has sent two regiments of dragoons, so tho'
+    perhaps that may prevent your getting possession of that town, yet I
+    scarce believe that they will be able with all the detachments that
+    the Duke of Argyle dare adventure to send from Stirling to make any
+    attempt against you at Dalkeith, which is so strong a place
+    naturally; and should the enemy return again from Stirling, you
+    might either follow them in their rear without danger, or take
+    possession of Edinburgh. Were once Lord Seaforth come up to us and
+    General Gordon with the clans which I expect every day, I shall not
+    be long of leaving this place, and I shall likewise be able to send
+    more foot over the water, as I sent the last, if you want them, and
+    your being at Dalkeith, they could easily join you. Should most of
+    the Dutch troops come to Scotland, as is probable they will, it
+    would be very hard for us here to pass Forth without your
+    assistance, which would be a great loss and a grateing thing. I hear
+    to-day from about Stirling that Sir William Blacish is upon the head
+    of several thousands in the North of England, but your Lordship and
+    our English friends will know the truth of this better: be it as it
+    will, I do not think it alters the case much. The main and principal
+    thing is for us to get soon joined all in one body, then I am sure
+    we should be more considerable than all the force the Government,
+    with the six thousand Dutch, can bring against us, and when once the
+    British troops see so considerable a force together, asserting their
+    King's and their country's cause, I cannot believe they will, but
+    rather join us, and restore their country to peace and liberty.
+
+    "These, my Lord, are my humble thoughts, but they are with
+    submission to your Lordship's and the King's friends with you who
+    are equally concerned with us, and I know equally zealous, and you
+    all certainly know a great deal more than me here.
+
+    "I beg your Lordship may make my compliments to our countrymen, with
+    you, and to those noblemen and gentlemen of England who have so
+    handsomely and generously joined you. I long impatiently to be with
+    you, and with all the haste I can.
+
+    "I send copies of this three different ways, that one or other of
+    them may certainly come to your hands.
+
+    "I also send by one of them, if not two, a power for your Lordship
+    to raise money for the use of your armie, which my commission for
+    the King fully empowers me to do and give.
+
+    "I wish this may come to your hand, and I long to hear from your
+    Lordship, which it being necessary I should soon, I am, with all
+    respect, my Lord, your Lordship's most obedient humble servant,
+
+                                                        "MAR."[102]
+
+It was the intention of Lord Mar to remain at Perth until all the
+Jacobite clans should have joined his army; but having gained the
+intelligence that some arms for the use of the Earl of Sutherland were
+put on board a vessel at Leith, to be taken northwards, he determined to
+take possession of them. The master of the vessel had dropped anchor at
+Brunt Island, for the purpose of seeing his wife, who was there: Lord
+Mar sent a detachment to surprise the harbour, which succeeded in
+carrying off the spoil, back to Perth. A report was at the same time
+raised in Stirling: that the Earl was marching to Alloa, the Duke of
+Argyle forthwith ordered out the picquets of horse and foot, and, also,
+all the troops to be ready to march out to sustain them, if required.
+But the Jacobite army did not appear; and the report of their advance to
+Stirling was believed to be a false alarm, contrived by Mar in order to
+draw off the attention of the Duke of Argyle from the expedition to
+Brunt Island.
+
+The insurgents were now masters of the eastern coasts of Scotland from
+Brunt Island to the Murray Frith, an extent of above one hundred and
+sixty miles along the shore. On the western side, the Isle of Skye,
+Lewis, and all the Hebrides were their own, besides the estates of the
+Earl of Seaforth, Donald Mac Donald, and others of the clans. So that
+from the mouth of the river Lochie to Faro-Head, all the coast of
+Lochaber and Ross, even to the north-west point of Scotland, was theirs:
+theirs, in short, was all the kingdom of Scotland north of the Forth,
+except the remote counties of Caithness, Strathnaver and Sutherland
+beyond Inverness, and that part of Argyleshire which runs north-west
+into Lorn, and up to Lochaber, where Fort William continued in
+possession of the Government.
+
+The Earl of Mar had resolved to impose an assessment upon the large
+extent of country under his sway, to raise money for the use of his
+army. It was of course an unpopular, though doubtless a necessary
+measure. The sum of twenty shillings sterling was to be paid by each
+landholder upon every hundred pounds Scots of valued rent; and, if not
+paid by a certain day, the tax was to be doubled. In levying this
+assessment, the friends of the Government were far more severely treated
+than those of the Chevalier; and the Presbyterian Ministers, who had
+dared to raise their voices in their churches against the Pretender, as
+they called the Chevalier, were commanded to be silent on that subject;
+their houses were plundered, and many of them were driven by tyranny
+from their homes.[103]
+
+The northern clans were now on their march to join the camp at Perth.
+First came the famous Laird of Mackintosh, better known as Brigadier
+Mackintosh, chief of that numerous clan in Invernesshire. His regiment,
+composed of five hundred men, whom he had persuaded to join in the
+insurrection, was considered the best that the Earl of Mar could boast.
+The Marquis of Huntley, with five hundred horse and two thousand foot,
+next arrived; and the Earl Marischal shortly afterwards brought a
+thousand men to the camp. But Lord Seaforth, afraid lest in his absence
+the Earl of Sutherland should invade his country, was still absent; and
+the anxiety of the Earl of Mar for his arrival is expressed in more than
+one of his letters. The whole strength of the army amounted to sixteen
+thousand seven hundred men; this number was afterwards diminished by the
+detachment sent southwards by the Earl, and by the number of three
+thousand who were dispersed in garrisons. But it was no common force
+that was now encamped at Perth.
+
+At this critical moment where was the individual for whom these great
+and gallant spirits had ventured their all, the hills so dear to them,
+their homes, the welfare of their families, to say nothing of that which
+Highlanders least consider, their personal safety? At this moment, the
+ill-advised and irresolute James Stuart, was absent. What could have
+been his counsels? who were his advisers? of what materials was he made?
+why did he ever come? are questions to which the indignant mind can
+scarcely frame a reply. The fact, indeed, seems to be that his heart was
+never really in the undertaking; that he for whom the tragedy was
+performed, was the only actor in it who did not feel his part; it was
+reserved for a nobler and a warmer nature to experience the ardour of
+hope, and the bitter mortifications of disappointment.
+
+It was not until the middle of October that the Earl of Mar took any
+personal share in the contest between the Jacobite army and that of the
+Government. Hitherto he had remained at Perth, acting with an ill-timed
+caution, and apparently bestowing far more attention upon the ill-fated
+insurrection in Northumberland, aided by the low country Scots under
+Lord Kenmure, than upon the proximate dangers of his own army. The
+detachment of a body of troops under Brigadier Mackintosh, sent in order
+to assist the Lowlanders, who were marching back into Scotland,
+accompanied by the forces under Mr. Forster and the Earl of
+Derwentwater, was the immediate cause of the two armies coming to an
+engagement. The Earl of Mar in his narrative thus explains his plans and
+their failure.
+
+The detachment under Brigadier Mackintosh having been sent,
+"occasioned," Lord Mar says, "the Duke of Argyle's leaving Stirling, and
+going with a part of his army to Edinburgh. Now, had the Scots and
+English horse, who were then in the south of Scotland, come and joined
+the fifteen hundred foot, (under Brigadier Mackintosh) as was expected;
+had the Highland clans performed, as they promised, the service they
+were sent upon in Argyleshire, and marched towards Glasgow, as the Earl
+of Mar marched towards Sterling, he had then given a good account of the
+Government's army, the troops from Ireland not having yet joined them,
+nor could they have joined them afterwards. But all this failing by some
+cross accidents, Lord Argyle returned with that part of his army to
+Scotland, and the Earl of Mar could not then, with the men he then had,
+advance further than Dumblane, and for want of provisions there, was
+soon after obliged to return to Perth."
+
+"But immediately after that we had got provisions, and that the clans
+and Lord Seaforth had joined us, we marched again towards the enemy; and
+notwithstanding the many difficulties the Earl of Mar had upon that
+occasion with some of our own people, he gave the enemy battle: and, as
+you saw in our printed account of it, had not our left wing given way,
+which was occasioned by mistake of orders and scarcity of experienced
+officers, that being composed of as good men, and marched as cheerfully
+up to the field of battle as the other, our victory had been complete.
+And as it was, the enemy, who was advanced on this side the river, was
+forced to retire back to Sterling."[104]
+
+Such is the Earl of Mar's comment upon the battle of Sherriff Muir, of
+which the friends of Government gave a very different representation.
+
+The Earl had, it is evident, no disposition to risk a general engagement
+before the Chevalier arrived in Scotland. He had sent two gentlemen to
+the Prince to learn his determination, and had resolved to remain at
+Perth until their return. During his continuance in that city he
+employed himself not only in throwing up entrenchments round the town,
+but in publishing addresses to the people, to keep up the spirits of the
+Jacobites. Since the Earl was never scrupulous as to the means of which
+he availed himself, we may not venture to reject the declaration of an
+historian of no good will to the cause, that he ordered "false news" to
+be printed and circulated; and published that which he hoped would
+happen, as having already taken place. "The detachment," he related,
+"had passed the Forth, had been joined by the army in the South, were
+masters of Newcastle, and carried all before them; and their friends in
+and about London had taken arms in such numbers, that King George had
+made a shift to retire." These falsehoods were printed by Freebairn,
+formerly the King's printer at Edinburgh, whom the Earl had established
+at Perth, and provided with the implements brought by the army from
+Aberdeen.[105]
+
+In the beginning of November, the Earl of Seaforth arrived at Perth, and
+the Mac Invans, the Maccraws, the Chisholmes of Strath-Glass, and
+others, completed all the forces that Lord Mar expected to join him.
+Truly might the Earl say, "that no nation in such circumstances, and so
+destitute of all kind of succour from abroad, ever made so brave a
+struggle for restoring their prince and country to their just
+rights."[106] But the usual fate of the Stuarts involved their devoted
+adherents in ruin: or rather, let us not call that fate, which may be
+better described by the word incapacity in the leaders of their cause.
+
+The want of ammunition, which was to have been supplied from abroad, was
+now severely felt. "I must here add one thing," says Lord Mar, "which,
+however incredible the thing may appear, is, to our cost, but too true:
+and that is, that from the time the Earl of Mar set up the Chevalier's
+standard to this day, we never received from abroad the least supply of
+arms and ammunition of any kind; though it was notorious in itself, and
+well known, that this was what from the first we mainly wanted; and, as
+such, it was insisted upon by the Earl of Mar, in all the letters he
+writ, and by all the messengers he sent to the other side."[107]
+
+On the ninth of November it was determined, at a great council of war,
+to march straight to Dumblane with the ultimate view of following the
+Brigadier Mackintosh into England, with the main body of the army,
+amounting to nine thousand men, whilst a detachment of three thousand
+should, if possible, gain possession of Stirling.
+
+The engagement which ensued, and which was called the battle of Sherriff
+Muir, was fought on a Sunday; after both armies had been under arms all
+night. No tent was pitched for the Duke of Argyle's men, either by
+officer or soldier, on that cold November evening. Each officer was at
+his post, nor could they much complain whilst their General sat on
+straw, in a sheepcote, at the foot of the hill, called Sherriff Muir,
+which overlooks Dumblane, on the right of his army. In the dead of the
+night, the Duke, by his spies, learned where the enemy were; for,
+although on account of the hills and broken ground, they could not be
+seen, they were not at two miles' distance. This was at Kinback; at
+break of day, the army of Argyle was completely formed, and the General
+rode up to the top of the hill to reconnoitre the foe.[108]
+
+The Earl of Mar, meantime, had given orders for his army to form to the
+left of the road that leads to Dumblane, and whilst they were forming
+in front of the town of Dumblane, they discovered the enemy on the
+height of the west end of the Sherriff Muir. A council of war was then
+held, and it was resolved, _nemine contradicente_, to fight.
+
+The Earl of Mar's forces had also been ready for combat during the whole
+of the night. To the Highlanders the want of shelter was of little
+consequence. It was usual to them, before they lay down on the moor to
+dip their plaids in water, by which the cloth was made impervious to the
+wind; and to choose, as a favourite and luxurious resting-place, some
+spot underneath a cover of overhanging heath. So late as the year 1745,
+they could not be prevailed on to use seats.[109] It was therefore with
+unimpaired vigour that they rushed on to the combat.
+
+The Earl of Mar placed himself at the head of the clans: perhaps a
+finer, a more singular, a more painful sight can rarely have been
+witnessed than the rush of this great body of Highlanders to the
+encounter. It was delayed by the Earl of Mar's despatching his
+aide-de-camp, Colonel Clephan, to Lord Drummond, and to General Gordon,
+with orders to march and attack immediately. On their return, pulling
+off his hat, he waved it with an huzza, and advanced in front of the
+enemy's formed battalions. Then was heard the _slogan_ or war-cry, each
+clan having its own distinctive watch-word, to which every clansman
+responded, whether his ear caught the sound in the dead of night, or in
+the confusion of the combat. Distinguished by particular badges, and by
+the peculiar arrangement and colours of the tartans, these devoted men
+followed the Earl of Mar towards the foe.
+
+But the action cannot be described in a manner better adapted to this
+narrative, than in the words of Lord Mar himself, in his letter on the
+very day of the engagement, to Colonel Balfour, whom he had left in
+command of the garrison at Perth. It is dated Ardoch, November 13th,
+1715.
+
+                                              "Ardoch, Nov. 13th, 1715."
+
+    "I thought you would be anxious to know the fate of this day. We
+    attacked the enemy on the end of the Sherriff Muir, at twelve of the
+    clock this day, on our right and centre; carried the day entirely;
+    pursued them down to a little hill on the south of Dumblane; and
+    there I got most of our horse and a pretty good number of our foot,
+    and brought them again into some order. We knew not then what was
+    become of our left, so we returned to the field of battle. We
+    discerned a body of the enemy on the north of us, consisting mostly
+    of the Grey Dragoons, and some of the Black. We also discovered a
+    body of their foot farther north upon the field where we were in the
+    morning; and east of that, a body as we thought of our own foot, and
+    I still believe it was so. I formed the horse and foot with me in a
+    line on the north side of the hill, where we had engaged and kept
+    our front towards the enemy to the north of us, who seem'd at first
+    as if they intended to march towards us; but upon our forming and
+    marching towards them, they halted and marched back to Dumblane. Our
+    baggage and train-horses had all run away in the beginning of the
+    action. But we got some horses and brought off most of the train to
+    this place where we quarter to-night about Ardock, whither we
+    march'd in very good order: and had our left and second line behaved
+    as our right and the rest of the first line did, our victory had
+    been compleat: but another day is coming for that, and I hope ere
+    long too.
+
+    "I send you a list of the officers' names who are prisoners here,
+    besides those who are dangerously wounded and could not come along,
+    whose words of honour were taken. Two of these are the Earl of
+    Forfar, who I'm afraid will die, and Captain Urquhart, of Burn's
+    Yard, who is very ill wounded. We have also a good number of private
+    men prisoners; but the number I do not exactly know.
+
+    "We have lost, to our regret, the Earl of Strathmore and the Captain
+    of Clan Ranald. Some are missing, but the fate we are not sure of.
+
+    "The Earl of Panmure, Drummond of Logie, and Lieutenant Colonel
+    Maclean are wounded.
+
+    "This is all that I have to say now, but that I am,
+
+                                               "Yours, &c.    MAR."
+
+    "P.S. We have taken a great many of the enemy's arms."
+
+Lord Mar, on this occasion, showed a degree of personal bravery worthy
+of the great name which he bore. He had placed himself on the right,
+and, as he was giving orders to the Macdonalds to charge that battalion
+of the enemy opposite to them, he encountered a very close fire. "The
+horse on which my Lord was," writes an eye-witness on the Jacobite side,
+"was wounded, for he fell down with him upon the fire, and got away, and
+my Lord immediately mounted another horse: he exposed his person but too
+much, and showed a great deal of bravery, as did the other lords about
+him."[110]
+
+The army of the Duke of Argyle lay on their arms all night, expecting
+that the next day the battle would be resumed; but, on Monday the
+fourteenth of November, the Duke went out with the piquet guard to the
+field to view the enemy, but found them gone: and leaving the piquet
+guard on the place, he returned to Dumblane, and thence to Stirling,
+carrying off with him fourteen of the enemy's colours and standards, and
+among them the royal standard called the Restoration, besides several
+pieces of artillery, and many prisoners, some of them men of rank and
+influence.
+
+Both sides claimed the victory of Sherriff Muir as their own; but,
+however it may be argued, it is certain that with only three thousand
+effective troops, Argyle had contrived "to break the heart of the
+rebellion," and to subdue an army such as could never again be
+reassembled. Between six and eight hundred of the Jacobites are stated
+to have fallen on the field,[111] and several, among whom was the brave
+Earl of Panmure and Colonel Maclean, were among the wounded. Lord Mar,
+nevertheless, celebrated the engagement as if it had been a victory.
+
+Thanksgiving-sermons were ordered to be preached at Perth, and a Te Deum
+sung in the church; and ringing of bells, and other demonstrations
+deceived the hearts of those who knew little of the real injury done to
+the cause, or amused others whose nearest interests had not suffered in
+the Sherriff Muir. A paper was also circulated containing a report of
+the battle, of course highly favourable to the Earl of Mar's part in
+what he called his victory. The following is the statement which he sent
+to the Chevalier.
+
+
+THE EARL OF MAR TO THE CHEVALIER.[112]
+
+                                                         "Nov. 24, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "It was but yesterday that I had accounts of your being at sea, and
+    I thought myself obliged to do all in my power to let you know the
+    state of affairs in this island before you land in it, so that you
+    may not be disapointed upon your comeing.
+
+    "I had the certain account yesterday of those who had appear'd in
+    arms besouth Forth, and in the north of England, all being made
+    prisoners at Preston in Lancashire, which I'm affraid will putt a
+    stop to any more riseings in that country at this time.
+
+    "Your Majesty's army, which I have the honour to command, fought the
+    enime on the Shirreff-Muir, near Dumblain, the thirteenth of this
+    moneth. Our left behav'd scandalously and ran away, but our right
+    routed the enimies left and most of their body.
+
+    "Their right follow'd and pursued our left, which made me not
+    adventure to prosecute and push our advantage on our right so far as
+    otherwayes wee might have done, however wee keept the field of
+    battle, and the enimie retir'd to Dumblain.
+
+    "The armie had lyen without cover the night before, and wee had no
+    provisions there, which oblidg'd me to march the armie back two
+    milles that night, which was the nearest place where I could get any
+    quarters. Next day I found the armie reduced to a small number, more
+    by the Highlanders going home than by any loss wee sustained, which
+    was but very small. So that and want of provisions oblidg'd me yet
+    to retire, first to Auchterarder, and then here to Perth. I have
+    been doing all I can ever since to get the armie together again, and
+    I hope considerable numbers may come in a little time; but now that
+    our friends in England are defeated, there will be troops sent down
+    from thence to reinforce the Duke of Argyle, which will make him so
+    strong, that wee shall not be able to face him, and I am affraid wee
+    shall have much difficultie in makeing a stand any where, save in
+    the Highlands, where wee shall not be able to subsist.
+
+    "This Sir, is a melancholy account, but what in duty I was oblidg'd
+    to let you know, if possibly I can, before you land; and for that
+    end I have endeavour'd to send boats out about those places where I
+    judg'd it most probable you would come.
+
+    "Ther's another copie of this upon the West Coast, and I wish to God
+    one or other of them may find you if your Majesty be upon the coast.
+
+    "By the strength you have with you, your Majesty will be best able
+    to judge if you will be in a condition, when join'd with us, to make
+    a stand against the enimie. I cannot say what our numbers will be
+    against that time, or where wee shall be, for that will depend on
+    the enimie, and the motions they make; but unless your Majesty have
+    troops with you, which I'm affraid you have not, I see not how wee
+    can oppose them even for this winter, when they have got the Dutch
+    troops to England, and will power in more troops from thence upon us
+    every day.
+
+    "Your Majestie's coming would certainly give new life to your
+    friends, and make them do all in their power for your service; but
+    how far they would be able to resist such a formed body of regular
+    troops as will be against them, I must leave your Majestie to judge.
+
+    "I have sent accounts from time to time to Lord Bolingbroke, but I
+    have not heard once from any of your Majestie's servants since Mr.
+    Ogilvie of Boin came to Scotland, nor none of the five messengers I
+    sent to France are return'd, which has been an infinite loss to us.
+    I sent another, which is the sixt, to France, some days ago, with
+    the account of our victory, who I suppose is sail'd ere now.
+
+    "May all happiness attend your Majestie, and grant you may be safe,
+    whatever come of us. If it do not please God to bless your kingdoms
+    at this time with your being settled on your throne, I make no doubt
+    of its doing at another time; and I hope there will never be wanting
+    of your own subjects to assert your cause, and may they have better
+    fortune than wee are like to have. I ask but of Heaven that I may
+    have the happiness to see your Majestie before I die, provided your
+    person be safe; and I shall not repine at all that fortune has or
+    can do to me.
+
+    "Your Majestie may find many more capable, but never a more faithful
+    servant than him who is with all duty and esteem, Sir, your
+    Majestie's most dutiful, most faithfull and most obedient subject
+    and servant,
+
+                                                              "MAR."
+
+    "From the Camp of Perth, Nov. 24, 1715."
+
+
+A fortnight previously the Earl of Mar had addressed the following
+curious letter to Captain Henry Straiton,[113] at Edinburgh, to whom
+many of Lord Mar's epistles are written. The allusion to Margaret Miller
+refers to Lady Nairn, the sister-in-law of the Marquis of Tullibardine,
+and wife of Lord Nairn, who, in compliance with a Scottish custom, took
+his wife's title, she being Lady Nairn in her own right. The allusion
+to "a dose" which will require the air of a foreign country to aid it,
+seems to offer some notion of the Earl's subsequent flight.
+
+                                                   "Novemb. 8th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I had yours of the fourth this forenoon, which was very wellcome.
+    And I hope we shall soon see the certainty of what the accounts
+    makes us expect of these folks' arivall. I sent of a pacquet
+    yesterday with an answer to Margaret Miller's of the second, and in
+    it I sent a copie of my last to Mr. H----n, which was dated the
+    second and third, of which I sent him copies two different wayes, so
+    I hope he'll get one of them at least. They were pressing them to go
+    into England; and now that they are actually gone their, and in so
+    good a way, I am easie as to that. I hope God will direct and assist
+    them.
+
+    "I thought to have marcht from this to-day. The foot are mostly
+    gone, and I march with the horse to-morrow morning. Our generall
+    revew is to be at Auchterardor on Thursday morning, and then to
+    march forward immediately. It is of great use to hear often from
+    you, and to have accounts of our friends in the north of England,
+    and what is doing in England beside; so I know you'll write as often
+    as you can find occasions. I fancie I may hear to-day from our
+    friends in the north of England, for I hope they had some days ago a
+    way of sending directly. It seems the Duke of Argyll's absence from
+    London is not like to do his own court of interest there much good.
+    I hope our manifesto's being disperced at London, will have good
+    effect; and I long to see what the prints call the Pretender's
+    declaration, and the declaration of the people of England. The run
+    upon the bank, I hope, will not lessen. The public credit must not
+    be once ruined to make it raise again, and I hope that time may be
+    sooner than we think of. We have rainy weather, but that is an
+    inconveniencie to the enimie as well as to us. My humble service to
+    Margaret Miller: I thank her for the information she gives me, of
+    one about me giving intelligence; but other friends may be easie
+    about it, for I am sure there is nothing in it; and I know what made
+    them belive, which I confess had colour enough. I wish she would get
+    the Doctrix to send a new dose to the patient she knows of, for
+    there was a little too much of one of the ingredients in the last,
+    which toke away the effect of the whole. It is the ingredient that
+    has the postponeing quality in it; and the patient's greatest
+    distemper is the apprehentions he has of a perfect cure being long
+    of comeing, and that it is not to be til he get the air of another
+    country. The dose must be carefully made up, and no appearance of
+    its comeing from any other hand but the Doctrix' own. Ther's some
+    copies herewith sent of a paper printed on this side the water, of
+    which I hear severall are at Stirling. The other two papers I got
+    to-day are given to revise, and are to be printed soon. I send you a
+    copie of a letter was wrote t'other day, and sent to the
+    Cameronians in the west. I wish you could send this one to some of
+    them in the south. This is all I will trouble you with; but I hope
+    both to get from you and give you good news soon, and I ever am,
+    with all sincerity and truth, yrs. &c.
+
+    "Perhaps Capt. R----n will not be found to have done so much hurt as
+    was thought he designed; but this is not to bid trust him yet."
+
+By two manuscript letters among the Mar papers, it appears, however,
+that the account soon afterwards published by Lord Mar was not so full
+of artifice and untruths as his enemies represented. "He kept the field
+of battle until it was dark," says one writer, in a letter dated from
+Perth (November the 19th, 1715); "and nothing but want of provisions
+prevented us from going forward the next day. We hear the Whigs give
+various accounts of the battle, to cover the victory; but the numbers of
+the slain on their part being eleven or twelve hundred, and ours not
+above fifty or sixty, and our keeping the field when they left it, makes
+the victory incontestable. Your friends that I know here mind you often,
+and they and I would be glad to have the opportunity to drink a bottle
+with you beyond the Forth."
+
+Another eye-witness gives a still more detailed account.[114] "I have
+yours of the seventeenth, with the paper inclosed, wherein that
+gentleman has taken the liberty to insert many falsehoods relative to
+the late action, a true and impartial account of which I here send you,
+which is but too modest on our side, and many things omitted that will
+be afterwards made publick, particularly their murdering Strathmoir,
+after he had asked quarters, and the treatment they gave to Panmuir and
+several others, who, I hope, will be living witnesses against them. The
+enclosed is so full that I have little to say, only that we have not
+lost a hundred men in the action, and none of note, except Strathmoir,
+and the Captain of Clan Ronald."
+
+The cruel spirit of party destroyed the generous characteristics of the
+soldier, during the excitement of the combat: but how can we palliate
+the conduct of one of the King's generals, Lord Isla, after the
+fierceness of the encounter was over? The letter referred to discloses
+particulars which were hushed up, or merely glanced at, in the partial
+annals of the time.
+
+    "So soon as they saw us coming down upon them, they marched off in
+    great haste towards Dumblain, and left several of our people they
+    had taken, among which was Lord Panmuir, who offered to give his
+    parole, not knowing what had passed upon the eighth; but he was told
+    by the person he sent to Lord Isla, that he could not take a parole
+    from a rebel, and they were in such haste that they lost him in a
+    little house, with several others near the field, where we found
+    them when we advanced and brought him along with us to Ardoch, two
+    miles furder, where we stayed all night and next day, until that we
+    heard the enemy were marched off to Stirling. He is now pretty well
+    and in no danger. Earl Loudoun passed him as he lay in the field,
+    without taking any notice of him, and he was wounded there by the
+    dragoons after he had surrendered to them; but I hope there will be
+    one other day of reckoning for these things. My Lord Mar sent off
+    two or three people to take care of Lord Forfar when he heard he was
+    wounded, and one of them waited of him to Stirling. He expressed a
+    good dale of consern that he should have been ingadged against his
+    countrymen, and sent a breslet off his arm to Lord Mar, so that we
+    all wish he may live. A good pairt of our baggage and the provisions
+    we had, were distroyed by our own people who went of from our left.
+    We are now getting provisions and every thing ready as soon as
+    possible; and I am hopefull we will be in a condition in a very few
+    days to pass forth without oposition.
+
+    "We have got accounts this day of a victorie obtained by our friends
+    in the south, the particulars of which we long for. I have sent you
+    some copies of the printed account of the action to give our
+    friends.
+
+                                                        "So adieu."
+
+Notwithstanding the humane attentions shewn by the Earl to Lord Forfar,
+that brave and generous nobleman died of his wounds. After lingering
+more than three weeks, he expired at Stirling on the eighth of
+December. He was wounded in sixteen different places, but a shot which
+he received in his knee seems to have been the most fatal injury. The
+conduct of the Earl appears in strong contrast with that of the Earl of
+Isla; but we must remember that each party had its own chroniclers. It
+is, nevertheless, a result of observation, more easily stated than
+explained, that through the whole of the two contests, both in 1715 and
+1745, the generous and somewhat chivalric bearing of the Jacobites was
+acknowledged; whilst a spirit of cruel persecution marked the conduct of
+some of the chief officers on the opposite side. The Duke of Argyle
+indeed, in his own person, presented an exception to this remark, which
+chiefly applies to those secondary to him in command and influence.
+
+The conduct of Lord Mar, in retreating to Perth after the affair of
+Sherriff Muir, has been severely censured. But, as Sir Walter Scott has
+observed, he met with that obloquy which generally follows the leader of
+an unsuccessful enterprise. According to Lord Mar's own account (and it
+has been corroborated by others), his retiring to Perth was unavoidable.
+The Highlanders, brave as they were, had a custom of returning home
+after a battle; and many of them went off when the engagement was ended.
+The Earl of Mar was not, therefore, in a condition to pursue the
+advantage which he had gained, but was forced to await at Perth the
+arrival of the Chevalier, or of the Duke of Berwick; on the notification
+of which, the Highlanders would have rallied to his standard. No
+supplies had been sent; the gentlemen of the army, as well as the men,
+had been long absent from their homes, and were living at their own
+expense; and therefore were impatient for leave of absence. To add to
+the general discouraging aspect of affairs, the fatal result of the
+English insurrection, under the command of Mr. Forster, was communicated
+at this time.
+
+At first the result of the battle of Preston was represented to the
+Jacobites at Perth in a very different light to that in which the defeat
+of the English Jacobites afterwards appeared. The following is an
+extract of a letter from Lord Mar, dated the twentieth of November.
+"This day we hear from good hands that they (the English Jacobites) have
+had a victory, for which we have had rejoicings, and I hope in God they
+are in a good way by this time. Let me hear from you often, I beg it of
+you, and I'll long for the particulars of that affair.
+
+"I am doing all I can to get us again in a condition to march from home.
+It will not be so soon as I wish, which is no small mortification to me,
+but our friends; you may depend on it, that it shall be as soon as I
+can, and no time shall be lost. It is wonderfull that neither the King
+nor the Duke of Ormond comes, nor that I have not accounts from them.
+Now that there is so considerable a party appearing in England, I hope
+they will put it off no longer. I hope all your friends in England are
+well in particular, but pray let me have an account of it.
+
+"Lord Tullibardin and Lord George are well; they are gone again to
+Atholl to bring back their men, who went off that they might retrieve
+their honour, as I doubt not but they will. It is a great pity if poor
+Strathmore and Clanronald, and I'm afraid honest Auchterhouse, is
+killed, for we can get no account of him.
+
+"I wish our prisoners may be as civilly treated as theirs are with us.
+They are all sent to Dundee (the officers I mean), where they have the
+liberty of the town, and wear their swords. My compliments to our sick
+friend, who I am sorry is still so; but he has had a good second and
+secretary.
+
+"Pray let us have some good news now, and I am with all truth and
+esteem,
+
+                                                         Yours, &c."
+
+"Perth, November 20, 1715."
+
+"Lord Panmure recovers pritty well. The enimie give out that he gave his
+parole when he was prisoner, but it was not so, he off'red it them but
+they wou'd not take it from a rebel as they call'd him, and neither did
+Strewan; so they were both resqued."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These letters place Lord Mar in a somewhat more estimable light than the
+usual statements have done. The truth is, that we ought never to judge
+of a man's actions before we have had an insight into his real motives
+and circumstances at the time. Few individuals had greater difficulties
+to contend with than Lord Mar.
+
+Harassed by cabals among the adherents of the Chevalier; unable to
+account for the continued reserve and absence of that Prince; and
+weakened greatly both by the secession of the clan of Fraser, who had
+joined the Insurgents with Mackenzie of Fraserdale, but who now went
+away, and joined him whom they considered as their real chieftain, the
+infamous Simon Fraser, of Beaufort, Lord Lovat; the Earl began to listen
+to those who talked of capitulating with the enemy. He found, indeed,
+that he was forced to comply with the wishes of the chieftains, some of
+whom were making private treaties for themselves. It must have been a
+bitter humiliation to Lord Mar to have sent a message to his former
+rival in politics, the Duke of Argyle, "to know if he had power to treat
+with him;" but the measure appears from the following letter to have
+been unavoidable. It was written after the news of the defeat at Preston
+had reached Perth. It bespeaks some degree of compassion and
+consideration for a man whose councils were distracted by dissensions,
+and who was embarrassed beyond measure by the absence of the Chevalier,
+to whose arrival he looked anxiously to give some hopes of revival to a
+sinking cause. The Master of Sinclair, to whom Lord Mar refers as a
+"devil," and who, since the disaster at Preston was known, "appeared in
+his own colours," was the eldest son of Henry, eighth Baron Sinclair, a
+devoted adherent of the House of Stuart, and one of those who had
+withdrawn from the Convention of 1689 when the resolution to expel James
+the Second was adopted. John, Master of Sinclair, was afterwards
+attainted, and never assumed the title of his father, although pardoned
+in 1726.
+
+                                                 "November 27th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I had yours of the twenty-second, the twenty-fifth, and also spoke
+    with the person you mention in it; I suppose he wou'd see you, as he
+    returned. The disaster of our friends in England is very unlucky,
+    both to affairs there and here. Since we knew of it here a _devil_,
+    who I suspected for some time to be lurking amongst us, has appeared
+    openly in his own colours. I forsaw this a-comeing some days ago. I
+    have endeavoured to keep people from breaking amongst themselves,
+    and was forced to go into the first step of it; but I hope we shall
+    be able to have the manadgement of it, and prevent its doing any
+    hurt, but to confounde in time comeing the designs of those who were
+    the promoters of it. It was by the advise of all your friends what I
+    have done, so let not our folks be alarmed when they hear of it from
+    I----g. It is odd where the K----[115] can be all this time, since,
+    by all appearance and all the accounts we have, he has left France
+    long ago; but that must quickly appear, and I hope to get things
+    staved off til it does. But without his comeing what can be done?
+    Tho' I hope that will not be the case. It is odd that others write
+    of Col. H----y and Doctor Abor--y, both at Parise, and that they do
+    not write themselves, tho' I'm told to-day that there's a letter
+    from them to me at Edinburgh, which I long for. We are told of
+    troops comeing from Englande, both English and Dutch. I doubt if
+    they'll ventur to quitt with both, and I would fain hope that none
+    of them will come soon. God grant that the K---- be safe. If he go
+    to England, as we are told he designed, I doubt not but he knows of
+    support there. I confess there's a great deal lost by his long
+    delay, but that certainly was not in his power to help, else it
+    wou'd not have been so. If he still come here, I hope we will yet be
+    able to make a stand for him this winter, but I thought I was
+    obledged to let him know the true situation before he land, which I
+    have done to the best of my pow'r, and lodged letters for him in the
+    places where I thought it most likely he wou'd come, so that he may
+    not be dissapointed by expecting to find things better than they
+    are. He has been so long by the way that it wou'd seme he is not
+    comeing to England, but that he is comeing round about Ireland to
+    Scotland; and neither he nor D---- O----d[116] be in England. It
+    wou'd seem that they will not stir there, which would make it a very
+    hard task here; but I hope Providence will protect him, and yet
+    settle him on his throne.
+
+    "I find it will be sometime before I can stirr from hence, and if
+    the enemy get not reinforcments, I judge they will not stirr either;
+    but as soon as they get them they certainly will, and I'm afraid we
+    shall be oblidged to take the hills, which is a could quarter now.
+    I wish you knew a great many particulars I have to tell you, but it
+    is not safe writing them; there are some people with us who it had
+    been good for the King they had stay'd at home, where they want not
+    a little to be, and will leave us at last, but we must make the best
+    of them, tho' there be but ill stuff to make it of as the saying is.
+    Never had man so plaguie a life as I have had o' late; but I'll do
+    the best I can to go threw it, and not be unworthy of the trust
+    reposed in me. My service to Mr. Hall, and I hope he'll make my
+    compliments to his correspondent at P----se,[117] who he mentions in
+    his to me; but its odd that I have heard from none there myself ever
+    sine B----n came, especially since other letters come through. I
+    must own I have not had many encouragements, but that should be
+    nothing if I had encouragements for others. Should it please God
+    that the King's affairs should not succeed, but that people
+    capitulated, I do not purpose to be a Scots or Englishman if they
+    would let me, and all that I wou'd ask for myself is liberty to go
+    abroad, for in that case I wou'd rather live in Siberia than
+    Britain. If the King does not come soon, I find people will not hold
+    out long; but if he does, there are honest men enough to stand by
+    him and not see him perish. Pray let me hear from you as often as
+    you can, and when you write to Mrs. Miller[118] make my compliments
+    to her. I wish some of our men here had her spirit. I hope you are
+    now perfectly recover'd, but pray take care that you fall not ill
+    again. Adieu.
+
+    "Pray cause give the enclosed to my brother as soon as it comes to
+    your handes. I beg you may apprise our friends at London and Parise
+    of what has been done hear to-day; the sending to Argle at Stirling
+    a message about articles of treaty, as appears from other papers,
+    which I tel you I was forced to go into;--that they may not be
+    surprised at it and think we have given all over, which might have
+    very bad consequences in both places. Do this by the first post. All
+    will come right again if the King come soon to Britain."
+
+The answer returned by the Duke of Argyle to Lord Mar's overture was
+this: that "he had no sufficient powers to treat with the Earl of Mar
+and his Council as a body, but that he would write to Court about it."
+
+To this reply, which was sent with much courtesy by the Duke, a
+rejoinder was made, "That when the Duke should let the Earl of Mar and
+his Council know that he had sufficient power, then they would make
+their proposition." The proposal was sent up to St. James's, but no
+further notice was taken of it, nor were the powers of the Duke of
+Argyle extended to enable him to come to any terms with Lord Mar. But
+although the negotiation thus died away, the weakness it betrayed among
+the Jacobite party was highly prejudicial to their cause.
+
+James, during all the recent events, had been engaged in making several
+attempts to leave St. Maloes. He had gone openly on board ships which
+were laden with arms and ammunition for his use, but had withdrawn when
+he found that his embarkation was known. He therefore changed his plans,
+and crossing to Normandy, resolved to embark at Dunkirk. Having lurked
+for several days, disguised as a mariner, on the coast of Brittany, he
+went privately to Dunkirk, where he embarked, attended by the Marquis of
+Tynemouth, the eldest son of the Duke of Berwick, Lieutenant Cameron,
+and several other persons, on board a French ship, which, according to
+some accounts, "was laden with brandy, and furnished with a good
+pass-port." Thus at length having ventured on the ocean, the Prince set
+sail towards Norway; but changed his direction, and steered towards
+Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire. During all this time, the Earl of Mar
+suffered from the utmost anxiety and perplexity for one who was unworthy
+of the exertions made for his restoration. This is evident from the
+following letter, dated November the thirtieth, to Captain Straiton:
+
+    "The accounts of that person's[119] way of going on, and the danger
+    he is in, confound me; but I hope Providence has not preserved him
+    all this while to destroy him at last. I am doing all I can to make
+    it safe; and perhaps what we thought our misfortune, (the men going
+    home after Sheriff Muir,) may prove our happiness, they being where
+    that person is to come, and I send troops there immediately."
+
+    "I knew before I got yours that the Dutch troops were coming
+    here.[120] Those by sea may come soon, but those by land cannot be
+    here a long time. They will now power in all the troups from England
+    on us; but I hope we may hold it this winter in spite of them, tho'
+    we shall have hard quarters in the Highlands. In case of what Mr.
+    H----ll writes me prove true, and happen, for fear of accidents
+    after it does, were it not fitt that you should write to France to
+    send some ships to cruise up and down the north-west coast to save
+    the person Mr. H----ll writes of, if things should not prove right?
+    and our friends in France can either send them from thence or Spain,
+    round Ireland? I hear of but two little ships of warr on that coast;
+    and the ships I would have sent may pass as marchant ships tradeing
+    and putting in by accident therabouts, which they often do. Pray
+    think of this, and write of it soon to France, as I intend to do
+    to-night by an express I am sending; and were it not fitt you should
+    write of it too to some trusty friend at London? But it must be done
+    with the utmost caution, for fear of disheartning the English. Tho'
+    the safty of that person is of such consequence that all ways is to
+    be taken for it, and all accidents guarded against.
+
+    "I wrote to you the twenty-seventh, and in it I gave you account of
+    an affair which happened amongst us, which obliged us to send a
+    message to the Duke of Argyll. I hope this came safe to your hand.
+    His answer was very civil, and our return was in the words
+    following, viz: 'We are obliged to the Duke of Argyll for his
+    civility; that, since he has no powers to treat with us, we can say
+    no more now; but if at any time he shall have them, and let us know
+    it, we shall give our answer.'
+
+    "I hope this affair has been so manadgd that all the spirit of
+    division amongst us is crusht; and pray take care to informe our
+    friends at London and Parise about it, that it may not alarme them.
+    I am affraid of its alarmeing the Regent, and keeping him from doing
+    anything for the King; for which reason I send an express to Lord
+    Bolingbroke to-night. I suppose it will be ten or twelve dayes at
+    least before the Duke of Argyll will have a return, and we may know
+    much before that time. If they agree to a treaty, it is still in our
+    own power; and if not, I hope people will stand together for their
+    own sake.
+
+    "You speak in your two last as if you were opresst about our
+    divisions. All I shall trouble you further in relation to
+    this,--there are odd people amongst us, and those of whom it should
+    not have been expected; they had instild their spirit so farr into
+    many, that there was no steming the tide but by going into it, or
+    else breaking amongst ourselves, and, like them, make a seperat
+    peace; but now those wise folk are ashamed of themselves, and are
+    disclaimed by those who they said comissioned them. I do all I can
+    to make others forgett this behaveour of those people, and I hope we
+    shall be as unite as ever. If the King come, I am sure we shall; and
+    if God is not pleased to bless us with his presence, whatever we do
+    shall be in consert.
+
+    "I beg to hear often from you, and particularly what you can learn
+    of the motion of the enimie and their designs.
+
+    "I send a reinforcement to-night to Bruntisland of a hundred men,
+    and there was fifty in it before.
+
+    "Lord Seaforth went north some time ago, and severall of Lord
+    Huntly's people; so I hope they togither will be able to keep Lord
+    Sutherland from doing much mischife, and e'er long to reduce him and
+    all the King's enimies there. We are not yet in so much apprehention
+    of them as Mr. H----ll seems to be. I am mightily pleased you are so
+    much recovered, which I know by your hand-writeing; but I can scarce
+    conceave how you get yourself keept free of our enimies,--may you do
+    long so, and
+
+            "I am sincearly yours, &c. Adieu."
+
+On the first of December, the Earl having still heard no tidings of the
+Chevalier, and being ignorant of his real movements, again writes in all
+the uncertainty, and with the circumspection of one who knows not
+whether his letter will be received. He seems always to have sent
+duplicates of his letters.
+
+    "I am in the utmost pain about the K----,[121] and I have done all
+    in my power to make him safe, but I hope Providence will protect
+    him. I sent one for France this morning, and I hope he may sail in a
+    day or two, but let that not keep you from writeing there too. I
+    would fain hope that the Regent has altered his measurs, and is
+    comeing into the K----'s intrest, else I do not see how it had been
+    possible for him to get thro' France: if so, I have good hopes, and
+    I wish he may come to us; but if not, and that England do nothing, I
+    wish he were safe again where he formerly was, for we shall never be
+    able alone to do his bussiness, and he will be in the utmost danger
+    after starveing a winter in the Highlands. Lord Huntley is still
+    very much out of humour and nothing can make him yet believe that
+    the K----'s a-comeing. He intends to go north, under the pretext of
+    reduceing Lord Sutherland, and his leaving us at this time I think
+    might have very bad effects, which makes me do all I can to keep
+    him. The Master of Sinclair is a very bad instrument about him, and
+    has been most to blaim of any body for all the differences amongst
+    us. I am plagued out of my life with them, but must do the best I
+    can. I expect now to hear every day of the K----'s landing; but
+    should he be any time of comeing, and the Duke of Argyll get his
+    powers and send us word of it before he come, our old work will
+    begin again, and I am sure I shall be deserted by a great many. Some
+    people seem so farr from being pleased with the news of the K----'s
+    comeing, that they are visiblie sorry for it; and I wish to God
+    these people had never been with us for they will be our undoing!
+    and what a plague brought them out, since they could not hold it out
+    for so short a time? I shall be blamed, I know, over all Europe for
+    what I am entirely innocent of. It will be my own ruin beside, but
+    if that could advance the K----'s affairs I am contented. In time I
+    shall be justified when my parte in all this affair comes to be
+    knowen, and I bless God I have witnesses enough who have seen all;
+    and if accidents do not happen them, my papers will show it to
+    conviction, for I have been pretty exact in keeping copies and a
+    journall.
+
+    "Since I have wrote so fully to you, I do not write to Mr. H----ll,
+    for which I hope he'll forgive me.[122]
+
+    "I am anxious to know if my brother got my note that was inclosed to
+    you in that of the twenty-seventh, which was to caution him in a
+    thing that I was affraid his over great concern for me might make
+    him do, and which would vex me extreamly if he did.
+
+    "I long to hear from you again, as I suppose you will from me; and
+    as soon as I know of what you'll expect to hear of from me, you
+    shall. Adieu."
+
+In a few days afterwards Lord Mar had gained more precise intelligence
+of the Prince's movements; on the delay at St. Maloes he puts the
+favourable construction of the vessel's having been wind-bound, as will
+be seen by the following letter. The dissensions in his counsels, aided,
+as he hints, by the influence which the Master of Sinclair exercised
+over the Marquis of Huntley, were, still, not among the least of his
+difficulties.
+
+                                                  "December 6th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Last night one of the messengers I had sent to France returned, and
+    there came with him to Montrose, Mr. Charles Fleeming and General
+    Eclin; but they are not yet come here, nor some money that came
+    along with them. I have a letter from the King, the fifteenth of
+    November, N. S. from St. Malos; severall from Lord Bolingbroke, the
+    last of which was the twenty-seventh, and he belived the King then
+    to be saild, and he had been wind bound there three weeks; but he
+    did not sail, as I understand from the messenger til the eighteenth
+    inst., he having seen a letter from Col. Hay at St. Maloes, to Mr.
+    Arbuthnot, two dayes after he sailed. God send him safe to us, for
+    which I have done all in my power! It is in the hands of Providence,
+    and I hope God will protect him. It is not to be known where he is
+    to land, and indeed it cannot be known certainly. Even this has not
+    quite cured all the whims amongst us. Lord grant a safe landing, and
+    I hope that will. The Duke of Ormond is gone to England, and I
+    believe he has some troops with him and arms and ammunition.
+
+    "I hear from Fife to-day that there landed at Leith on Sunday last
+    four hundred of the Dutch troops. I hope that's all that are comeing
+    by sea. I have the King's Declaration, which is to be reprinted
+    here, and shall be dispers'd in a few days. The less that it be
+    spoke that the King is to land soon, I believe the better, until he
+    actually does, for that but make the Government more alert. Were he
+    but once landed, I have reason to belive that there will be a new
+    face of affairs seen abroad as well as at home in the King's favour,
+    which is all I dare yet adventure to trust of it to paper; but I
+    hope in God were the King once with us all will be well.
+
+    "There are more officers comeing to us from abroad different wayes,
+    so it's likely they may be dropping in every day. The Duke of
+    Berwick stays behind for a very good reason, and is to follow. The
+    King has been pleased to confer new honours on me, but I do not
+    think it fitt to take it on me til he comes, and if it pleases not
+    God he come to us safe, I am indifferent what becomes of all I ever
+    had, and this may go with the rest. It is goodness in him, and more
+    than I askt or deserve. I will long to hear from you; and tho' I
+    desire you not to let the news I write you be much talkt of, yet I
+    suppose it will be no secret, for I am obliged to communicate what I
+    get to so many that it cannot possible be keept, and yet I cannot
+    help this. Tho' Lord Huntley said little to me to-day upon my
+    shewing him my letters, yet I know it from good hands he is not a
+    bitt in better humour and that he will now positively go north;
+    which I suppose he'll write of to me to-morrow, for 'tis seldom now
+    he'll either see me or let me see him, tho' I take all the ways I
+    can to please and humour him, but all will not do: however, I hope
+    will not have many followers. Master of Sinclair is gone this day to
+    see his father upon a sharp letter he had from him yesterday about
+    his behaviour. Some others are ashamed of the part they acted, but
+    if the King come not soon all of them will relapse again. The clans
+    stand firm, and I hope will to the last.
+
+    "Pray try to get notice of what private letters from London say upon
+    our proposeing terms, and let me know as soon as you can. Adieu."
+
+It is curious to trace the revival of the Earl's hopes, and the increase
+of his confidence. The following letter contains, among other
+circumstances, a reference to the supposed attempt of the Earl of Stair,
+in France, to assassinate James.
+
+                                                 "December 10th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Yesterday I had yours of the fourth and fifth, for which I thank
+    you. I wrote to you on the eighth, which I hope you got safe, and
+    in it I told you of one of the messengers I had sent to France being
+    returned, and with him General Eclin and Mr. Charles Fleming, and
+    some money: since that Doctor Abercromby is returned and Lord Edward
+    Drummond is come with him and brought some more money. They come off
+    the same day with the others, and landed the same day at Aberdeen
+    the others did at Montrose. They only brought duplicates of the
+    dispatches I had by the others, and a letter to me from the Q----
+    with a pacquet from her to the K----, by which you may be sure he is
+    sail'd, and we hourly expect to hear of his landing. Since those
+    people came, those amongst us who had been uneasy, are now comeing
+    to be in good humour again, particularly Lord Huntley; and I have
+    agreed to his going north with some of his horse to get all his
+    people there together to suppress those about Inverness, and also to
+    have them in readiness against the K. comes. Pray God send him safe
+    and soon, and then I do not despair of things going right still. Our
+    whole prisoners almost, I mean the private men, are like to take on
+    since they heard of the K----g's being certainly a-comeing; and
+    since they saw the two enclosed papers, they say that were he once
+    come, there will be news of their armie and all those prisoners.
+    Even those who do not lift with us, pray openly for the K----, and
+    that God may keep him out of the hands of his enimies.
+
+    "The two enclosed are sent about to a great many places: it is
+    better to delay dispersing the K----'s declaration til he arrive,
+    since I hope that is near.
+
+    "I admear we hear no certain accounts of the Duke of Ormond, for the
+    fifteenth inst. the K---- and Q---- too write to me that he was
+    saild a second time for England.
+
+    "Pray God it may be well with him, and if he do not, then I wish he
+    may come here with all my heart.
+
+    "We have heard nothing as yet of the Duke of Argyle's return from
+    London, and I imagine we shall hear nothing from him upon it, when
+    he does get it and I hope he shall never be askt for it more by us.
+    The Duke of Atholl will himself send his men against Crafourd.
+
+    "I believe I forgot to tell you in my last that Colonel Hay mist
+    very narrowly being murdered in France, takeing him for the K----
+    (being in one of his cheases), by Lord Stair's gang, and in their
+    pockets Lord Stair's orders were found to go to such a place, and
+    there obey what orders they should receive from Count Douglass[123]
+    (Lightly), let them be never so desperate. This is something so
+    horrid that I want words to express it. I tell it you just as those
+    from France tell me. The fellow was imprisoned by the government
+    there and reclaimed by Lord Stair. Lord Clairmont was actually
+    reclaimed by the Regent before they come away; so his being brought
+    to England after, may work something. I have just now a packet of
+    news sent me by A. M., for which I thank you. Notwithstanding this
+    great new General's being come, I see not how they can do anything
+    at Stirling till the Dutch join them, and that cannot be yet for
+    some time; pray Heavens the K---- come before them! I know by other
+    accounts as well as yours, from abroad, that they are not above four
+    thousand complete and some of these are lost. Our Highlanders have
+    got in their heads a mighty contempt for them, which may do good.
+    This goes by the Hole,[124] from when your packet yesterday was sent
+    me. I have nothing further to add now, but I hope soon to send you
+    agreable news. Pray give my service to I. H. and desire him to make
+    my compliments to his landlady and tel her, I hope she is now right
+    with her son, which I am exceeding glad of. Adieu."
+
+At length, on the twenty-second of December, James landed at Peterhead,
+after a voyage of seven days. His arrival dispelled many doubts of his
+personal courage, since, after all his deliberations, he adopted by no
+means the least hazardous course by traversing the British ocean, which
+was beset by British men-of-war. He had sailed from Dunkirk in the
+small vessel in which he had embarked, and which was followed by two
+other vessels, containing his domestics, and stores for the use of his
+army. His immediate attendants were disguised as French officers, and his
+retinue as seamen. It had been the Chevalier's original intention to
+have landed in the Frith of Tay; but observing a sail which he suspected
+to be unfriendly, he altered his course, and landed at Peterhead, where
+the property of the Earl Marischal was situated. The ship in which the
+Chevalier sailed was, however, near enough to the shore to be able, by
+signals, to make signs to his friends of his approach. At Perth the
+intelligence was received with the utmost joy, and produced a most
+favourable effect, even among the prisoners of war, which Lord Mar
+describes in the following letter. Up to the twenty-eighth of the month
+he had not seen the Prince:
+
+                                                   "The 28th December.
+
+    "Yours of the twenty-second I have got just now by the Hole, and I
+    sent one that way to you yesterday from our friend here, in which
+    you have the joyfull news of the King's safe arival, which I hope in
+    God will effectually sement what you recomend to us. Our friend went
+    yesterday morning to meett his master, who I hope will be here with
+    us again Friday; I pray God turn the hearts of his enemies, both for
+    the sake of him and their poor country! It will be a monstruous
+    crime never to be forgiven, if they now draw their swords against
+    him, since he has been pleased to give them a most gratious
+    indemnity for all that is past, without exception. All will now soon
+    be dispersed in the North that opose him. Sutherland's men are
+    deserting him, and the Frasers are all gone home. I make no doubt
+    but that we are masters of Inverness, and so consequently the whole
+    North before this time. I make no doubt but that the King's presence
+    will forward everything: it has already had great effects here: and
+    those that were for separate measurs have reason to be ashamed, and
+    I hope they will make amends by their future behaveor. We have sent
+    over some of the declarations, and ane other paket of them is gone
+    this night. Now is the time for every body to bestir themselves, and
+    that all resort here to their master. I ame persuaded you'l not be
+    idle. Those that made a pretext of the King's not being landed, are
+    now left unexcusable; and if those kind of folks now sit still and
+    look any more on, they ought to be worse treated than our worst
+    enemies. I beg of you to send us what accounts you can learn on your
+    side, and what they are now to do upon this news. I hope in God we
+    shall now be soon ready to give them a meeting! It will be of
+    consequence for us to hear often from your side, and we have little
+    other accounts than from you. I have sent yours by ane express this
+    day to our friend, and I hope to hear from you soon in return to the
+    last that went on Munday. The K---- lay on Saturday night at the
+    Earl of Marischall's house; he had a very good and safe passage,
+    and has given them fair slip, for I supose they did never rekon on
+    his comeing the near way. I hear there is a great resort to him,
+    since he landed, of all ranks.
+
+    "The Duke of Athol[125] sent a pairty of two hundered of his men
+    yesterday morning, under the comand of his brother Lord Edward, and
+    his son Lord James, to Dunkeld to have surprised our garison there,
+    which consisted of about one hundred men of the clans; but it seems
+    the garison had notice of it some hours before they came, and gave
+    them such a warm reception, that they retired in great haste with
+    the loss of two men killed by our out-sentinels and five or sixe
+    wounded. I belive his Grace's men had no good will to the work, and
+    were brought their against their inclinations. They had nott then
+    gott the account there of the King's arival, els I belive they had
+    not atempted it. I wish our garison were now at Brunt Island, but I
+    hope that loss soon be made up. I hope you'll omitte no occasion in
+    letting us hear from you. Adieu.
+
+    "The above is writte to H. S.,[126] but it will serve you both to
+    forward it to him. I got the money and the cloas safe. I expect to
+    hear from you soon. I have yours of the twenty-third. I have sent
+    over a paket to be dispersed, and some ane other way. Your letters
+    are longer be the way than they need so order it. Fall on some
+    proper way to gett the enclosed delivered by some person, but be not
+    seen in it yourself. If ane answer can be got, send it."
+
+The Chevalier slept in the town of Peterhead on the first night of his
+landing, but on the second he was received at Newburgh, a seat of the
+Earl Marischal; and the adherents who welcomed him as their Prince, had
+there an opportunity of forming a judgment of one whom they had hitherto
+known only by the flattering representations of those who had visited
+the young adventurer, at his little Court in Lorraine.
+
+In person, James is reported by the Master of Sinclair to have been
+"tall and thin, seeming to incline to be lean rather than to fill as he
+grows in years." His countenance, to judge by the most authentic
+portraits[127] of this Prince, had none of the meditative character of
+that of Charles the First, whom the Chevalier was popularly said to
+resemble: neither had it the sweetness which is expressed by every
+feature of that unhappy Monarch, nor had his countenance the pensiveness
+which wins upon the beholder who gazes upon the portraits of Charles.
+The eyes of the Chevalier were light-hazel, his face was pale and long,
+and in the fullness of the lips he resembled his mother, Mary of Modena.
+To this physiognomy, on which it is said a smile was rarely seen to
+play, were added, according to the account of a contemporary, from whose
+narrative we will borrow a further description, "a speech grave, and not
+very clearly expressive of his thoughts, nor over much to the purpose;
+his words were few, and his behaviour and temper seemed always composed.
+
+"What he was in his diversions we know not; here was no room for such
+things. It was no time for mirth. Neither can I say I ever saw him
+smile. Those who speak so positively of his being like King James the
+Seventh, must excuse me for saying that it seems to say they either
+never saw this person or never saw King James the Seventh; and yet I
+must not conceal that when we saw the man whom they called our King, we
+found ourselves not at all animated by his presence; and if he was
+disappointed in us, we were tenfold more so in him. We saw nothing in
+him that looked like spirit. He never appeared with cheerfulness and
+vigour to animate us: our men began to despise him; some asked if he
+could speak. His countenance looked extremely heavy. He cared not to
+come abroad among us soldiers, or to see us handle our arms to do our
+exercise. Some said the circumstances he found us in dejected him. I am
+sure the figure he made dejected us; and had he sent us but five
+thousand men of good troops, and never himself come, we had done other
+things than we have done. At the approach of that crisis when he was to
+defend his pretensions, and either lose his life or gain a Crown, I
+think, as his affairs were situated, no man can say that his appearing
+grave and composed was a token of his want of thought, but rather of a
+significant anxiety grounded on the prospect of his inevitable ruin,
+which he could not be so void of sense as not to see plainly before
+him,--at least, when he came to see how inconsistent his measures
+were--how unsteady the resolution of his guides, and how impossible it
+was to make them agree with one another."[128]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was at Glammis Castle, the seat of the Earl of Strathmore, that the
+Earl of Mar drew up a flattering account of the Prince, which he caused
+to be printed and diligently circulated.[129] The whole is here given,
+as affording an insight into all that was going on:--
+
+    "I have had three of yours since I left Perth, but I wonder I have
+    no letters from London. I mett the King at Fetteresso on Tuesday
+    se'night, where we stayed til Friday; from thence we came to
+    Brichan, then to Kinnaird, and yesterday here. The King designed to
+    have gone to Dundee to-day, but ther's such a fall of snow that he
+    is forced to put it off til to-morrow, if it be practicable then;
+    and from thence he designs to go to Scoon. There was no haste in his
+    being there sooner, for nothing can be done in this season, else he
+    had not been so long by the way. People every where as we have come
+    along, are excessively fond to see him and express that duty they
+    ought. Without any compliment to him, and to do him nothing but
+    justice, set aside his being a prince, he is realie the finest
+    gentelman I ever knew. He has a very good presence, and resembles
+    King Charles a great dele. His presence, tho', is not the best of
+    him; he has fine partes, and dispatches all his buissiness himself
+    with the greatest exactness. I never saw any body write so finely.
+    He is afable to a great degree w^{t}out looseing that majestie that
+    he ought to have, and has the sweetest temper in the world. In a
+    word, he is even fitted to make us a happie people, were his
+    subjects worthie of him. To have him peaceablie settled on his thron
+    is what these kingdomes do not deserve; but he deserves it so much,
+    that I hope ther's a good fate attending him. I am sure ther's
+    nothing wanting to make the rest of his subjects as fond of him as
+    we are, but thus knowing as we now have the happiness to do. And it
+    will be odd if his presence amongst us, after his running so many
+    hazards to compass it, do not turn the hearts of even the most
+    obstinat. It is not fit to tel all the particulars, but I assure
+    you, since he arived, he has left nothing undone that well could be
+    to gain every body, and I hope God will touch their hearts. His
+    Majestie is very sensible of the service you have done him and he
+    desires you may continue, for which he hopes he may yet be able to
+    reward you. He wrote to France as soon's he landed, and sent it with
+    the shipe he came in, which we hope got safe there long ago. It is
+    not often that we can have opportunity of writeing or sending there,
+    and the Queen and others will be mighty impatient to hear
+    frequently; therefore his Majestie expects you should write there
+    frequently, and give them all the accounts you can. I have reason to
+    hope we shall very quickly see a new face on affairs abroad in the
+    King's favour, which is all I dare comitt to paper. The Government
+    will nott certainly send all the strength against us they can, but
+    e'er long, perhaps, they may have ocasion for their troups else
+    where.
+
+    "I belive one wou'd speak to you lately of a kind of comisary of the
+    Dutch, that may be spoke to, which by no means ought to be
+    neglected, and he being on your side the watter, it is left to you,
+    and you must not stick at offering such a reward as he himself can
+    desire, which I shall see made good: there should no time be lost in
+    this, and I'll be glad to know soon if there be any hopes that way.
+
+    "Tho' the way of sending letters betwixt us be now much more
+    difficult than ever, yet you must write as often as you possiblie
+    can get any probable way of sending of them safe; and pray give us
+    all the accounts you can. I have ordred some of the King's
+    declarations for England to be sent you, and when they come to your
+    hands you wou'd get some way of sending them to London and other
+    places of England. Send the enclosed for my wife under a cover, as
+    you used to do; by my not hearing from her, I am affraid my last has
+    not come to her hands. When any comes from her for me, pray take
+    care that you send them a safe way. We long to know what effects the
+    news of the King's arivall had at London, Stirling, and Edinburgh. I
+    suppose you still hear from Kate Bruce. I do not understand what she
+    means by going to the country, which she mentions in her letter to
+    you.
+
+    "I see in one of the prints that Lawrance is come off from London,
+    so by this time he must certainly be in Scotland; pray let me know
+    what you hear of him. If he be come, I suppose he'll understand
+    himself so well as our prisoner, that he will immediately give
+    himself up to us again.
+
+    "The King wears paper caps under his wige, which I know you also do;
+    they cannot be had at Perth, so I wish you could send some on, for
+    his own are near out.
+
+    "We are in want of paper for printing; is there no way to send us
+    some from your side?
+
+    "Pray, send my wife one of the Scots and one of the English
+    declarations at the same time my letter goes, but under another
+    cover. Adieu.
+
+    "Since writeing I have yours of the thirty-first and first, for
+    which I thank you, and am just going to read them to my master."
+
+Little dependance can be placed on the entire accuracy of either of
+these varying descriptions,--the one penned by a disappointed, and
+perhaps wavering, adherent, the other by a man whose personal interests
+were irrevocably involved with those of James. We must trust to other
+sources to enable us to form a due estimate of the merits of this
+ill-starred Prince.
+
+James Stuart was at this time in his twenty-seventh year. From his very
+cradle he had been, as it might seem to the superstitious, marked by
+fate for a destiny peculiarly severe. His real birth was long disputed,
+without the shadow of a reason, except what was suggested by a base
+court intrigue. This slur upon his legitimacy, which was afterwards
+virtually wiped away by the British Parliament, was nevertheless the
+greatest obstacle to his accession, there being nothing so difficult to
+obliterate as a popular impression of that nature.
+
+Educated within the narrow precincts of the exiled court, James owed the
+good that was within him to a disposition naturally humane, placable,
+and just, as well as to the communion with a mother, the fidelity of
+whose attachment to her exiled consort bespoke a finer quality of mind
+than that which Nature had bestowed on the object of her devotion. By
+this mother James must doubtless have been embued with a desire for
+recovering those dominions and that power for which Mary of Modena, like
+Henrietta Maria, sighed in vain, as the inheritance of her son; but the
+stimulus was applied to a disposition with which a private life was far
+more consonant than the cares of sovereignty. Rising as he does to
+respectability, when we contrast the good nature and mild good sense of
+the Chevalier with the bigotry of James the Second,--or view his career,
+blameless with some exceptions, in contrast with the licentiousness of
+Charles the Second, there were still no high hopes to be entertained of
+the young Prince; his character had little energy, and consequently
+little interest: he was affable, just, free from bigotry although firm
+in his faith, and capable of great application to business; but he
+wanted ardour. From his negative qualities, the pitying world were
+disposed to judge him favourably. "He began the world," says Lockhart,
+"with the general esteem of mankind; but he sank year by year in public
+estimation: his Court subsequently displayed the worst features of the
+Stuart propensities, an intense love of prerogative; and his mind, never
+strong, became weaker and weaker under the dominion of favourites."
+
+The ship in which James had sailed returned to France immediately to
+give the news of his safe arrival, and at the same time Lieutenant
+Cameron, the son of Cameron of Lochiel, was dispatched to Perth to
+apprise the Earl of Mar of the event. Upon the spur of the moment the
+Earl, accompanied by the Earl Marischal and General Hamilton, and
+attended by twenty or thirty persons of quality, on horseback, set out
+with a guard of horse to attend him whom they considered as their
+rightful Sovereign. The cavalcade met the Chevalier at Fetteresso, the
+principal seat of the Earl Marischal. "Here," says Reay, "the Chevalier
+dressed, and discovered himself," and they all kissed his hand, and
+owned him as their King, causing him to be proclaimed at the gates of
+the house. At Fetteresso the Prince was detained during some days by
+that inconvenient malady the ague. Meantime, the declaration which he
+had prepared, and which was dated from Commercy, was disseminated, and
+was dropped in some loyal towns by his adherents in the night-time,
+there being danger in promulgating it openly.[130]
+
+On the second of January, 1715-16, the Chevalier proceeded to Brechin,
+and thence to Kinnaird; and on Thursday to Glammis Castle, the seat of
+the Earl of Strathmore. On the sixth of January he made his public entry
+into Dundee on horseback, at an early hour. Three hundred followers
+attended him, and the Earl of Mar rode on his right hand, the Earl
+Marischal on his left. At the suggestion of his friends, the Prince
+shewed himself in the market-place of Dundee for nearly an hour and a
+half, the people kissing his hands. The following extract from a letter
+among the Mar Papers affords a more minute and graphic account of the
+Chevalier's demeanour than is to be found in the usual histories of the
+day.
+
+    "I hear the Pretender went this day from Glams to Dundee, and comes
+    to Scoon to-morrow; and I am shourly informed that your old friend
+    Willie Callender went to Glams on Wensday and kissed the Pretender's
+    hand, of whom he makes great speeches, and says he is one of the
+    finest gentlemen ever he saw in his life. Its weell that his landing
+    is keept up from the army, for he has gained so much the good will
+    of all ranks of people in this country that have seen him, that if
+    it was made publick it's thought it might have ill effects among
+    them. He is very affable and oblidging to all, and great crowds of
+    the common people flok to him. When he toke horse this morning from
+    Glams, there was about a thousand country people at the gate, who
+    they say, gave him many blessings: he has tuched several of the
+    ivil, as he did some this morning. He is of a very pleasant temper,
+    and has intirely gained the hearts of all thro' the places he has
+    passed. He aplyes himself very closs to business, and they say might
+    very weell be a Secretarie of State. He has declared Lord Marischall
+    one of his bedchamber. The toun of Aberdeen made him ane address, as
+    did all the other touns as he passed; and I hear he is, at the
+    request of the episcopal clergy in this country, to apoint a day of
+    thanksgiving for his safe arival, and likeways a proclamation, to
+    which will be referred his declaration, with something new, which
+    shall be sent to you with first ocasion. There came a battalion of
+    Bredalbins men to Perth on Tuesday, and ane other of Sir Donald
+    M^{c}Donalds this day; and they are now daily getting in more men.
+
+    "This is all the intelligence I can give you, and I hope to hear
+    from you again soon, and lett me know what certain number are now
+    come over, and what more designed. Deliver the enclosed and tell him
+    these papers could not be gott him just now, but shall per next. I
+    ame affraid poor W. Maxewell wild be dead before you get this, of a
+    fever and a flux: he is given over this two days. Write soon."
+
+After the display at Dundee, the Chevalier rode to the house of Stewart
+of Grandutly, in the neighbourhood, where he dined and passed the day.
+On the following day he proceeded along the Carse of Gowrie to Castle
+Lyon, a seat of the Earl of Strathmore, where he dined, and went thence
+to Fingask, the seat of Sir David Threipland. On the eighth of January
+he took up his abode in the royal palace of Scoon, where he intended to
+remain until after his coronation.
+
+For this event preparations were actually made by the Earl of Mar, whose
+sanguine spirit appears to have been somewhat revived by the presence of
+the Chevalier. The addition of a new dignity to his own ancestral
+honours had marked the favour and confidence of James. Before the
+arrival of the Chevalier in Scotland, the Earl of Mar had been informed
+that a patent of dukedom was made out for him; on which he thus
+expressed himself in a letter, written before the Chevalier's landing,
+full of gratitude and professions.[131]
+
+"Your Majesty has done me more honour than I deserve. The new dignity
+you have been pleased to confer on me is what I was not looking for; and
+coming from your Majesty's hands is what gives it the value. The patent
+is not yet come, but tho' it had, I think I ought not to make use of it
+till your Majesty's arrival."
+
+The Earl of Mar had now had an opportunity of throwing himself at the
+feet of the King, which, as he expressed, "is the thing in the world he
+had longed most for." But still, the difficulties in his path seemed to
+be rendered more insurmountable than ever by the arrival of James.
+
+In the first place, the landing of the Chevalier evidently sealed the
+doom of those gallant and unfortunate noblemen who had been taken
+prisoners at Preston; and rendered all hopes of mercy futile. The
+sixteenth of January, which witnessed the forming of the Chevalier's
+council at Perth, was the day on which the unfortunate Derwentwater,
+Nithisdale, Kenmure, Wintoun, and Widdrington, petitioned for two days'
+delay to prepare for their trials. Their doom was hurried on in the
+general panic; and in the addresses from both Houses of Parliament to
+King George, it was declared by the members of those assemblies "that
+the landing of the Pretender in this kingdom had greatly encreased
+their indignation against him and his adherents."
+
+It is impossible that the Earl of Mar could have heard, without deep
+commiseration, and perhaps remorse, of the peril in which those
+ill-fated adherents of James were placed, although he may not have
+anticipated the full severity of the law. In one of his subsequent
+letters he remarks: "By the news I see the Parliament is to have no
+mercie on our Preston folks: but I hope God will send them salvation in
+time." One of his greatest sources of anxiety had been respecting the
+movements of the Duke of Ormond, upon whose making a diversion in favour
+of James, in England, Mar had counted. The news that Ormond, after
+having been seen on the coast of England, had returned, disheartened,
+was brought by the Chevalier, who heard of it at St. Maloes. The only
+chance of success, the last hope, were centered in this resource. The
+failure of this expectation was fatal, as Lord Mar conceived, to the
+cause, and on it he grounded his own subsequent withdrawal from England.
+
+The entrance of the Chevalier into Perth, on the ninth of January, was
+attended with far less enthusiasm than the previous portion of his
+progress. His reception was comparatively cold. On asking to see their
+"little kings" (the chieftains) with their armies, the Highlanders,
+diminished in numbers by the secession of the Marquis of Huntley and the
+absence of Lord Seaforth and others, were marched before him. James
+could not help admiring their bearing; but the small amount of troops in
+the camp filled him with a dejection which he could not conceal. When, a
+few days afterwards, the unfortunate Prince addressed his council for
+the first time, he said, with mournful truth, these words. "For me it
+will be no new thing if I am unfortunate: my whole life, even from my
+cradle, has been a constant series of misfortunes." This sentiment of
+ill-presage was re-echoed in the address of the Episcopal clergymen.
+
+"Your Majesty has been trained up," said these divines, at Fetteresso,
+"in the School of the Cross, in which the Divine grace inspires the mind
+with true wisdom and virtue, and guards it against those false
+blandishments by which prosperity corrupts the heart." And as this
+school has sent forth the most illustrious princes,--Moses, Joseph, and
+David, it was hoped that a similar benefit would accrue to the character
+of the Prince whom the Episcopal Clergy thus welcomed to their country.
+
+Meantime the project of crowning the Chevalier at Scone amused the minds
+of the people, and continued to be the subject of diligent preparation
+by the Earl of Mar. Unhappily a ship laden with money and other aids,
+had been lost on its passage from France, close to the Tay, for want of
+a pilot.[132] The difficulties which were augmented by this misfortune,
+are alluded to in the following extract from one of Lord Mar's letters.
+
+
+
+
+                                               "January 15th, 1715-16.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I wrote to you yesterday by one that used to come here from Mr.
+    Hall, which I hope will come safe to your hands. At night I had
+    yours of the fourteenth, and this night that of the tenth. The caps
+    do pritty well, and I have orders to thank you for them. I send you
+    one of his own; if you can get such paper t'is well, and if not, the
+    other is what he likes best of any that you sent; so let some of
+    either one or other come when you have an occasion.
+
+    "I am sorry Mr. Brewer[133] is ill, for his presence here wou'd be
+    of great use; and as soon as he is able I wish he wou'd come, which
+    I am ordered to tel you, and also that you may endeavour to get a
+    copie of the coronation of King Charles the First and Second, which
+    certainly are to be had in Edinburgh. Willie Wilson had them, and
+    perhaps some of his friends may have got copies of them from him,
+    which may be had.
+
+    "I spoke to one some time ago about makeing a crown in pices at
+    Edinburgh and bringing it over here to be put togither, who, I
+    believe, talkt to you of it. That man was here some days ago, but
+    went away before I knew it is wisht that such a thing could yet be
+    done, which is left to your care.
+
+    "In case there be occasion for it here, as I wish there may, bulion
+    gold is what I'm afraid will be wanting, but it will not take much.
+    Had not the misfortune I wrote to you of hapn'd to Sir J.
+    Erskine[134] there had been no want of that. We have got no farther
+    account of that affair, tho' we have people about it; but if they do
+    not succeed this night or to-morrow when the spring tide is, it is
+    lost for ever. There is more by the way tho', and I hope will have
+    better fate. I have ordered more papers to be sent you, and
+    certainly you have more of them before now. It is mighty well taken
+    what that lady (the letters from London say) has ordered, as to
+    those you sent her, which you are desired to let her have; and I do
+    not doubt she will do the same as to those concerning E----d.
+    Adieu."
+
+By the next letter it appears that the good opinion entertained by Lord
+Mar of the Chevalier was real; since the whole of the epistle has the
+tone of being a natural effusion of feeling, and is a simple statement
+of what actually took place, and not the letter of a diplomatist.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I have seen a letter from Mr. S----g, who had spoke with you on the
+    subject I formerly wrote to you of, concerning that fo--f--y of the
+    D----h to a gentleman with us, Mr. S----q's friend, and upon it our
+    master has thought fit to write the enclosed to him, and orders me
+    to tell you that you must cause give him an hundred guineas at the
+    delivery of the letter. The letter is left open for your perusal,
+    and I wish it may have effect, as perhaps it may. There's no time
+    to be lost in it, and I'll long to know what passes in it, and what
+    hopes you have of him. I sent you credit for five hundred pounds,
+    which I hope you got safe; but if by any accident it should not come
+    to your hands, Mr. S----q there, is a certain goldsmith that will
+    advance what there is occasion for this way. I send you enclosed a
+    letter, which may be of use in an affair I wrote of in my last.
+
+    "We have got severall deserters since the K. came and last night
+    nine came in with their clothes and arms, and says many more will
+    follow soon, which I wish we may see. They say, too, that the two
+    regiments of dragoons are marcht from Glasgow for England, and that
+    two are to go from Stirling to replace them. Were they designing to
+    march against Scoon, sure they would not do this, nor is it possible
+    they can do anything in this weather; but if they, notwithstanding,
+    attempt it, perhaps they may find frost in it.
+
+    "As I am writing I have received yours of the thirteenth. I read it
+    to the K----g, and delivered him the enclosed letter from Mr.
+    Holmes, which was very well taken, as you will see by the enclosed
+    return, which you'll take care to forward safely; and pray do me the
+    favour to make my compliments there.
+
+    "Perhaps you'll hear things of the two northern powers[135] that
+    will look odd to your other friends, as no wonder; but all will come
+    right again--the time they had taken being out in a few days.
+    There's one sent some days ago to assist them, so I hope things will
+    be soon right there, tho' they have done much to spoil them, and
+    each of them makes an excuse of one another as they have done from
+    the begining. The K----, you will see by all the enclosed, is not
+    spareing of his pains. You must fall on the right way of having them
+    all delivered.
+
+    "That to Seaforth he writes upon the great professions he made when
+    in France; he is such a fellow that I'm afraid it will do little
+    good.
+
+    "I have nothing else material to say just now, but I cannot give
+    over without telling a thing which I'm sure will please you--that
+    the longer one knows the King the better he's liked, and the more
+    good qualities are found in him; that of good-nature is very
+    eminent, and so much good sense that he might be a first minister to
+    any king in Europe, had he not been born a king himself. He has
+    allowed Neil Campbell to go to Edinburgh t'other day on his parole,
+    he being ill, and it was with so much good nature that was evident
+    in his doing of it, that it charmed me. I wish you could get notice
+    how Neil represents it or expresses himself when he gets there; for
+    I wrote it at length to the gentleman who wrote to me about him.
+    Adieu.
+
+    "If people from S----q be designing to come to us, they should
+    either do it soon or give us assurances of doing it soon as we are
+    in view of each other; and these assurances must be such that we can
+    depend on, for our conduct must in a great measure be regulated by
+    what we expect that way.
+
+    "It were highly necessary that methods and measures were concerted
+    for the right way of doing this, which you should let such of them
+    as you know are so trusted know, and it is absolutely necessary that
+    they either send one to me about this, or let me know it certainly
+    some other way, that we may not be drawing different ways when we
+    are designing the same thing.
+
+    "We have no return of the last message which was sent to the good
+    man of the house you wrote of, and t'is above eight days ago. I
+    believe he designs right, tho' t'is odd."
+
+The enthusiasm which was at first displayed towards the Chevalier was
+soon cooled, not only by his grave and discouraging aspect, but by his
+fearless and impolitic display of his religious faith. He never allowed
+any Protestant even to say grace for him, but employed his own confessor
+"to repeat the Pater nosters and Ave Marias:" and he also shewed an
+invincible objection to the usual coronation oath,--a circumstance which
+deferred the ceremony of coronation,--Bishop Mosse declaring that he
+would not consent to crown him unless that oath were taken. This
+sincerity of disposition--for it cannot be called by a more severe
+name--especially diminished the affections of the Chevalier's female
+episcopal friends, who had excited their male relations to bear arms in
+his favour. But the circumstance which weighed the most heavily against
+James, was the order which he published, on hearing that the Duke of
+Argyle was making preparations to march against him, for burning the
+towns and villages, and destroying the corn and forage, between Dumblane
+and Perth. This act of destruction, from the effects of which the
+desolate village of Auchterarder has never recovered, was determined on,
+in order that the enemy might be incommoded as much as possible upon
+their march; it added to the miseries of a people already impoverished
+by the taxes and contributions which the Jacobites had levied. It
+appears, however, from a letter of James's, since discovered, or
+perhaps, only suppressed at the time, to have been an act which he
+bitterly regretted, and the order for which he signed most unwillingly.
+He was desirous of making every reparation in his power for the ravages
+which were committed in his name.[136]
+
+On the ninth of January a council of war was held by the Duke of Argyle
+at Stirling, where, by a singular coincidence, the council sat in the
+same room in which James the Second, then Duke of York, had, in 1680,
+been entertained by the Earl of Argyle, to whom he had proposed the
+repeal of the sanguinary laws against Papists. The refusal of Argyle to
+concur in that measure, the consequences of his conduct, and his
+subsequent death, are circumstances which, doubtless, arose to the
+remembrance of his descendant, as he discussed, in that apartment, the
+march towards Perth.
+
+The country between Stirling and Perth was covered with a deep snow; the
+weather was one continual storm; it was therefore impossible for the
+army of Argyle to proceed until the roads were cleared,--a process which
+required some time to effect. It is asserted, nevertheless, by an
+historian, that upon Colonel Ghest being sent with two hundred dragoons
+to reconnoitre the road leading to Perth, that the greatest panic
+prevailed in that town: immediate preparations were made for defence,
+and nothing was to be seen except planting of guns, marking out
+breastworks and trenches, and digging up stones, and laying them with
+sand to prevent the effects of a bombardment.[137] The Earl of Mar,
+nevertheless, does not appear, if we may accredit his own words, to have
+even then despaired of a favourable issue. The following letter betrays
+no fear, but speaks of some minor inconvenience, which is far from being
+of a melancholy description. The difficulty of procuring the right sort
+of ribbon for the decoration of the Garter, is altogether a new feature
+among the adversities of royal personages. It seems strange that James
+should not have provided himself, before quitting France, with all that
+was necessary to preserve the external semblance of majesty.
+
+                                               "January 20th, 1715-16.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I wrote to you the eighteenth, and sent severall others enclosed,
+    which I hope will come safe to you. The inclosed, markt D. F., is
+    from the King to Davie Floid at London, which he desires you may
+    take care to gett conveid to him safly and soon, it being of
+    consequence. The other is for my wife, which I beg you may forward
+    as usewall.
+
+    "We are told that ther's some foot come to Dumblain, and that ther's
+    more expected there. And they still talk as if they designed to
+    march their whole armie against us nixt week. Perhaps they intend
+    it, but with this weather I see not how 'tis in their power. If they
+    do tho', upon their expecting we are to abandon Perth upon their
+    aproach, as I'm told they believe, they will find themselves
+    mistaken, for all here are resolved to stand it to the last, and
+    perhaps we will not wait their comeing the lenth, but meet them by
+    the way. We might have left it indeed, some time ago; but that time
+    is past, and the King's being with us alters the case in every
+    respect. After all, I cannot get myself to belive that they will
+    actually come to us in haste, and if they do they may mistake their
+    reckning. Sure I am, it were impossible for us to march to them in
+    this snow, and our folks are as good at that as they. The snow puts
+    me in mind of the children of Israel's pillar of smoke and pillar of
+    fire; and to say truth, ther's something in the weather very odd
+    and singular; I never saw such.
+
+    "My cloathes are almost all worn out, haveing left some at the
+    battle: I know not if you could get me any made and sent from
+    Edinburgh; but if you could, I should be glad of it. Ther's one Bird
+    was my tayler and I belive has my measur, or some old cloathes of
+    mine, that he could make them by. Perhaps he's a whig tho', and will
+    not do it. I would have them deep blew, laced with gold, but not on
+    the seams. I have but one starr and no riban, but 'tis no great
+    matter for that, a better man than I is in the same case; he has
+    only one scrub, one which he got made since he came, and no right
+    riban. I believe ther's neither of that kind of blew nor green riban
+    to be got at Edinburgh; but if you could get some tolorablie like
+    it, you send some of both. Wine is like to be a more sensible want.
+    We got a little Burgundy for the King, but it is out; and tho' we
+    know of a little more, I'm affraid we shall scarce get it brought
+    here; and he does not like clarit, but what you'l think odd, he
+    likes ale tolorably well. I hope they will send us some from France,
+    but with this wind nothing can come from thence. George Hamilton
+    saild on Saturday last, and I belive is there long e'er now, which I
+    heartily wish he may, and I hope you shall soon see the effects of
+    his going with what he caried with him.
+
+    "I am affraid Macintosh's men in England may be in hard
+    circumstances for want of money. The King has ordred some for them,
+    which is this daye given to a friend of theirs who was sent to me
+    from the North, who sayes he knows how to get it remitted to them.
+
+    "By the news I see the Parliament is to have no mercie on our
+    Preston folks, but I hope God will send them salvation in time.
+
+    "I wish you would send us the newspapers oftner for we get them but
+    seldome; the soonest way of sending them is by A. W. at Kirkaldy,
+    who will find some way of sending them to us, notwithstanding of
+    their garisons in Fife.
+
+    "I'm affraid what I wrote to you of formerly to be in danger will
+    never be recovered, for it could not at this time, tho' it was
+    try'd; and I fear shall not the next either, tho' we are to do all
+    we can about it, and it was too much to go that way.
+
+    "We have heard nothing further as yet from the goodman of the house,
+    as you call him, which I am surprized at. I can say no more now, so
+    Adieu."
+
+If we may believe the public prints of the day, dissensions now arose
+between the Chevalier and the Earl of Mar: the former blaming his
+general for having urged him to come over, when he had so small a force
+to appear in his favour; the latter, recriminating that the failure of
+aid from the Continent had discouraged the Chevalier's friends. The Earl
+of Mar was severely blamed, to quote from the same source, for having
+deceived the Chevalier in making him believe that the forces in
+Scotland were more considerable than they really were, and for giving
+his Scottish friends reason to suppose that the Chevalier would bring
+over foreign auxiliaries. That the former part of these allegations
+against Mar was untrue, is shewn by the letter which has been given,
+explaining to the Prince the state of affairs; and rather discouraging
+him from his attempt.[138] That the whole report was groundless, was
+manifested by the favour and confidence which James long continued to
+extend to the Earl after his exile abroad.
+
+For some time, the Earl of Mar and his party contrived to keep up their
+hopes. The season was indeed in some respects their friend, since it
+necessarily impeded the movements of Argyle's army against them. The
+winter of 1715-16 was one of the most severe that had been felt for many
+years, not only in Scotland, but abroad. In France and Spain the cold
+was so excessive, and the snow so deep, that the country people could
+not go to the market towns to buy provisions, whilst the plains were
+infested with bears and wolves, emboldened by the desolation, and
+ranging over the country in great numbers.[139]
+
+Whilst the intense frost lasted, the three thousand Highlanders who were
+encamped at Perth were able to defy the English army, although now
+supplied with artillery and ammunition from Berwick. Their security was
+furthermore increased by a heavy fall of snow succeeding a partial thaw,
+and followed by a frost, which rendered the roads more impracticable
+than ever, especially for the foot-soldiers. This circumstance had even
+occasioned some deliberation whether it would not be advisable for the
+Duke of Argyle to defer his march to Perth until the winter should be
+ended. Until the middle of January, it was the full intention of the
+Highlanders, and also that of the Earl of Mar, to stand the event of a
+battle, let the enemy's force be what it might. That they purposed thus
+to maintain their ancient character for valour, was, even as those most
+adverse to them allow, the prevalent report. It is borne out by the Earl
+of Mar's correspondence. On the twenty-third of January he thus writes
+to Captain Straiton:
+
+                                                    "The 23rd January.
+
+    "I have yours of the seventeenth and the twentieth both togather
+    last night, and a paket from H. in the last. I wrote to you on
+    Saturday the old way, and sent you a paket enclosed, which I belive
+    is of consequence, so I hope it's come safe, and that H. has gott
+    it. He has had two or three sent him from this of late, different
+    ways, and one goes of this day by the near way he sometimes uses. We
+    hear from all hands of the preparations against us, but we resolve
+    to stand it, cost what it will, and if they come out we will
+    certainly give them battle, lett their number be never so great. It
+    must now be plain to all that will allow themselves to see, that
+    nothing less is designed by the present managers than the intire
+    ruin and destruction of this poor country, and of every honest man
+    in it; and if this will not be an awakened people, I know nothing
+    that will. Since this then is plainly the case, there can be no
+    choise in dying honourably in the field for so just a cause, or
+    leving to see the ruin and intire destruction of our country, our
+    King, and our friends and relations. For my part, I shall prefer the
+    first with all cheerfulness, and never desire to live to be a
+    witness to the latter, which certainly will be the case if it please
+    God our King should be defeat."
+
+The next paragraph of this letter speaks mournfully of disappointment in
+those on whose aid the Earl had counted.
+
+    "It must be a strange infatuation that has gott amongst people,
+    especially those that always pretended to be friends to our cause,
+    many of whom told before the King came that they wad certainly joyn
+    him when he landed, and made his not being with us the only
+    objection, and now when he is come they make some other shift;--I
+    must say such people are worse than our greatest enemies; and if any
+    misfortune should befal the King or his cause, (which God forbid!) I
+    think they that pretended to be our friends have very much to count
+    for, and are more the cause of it than any others, since no doubt
+    the ashourances that many gave to joyn us when the King landed was
+    a chief motive for his comming to us. I hope in God we shall be able
+    to opose them tho' their numbers should be greater, and to their
+    shame and confusion be it if they come against us. I hope very soon
+    the King will have such assistance as will defeat all their designs,
+    and that his affairs will take a sudden turn in other pairts."
+
+The most serious defection from the Jacobite cause was the submission of
+the Marquis of Huntley and the Earl of Seaforth to the victorious arms
+of the Earl of Sutherland, aided by Lord Lovat, in Invernesshire.
+Seaforth had collected, on the Moor of Gilliechrist, twelve hundred men,
+the remnant of those whom he had been able to save from Sherriff Muir;
+but finding that Lord Sutherland had resolved to force him into an
+engagement, he owned King George as his lawful Sovereign, and promised
+to lay down his arms. This had occurred early in December, and,
+according to Lord Mar, before the Earl of Seaforth, in those remote
+regions, could have heard of the Chevalier's landing. Mar therefore
+regarded it as a temporary cessation on the part of Seaforth and
+Huntley, for a given period, of hostilities against the Government.
+
+As far as related to Lord Seaforth, the belief of Lord Mar was correct.
+At the end of the days agreed upon for the cessation of arms, Seaforth
+drew his people together, the influence of clanship enabling him to
+summon them at will, like a king; and again appeared in arms. This was
+the consequence of the news that James had landed having reached
+Inverness. But Seaforth could not retrieve the cause of James in the
+North, nor repair the effects of even a temporary submission. Eventually
+he returned to the party which he had espoused, and escaped to France.
+The Marquis of Huntley made his own terms with the Government.
+
+At this critical juncture, unanimity still prevailed, according to Lord
+Mar, among the assembled chieftains at Perth. "I do assure you," he
+writes, "that since the arms came here, there has not been a quarrel of
+any kind happened among us--not even among the Highland men, which is
+very extraordinary; and you may depend upon it there is the greatest
+unanimity here just now, and all fully resolved to stand to it, let what
+will come. I pray God preserve our King from the wicked and hellish
+designs of his enemies! I hope we will be apprized of their motions, so
+as to be in readiness to receive them."
+
+These expressions were written, but the letter which contained them was
+not sent, on the twenty-third of January. The postscript, written in a
+hurried hand, shows that the camp at Perth was not unprepared for the
+coming attack.
+
+    "Since writing of the inclosed, I have two from which I gott last
+    night with the paket; and ane account of that detachment of horse
+    comming out, who we hear came the lenth of Acterardie,[140] upon
+    which account the whole army here were ordred to be in a readyness
+    to march this morning, and we have no account they are returned: we
+    hear it was to vew the roads, and to try if it was practicable to
+    march their army, which they will find very hard to doe while this
+    weather holds. The account you gave in yours of their motions and
+    that detachment was very distinct. The K. read it himself,--it came
+    prety quick. I entreat you fail not to lett us have what accounts
+    you can learn, for what comes from you are among the best we can
+    gett.
+
+    "The K. ordered a review of the whole army here this morning, and
+    they are all to hold themselves ready at one half ane hour's
+    advertisment. Lett me hear from you soon. Adieu."
+
+Again, on the twenty-fourth of January:
+
+    "What is above should have gone this morning, but was delyed. Six
+    hundered of the clans are gone out this night to reinforce the
+    garison of Braco and Crief. I hear they have orders to destroy the
+    corn-yards and barns about Achterardir and Black Ford, which we hear
+    were revewed by the enemy yesterday. The King signed thir orders, I
+    can ashour you, most unwillingly; and caused put it in the order
+    that every thing should be made good to the poor people, with a
+    gratuity; and if any of them pleased to come to Perth, they should
+    be maintained and all care taken of them. This you may take for
+    truth, for no doubt they will make a great noise about it.
+
+    "We have just now got ane account of a ship being come into
+    Montross, but we know not yett what she brings. Adieu,--writte soon.
+    I am in haste."
+
+    "Eleven att night."
+
+On the twenty-fourth of January, the Duke of Argyle marched to Dumblane,
+with two hundred horse, to reconnoitre the roads. The report that the
+enemy was approaching, was quickly conveyed to Perth; and now was the
+order to burn and destroy the village of Auchterarder, the contents of
+the houses, all stores of corn and forage, mournfully and promptly
+executed. It was supposed by this, that the march of Argyle's forces
+would be impeded; but it produced no other inconvenience to that army
+than obliging them to lie one night in the open air; whilst the
+unpopularity it brought on James and his advisers, was long the subject
+of comment to their enemies. It is consolatory to those who wish to
+judge favourably of James to find this declaration in Lord Mar's
+correspondence.
+
+    "The King was forced, sore against his will, to give these burning
+    orders, as all of us were, could we have helped it; but this
+    extraordinary manoeuvre of the enemy made it absolutely necessary.
+    A finger must be cut off to save the whole body. I have ordered some
+    copies of a proclamation to be sent you. There is about two of the
+    places burnt, and there's another ordred about the rest. Adieu.
+
+    "It was not amiss that this proclamation were sent to London."
+
+In pursuance of the cruel and impolitic commands to which Lord Mar
+refers, three thousand Highlanders were sent forth to the act of
+destruction. Auchterarder, Crieff, Blackford, Denning and Muthel, were
+mercilessly burned; and the wretched inhabitants turned out at that
+inclement season to destitution without a roof to shelter them. Many
+decrepid people and children perished in the flames.[141] Had James
+sought, in truth, to prepare a way for the Government in the hearts of
+the people, he could not have adopted a more suitable means. In the Duke
+of Argyle, he had a generous and humane adversary to deal with,--one
+whose forbearance laid him under the imputation of a want of zeal for
+the cause of the Government, and rendered him no favourite at the
+English Court. The fashion at the Court of St. James's, according to a
+letter in the Mar Papers, was, to rail against the Duke, and even George
+the First and those about him joined in the unjust and ungrateful abuse.
+
+Even so late as Sunday, the twenty-ninth of January, when Argyle's
+troops left Stirling and advanced to Braco Castle, Lord Mar appears to
+have been in ignorance of their actual movements. Perhaps, like the busy
+world of London politicians, he regarded the project of an attempt upon
+Perth in such weather as impracticable. Such was the opinion at St.
+James's. "Argyle's friends here," writes one near the Court, "speak of
+the march and the attempt at present as madness." And another individual
+writes, that "one half of their people must die of cold, and the other
+be knocked o' the head. So it seems Argyle is dragg'd to this matter. We
+cannot perceive, by all the letters that come up, any particular
+certainty as to Lord Mar's number and his designs. The Court are
+positive he will not stand; and they, as well as Ridpeath, assert
+strongly that the Pretender is gone already as far as Glammis. The
+Jacobites fancy that if he went thither, it was to meet and assemble
+these officers that were landed."[142]
+
+Whilst in this state of perplexity Lord Mar thus writes:
+
+                                                       "Jan. 29th.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I have keept the man that brought yours of the nineteenth and
+    twentieth, from A. W., on Saturday, till now, that I might have a
+    sure and speedy way of writeing to you when anything of consequence
+    happened, which we were expecting every minut last night. I wrote
+    one to you when I belived the enemie's front to be at Auchterarder,
+    and despatcht it; but late at night getting intelligence of that
+    party of the enemie who were marching towards Aucterarder haveing
+    marcht back without comeing the lenth of that place to Dumblain, if
+    not to Stirling, without halting by the way, I stopt my letter and
+    kepp it till they actually march, and then perhaps I may yet send it
+    to you, there being some other things in it necessary for you to
+    know upon that emergance which is needless other wayes.
+
+    "In it I told you of my haveing received yours of the eighteenth on
+    Sunday, and last night those of the fifteenth and twenty-first both
+    togither.
+
+    "By all appearance the enemie resolve to march against us, as one
+    might say, whether it be possible or not. They sent a party of horse
+    and foot to Dumblain on Sunday, which came near to Auchterarder
+    yesterday, I belive to try if the thing was practicable, but they
+    returned to Dumblain as above. We shall be forced to burn and
+    distroy a good deal of the country to prevent their marching, which
+    goes very, _very_ much against the King's mind, as it does mine and
+    more of us; but ther's an absolat necessity for it, and I believe it
+    will be put in execution this night or to-morrow morning, which
+    grieves me. Could it be helpt? this way of their makeing warr in
+    this, I may say, impracticable season, must have extraordinary
+    methods to oppose it. And I hope in God, any that suffers now, it
+    shall soon be in the King's power to make them a large reparation.
+    After all, when they have no cover left them, I see not how it is
+    possible for them to march. We are like to be froze in the house;
+    and how they can endure the cold for one night in the fields, I
+    cannot conceive; and then the roads are so, that but one can go
+    abreast, as their party did yesterday; and ther's no going off the
+    road for horse and scarce for foot, without being lost in the snow;
+    but if, after all, they do march, we must do our best, and I hope
+    God will preserve and yet prosper the King, who is the best prince I
+    belive in the world.
+
+    "As for news in the kingdome of Fife, I suppose you wou'd hear that
+    a party of the M^{c}Grigors some dayes ago from Faulkland attacquet
+    a party of Swise and militia from Leslie and beat them, takeing
+    thirty-two prisoners, wherof eleven horse, as I hear. I have not
+    time to say more, so adieu."
+
+    "January 29th, 1715-16."
+
+Again, in another letter on the same day, the Earl still seems to
+consider the game as not then lost. It is amusing to find how, in the
+carrying on of his projects, he availed himself of the aid of ladies,
+and how troubled he sometimes found himself with "busie women." Whilst
+this letter was being penned, Argyle was employing the country people
+around Auchterarder in clearing the roads of snow: and on the following
+day, he had advanced towards Tullibardine, within eight miles of Perth.
+On that very Sunday, Lord Mar thus writes: it is evident he had at this
+time formed no plan of retreat.
+
+                  "Sunday, 11 o'clock forenoon, Janu 29th, 1715-16.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Since I wrote to you I have got yours of the twenty-second, one of
+    the twenty-third, and two of the twenty-fifth; the last of which,
+    tho' the first wrote, I got not til this morning. I wou'd have wrote
+    to you these two dayes by post, but we have had so many alarms of
+    the enimie's marching towards us, that I had not time, as I have
+    very little to say anything just now, for I expect ivery minut to
+    hear of their being marcht from Dumblain, where a considerable
+    number of them have been these two dayes this way.
+
+    "The enclosed you must take care to send by the first post which is
+    opened again on purpose for you to read, but I'm affraid you will
+    not understand it all. As to that paper you sent me which came from
+    England, there can be nothing said to it from hence just now, only
+    that they are to do the best they can; and I hope shortly that
+    country shall have sent them where withall to enable them to make a
+    better figur than they have hitherto done. We are not in a condition
+    here to give them any help just now. Ther's one Mrs. Lawson, who
+    seems to be a diligent body, that complains a little that you do not
+    allow her to see you often enough, which I take to be the complaint
+    of an over busie woman, than which ther's nothing more uneasie; but
+    just now such people must be humoured, and she has really been
+    usefull. Before this goes 'tis very likely I may have occassion to
+    inclose one I formerly wrote to you upon a certain occasion, but
+    did not then send as I told you in another, the thing not then
+    hapning, but we expect it every minut. Deserters of all kinds come
+    in to us pritty fast, foreigners as well as subjects; and if they
+    but give them time, I am perswaded great numbers will.
+
+    "'Tis now five o'clock and we have no accounts of any of the enimie
+    being come further than Dodoch, where a partie of them came last
+    night, so I'll detain the messenger. This goes by no stranger.
+    Perhaps they may find the roads impracticable, and by the burning
+    that they can advance no further,--at which, indeed, I shall not be
+    much surprised; and if so, may be forced to delay their
+    extraordinary march til more human weather for making warr. The King
+    was forced, sore against his will, to give these burning orders,--as
+    all of us were, could wee have helpt it; but this extrodinar manuver
+    of the enimie made it absolutly necessary: a fingor must be cut of
+    to save the whole body. I have ordered some copies of a proclamation
+    to be sent you, there is about two of the places burnt, and ther's
+    another order about the rest. Adieu.
+
+    "It were not amiss that this proclamation was sent to London. The
+    little young letter enclosed is for Lady Wigton, which pray cause
+    deliver."
+
+On Tuesday, the last day of January, the Duke of Argyle passed the river
+Eru, and took possession of Tullibardine. It has been stated by several
+historians that the Jacobites fled from Perth on the same day; but the
+following letter from Lord Mar, dated the first of February, shows that
+the flight could not have taken place until the following day. This
+curious letter, which was written at the early hour of six in the
+morning, is unfinished. It is the last in the series of that
+correspondence which has formed of itself a narrative of Lord Mar's
+life, from his first taking upon himself the office of General and
+Commander-in-Chief, to the hour when he virtually resigned that command.
+In the midst of pressing danger his sanguine nature seems not to have
+deserted him: his love of the underplots of life, the influence of "Kate
+Bruce," and the arrangements for a coronation, were as much in his
+thoughts as in the more hopeful days before Sherriff Muir and Preston.
+
+                  "Wednesday, about six forenoon, ffebruary 1st, 1716.
+
+    "On Monday evening I gave you the trouble of a greatly long letter,
+    mostly on indifferent subjects, and sent it off yesterday to A. W.
+    If I was too tedious upon what concerned a woman and a Prince, it
+    was with a good intent, and to make matters plain. By what I hear
+    from R. B., and the Hole, that Argyle's forces were yesterday
+    forenoon at Stirling, and so was the regiments of dragoons there and
+    St. Ninian's, for accounts of motions there and thereabouts, on both
+    sydes of the river,--you may expect it best sent from R. B., the
+    Hole, and a grave gentleman.
+
+    "By yesternight's post I sent of M^{c}Quart's letter; and indeed, in
+    most or all letters I write to that quarter for ten weeks past, I
+    alwayes requested that whatever was to be done might be quickly
+    done. I lykeways sent to London between fyve or six, several honest
+    hands, to put off the proclamation declaration about burning, and
+    that paper of which I some days ago sent you two copies. And now I
+    begin to think I have been in the wrong to Mr. S----g, in the short
+    character I gave you of him, at least, if it be true that I am told,
+    that he is not only author of that paper I sent you the two copies
+    of, but has got a very great number of them printed; and tho' I may
+    be an insufficient judge, I must acknowledge I am very well pleased
+    with the paper, for I think it full of plain truths; and besydes
+    other dispersings, I did indeed yesterday cause putt in fiftein
+    copies of it in the Lords of Session's boxes.
+
+    "The litle letter to my good Lady W.[143] I caused carefully to be
+    delivered. I wish all women had some share of her good, sweet, easie
+    temper, for, as you will observe, over-busied women are most
+    uneasie; and I have had much experience of it within these four
+    months past in many instances, and with more persons than one or
+    two. The only inconvenience I had by Kate Bruce lodging in the same
+    house with me was, it brought in too many women upon me, and some
+    of these brought in others, and to this minute I cannot with
+    descretion get quit of them.
+
+    "A good time ago you were pleased to tell me you could not well
+    conceive how I got myself keept free, but if you now knew what a
+    multitude knows where I lodge, you would wonder more; and indeed it
+    is no litle admiration to myself: but as soon as I have so much
+    strenth, and can fynd a convenient place (which is not easie), I
+    will change my quarters, if it were for no other reason than to be
+    quit of useless people of both sexes, that interrupt me from
+    busieness, or trouble with impertinent questions. And whyle I am
+    accuseing others of indescretion, I wish I am not so myself in so
+    much insisting upon and troubling you with such matters.
+
+    "At Perth I have gott a collection of all papers relating to the
+    coronation of King Charles the First and Second, and shall send them
+    whenever you think fitt; but I suppose it may be convenient to lett
+    the present hurrie a little over before I send them to you.
+
+    "How the great Generalls can imploy their hors to great purpose in
+    the deep snow, or how men and hors will long hold out in such
+    weather, is what I do not understand. I hope a shorter time than
+    they imagine will destroy, even without the help of an enemy,--at
+    least, make many, both men and hors, inserviceable."
+
+Much had been going on in the meantime, to which Lord Mar, perhaps from
+the fear of spreading a panic, does not even allude to his correspondent
+in Edinburgh. When it became known in Perth that Argyle had left
+Stirling, the advisers of the Chevalier were dismayed and distracted by
+contending counsels. But the mass of the army expressed a very different
+sentiment, rejoicing that the opportunity of a rencontre with the enemy
+was so near: congratulations were heard passing from officers to their
+brother officers, and the soldiers, as they drank, pledged their cups to
+the good day near at hand. The council, meantime, sat all night: the
+irresolution of that body, towards morning, was disclosed to the
+impatient soldiery: the indignation of the brave men, and more
+especially of the Highlanders, burst forth upon the disclosure of what
+had passed in the council. The gentlemen volunteers resented the
+pusillanimity of their leaders: and one of them was heard to propose
+that the clans should take the Chevalier out of the hands of those who
+counselled him to retreat, and added that he would find ten thousand
+gentlemen in Scotland that would risk their lives for him. A friend of
+Mar, after remonstrating with these malcontents, asked "What they wished
+their officers to do?" "Do!" was the reply; "what did you call on us to
+take arms for? was it to run away? What did the King come hither for?
+was it to see his people butchered by hangmen and not strike a note for
+their lives? Let us die like men, and not live dogs."[144]
+
+On the thirtieth of January the Chevalier himself opened another council
+in the evening, and in a few words proposed a retreat. Lord Mar then
+addressed the meeting, and advocated the measure with a degree of
+ingenuity and eloquence which, at that moment, we are disposed rather to
+condemn than applaud; yet, his reasons for abandoning Perth were such,
+as in cool reflection were not devoid of justice, and they might be
+founded upon a humane consideration for the brave adherents of a lost
+cause. He stated, first, as the cause of his proposal, the failure of
+the Duke of Ormond's invasion of England. Secondly, the accession of
+foreign troops to the Duke of Argyle's force. Lastly, the reduced number
+of the Chevalier's troops, which then amounted to four thousand, only
+two thousand three hundred of which were properly armed. Even in that
+weak condition the Chevalier would, according to Lord Mar's subsequent
+statement, gladly have maintained Perth, or ventured a battle; but when
+the enemy with an army of eight thousand men were actually advanced near
+to the place, it was found impracticable to defend Perth, the town being
+little more at that time than an open village; and the river Tay on one
+side, and the fosse on the other, being both frozen over, it would have
+been easy to enter the town at any quarter. Added to this, the mills had
+been long stopped by the frost, so that there were not above two days'
+provision in the town. There were no coals to be procured: the enemy had
+possession of the coal mines in Fife, and wood was scarce. The Earl also
+contended that the Highlanders, however able in attack, were not
+accustomed to the defence of towns.
+
+Reasons equally cogent were employed against going out to fight the
+enemy, and a retreat northwards was at length proposed. But it was no
+easy task to bring the brave spirits who had hailed the approach of
+Argyle, to accord in sentiments which might spring from discretion, but
+which ill agreed with the Highland notions of honour. The council, after
+a stormy debate, was broken up in confusion, and adjourned until the
+next morning.
+
+Some hours afterwards, a few, who were favourable to the abandonment of
+Perth, were summoned privately by Lord Mar; and it was then agreed not
+to fight, but to retreat. For a time this determination was concealed
+from the bulk of the army, but it gained wind; and on the evening of the
+thirty-first of January, eight hundred of the Highlanders indignantly
+left Perth, and retired beyond Dunkeld, to their homes. That very night,
+also, the Chevalier, who had far less of the Scottish Stuart within him
+than of that modified and inferior variety exemplified in the British
+line of the family, disappeared from the town, and repaired to Scone. He
+supped and slept in the house of the Provost Hay; and on the following
+morning, at an early hour, was ready for retreat. To do the Chevalier
+justice, there was, according to Lord Mar's journal, much difficulty in
+persuading him to this step: it was found necessary to convince him that
+it had become a duty to retire from the pursuit of the Government,
+which, as long as he was in the country, would never cease to persecute
+his followers, who could not make any terms of capitulation so long as
+he remained. He was obliged, at last, to consent: "And, I dare say,"
+adds Lord Mar, "no consent he ever gave was so uneasy to him as this
+was."[145] Of that point it would be satisfactory to be well assured.
+
+On the first of February, four hours after the unfinished letter of Lord
+Mar was written, the Jacobites abandoned Perth, and crossing the frozen
+stream of the Tay, took their route to Dundee. They went forth in such
+precipitation, that they left their cannon behind them,--a proof that
+they never hoped to oppose again the victorious arms of Argyle. About
+noon the Chevalier, accompanied by Lord Mar, followed his people towards
+the North. He is said to have been disconsolate,--and, shedding tears,
+to have complained "that instead of bringing him a crown, they had
+brought him to his grave." This murmur and these tears having been
+reported to Prince Eugene, of Savoy, that General remarked "that weeping
+was not the way to conquer kingdoms."[146]
+
+The Jacobites marched direct for Dundee, along the Carse of Gowrie. The
+Duke of Argyle's forces entered Perth only two hours after the Highland
+army had entirely cleared the Tay, which, happily for their retreat, was
+frozen over with ice of an extraordinary thickness. At Dundee the
+Chevalier rested one night only; but leaving it on the second of
+February, was again succeeded by Argyle and his squadrons, who arrived
+there on the following day.
+
+The unfortunate Prince pursued his way to Montrose. His route along the
+sea-coast gave credence to a report which had now gained ground, of his
+intention of embarking for France. The loudest murmurs again ran through
+the Highland forces, worthy of a noble leader, and the sight of some
+French vessels lying near the shore confirmed the general suspicion.
+This was, nevertheless, somewhat allayed by an order to the clans to
+march that evening at eight o'clock to Aberdeen, where, in accordance
+with the crooked policy and deceptive plan of Lord Mar, it was
+represented that large supplies of troops and arms would meet them from
+France. But a very different scheme was in agitation among those who
+governed the feeble James, and perhaps, with right motives, guided him
+to his safety.
+
+A small ship lay in the harbour of Montrose, for the purpose,
+originally, of carrying over an envoy from James to some foreign court.
+This vessel was now pitched upon to transport the Chevalier; the size
+being limited, she could accommodate but few passengers: and therefore,
+to avoid confusion, the Chevalier "himself thought fit to name who
+should attend him." "The Earl of Mar, who was the first named, made
+difficulty, and begged he might be left behind; but the Chevalier being
+positive for his going, and telling him that, in a great measure, there
+were the same reasons for his going as for his own,--that his friends
+could more easily get terms without him than with him,--and that, as
+things now stood, he could be of no more use to them in their own
+country, he submitted."[147]
+
+The Chevalier then chose the Marquis of Drummond to accompany him: this
+nobleman was lame from a fall from his horse, and was not in a condition
+to follow the army. He, as well as the Earl of Mar, the Lord
+Tullibardine, and the Lord Linlithgow had a bill of attainder passed
+against them. The Chevalier on that account was desirous of taking these
+other Lords with him; but both were absent: Lord Tullibardine was at
+Brechin with a part of the foot, and Lord Linlithgow at Berire with the
+horse. He ordered the Earl Marischal, General Sheldon, and Colonel
+Clephan to accompany him.
+
+After these arrangements the Chevalier issued several orders which
+reflect the utmost credit upon his disposition. After appointing General
+Gordon Commander-in-chief, with all necessary powers, he wrote a paper
+containing his reasons for leaving the kingdom, and, delivering it to
+the General, gave him at the same time all the money in his possession,
+except a small sum which he reserved for his expenses and those of his
+suite; and desired, that after the army had been paid, the residue
+should be given to the impoverished and houseless inhabitants of
+Auchterarder. He then dictated a letter to the Duke of Argyle, in which
+he dwelt at some length upon his distress at being obliged "among the
+manifold mortifications which he had had in this unfortunate
+expedition," to burn the villages. The letter, which was never delivered
+to the Duke of Argyle, is in the possession of the Fingask family.[148]
+
+Having completed these arrangements, the Chevalier prepared to take
+leave for ever of the Scottish shores. The hour had now arrived which
+was appointed for the march of the troops, and the Chevalier's horses
+were brought before the door of the house in which he lodged: the guard
+which usually attended him whilst he mounted, were in readiness, and all
+was prepared as if he were resolved to march with the clans to Aberdeen.
+But meantime, the Chevalier had slipped out of his temporary abode on
+foot, accompanied only by one servant; and going to the Earl of Mar's
+lodgings, he went thence, attended by the Earl, through a bye-way to the
+water side, where a boat awaited him and carried him and the Earl of Mar
+to a French ship of ninety tons, the Marie Therese, of St. Malo. About a
+quarter of an hour afterwards two other boats carried the Earl of
+Melfort and Lord Drummond, with General Sheldon and ten other gentlemen,
+on board the same ship: they then hoisted sail and put to sea; and
+notwithstanding that several of the King's ships were cruizing on the
+coast, they sailed in safety, and after a passage of seven days, arrived
+at Waldam, near Gravelines, in French Flanders.
+
+The Chevalier sailed at nine o'clock. Some hours afterwards, Earl
+Marischal and Colonel Clephan arrived at the shore, but they could get
+no boat to convey them, for fear of the men-of-war that were cruizing
+near. The Marie Therese, nevertheless, got out of reach of these vessels
+before daylight.
+
+With what reflections Lord Mar left his native country a prey to the
+power of an irritated Government, cannot readily be conceived. That he
+left it at such a moment, is a fact which for ever stamps his memory
+with degradation. The deserted adherents of James, being in no condition
+to make a stand against the Duke of Argyle, betook themselves to holes
+and caves, mostly in the remote parts of the Highlands, where many
+lurked until they could safely appear; but such as were most obnoxious
+took the first opportunity of ships to carry them into foreign
+countries; and vessels were, to this end, provided by the Chevalier with
+such success, that many escaped from the pursuit of justice.
+
+James, accompanied by the Earl of Mar, proceeded to his former residence
+at St. Germains, where, in spite of the wishes of the French Government
+that he should repair to his old asylum in Lorraine, he wished to
+remain. In Paris, the Chevalier met two of his most distinguished
+adherents,--the faithless Bolingbroke, and the popular Duke of Ormond.
+Although aware of the unsoundness of Bolingbroke's loyalty, James
+received him cordially. "No Italian," says Bolingbroke, "ever embraced
+the man he was going to stab with a greater show of affection and
+confidence."
+
+For some time the Chevalier lingered in Paris, hoping to see the Regent.
+"His trunks were packed, his chaise was ordered at five that afternoon,"
+writes Lord Bolingbroke, "and I wrote word to Paris that he was gone.
+Instead of taking post for Lorraine, he went to the little house in the
+Bois de Boulogne, where his female ministers resided; and there he
+continued lurking for some days, pleasing himself with the air of
+mystery and business, while the only real business which he should have
+had at heart he neglected."[149]
+
+Avignon was now fixed on as the retreat of the Chevalier; and thither,
+after some delay, he retired, to an existence politically forgotten by
+the Continental powers, until the war with Spain and the consequent
+declaration of the Spanish King in his favour recalled him to
+importance.
+
+Lord Mar, meantime, occupied himself in fruitless endeavours to excite,
+once more, the struggle which had just ended so fatally. As far as
+France was concerned, all those schemes upon which Mar successively
+built were futile: no aid could ever be expected during the Regency. "My
+hopes," said Bolingbroke, speaking of the Jacobite cause, "sunk as he
+[Louis the Fourteenth] declined, and died when he expired. The event of
+things has sufficiently shown that all those which were entertained by
+the Duke [of Ormond], and the Jacobite party under the Regency, were the
+grossest delusions imaginable."[150]
+
+Some of the remaining years of Lord Mar's life were, nevertheless,
+devoted to chimerical projects for which he received in return little
+but disappointment, ingratitude, and humiliation. One of his schemes was
+to engage Charles the Twelfth of Sweden on the side of the Chevalier. In
+a letter to Captain Straiton, the Chevalier's agent in Edinburgh, he
+signified that if five or six thousand bolls of meal could be purchased
+by the King's friends and sent to Sweden, where there was then a great
+scarcity, it would be of service to his master in conciliating the good
+will of Charles. This proposal was communicated by Mar's desire to
+Lockhart of Carnwath, to Lord Balmerino, and to the Bishop of Edinburgh.
+But it was the sanguine disposition of Mar which alone could lead him to
+suppose such a scheme practicable. It was, in the first place, found
+impossible to raise so large a sum from men, many of them exiles, or
+involved in difficulties from the expenses of the recent insurrection.
+It was also deemed folly to conceive that so large a quantity of Scotch
+meal as necessary could be exported without exciting the suspicion of
+Government.
+
+The next plan which Lord Mar contrived was not so fully unfolded as the
+project of which Charles the Twelfth was to be the object. He wrote to
+Edinburgh soon after the failure of the first scheme, to this effect:
+that a certain foreign prince had entered into a design for the
+restoration of James: that it "would look odd if his friends at home did
+not assist him;" and he wished they would fall on some means to have in
+readiness such a sum as they could afford to venture in his cause when a
+fair opportunity occurred. The hint was taken up seriously by the
+zealous Lockhart of Carnwath, and assurances were sent from "several
+persons of honour, that they would be in a condition to answer his
+Majesty's call." Among these, the Earl of Eglintoun offered three
+thousand guineas; and the others "would have given a good round sum."
+The conduct of the English Government to the Duke of Argyle, who had
+been superseded as Commander-in-Chief in Scotland, and the strong
+personal friendship between Lockhart and the Duke, emboldened Mar to
+hope that a negotiation might be entered into with Argyle, and that he
+might be persuaded to join in their schemes. At the same time, Lord Mar
+enjoined the strictest secrecy in all these affairs, and with reason,
+for the letters of the exiled Jacobites abounded in false hopes and
+plans; many of their correspondents at home had not the discretion to
+conceal their delight, when the sanguine expectations of their party
+prevailed over despair.
+
+The agent employed by Lockhart to treat with the Duke of Argyle was
+Colonel John Middleton. By him Lockhart was, however, assured that his
+Grace would neither directly nor indirectly treat with Mar for "he
+believed him his mortal enemy, and had no opinion of his honour; and,"
+added Middleton, "I cannot think Mar does, more seriously now than
+before, desire to see Argyle in the King's measures, lest he eclipsed
+him." It was therefore resolved by Lockhart, that the correspondence
+between the Chevalier and Argyle should be contrived without Mar's
+cognizance. A letter was written to James, and was forwarded by Captain
+Straiton, enclosed, to the Earl of Mar, who was, in another epistle from
+Lockhart, "entreated not to be offended that the contents of the letter
+were not communicated to him, because he was bound to impart the same
+alone to the King."
+
+This letter, containing a proposal so important to the interests of
+James, is supposed never to have reached the Chevalier. Mar, distrustful
+and offended, is suspected of having broken it open, and given it his
+own answer in a letter to the Duke of Argyle, which tended to affront
+and repel the Duke rather than to invite him to allegiance. When, some
+time afterwards, Lockhart's son spoke on the subject to the Chevalier at
+home, and represented what a fair opportunity had been lost, the Prince
+replied, "that he did not remember ever to have heard of it
+before."[151] Whether Mar was misjudged or not must be a matter of
+doubt, but this anecdote proves how little respect was entertained for
+his good faith, or even for his possessing the common sentiments of
+gentlemanly propriety, when the suspicion of breaking open a letter
+which had been entrusted to him was attached to his conduct.
+
+In consequence of the difficulty of bringing any scheme to bear, from
+the want of a head, Lockhart had contrived a plan of having trustees in
+Scotland to conduct it, to be empowered by James to act during his
+absence, and in his behalf. This plan had the usual obstacles to
+encounter among a set of factious partisans, who were only united when
+the common danger pressed and common services were required, but
+discordant and selfish in the calmer days of suspense. Mar, perhaps,
+with greater wisdom than he was allowed to display, did not advance the
+scheme; his reluctance to promote it was ascribed to his love of power
+in Scotland; but since the plan was resented by Tullibardine, Seaforth,
+and Penmure,[152] as infringing upon their dignity, there is as good
+reason for believing that it was the suggestion of an intriguing
+ambition on the part of the proposer, as that Mar resisted it on selfish
+grounds. The notion was excellent, but the difficulty was to find men of
+sufficient fidelity, honesty, and prudence to exercise functions so
+delicate.
+
+The spirit of Jacobitism seems scarcely, at this period to have been
+checked in the bosoms of the resolute people who had suffered so much;
+and the Netherbow and the High Street of Edinburgh still resounded at
+times with the firing of musquetry, directed against a harmless rabble
+of boys who betrayed the popular feeling by the white roses in their
+hats.[153] Nor was the lingering enthusiasm for the Jacobite cause
+confined to the lower classes in either country. It is almost incredible
+that men of Whig principles, who held high offices in the Government,
+should, at various times, have engaged in correspondence with the agents
+of James; yet such is the fact.
+
+Among those who were involved in these dangerous negotiations, Charles
+Earl of Sunderland, the son-in-law of Marlborough, and at that time
+Prime Minister of George the First, was one with whom Lord Mar treated.
+Among the Sunderland Papers is to be found a singular letter from the
+Earl of Mar to the Earl of Sunderland, urging that nobleman to assist in
+inducing his royal master to accede to a proposal from which he might
+himself derive a suitable advantage. "We find," says Dr. Coxe,
+"unequivocal proofs that Lord Sunderland, who was considered at the head
+of the new administration formed in 1717, was in secret correspondence
+with the Pretender and his principal agents."[154]
+
+The letter referred to from Lord Mar, on which Dr. Coxe has inscribed
+the word "curious," began with professions of respect and confidence on
+the part of his Lordship, to whom it was quite as easy to address those
+expressions to a man of one party as of the other. It contained also a
+promise of secrecy, and an exaction of a similar observance on the part
+of Lord Sunderland. He then alluded to the misfortunes into which the
+British nation was thrown by the disputed succession, and the violence
+of party spirit in consequence. The subtle politician next touched on
+the subject of George the First, whom he delicately terms, "your
+master."
+
+"Whatever good opinion you may have of _your master_, and the way that
+things are ordered there at present, does not alter the case much; his
+health is not so good as to promise a long life, and he is not to live
+always even if it were good, nor will things continue there as they are,
+any longer than he lives at most."
+
+He then suggests that the Earl would have it in his power to prevent the
+dangers resulting from a disputed succession, "which can only be
+prevented by restoring the rightful and lineal heir."
+
+"I can assure your Lordship," he continues, "my master has so many good
+qualities, that he will make the nation happie, and wants but to be
+known to be beloved; and I dare promise in his name, that there is not
+any thing you could ask of him, reasonable, for yourself and your
+friends, but he would agree to. My master is young, in perfect good
+health, and as likely to live as any who has pretensions to his crown,
+and he is now about marrying, which, in all appearance, will perpetuate
+rightfull successors to him of his own body, who will ever have more
+friends in those kingdoms, as well as abroad, than to allow the house of
+Hanover to continue in possession of their right without continual
+disturbance."
+
+The Earl then suggests that George the First should secure to himself
+the possession of "his old and just inheritance, and by the assistance
+of '_his master_,' and those who would join, acquire such new ones on
+the Continent as would make his family more considerable than any of its
+neighbours.
+
+"Britain and Ireland will have reason to bless your master for so good
+and Christian an action; and Europe no less for the repose it would have
+by it: and your master would live the remainder of his life in all the
+tranquillity and splendour that could be required, and end his days with
+the character of good and just."
+
+Lord Mar was at this time on the borders of France, where he proposed to
+wait until he received Lord Sunderland's reply, in hopes that the
+Minister of George the First might be induced to give him a meeting,
+either in France or Flanders. "If you approve not of what I have said,"
+he adds, "let it be buried on your side, as, upon my honour, it shall be
+on mine." "I am afraid," he adds in a postscript, "you know not my hand;
+but I have no other way of assuring you of this being no counterfeit
+than by writing it myself, and putting my seal to it."
+
+The following remarks on this letter are interesting; they were penned
+by Dr. Coxe:
+
+"Singular as this overture, made at such a period, may appear, we have
+strong proofs that it was not discouraged by Sunderland; for he not only
+procured a pension for the exiled nobleman, but even flattered the
+Jacobites with hopes that he was inclined to favour their cause. This we
+find by intelligence given at a subsequent period by the Jacobite
+spies."
+
+The following addition to the above-stated remark of Dr. Coxe is even
+yet more astonishing:
+
+"On the death of Lord Sunderland the secret of this correspondence
+became by some means known to the Regent Duke of Orleans, and he
+hastened to make so important a communication to the King of England.
+The letter written on this occasion by the British agent at Paris, Sir
+Luke Schwaub, and the reply of his friend Lord Carteret, then Secretary
+of State, are highly curious, because they prove, not only the
+correspondence, but the fact that it was known and approved by the
+King."[155]
+
+How near were the unfortunate Stuarts to that throne which they were
+destined never to ascend!
+
+Upon the disgrace of Bolingbroke, and on his return to England, the
+Seals had been offered by James Stuart to Lord Mar, who refused them on
+the ostensible ground that he "could not speak French." The actual
+reason was perhaps to be sought for in a far deeper motive.[156]
+
+In 1714 the celebrated Lord Stair had been sent as Ambassador to France,
+chiefly to watch over the proceedings of the Jacobites, and to cement a
+friendship with the Duke of Orleans, on whom King George could not rely.
+The brilliant and spirited manner in which Lord Stair executed this
+commission, the splendour by which his embassy was distinguished, and
+his own personal qualities, courtesy, shrewdness, and diligence,
+contributed mainly to the diminution of the Jacobite influence, which
+declined under his exertions. It was from Lord Stair's address that
+Bolingbroke, or, as Stair calls him in his correspondence, Mr. York, was
+confirmed in his disgust to the Jacobite cause.
+
+Between Lord Stair and the Earl of Mar an early acquaintance had
+existed. Agreeably to the fashion of the period, which led Queen Anne
+and the Duchess of Marlborough to assume the names of Morley and
+Freeman, Lord Stair and Lord Mar, in the early days of their confidence,
+had adopted the familiar names of Captain Brown, and Joe Murray.
+
+Lord Mar had remained in Paris until October 1717; he then went into
+Italy with the Duke of Ormond; but previous to his departure he called
+on Lord Stair, and remained in the house of the Ambassador for four or
+five hours. He appears to have declared to Lord Stair that he then
+looked upon the affairs of his master as desperate. "He flung out," as
+Lord Stair wrote, "several things, as I thought, with a design to try
+whether there was any hopes of treating." Lord Stair, not liking to give
+an old friend false hopes, declined "dipping into particulars;" adding
+at the same time, in his account of the interview, "he would not have
+dealt so with me: but in conversation of that kind there is always
+something curious to be learned."
+
+They parted without explanation, and Lord Mar proceeded to Rome. The
+correspondence between these two noblemen ceased for nearly two
+years.[157] During that interval, James had married the Princess
+Clementina Maria, a daughter of Prince Sobieski, elder son of John King
+of Poland. The marriage could scarcely have been solemnized, since it
+took place early in May 1719, before we find Lord Mar at Geneva, on his
+way from Italy, resuming his negotiations with Lord Stair.
+
+
+LORD MAR TO LORD STAIR.
+
+                                                       "May 6th, 1719.
+
+    "Good Captain Brown will not, I hope, take amiss his old
+    acquaintance Jo. Murraye's writing to him at this time; and when he
+    knows the occasion, I am persuaded he will forgive him, and comply,
+    as far as he can, with what he is to ask him. My health is not so
+    good just now nor for some time past, as you would wish it; and I am
+    advised to drink the waters of Bourbon for it, as being the likest
+    to those of the Bath of any this side the sea, of which I formerly
+    found so much good. The hot climate where I have been for some time
+    past, by no means agrees with my health; and I am persuaded that
+    where some of our company is gone will still do worse with me.
+
+    "The affair in which it might be thought my Captain would employ me
+    being now, I suppose, over for this bout, there needs be, I should
+    think, no objection to what I should ask.
+
+    "I am come part of the way already; but I would not go much further,
+    without acquainting you with it. And now I beg that on the
+    consideration of the health of an old friend, you will give me
+    allowance or furlo to go to the waters of Bourbon, and to continue
+    there so long as I may have occasion for them during the two seasons
+    this year; and I promise to you I shall do nothing in any way, the
+    time of my being there, but as you would have me; so that this
+    allowance can be of no prejudice to the service. If you cannot give
+    me the furlo yourself, I imagine your Colonel will not refuse it, if
+    you will be so good as to ask it for me.
+
+    "But because the first season of the waters is going fast away, I
+    should be glad you could do it without waiting to hear from your
+    Colonel about it, who, I should think, will not take it amiss when
+    you acquaint him with your having ventured to do so. Do not, I beg
+    of you, think there is any fetch in this, or anything but what I
+    have told you, which, upon honour, is nothing but truth, and all the
+    truth.
+
+    "I hope there will be no occasion of your mentioning your having had
+    this trouble from me to any, unless it be to your Colonel and one or
+    two about him, and the person, it is like, you must speak to where
+    you are. There is one with me, an old school acquaintance of yours
+    too, Mr. Stuart of Invernethy, whom you have seen dance very merrily
+    over a sword; and if the allowance is granted me, I hope it will not
+    be refused to him, for whom I promise as I do for myself.
+
+    "When I have done with the waters, I hope there will be no objection
+    to my returning to Italy again, if I have a mind; but I judged it
+    fit to mention this to you.
+
+    "The person who delivers you this, will get conveyed to me what you
+    will be so good to write."
+
+Whilst he was thus in treaty with his former friend, Lord Mar was
+stopped on his way to St. Prix, near Geneva, by the orders of the
+Hanoverian Minister: his papers were seized and sealed up; and among
+them, a copy of that which was written to Lord Stair as Captain Brown.
+Lord Mar, who had borne an assumed name, disclosed his real rank, and
+wrote to Lord Stair for assistance,--again urging permission to go to
+the waters of Bourbon, or, if not allowed to go into France, the liberty
+to return to Italy, "where," he said, "I may end my days in quiet; and
+those, probably, will not be many in that climate." Whilst awaiting the
+reply of Lord Stair, the Earl was treated with respect by the
+authorities of Geneva; and "had only to wish that he had a little more
+liberty for taking air and exercise." He expected that Lord Stair's
+answer could not arrive in less than a fortnight: in the meantime, he
+adds, "I shall be obliged, on account of my health, to ask the
+Government here a little more tether."[158]
+
+His indulgent friend, Lord Stair, was, meantime, urging his cause by
+every means in his power. "I wish Lord Mar," he wrote to the English
+Ministry, "was at liberty upon his parole to the town of Geneva, or he
+had permission to go to the waters of Bourbon. I should be glad to know
+what pension you would allow him till he be restored?"
+
+Lady Mar was now in Rome, whither she had followed her husband soon
+after his leaving Scotland. Her jointure, it appears, was stopped by
+the Commissioners, and she was unable, without that supply, to travel
+from Rome to Geneva. She was, probably, aware of Lord Mar's intention to
+leave the Chevalier's service, for the Earl had written a long letter,
+explanatory of his situation and intentions, to her father the Duke of
+Kingston. "I have offered him for Lady Mar's journey," says Lord Stair,
+"credit upon me for a thousand pounds." Yet notwithstanding this
+liberality, Lord Mar now began to be extremely uneasy at Geneva, and to
+fear that the Government meant "merely to expose him." In vain, for some
+time, did Stair plead for him, with Secretary Craggs and Lord Stanhope.
+They were evidently, from Lord Stair's replies to their objections,
+afraid to have any dealings with him. "As to Lord Mar," writes Stair,
+"the things that shock you, shock me; but our business is to break the
+Pretender's party by detaching him from it, which we shall effectually
+do by letting him live in quiet at Geneva or elsewhere, and by giving
+him a pension. Whatever his Lordship's intentions may be, it is very
+certain, in a few months, that the Jacobites will pull his throat
+out,--you know them well enough not to doubt of it. The Pretender," he
+adds, "looks upon Mar as lost, and has had no manner of confidence in
+him ever since Lady Mar came into Italy. They looked upon her as a spy,
+and that she had corrupted her husband. This, you may depend on it, is
+true." Little more than a week afterwards, Lord Stair informed his
+friends that "Lord Mar was _outré_ at the usage he had met with. He says
+our Ministers may be great and able men, but that they are not skilful
+at making proselytes, or keeping friends when they have them. I am
+pretty much of his mind."
+
+It was, doubtless, as Lord Stair declared, the full determination of
+Lord Mar at that time to leave the Chevalier's interests. "The
+Pretender, I know," said Stair, "wrote him the kindest letter imaginable
+since his [the Pretender's] return into Italy from Spain, with the
+warmest invitations to return to his post."
+
+The letters which Lord Stair had received, in the course of this
+negotiation, from Lord Mar, were instantly sent to Hanover. They were in
+some instances written in his own hand, but without signature, and in
+the third person. In the first which he wrote to Lord Stair, Mar
+announced that he had quitted the service of James, and was desirous of
+making peace with King George upon the promise of a pardon, and the
+restoration of his estates.
+
+"You are to consider," says Lord Stair, writing to the Secretary of
+State at home concerning this proposal, "whether it will be worth the
+while to receive him. In my humble opinion the taking him on will be the
+greatest blow that can be given to the Pretender's interest, and the
+greatest discredit to it. And it may be made of use to show to the world
+that nobody but a Papist can hope to continue in favour with the
+Pretender. I wish," adds the Ambassador, "you may think as I do. I own
+all his faults and misfortunes cannot make me forget the long and
+intimate friendship and familiarity that has been between him and me."
+It is consoling to find any politician acting upon such good
+old-fashioned maxims, the result of honest feeling.
+
+Lady Mar having now joined her husband, Lord Mar resolved to make his
+escape from Geneva. Lord Stair advised him against it; but adds, in his
+letters to his friends at home, "I could hardly imagine that a man of
+his temper, and in his circumstances, will refuse his liberty when he
+sees he has nothing but ill usage and neglect to expect from us."[159]
+
+Thus ended this negotiation, the main conditions of which were, provided
+Lord Mar kept himself free from any plots against the Government, an
+offer of the family estate to his son; and, in the interim, till an act
+of Parliament could be obtained to that effect, a pension of two
+thousand pounds sterling, over and above one thousand five hundred
+pounds paid of jointure to his wife and daughter.[160]
+
+It was the fortune of Lord Mar on this, as on many other occasions, to
+reap the ignominy of having accepted this pension, without ever
+receiving the profits of his debasement.
+
+During the absence of Lord Mar at Geneva, his Countess, who remained in
+Rome, received the following letters from the Chevalier and his
+Princess, Maria Clementina: these epistles show how desirous the
+Chevalier still was to retain Lord Mar in his interests.[161]
+
+                                        "Montefiascony, Sept. 9, 1719.
+
+    "The Duke of Mar's late misfortunes and my own situation for some
+    months past, hath occasioned my being much in the dark as to his
+    present circumstances, which touche me too nearly not to desire you
+    will inform me particularly of them. The last letter I had from him
+    was in the begining of May, from Genua, in which he mentioned to me
+    his ill state of health, and something of your comeing to meet him
+    at Bourbon waters; but the season for them now advanceing, or rather
+    passeing, I reckon that whether he had gone thither or not, he will
+    soon be here on ye receipt of the note I sent you t'other day for
+    him, and by consequence that what measures he may have taken with
+    you about your meeting him will be altered on sight of that. I
+    thought it necessary to inform you of these particulars to prevent
+    any thoughts you might have of a journey so expensive and now
+    useless: for as to his liberty, I make no doubt but that it will
+    immediately follow the certainty of my return to this country. I
+    should think it not prudent to write any politicks to him now, not
+    knowing what fate my letters might meet with; but there is no secret
+    in your sayeing all that is kind from me to him. If you cannot
+    exagerate as to my impatience to see him, after all our mutual
+    misfortunes and adventures, and I am sure he will be glad to know
+    and see me more happy in a wife than I can be otherwayes, in most
+    respects.
+
+    "I hope soon to have the satisfaction of seeing you at Rome, when I
+    believe I shall soon convince you that if you and your lord have in
+    the world many false friends, I am and ever shall be a true one to
+    you both.
+
+                                                           JAMES R."
+
+
+LETTER FROM THE PRINCESS CLEMENTINA TO THE COUNTESS OF MAR.
+
+                                           "Montefiasconi, 23rd. Sept.
+
+   [162]"Je vien de recevoire, votre chère letre par Mr. Clepen, et vous
+   sui bien obligé, de l'attention que vous avé eu, de mervoyer dutée,
+   lequell ne sauroit que étre bon venant de vous; vous me marquez
+   avoire de la peine á ecrire le fransoi, mai votre esprit vous,
+   laprendera bientot. Le Roi me charge de vous faire, se compliment et
+   soy et aussi persuadez, de l'estime que j'auray toujour pour votre
+   merite.
+
+                                                        "CLEMENTINE R.
+
+    "J'ambrase de tous mon coeure la charman petite, J'espere dan peu de
+    le pouvoire faire personnellement, et a vous de même. Nous nous
+    porton très bien; l'aire d'icy est foie bonne."
+
+A subsequent letter is addressed "A ma cousine La Duchesse de Mar"--and
+subscribed "votre affectionée cousine, Clementine;" yet notwithstanding
+these professions of confidence and affection, the seeds of distrust
+were, it seems, soon sown between James and the Earl and Countess of
+Mar. At first the suggestions to their disadvantage were repelled,
+"There has been enough pains," writes James, "taken from Rome within
+these few days to do you ill offices with me, but I can assure you with
+truth they have made no impression upon me, nor will they produce any
+other effect than to make me, if possible, kinder to you. But when I see
+you I shall say more on this head, for 'tis fitt you should know your
+false from your true friends; _and among the last you shall ever find
+me_.[163]
+
+                                                          "JAMES R."
+
+An order, dated the ninth of October, 1719, that all such boxes "as are
+in the Duchesse of Mar's custody should be first naled by her, and then
+delivered with their keyes to Sir William Ellis," written in the
+Chevalier's own hand, shews either that Lady Mar was on the eve of her
+departure from Italy, or that a breach of confidence had taken
+place.[164]
+
+Lord Mar, with impaired health, and writhing under the rejection of his
+offers, returned to Italy. There, had he adhered to a resolution which
+he had formed, of not interfering in public affairs, he might still have
+closed his days in tranquillity.
+
+Notwithstanding the apparent continuance of the Chevalier's regard, he
+never forgot the treaty between Lord Stair and the Earl of Mar. The
+whole of this intrigue, discreditable as it was, has been reprobated by
+all who have touched upon this portion of Lord Mar's history. His
+accepting the loan of a thousand pounds from Stair, an old friend, for
+the purpose of ensuring Lady Mar's journey, has been censured, I think,
+with too great severity. But, although it be desirable to set to rights
+matters of fact, yet, it is always unsatisfactory to begin the defence
+of a bad cause. There is no evidence to show that Lord Mar ever received
+a pension: he was not thought worth conciliating; but that circumstance,
+in this case, and after a display of his willingness to receive all that
+could be granted, assists very little in his vindication, and rather
+adds to the degradation of one whom no party could trust.
+
+Soon after Lord Mar's return to Rome, the seeds of disunion between
+James and his young and high-spirited wife began to disturb the minds of
+all who were really well wishers to the Stuarts.
+
+Maria Clementina, reported by Horace Walpole to have been "lively,
+insinuating, agreeable, and enterprising," had encountered, soon after
+her marriage with James, the too frequent fate of many who were
+sacrificed to royal marriages. She had quickly perceived that her
+influence was inferior to that of the Prince's favourites: she was
+shortly made aware of his infidelities: she became jealous, without
+affection; and her disappointment in her consort was that of a proud,
+resentful woman, to whom submission to circumstances was a lesson too
+galling to be learned.
+
+The Prince, after the fashion of his forefathers, was governed by
+favourites: like Charles the First, he had his Buckingham and his
+Strafford; and his miniature Court was rent with factions. But the
+Chevalier had neither the purity of Charles the First, nor the charm of
+character which gilded over the vices of Charles the Second. His
+household was an epitome of the worst passions; and his melancholy
+aspect, his want of dignity and spirit, his bigotry and even his
+unpopular virtue of economy, cast a gloom over that turbulent region. It
+was bitterly, but perhaps truly said of him, "that he had all the
+superstition of a capuchin, but none of the religion of a Prince."[165]
+Like most of his immediate family, his character deteriorated as he grew
+older. He did not rise under the pressure of adversity; and his timid,
+irresolute nature was crushed by the effects of his cruel situation.
+
+Colonel John Hay, of Cromlix, the brother of the Earl of Mar's first
+wife, and of George, seventh Earl of Kinnoul, succeeded in obtaining
+mastery over his subdued nature. The lady of Colonel Hay, Margery, the
+third daughter of Viscount Stormont, was said, also, to have possessed
+her own share of influence over the mind of the Chevalier. Of the real
+existence of any criminal attachment between the Prince and Mrs. Hay,
+there is, however, considerable doubt; and it has been generally
+regarded as one of those amours raised for a purpose, during the
+continuance of a fierce contention for power.
+
+Clementina had also her favourites; and a certain Mrs. Sheldon, who had
+had the charge of Prince Charles Edward, had acquired her confidence.
+This choice was peculiarly infelicitous.
+
+Mrs. Sheldon was reported to be about as unworthy a favourite as the
+unhappy Princess could have selected. According to Colonel Hay, she was
+the mistress of General Dillon, one of the most ardent adherents of the
+Stuarts, and the spy of the Earl of Mar.[166] For four or five years,
+nevertheless, after Prince Charles's birth, she continued to be his
+governess, and to sway the feelings of his mother, in the same manner as
+confidants and dependants usually direct the angry passions of their
+mistresses into the most dangerous channels.
+
+During the height of Colonel Hay's favour, the confidence of the
+Chevalier in Lord Mar visibly declined, as appears in the following
+letter to one of his adherents in Scotland.
+
+"I have always been unwilling to mention Marr, but I find myself
+indispensably engaged at present to let my Scots friends know that I
+have withdrawn my confidence entirely from him, as I shall be obliged to
+doe from all who may be any ways influenced by him. This conduct is
+founded on the most urgent, strongest, and most urging necessity, in
+which my regard to my faithfull subjects and servants have the greatest
+share.
+
+"What is here said of Marr, is not with a view of its being made
+publick, there being no occasion for that, since, many years ago, he put
+himself under such engagements, that he could not serve me in a publick
+capacity, neither has he been publickly employed by me."
+
+To this it was answered, by the confidential friend to whom the remarks
+were addressed, "It is some time agoe since your friends here had doubts
+of the Earl of Marr; and thence it was that I was directed to mention
+him in the manner I did in my last two letters, it being matter of no
+small moment to us to know in whom wee might confide thorowly, and of
+whom beware,--especially when a person of his figure was the
+object."[167]
+
+Affairs were in this state; the Chevalier distrustful of Lord Mar, and
+devoted to his rival, Colonel Hay; the Princess heading an opposite
+faction, nominally commanded by Mrs. Sheldon, but secretly instigated by
+Lord Mar; when, in 1722, the conspiracy of Atterbury was discovered by
+the British Government.
+
+The Earl of Mar was at that time in Paris, and Lord Carteret who was at
+the head of affairs in England, remembering the Earl's former
+negotiations with Lord Stair, dispatched a gentleman to Mar, with
+instructions to sound that nobleman as to his knowledge of the plot.
+Lord Mar happening to be in Colonel Dillon's company when the messenger
+reached Paris, and soon divining after one interview the nature of the
+embassy, it was agreed between him and Dillon that they would do James's
+cause a service by leading the British Government off the right scent.
+They therefore drew up, in conjunction, an answer to Lord Carteret. What
+was the nature of that reply,[168] does not appear; but its result was
+such as to cast upon Lord Mar a degree of odium far greater than that
+which he had incurred in Lord Stair's business. He was accused by
+Atterbury with having, on that occasion, written such a letter as had
+been the cause of his banishment; with having betrayed the secrets of
+the Chevalier St. George to the British Government; and of several other
+charges of "base and treacherous practises, discovered by the Bishop of
+Rochester, that the like had scarce been heard of, and seem'd to be what
+no man, endued with common sense, or the least drop of noble blood,
+could perpetrate; and that the King's friends were at a loss in not
+knowing what credit to give to such reports, tho' they apprehended the
+worst, from the directions he had lately given of having no
+correspondence with Mar or his adherents, from whom he had withdrawn all
+confidence."
+
+Shortly after this declaration the Chevalier declared Colonel Hay to be
+his Secretary, and created the favourite Earl of Inverness; between whom
+and the Earl of Mar an antipathy, which had now become open hostility,
+prevailed. "The Duke of Mar," wrote the Earl of Inverness to Lockhart,
+"has declared himself my mortal enemy, only because I spoke truth to
+him, and could not, in my conscience, enter into his measures nor
+approve his conduct, tho' I always shunned saying any thing to his
+disadvantage, but to the King alone, from whom I thought I was obliged
+to conceal nothing."[169]
+
+With respect to the treachery towards Atterbury, the justification of
+Lord Mar rests upon the testimony of Colonel Dillon, and other persons
+who saw the Earl's letter to Carteret. It is also certain that James
+accorded his approval to Mar's conduct in that affair. No positive
+intention of mischief can be made out against Mar; but his habit of
+rarely acting a straightforward part, his insatiable love of
+interference, and his mistaking cunning for policy, brought upon him the
+mournful indignation of the exiled Atterbury, and fixed upon him a grave
+imputation which it were almost impossible to wipe away.
+
+Another charge brought by Atterbury against Lord Mar, was his advising
+James to barter his pretensions to the Crown for a pension. But this
+accusation is refuted by the two letters, of which vouchers are given in
+the Lockhart Papers, on which the allegation is founded. These letters
+were written from Geneva to the Prince and to Colonel Dillon.[170]
+
+Lastly, Lord Mar stood charged with a scheme, discovered to Atterbury
+by Lord Inverness, for the restoration of the Stuarts, which, under
+pretence of replacing them on the throne, would for ever have rendered
+that restoration impracticable. From this allegation Lord Mar justified
+himself by referring to the scheme itself, which he was declared to have
+laid before the Regent of France with the intent to ruin James. Of this
+scheme, the two main features were, first to re-establish the ancient
+independence of Scotland and Ireland: secondly, that a certain number of
+French troops should remain in England, and that five thousand Scots,
+and as many Irish troops, should be sent to France and kept in pay by
+the French King, for a certain number of years. There is certainly a
+great deal of Mar's double policy, his being all things to all men, in
+such a scheme. He declared, however, and proved that he acquainted James
+with his plan in confidence, and that Colonel Hay sent a copy of it to
+the Bishop of Rochester. Little as one can approve of Mar's conduct, it
+is manifest that, by a deeply-laid intrigue, it was resolved for ever to
+uproot him from the confidence of James.
+
+But the public career of Lord Mar had now drawn to its ignoble close.
+That he had his partisans, who repelled the charges against him by
+counter allegations, Lord Inverness soon found; and he began to think
+that "the less noise that was made about Mar," the better.[171]
+
+During the year 1725, James further evinced his distrust of Lord Mar, by
+dismissing Mr. Sheldon, his supposed spy, and placing Mr. James Murray,
+a Protestant, as preceptor to the young Prince.
+
+The retirement of the Princess Clementina into a convent, followed this
+last step. The correspondence of the royal couple, their recriminations,
+furnished, for some months, conversation for the continental courts, and
+even for St. James's, until the dismissal of Colonel Hay and his wife
+appeased the resolute daughter of the Sobieski, and produced an apparent
+reconciliation.
+
+From the close of this altercation, and after the disgrace of Colonel
+Hay, the name of Lord Mar occurs no more in the history of the period.
+He resided at Paris until 1729, when, falling into ill health, he
+repaired to Aix la Chapelle, where he died in May 1732.
+
+His wife survived him twenty-nine years, only to be the victim of mental
+disease, and, as it has been said, of cruelty and neglect. She became
+insane, and was placed under the charge of her sister, Lady Mary W.
+Montague, who, it has been reported, from avarice, stinted her
+unfortunate sister of even the common necessaries of life, and
+appropriated the allowance to herself. But this statement has been
+disproved.[172]
+
+The latter years of Lord Mar were passed neither in idleness, nor wholly
+in the intrigues of the Court at Albano. His amusement was to draw plans
+and designs for the improvement of Scotland, which he had loved "not
+wisely," but to which his warmest affections are said to have ever
+recurred. In 1728 he composed a paper, in which he suggested building
+bridges on the north and south sides of the city of Edinburgh: he
+planned, also, the formation of a navigable canal between the Forth and
+the Clyde. His beloved Alloa was sold by the Commissioners of the
+forfeited estates to his brother, Lord Grange, who, in 1739, conveyed it
+to Lord Erskine, his nephew. Lord Mar's children were enriched by the
+gratitude of Gibbs, the architect, who bequeathed to the offspring of
+his early patron the greatest part of his fortune.
+
+The Earl of Mar was succeeded by his son, Thomas Lord Erskine, who was
+deprived of the famed title of Mar by his father's attainder. Lord
+Erskine was appointed by Government, Commissary of Stores at Gibraltar.
+His marriage with Lady Charlotte Hope being without issue, the title was
+restored to the descendant of Lord Grange, and consequently to the
+children of the unfortunate Lady Grange, whose sufferings, from the
+effects of party spirit, seem to belong more properly to the page of
+romance, than to the graver details of history.
+
+The conduct of John Erskine, Earl of Mar, has afforded a subject of
+comment to two men of very different character, John Lockhart of
+Carnwath, and the Master of Sinclair. Neither of the portraits drawn by
+these master-hands are favourable; and they were, in both instances,
+written under the influence of strong, yet transient impressions of
+disappointment and suspicion. The mind naturally seeks for some safer
+steersman to guide opinion than the intemperate though honest Jacobite,
+Lockhart, or the sarcastic and slippery friend, Sinclair. The worst
+peculiarity in the career of Mar was, that no one trusted him; towards
+the latter portion of his life he had even lost the power of deceiving:
+it had become impossible to him to act without mingling the poison of
+deception with intentions which might have been honest, and even
+benevolent. The habits of a long life of intrigue had warped his very
+nature. When we behold him fleeing from the coasts of Scotland, leaving
+behind him the trusting hearts that would have bled for him, we fancy
+that no moral degradation can be more complete. We view him soliciting
+to be a pensioner of England, and we acknowledge that it was even
+possible to sink still more deeply into infamy.
+
+With principles of action utterly unsound, it is surprising how much
+influence Lord Mar acquired over all with whom he came into collision.
+He was sanguine in disposition, and, if we may judge by his letters,
+buoyant in his spirits; his disposition was conciliatory, his manners
+were apparently confiding. At the bottom of that gay courtesy there
+doubtless was a heart warped by policy, but not inherently unkind. He
+attached to him the lowly. Lockhart speaks of the love of two of his
+kinsmen to him:--his tenantry, during his exile, contributed to supply
+his wants, by a subscription. These are the few redeeming
+characteristics of one made up of inconsistencies. He conferred, it must
+be allowed, but little credit on a party which could number among its
+adherents the brave Earl Marischal, the benevolent and honourable
+Derwentwater, and the disinterested Nithisdale. When we contrast the
+petty and selfish policy of the Earl of Mar with the integrity and
+fidelity of those who fought in the same cause, and over whom he was
+commander, his character sinks low in the estimate, and acts like a foil
+to the purity and brightness of his fellow sufferers in the strife.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] See Wood's Peerage of Scotland.
+
+[8] Histories of Noble British Families by Henry Drummond, Esq. Preface
+to Part I.
+
+[9] Robertson's History of Scotland, ii. 32.
+
+[10] Wood's Peerage. The year of his birth is not stated.
+
+[11] Cunningham's History of Great Britain, i. 326.
+
+[12] Dalrymple's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 100.
+
+[13] Chambers's Biography, art. Erskine.
+
+[14] See Dr. Coxe's MSS. in the British Museum, vol. iii.
+
+[15] Dalrymple's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 98.
+
+[16] Lockhart's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 114.
+
+[17] Lockhart, vol. i. p. 45.
+
+[18] Granger, vol. ii. p. 31. Somerville's Queen Anne, p. 184.
+
+[19] Of Alloa the following account is given. "Alloa House, situated in
+the immediate neighbourhood of the town, in the midst of a fine park,
+the seat of the Earl of Mar, and the subject of a fine Scottish song, is
+a place worthy of visit. The principal part of the building was
+destroyed some years ago by fire, and with it the only certain original
+portrait of Queen Mary existing in the kingdom. The original tower, a
+building of the thirteenth century, the walls of which are eleven feet
+thick, and ninety feet high, alone remains. In it James the Sixth and
+his eldest son, Henry, were successively educated under the care of the
+Mar family. The cradle of the former, and his little nursery-chair,
+besides Prince Henry's golfs, were preserved in the tower till a recent
+period, when they fell into the possession of Lady Frances Erskine,
+daughter of the late venerable Earl of Mar, who, we understand, now
+preserves them, with the care and veneration due to such valuable
+heirlooms, in her house in Edinburgh. The country in every direction
+round Alloa is extremely level and beautiful, interspersed with numerous
+fine seats, and abounding in delightful little old-established
+bower-like villages. Among the latter we would particularize one called
+the Bridge of Allan as everything which a village ought to be--soft,
+sunny, and warm--a confusion of straw-roofed cottages, and rich massy
+trees; possessed of a bridge and a mill, together with kail-yards,
+bee-skeps, colleys, callants, old inns with entertainment for man and
+horse, carts with their poles pointing up to the sky, venerable dames in
+drugget knitting their stockings in the sun, and young ones in gingham
+and dimity tripping along with milk-pails on their heads.
+
+"Besides all these characteristics as a village, the Bridge of Allan
+boasts of a row of neat little villas for the temporary accommodation of
+a number of fashionables who flock to it in the summer, on account of a
+neighbouring mineral well."--_Chambers's Picture of Scotland._
+
+[20] Wood's Peerage.
+
+[21] Somerville's Queen Anne, p. 167.
+
+[22] Somerville, p. 177. Memoirs of Scotland, London, 1714. Defoe's
+History of the Union, p. 64.
+
+[23] Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 114.
+
+[24] Lockhart.
+
+[25] Lockhart, p. 116.
+
+[26] Daniel De Foe on the Union, p. 64.
+
+[27] De Foe, p. 322.
+
+[28] Lockhart. Letter to one English Lord concerning the Treaty, 1702,
+vol. i. p. 272.
+
+[29] Memoirs, p. 74. De Foe, p. 321.
+
+[30] Memoirs, p. 74. De Foe, p. 371.
+
+[31] Introduction to De Foe's History of the Union, p. 16.
+
+[32] Memoirs of Scotland, p. 31.
+
+[33] Mackay.
+
+[34] Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 54.
+
+[35] Memoirs of North Britain, p. 113.
+
+[36] Wood's Peerage, vol. i. pp. 714, 717; also Mackay's Memoirs, p.
+178.
+
+[37] Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 115.
+
+[38] Wood's Peerage, art. Erskine of Mar.
+
+[39] Memoirs of Scotland, p. 224.
+
+[40] Memoirs of Scotland, p. 340.
+
+[41] Cunningham's Hist. Great Britain, p. 257.
+
+[42] Ibid. p. 61.
+
+[43] Swift's Works, edited by Sir W. Scott, pp. 14, 72.
+
+[44] The motto on Queen Anne's coronation medal.
+
+[45] Cunningham, p. 71.
+
+[46] Memoirs of Scotland. Cunningham, p. 157.
+
+[47] Swift's Letters, vol. ii. p. 488; also p. 487, note by Sir W.
+Scott.
+
+[48] Wood's Peerage. Swift's Letters, p. 475. See note.
+
+[49] Mackay's Characters, p. 94.
+
+[50] Swift added, in his own hand, to this eulogium, this remark: "He
+was little better than a conceited talker in company."
+
+[51] The following letter shows that the Duke anticipated the result of
+the duel.
+
+                                                London, Nov. 14, 1712.
+
+    My dear Son,
+
+    I have been doing all I could to recover your mother's right to her
+    estate, which I hope shall be yours. I command you to be dutiful
+    towards her, as I hope she will be just and kind to you; and I
+    recommend it particularly to you, if ever you enjoy the estate of
+    Hamilton, and what may, I hope, justly belong to you, (considering
+    how long I have lived with a small competence, which has made me run
+    in debt,) I hope God will put it into your head to do justice to my
+    honour, and pay my just debts. There will be enough to satisfy all,
+    and give your brothers and sisters such provisions as the state of
+    your condition and their quality in Scotland will admit of.
+
+    I pray God preserve you, and the family in your person. My humble
+    duty to my mother, and my blessing to your sisters. If it please God
+    I live, you shall find me share with you what I do possess, and ever
+    prove your affectionate and kind father, whilst
+
+                                                           HAMILTON.
+
+    I again upon my blessing charge you, that you let the world see you
+    do your part in satisfying my just debts.
+
+    Addressed thus: "To my dear Son the Marquis of Chilsdale."
+
+    _Memoirs of the Life and Family of James Duke of Hamilton._
+
+[52] The Lady Elizabeth Gerrard, the sister of Lady Mohun, and Duchess
+of Hamilton, is said to have been "a lady of great wit and beauty, and
+all the fine accomplishments that adorn her sex." Through her the great
+estates in Lancashire and Staffordshire came into the family of
+Hamilton.
+
+[53] Wood's Peerage; also "Life of the Duke of Hamilton," a scarce
+tract, p. 102.
+
+[54] Coxe MSS. 9128. Plut. cxxxviii. H. British Museum.
+
+[55] Ibid. See a Letter in French, dated April 5, 1714, p. 1.
+
+[56] Coxe MSS.
+
+[57] Lord Mahon's Hist. England, vol. i. p. 139. See also a scarce
+little book to be met with in the Advocate's Library in Edinburgh
+(Atterbury's Correspondence, with marginal notes by Lord Hailes): "By
+what accident these Letters have been preserved," says the noble Editor,
+"I know not: by what means they are now brought to light, I am not at
+liberty to explain."
+
+[58] See the Letter before quoted.
+
+[59] Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 440.
+
+[60] Lockhart of Carnwath, vol. i. p. 446; also "Notices of Lady
+Grange," by Dr. Mackay.
+
+[61] See "Notices of Lady Grange," by K. Mackay, M.D., 3rd edition.
+Glasgow, 1819.
+
+[62] Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 441.
+
+[63] Lord Mahon, vol. i. p. 152.
+
+[64] "A Collection of Original Letters relating to the Rebellion of
+1715." Edinburgh, 1730.
+
+[65] Introductory Anecdotes to Lord Wharncliffe's Edition of Lady M.
+Wortley's Letters, p. 26.
+
+[66] Reay, p. 135.
+
+[67] Reay, p. 152.
+
+[68] Reay, p. 171.
+
+[69] This commission was long doubted, and was even denied by the
+Chevalier. It is, nevertheless, signed by his Secretary, and is among
+the valuable papers which, belonging to Mr. Gibson Craig of Edinburgh,
+have been liberally placed at the service of the author.
+
+[70] Caledonian Mercury, 1722.
+
+[71] Lord Mahon, p. 147.
+
+[72] Lord Mahon; from the Master of Sinclair's MS.
+
+[73] Burke's Peerage.
+
+[74] Buchan's History of the Keith Family.
+
+[75] Buchan's History of the Keith Family; also Scottish Peerage.
+
+[76] See Patten's List of Chieftains.
+
+[77] Secret History of Colonel Hooke's Negotiations, pp. 26, 110.
+
+[78] Patten, p. 232.
+
+[79] Buchan's History of the Keith Family, p. 153.
+
+[80] Colonel Hooke's Negotiations.
+
+[81] See "Genealogie of the Most Noble and Ancient House of Drummond, by
+the First Viscount Strathallan," Appendix. For this curious and
+elaborate work I am indebted to the Rev. Arthur Drummond.
+
+[82] MS. Account of Several Clans, by Mrs. Grant, of Laggan.
+
+[83] Brown's Highlands, vol. i. p. 131.
+
+[84] The Rev. Robert Patten, from whose animated narrative many other
+writers have implicitly copied, was a man of indifferent character, who
+accompanied Mr. Forster, in the insurrection in Northumberland, as his
+chaplain. He afterwards turned king's evidence, and appeared against
+those whom he had served. For this act of treachery his pension was
+raised (as I find by the Caledonian Mercury for 1722) from 50_l._ to
+80_l._ a-year. He dedicates his History of the Rebellion to Generals
+Carpenter and Wills.
+
+[85] Patten, p. 151.
+
+[86] Mar Papers.
+
+[87] Reay, p. 191.
+
+[88] Reay, p. 191.
+
+[89] It seems to have been the custom of that period to write in the
+third person when in memoirs and statements. Lord Lovat's manifesto is
+in the same style.
+
+[90] Patten, p. 257.
+
+[91] A copy from the original, for which I am indebted to Mr. Gibson
+Craig, is given for the confirmation of Lord Mar's assertion:--
+
+    "James the Eighth, by the grace of God King of Scotland, England,
+    France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c., to our right trusty
+    and well-beloved Cousin and Counsellor, John Earl of Mar, &c. We
+    reposing especial trust & confidence in your loyalty, courage,
+    experience, and good conduct, doe by these * * constitute and
+    appoint you to be our General and Commander in Cheif of all our
+    forces, both by sea and land, in our antient kingdom of Scotland.
+    Whereupon you are to take upon you the said command of General and
+    Commander in Cheif, and the better to support you in the said
+    authority, our will and pleasure is, that you act in consert with
+    and by our * * * * We doe likeways hereby empower you to grant
+    commissions in our name to all officers, both by sea and land, to
+    place and displace the same as you shall think fitt and necessary
+    for our service, to assemble our said forces, raise the militia,
+    issue out orders for all suspected persons, and seizing of all forts
+    and castles, and putting garrisons into them, and to take up in any
+    part of our dominions, what money, horses, arms, and ammunition and
+    provisions you shall think necessary for arming, mounting, and
+    subsisting the said forces under your command, and to give recepts
+    for the same, which we hereby promise to pay. By this our
+    Commission, we likeways here empower you to make warr upon our
+    enemies, and upon all such as shall adhere to the present government
+    and usurper of our dominions. Leaving entirely to your prudence and
+    conduct to begin the necessary acts of hostility when and where you
+    think most advantageous conducing to our restoration; and we doe
+    hereby command all, and require all officers and souldiers, both by
+    sea and land, and all our subjects, to acknowledge and obey you as
+    our General and Commander as Cheif of our army; and you to obey such
+    furder orders and directions as you shall from time to time receive
+    from us. In pursuance of the great power and trust we have reposed
+    in you.
+
+    "Given at our Court at Bar le duc, the seventh day of September,
+    1715, and in the fourteenth year of our reign.
+
+        "By His Majestie's command,
+            Sic Subscribitur,
+                THOMAS HIGGINS."
+
+
+[92] Patten, p. 256.
+
+[93] Note in Reay. From the _Weekly Journal_, Feb. 4th, 1715-16.
+
+[94] Reay, p. 193.
+
+[95] Brown's Highlands, vol. i. p. 129.
+
+[96] Mar Papers. In these there is a copy of this Manifesto; but since
+it has been printed in Reay's History of the Rebellion, and others, I do
+not think it necessary to insert it here.
+
+[97] The Chevalier's agent there.
+
+[98] The orthography of this letter is copied from the original, with
+the exception of the abbreviations usual at that period.
+
+[99] Erskine.
+
+[100] Reay, p. 221.
+
+[101] Mar Papers.
+
+[102] Mar Papers, communicated by Mr. Gibson Craig.
+
+[103] Reay, pp. 236, 237.
+
+[104] The Earl of Mar's Journal, as printed at Paris. At the end of
+Patten's History of the Rebellion, and addressed by Lord Mar to Colonel
+Balfour, p. 259.
+
+[105] Reay, p. 197.
+
+[106] Earl of Mar's Journal.
+
+[107] Earl of Mar's Journal.
+
+[108] Reay, p. 308.
+
+[109] Brown's Highlands.
+
+[110] Mar Papers.
+
+[111] Reay, p. 309.
+
+[112] From the MS. letter in the possession of Archibald Macdonald, Esq.
+
+[113] The agent of the Jacobites in Edinburgh.
+
+[114] Mar Papers, in the possession of Gibson Craig, Esq.
+
+[115] King.
+
+[116] Duke of Ormond.
+
+[117] Paris.
+
+[118] Lady Nairn.
+
+[119] The Chevalier.
+
+[120] The Dutch auxiliaries, to the amount of 6000, demanded by the
+English government, as accorded by treaty, arrived, to the number of
+3000, in the Thames, on the 16th of November, expressly to assist in
+suppressing the rebellion, and proceeded to Scotland on the 25th. They
+were afterwards followed by 3000 more, who, being obliged to put in at
+Harwich, marched on by land. Reay, p. 327.
+
+[121] The King.
+
+[122] Lord Grange.
+
+[123] The following note is annexed to this letter. It is in the
+hand-writing of Bishop Keith:--"Son of Sir Wm. Douglass, colonel of a
+regiment, and who had come over with the Prince of Orange to England,
+and was made Knight and Colonel by the said Prince, as says my Lady
+Bruce. The story Wm. Erskine, brother to the Earl of Buchan, told me, as
+the King and he were travelling through France at this period, they saw
+the Chevalier's picture set up in some of the post-houses, and they were
+told this was done by the desire of the English Ambassador, who had
+promised a reward to those who should stop and apprehend the person whom
+the picture resembled."
+
+[124] A concealment in the House of Kineil, near Borrostowness.
+
+[125] The younger brother of the Marquis of Tullibardine, but assuming
+the forfeited title as head of the house.
+
+[126] Henry Straiton.
+
+[127] I have had the advantage of seeing an original crayon portrait of
+the Chevalier, in the possession of Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq., of
+Edinburgh; also, a miniature painted at Rome, belonging to Mr. Sharpe.
+In the miniature the eyes are darker, and have more animation than in
+the crayon drawing. The portrait lately placed at Hampton Court gives a
+much more pleasing impression of James Stuart than either of these
+likenesses: the countenance is animated and benevolent.
+
+[128] "A True Account of the Proceedings at Perth," by a Rebel, supposed
+to be the Master of Sinclair.
+
+[129] That portion of the letter only which refers to the Chevalier
+appears to have been printed. I have given the entire letter from which
+the account was taken. A portion of this letter is published in Brown's
+History of the Highlands, vol. iv. p. 332.
+
+[130] Reay, p. 352.
+
+[131] MS. Letter in the possession of Alexander Macdonald, Esq., of the
+Register Office, Edinburgh.
+
+[132] Mar Papers.
+
+[133] Thomas Bruce, afterwards Earl of Kincardine.
+
+[134] The loss of the ship from France.
+
+[135] An allusion to the Marquis of Huntley and Lord Seaforth.
+
+[136] Mar Papers.
+
+[137] Reay, p. 364.
+
+[138] Flying Post, or the Post Master, for January 28 and 31, 1716.
+
+[139] Evening Post, Feb. 2, 1716.
+
+[140] Auchterarder.
+
+[141] Reay, p. 364.
+
+[142] Mar Correspondence.
+
+[143] Probably Wigton.
+
+[144] Brown's Highlands, vol. iv. p. 337.
+
+[145] Patten, p. 248.
+
+[146] Reay, p. 367.
+
+[147] Lord Mar's Journal.
+
+[148] A copy is given of the Prince's letter in Dr. Brown's work on the
+Highlands, vol. iv. p. 340. It is a sort of expostulation with the Duke,
+but mildly and sensibly expressed. "I fear," he said, alluding to the
+British people, "they will find yet more than I the smart of preferring
+a foreign yoke to the obedience they owe me."
+
+[149] Bolingbroke's Letter to Sir William Wyndham.
+
+[150] Letter to Sir Wm. Wyndham, p. 139.
+
+[151] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 17.
+
+[152] Ibid.
+
+[153] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 64.
+
+[154] Coxe's Papers in the British Museum, MS. 9129. Plut. cxxxviii. II.
+
+[155] I find that the biographers of Lord Mar, in the short lives given
+of him, (see Chambers's Scottish Biography, Georgian Era, &c.) have
+overlooked this correspondence. The letter from Sir Luke Schwaub, in
+French, with a translation, and the answer of Lord Carteret, in the Coxe
+Papers, although not exactly relevant to my subject, are interesting. "A
+thousands thanks," writes the generous Lord Carteret, in reply to
+Schwaub, "for your private letter, which affords me the means of
+obviating any calumny against the memory of a person who will always be
+dear to me." [That is, Lord Sunderland.] "I have shown it to the King,
+who is entirely satisfied with it." The anxiety on the part of
+Government to secure the papers of Lord Sunderland, was extreme, and
+affords a collateral proof of this connivance. The mysterious documents
+were seized by order of the King, and inspected by Lord Townshend, and
+not a trace of the correspondence was left when the papers were restored
+to the family. The seizure occasioned a suit between the executors of
+the Earl of Sunderland and the two Secretaries of State.--_Coxe MSS._
+
+[156] Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 252.
+
+[157] Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 565.
+
+[158] Hardwicke Papers, p. 586.
+
+[159] Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 600.
+
+[160] Chambers, art. _Erskine_.
+
+[161] From original letters, for which I am indebted to Alexander
+Macdonald, Esq., of the Register Office, Edinburgh.
+
+[162] The spelling is preserved as in the original.
+
+[163] These words were written in the Chevalier's own hand.
+
+[164] Letters in the possession of A. Macdonald, Esq.
+
+[165] Bolingbroke.
+
+[166] Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. p. 221.
+
+[167] Lockhart Papers.
+
+[168] See various papers in the State Paper Office. Collections for
+1722.
+
+[169] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 149.
+
+[170] Id. p. 183.
+
+[171] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 198.
+
+[172] Mr. C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe was good enough to inform me that he had
+seen some letters on this subject, which exculpated Lady Mary W.
+Montague. The correspondence was destroyed, but it conveyed to the mind
+of that accomplished and erudite gentleman, who saw it, the impression
+that the charge against Lady Mary Wortley was groundless.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES, EARL OF DERWENTWATER.
+
+
+In the vale of Hexham, on the summit of a steep hill, clothed with wood,
+and washed at its base by a rivulet, called the Devil's Water, stand the
+ruins of Dilstone Castle. A bridge of a single arch forms the approach
+to the castle or mansion; the stream, then mingling its rapid waters
+with those of the Tyne, rushes over rocks into a deep dell embowered
+with trees, above a hundred feet in height, and casting a deep gloom
+over the sounding waters beneath their branches.
+
+Through the arch of the bridge, a mill, an object ever associated with
+peace and plenty, is seen; and, beyond it, the eye rests upon the bare,
+dilapidated walls of the castle. Its halls, its stairs, its painted
+chambers, may still be traced; its broken towers command a view of
+romantic beauty; but all around it is desolate and ruined, like the once
+proud and honoured family who dwelt beneath its roof.
+
+This was once the favourite abode of the Ratcliffes, or Radcliffes,
+supposed to be a branch of the Radcliffes in Lancashire,[173] from whom
+were, it is said, descended the Earls of Sussex,[174] who became the
+owners of Dilstone in the days of Queen Elizabeth.
+
+During several generations after the Conquest, a family of the name of
+Devilstone was in possession of Dilstone, until the time of Henry the
+Third. The estates then passed to many different owners; the Tynedales,
+the Crafters, the Claxtons, were successively the masters of the castle;
+and it was not, according to some accounts,[175] until the tenth year of
+Queen Elizabeth's reign, that it first owned for its lord one of that
+unfortunate race to whom it finally belonged, until escheated to the
+Crown. But certain historians have asserted that, so early as the reign
+of Henry the Sixth, Dilstone was the seat of Sir Nicholas
+Radcliffe.[176] At this period, too, other estates were added to those
+already enjoyed by the Radcliffes. Sir Nicholas married the heiress of
+Sir John De Derwentwater, to whom had belonged, for several centuries,
+the manors of Castlerigg and Keswick, and who, since the time of Edward
+the First, had enjoyed great consideration in the county of Cumberland.
+This alliance with the Derwentwater family, although it brought to the
+Radcliffe the possession of a territory, which, for its beauty and
+value, monarchs might envy, did not for many years, entice them to a
+removal to the mansion of Castlerigg. That old dwelling-place, a gloomy
+fortress, among "storm-shaken mountains and howling wildernesses," was
+far less commodious than the castle at Dilstone, then in great fame from
+the flourishing monastery which reared its head in the Vale of Hexham.
+Castlerigg, being, eventually, abandoned by the Radcliffes, went utterly
+to decay; the materials of the old manor-house are supposed to have been
+employed in forming a new residence on Lord's Island, in Keswick Lake;
+and the estate was divided into tenancies, which, in process of time,
+were infranchised. The ancient demesne of the De Derwentwaters has now
+passed into the hands of the Trustees of Greenwich Hospital, and the
+oaks of the park which skirts the lake have of late years supplied much
+valuable timber.
+
+The family of Radcliffe continued, during several centuries after the
+intermarriage with the De Derwentwaters, to increase in wealth and
+importance. It was not, however, ennobled until the reign of James the
+Second, in 1688, when, in consequence of the eldest son of Sir Francis
+Radcliffe having married during his father's life time the Lady Mary
+Tudor, a natural daughter of Charles the Second, by Mistress Mary Davis,
+Sir Francis was created Earl of Derwentwater, Baron Dilstone, and
+Viscount Langley.[177] "This alliance to the royal blood," says the
+biographer of Charles Radcliffe, "gave them a title to match with the
+noblest families in the kingdom, and was likewise the occasion of that
+strict attachment which the several branches of the Derwentwater family
+have inviolably preserved for the line of Stuarts ever since."[178]
+There was also another reason for this act of royal favour on the one
+hand, and for this devotion on the other: Sir George Radcliffe, we find
+by the Macpherson papers, was Governor of James the Second when he was
+Duke of York, and during the troubles of the Great Rebellion; and, under
+his care, the young prince remained some time in the city of
+Oxford.[179]
+
+Whatsoever may be thought of the effect of this connection with royalty,
+in ennobling an ancient and loyal race, the marriage produced a lasting
+influence on the fortunes of the family. That they were proud of the
+alliance appears from the circumstance that the children of that
+marriage used to wear the prince's feather, that plume which has, since
+the days of Edward the Black Prince, distinguished the heir apparent to
+royalty. But the consanguinity in blood to the Stuarts produced another,
+and a far more serious result. The sons of the Lady Mary Tudor and of
+Francis, second Earl of Derwentwater, were educated, like brothers, with
+the son of the abdicated monarch. James Radcliffe, who was born about
+the year 1692, and who afterwards became Earl of Derwentwater, passed
+his childhood at St. Germains with his royal namesake, James Stuart. The
+brother of the Earl, Charles, was also brought up in France; both of
+these youths, whose fate was afterwards so tragical, were reared in the
+faith of the Church of Rome, and under the tuition of the Roman Catholic
+clergy. They thus grew up, without perhaps hearing, certainly without
+entertaining, a doubt of those rights which they died to assert. "The
+late Earl of Derwentwater," writes the biographer of Charles Radclyffe,
+"and his brother Charles were so strongly attached to the Pretender's
+party, that their advice or consent was not so much as asked in those
+consultations that were held among the disaffected previous to the
+Rebellion; neither did the party think it necessary, because they were
+always sure of them whenever they should come to action."
+
+In 1705, Francis, Earl of Derwentwater, died; and during a season of
+domestic tranquillity, whilst as yet the Jacobites were full of hopes
+that the succession would be restored to the Stuart line, his son James
+succeeded to the Earldom, and to the vast estates which had accumulated
+to give dignity and influence to rank. Besides the castle of Dilstone
+and Castlerigg, which Leland, who visited Cumberland in 1539, describes
+as still being the "head place of the Radcliffes," many other valuable
+properties, had been gradually added to the patrimonial possessions.
+
+It was the disposition of Lord Derwentwater to employ the advantages of
+wealth and birth to the benefit of others. He returned to England,
+English in heart, and became the true model of an English nobleman. "He
+was a man," said a contemporary writer, "formed by nature to be beloved;
+for he was of so universal a beneficence, that he seemed to live for
+others."[180] Residing among his own people, among them he spent his
+estate, and passed his days in deeds of kindness, and in acts of
+charity, which regarding no differences of faith as obstacles to the
+course of that heavenly virtue, were extended alike by this unfortunate
+nobleman to Protestant and to Roman Catholic. In his days, Dilstone was
+the scene of an open-hearted hospitality, "which," observes the renegade
+Jacobite who has chronicled the events of the period, "few in that
+country do, and none can, come up to." That castle-hall, now ruined and
+for ever deserted, was thronged by the distressed, who, whether the poor
+denizens of the place or the wanderer by the way side, found there
+relief, and went away consoled. The owner of the castle gave bread to
+thousands, who long remembered his virtues, and mourned his fate. He
+conciliated the good will of his equals, and disarmed the animosity of
+those who differed from him in opinion. Beloved, trusted, almost
+reverenced in the prime of youth, James Earl of Derwentwater held, at
+the period of the first Rebellion, the enviable position of one whose
+station was remembered only in conjunction with the higher dignity of
+virtue. To the solid qualities of integrity, he added a sweetness and
+courtesy of manner which must have lent to even homely features their
+usual charm.[181] Blessing and blest, he thus dwelt amid the romantic
+scenery of the Vale of Hexham.
+
+Lord Derwentwater married Anna Maria, one of the five daughters of Sir
+John Webb, Baronet of Odstock in Wiltshire. An ancestor of Sir John Webb
+had first acquired the title in the reign of Charles the First for "his
+family having both shed their blood in the King's cause, and
+contributed, as far as they were able, with their purses, in his
+defence," as is expressed in their patent.[182]
+
+During the reign of Queen Anne, Lord Derwentwater took no part in the
+various intrigues which were carried on by the Jacobite party. He lived
+peaceably at Dilstone, where his name was long honoured after the
+tragical events which hurried him into an early grave had occurred. But
+this tranquil demeanour does not argue, as it has been supposed, that
+the early playmate of James had become indifferent to the cause of the
+Stuarts. The friends of the exiled family founded their hopes of its
+restoration on the well-known partiality of Queen Anne for her brother,
+and on the circumstance of her having seen the last of her children
+consigned to the tomb. There seems no reason to doubt but that, had Anne
+lived longer, she would have taken measures, in unison with the wishes
+of the bulk of the nobility, and in conjunction with her confidential
+ministers, to have placed the Chevalier St. George the next in
+succession. In this hope, the wishes of the most respectable portion of
+the Jacobite nobility were tranquillized.[183]
+
+The sudden decease of Queen Anne disconcerted the hopes of those who had
+been thus waiting for the course of events; and the immediate change of
+ministry depriving those who were favourable to the house of Stuart of
+power, the succession of George the First was secured, under the aspect,
+for a few weeks, of the most perfect national repose. It has been well
+explained, that, unless some circumstances connected with the birth and
+education of the Chevalier had favoured the interests of Hanover, a very
+different result would have appeared. The notion so diligently spread
+abroad, of a supposititious birth--the foreign education of the young
+Prince--above all, the pains which had been taken to inculcate in his
+heart a devotion to the faith of both his parents, were considerations
+which strongly favoured the accession of the Elector of Hanover.[184]
+
+A year passed away, and that tranquillity was succeeded by an
+ill-concerted, immature enterprise, headed by a man of every talent
+except the right sort; and chilled, rather than aided, by the presence
+of that melancholy exile who presented himself for the first and last
+time, to sadden by the gloom of his aspect, and the inertness of his
+measures, the hearts that yearned to welcome him back to Britain.
+
+It was towards the latter end of August, in 1715, in the shire of Perth,
+that the people first began to assemble themselves in a body, until they
+marched to a small market town, named Kirk Michael, where the Chevalier
+was first proclaimed, and his standard set up.[185] Meantime several
+noblemen and gentlemen, both in England and in Scotland, influenced by
+the Earl of Mar, began to collect their servants and dependants from
+different places, and under various pretexts, for their proceedings.
+There were also measures concerted in London by the Chevalier's friends;
+and among the more active of the partisans, was a certain Captain Robert
+Talbot, an Irish officer, who, upon being acquainted with the projected
+insurrection, took shipping and sailed for Newcastle-upon-Tyne. By this
+agent, the resolutions which had been adopted by the Jacobites in London
+were conveyed to their friends in the north of England. This was part of
+the scheme of the Jacobites; London was the centre of all their
+conferences, and from the metropolis intelligence was secretly conveyed
+in various directions: measures were concerted; the parties who were to
+engage were furnished with means to act, and brought together; letters
+were carried by private hands to various confederates, and debates and
+correspondence were carried on some months before the Rebellion actually
+broke out.
+
+The plot was managed with care and address. The common conveyance of
+letters was dangerous, and the office of delivering them was undertaken
+by gentlemen of Jacobite principles, who rode from place to place as
+travellers, pretending merely that they were viewing the country, and
+making inquiries to gratify curiosity: these travellers were all Irish
+and Papists.
+
+Another class of agents, consisting of Mr. Clifton, a brother of Sir
+Gervase Clifton, and of Mr. Beaumont, both gentlemen of Nottinghamshire,
+and attended by Mr. Buxton, a clergyman of Derbyshire, rode like
+gentlemen, with servants, but were armed with swords and pistols. These
+emissaries also continued moving from place to place, and kept up a
+constant intercourse between the disaffected parties, until all things
+were ready for action.
+
+Under these circumstances, Government took a decided step, which, as it
+turned out, brought the whole concerted plot into action sooner than the
+confederates had originally intended. Means were taken for the
+apprehension of several suspected Jacobites. Towards the end of
+September, Lord Derwentwater, among others, received notice that there
+was a warrant issued by the Secretary of State to apprehend him, and
+that messengers were actually arrived at Durham in order to seize his
+person.[186]
+
+On receiving this information, Lord Derwentwater, who had at that time
+taken no ostensible part in the consultations of the Jacobites, and who,
+as it was thought by many who knew him intimately, was undecided whether
+to join the insurgents or not, adopted the line of conduct most suitable
+to innocence. He repaired to the house of a neighbouring justice of the
+peace, whose name has not been given at length and boldly placed himself
+in his hands. He demanded what were the grounds of his accusation.
+Unhappily the magistrate's loyalty was not unimpeachable. Had this
+gentleman been zealously affected to the Government, or had he been a
+true friend to Lord Derwentwater, he would either have persuaded that
+nobleman to surrender to the messengers of Government, or he would have
+detained him, and thus prevented the rash outbreak which afterwards
+ensued. Such is the opinion of one who knew all the parties concerned in
+the insurrection well. Such is the statement of Mr. Robert Patten,
+himself a Jacobite, and chaplain to Mr. Forster. He afterwards turned
+King's evidence, and received for that treachery, or, as he is pleased
+to call it, penitence, a suitable remuneration.[187]
+
+Lord Derwentwater unfortunately adopted a course which could but have
+one termination. He concealed himself from those who were employed to
+apprehend him. Clear from any direct imputation, had he then given
+himself up, he would have been released; and he might have been deterred
+from a participation in the disastrous scenes which ensued. He had now
+two children, a son and a daughter. He had many valuable considerations
+to forfeit for the one abstract principle of indefeasible right to the
+throne. Few men had more to venture. Many of the Jacobites went into the
+field with tarnished characters, and with ruined fortunes: they might
+gain,--they could not lose by the perilous undertaking. Amid the bands
+of high-born and highly principled men who co-operated in both the
+Rebellions, adventurers would appear, whose previous lives shed
+dishonour upon any cause; but the irreproachable, the prosperous, the
+beloved, could desire little more for themselves than what they already
+possessed: they ventured their rich and glorious barks upon the
+current; and let those who sully every motive with suspicion, say that
+there was no virtue, no patriotism, in the Jacobite party.
+
+By his own descendant, Lord Derwentwater is believed to have hesitated
+upon the verge of his fate, but to have been urged into it by his
+brother Charles. Young and ardent, courageous even to rashness, the
+first to offer himself where an enterprise was the most hazardous,
+seeming to set no value upon his life where glory was to be obtained,
+the darling of his party, and, to sum up the whole, only twenty-two
+years of age, Mr. Radcliffe rashly drew his brother into a confederacy,
+so agreeable to his own ambitious and fearless spirit. But there was
+another individual on whom the responsibility of that luckless movement
+in the North must chiefly rest. This was Mr. Thomas Forster the younger,
+of Etherston in the county of Northumberland, and member for the county.
+During the first thirty years of his life, this gentleman had scarcely
+been known beyond the precincts of his paternal estate. He became a
+member of Parliament, and was drawn into the vortex of party without
+talents to adorn or judgment to guide his conduct. Although a
+Protestant, Mr. Forster soon made his house the place of rendezvous for
+all the non-jurors and disaffected people of the county in which he
+lived; and he became involved in the dangers of their schemes, almost
+before he was aware of the perils which he was about to encounter. The
+party of the Jacobites was composed of very dissimilar materials. Whilst
+some adopted its projects to retrieve character, or to attain, as they
+vainly hoped, fortune, whilst others were actuated by genuine motives,
+there were many who mingled in the mazes of the intricate politics of
+that day from vanity, and the love of being at the head of faction: such
+was Forster; and his career was unsatisfactory and inglorious as his
+character was weak.
+
+A warrant for Mr. Forster's apprehension having been sent forth, he was,
+like Lord Derwentwater, obliged to fly from place to place, until he
+arrived at the house of Mr. Fenwick, at Bywell. Lord Derwentwater,
+meantime, had been secreted under the roof of a man named Lambert, in a
+cottage, where he had remained in safety. His horses had been seized by
+one of the neighbouring magistrates, and had been detained in custody
+for several weeks, pursuant to an order in council; yet, when he had
+need of them they were returned. "I afterwards asked that lord," Mr.
+Patten relates, "how he came so quietly by his horses from the justice's
+possession, whom the believing neighbourhood esteemed a most rigid Whig.
+I was answered thus, by that lord's repeating a saying of Oliver
+Cromwell's, 'that he could gain his ends with an ass-load of gold,' and
+left me to make the application."[188]
+
+Mr. Fenwick, of Bywell, was a secret, though not an avowed Jacobite; and
+it was soon agreed that at his house should be collected all those who
+were favourable to the cause. A meeting of the party was accordingly
+held: it was decided that finding there was now no longer any safety in
+shifting from place to place, and that since, in a few days they might
+all be hurried up to London, and secured in prisons, where they might be
+separately examined, and induced to betray each other;--it was now time
+to appear boldly in arms, and to show the loyalty of the confederates to
+King James.
+
+In pursuance of this resolution, the place and hour of meeting were
+appointed the very next morning; the sixth of October was named, and all
+were to assemble at Greenrig. Here those who rode from Bywell were met
+by Mr. Forster, with a party of twenty gentlemen. The meeting might have
+recalled the days of the Cavaliers: the winding of the river Tyne in the
+valley; the rural village of Bywell; on the rising ground to the right a
+ruin, once the fortress of the vale, and held in former times by the
+Baliols, presented a scene of tranquil beauty, which some who met that
+day were destined never to look upon again.
+
+The low situation of Greenrig was deemed inconvenient for the purpose of
+the insurgents, and the party ascended a hill called the Waterfalls,
+from which they could see the distant country. This spot is thus
+described: "As you look upon Bywell from the most pleasing point of
+view, the landskip lies in the following order:--from the road near the
+front of the river, the ruined piers of a bridge become the front
+objects; behind which, in a regular cascade, the whole river falls over
+a wear, extended from bank to bank, in height above eight feet
+perpendicular; a mill on the right hand, a salmon lock on the left: the
+tower and the two churches stretch along the banks of the upper basin of
+the river, with a fine curvature; the solemn ruins of the ancient castle
+of the Baliols lift their towers above the trees on the right, and make
+an agreeable contrast with the adjoining mansion-house. The whole
+background appears covered with wood."[189]
+
+On this height Mr. Forster and his party paused; but they had not been
+long there before they saw the Earl of Derwentwater, who came that
+morning from Dilstone, advancing. He was attended by several friends and
+by all his servants, some mounted on his coach-horses, and all well
+armed. As they marched through Corbridge, this gallant troop drew their
+swords. They were reinforced by several other gentlemen at the house of
+Mr. Errington, where they stopped; and they then advanced to the spot
+where their friends awaited their approach. They now mustered sixty
+horse, mostly composed of gentlemen and their attendants. After a short
+council it was decided that they should proceed towards the river
+Coquet, to Plainfield: here they were joined by several stragglers: they
+marched that evening to Rothbury a small market-town, where they
+remained all night, and continued their march on the following morning,
+the seventh of October, to Warkworth Castle.
+
+In thus assembling his friends and his tenantry, Lord Derwentwater was
+not blameless of undue influence and oppression. The instances, indeed,
+of threats and absolute compulsion being used to augment the forces of
+the Jacobites, and to draw unwilling dependants into participation, are
+very numerous; they may be collected from various petitions, borne out
+by evidence, among the State Papers for 1715 and 1716. It is true that
+such excuses were certain to be alleged by many persons unjustly; but,
+where the charges were substantiated, we must with pain confess that the
+virtues of the Earl of Derwentwater, as well as those of other
+Jacobites, are sullied by a violent exercise of power over their
+tenantry. One man, named George Gibson, afterwards, in memorialising
+Lord Townshend from Newgate, affirms that upon his refusal to carry a
+message from Lord Derwentwater to Mr. Forster, two days before the
+insurrection, and returning to his own house instead, he was one night
+dragged out of bed by seven or eight men, and hurried off to serve in
+the said insurrection without a single servant of his own attending him.
+It was proved also, by King's evidence, that the unfortunate man did all
+in his power to escape from Kelso, and really made the attempt; but it
+was defeated, for he was ever an object of suspicion to the Earl of
+Derwentwater and Mr. Forster, whose watchfulness kept him among the
+rebel troops.[190] Party may do much to blunt the feelings; yet there
+was too much of what was good in the character of Lord Derwentwater for
+him, in the solitude of his own prison, not to remember in after days
+the heavy responsibilities which even by one act of this nature he had
+incurred, in compelling a man to act against his will and conscience.
+
+Warkworth was probably chosen as a resting-place for the insurgents, on
+account of its strength. Situated only three-quarters of a mile from the
+sea, on the river Coquet, over which is thrown a bridge, guarded by a
+lofty tower, the Castle of Warkworth, which guards the town, commands a
+view both varied with objects of interest and importance.
+
+From a lofty turret of the castle a great extent of land and ocean is to
+be seen. The great Tower of the Percys, from which this turret rises, is
+decorated with the lion of Brabant, and is seated on the brink of a
+cliff above the town. From this lofty structure the eye, stretching
+along the coast, may discern the castles of Dunstanbrough and
+Bamborough: the Fern Islands, dotted upon the face of the waters, the
+Port of Alemouth, and, at a little distance, the mouth of the river
+Coquet, with its island and ruined monastery. To the north, a richly
+cultivated country extends as far as Alnwick; to the south lies a plain,
+interspersed with villages and woods; the shore, to which it inclines,
+is indented with many ports and creeks; the smoke rising from many
+scattered hamlets, and the spires of churches enliven the smiling
+prospect.
+
+In this secure station the rebels remained for two days; and here Mr.
+Forster assumed the rank of General of the Forces in the North, a title
+which had been bestowed on him by the Earl of Mar. On the day after his
+arrival at Warkworth, Mr. Forster sent Mr. Buxton, who was chaplain to
+the troops to desire Mr. Ton, the parish clergyman, to pray for the
+Chevalier as King; and, in the Litany, for Mary, the Queen Mother, and
+to omit the petition for King George, the Prince and Princess of Wales,
+&c. Mr. Ton declining to make this alteration, Mr. Buxton took
+possession of the reading-desk, and performed the service, whilst the
+deposed clergyman took flight, and, hastening to Newcastle, gave notice
+there of what had occurred. This was the first place where the Chevalier
+was prayed for in England; and Mr. Buxton's sermon, observes our
+historian, "gave mighty encouragement to his hearers, being full of
+exhortations, flourishing arguments, and cunning insinuations to be
+hearty in the cause." These incentives were aided by a "comely
+personage," and considerable eloquence and erudition.
+
+On the following day, after proclaiming James King of England with all
+due formality and with the sound of trumpet, Mr. Forster attending the
+ceremony in disguise, the troops marched to Morpeth, their numbers
+increasing as they went. At Felton Bridge, they were joined by seventy
+horse, composed of gentlemen from the borders; and by the time they
+reached Morpeth, their number had augmented to three hundred: these were
+all horse-soldiers: Mr. Forster refused the foot as auxiliaries,
+otherwise the increase would have been considerable. The reason assigned
+for this rejection was the impossibility of supplying the men with arms;
+but the fairest assurances were given to the friends of the cause that
+arms and ammunition would soon be procured, and regiments listed
+forthwith.
+
+The spirits of the Jacobite army were now high; their hopes were raised
+by the daily increase of their party. Newcastle was their next object,
+and thither they prepared to march, having first proclaimed the
+Chevalier,--Mr. Buxton taking upon himself the office of herald.
+Newcastle was, however, on her defence: the city gates were closed
+against the troops, and they turned towards Hexham, and thence marched
+to a moor near Dilstone Castle, and here they halted for some days. This
+was a feint, as they intended, it is thought, to have surprised the town
+of Newcastle. But the news they received from that place were far from
+encouraging. The gentry in the neighbourhood had rallied for its
+defence; and Lord Scarborough, the lord-lieutenant of the county, had
+entered the town with a body of men. Still there was a powerful High
+Church party, who, as the Jacobites hoped, would declare for the
+Chevalier. It was from Newcastle that Lord Derwentwater had been
+apprised, in the first instance, that there were messengers sent to
+apprehend him. The insurgents therefore, continued near Hexham, where
+they seized on all the horses and arms they could, read prayers in the
+churches for King James, and proclaimed him in the market-place.
+
+The Earl of Derwentwater had appointed his brother to the command of his
+troop, whilst Captain Shaftoe was under Mr. Radcliffe. This, in some
+respects, was an unfortunate step: the young and brave commander had
+never even seen an army before: he was inexperienced, and ignorant of
+all military discipline: what he wanted in knowledge, he is said,
+however, to have made up for by the influence he acquired over his men,
+and by the power he had of inciting them to great exploits.[191]
+
+Whilst the rebel forces lay at Hexham, they received the intelligence
+that Lord Kenmure, the Earls of Nithisdale, of Carnwath, and Wintoun,
+had risen in Nithisdale, and had marched thence to England to join the
+troops in Northumberland, and had even advanced as far as Rothbury. On
+the nineteenth of October, Mr. Forster joined the Scottish army at
+Rothbury, and afterwards marched with an increasing force to Kelso. Here
+prayers were read in the great kirk by Mr. Buxton; "and I," relates Mr.
+Patten, "preached on these words, Deut. xxi. 17,--the latter part of the
+verse: 'The right of the first-born is his.'" The service of the Church
+of England was then read for the first time on that side of the
+Tweed.[192]
+
+William Gordon, Viscount Kenmure, had the command of the Jacobite army
+until they had crossed the Tweed. Like the Earl of Derwentwater, this
+unfortunate nobleman is declared to have shewn reluctance to take up
+arms. On having been solicited by the Earl of Mar to command the forces,
+and assured that he would join him, he at first refused the offer, but
+had finally acceded, and had set up the standard of the Chevalier at
+Moffat, in Annandale. The standard was made, for this occasion, by Lady
+Kenmure, the sister of Robert, sixth Earl of Carnwath. It was very
+handsome; one side being blue, with the arms of Scotland wrought in
+gold; on the other side a thistle,--the words so often uttered during
+the Rebellion, and re-echoed in many a Scottish heart, "No Union," were
+wrought underneath the thistle. Above it were the words NEMO ME IMPUNE
+LACESSIT; white pendants were attached to the standard, on which were
+inscribed--"For our Wronged King and Oppressed Country!" "For our Lives
+and Liberties!"
+
+But the nobleman who had taken this prominent part in the Rebellion of
+1715, although possessed of extraordinary knowledge in politics and
+civil affairs, was an utter stranger to all military business. His mild
+temper and his unoffending character inspired compassion for his
+subsequent fate, but unfitted him for the office of command: his
+gentler qualities were united, nevertheless, to a resolute and lofty
+mind. The fate of this nobleman, like that of his most distinguished
+friends, was a brief tragedy.
+
+Lord Kenmure had a troop of gentlemen with him, the command of which he
+gave to the Hon. Bazil Hamilton of Beldoun, and a nephew of the Duke of
+Hamilton.
+
+Among other characters who were conspicuous on this occasion, was the
+celebrated Brigadier Mackintosh. The sixth regiment, named after the
+Brigadier as chief of the clan, was commanded by a kinsman. The
+Brigadier had served in Germany, and had there gained his military rank.
+Descended from the ancient house of Fife, the chieftain had increased
+his influence by marrying, while a minor, the heiress of Clanchattan, in
+right of whom he became chieftain of that clan, comprising many others.
+His motto, "Touch not the cat without a glove," and the coat-of-arms
+supported by two wild cats, with a cat for the crest, were not
+inappropriate. No suspicion had been entertained of Mackintosh's
+adherence to the Chevalier, with whom he became acquainted abroad, until
+he actually joined the party.
+
+The Earl of Carnwath, Lord Nairn, Lord Charles Murray, and the Earl of
+Wintoun, commanded the other Scottish regiments, which were generally
+better armed than those of the English. The Earl of Derwentwater, and
+the Lords Widdrington had the two principal English regiments, of which
+there were four.[193]
+
+On the twenty-fifth of October, the united army of Scots and English
+left Kelso, and marched to Jedburgh. On their march, some of the Scots,
+taking umbrage, left the army under the guidance of the Earl of Wintoun;
+and although that nobleman afterwards returned with his troop, above
+four hundred Highlanders deserted, and returned to their country.
+
+During the progress of the insurgent forces, there is little reason to
+conclude that Lord Derwentwater took a very active or important part in
+the various consultations which were held, always with great disunion,
+and with a melancholy want of judgment, between the General, Mr.
+Forster, and his military council. The amiable nobleman appears to have
+assigned to his less discreet brother the entire guidance of his troop.
+"His temper and disposition," as he expresses it in his defence,
+"disposed him to peace. He was totally inexperienced in martial affairs;
+that he entered upon the undertaking without any previous concert with
+its chief promoters,--without any preparation of men, horses, and arms,
+or other warlike accoutrements," was at once an instance of his
+imprudence and a mitigation of his error.[194] There was, indeed, no
+doubt but that Lord Derwentwater might have brought many hundreds of his
+followers to the field, even from one portion of his estate only; for he
+possessed the extensive lead mines on Alstone Moor, where a large body
+of men were daily employed, and received from him their sole means of
+support.[195]
+
+But whether or not this unfortunate nobleman failed in energy or in
+zeal; whether he entered with his whole heart into the cause of James
+Stuart; or whether, with the conscientious scruples of a gentle nature,
+he shrank from involving in the risk of this insurrection the majority
+of his humble dependants, he acted throughout the whole of this brief
+campaign with the consideration for others so characteristic of his
+mind. He truly affirmed on his trial, that no one could charge him with
+any cruel, severe, or harsh action during his continuance in arms: and
+his conduct in the last extremity corresponded to his previous
+forbearance. Such dispositions appear to have been cherished, indeed, by
+the rest of the Jacobite party. The merciful temper of the Chevalier,
+and his known aversion to destructive measures, may have had its
+influence over those who asserted his claims. There was something like
+the spirit of the cavalier of the Great Rebellion in Mr. Forster's reply
+to some of his officers, who wished to put down or burn a Presbyterian
+meetinghouse at Penrith: "It is by clemency, and not by cruelty, that we
+are to prevail."[196]
+
+After the insurgent troops had marched from place to place for some
+time, it was decided that the English regiments should recross the
+border; and after many disputes and much loss of time, they resolved on
+a march into Lancashire, a country abounding at that time in Roman
+Catholic gentry, and strongly Jacobite.[197] This decision, like most of
+the other military movements of the unfortunate Jacobites, was the work
+of a strong party in the camp, and was founded upon the alleged
+authority of private letters, which gave the assurance of a general
+insurrection taking place on the appearance of the insurgent force. The
+unlucky change of plans superseded a meditated attack upon the town of
+Dumfries. "Nothing," observes Mr. Patten, "could be a greater token of a
+complete infatuation,--that Heaven confounded all their devices, and
+that their destruction was to be of their own working, than their
+omitting such an opportunity." After a rapid march from Langholm in the
+west of Scotland, across the borders, and through Penrith, Appleby, and
+Kendal, to Kirby Lonsdale, the combined force entered the county of
+Lancaster; and having entered Lancaster without opposition, they
+resolved to proceed to Preston. It is now that the last disastrous
+events of Lord Derwentwater's brief career brought to light his
+excellent qualities, his pure and amiable motives of action. It is not
+possible to read the account of the battle of Preston, in which he was
+engaged, without a deep regret for the personal misfortunes of one so
+young, so well intentioned, and so esteemed, as this ill-fated nobleman.
+
+The forces of the Jacobites amounted, after being joined by a party of
+volunteers under the Lords Rothes and Torpichen, and since their
+separation from the Highlanders, to about two thousand men. The foot was
+commanded by Brigadier Mackintosh; and six hundred Northumbrian and
+Dumfriesshire horsemen, by Lord Kenmure and Mr. Forster.[198]
+
+On the ninth instant the march to Preston was commenced; the cavalry
+troops reached that town on the same evening; but the day proving rainy,
+and the roads heavy, the foot regiments were left at a small market-town
+called Garstang, half-way between Manchester and Preston. Two troops of
+Stanhope's dragoons, formerly quartered at Preston, having retired as
+the rebels approached, the spirits of the Jacobite officers and the
+ardour of their men were greatly encouraged. On the following day,
+Thursday the tenth of November, the Chevalier was proclaimed at Preston,
+and here the rebels were joined by many country gentlemen, their tenants
+and servants: this was the first accession to the party since their
+entrance into Lancashire. The new allies were chiefly Roman Catholics, a
+circumstance which aroused the instinctive dread of the Scottish
+volunteers to persons of that persuasion. The High Church party hung
+back from joining the cause. The Roman Catholics began, according to
+the historian of the Rebellion of 1715, "to show their blind side,"
+being never right hearty for their cause until they are "mellow," as
+they call it "over a bottle or two."[199]
+
+The town of Preston seated on the river Ribble, was a place from which
+an enemy might, in the year 1715, have been easily repulsed. About a
+mile and a half from the town, a bridge over the river offered an
+admirable stand for a besieged garrison; it might have been so easily
+barricadoed, that it would have been impracticable to pass that way if
+the commonest precautions had been adopted. The river in this part was
+not fordable for a considerable distance on either side of the bridge,
+and it could have been easily rendered impassable. From the Ribble
+bridge to the town, the road ran between two steep banks; and this way,
+or lane, was then so narrow, that in several places two men could not
+ride abreast. It was here that Oliver Cromwell had met with a famous
+resistance from the King's forces in 1648, large mill-stones having been
+rolled down upon him from the rising grounds, so that the republican
+general was in considerable danger, and he only escaped with life by
+making his horse plunge into a quicksand.
+
+This lane formed a curious natural outwork; and might easily have been
+barricadoed, but the deficiencies of Mr. Forster's generalship were
+fatal to so simple and obvious a plan of defence. He confined his
+exertions to the town, barricadoed the streets, and posted men in the
+bye-lanes and houses. The Jacobite troops formed four main barriers: one
+in the churchyard, commanded by Brigadier Mackintosh. This barrier was
+to be supported by four noblemen, who, at the head of the volunteer
+horse, (as in many instances in the army of Charles the First,) composed
+of gentlemen solely, was planted in the churchyard of Old St. Wilfred,
+as the parish-church of Preston was then called: their leaders were the
+Earl of Derwentwater, Lord Kenmure, the Earl of Nithisdale, and the Earl
+of Wintoun,--a truehearted band as ever braved the terrors of an
+encounter with their countrymen. At a little distance from the
+churchyard and at the extremity of a lane leading into the fields, Lord
+Charles Murray defended another post. The third was at a windmill, and
+that Colonel Mackintosh was appointed to command. The fourth was in the
+town.
+
+Lord Derwentwater and his brothers were the objects, even before the
+action began, of universal approbation. Whatever may have been the real
+or supposed reluctance of the former to engage in the cause, it vanished
+as he came into action. There he stood, having stripped off his clothes
+to his waistcoat, encouraging the men, giving them money to induce them
+to cast up the trenches, and animating them to a vigorous defence. His
+brother addressed the soldiers also, and displayed all the ardour of his
+fearless spirit. "No man of distinction," wrote a Scottish prisoner in
+the Marshalsea to his friend in the North, "behaved himself better than
+the Earl of Derwentwater. He kept himself most with the Scots,
+abundantly exposing himself."[200] But all this was in vain, if we dare
+to call any manifestations of heroic devotion in vain.
+
+With singular incapacity, Mr. Forster had failed in procuring the
+necessary intelligence of the movements of the enemy. He had been
+assured by the Lancashire gentlemen, that General Wills, who headed the
+King's forces, could not come within forty miles of Preston without
+their knowledge. On Saturday, the twelfth of November, after he had
+ordered the forces to march toward Manchester, the intelligence reached
+him that General Wills had advanced as far as Wigan to attack the
+rebels. Even at this crisis affairs might have been retrieved: a body of
+the Jacobites was, indeed, sent forward to defend the Ribble bridge,
+whilst Mr. Forster went on with a party of horse to reconnoitre. He soon
+saw the enemy's dragoons; but instead of disputing the bridge, or
+allowing Colonel Farquharson, belonging to Mackintosh's battalion, to
+keep the pass, he ordered a retreat to the town. Then all was confusion,
+slaughter, disgrace. General Wills advanced; he remembered the disaster
+of Oliver Cromwell; he looked carefully around him, and caused the
+hedges and fields to be viewed; but no enemy appeared to dispute his
+progress. The dragoons advanced towards the town; at first, their
+General conjectured that it must have been abandoned. When he
+discovered his mistake, he ordered his troops to pass through a gate
+which leads into the fields at the back of the town, and immediately
+disposed his forces so as to prevent either a sally or a retreat.
+
+The insurgents, meantime, were prepared to receive him. The ancient
+church of St. Wilfred, which has since 1814 been replaced by a modern
+structure, and endowed with another name, that of St. John, must have
+been shaken to its foundations with the explosion of the cannon, as it
+was discharged beneath its ancient walls. The besieged formed four main
+barriers; one a little below the church, commanded by Brigadier
+Mackintosh: the Earl of Derwentwater and his gallant volunteers were
+commanded to support that barrier in particular, and here the first
+attack was made; but it met with so fierce a reception, and such a fire
+upon the assailants, that the dragoons were obliged to retreat to the
+entrance of the town. Of this repulse Lord Derwentwater and his youthful
+brother gained the chief credit. The scene that followed is a detail of
+fruitless gallantry, and of an agonised but ill-concerted resistance.
+The fatality which attended the Stuart cause, and which rendered the
+bloodshed of its gallant champions unavailing to promote it, was here
+conspicuous. That fatality was doubtless resolvable into a want of
+common sense, in entrusting the command of the forces into incompetent
+hands. All night, indeed, the Jacobite forces met their opponents with
+a determined resistance, that made up, in some measure, for inequality
+of numbers: the besieged were in many instances sheltered from the
+enemy's shot, and they had also the advantage on their side of cannon,
+with which General Wills was not supplied. In the course of that night
+of horrors, whilst the brave were carried away, mangled or dying, Lord
+Charles Murray, who was attacked late in the evening, wanted a
+reinforcement of men. He sent Mr. Patten to the Earl of Derwentwater to
+ask for aid; it was granted; Mr. Patten passing in safety on account of
+his black coat, upon which neither party would fire, conducted a troop
+of fifty volunteers to Lord Charles, who maintained his post, and
+obliged the enemy to retire with loss. Had it not been for another of
+Mr. Forster's fatal blunders, the insurgents would still have remained
+in possession of the town of Preston, which has always, from its
+commanding situation, been deemed, in all the civil commotions of the
+kingdom, as a military post of great importance.
+
+All Saturday night, the platoons of the King's forces were incessantly
+playing upon the insurgents from two principal houses which the
+besiegers had taken, but few persons of importance were killed. Several
+houses were set on fire by both parties, but the wind was still,
+otherwise the inhabitants and the Jacobite troops must have perished in
+the flames. Towards morning the information arrived in the town through
+some of the King's soldiers who had been made prisoners, that General
+Carpenter, with three regiments of dragoons was marching towards
+Preston, and that he had arrived at Clithero. This intelligence spread
+great consternation among the Jacobites; and a capitulation began to be
+mentioned among them; yet it is probable they would still have held out,
+had not one of the avenues into Preston, by an inexcusable oversight of
+the Jacobite General, been left unguarded.
+
+It was discovered by some of the King's men that the street leading to
+Wigan had not been barricadoed. This weak point was thereupon attacked
+by Lord Forrester, at the head of that brave and old regiment, called
+Preston's regiment. The assailants marched into a straight passage
+behind the houses: then Lord Forrester came into the open street, and
+faced Mackintosh's barrier; there were many shots fired at him, and he
+was wounded; yet he went back, and lead his men fearlessly into the
+street, where many of that regiment fell a sacrifice to this dauntless
+assault. It prevailed; and from that time the fate of the heroes of the
+churchyard of Preston, of Derwentwater and his noble comrades was
+determined. But, during that appalling conflict, whilst the blood of the
+valiant was tinging the streets of Preston, where was the General, who
+should have shared the dangers with his officers? "I had almost forgot
+to tell you," writes the plain-spoken Scottish soldier above referred
+to, "that in the hottest time of our little action, which was about
+eleven on Saturday night, Lord Charles Murray's men falling short of
+ammunition, Robertson of Guy, and another gentleman, were sent to the
+General, Mr. Forster, for a recruit. When they got access, they found
+him lying in his naked bed, with a sack-posset, and some confections by
+him; which I humbly judge was not a very becoming posture at that time
+for a General. He took all along particular care of himself."[201]
+
+Towards morning Mr. Forster in conjunction with Lord Widdrington and
+Colonel Oxburgh, proposed a capitulation. It was considered, that by
+submission, terms of mercy might be procured by the insurgent troops.
+Those who thus argued had had no experience of the temper of those to
+whom they trusted, or they would have willingly died sword in hand
+rather than have confided in such slender hopes of clemency. The Earl of
+Derwentwater was among those who counselled the surrender. From his
+general character, the reasons which he assigned afterwards in his
+defence, for such advice, have ever been credited. When the fury of the
+action was over, the amiable nobleman perceived that it was his duty to
+coincide in a step by which the lives of his countrymen might be spared:
+he trusted to the mediation of Colonel Oxburgh, who offered to go to the
+King's forces, and to request a cessation of arms; and who also
+promised, by his personal influence, to obtain fair terms of
+capitulation. As a guarantee for the suspension of hostilities, Lord
+Derwentwater volunteered to become one of the hostages until the
+morning, should General Wills require it. It appears that his offer was
+accepted, and that while the Earl was in the camp of General Wills, he
+received assurances of King George's being a prince of known
+clemency,--a virtue which was said to form a distinguishing mark in his
+character.[202] But Mr. Radcliffe, young and ardent, opposed the
+capitulation with the vehemence natural to his character. During the
+whole of the action, he had been in the midst of the fire, and had
+displayed the utmost intrepidity; and now he declared, that "he would
+rather die with his sword in his hand, like a man of honour, than be
+dragged like a felon to the gallows, there to be hanged like a dog." He
+was, of course, obliged to submit to the majority.[203] The common
+soldiers joined in his declamations. "Never," writes the Scottish
+soldier, "was a handful of men more ready to fight than those at
+Preston." It was with difficulty that the gallant Highlanders could be
+restrained from sallying forth, with their claymores, at all hazards,
+upon the enemy. They chafed under the disappointment and humiliation of
+that day; but all was to little purpose. Perhaps no power of words could
+express the bitter feelings of that hour better than the homely phrases
+of an eye-witness of the scene.
+
+"On Sunday, to our surprise, about three in the afternoon," writes the
+Highlander from his prison, "we saw a drum of the enemy beating a
+chamade in the street. In an instant we were all called from our posts
+to the Market-place: the horsemen were ordered to mount. This made us
+believe the parley had been proposed by General Wills, and that we were
+to break out and attack them sword in hand,--at least, break through
+them at that end of the town; but we soon found it was proposed by Mr.
+Forster, and that there was a cessation till nine next morning, and a
+capitulation to be made. This was very choaking to us all, but there was
+no helping of it; for no sooner had we left our posts, than they made
+themselves master of them, and of our cannon."[204]
+
+Whilst the chamade was beating, Colonel Cotton, sent by General Wills,
+rode up the street, and alighted at the sign of the Mitre: the firing
+meantime had not ceased from several of the houses: the common soldiers
+were ignorant of the real state of the case, and believed that General
+Wills had sent to offer honourable terms, not knowing that the offer of
+a capitulation had proceeded from their own party.
+
+Still there were obstacles to the capitulation raised by the Scottish
+party, who were represented by Brigadier Mackintosh. "He could not," he
+replied, when urged for his consent, "answer for the Scotch, for they
+were people of desperate fortunes, and he had been a soldier himself,
+and knew what it was to be a prisoner at discretion." When this demur
+was stated to General Wills, "Go back to your people again," was his
+answer to those who stated it: "I will attack the town, and I will not
+spare a man of you." At the subsequent trial of the rebels General Wills
+was able, with truth, to deny the charge of having given his unhappy
+prisoners any hopes, to induce them to sign the capitulation. "All the
+terms he offered them," such was his assertion, "was, that he would save
+their lives from the soldiers till further orders, if they surrendered
+at discretion: (the meaning of which was, that by the rules of war it
+was in his power to cut them all to pieces, but he would give them their
+lives till further orders;) and if they did not comply, he would renew
+the attack, and not spare a man."[205]
+
+No sooner had the news of the capitulation been bruited about the
+streets, than it was received with a sorrow and indignation almost past
+description. Had the unlucky and pusillanimous Mr. Forster appeared at
+that moment, he "would certainly," as Mr. Patten relates, "have been cut
+to pieces." Even in his chamber, the General was attacked by his own
+Secretary, Mr. Murray, and a pistol which was aimed at him only averted
+by Mr. Patten's hand. The truth is, even Forster's fidelity has been
+doubted; and subsequently, the mild treatment which he received during
+his imprisonment, and his escape from prison, have been construed, with
+what justice it is difficult to say, into a confirmation of this charge.
+
+On the morning after the surrender, the rebels were all made prisoners
+and disarmed, soon after daybreak. That day, so fatal to the Jacobites
+of 1715, witnessed also the battle of Sherriff Muir under Lord Mar, and
+the retaking of the town of Inverness by Lovat. It must have aggravated
+the regrets of those who then laid down their arms, to see the
+townspeople of Preston plundered, in despite of every hope to the
+contrary, by the King's forces, as they dislodged the dejected Jacobites
+from their quarters. But these irregularities were soon checked.
+
+At last the sound of trumpets and the beating of drums were heard: the
+two Generals were entering the town in form. They rode into the
+Market-place, around which the Highlanders were drawn up with their
+arms. The lords and gentlemen among the rebels were first secured, and
+placed severally under guard in separate rooms at the inn. Then the poor
+Highlanders laid down their arms where they stood, and were marched off
+to the church, under a sufficient guard. Here the thrifty Scots amused
+themselves by making garments of the linings of the pews, which they
+ripped off from the seats.
+
+Seven noblemen, besides one thousand four hundred and ninety others,
+including gentlemen and officers, were taken at Preston.[206] Generally
+speaking, they were treated well by the military: "The dragoons were
+civil to us," writes the Highlander, "their officers choosing rather to
+want beds themselves than we should."[207] At Wigan the prisoners were
+allowed to commune together, under the inspection of sentinels; and a
+warm altercation occurred between Lord Widdrington and Brigadier
+Mackintosh, in the presence of Lord Derwentwater, who took little notice
+of the Brigadier, but turning to another gentleman, said: "You see what
+we have brought ourselves to by giving credit to our highborn Tories--to
+such men as Fenwick, Tate, Green, and Allgood. If you outlive
+misfortune, and return to live in the North, I desire you never to be
+seen in converse with such rogues in disguise, who promised to join us,
+and animated us to rise with them." The gentleman promised that he would
+observe his Lordship's counsels. "Ah!" said Lord Derwentwater, "I know
+you to be of an easy temper."[208]
+
+The prisoners were now carried on towards London by easy marches, Mr.
+Patten accompanying his patron, Mr. Forster. As they went, the undaunted
+Highlanders called out to the country people who came to gaze at them,
+"Where are all your high-church Tories? If they would not fight with us,
+let them come and rescue us." This indiscretion redoubled the vigilance
+of the watch put upon the rebels. From Daventry to London, Mr. Forster
+and Mr. Patten were greeted by the common people with encomiums upon a
+warming-pan, in allusion to the supposed birth of the Pretender. When
+the prisoners arrived at Barnet, messengers came to meet them, and to
+pinion their arms with cords,--"More for distinction," adds the
+subservient Mr. Patten, "than for any pain that attended." Yet the
+indignity must have been cruelly galling to the highborn and gallant men
+who were thus mercilessly paraded to their doom amid the cries of the
+populace.
+
+At Highgate a strong detachment of horse-soldiers and dragoons received
+the prisoners from Lumley's Horse, which had hitherto guarded them; and
+now they were separated into pairs, a foot-soldier holding the bridle of
+each horse; and in this manner the Jacobite peers, Lord Derwentwater
+among the rest, were conducted to London through "a hedge of a mob," as
+the Highland soldier declares, hired, as he hints, at Lord Pelham's
+charge, to muster that day. Cries of "Long live King George!" and "Down
+with the Pretender!" greeted the ear as they passed on to their several
+destinations. A Quaker, fixing his eyes on Mr. Patten, and seeing his
+black dress, remarked, "Friend, thou hast been the trumpeter of
+rebellion to those men,--thou must answer for them." The moralizer was
+touched by a grenadier with the butt end of his musket, so that the
+"spirit fell into the ditch." But the Quaker was not rebuffed. "Friend,"
+he said to the soldier, "thou art, I fear, no true friend to King
+George."
+
+Even at the last, Mr. Forster had hopes, it is said, of being released
+by a Tory mob. The Jacobite noblemen had been, indeed, all along misled,
+or ignorant of the real inclinations of the mass of the people. The
+dread of what they term "popery" is a deep and engrossing passion in
+the hearts of the lower and even of the middle classes, and it formed an
+effectual barrier against the restoration of the Stuarts. The cause of
+those unfortunate Princes was never, in this country, as it was in
+Scotland, the cause of the people. The personal attachment of the
+Highlanders to the ancient race of Stuart, and their devotion to their
+clan, superseded their religious scruples;[209] but that was not the
+case in the South.
+
+The Earl of Derwentwater and his brother were consigned to different
+prisons,--the former to the Tower, the latter to Newgate; a very strict
+guard was set upon the Earl, and no one was allowed to see him or speak
+to him.[210]
+
+On the seventh of January, 1716, the case of the seven rebel lords[211]
+was brought before the House of Commons; and Mr. Lechmere moved that
+they should not be left to the ordinary method of prosecutions, but
+should be proceeded against by way of impeachment.[212] In a long and,
+as far as the report enables a reader to judge, able speech, he referred
+to the declaration of the Pretender, given under his sign manual and
+privy seal at Commercy, on the twenty-fifth of October, 1715. "This
+paper," Mr. Lechmere observed, "which he held in his hand, was
+sufficient to fire the thoughts of every gentleman there; and the House
+could do no more than to resent this so far as to make themselves the
+prosecutors of those who avowed the cause of the Pretender, and set
+themselves at the head of armies, in the heart of his Majesty's
+dominions." In conclusion, "he impeached James, Earl of Derwentwater, of
+high treason, which impeachment he undertook to make good."
+
+Six other members then severally impeached the other six Jacobite lords;
+and an impeachment was carried up to the Bar of the House of Lords, with
+an assurance "that articles to make good the charge against the Earl of
+Derwentwater and the other noblemen would shortly be exhibited."
+
+A committee of the House of Commons, with Mr. Lechmere as their
+chairman, was therefore formed; and the articles were framed, and read
+before the Bar of the House of Lords. On the tenth of January the
+Jacobite lords were summoned to hear the articles of impeachment: a few
+days were allowed to them to prepare their replies. On the following
+Saturday, the Earl of Derwentwater was brought by the Gentleman Usher of
+the Black Rod before the Bar, where he knelt, until told by the Lord
+Chancellor to rise. He then delivered his answer.
+
+Those who, in perusing the annals of these times, look for strength of
+character in the state prisoners who were now brought before the
+tribunal of the House of Lords, or for consistency in those principles
+which had led them into the field, will be painfully disappointed. In
+two instances alone was there displayed an undaunted demeanour, and a
+resolute adherence to the cause which they had avowed; and these were
+shewn in the subsequent rebellion, by the brave and admirable Lord
+Balmerino, and by the unfortunate Charles Radcliffe.
+
+The Earl of Derwentwater expressed, in his reply, the "deepest concern
+and affliction to a charge of so high and heinous a nature as that
+brought against him." He acknowledged with sorrow that he had been in
+arms, and did march through and invade several parts of the kingdom; and
+that he was thereby guilty of the offence whereof he was charged in the
+articles. "But," he continued, "if any one offence of that kind was ever
+attended with circumstances which might move compassion, the said Earl
+hopes he may be entitled to it." He then referred to his peaceable
+disposition, and pleaded his youth and inexperience; the absence of all
+malice, of all concerted conspiracy; his having made no warlike
+preparations. He pleaded also, that he could not be justly reproached
+with any cruel or harsh conduct while he bore arms: he specified his
+advice to those with him to submit at Preston, and to trust to the
+King's mercy. He adduced his anxiety to save the lives of his Majesty's
+subjects by avoiding further bloodshed, and brought in proof a letter
+which he had written to those of his own party, conjuring them to
+capitulate. Under such circumstances, the Earl implored the mediation
+both of their Lordships and of the Commons for mercy on his behalf,
+"which will lay him," so he declared in conclusion, "under the highest
+obligations of duty and affection to his Majesty, and perpetual
+gratitude to both Houses."
+
+The answer not appearing to the Lords to be sufficiently "express and
+clear," the Earl was then asked by the Chancellor, whether he meant to
+plead guilty to the articles of the impeachment. The Earl replied that
+he did, and that he submitted to the King's mercy. His answer and plea
+were entered accordingly, and the Earl then withdrew.[213]
+
+On Thursday, February the ninth, the Lords came from their own House
+into the hall erected in Westminster Hall, to pass sentence upon James,
+Earl of Derwentwater, and upon the five other noblemen who had pleaded
+guilty with him; the Earl of Wintoun, who had pleaded not guilty, being
+reserved for trial.
+
+The Lord High Steward who presided on this occasion was William Earl
+Cowper, Lord Chancellor, who, for the time of trial, was called "your
+Grace," and had the privilege of walking uncovered, his train borne,
+except whilst the commission was read by the Clerk of the Crown.
+
+The usual proclamation rang through the Court, and the Sergeant-at-Arms,
+saying "Oyez! Oyez! Oyez!" enforced silence. Then another proclamation
+was made, commanding the Lieutenant of the Tower to bring forth his
+prisoners to the Bar, and accordingly the six rebel lords were brought
+to the Bar by the Deputy-Governor of the Tower, having the axe carried
+before them by the Gentleman Jailer, who stood with it on the left hand
+of the prisoners, with the edge turned from him. The prisoners after
+kneeling before the Bar, bowed to his Grace the High Steward, and also
+to the Peers, whose sad privilege it is to try those of the same rank in
+the scale of society as themselves, and often, from extensive
+intermarriages, connected by ties of blood. The articles of impeachment
+against James Earl of Derwentwater were read, and the prisoner's reply.
+
+He was then asked if he pleaded guilty to the high treason in the said
+articles of impeachment. His Lordship replied, "I do." He was ordered to
+withdraw; but was called before the Bar the same day to receive
+judgment. Upon being asked by the Lord High Steward "Why judgment should
+not be passed upon him according to law?" the Earl repeated a few
+circumstances mentioned in his answer to the articles. His voice was
+scarcely articulate as he proceeded to say, "But the terrors of your
+Lordship's just sentence, which at once deprive me of my life and
+estate, and complete the misfortunes of my wife and innocent children,
+are so heavy upon my mind, I am scarcely able to allege what may
+extenuate my offence, if any thing may do it." He then again besought of
+their Lordships the mediation in his behalf.
+
+After the Lords Widdrington, Kenmure, Nithisdale, and Carnwath had been
+severally addressed, and had replied to the Court, proclamation for
+silence was again made, and judgment was given. It was prefaced by a
+long and elaborate address; which, however elegant, however
+explanatory, however just, it may be considered, was strongly tinctured
+by the adulatory spirit of the day, and was calculated to wound and to
+harden the offending prisoners, rather than to unfold with dignity the
+reasons for condemnation. In conclusion, since nothing could, in the
+narrowing view of party, be too dictatorial for the unfortunate
+Jacobites, they were exhorted not to rely any longer on the usual
+directors of their consciences, but to be assisted by some of the pious
+and learned divines of the Church of England. This was addressed to men
+who were, with two exceptions, of the Church of Rome, and whose chief
+reliance must naturally be upon those of their own persuasion.
+
+The terrible sentence of the law was then recorded. It was that usually
+given against the meanest offenders in like kind, the most ignominious
+and painful parts being remitted by the grace of the Crown to persons of
+quality. Judgment was, however, pronounced, according to the usual form
+for high treason.[214]
+
+The prisoners were then reconducted to the Tower; the Lord High Steward,
+standing up uncovered, broke the staff of office, and declared the
+present commission to be ended. The Peers returned to the House of
+Lords.
+
+Little is known of the dreary and solemn hours which intervened between
+the judgment and the execution of the sentence. But one brief
+expression, in an old newspaper, relative to the young and unhappy Earl
+of Derwentwater, speaks volumes: "The Earl of Derwentwater is so
+desponding, that two warders are obliged to sit up with him during the
+night."[215] He was visited in his prison by Thomas Townshend, Viscount
+Sydney, then Under Secretary of State for George the First;[216] one of
+the most amiable men, as well as refined and elegant scholars of the
+day, and a nobleman whose sensibility and delicacy of feeling, which
+prevented his taking a share in the more active parts of public
+business, must have caused an interview with the Earl of Derwentwater to
+have been deeply touching. The Duke of Roxburgh also visited the
+condemned nobleman; but no record is left of these communications. The
+Duke was at that time Keeper of the Privy Seal for Scotland, and
+Lord-Lieutenant of the counties of Roxburgh and Selkirk. He had recently
+distinguished himself at Sherriff Muir: he was at this time a young man
+of twenty-five years of age, and one whom all parties have commended.
+"Learned, without pedantry, he was, perhaps," says Lockhart of Carnwath,
+"the best accomplished young man of Europe." To these acquirements were
+added a singular charm of manner.[217] One can hardly suppose the visits
+of two such men not to have had their source from some motive of
+kindness.
+
+To the credit of the House of Lords, an address was voted to the King,
+petitioning that his Majesty would reprieve such of the rebel lords as
+deserved his mercy. The royal answer was couched in these terms: that
+"the King on this, and all occasions, would do what he thought
+consistent with the dignity of the Crown and the safety of his
+people."[218] It was unfortunate that, both at this time and in the
+Rebellion of 1745, there was no Queen Consort. A woman's heart would,
+one may trust, have pleaded for the young, gallant, and beloved
+Derwentwater. The English Court was, at that time, insulted by the
+audacious intrigues of foreign mistresses. These women had no interest
+in the King's real fame, nor in the national credit. Such was the case
+in the first Rebellion.[219] In 1745 Queen Caroline, the wife of George
+the Second, was dead.
+
+Accompanied by two courageous ladies, the young Countess of Derwentwater
+threw herself at the feet of the King, and implored mercy on her
+husband.[220] In the House of Commons, the First Lord of the Treasury
+declared, that he had been offered a bribe of sixty thousand pounds to
+save Lord Derwentwater. Sir Richard Steele spoke loudly in favour of the
+condemned lords, but the declaration of Walpole suppressed all hopes of
+mercy. "He was moved with indignation," he said, "to see that there
+should be such unworthy members of this great body as to open their
+mouths, without blushing, in favour of rebels and parricides." He
+adjourned the House until the first of March, it being understood that
+the peers would be executed in the mean time. It is some consolation to
+reflect that the Minister had, on this occasion, only a majority of
+seven.
+
+At this juncture, when all hope seemed lost, Mary, Dowager Countess of
+Derwentwater, proffered the following petition in behalf of her sons.
+One can hardly suppose how it could have been disregarded; but the
+Monarch had few sympathies with his people of England.
+
+    "The humble Petition of Mary Countess of Derwentwater, 1716, to the
+    King's most excellent Majesty, sheweth,
+
+    "That the Earl of Derwentwater and Charles Radcliffe (your
+    petitioner's two and only sons) having been unfortunately engaged
+    and surprised into a horrid and open Rebellion against your most
+    sacred Majesty, have surrendered themselves at Preston, and
+    submitted to your Majesty's great clemency and mercy.
+
+    "Their crimes are so enormous, that your petitioner can scarce hope
+    for a pardon; yet the greatness of their offence doth not make your
+    petitioner lay aside all hopes of mercy, when your petitioner and
+    they, who are both very young, throw themselves, absolute and
+    entirely, at your Majesty's feet for it; and as they have a just
+    abhorrence and a sincere and true repentance for what is past, so
+    they will give undoubted security and proof of their most dutiful
+    behaviour to your Majesty's Government for the future.
+
+    "Wherefore your petitioner most humbly prays that your Majesty will,
+    out of your royal clemency and boundless mercy and compassion, spare
+    the lives of your petitioner's sons, and grant them your most
+    gracious pardon.
+
+    "And your petitioner shall ever, as in duty bound, &c."[221]
+
+The petition was unavailing, and the unfortunate young nobleman prepared
+to meet his doom.
+
+On the twenty-fourth of February, at ten o'clock, the Earl of
+Derwentwater, with Lord Kenmure, was carried in a hackney-coach from the
+Tower to the Transport Office in Tower Hill, where there was a room
+prepared for their reception, hung with black, and a passage or gallery
+railed in, which led to the place of execution. The scaffold was
+surrounded with the Guards. Lord Derwentwater suffered first. He was
+observed to turn very pale as he proceeded through the gallery and
+ascended the steps; but there was a modest composure observable in his
+demeanour. He held a book in his hand, from which he read prayers for
+some time; then, requesting leave of the Sheriffs to read a paper to the
+people, he went to the rails of the scaffold, and there delivered the
+following touching and beautiful address, which, how different soever
+may be the sentiments and opinions with which it is perused, can hardly
+fail to impress the reader as coming from a conscientious mind:--
+
+    "Being in a few minutes to appear before the Tribunal of God, where,
+    though most unworthy, I hope for mercy, which I have not found from
+    men now in power, I have endeavoured to make my peace with His
+    Divine Majesty, by most humbly begging pardon for all the sins of my
+    life; and I doubt not of a merciful forgiveness, through the merits
+    of the passion of my Saviour Jesus Christ; for which end I earnestly
+    desire the prayers of all good Christians.
+
+    "After this, I am to ask pardon of those whom I might have
+    scandalized by pleading guilty at my trial. Such as were permitted
+    to come to me, told me that, having been undeniably in arms,
+    pleading guilty was but the consequence of having submitted to
+    mercy, and many arguments were used to prove there was nothing of
+    moment in so doing,--among others, the universal practice of signing
+    leases, whereof the preambles ran in the name of the persons in
+    possession.
+
+    "But I am sensible that in this I have made bold with my loyalty,
+    having never owned any other but King James the Third for my lawful
+    King: him I had an inclination to serve from my infancy, and was
+    moved thereto by a natural love I had to his person, knowing him to
+    be capable of making his people happy; and though he had been born
+    of a different religion to mine, I should have done for him all
+    that lay in my power, as my ancestors have done for his
+    predecessors, being thereto bound by the laws of God and man.
+
+    "Wherefore, if in this affair I have acted rashly, it ought not to
+    affect the innocent; I intended to wrong nobody, but to serve my
+    King and my country, and that without self-interest,--hoping, by the
+    example I gave, to have induced others to their duty; and God, who
+    sees the secrets of my heart, knows I speak the truth. Some means
+    have been proposed to me for saving my life, which I looked upon as
+    inconsistent with honour and innocence, and therefore I rejected
+    them; for, with God's assistance, I shall prefer any death to the
+    doing a base unworthy action. I only wish now, that the laying down
+    my life might contribute to the service of my King and country, and
+    the re-establishment of the ancient and fundamental constitution of
+    these kingdoms; without which, no lasting peace or true happiness
+    can attend them. Then I should, indeed, part with my life even with
+    pleasure; as it is, I can only pray, that these blessings may be
+    bestowed upon my dear country; and since I can do no more, I beseech
+    God to accept of my life as a small sacrifice to it.
+
+    "I die a Roman Catholic: I am in perfect charity with all the world
+    (I thank God for it), even with those of the present Government, who
+    are most instrumental in my death. I freely forgive all such as
+    ungenerously reported false things of me; and hope to be forgiven
+    the trespasses of my youth by the Father of Mercies, into whose
+    hands I commend my soul.
+
+                                                     J. DERWENTWATER."
+
+    P.S. "If that Prince who now governs had given me my life, I should
+    have thought myself obliged never more to have taken up arms against
+    him."
+
+After delivering this address, the unfortunate nobleman thus spoke to
+the executioner: "You will find something for you in my pocket [this was
+two half-guineas], and I have given that gentleman [pointing to a person
+who held his hat and wig] somewhat more for you. Let me lie down once,
+to see how the block fits me." This he did. Then, kneeling down again,
+and uttering a short prayer with the executioner, he arose, and
+undressed himself for execution, the headsman assisting him. After
+which, the Earl desired the executioner to take notice, that "when he
+heard the words 'sweet Jesus!' then he should do his office so soon as
+he pleased." After which, his Lordship laid himself down on the block,
+and said, "I forgive my enemies, and hope that God will forgive me;" and
+then, turning his head up towards the executioner, he exclaimed, "After
+the third time I cry '_sweet Jesus!_' strike then, and do what is most
+convenient to you."
+
+A solemn and appalling scene then ensued. The voice of Lord Derwentwater
+was heard to exclaim, and the watchful ear of the executioner caught
+these words: "_Sweet Jesus_, receive my spirit; _sweet Jesus_, be
+merciful unto me; _sweet Jesus_"--he seemed to be going on, when the
+sentence was broken and the voice for ever hushed, the executioner
+severing his Lordship's head from his body, which he did at one stroke.
+Then the executioner took up the head, and at the several quarters of
+the scaffold elevated it with both his hands, crying with a loud voice,
+"Behold the head of a traitor! God save King George!" When he had done
+so, the friends of the Earl not being provided with hearse or coffin,
+Sir John Fryer, the Sheriff, ordered the body to be wrapped in black
+baize, to be conveyed to a hackney coach, and delivered to his friends,
+one of whom had wrapped up his head in a handkerchief.[222]
+
+On the day of the execution, Mary, Countess of Derwentwater, accompanied
+by another female, dressed herself as a fishwoman, and in a cart drove
+under Temple Bar, having previously bribed some people to throw the head
+of her lord into her lap, as she passed under the pinnacle on which it
+was placed.[223]
+
+Various accounts have been given of the interment of the Earl of
+Derwentwater. He is generally believed to have been buried in the church
+of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, near the altar. But a popular tradition has
+found credence, that he was buried at Dilstone. This has arisen from
+the Jacobite ditty, called "Derwentwater's Good Night," or has probably
+given origin to that lay, in which the Earl is made to say:--
+
+    "Albeit that here in London town
+      It is my fate to die,
+    O carry me to Northumberland,
+      In my father's grave to lie:
+    There chaunt my solemn requiem,
+      In Hexham's holy towers,
+    And let six maids of fair Tynedale,
+      Scatter my grave with flowers."[224]
+
+This is said to have been his last request, but to have been refused,
+for fear of any popular tumult in the North. Either a pretended burial
+in the church of St. Giles took place, or the Earl's body was removed,
+"for it was certainly," says Mr. Hogg, "carried secretly to Dilstone,
+where it was deposited by the side of the Earl's father, in his chapel."
+"A little porch before the farm-house of Whitesmocks," adds the same
+authority, "is pointed out as the exact spot where the Earl's remains
+rested, avoiding Durham." The coffin is said to have been opened during
+the present century, and the body of the Earl recognized, both by his
+appearance of youth, his features, and the suture round his neck. It is
+seldom satisfactory to state what has no other source than common
+report. In the North, the aurora borealis is still said to be called
+"Lord Derwentwater's lights," because, on the night of his execution, it
+appeared remarkably vivid. It is, any rate, pleasant to reflect, that
+one who "gave bread to thousands" is remembered by this beautiful
+appearance in the county which he loved, and where his virtues are
+remembered and his errors forgotten.
+
+His fate was hard. Let us not, contrary to nature, call up motives of
+state policy to vindicate the death of this brave and honourable man.
+The Earl of Derwentwater was one upon whom clemency might safely have
+been shown. Generous, liberal, sincere, a prince might have relied upon
+his assurance that, had mercy been shown to him, it would never have
+been repaid by treachery. His youth and inexperience,--his wife, his
+children,--should not have been forgotten: nor should it have been
+forgotten, that the principles of loyalty for which his life was
+forfeited, have dictated some of the most important services which have
+been rendered to the state, and have secured the existence of an
+hereditary government.
+
+Of what the Earl of Derwentwater might have become, in character, in
+intellect, his early fate has prevented our judging. In person he was
+noble and elegant; his portraits do not give the impression of that
+beauty of feature which has been ascribed to him. In character he was
+irreproachable. He was, in one sense, one of those noblemen of whom it
+were well for this country to have more: he lived among those from whom
+he drew his fortunes--their benefactor and their friend.
+
+The widowed Countess of Derwentwater died at Brussels in August,
+1723.[225] The descendants of the Earl are now extinct, a son and
+daughter who survived him having both died. His Lordship's brother
+married a Scottish peeress, and is the ancestor of the present Earl of
+Newburgh, the rightful representative of the Earl of Derwentwater.
+
+"The domains of the Derwentwater family in Cumberland are," says Lord
+Mahon, "among the very few forfeitures of the Jacobites which have never
+been restored by the clemency of the House of Hanover." In 1788, a clear
+rent of two thousand five hundred pounds was, however, granted out of
+these estates to the Newburgh family. "They were first," says the same
+authority, "settled on Greenwich Hospital, but have since been sold to
+Mr. Marshall, of Leeds."
+
+The deeds of the Derwentwater estates were preserved in the following
+manner: "On the night when Preston surrendered, Lord Derwentwater found
+means," as Mr. Hogg relates, "to send messengers to Capheaton, to
+prevent the family there from appearing in arms. By his orders, the
+family papers were removed to Capheaton, and they were laid between two
+walls and a chimney. A slater employed about the house discovered
+several chests with the Derwentwater arms engraved on the lids. Being a
+rigid Presbyterian, he informed old Sir Ambrose Middleton, of Belsay,
+who being Deputy-Lieutenant for the Duke of Somerset, searched Capheaton
+for arms, and under that pretence broke open the walls, and found the
+deeds, from the concealment of which Greenwich Hospital had been put to
+some difficulties."
+
+Such was the fate of the last memorial of the unfortunate Earl of
+Derwentwater. It is impossible to help regretting that a name once so
+honoured should have become extinct; and there appears to be an
+unaccountable injustice in that oblivion, whilst most of the Scottish
+forfeited titles have been restored.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[173] I write it Radcliffe, because the most careful historians and
+genealogists have given the preference to that mode of spelling the
+name.
+
+[174] The fact has been rather surmised than proved.
+
+[175] Hutchinson's View of Northumberland, vol. i. p. 171.
+
+[176] Lysons' Magna Britannia, vol. ii. p. 85.
+
+[177] Burke's Extinct Peerage, art. _Radcliffe_; also Wood's Peerage,
+309. It has been erroneously stated, that Francis Radclyffe himself, who
+married Mary Tudor, was first ennobled. It was his father, Sir Francis
+Radclyffe.
+
+[178] Life of Charles Radcliffe. "By a gentleman of the family, to
+prevent the public being imposed upon by any erroneous or partial
+accounts to the prejudice of this unfortunate gentleman." London, 1746.
+
+[179] Macpherson Papers, vol. ii.
+
+[180] Patten's Hist. Rebellion, p. 47.
+
+[181] In personal appearance the Earl is declared to have been
+distinguished for grace and comeliness. Neither the prints of this
+nobleman, nor an original picture in the possession of the Earl of
+Newburgh, at Hassop in Derbyshire, give the impression that the Earl was
+handsome. Yet he obtained the appellation of "handsome Derwentwater."
+
+[182] Kimber's Baronetage, vol. i. p. 517.
+
+[183] Encyclopædia Metropolitana.
+
+[184] Id. Annals of George I.
+
+[185] Patten, p. 3.
+
+[186] The following is a copy of the warrant, and affords a specimen,
+which may be novel to some readers, of the form in which such affairs
+are couched. The original is still preserved by the present Earl of
+Newburgh, the descendant of Charles Radcliffe. I am indebted to the
+courtesy of the Earl of Newburgh for permission to copy this document,
+and also for several particulars concerning the family of Radcliffe,
+which I have interwoven with this biography:--
+
+    "_James Stanhope, Esq., one of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy
+               Council, and Principal Secretary of State._
+
+    "These are in his Majesty's name, to authorise and require you,
+    taking a constable to your assistance, forthwith to make strict and
+    diligent search in such places as you shall have notice, for the
+    Right Honourable James, Earl of Derwentwater; and him having found,
+    you are to seize and apprehend for suspicion of Treason, and to
+    bring him, together with his papers, before me to be examined
+    concerning the Premisses, and to be further dealt with according to
+    law: for the due execution whereof, all Mayors, Sheriffs, Justices
+    of the Peace, Constables, and all his Majesty's officers, Civil and
+    Military, and loving subjects whom it may concern, are to be aiding
+    and assisting to you as there shall be occasion. And for so doing,
+    this shall be your warrant.
+
+    "Given at Whitehall the two-and-twentieth day of September, 1715.
+
+                                                     "JAMES STANHOPE."
+
+    "To Richard Shorman, John Hutching, and John
+        Turner, three of his Majesty's Messengers
+        in Ordinary."
+
+[187] His pension was raised for his services from fifty to eighty
+pounds per annum.--See Caledonian Mercury, 1722.
+
+[188] Patten, p. 19.
+
+[189] Hutchinson's History of Northumberland, vol. i. p. 131.
+
+[190] State Papers. Domestic, No. 4, 1716.
+
+[191] Life of Charles Radcliffe, p. 15.
+
+[192] Patten, p. 31.
+
+[193] Patten. Smollett.
+
+[194] Parliamentary History, 2 Geo. I. vol. vii. p. 269.
+
+[195] Patten, p. 47.
+
+[196] Id. p. 65.
+
+[197] An instance of this spirit is related by Lord Sunderland in the
+case of a Mr. Crisp, a Lancashire gentleman, who acted with such zeal
+for the Government during the Rebellion, that he was never able to live
+in his native country afterwards.--Lord Mahon's History of England since
+the Peace of Utrecht, vol. i. p. 253.
+
+[198] Lord Mahon, vol. i. p. 248.
+
+[199] Patten, p. 79.
+
+[200] Letter from a Scots Prisoner.--See Weekly Journal, or British
+Gazette, for 1716.
+
+[201] Weekly Journal, p. 354.
+
+[202] Parliamentary History, p. 269.
+
+[203] Life of Charles Radcliffe, p. 23.
+
+[204] Patten.
+
+[205] Patten, p. 96.
+
+[206] Patten, p. 103.
+
+[207] Weekly Journal.
+
+[208] Patten.
+
+[209] Patten.
+
+[210] Caledonian Mercury for 1716.
+
+[211] Earls of Derwentwater, Nithisdale, Carnwath, and Wintoun; Viscount
+Kenmure, and Lords Widdrington and Nairn.
+
+[212] State Trials, vol. xv. p. 762.
+
+[213] Parliamentary History, vol. vii. p. 269.
+
+[214] State Trials.
+
+[215] Caledonian Mercury for 1716.
+
+[216] Beatson's Political Index.
+
+[217] Douglas's Peerage of Scotland.
+
+[218] State Trials, vol. xv. p. 802.
+
+[219] Lord Mahon's History, vol. i. p. 291.
+
+[220] Id.
+
+[221] State Papers, 1716, No. 4; now, for the first time, printed.
+
+[222] Or rather, a piece of red cloth, which is still preserved at
+Hassop, the seat of the Earl of Newburgh, the marks of blood being still
+visible.
+
+[223] From a tradition current in the descendants of this family.
+
+[224] Hogg's Jacobite Relics, vol. i. p. 31.
+
+[225] See Caledonian Mercury, 1723.
+
+
+
+
+THE MASTER OF SINCLAIR.
+
+
+John Sinclair, called, in compliance with the custom of Scotland in
+regard to the eldest sons of Barons, the Master of Sinclair, was
+descended from the ancient family of Saint Clare, in France, on whom
+lands were bestowed by Alexander the Third of Scotland. In early times,
+the titles of Earls of Orkney and Caithness had been given to the first
+settlers of the Saint Clares; and the possession of the islands of
+Orkney and Shetland had been added to certain royal donations, by a
+marriage with an heiress of the sirname of Speire. One of the Sinclairs
+had even borne the dignity of Prince of Orkney; but this distinction was
+lost by an improvident member of the house of Sinclair, called William
+the Waster; and the prosperity of his descendants was due only to the
+favour of James the Sixth, who created Henry Sinclair, of Dysart in
+Fife, a Baron.
+
+The family continued in honour and estimation, until the subject of this
+memoir, John, brought upon it disgrace, and incurred to himself lasting
+self-reproach.
+
+The Master of Sinclair was the eldest son of Henry, seventh Lord
+Sinclair, and the representative, therefore, of an honourable family.
+But it was his fate to forfeit his birthright, not so much by his
+adherence to an ill-fated cause, as by the violence and brutality of his
+own temper and conduct.
+
+He was, at an early age, engaged in the military profession, and bore
+the commission of Captain-Lieutenant in Preston's regiment under the
+great Marlborough. At the battle of Wynendale, fought on the
+twenty-eighth of September, 1708, the events which stamped the future
+character of the Master of Sinclair's destiny occurred.
+
+Two brothers of the name of Schaw, Scotchmen, of an ancient race, and
+ancestors, collaterally, of the present family of Shaw-Stewart of
+Renfrew, had commissions also in Preston's regiment. These unfortunate
+young men were of the chief family of the Schaws, or Sauchie, who had
+flourished since the reign of Robert the Second.
+
+By that singular coincidence which sometimes occurs, and which seems to
+stamp certain races with misfortune, the Schaws had already been nearly
+exterminated in feudal times by the violence of a neighbouring clan, the
+Montgomeries of Skellmorlie; and had been preserved from total
+destruction by what seemed to human comprehension to be the merest
+chance. By one of the Montgomeries, the Tower of Greenock was invaded
+and taken, and the Laird of Schaw and four or five of his sons were put
+to death. One child, then in his cradle, alone escaped, and grew up to
+manhood, with the resolution to avenge his father and his brothers
+rankling at his heart. Accordingly, he collected his friends and
+dependants, and invested, during a period of repose and security, the
+house of his enemy. Montgomery, finding his castle attacked, stood forth
+on the battlements, and, after demanding a parley with the besieger,
+"Are you not," he cried out, "an ungrateful man to come hither with bow
+and brand to take the life of the man who made you young laird and auld
+laird in the same day?" Young Schaw, struck by the argument, drew off
+his forces, and left the castle of Skellmorlie standing, and its inmates
+uninjured.
+
+The family of Schaw were zealous Whigs, the father of the two young
+officers in Preston's regiment having raised a regiment at the time of
+the Revolution, without any other expense to the Government than that of
+sergeants and drummers.
+
+The eldest brother, Sir John Schaw, had been an active promoter of the
+Union; and, upon a threatened invasion of the French, and a consequent
+alarm of the Jacobites, Sir John had offered to join the army with five
+or six hundred of his followers. This decided political bias may,
+perhaps, in some measure, account for the disposition to affront on the
+side of Sinclair, and the quickness to resent on the other hand, which
+was shown between the parties.
+
+During the battle of Wynendale, in the midst of the fire, it appeared,
+in evidence afterwards taken, that Ensign Hugh Schaw, the first of the
+victims to the Master of Sinclair's wrath, was heard to call out to the
+Master "to stand upright;" it was afterwards publicly stated by Ensign
+Hugh Schaw, that he had done so upon seeing Sinclair bow himself down to
+the ground for a considerable time. This alleged act of cowardice on the
+part of Sinclair appears, however, not to have really taken place; but
+it was made the groundwork of a calumnious imputation. It must, however,
+be acknowledged, that there was nothing in the subsequent conduct of the
+Master of Sinclair, as far as the battle of Sherriff Muir was concerned,
+to raise his character as a man of personal bravery.
+
+Upon hearing of this injurious report, Sinclair sent a challenge to
+Ensign Schaw. It was dispatched through the medium of a brother officer,
+to whom the Ensign replied, at first, that he had just heard of his
+brother George's being wounded before Lisle, and that it was of far
+greater importance that he should go to him than accept the Master of
+Sinclair's challenge; besides, the young man added, that since his last
+misfortune, probably a fatal duel, he had pledged himself neither to
+receive nor to give a challenge. Should a rencontre happen, he would
+defend himself as he could; that, after all, he had said nothing but
+what he could prove. Upon these words being repeated to the Master of
+Sinclair, he fell into a violent passion, and swore that he would not
+give Schaw fair play; that his honour was concerned. The second whom he
+had employed then threatened to take the challenge to Colonel Preston;
+upon which the Master told him "he was a rascal if he did it."
+
+On the following day, the Master met Ensign Schaw, and taking a stick
+from underneath his coat, struck the Ensign two blows over the head with
+it. They both drew, and fought with such fury that the Master's sword
+was broken, and that of the Ensign bent; upon which Sinclair retired
+behind a sentinel, desiring him "to keep off the Ensign, as his sword
+was broken." Schaw then said, "You know I am more of a gentleman than to
+pursue you when your sword is broken." But the young soldier Schaw had
+at this time received a mortal wound, of which he died; but not until
+after the verdict of the court-martial ultimately held on Sinclair.
+
+In the course of three days a second fatal rencontre succeeded this
+deadly contest; and another brother, Captain Alexander Schaw, fell a
+victim to the vindictive and brutal notions at that period considered in
+the army to constitute a code of honour.
+
+Captain Schaw was naturally indignant at the death of his brother; he
+expressed his anger openly, and said, that the Master of Sinclair had
+"paper in his breast," against which his brother's sword was bent; and
+that he had received the fatal wound after his sword had thus become
+useless. The Master of Sinclair having heard of these assertions,
+resolved to avenge himself for these imputations cast upon him. On the
+thirteenth of September, as Captain Schaw was riding at the head of
+Major How's regiment, the sound of his own name, repeated twice,
+announced the approach of the hated Sinclair. Captain Schaw turned, and
+inquired of the Master what he wanted. Sinclair replied, by asking him
+to go to the front, as he wanted to speak to him; to which Captain Schaw
+rejoined, that he might speak to him there. "Yes," returned Sinclair,
+"but if I fire at you here, I may shoot some other body." Captain Schaw
+answered, that he might fire at him if he pleased, he bore him no
+ill-will. "If you will not go to the front," returned Sinclair, "beg my
+pardon." This was refused, some words of further aggravation ensued;
+then the Master of Sinclair drew his pistol and fired at Schaw. The
+Captain was also preparing to fire; his hand was in the act of drawing
+his pistol when it was for ever checked, whether employed for good or
+evil; the aim of Sinclair was certain, and Schaw fell dead from his
+horse. Sinclair, without waiting to inquire how far mortal might be the
+wound he had inflicted, rode away.
+
+Thus perished two young officers, described by their brother, Sir John
+Schaw, as "very gallant gentlemen." To complete the tragedy, a third,
+wounded at Lisle, was brought to the camp at Wynendale, and expired in
+the same room with his brother, Ensign Schaw, partly of his wounds,
+partly of grief for his brother's death; so that the offender, as the
+surviving brother remarked, "was not wholly innocent even of his blood:"
+yet both these rencontres, to adopt the mild term employed by Sir Walter
+Scott, were viewed in a very lenient manner by the officers of the
+court-martial which afterwards sat upon the case, and even by
+Marlborough himself. The Master of Sinclair speaks of them in his
+narrative in terms which imply that one, whose hands were so deeply dyed
+in crime, regarded himself as an injured man; there can scarcely be a
+better exemplification of the deceitfulness of the heart than such a
+representation.
+
+On the seventeenth of October, 1708, a court-martial upon the Master of
+Sinclair was held at Ronsales by the command of the Duke of Marlborough.
+Upon the first charge, that of challenging Ensign Hugh Schaw (in breach
+of the twenty-eighth article of war), Sinclair was acquitted, the court
+being of opinion that the challenge was not proved.
+
+Of the second accusation, that of killing Captain Alexander Schaw, the
+Master of Sinclair was found guilty, and sentenced to suffer death. He
+was, however, recommended to the mercy of the Duke of Marlborough, in
+consideration of the provocation which he had received,--the prisoner
+having declared that, not only on that occasion, but upon several, and
+in different regiments, Captain Schaw had defamed him; that he was
+forced to do what he did, and that he had done it with reluctance.
+
+The case was, however, afterwards referred to the Attorney General and
+the Solicitor General, who gave it their opinion that Sinclair was
+guilty of murder; for had the trial taken place in England before a
+common jury, the judge must have directed the jury to find him guilty of
+murder, no provocation whatever being sufficient to excuse malice, or to
+make the offence of killing less than murder, when it is committed with
+premeditation. How far the provocation was to be considered as a ground
+of mercy, these legal functionaries declined to judge.
+
+Upon the publication of this sentence, Sir John Schaw addressed a
+petition to Queen Anne, praying for justice on the murderer of his
+brothers, and appealing to his Sovereign against the extraordinary
+recommendation of the court to mercy. He also wrote urgent letters to
+the Earl of Stair and the Duke of Argyle, praying for their intercession
+with the Duke of Marlborough that the murderer of his brothers might be
+punished. He next wrote to the Duke of Marlborough himself. The
+following letters show the earnestness of the pleader, and prove the
+caution and subtlety of the General. Some deep political motive lay
+beneath the mercy shown to Sinclair, otherwise it seems impossible to
+account for the conduct of so great a disciplinarian as Marlborough in
+this affair.
+
+
+SIR JOHN SCHAW TO THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.
+
+    "May it pleas your Grace,
+
+    "Amongst the misfortunes that attend the murthers of my two
+    brothers, I thinck it's one to be constrain'd to appear importunate
+    with your Grace. The case, by the depositions of the witnesses,
+    being in the opinion of the learn'd lawyers of the most atrocius
+    nature, and not pardonable by the law of the country whereof we are
+    subjects, and such as indispensable requires my utmost applications
+    for redress, I cannot forbear the repeating of my submissive prayers
+    to your Grace for speedy justice. The blood of my brothers, the tyes
+    of nature, and the sentiments of friendship, would render the least
+    negligence on my part inexcusable with the world and with my own
+    conscience.
+
+    "I should deliver my petition personally, rather than venture to
+    give your Grace the trouble of letters, were I not sufficiently
+    assured of your Grace's justice, and at the same time willing to
+    gratifie my wellwisshers desires in staying here. Hoping your Grace
+    wil, with a condescending compassion to my present circumstances,
+    favourably admit the bearer, Capt. James Stuart, in Coll. M'Carty's
+    regiment, who is my faithfull friend and near relation, to deliver
+    this letter, and represent my case, that the whole matter may be
+    sett in a true light for a finall decision, in the meantime, I
+    remain, with a profound respect, my Lord, Your Grace's most humble,
+    etc."
+
+    "To the Duke of Marlborough, London, the 29th November, 1708."
+
+
+THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH TO SIR JOHN SCHAW.[226]
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Captain Stewart has delivered me your letter of the twenty-first of
+    November; I had before, from the Secretary at Warr, the opinion of
+    the Attorney and Sollicitor General upon the proceedings of the
+    court-martiall, with the copie of the petition you had presented to
+    the Queen, but no positive directions from hir Majesty, which I
+    should have been very glad to have received, being without it under
+    very great uneasiness, as Captain Steward will tell you; however,
+    you may be sure I shall have all the regard you can desire for your
+    just resentment against Mr. Sinclair, being truly, Sir,
+
+    "Your most humble servant,
+        (_Sic subscribitur_)
+            "MARLBOROUGH."
+
+    "Copie letter Duke of Marlborrough to Sir
+        John Schaw, dated at the Camp at
+        Melle, the 16th December, 1708."
+
+After this correspondence, the unhappy brother of the two young officers
+had every reason to conclude that the delinquent would very soon be
+brought to justice. He wrote to Mr. Cardonnel, secretary to the Duke of
+Marlborough, in grateful terms for the kind intercession employed for
+him. What was afterwards his astonishment to find that Sinclair was
+allowed to serve in the British army in the sieges of Lisle and Ghent,
+and eventually received in the Prussian service! The evident favour of
+the Duke is fully shown in the following passage from the Master of
+Sinclair's narrative:
+
+"I was obliged to quit [the army] for two misfortunes which happened in
+a very short time, one after the other, notwithstanding of the
+court-marshall's recommending me to the General, his Grace the Duke of
+Marlborough's mercy, which was always looked on as equal to a pardon,
+and which I can aver was never refused to any one but myself. Nor was
+his allowing me to serve at the sieges of Lisle and Ghent precedented on
+my giving my word of honour to return to arrest after these sieges were
+over, which I did and continued (prisoner) till his Grace the Duke of
+Marlborough sent his repeated orders to make my escape, which I
+disobeyed twice; but at last being encouraged by his promise to
+recommend me to any prince that I pleased, for these were his words, I
+went off, and procured his recommendation to the King of Prussia, from
+whose service, which I may say is of the strictest, I came back to serve
+in the Low Countries, where I continued until the end of the war, at
+which time her Majesty Queen Anne having, as it is said, turned Tory,
+vouchsafed me her pardon."
+
+These marks of indulgence to Sinclair fell heavily upon the heart of him
+who still mourned two promising brothers, sent to an untimely grave by
+brutal revenge. The following letter from Sir John Schaw is beautifully
+and touchingly expressed.[227] What effect it produced upon the great
+but not faultless man to whom it was addressed, can only be known by the
+impunity with which Sinclair, his hands being imbued in the blood of his
+countrymen, continued in the Prussian army, and afterwards returned to
+Scotland.
+
+    "It is with very great regrate that I give your Grace any further
+    trouble on account of the melancholy story of my two brothers, who
+    had the misfortune to be murthered in the space of three dayes by
+    Lieutenant Sinclair, then in the regiment of Prestoun, in the year
+    1708. Your Grace was at the paines to be informed of the whole case,
+    and the murtherer, being a man of quality, had many to intercede for
+    him; your justice did overcome all other considerations and indeed
+    nothing could be more worthie of the great character your Grace has,
+    and the glorious name you must leave to posterity, than the
+    punishment of so cruel and bloodie a fact; but the criminal escaped,
+    and the sentence of death pronounced by the court-martial, and
+    confirmed by your Grace, was not executed; and I, having done all I
+    could to bring the murtherer of my unfortunate brothers to condign
+    punishment, was satisfied to pursue him no further, tho' the
+    atrocity of the crime committed against the law of nations would
+    have affoarded me ground to have prosecuted him in any country where
+    he could have been found. But to my surprize and sorrow, I have of
+    late been informed that Lieutenant Sinclair has added to the
+    repeated murthers the impudence of returning, an officer in a
+    Prussian regiment, to the army, where he was condemn'd, as it were
+    to affront justice, and glory in what he has done. I am wel
+    persuaded, that if his guilt had been known to the King of Prussia
+    or his Generals, his Majesty would not have suffered so odious ane
+    offender to be entertained in his service. Nor can the Generals or
+    Ministers of Prussia have anything to plead, why a sentence
+    pronounced by a British court-martial against one of hir Majesty's
+    subjects, and confirmed by your excellency her Generall should not
+    now be executed. I am confident your Grace will not sufferr publick
+    justice to be insulted in that affair, and I doe in the most humble
+    and earnest manner begg that your Grace would cause apprehend the
+    murtherer, that justice may be done upon him for his barbarous and
+    bloodie crimes. I had about two years ago four brothers, of whom I
+    may without vanity say, they were very gallant gentlemen; two were
+    murthered by Lieutenant Sinclair; the third died in the roome with
+    one of these, partly of his wounds received before Lille, and
+    pairtly out of griefe for his brothers' misfortunes, so that the
+    offender is not innocent even of his blood; the fourth was killed at
+    the battle of Mons. The blood of these that were barbarously slain,
+    call for vengeance; the law of God and nature requires it. They had,
+    and I in their name have a claime, in a particular manner, to your
+    Grace's justice, they having been all four under your Grace's
+    command; forgive it to my natural affection, if I use arguments with
+    your Grace to do an act of justice when the whole world, and I in
+    particular, have such proofs of the greatness of your minde and
+    virtue, I shall only add my most sincere and humble acknowledgement
+    of your Grace's justice and dispatch in the melancholie affair, of
+    which I shall ever retain the most gratefull sense; and remain under
+    the strictest tyes of dutie, with the most profound respect, my
+    Lord, your Grace's most humble, most obedient, obliged, and faithful
+    servant," &c.
+
+With this letter, and some memorials of Sir John Schaw's public service,
+end all known appeals for justice on the murderer. But conscience
+avenged the crime. Many years afterwards, when living in opulence upon
+his patrimonial estate at Dysart in Fife, the Master received from an
+humble individual a bitter, though involuntary reproach. When preparing
+to cross the Frith, he stopped at an inn in order to engage a running
+footman to attend him. Detested by his neighbours, and ever in dread of
+the Schaws, Sinclair preserved a sort of incognito. A youth was
+presented for his approval. The Master inquired of the young candidate
+what proof he could give of his activity, on which this remarkable reply
+was given: "Sir, I ran beside the Master of Sinclair's horse when he
+rode post from the English camp to escape the death for which he was
+condemned for the murder of the two brothers." "The Master," adds Sir
+Walter Scott, "much shocked, was nearly taken ill on the spot."[228]
+
+During the insurrection of 1715, the Master of Sinclair took at first an
+active part, and became the commander of a company of Jacobite gentlemen
+of Fife. He joined the Earl of Mar at Perth,[229] and was employed in an
+expedition which gained some credit to the Jacobites. Some arms having
+been brought out of Edinburgh for the use of the Earl of Sutherland, and
+being put on board a ship at Leith, the Earl of Mar resolved to
+intercept these supplies. The wind being contrary, the master of the
+vessel thus loaded had dropped into Brunt Island, and had gone into the
+town on that island to see his family. A party of four hundred horse and
+as many foot was meantime detached on the second of October, 1715, and
+arrived at the island about midnight. They pressed all the boats in the
+harbour, and boarded the vessel, carrying off three hundred and six
+complete stand of arms, together with a considerable number which they
+found in the town. This expedition was skilfully contrived and managed,
+the horse surrounding the town whilst the foot ransacked it; and the
+invasion was made so silently that the Duke of Argyle gained no tidings
+of it.[230]
+
+After this exploit the Master of Sinclair returned to the camp at Perth,
+there to promote, if not actually to originate, divisions which were
+fatal to the cause which he had espoused. Lord Mar, in his letters,
+charges him, indeed, distinctly with being the very source of the
+dissensions which soon sprang up among the Jacobite chiefs.[231] The
+temper of Sinclair could ill brook submission to the Earl of Mar, whom,
+as a General, he soon ceased to respect; and for whose difficult
+situation he had no relenting feelings. "The Master," writes Sir Walter
+Scott, "who was a man of strong sense, acute observation, and some
+military experience, besides being of a haughty and passionate temper,
+averse to deference and subordination, soon placed himself in opposition
+to the general, whom he seems to have at once detested and
+despised."[232]
+
+The unfortunate result of the siege of Preston, soon brought to light
+the discontents which the Master had nourished among the followers of
+Mar. Parties had, indeed, for some time agitated the camp. When the
+disasters in England gave them a fresh impulse, and Lord Mar feelingly,
+and perhaps not too severely, described the influence of Sinclair when
+he bitterly describes him as "a devil in the camp, known in his true
+colours when calamity had befallen those with whom he was in
+conjunction." It was henceforth in vain that Mar, to use his own
+expression, "endeavoured to keep people from breaking among themselves
+until the long-expected arrival of the Chevalier should, it was hoped,
+check the growing jealousies in the camp;" a party arose, headed by Lord
+Huntley, Lord Seaforth, and the Master of Sinclair, who soon obtained
+the name of the Grumbler's Club, and who rendered themselves odious to
+the sincere and zealous Jacobites.
+
+Lord Huntley appears from Lord Mar's representations, "to have been
+completely under the influence of the Master." "Lord Huntley," writes
+Lord Mar, "is still very much out of humour, and nothing can make him
+yet believe that the King is coming. He intends to go north, under the
+pretext of reducing Lord Sutherland, and his leaving us at this time, I
+think, might have very bad effects, which makes me do all I can to keep
+him. The Master of Sinclair is a very bad instrument about him, and has
+been most to blame for all the differences amongst us. I am plagued out
+of my life with them, but must do the best I can."[233]
+
+Lord Huntley, however, continued to manifest the greatest disgust and
+suspicion of Lord Mar, often refusing to see him, and, though still
+lingering at Perth, threatening continually to leave the camp and go
+northward.
+
+Lord Sinclair, meantime, having heard of these factions, and being
+sincerely affected to the cause of the Stuarts, wrote to his son "a
+sharp letter about his behaviour," and a visit of explanation from the
+Master instantly followed. During his absence there was a revulsion of
+feeling among the Grumblers, and some contrition was expressed by them
+for the part that they had acted; but the fiend returned, and the
+malcontents quietly relapsed.[234]
+
+The news of James's certain arrival silenced, for a time, all
+complaints; but again they revived. Lord Mar seems to have had some
+misgiving of this, when he wrote, "Those that made a pretext of the
+King's not being landed, are now left inexcusable, and if those kind of
+folks now sit still and look any more on, they ought to be worse treated
+than our worse enemies." Yet it appears by a subsequent letter, that the
+grievances of which the General complained so bitterly, were not cured
+even by the presence of the Chevalier; that those who had made a
+pretext of his absence to complain and despond, desponded still, and
+that, in fact, the malady was so deep-seated as to be incurable.
+
+It may be urged, in vindication of the Master, who obviously aggravated
+the spirit of the Grumblers, that the event proved that his
+apprehensions were well founded. It was, indeed, natural for an
+experienced officer who had served under Marlborough, to view with
+dissatisfaction and suspicion the feeble and tardy movements of Lord
+Mar. Yet a hearty well-wisher to any cause would have abstained from
+infusing distrust into those counsels which, whether wise or foolish,
+were destined to guide the adherents of the party. A man of honour will
+enter, heart and soul, into what he undertakes, or not enter at all. The
+conduct of Sinclair was that of a mean, morose spirit; and it is but
+fair to conclude that his motives for adopting the name of Jacobite were
+either those of personal advancement, or arose out of an enforced
+compliance with the wishes of his father.
+
+Whilst Sinclair was thus undermining the welfare of the party to which
+he nominally belonged, his determined enemy, Sir John Schaw, after
+assisting the Duke of Argyle in defending Inverness against the
+insurgent troops, was marching with Lord Isla to rejoin the Duke of
+Argyle in his march towards Perth. It so happened that Lord Isla and his
+friends reached Sherriff Muir at the very moment when the Government
+troops and the Jacobites were about to join in battle. "Sir John," says
+Sir Walter Scott, "though he had no command, engaged as a volunteer; and
+we may suppose his zeal for King George was heightened by the
+recollection that the slayer of his brothers fought under the opposite
+banners." He behaved himself with distinguished courage, receiving a
+wound on his arm, and another in his side.[235] He was, at this time,
+the only surviving brother out of four, his brother Thomas having been
+slain at the siege of Mons a year after the death of the others. A month
+before Sir John Schaw had joined the Duke, Lady Schaw, the daughter of
+Sir Hugh Dalrymple, and a woman of singular energy and spirit, assembled
+the Greenock companies in arms, and telling them that the Protestant
+religion, with their laws, liberties, and lives, and all that was dear
+to them as men and Christians, were in hazard by that unnatural
+rebellion, exhorted them to conduct themselves suitably to the occasion.
+
+The conduct of Sinclair at the battle of Sherriff Muir was not
+inconsistent with his former life. He remained, in that engagement,
+stationary, with the Marquis of Huntley, at the head of the cavalry of
+Fife and Aberdeen; hence the lines in the old song on Sherriff Muir.
+
+        "Huntly and Sinclair
+        They baith play'd the Tinkler,
+    With consciences black as a craw, man."
+
+
+
+
+Upon the return of the Jacobite army to Perth, where they waited, as
+Scott remarks in a tone of mournful reprobation of Mar, "until their own
+forces should disperse, those of their enemy advance, and the wintry
+storm so far subside as to permit the Duke of Argyle to advance against
+them," Sinclair was the chief promoter of a scheme formed by the
+Grumblers for a timely submission to Government. Instigated by their
+wishes, an attempt was made by Lord Mar to procure, through the Duke of
+Argyle's mediation, some terms with Government; but it failed, and those
+who had embarked in the cause were obliged to provide, as they best
+might, individually for their safety. The whole tenour of Sinclair's
+conduct was such as to draw down upon him the severest invectives of his
+party. In one of the poems of the day he is thus described:
+
+    "The master with the bully's face,
+      And with the coward heart,
+    Who never fail'd, to his disgrace,
+      To act a coward's part,
+    Did join Dunbogue, the greatest rogue,
+      In all the shire of Fife,
+    Who was the first the cause to leave,
+      By counsel from his wife."
+
+The Master quitted the insurgent party at Perth, and joined the Marquis
+of Huntley at Strathbogie; thence he proceeded as a fugitive through
+Caithness and Orkney, with a few friends, who, like himself, were
+hopeless of pardon. After wandering in these remote districts for some
+time, the Master and his friends seized upon a small vessel and fled to
+the Continent. The Marquis of Huntley, more fortunate than his
+political ally, obtained his full pardon in consideration of his having
+left the rebels in time.[236]
+
+The Master of Sinclair married, afterwards, the widowed Countess of
+Southesk, whom he probably met when on the Continent, since it appears
+that the Countess, for some time subsequent to the death of her husband,
+lived at Brussels. In referring to this union, it may not be improper to
+give some account of the family into connection with which it brought
+the Master of Sinclair.
+
+James Carnegie, Earl of Southesk, the first husband of the lady whom the
+Master of Sinclair married, was descended from David Carnegie, an
+eminent lawyer, who in 1616 was raised to the dignity of Lord Carnegie
+of Kinnaird, and in 1623 was created, by Charles the First, Earl of
+Southesk. Like most of those families who had been elevated by the
+Stuarts to the peerage, the house of Carnegie retained a strong sense of
+their duty of allegiance to the Crown; and the first Earl of Southesk
+suffered for his principles by imprisonment and the extortion of a fine
+of three thousand pounds from his estates in the time of Cromwell.
+
+James, the fifth Earl of Southesk, although nearly allied by his
+mother's side to the Maitlands, Earls of Lauderdale, had retained as
+great an affection for the Stuarts as his ancestors had manifested. Of
+the personal qualities of this nobleman little is generally known,
+except that he has been designated, "Brave, generous Southesk!"--of his
+fate, and of the subsequent fortunes of his family, still less is to be
+ascertained. Some few particulars which are to be derived from the State
+Papers are discreditable to the memory of this nobleman. Like several
+other Jacobite noblemen who have been mentioned elsewhere, Lord Southesk
+did not hesitate to summon his tenants to follow him to the field in the
+most peremptory terms. His commands fell heavily, in one instance, upon
+a poor man who lived on the Earl's estate, and bore also the name of
+James Carnegie. This unlucky man was a natural son of Charles, the late
+Earl of Southesk, and was therefore a brother of the present Earl James.
+Like all dependants in those days, he seems to have entertained a deep
+sense of his obligation to serve and to obey the head of the family; and
+his obedience was probably ensured by the tie of blood, however
+unacknowledged as constituting a claim between him and the Earl of
+Southesk. James Carnegie exercised the profession of a surgeon in the
+neighbourhood of Kinnaird, then the territory of Lord Southesk, and was
+employed by the Earl, who appears to have entertained considerable
+opinion of his skill. When the Insurrection of 1715 broke out, it would
+have been consistent with the character of a "brave and generous man" to
+have left this humble practitioner free to follow his own wishes, and
+not to have embroiled him in the dangers of that disastrous undertaking.
+A further claim upon the Earl's forbearance was the personal defect of
+the poor surgeon, who was lame, and short in stature. He was
+nevertheless ordered to meet Lord Southesk, at a certain place of
+rendezvous, on a certain day. A compliance was expected as a matter of
+course, for James Carnegie was a yearly pensioner of his noble and
+powerful brother, and refusal was ruin.[237] Nevertheless, the surgeon
+ventured on this occasion to judge for himself. He had, it appears, from
+his subsequent declaration, been ever well affected to the reigning
+Government and attached to the Revolution interest and, by his
+disapprobation of the Insurrection of 1715, had given umbrage to his
+nearest relations. Upon the command of Lord Southesk being issued to
+follow him to the camp at Perth, Carnegie would have fled and hidden
+himself but for the illness of his wife; he afterwards took refuge in
+the house of Lord Northesk, but his seclusion was of no avail. The
+following letter from Lord Southesk, the original of which is in the
+State Paper Office, affords a curious insight into the despotism
+exercised by the little kings of the Highlands over their subjects:--
+
+    "James,--
+
+    "After what I both wrote and spoke to you, I did not think you would
+    have made any furder difficultys of going to Perth with me. I know
+    very well your wife's circumstances are to be pityd; however, since
+    you have a pension from me, and served me since you have had any
+    business, there is nobody of your employment in this country that I
+    can put any confidence in, whatever may happen to me. Therefore I
+    desire you may make no furder excuses; and if you can't be ready to
+    wait upon me from Kinnaird upon Monday, I desire you may follow me
+    upon Teusday; if you do not, you will for ever disoblige
+
+                                                         "SOUTHESQUE."
+
+    "Kinnaird, Sept. 17, 1715."
+
+    "I desire you may come and speak with me this night, or to-morrow,
+    at furdest."
+
+"The Case of James Carnegie," also in the State Paper Office, furnishes
+a supplement to this peremptory summons.
+
+"The Case of James Carnegie showeth, that though he lived in a country
+and amongst men the most notoriously disaffected of any in Scotland, he
+had, ever since his appearance in the world, espoused the Revolution
+interest, and given proofs of his affection to it, as would appear more
+fully in a declaration from the Presbytery of Brichen, in whose bounds
+he resided, and from another from Mr. John Anderson, his parish
+minister. That upon the first suspision of the treasonable designs of
+the rebells, Mr. James Carnegy would have set off and gone south, had
+not his wife's dangerous state (thought to be dying) obliged him to
+remain. That after the rebellion broke out, he firmly withstood all
+solicitations to join it, his neighbours and friends there threatening
+to burn house and land. He being disappointed of going south, attempted
+to retire to Ethie, Lord Northesk's house in Forfarshire. He could not
+remain concealed, the rebells being possessed of all the passes in the
+country. Finding himself blocked up amongst his enemies, to avoid the
+execution of the threatenings against him, he was induced, to his shame
+and regret, to go to Perth, but permitted none of his dependants or
+tennents to accompany him, and went with no arms but what gentlemen were
+in the habit of wearing. In order to give no support to those traiterous
+designs, he feigned illness at Coupar of Angus, but they forced him to
+go."
+
+The issue of this affair was mournful. At the battle of Sherriff Muir
+where the Earl of Southesk appeared with three hundred men, the
+unfortunate nobleman was supposed to be slain. His faithful, though
+reluctant attendant, James Carnegie, was taken prisoner as he was
+looking over the field of battle in order to find the body of his lord.
+He was carried into prison at Carlisle, whence considerable exertions
+were made for his release, not only by his own representations, but by
+the mediation of Sir James Stewart, the governor of the castle. What was
+the result, whether the blameless victim of the will of others was
+released, or whether he sank among the many who could not sustain the
+hardships of their fate, does not appear.[238]
+
+The Earl of Southesk, although it was reported he had been killed,
+rallied his men, and retreated with the Marquis of Tullibardine, the
+Earl Marischal and several heads of clans to the mountains, to shelter
+themselves from the pursuit of the Government troops. Some of these
+chieftains afterwards made their escape to Skye, Lewis, and other of the
+north-western islands, till ships came to their relief and carried them
+abroad.[239] What was the fate of the Earl of Southesk afterwards is not
+known: neither what became of his descendant.[240] He had married the
+Lady Margaret Stewart, daughter of the Earl of Galloway, and by her,
+according to some accounts, he had two sons; according to a contemporary
+Scottish peerage, he had one child only. His widow also went on the
+Continent, and the mention of her name by her brother, the Earl of
+Galloway, in a letter written at Clery in France,[241] without that of
+her husband, in May 1730, appears to indicate that she was then a widow,
+and not married again.[242]
+
+How long Lady Southesk lived, the wife of the Master of Sinclair, is
+dubious. He survived her, and married afterwards, Emilia the daughter of
+Lord George Murray, brother of the Duke of Atholl. This intimate
+connection with one of the principal leaders of the Rebellion of 1745,
+did not, however, induce the Master to enter a second time into a course
+towards which he had, perhaps in truth, no sincere good will.
+
+Upon his flight to the Continent, the Master of Sinclair was outlawed,
+and attainted in blood for his share in the Insurrection of 1715. His
+father being still alive, and not having taken an active part, his
+estates escaped forfeiture, and Lord Sinclair endeavoured so to dispose
+of them as to prevent their becoming the property of the Crown. It was
+necessary, on this account, that Lord Sinclair should disinherit his
+eldest son; and "as it would," says Sir Walter Scott, "have been highly
+impolitic to have alleged his forfeiture for treason as a cause of the
+deed, the slaughter of the Schaws was given as a reason for his
+exheredation." The following is a clause of the deed by which the end
+was to be accomplished:
+
+"This new diposition of the family estate is explained and qualified by
+the second deed, being a back bond running in the names of the said
+James and William Sinclairs, which set forth that their father had been
+induced to grant a disposition of his estate in their favour, and to
+pass over their elder brother, to prevent all inconvenience and hazard
+whatsoever which the rents of the said Lord Sinclair, his heritable
+estate, or his moveables, might be liable to, if they were settled in
+the said Master's person, '_on accompt of the said Master of Sinclair
+his present circumstances, by means of an unfortunate quarrel that some
+years ago fell out between the said Master and two sons of the deceased
+Sir John Schaw of Greenock_; therefore," the deed proceeds to state, "it
+was reasonable that they, James and William Sinclair, should grant a
+back bond of settlement, binding themselves to manage the property, when
+they should respectively succeed to it by advice of friends, overseers,
+and managers,--viz. Sir John Erskine of Alva, Bart., Sir William Baird
+of New Baith, Bart., Mr. John Paterson, eldest lawful son to the
+deceased Archbishop of Glasgow, their brother-in-law--Sir John Cockburn
+of that Ilk, Bart., and Mr. Mathew Sinclair of Hermiston, their uncles.
+The said James and William Sinclair, as they should respectively succeed
+to the estate, were obliged to make certain necessary expenditure to the
+family for behoof of the Master; and the said James and William Sinclair
+became also bound, in case the Master, their brother, should become free
+of his present inconveniences, or should have a family of lawful
+children, then, and in that case to convey the estate to the said
+Master, or to his said children, at the sight of his trustees."[243]
+
+In the year 1726, the Master of Sinclair received pardon, as far as his
+life was concerned, but the forfeiture of his estates was not taken off,
+nor certain other incapacities reversed. He then returned to the family
+estate of Dysart in Fife, of which he was, by his father's disposition
+of affairs, the actual proprietor; and although the rents of the
+property were levied in his brother's name, they were applied and
+received by the Master. General James Sinclair, the second brother of
+the Master, was then the nominal owner only of the estates. But although
+thus returning to his patrimonial inheritance, the Master never
+recovered the good will of his former friends, nor the blessings of
+security, and of a calm and honoured old age. He seldom visited
+Edinburgh, living in seclusion and never going from home without being
+well guarded and attended for fear of the Jacobites, or of his enemies
+the Schaws. Under these circumstances it seems to have been a relief to
+his bitter and mortified spirit to have vented itself, in like manner
+with Lord Lovat, in composing memoirs of his own life. "These memoirs,"
+says Sir Walter Scott, who long had a copy of them in his possession,
+"are written[244] with talent, and peculiar satirical energy: so much
+so indeed, that they have been hitherto deemed unfit for publication.
+The circumstances attending the slaughter of the Schaws argue a fierce
+and vindictive temper, and the frame of mind which Sinclair displays as
+an author exhibits the same character. They are, however, very curious,
+and it is to be hoped will one day be made public, as a valuable
+addition to the catalogue of royal and noble authors. It is singular
+that the author seems to have written himself into a tolerably good
+style, for the language of the Memoirs, which at first is scarcely
+grammatical, becomes as he advances disengaged, correct, and
+spirited."[245]
+
+On the whole, it must be acknowledged that qualities more repulsive and
+a career more culpable, have darkened no narrative connected with the
+Jacobites so unpleasantly as the biography of the Master of Sinclair. A
+disgrace to every party, he appears to have joined the adherents of the
+Stuarts, only in order to disturb their councils, and to vilify their
+memory with personal invective. He has extorted no compassion for the
+errors and crimes of his earlier years by the courage and magnanimity of
+a later period: his character stands forth, unredeemed by a single trait
+of heroism, in all the darkness of violence and revenge.
+
+The Barony of Sinclair, lost to the family in consequence of the
+attainder of the Master of Sinclair, was not assumed either by him,
+after his pardon in 1726, nor by his brother General James Sinclair. At
+the death of General Sinclair in 1762, the title reverted to Charles
+Sinclair, Esq., of Herdmanstown, a cousin, and after him to his son
+Andrew, who also allowed his claim to the Barony to lie dormant. It was,
+however, revived at his death in 1776, by his only son Charles, who is
+the present Lord Sinclair.[246]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[226] See Proceedings of the Court Martial held upon John, Master of
+Sinclair, with Correspondence, p. 27. 1828. Printed by Ballantyne and
+Company. Presented to the Roxburgh Club by Sir Walter Scott.
+
+[227] It is printed in the interesting little collection before referred
+to, p. 35.
+
+[228] Life of the Master of Sinclair, p. ix.
+
+[229] His name is not among those who were assembled on the
+hunting-field of Braemar.
+
+[230] Reay, p. 234.
+
+[231] See Lord Mar's Life and Letters.
+
+[232] Life of the Master of Sinclair, page v.
+
+[233] See Lord Mar's Life, from the Mar Papers.
+
+[234] Mar Papers.
+
+[235] Reay's History of the Rebellion, p. 218.
+
+[236] Reay, p. 387.
+
+[237] See the certificate of the Justices of Forfar, in the State Paper
+Office, respecting the case of James Carnegie. Dated, Montrose, the
+first of October, 1716.
+
+[238] See Papers in the State Paper Office for 1715 and 1716.
+
+[239] Reay, p. 372.
+
+[240] The title has remained in abeyance ever since. A mystery hangs
+over the fate of this family.
+
+[241] See Letter.
+
+[242] The letter from Lord Garlies, in which Lady Southesk is mentioned,
+is to be seen in the Murray MS. in the Advocate's Library at Edinburgh.
+It is addressed to the eccentric and imprudent Sir Alexander Murray of
+Stanhope. These papers were found on a floor of a room in Herriot's
+Hospital, and were rescued from destruction by Dr. Irvine of the
+Advocate's Library. After some remarks of no moment, Lord Garlies,
+afterwards the Earl of Galloway, observes--
+
+    "But now I hope that yours and all honest men's misfortunes are to
+    have a turn, and since my cheif has had the good fortune to gett a
+    young prince, I pray God his and all honest men's misfortunes may be
+    at an end; and I hope before my young cheif dies, he shall have the
+    name of Charles the Third. I beg of you to let me hear from you, and
+    when I may expect to have the happinesse of seeing you in this
+    countrey, which is what I both long mightily for, and expect as soon
+    as you can conveniently. Besides, it will be a mighty obligation
+    added to the many you have already done me, who am, dear Sandy,
+
+    "yours entirely whylst
+                                                            "GARLIES."
+
+    "May 12, 1730."
+
+    "Sister Southesque and my spouse make their compliments to you."
+
+[243] Life of Master of Sinclair, page viii.
+
+[244] The manuscript from which the life of the Master of Sinclair was
+taken, was found by Sir Walter Scott among the papers of his mother, who
+was distantly related to the family of Greenock. The proceedings of the
+court-martial were attested by the subscription of John Cunningham,
+probably a clerk of the court.
+
+[245] The MS. Memoirs of the Master of Sinclair are at present in the
+possession of the Countess of Rosslyn.
+
+[246] Burke's Peerage.
+
+
+
+
+CAMERON OF LOCHIEL.[247]
+
+
+The clan Cameron, from whom were descended the chieftains who took an
+active part in the Jacobite cause, had its seat in Lochaber, of which
+one of their ancestors had originally received a grant from Robert
+Bruce. They sprang, according to some accounts, from the same source as
+that of the clan Chattan: they became, nevertheless, in the course of
+the fourteenth century, an independent state. In a manuscript history of
+the clan Cameron, they have been traced so far back as to the year 404;
+and their origin in Scotland ascribed to the arrival of a younger son of
+the royal family of Denmark, their progenitors acquiring the name of
+Cameron from his crooked nose.
+
+The clan consisted of three septs; but the family of Lochiel were
+acknowledged as the chief, and, according to the singular system of
+clanship, the Camerons freely gave up their wills to that of their
+head. The history of this family, whilst it shows by what decision of
+character and intrepidity of conduct this superiority was maintained,
+presents little else than a tissue of successive feuds between the clan
+and its neighbours, until, during the seventeenth century, the events of
+history brought forth qualities of still greater importance to
+distinguish the house of Lochiel. From henceforth the disputes with the
+clan Chattan, and the long-standing feuds with the Mackintoshes, merged
+into obscurity compared with the more stirring interests into which the
+chieftains were now, fatally for their prosperity, intermingled.
+
+The celebrated Sir Ewan Dhu of Lochiel, one of the finest specimens of
+the Highland chieftains on record, had passed a long life in the service
+of the Stuart family, for whom, even as a boy, he had manifested a sort
+of intuitive affection. This cherished sentiment had repelled the
+efforts of his kinsman, the Marquis of Argyle, to mould his youthful
+mind to the precepts of the Puritans and Covenanters. Sir Ewan Dhu
+combined a commanding personal appearance with a suitable majesty of
+deportment, and with a shrewd, dauntless, honourable, generous mind. His
+very sirname had an influence upon the good will of his superstitious
+and devoted followers. It denoted that he was dark, both in hair and
+complexion; and so many brave achievements had been performed by
+chieftains of the clan Cameron, who were of this complexion, that it had
+been foretold by gifted seers, that never should a fair Lochiel prove
+fortunate. Endowed with this singular hold upon the confidence of his
+people, Ewan Dhu eclipsed all his predecessors in the virtues of his
+heart and the strength of his understanding. His vigilance, his energy,
+and firmness were the qualities which had distinguished him as a
+military leader when, in the close of his days, the hopes and designs of
+the modern Jacobites began to engage the attention of the Highland
+chiefs.
+
+The career of Ewan Dhu Cameron had been one of singular prosperity. At
+the age of eighteen, he had broken loose from the trammels of Argyle's
+control, and joined the standard of the Marquis of Montrose. He had
+contrived to keep his estate clear, even after the event of that
+unsuccessful cause, from Cromwell's troops. He next repaired to the
+royal standard raised in the Highlands by the Earl of Glencairne, and
+won the applause of Charles the Second, then in exile at Chantilly, for
+his courage and success. The middle period of his life was consumed in
+efforts, not only to abet the cause of Charles the Second, but to
+restore peace to his impoverished and harassed country. Yet he long
+resisted persuasions to submit and swear allegiance to Cromwell, and at
+length boldly avowed, that rather than take the oath for an usurper, he
+would live as an outlaw. His generous and humane conduct to the English
+prisoners whom he had captured during the various skirmishes had,
+however, procured him friends in the English army. "No oath," wrote
+General Monk, "shall be required of Lochiel to Cromwell, but his word to
+live in peace." His word was given, and, until after the restoration,
+Lochiel and his followers, bearing their arms as before, remained in
+repose.
+
+At Killicrankie, however, the warrior appeared again on the field,
+fighting, under the unfortunate Viscount Dundee, for James the Second.
+As the battle began, the enemy in General Mackay's regiment raised a
+shout. "Gentlemen," cried the shrewd Lochiel, addressing the
+Highlanders, "the day is our own. I am the oldest commander in the army,
+and I have always observed that so dull and heavy a noise as that which
+you have heard is an evil omen." The words ran throughout the
+Highlanders; elated by the prediction, they rushed on the foe, fighting
+like furies, and in half an hour the battle was ended.
+
+Although Sir Ewan Dhu was thus engaged on the side of James, his second
+son was a captain in the Scottish fusileers, and served under Mackay in
+the ranks of Government. As General Mackay observed the Highland army
+drawn up on the face of a hill, west of the Pass, he turned to young
+Cameron and said, "There is your father and his wild savages; how would
+you like to be with him?" "It signifies little," replied the Cameron,
+"what I would like; but I would have you be prepared, or perhaps my
+father and his wild savages may be nearer to you before night than you
+may dream of." Upon the death of Dundee, Sir Ewan Dhu, disgusted by the
+deficiencies of the commander who succeeded him, retired to Lochaber,
+and left the command of his clansmen to his eldest son, John Cameron,
+who, with his son Donald, form the subjects of this memoir.
+
+Sir Ewan Dhu lived until the year 1719, enjoying the security which his
+exploits had procured for him; and maintaining, by his own dignified
+deportment, the credit of a family long upheld by a previous succession
+of able and honourable chieftains. The state and liberality of the
+Camerons were not supported, nevertheless, by a lavish expenditure;
+their means were limited: "Yet," says Mrs. Grant of Laggan in her MS.
+account of the clan, "perhaps even our own frugal country did not afford
+an instance of a family, who lived in so respectable a manner, and
+showed such liberal and dignified hospitality upon so small an income,"
+as that of Lochiel.
+
+The part which Sir Ewan Dhu had taken in the action at Killicrankie
+would, it was naturally supposed, draw down upon him the vengeance of
+those who visited with massacre the neighbouring valley of Glencoe. The
+forbearance of Government can only be accounted for by the supposition
+that King William, with his usual penetration, decreed it safer to
+conciliate, than to attempt to crush a clan which was connected by
+marriage with the most powerful of the Highland chieftains.
+
+No arts could, however, win the allegiance of the Camerons from those
+whom they considered as their rightful sovereigns. Towards the end of
+William's reign, the young chieftain John was sent privately to France,
+where his early notions of loyalty were confirmed, and his attachment
+to the court of James enhanced, by the influence of the Duke of Berwick,
+who formed with him a sincere and durable friendship.
+
+The character of the chieftain was softened in the young Lochiel. He was
+intelligent, frank, and conciliating in his manners, and had associated
+more generally with the world than was usually the case with the
+chieftains of those days. Among the circles with whom the young Lochiel
+mingled, Barclay Urie, the well known apologist of the Quakers, was also
+accustomed to appear. An attachment was thenceforth formed between John
+Cameron and the daughter of Barclay, and a matrimonial alliance was soon
+afterwards decided upon between the daughter of that gentleman and the
+young chieftain.
+
+The choice was considered a singular one on the part of the young man.
+It was the customary plan to intermarry with some of the neighbouring
+clans; nor was it permitted for the chieftain to make a choice without
+having first ascertained how far the clan were agreeable to his wishes.
+This usage proceeded, in part, from the notion of consanguinity between
+every member of a clan, even of the lowest degree, to his chieftain, and
+the affability and courtesy with which the head was in the habit of
+treating those over whom he ruled. The clans were even known to carry
+their interference with the affairs of their chief so far as to
+disapprove of the choice of their abodes, or to select a site for a new
+residence.[248]
+
+The sway which Sir Ewan Dhu had acquired over his followers was such
+that he dispensed with the ordinary practice, and, without the consent
+of the clans, agreed to receive the young Quakeress as his daughter. The
+marriage was completed, and eventually received the full approbation of
+the whole clan Cameron.
+
+Meantime, great efforts had been made on the part of the English
+Government to detach Sir Ewan Dhu from his faith to James the Second.
+But the monarch who could attempt so hopeless a task as the endeavour to
+cause a Highlander to break his oath of fidelity, very faintly
+comprehended the national character, then existing in all its strength
+and all its weakness,--in its horror of petty crimes and its
+co-operation of great outrages,--in its small meannesses and lofty
+generous traits,--in its abhorrence of a broken vow or of treachery to a
+leader. The temptation offered was indeed considerable. Sir Ewan Dhu was
+to have a pension of three hundred a-year, to be perpetuated to his son,
+whom the Government were particularly anxious to entice back to
+Scotland. The old chieftain was also to be appointed Governor of Fort
+William.[249] But the emissaries of William the Third could not have
+chosen a worse period than that in which to treat with the brave and
+wary Cameron. The massacre of Glencoe was fresh in the remembrance of
+the people, and the stratagem, the fiendish snares which had been
+prepared to betray the unsuspecting Macdonalds to their destruction,
+were also recalled with the deep curses of a wronged and slaughtered
+people. The game of cards, the night before the massacre, between the
+villain Campbell, and the two sons of Glencoe,--the proffered and
+accepted hospitality of the chieftain, whose hand was grasped in seeming
+friendliness by the man who had resolved to exterminate him and his
+family, were cherished recollections--cherished by the determined spirit
+of hate and revenge which contemplated future retribution.
+
+Sir Ewan Dhu therefore rejected these dazzling offers; he neither
+recalled his son from France, nor accepted the command offered to him,
+but busied himself in schemes which eventually swayed the destinies of
+the Camerons.
+
+Not many miles from Achnacarry, the seat of Lochiel, rose, on the border
+of Loch Oich, the castle of Alaster Dhu, or Dusk Alexander, of
+Glengarry. The territories of this chieftain were contiguous to those of
+Lochiel; and his character, which was of acknowledged valour, wisdom,
+and magnanimity, formed a still stronger bond of union than their
+relative position. Glengarry was the head of a very powerful clan,
+called Macdonnells, in contradistinction to the Macdonalds of the Isles,
+whose claim to superiority they always resisted; declaring, by the voice
+of their bards and family historians, that the house of Antrim, from
+whom the Macdonalds of the Isles were descended, owed its origin to the
+Macdonnells of Glengarry.
+
+The clan Glengarry was now at its height of power under the heroic
+Alaster Dhu, its chieftain, whose immediate predecessor had risen to be
+a Lord of Session, at a time when that office brought no little power
+and influence to its possessors: he had gained both wealth and credit in
+his high seat; and, upon retiring, had visited Italy, had brought back a
+taste for architecture to his native country, and the castle of
+Invergarrie, part of the walls of which remain undemolished, rose as a
+memento of his architectural taste.
+
+The Lord of Session had cherished sentiments of loyalty for the exiled
+family; these were transmitted to Alaster Dhu. The gallant Lochiel and
+the chief of Glengarry were therefore disposed to smother in their
+feelings of loyalty the feuds which too often raged between clans nearly
+approximate. They therefore formed a compact to promote, in every way,
+the interest of the royal exiles; and in this vain attempt at
+restoration which ensued, the fate of their clansmen was sealed.[250]
+That of the Camerons is yet to be told; a slight digression respecting
+their gallant allies may here be excused.
+
+When the feudal system which subsisted between the Highland chieftains
+and their clansmen was dissolved, it became the plan of many of the
+landholders to rid themselves of their poor tenantry, and to substitute
+in their place labourers and farmers from the south of Scotland. The
+helpless population of the glens and hill-sides were thus sent to
+wander, poor and ignorant of anything but their own homes, and speaking
+no language but their mother tongue, and wholly unskilled in any
+practical wisdom. Some emigrated, but many were pressed into service on
+board the emigrant ships, although the commanders of those vessels could
+not, in some instances, prevail upon themselves to tear the Highlanders
+away from their wives and families.
+
+To remedy this melancholy state of affairs, and to employ the banished
+mountaineers, it was proposed about the year 1794, to embody some of the
+sufferers, the Macdonnells of Glengarry in particular, into a Catholic
+corps, under their young chieftain, Alexander Macdonnell, and employ
+them in the service of the English Government. This scheme, after many
+difficulties, was accomplished. At first, it worked well for the relief
+of the destitute clan; but, in 1802, in spite of their acknowledged good
+conduct, the Glengarry regiment was disbanded.
+
+The friend of the unfortunate, who had originally proposed the
+consolidation of the corps, was Dr. Macdonald, who had been afterwards
+appointed chaplain to the regiment. He now projected another scheme for
+the maintenance of the clan Glengarry; and, after some opposition, his
+plan was effected. It was to convey the whole of the Macdonnells, with
+their wives and families, to a district in Upper Canada, where the clan,
+at this moment, is permanently established. The place in which they live
+bears the name of their native glen, and the farms they possess are
+called by the loved appellations of their former tenements: and, when
+the American war tried the fidelity of the emigrants, the clan gave a
+proof of their loyalty by enrolling themselves into a corps, under the
+old name of the Glengarry Fencibles.[251]
+
+In the battle of Killicrankie, Glengarry had led his forces to fight for
+James the Second; and after that engagement, in which Glengarry had had
+a brother killed, he had become very obnoxious to the Government, and
+had found it necessary to retire for some time, whilst his more favoured
+friend Lochiel tranquilly occupied his own house of Achnacarrie, a place
+wholly undefended. The retreat in which Glengarry hid himself was a
+small wooded island in Lochacaig; and in this seclusion a manoeuvre
+was planned, highly characteristic of the subtlety, and yet daring of
+the Highland chieftains who were engaged in it. It shows, also, the
+state of the national feeling towards the English Government, at a time
+when comparative quiet appeared to be established in the Highlands.
+
+Attached to certain regiments which were then lying at Fort William,
+there were a number of young volunteers, men of good family, who had a
+soldier's pay, if they wished it, and were considered as pupils in the
+art of war, "at liberty to retire if they chose, and eligible, being
+often persons of family, to fill the vacancies which war or disease
+occasioned among the subalterns."[252] This regiment was now about to
+occupy the garrisons, and on their way to the Tyendrum or Black Mount,
+the officers engaged in conversation, little dreading an assault in a
+country inhabited only by a few herdsmen, and considered by them as
+wholly subdued. But they were deceived in their sense of safety. Among
+the heath and bushes in a narrow pass, circumscribed, on the one side,
+by a steep mountain, and on the other by a small lake, which skirted the
+path, for road there was not, lay in ambush two hundred well-armed and
+light-footed Highlanders. The youths, or volunteers, were in the rear of
+the regiment; as they marched fearlessly through the deep solitude of
+this wild district, the Highlanders sprang forwards from their
+ambuscade; and before the young soldiers could recover their surprise or
+have recourse to their arms, eight or ten young men of family were
+seized on and hurried away. With these were mingled others, among these
+volunteers of less importance, who were carried away in the confusion by
+mistake. A few shots were fired by the soldiery, but without any effect,
+for the Highlanders had disappeared. This sudden attack excited the
+utmost consternation among the officers of the regiment, nor could they
+discover the object of this aggression; nor did they know either how to
+pursue the assailants, or in what terms to report to Government so
+ignominious a loss. They marched, therefore, silently to Dumbarton
+without attempting to pursue an enemy whose aim it might be to lure
+them into some fastness, there to encounter a foe too powerful, from the
+nature of the country, to be resisted. On arriving at Dumbarton the
+mystery was explained. There the commander of the corps found a letter,
+stating that "certain chiefs of clans had no objection to King William's
+ruling in England, considering that nation as at liberty to choose its
+own rulers; but that they never could, consistently with what they had
+sworn on their arms, take an oath to any other sovereign while the
+family of St. Germains remained in existence. They were," the writers
+continued, "unwilling either to perjure themselves, or to hold their
+lands in daily fear, and subject to the petty instruments of power. They
+were willing to live peaceably under the present rule, but were resolved
+neither to violate the dictates of conscience, nor to have their
+possessions disturbed. In the meantime, to prevent encroachments upon
+their lands, and to prevent the necessity of rushing into hostilities
+with the Government, they had taken hostages to ensure their safety, and
+with these they would never part until Sir Ewan Dhu and Alaster Dhu had
+obtained assurances that they should never be disturbed for their
+principles whilst they lived peaceably on their estates."
+
+This declaration was accompanied by a powerful remonstrance upon the
+folly and danger of exasperating clans powerful from their union, and
+from the inaccessibility of the country which they inhabited. The
+tenderness of conscience, the fidelity to an exiled monarch, were made,
+the writers urged, a plea for every species of oppression and petty
+tyranny. The late massacre of Glencoe justified, they said, the measures
+of precaution they were taking; and, finally they threatened, should
+their petition be refused to take refuge in France, carrying with them
+their young hostages, there to proclaim the impolicy and injustice of
+the English Government. This address was dispatched, not to the Privy
+Council, but to the relations and friends of the young prisoners, who
+were interested in procuring a favourable reception for its negotiation;
+and the chiefs who subscribed to this address reasonably expected that
+the fear of their power, exaggerated in the sister kingdom, where a
+total ignorance of the manners and character of the Scottish
+mountaineers existed, would prevail to lend force to their arguments.
+This negotiation was never made public; it proved, however, effectual,
+as far as the comfort of some of the parties engaged in it were
+concerned.
+
+By the influence of the rising party, who, espousing the interests of
+the Princess Anne, were gaining ground in the country during the decline
+of William, Sir Ewan Dhu and Glengarry, who were jointly considered as
+the promoters of this affair, remained unpunished for a manoeuvre on
+which public opinion in England was not inclined to pass a very severe
+judgment, after the recent massacre of Glencoe.[253] Some secret
+negotiations placed everything on a secure footing; and, during the
+reign of Queen Anne; the two chieftains lived in tranquillity, their
+mutual regard continuing undiminished during their lives, and becoming
+the subject, after their deaths, of the lays composed in their honour by
+their native bards.
+
+During his latter days, Sir Ewan Dhu had the consolation of seeing his
+son happy in the choice of a wife. Beautiful and good, the young
+Quakeress soon established herself in the good opinions of all those who
+were acquainted with her; and there seems every reason to conclude that
+she inherited the virtues, without the peculiarities of her father,
+Robert Barclay of Urey. That eminent man was descended from a Norman
+family which traced its ancestry to Thomas de Berkley, whose descendants
+established themselves in Scotland. By his mother's side, Barclay was
+allied to the house of Huntley; and by his connection with the heiress
+of the mother's family, a considerable estate in Aberdeenshire was added
+to the honours of antiquity. Unhappily for the lovers of the old Norman
+appellations, the name of de Berkley was changed, in the fifteenth
+century, into that of Barclay. One of Robert Barclay's sons, who became
+a mercer in Cheapside, had the rare fortune of entertaining three
+successive monarchs when they visited the City on the Lord Mayor's
+Day,--George the First, George the Second, and George the Third; whose
+heart, as it is well known, was touched by the beauty of one of the fair
+descendants of Robert Barclay.
+
+Previously to the marriage between Lochiel and the young Quakeress, the
+family into which he entered had been impoverished, and the estate of
+Mathers, from which the Barclays derived their name, sold to defray
+debt.
+
+The career of Robert Barclay was singular. He was first converted to
+Popery during his residence in Paris, when he was fifteen; and he
+changed that faith for the simple persuasion of the Quakers when he had
+attained his nineteenth year. He adopted the tenets of the Friends at a
+period when it required much courage to adhere to a sect who were
+vilified and ridiculed, not only in England but in Scotland. It was to
+refute these attacks against the Quakers that Barclay wrote the book
+entitled, "Truth cleared of Calumnies." His ability and sincerity have
+never been doubted; but some distrust of his reason may be forgiven,
+when we find the Quaker, a grave and happily married man, walking
+through the streets of Aberdeen, clothed in sackcloth and ashes, under
+the notion that he was commanded by the Lord to call the people unto
+repentance; he appealed to witnesses to prove the "agony of his spirit,"
+and how he "had besought the Lord with tears, that this cup might pass
+away from him."
+
+This singular act of humiliation was contrasted by frequent visits to
+the Court of Charles the Second, and to Elizabeth of Bohemia. To the
+house of Stuart, Barclay was ever fondly attached. His father had
+suffered in the civil wars; and the doctrines of non-resistance and
+passive obedience, avowed by the Quakers, were favourable to the Stuart
+dynasty. The last visit which Barclay paid to London was rendered
+memorable by the abdication of James the Second. As he was standing
+beside that monarch, near a window, the King looked out, and remarked
+that "the wind was fair for the Prince of Orange to come over." "It is
+hard," replied Barclay, "that no expedient can be found to satisfy the
+people." James answered, that "he would do anything becoming a
+gentleman, except parting with liberty of conscience, which he would
+never do while he lived." Barclay only survived that eventful period two
+years. His children, singular as it may seem, were all living fifty
+years after their father's death.
+
+To the daughter of this inflexible and courageous man was Cameron of
+Lochiel united. During the first years of their marriage, even before
+the death of Sir Ewan Dhu, they lived peacefully in the home of their
+ancestors; and whilst Anne reigned, that happy tranquillity was
+undisturbed. The name of Anne was long cherished in the Highlands on
+account of the rare intervals of peace and plenty which her rule, and as
+it was thought, her pious prayers, afforded to a ravaged and oppressed
+country. Seven years' famine, during the reign of William, were charged
+upon the monarch's head: plenteous crops and peaceful abundance were
+ascribed to the merits of Queen Anne.[254] Meantime, the gentle and
+happy Lady of Lochiel won all hearts: she was distinguished, as
+tradition reports, for prudence, activity and affability. "One great
+defect," adds Mrs. Grant, "she had, however, which was more felt as such
+in the Highlands than it would have been in any other place. She did
+not, as a certain resolute countrywoman of hers was advised to do,
+'bring forth men-children only;' on the contrary, daughters in
+succession, a thing scarce pardonable in one who was looked up to and
+valued in a great measure as being the supposed mother of a future
+chief. In old times women could only exist while they were defended by
+the warriour and supported by the hunter. When this dire necessity in
+some measure ceas'd, the mode of thinking to which it gave rise
+continued. And after the period of youth and beauty were past, woman was
+only consider'd as having given birth to man. John Locheil's mind was
+above this illiberal prejudice: he loudly welcomed his daughters and
+caress'd their mother on their appearrance as much as if every one of
+them had been a young hero in embryo. His friends and neighbours us'd on
+these occassions to ask in a sneering manner, "What has the lady got?"
+To which he invariably answered, "A lady indeed:" this answer had a more
+pointed significance there than with us. For in the Highlands no one is
+call'd a lady but a person named to the proprietors of an estate. All
+others, however rich or high-born, are only _gentlewomen_. How the
+prediction intentionally included in the chief's answer was fulfill'd,
+will hereafter appear.
+
+"Besides the family title, every Highland chieftain has a patronymic
+deriv'd from the most eminent of their ancestors, probably the founder
+of the family, and certainly the first who confer'd distinction on it.
+Thus Argyle is the son of Colin, Breadalbane the son of Archibald, &c.;
+and the chief of the Camerons was always stil'd son of Donald Dhu, Black
+Donald, whatever his name or complexion may be, as well as the
+appellation deriv'd from it, because it would appear hereditary in the
+family, and at length it became a tradition or prophesy among the clan
+that a fair Lochiel should never prosper."
+
+At length, after the birth of twelve daughters, a son and heir made his
+appearance. But the satisfaction of the clans was dashed by hearing that
+the ill-starred little laird was fair, like his sisters. The prophecy
+that a fair Lochiel should never prosper, was recalled with dismay; and,
+unhappily, the fears of superstition were too mournfully realized by
+fact. The young Cameron was named Donald: his birth was followed by the
+appearance of two other boys,--Archibald, afterwards the ill-fated Dr.
+Cameron, and John, who was called Fassefern, from an estate. "The proud
+prediction of their father," continues Mrs. Grant, "was soon amply
+fulfilled with regard to the daughters of this extraordinary family."
+"Their history," she adds, "unites the extravagance of romance with the
+sober reality of truth."
+
+The twelve daughters of Lochiel were admirably educated, and the fame of
+their modest virtues soon extended through the Highlands. The great
+point in matrimonial alliances in those rude regions was to obtain a
+wife well born, and well allied; and little fortune was ever expected
+with the daughter of a chief. Ancestry was the great point with a
+Highlander, for he believed that defects of mind, as well as of person,
+were hereditary. All, therefore, sought the daughters of Lochiel, as
+coming of an untainted race. The elder ones were married early, and
+seemed, as Mrs. Grant expresses it, by the solicitude to obtain them, as
+ever to increase, like the Sibyl's leaves, in value, as they lessened in
+number. Of the daughters, one, the youngest and the fairest, was
+actually married to Cameron of Glendinning, in the twelfth year of her
+age. She became a widow, and afterwards married Maclean of Kingasleet,
+so that she was successively the wife of two heads of houses. Another,
+Jean Cameron, who was the least comely of her family, but possessed of a
+commanding figure and powerful understanding, was married to Clunie, the
+Chief of the Clan Macpherson. She is said to have been celebrated in the
+pathetic poem, entitled "Lochaber no More," the poet, who laments his
+departure from Lochaber, and his farewell to his Jean, having been an
+officer in one of the regiments stationed at Fort William.
+
+By the marriage of his twelve daughters with the heads of houses, the
+political importance of Lochiel was considerably enhanced, and a
+confederacy, containing many noted families who were bound together by
+opinion and kindred, formed a strong opposition to the reigning
+Government. The sons-in-law of Lochiel were the following chiefs:
+Cameron of Dungallan, Barclay of Urie, Grant of Glenmoriston, Macpherson
+of Clunie, Campbell of Barcaldine, Campbell of Auchalader, Campbell of
+Auchlyne, Maclean of Lochbuy, Macgregor of Bohowdie, Wright of Loss,
+Maclean of Ardgour, and Cameron of Glendinning. All the daughters became
+the mothers of families; "and these numerous descendants, still,"
+observes Mrs. Grant, "cherish the bonds of affinity, now so widely
+diffused, and still boast their descent from these female
+worthies."[255]
+
+Among most of the influential chieftains who espoused the daughters of
+Lochiel, was the celebrated Macpherson of Clunie, who afterwards took a
+very important part in the Rebellions of 1715 and 1745. The career of
+Clunie affords a melancholy, but rare, instance of indecision, if not of
+double dealing, in the Jacobites. Before the battle of Culloden, anxious
+to retrieve his affairs and to ensure his safety, he took the oaths to
+the English Government, and was appointed to a company in Lord Loudon's
+Highlanders. His clan, nevertheless, were eager to join Charles Edward,
+and urged him to lead them to his standard. Clunie hesitated between
+the obligation to his oath, and his secret devotion to the Stuarts. His
+defection irritated the British Government: he became one of those whose
+life was forfeited to the laws. After the battle of Culloden he secreted
+himself, and lived for nine years in a cave, at a short distance from
+the site of his own house, which had been burned by the King's troops.
+The cave was in front of a woody precipice, the trees, &c., completely
+concealing the entrance. It was dug out by his own people, who worked at
+night, or when time had slackened the rigour of the search. Upwards of
+one hundred persons knew of this retreat, and one thousand pounds were
+offered as a reward to any who would discover it. Eighty men were
+stationed there to intimidate the tenantry into a disclosure, but it was
+all in vain; none could be found so base as to betray their chief.[256]
+
+For two years Sir Hector Monro in vain remained in Badenoch, for the
+purpose of discovering Clunie's retreat. The Macphersons remained true
+to their chieftain. At times he emerged from his dark recess, to mingle
+for awhile in the hours of night with his friends, when he was protected
+by the vigilance and affection of his clansmen, unwearied in their work
+of duty. At last, broken-spirited, and despairing of that mercy which
+was accorded by the English Government to so few of the insurgents,
+Clunie escaped to France, and there died, ten years after the fatal
+events of 1745.[257] The estate of this unfortunate chieftain was
+restored to his family, who claim to be the ancient representatives of
+the clan Chattan; with what justice it would be dangerous to declare,
+since no risk could be more rashly encountered than that which is
+incurred in discussing Highland prerogative.
+
+Surrounded by his powerful relatives and fair daughters, Lochiel hailed
+with no very sanguine spirit the coming troubles which quickly followed
+the accession of the house of Hanover. Already was the Jacobite
+association busily at work in the south of Scotland; and it was
+impossible, from the temper of the populace in both nations, not to
+augur, in a short time, some serious popular outbreak. In the minds of
+the Highland chieftains a hatred of English dominion, and a desire of
+independence, constituted even a more potent source of adherence of the
+Stuarts than any personal feeling towards that line. Most of these
+chiefs languished to see a king of their own nation reign over them. To
+such a ruler they would, as they considered, be viewed not as a
+secondary object. Their interests had been neglected in the Treaty of
+Darien,--a settlement which had inspired the landholders of the Low
+Country with aversion to William.
+
+Expectations had also been raised, tending to the belief that Anne,
+secretly well affected to her brother, had made such provisions in her
+will as would ensure the descent of the Crown in the direct line; and
+nothing could exceed the disgust and amazement of the Highlanders when
+they beheld a foreigner seated on a throne, from which, they well knew,
+it would be impossible to dispossess him. "To restore," as Mrs. Grant
+observes, "their ancient race of monarchs to the separate Crown of
+Scotland, was their fondest wish. This visionary project was never
+adopted by the Jacobites at large, who were too well informed to suppose
+it either practicable or eligible. But it serv'd as an engine to excite
+the zeal of bards and sennachies, who were still numerous in the
+Highlands, and in whose poetry strong traces of this airy project may
+still be found."
+
+Soon after the accession of George the First, certain of the Highland
+chieftains dispatched a letter to the Earl of Mar, desiring that
+nobleman to assure the Government of their loyalty and submission. Among
+the names subscribed are those of Lochiel, of his friend Glengarry, and
+of Clunie. The address is said to have been a stratagem of Mar's to gain
+time, and to give him an opportunity of ripening his schemes.[258] But
+it appears more probable that there was, at first, a spirit of
+moderation and a desire for peace in the chieftains, until they were
+afterwards stimulated by the intrigues of the disappointed and baffled
+Earl of Mar. Lochiel, as well as many others, had little to gain, but
+much to lose, in any change of dynasty or convulsion in the state.
+Prosperous, beloved, secure, his fidelity to that which he believed to
+be the right cause was honourable to the highest degree to his
+character. That he was not sanguine in his hopes, is more than probable.
+Before he went to the battle of Sherriff Muir, he arranged his affairs
+so as to be prepared for the worst result that might befal his family.
+The frequent occurrence of feuds and civil wars in Scotland had taught
+the higher classes the use of stratagem and manoeuvre in these
+domestic disturbances. It was not unusual for a son and a father often
+to affect to take opposite sides, in order that the estate, happen what
+might, should be preserved to the family; and this was considered as
+consulting the general good of the clan. Lochiel, although he did not
+pursue this plan, yet left his affairs so arranged that, in the most
+fatal results of the Rebellion of 1715, his estate might be protected.
+His sons-in-law, powerful and devoted to the same cause, were well
+qualified to aid and to protect those members of the family who were
+entrusted to their friendly guidance. John Cameron was still styled
+"Cameron the younger, of Lochiel," for the renowned Sir Ewan Dhu was
+living when Mar summoned the chieftains to the hunting-field of Braemar.
+The aged chieftain had, at this time, attained his eighty-seventh year;
+it had been his glory, in early life, to defend a pass near Braemar
+against Cromwell's troops, until the royal army had retired; and, in
+fact, to be the instrument of saving Glencairn's troops, keeping himself
+clear of those cabals which at that time fatally harassed the
+disorganized Royalists. It was now his fate to send forth, under the
+guidance of his son, his gallant Camerons, to the number of eight
+hundred, to espouse the cause of the Stuarts.[259] No jealousies
+disturbed the confidence reposed on the one side, nor alienated
+affection on the other. The affection of the Highlanders for their
+children was one of the softened features in the national character. It
+was usually repaid with a decree of reverence, of filial piety, which,
+however other qualities may have declined and died away in the Highland
+character, have remained, like verdant plants amid autumnal decay. The
+appalling spectacle of a parent forsaken, or even neglected, by a child,
+is a sight never known in the Highlands: nor is the sense of duty
+lessened by absence from the mountains where first the sentiment was
+felt. The Highland soldier, far from his country, is accompanied by this
+holy love, this inexhaustible stimulus to exertion, which induces him to
+save with what may be unjustly called a niggard hand his earnings, to
+support, in their old age, those who have given him birth. "I have
+been," says General Stewart, "a frequent witness of these offerings of
+filial bounty, and the channel through which they were communicated; and
+I have generally found that a threat of informing their parents of
+misconduct, has operated as a sufficient check on young soldiers, who
+always received the intimation with a sort of horror."[260]
+
+Blessed, doubtless, with the approval of his father, Sir Ewan Dhu,
+Lochiel quitted his home. He left a wife whom he loved, a parent whom
+he reverenced, and whose span of life could not be long extended; he
+left a numerous and prosperous family, upon a sense of duty, a principle
+of loyalty, an adherence, so fixed and so sure among the Highlanders, to
+his engagements. The name of Cameron does not appear among the
+chieftains who were assembled at Braemar; but it appears probable that
+he attended the Earl of Mar's summons, since he was cited, by the
+authority of an act passed on the thirtieth of August, to appear at
+Edinburgh, as well as a number of other disaffected chieftains and
+noblemen, to give bail for his allegiance to the Government. The summons
+was not answered by a single individual, and the preparations for the
+fatal insurrection continued in unabated activity.
+
+The details of the hopeless struggle contain no especial mention of John
+Cameron of Lochiel; but, from manuscript sources, we learn that, after
+the battle of Sherriff Muir, he continued with the Jacobite army,
+conducted by General Gordon, to whom James Stuart had entrusted the
+command of that remnant of his gallant and deserted adherents. The
+Jacobite army having marched to Aberdeen, were there informed by General
+Gordon of the flight of the Chevalier, of that of Lord Mar, and of the
+other principal leaders. A letter was then read to them from James,
+declaring that the disappointments which he had met with, especially
+from abroad, had obliged him to leave the country. He thanked his
+subjects for their services, and desired them to advise with General
+Gordon, and to consult their own safety, either by keeping in a body,
+or separating, and encouraged them to hear from him again in a very
+short time. A singular scene ensued. General Gordon and the chief
+officers of the army, are said to have pretended surprise at this
+disclosure, although they were previously in the secret; but the
+indignation of the soldiers was extreme.
+
+"We are basely betrayed," they cried out; "we are all undone; we have
+neither King nor General left!"
+
+Shortly after this crisis, the Jacobite army dispersed; two hundred of
+them, amongst whom were many chieftains, went towards Peterhead,
+intending to embark, in vessels which they knew were waiting for them,
+for France; but the main body of the army marched westward, to
+Strathspey and Strath-dore to the Hills of Badenoch, where they
+separated. The foot-soldiers dispersed into the mountains, near Lochy,
+and the horse went to Lochaber, agreeing to reassemble, such was their
+undaunted fidelity and courage, on receiving notice from the
+Chevalier.[261] But such a summons never came, to arouse those brave men
+from the repose of their glens and fortresses.
+
+Lochiel had entrusted the guidance of his clan to his son, afterwards
+well known by the name of "gentle Lochiel," and the faithful promoter of
+Charles Edward's ill-starred enterprise. Persuaded that the safety and
+honour of his house were safe in the hands of this promising young man,
+who had been purposely kept in ignorance of the projected rising, and
+had taken no part in it, Lochiel resolved to consult his own safety, and
+to follow his royal master to France. After wandering for some time near
+Braemar, and in Badenoch, he escaped by means of one of the French
+frigates which were cruising near the coast of Scotland.[262]
+
+In 1719 Sir Ewan Dhu expired, having witnessed the rise and fall of that
+attempt to restore the Stuarts, which was only succeeded by a more
+desperate and melancholy undertaking. He lived to see his son an exile,
+but he had the consolation of reflecting that the honour of his clan,
+the great desideratum with a chieftain, was yet unstained either by
+cowardice or disloyalty.
+
+The Camerons do not appear to have had any participation in the abortive
+attempt in 1718 to revive the Stuart claim. Considered by the English
+Government as a proscribed rebel, and deemed of too much importance to
+be forgiven, Lochiel passed henceforth most of his days in the
+melancholy court of St. Germains, where he soon perceived how little
+faith there was to be placed in the energy and determination of James
+Stuart. At times his weary exile was relieved by secret visits to his
+own home at Achnacarry, where he found his son, dutiful and amiable,
+holding his possessions as in trust for his father. Lochiel was enabled
+by the power and alliance of his sons-in-law to remain in safety, as
+long as he pleased, during these visits; yet he professed to renounce
+Scotland until a change of Government should facilitate his return as a
+chieftain to his clansmen. In every district he found kindred ready to
+protect him, and he derived much importance from the influence he
+possessed through his children. His sons-in-law were mostly the heads of
+clans, and they all looked up to Lochiel with affectionate reverence.
+Had Lochiel been a remorseless partisan of James, instead of a true
+lover of his country, he might easily have stimulated his kindred, and
+set into motion the whole of that powerful connection of which he was
+the centre. But he perceived too plainly the risk of such a proceeding,
+and wisely declined involving the peaceful and the prosperous in the
+dangers of another contest. His moderate sentiments were confirmed by
+the early wisdom of his son,--one of those bright patterns of human
+excellence, gifted with every charm which attends a noble and gallant
+chieftain.
+
+During the early part of the Rebellion of 1745, John of Lochiel remained
+in France; but, when the battles of Falkirk and of Preston Pans raised
+the hopes of his party, he came over to Scotland, and landed on the
+coasts of Lochaber, a short time before the fatal blow to the Stuart
+cause was given at Culloden. After taking a last look at his house, and
+visiting, with what feelings can well be conceived, the scenes of his
+childhood, the haunts of his ancestry,--the house of Achnacarry, which
+was soon, as he well might conjecture, to be the object of vengeance to
+a foe more ruthless and brutal than ever party spirit had infuriated in
+this country before,--Lochiel, embarking in the vessel which had brought
+him to Scotland, elate with hope, returned to France. His exile was
+cheered by the friendship of the Duke of Berwick, but his heart seems
+ever to have been in Scotland. A few years afterwards he came over again
+privately to Edinburgh, and there his eventful life was closed.[263] His
+estates were included, after the year 1745, in the numerous forfeitures
+which followed the Rebellion; but they were eventually restored, and
+they have remained in possession of the family. Intrepid and amiable as
+John of Lochiel appears to have been, and perilous as was his career,
+his character bears no comparison in interest with that of one who was
+one of the brightest ornaments of his party--his gallant unfortunate
+son.
+
+Donald Cameron of Lochiel, had long exercised the authority of a
+chieftain, before the Rebellion of 1745 entailed upon him a
+participation in occupations still more arduous. He had, in short,
+arrived at middle age when he was called upon to support the claims of
+Charles Edward.
+
+To the virtues and intentions of this chieftain, even his enemies have
+borne tribute. He was accomplished, refined, and courteous; yet brave,
+firm, and daring. The warlike tribes around him, unaccustomed to such a
+combination of qualities, idolized the gallant and the good Lochiel. His
+father, reposing on his honour and prudence, relied with security upon
+his son's management of the family estates, and this confidence was
+never disturbed by presumption on the one hand, nor by suspicion on the
+other.
+
+Donald Cameron had imbibed the principles of his father; and there is
+little doubt but that, during the furtive visits of John Lochiel to
+Scotland, a tacit understanding had been formed between them to support
+the "good old cause," as they termed it, whenever circumstances should
+permit. But Donald Cameron, although "he loved his King well, loved his
+country better;" nor could he be persuaded to endanger the peace of that
+country by a rash enterprise, which could never, as he justly thought,
+prosper without foreign aid, and the hearty co-operation of the English
+Jacobites. His own clansmen were, he well knew, prepared for the
+contest, come when it might; for the conversation of the small gentry
+and of the retainers consisted, to borrow a description from a
+contemporary writer, entirely of disquisitions upon "martiall
+atchievements, deer huntings, and even valuing themselves upon their
+wicked expeditions and incursions upon their innocent low-country
+neighbours. They have gott," adds the same author,[264] "a notion and
+inviollable maxim handed down to them from their forefathers, that they,
+being the only ancient Scotsmen, that whole nation belongs to them in
+property, and look on all the low-country-men as a mixture of Danes,
+Saxons, Normans, and English, who have by violence robbed them of the
+best part of their country, while they themselves are penned up in the
+most mountainous and barren parts thereof to starve; therefore think it
+no injustice to commit dayly depredations upon them, making thereby
+conscience to interrupt their illegal possession (as they call it) in
+case it should prescribe into a right."[265]
+
+It would not have been difficult to have blown such combustible
+materials into a flame; but Donald Cameron adopted a different policy,
+and endeavoured to allay the angry passions of the tribe over which he
+ruled: nevertheless, his own conduct was perfectly consistent with his
+principles; and such was the notion entertained of his integrity and
+moderation, that though he never took the oaths to the reigning family,
+he was indulged in that tenderness of conscience and permitted to remain
+in peace, even though residing in the immediate neighbourhood of a great
+military station.[266]
+
+Donald Cameron had indeed a more valuable stake in the country than
+houses or lands. He was married in the year 1723 to the daughter of Sir
+James Campbell of Auchinbreck, a lady of whom it is high praise to say,
+that she was worthy of being the companion of such a man.
+
+Thus situated, the nominal holder of an estate which, though long
+maintained in the family, is said never to have exceeded in value five
+hundred pounds a-year, and less prejudiced against the English and the
+ruling powers than his predecessors, Donald Cameron felt, it is
+asserted, little desire to promote a second invasion of the country by
+the Chevalier. The slightest intimation of his father's wish to revive
+that cause would have been sufficient to set the whole family
+confederacy into motion; but the wisdom of the younger Lochiel had been
+ripened by the cautious and critical part which he had had to perform in
+life; and that prudent disposition, enforced by his father's
+circumspection, prevented any precipitate measures.
+
+Of the favour and confidence of the Chevalier, Donald Cameron was well
+assured. In 1729, the following letter was addressed to him, under the
+name of Mr. Johnstone, by James.[267]
+
+    "I am glad of this occasion to let you know how well plessed I am to
+    hear of the care you take to follow your father's and uncle's
+    example in their loyalty to me; and I doubt not of your endeavours
+    to maintain the true spirit in the clan. Allan is now with me, and
+    I am always glad to have some of my brave Highlanders about me, whom
+    I value as they deserve. You will deliver the enclosed to its
+    address, and doubt not of my particular regard for you, which I am
+    persuaded you will always deserve.
+
+            (Signed) "JAMES R."
+
+    "April 11, 1727."
+
+In addition to these instructions, Donald Cameron received a letter from
+his uncle, Allan Cameron, (in 1729,) who attended the Chevalier during
+his residence at Albano; from which it appears that a full commission
+had been sent to Lochiel to treat with "such of the King's friends in
+Scotland," as he thought were safe to be trusted concerning his affairs.
+It was also intimated that James had conceived a high opinion of the
+good sense and prudence of Lochiel, from his letters; and encouragement
+was given to any future exertions. The uncle then instructed his nephew
+how to answer the King's letter in the following explicit manner. These
+directions are tolerably minute:[268]
+
+    "I think it proper you should write to the King by the first post
+    after you receive his letter. I need not advise you what to say in
+    answer to such a gracious letter from your King, only let it not be
+    very long. Declare your duty and readiness to execute his Majesty's
+    commands on all occasions, and your sense of the honour he has been
+    pleased to do you in giving you such a commission. I am not to chuse
+    words for you, because I am sure you can express yourself in a
+    dutiful and discreet manner without any help. You are to write, Sir,
+    on a large margin, and to end, Your most faithful and obedient
+    subject and servant; and to address to the King and no more; which
+    inclose to me sealed. I pray send me a copy of it on a paper
+    inclosed, with any other thing that you do not think fit or needful
+    the King should see in your letter to me, because I will shew your
+    answer to this, wherein you may say that you will be mindful of all
+    I wrote to you, and what else you think fit."
+
+To these instructions assurances were added, that the elder Lochiel, who
+had, it seems, been in necessitous circumstances after his attainder,
+and during his exile, should be relieved at the Chevalier's expense; "so
+that," adds the uncle, "your mind may be pretty easy upon that point."
+Donald had, it appears, expressed some discontent at the comparative
+comfort in which some of the exiled Jacobites lived, and the poverty of
+his father's circumstances, which he had observed when in Paris a few
+years previous to this correspondence. Allan Cameron further advised his
+nephew to keep on good terms with Glengarry and all other neighbours; to
+let "byganes, be byganes," as long as such neighbours continue firm to
+the "King's interests;" to avoid private animosities, and yet to keep a
+watch over their fidelity to the cause. "As to Lovat," adds the uncle,
+"be on your guard, but not so as to lose him; on the contrary, you may
+say that the King trusts a great deal to the resolution he has taken to
+serve him, and expects he will continue in that resolution. But, dear
+nephew, you know very well that he must give true and real proof of his
+sincerity by performance, before he can be entirely reckoned on, after
+the part he has acted. This I say to yourself, and therefore you must
+deal with him very dexterously; and I must leave it to your own judgment
+what lengths to go with him, since you know he has always been a man
+whose chief view was his own interest. It is true, he wishes our family
+well; and I doubt not he would wish the King restored, which is his
+interest, if he has the grace to have a hand in it, after what he has
+done. So, upon the whole, I know not what advice to give you, as to
+letting him know that the King wrote you such a letter as you have; but
+in general, you are to make the best of him you can, but still be on
+your guard; for it is not good to put too much in his power before the
+time of executing a good design. The King knows very well how useful he
+can be if sincere, which I have represented as fully as was necessary.
+
+"This letter is of such bulk, that I have inclosed the King's letter
+under cover with another letter addressed for your father, as I will not
+take leave of you till next post. I add only, that I am entirely yours,
+
+            (Signed)    "A. CAMERON."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Eight years afterwards (in 1736), when inquiries were made by the
+Chevalier concerning the temper of the people, and the state of the
+clans, it was stated that the most leading men among the clans were
+Cameron of Lochiel and Sir Alexander Macdonald. The Cameronians were, it
+was stated, well armed, and regularly regimented among themselves, but
+"so giddy and inconstant" that they could not be depended on; only that
+they were strongly enraged against the Government. "The leading men
+among the loyalists were reported much diminished; nor was it easy, from
+the necessity of concealing their sentiments, since the last rising, to
+make any estimate of the amount of those who would enter into any second
+scheme."[269] Considering Cameron of Lochiel as thus empowered to give
+information of the first movements of James, the Jacobites in the
+Highlands were in continual communication with Cameron; yet, perhaps
+considering that those who engaged in the last insurrection, being
+nearly superannuated, would rather wish well to the cause than engage
+again, he still kept the fervent spirits of that political party whom he
+thus regarded in an equable state,--ready to act, yet willing to wait
+for a favourable occasion. In 1740 Donald Cameron signed, nevertheless,
+the association of seven carried by Drummond of Bochaldy to Rome; but
+when the Court of France, after the disaster at Dunkirk, withdrew its
+aid, he was one of those who sent over Murray to dissuade Charles from
+coming to Scotland, unless accompanied by a body of foreign troops:--so
+true were his professions of fidelity, and so finely was that fidelity
+tempered with prudence. Holding these opinions, which were amply
+verified by the result of the Rebellion of 1745, when Donald Cameron
+received a letter from Prince Charles, written at Borodale, and desiring
+to see him immediately, it was in sorrow and perplexity that he received
+the summons. He sent his brother, the unfortunate Dr. Archibald Cameron,
+to urge the Prince to return, and to assure him that he should not join
+in the undertaking. But the Prince persisted in the resolution he had
+formed of persevering in his attempt, and gave to Dr. Cameron the same
+reply that he had already given to others, and then, addressing himself
+to Macdonald of Scothouse, who had gone to the coast to pay his respects
+to the Prince, he asked him if he could go to Lochiel and endeavour to
+persuade him to do his duty. Young Scothouse replied, he would comply
+with the Prince's wishes, and immediately set out for Achnacarry. Such a
+message from such a quarter could not be resisted, and Lochiel prepared
+to accompany young Scothouse to Borodale. Lochiel's reluctance to assent
+was not, however, overcome: his mind misgave him. He knew well the state
+of his country, and he took this first step with an ominous foreboding
+of the issue. He left his home, determined not to take arms. On his way
+to Borodale he called at the house of his brother, John Cameron of
+Fassefern, who came out and inquired what had brought him from home at
+that early hour? Lochiel replied that the Prince had arrived from
+France, and had sent to see him. Fassefern inquired what troops the
+Prince had brought? what money? what arms? Lochiel answered that the
+Prince had brought neither money, nor arms, nor troops, and that he was
+therefore resolved not to be concerned in any attempt, and to dissuade
+Charles from an insurrection. Fassefern approved of his brother's
+decision, but recommended him not to proceed to Borodale, but to
+communicate his resolution by letter. "No," rejoined Lochiel; "it is my
+duty to go to the Prince, and unfold to him my reasons, which admit of
+no reply." "Brother," returned Fassefern, "I know you better than you
+know yourself; if the Prince once sets his eyes upon you, he will make
+you do whatever he pleases."[270]
+
+Lochiel, nevertheless, proceeded to Borodale.
+
+The gallant chief found the Prince surrounded by those who, like
+himself, had consented, unwillingly, to join in the ill-starred
+enterprise. The personal courage of Charles Edward has been doubted; but
+his determination and fearlessness at this critical moment, afford an
+ample contradiction of the charge. Whilst on board the ship which
+brought him to Scotland, it was represented to him that he must keep
+himself very retired, as the garrison at Inverlochie was not far off,
+and as the Campbells in the neighbourhood would be ready to take him. "I
+have no fear about that at all," was his reply. "If I could get six
+stout trusty fellows to join me," he said, on another occasion, "I would
+rather skulk about the mountains of Scotland than return to
+France."[271]
+
+The Prince was in this temper of mind when Lochiel reached him. Upon his
+arrival at Borodale, the Prince and he immediately retired to a long and
+private conference.
+
+The conversation began, upon the part of Charles, by complaints of the
+treatment which he had received from the Ministers of France, "who had
+long," he said, "amused him with vain hopes, and deceived him with
+promises:" "their coldness in his cause," he added, "but ill agreed with
+the confidence which he had in his own claims, and with the enthusiasm
+which the loyalty of his father's brave and faithful subjects had
+inspired in him." Lochiel acknowledged the engagements of the chiefs,
+but remarked that they were not binding, since his Highness had come
+without the stipulated aid; and, therefore, since there was not the
+least prospect of success, he advised the Prince to return to France,
+and reserve himself and his faithful friends to some more favourable
+opportunity.[272]
+
+This counsel was extremely distasteful to Charles Edward; already had
+the young and gallant Prince declared to one of the Macdonalds, who had
+urged the same opinion, that he did not choose to owe the restoration
+of his father's throne to foreigners, but to his own friends, to whom he
+was now come to put it in their power to have the glory of that
+event.[273] He therefore refused to follow Lochiel's advice, asserting
+that there could not be a more favourable moment than the present, when
+all the British troops were abroad, and kept at bay by Marshal Saxe. In
+Scotland, he added, there were only a few regiments, newly raised, and
+unused to service. These could never stand before the brave Highlanders;
+and the first advantage gained would encourage his father's friends to
+declare themselves, and would ensure foreign aid. He only wanted "the
+Highlanders to begin the war."
+
+"Lochiel," to use the words of Mr. Home, "still resisted, entreating
+Charles to be more temperate, and consent to remain concealed where he
+was, till he (Lochiel) and his other friends should meet together and
+concert what was best to be done." Charles, whose mind was wound up to
+the utmost pitch of impatience, paid no regard to this proposal, but
+answered, that he was determined to put all to the hazard. "In a few
+days," said he, "with the few friends that I have, I will erect the
+royal standard, and proclaim to the people of Britain that Charles
+Stuart is come over to claim the crown of his ancestors, to win it, or
+to perish in the attempt: Lochiel," continued he, "who my father has
+often told me was our firmest friend, may stay at home, and learn from
+the newspapers the fate of his Prince; and so shall every man over whom
+nature or fortune hath given me any power." Such was the singular
+conversation on the result of which depended peace or war; for it is a
+point agreed among the Highlanders, that if Lochiel had persisted in his
+refusal to take arms, the other chiefs would not have joined the
+standard without him, and the spark of rebellion must have instantly
+expired.[274]
+
+To the details of this interview are added others, which somewhat
+reflect upon the disinterestedness of Lochiel. They rest, however, upon
+hearsay evidence; and, since conversations repeated rarely bear exactly
+their original signification, some caution must be given before they are
+credited: yet, even if true, one can scarcely condemn a man who is
+forced into an enterprise from which he shrinks, screening himself from
+all the consequences of defeat, and striving to preserve an inheritance
+which he might justly regard as a trust, rather than a property. It must
+also be remembered that Donald Cameron was at this time only nominally
+the proprietor of the patrimonial estates. The following is the extract
+from Bishop Forbes's diary, from which the information is supplied:--
+
+                                      "Leith, Thursday, April 9, 1752.
+
+    "Alexander Macdonnell, the younger, of Glengary, did me the honour
+    to dine with me. In the course of conversation, I told young
+    Glengary, that I had oftener than once, heard the Viscountess
+    Dowager of Strathallan tell, that Lochiel, junior, had refused to
+    raise a man, or to make any appearance, till the Prince should give
+    him security for the full value of his estate, in the event of the
+    attempt proving abortive. To this young Glengary answered, that it
+    was fact, and that the Prince himself (after returning from France)
+    had frankly told him as much, assigning this as the weighty reason
+    why he (the Prince) had shown so much zeal in providing young
+    Lochiel (preferably to all others) in a regiment. 'For,' said the
+    Prince, 'I must do the best I can, in my present circumstances, to
+    keep my word to Lochiel.' Young Glengary told me, moreover, that
+    Lochiel, junior, (the above bargain with the Prince
+    notwithstanding,) insisted upon another condition before he would
+    join in the attempt, which was, that Glengary, senior, should give
+    it under his hand to raise his clan and join the Prince. Accordingly
+    Glengary, senior, when applied to upon the subject, did actually
+    give it under his hand, that his clan should rise under his own
+    second son as colonel, and Mac Donell, of Lochgary, as
+    lieutenant-colonel. Then, indeed, young Lochiel was gratified in all
+    his demands, and did instantly raise his clan.
+
+    "Glengary, junior, likewise assured me that Cluny Mac Pherson,
+    junior, made the same agreement with the Prince, before he would
+    join the attempt with his followers, as young Lochiel had done,
+    viz. to have security from the Prince for the full value of his
+    estate, lest the expedition should prove unsuccessful; which the
+    Prince accordingly consented unto, and gave security to said Cluny
+    Mac Pherson, junior, for the full value of his estate. Young
+    Glengary declared that he had this from the young Cluny Mac
+    Pherson's own mouth, as a weighty reason why he, Cluny, would not
+    part with the money which the Prince had committed to his care and
+    keeping."
+
+Lochiel, after these arrangements with the Prince, returned to
+Achnacarry, in order to prepare for the undertaking. A deep sadness
+pervaded his deportment when he began thus to fulfil his promise to the
+Prince; but having once embarked in the enterprise, he exerted himself
+with as much zeal and perseverance as if he had engaged in it with the
+full approbation of his judgment. We cannot wonder at his dejection, for
+his assent was the assent of all the clans. It was a point agreed among
+the Highlanders, that had Lochiel not proceeded to take arms, the other
+chiefs would not have joined the standard without him; and the "spark of
+rebellion," thus writes Mr. Home, "must instantly have expired." "Upon
+this," says an eye-witness of the Rebellion, "depended the whole
+undertaking; for had Lochiel stood out, the Prince must either have
+returned to France on board the same frigate that brought him to
+Scotland, or remained privately in the Highlands, waiting for a landing
+of foreign troops. The event has shown that he would have waited for a
+long time."[275]
+
+From henceforth the career of Lochiel was one of activity and of
+exertions which it must have been almost melancholy to witness in one
+whose heart was sorrowing and foreboding. He arranged his papers and
+affairs as a man does before setting out on a journey from which he was
+not to return,[276] and he summoned his followers to give aid to a cause
+which as Mrs. Grant remarks, "a vain waste of blood adorned without
+strengthening."[277] He sent messengers throughout Lochaber and the
+adjacent countries in which the Camerons lived, requiring his chieftains
+to prepare and to accompany their chief to Glenfinnin. Before, however,
+the day appointed had arrived, a party of the Camerons and the
+Macdonalds of Keppoch had begun the war by attacking Captain John Scott,
+at High Bridge, eight miles from Fort William. The chief glory of this
+short but important action is due to Macdonald of Keppoch; the affair
+was over when Lochiel with a troop of Camerons arrived, took charge of
+the prisoners, and carried them to his house at Achnacarry.
+
+On the nineteenth of August (old style), Lochiel, followed by seven
+hundred men, marched to Glenfinnin, where Charles was anxiously awaiting
+his approach. When the Prince landed from one of the lakes in the glen,
+Lochiel was not to be seen; and the adventurer, entering one of the
+hovels, waited there two hours, until the sound of the bagpipes
+announced the approach of the Camerons. These brave men who were thus
+marching to their destiny advanced in two lines of three men deep,
+whilst between the lines were the prisoners taken at High Bridge,
+unarmed, trophies of the first victory of the Jacobites. The Camerons
+were reputed to be as active and strong and as well skilled in the use
+of arms as any of the clans of Scotland, and as little addicted to
+pilfering as any Highlanders at that time could be; for Lochiel had
+taken infinite pains to make them honest, and had administered justice
+among them with no little severity. "He thought," says a writer of the
+time, "his authority sufficient to keep his clan in subjection, and
+never troubled his head whether they obeyed him out of love or from
+fear."[278] Lochiel had not been able to prevail upon any of his
+brothers-in-law to accompany him, although they wished well to the
+undertaking, and, in some instances, afterwards joined it. One member of
+his family made, however, a conspicuous figure in the vale of
+Glenfinnin.
+
+This was the celebrated Jenny Cameron, daughter of Cameron of
+Glendessery, and a kinswoman of Lochiel. She is reported to have been a
+widow, and upwards of forty, according to one account,--to another, of
+fifty years of age. Her father, whose estate did not exceed in value one
+hundred and fifty pounds a year, had endeavoured to improve it by
+dealing in cattle, a business frequently followed even by men of good
+family in the Highlands. He had been some time dead, and the estate had
+devolved upon his grandson, a youth of weak intellect, to whom Miss
+Cameron acted as curatrix or guardian. The young man, although then of
+age, left all matters of business entirely to his aunt; and she came,
+therefore, to the standard of Prince Charles, as the representative of
+her nephew.
+
+Her appearance, if we are to accredit contemporary statements, must have
+been extremely singular. Having collected a troop of two hundred and
+fifty men, she marched at the head of it to the camp at Glenfinnin. She
+was dressed in a sea-green riding-habit, with a scarlet lappet, laced
+with gold; her hair was tied behind in loose curls, and surmounted with
+a velvet cap, and a scarlet feather. She rode a bay gelding, with green
+furniture, richly trimmed with gold; in her hand she carried a naked
+sword instead of a riding-whip. Her countenance is described as being
+agreeable, and her figure handsome;[279] her eyes were fine, and her
+hair as black as jet. In conversation she was full of intelligence and
+vivacity.[280] The Prince, it is said, rode out of the lines to receive
+her, and to welcome the addition to his army, and conducted her to a
+tent with much ceremony. It was reported that Mrs. Cameron continued in
+the camp as the commander of her troop, and accompanied the Prince into
+England. But this account is contradicted by Bishop Forbes. "She was so
+far," he says, "from accompanying the Prince's army, that she went off
+with the rest of the spectators as soon as the army marched; neither did
+she ever follow the camp, nor was ever with the Prince but in
+public,[281] when he had his Court in Edinburgh."[282]
+
+The Prince remained at Glenfinnin two days, and was observed to be in
+high spirits. Here he was presented by Major Macdonell with the first
+good horse that he had mounted in Scotland. Charles Edward then marched
+his little army to Lochiel, which is about five miles from Glenfinnin,
+resting first at Fassefern, the seat of Lochiel's brother, and then
+proceeded to a village called Moidh, belonging to Lochiel.
+
+From this time the fate of Lochiel was inevitably bound up with that of
+the Prince. At the siege of Edinburgh he distinguished himself at the
+head of his Camerons in the following manner:--When the deputies who
+were appointed by the town council to request a further delay from
+Charles set out in a hackney coach for Gray's Mill to prevail upon Lord
+George Murray to second their application, as the Netherbow Port was
+opened to let out their coach, the Camerons, headed by Lochiel, rushed
+in and took possession of the city. The brave chief afterwards obtained
+from Prince Charles the guard of the city, as he was more acquainted
+with Edinburgh than the rest of the Highland chiefs; and his discipline
+was so exact that the city guns, persons, and effects were as secure
+under his care as in the time of peace. There was indeed some pilfering
+in the country, but not more than was to be expected in the
+neighbourhood of an army of undisciplined Highlanders.
+
+Lochiel remained in Edinburgh while the Prince continued there, and
+witnessed the brief splendour of the young Chevalier's Court: it is thus
+described by an eye-witness:[283]--"The Prince's Court at Holyrood soon
+became very brilliant. There were every day, from morning till night, a
+vast affluence of well-dressed people. Besides the gentlemen that had
+joined or come upon business, or to pay their court, there were a great
+number of ladies and gentlemen that came either out of affection or
+curiosity, besides the desire of seeing the Prince. There had not been a
+Court in Scotland for a long time, and people came from all quarters to
+see so many novelties. One would have thought the King was already
+restored, and in peaceable possession of all the dominions of his
+ancestors, and that the Prince had only made a trip to Scotland to show
+himself to the people and receive their homage. Such was the splendour
+of the Court, and such the satisfaction that appeared in everybody's
+countenance."
+
+At the battle of Falkirk, Lochiel was slightly wounded, as well as his
+brother Archibald.[284] Throughout that engagement, as well as during
+the whole of the unhappy contest of 1745-6, Lochiel distinguished
+himself by his clemency, gallantry, and good faith. An incident which
+happened after the battle of Falkirk, shows the respect paid to the head
+of the clan.
+
+While Charles Edward was standing at an open window at his house in
+Falkirk, reading a list of prisoners just presented by Lord Kilmarnock,
+a soldier in the uniform of one of King George's regiments made his
+appearance in the street below. He was armed with a musket and bayonet,
+and wore a black cockade in his hat, as it appeared, by way of defiance.
+Upon perceiving this, Charles directed the attention of Lord Kilmarnock,
+who was standing near him, to the soldier. Lord Kilmarnock ran down
+stairs immediately, went up to the soldier, struck the hat off his head,
+and set his foot on the black cockade. At that instant a Highlander came
+running across the street, and laid hands on Lord Kilmarnock, and pushed
+him back. Lord Kilmarnock pulled out a pistol and presented it at the
+Highlander's head: the Highlander drew out his dirk and pointed it at
+Lord Kilmarnock's heart. After remaining in this position a few seconds
+they were separated: the man with the dirk took up the hat and put it on
+the head of the soldier, who was marched off in triumph by the
+Highlanders.
+
+This little scene was explained to some of the bystanders thus: The man
+in the King's uniform was a Cameron, who, after the defeat of the
+Government army, had joined his clan. He was received with joy by the
+Camerons, who permitted him to wear his uniform until others could be
+procured. The Highlander who pointed the dirk at Lord Kilmarnock's
+breast, was the soldier's brother; the crowd who surrounded him were his
+kinsmen of the clan. No one, it was their opinion, "could take that
+cockade out of the soldier's cap, except Lochiel himself."[285] Lochiel
+accompanied the Prince in his disastrous expedition to Derby.
+
+At the end of February 1746, he was sent with General Stapleton to
+besiege Fort William. He left that enterprise when summoned by Charles
+Edward to assemble around his standard on the field of Culloden. On the
+eventful fourteenth of April, the day before the battle, Lochiel joined
+the Prince's army: that night, the Highlanders, who never pitched a
+tent, lay among the furze and trees of Culloden Wood, whilst their young
+leader slept beneath the roof of Culloden House.
+
+The following extract from the Duke of Cumberland's orderly-book shows
+how closely that able general and detestable individual had studied the
+habits of those whom it was his lot to conquer; and mark also his
+contempt for the "Lowlanders and arrant scum" who sometimes made up the
+lines behind the Highlanders.[286]
+
+                     "Edinburgh, 12 Jan. 1745-6. Sunday Parole, Derby.
+
+    "Field-officer for the day: to-morrow Major Willson. The manner of
+    the Highlander's way of fighting, which there is nothing so easy to
+    resist, if officers and men are not prepossessed with the lyes and
+    accounts which are told of them. They commonly form their front rank
+    of what they call their best men, or true Highlanders, the number of
+    which being allways but few, when they form in battallions they
+    commonly form four deep, and these Highlanders form the front of the
+    four, the rest being Lowlanders and arrant scum; when these
+    battallions come within a large musket-shott, or three-score yards,
+    this front rank gives their fire and immediately throw down their
+    firelocks and come down in a cluster with their swords and targets,
+    making a noise and endeavouring to pearce the body, or battallions
+    before them. Becoming twelve or fourteen deep by the time they come
+    up to the people, they attack. The sure way to demolish them is at
+    three deep to fire by ranks diagonally to the centre where they
+    come, the rear rank first, and even that rank not to fire till they
+    are within ten or twelve paces; but if the fire is given at a
+    distance you probably will be broke, for you never get time to load
+    a second cartridge; and if you give way, you may give your foot for
+    dead, for they being without a firelock, or any load, no man with
+    his arms, accoutrements, &c. can escape them, and they give no
+    quarters; but if you will but observe the above directions, the are
+    the most despicable enemy that are."
+
+On the following day when the army, being drawn up on Drumossie Moor,
+waited in vain till mid-day for the approach of the enemy, Charles
+addressed his generals and chiefs, and proposed to attack the Duke of
+Cumberland's camp at Nairn that evening.
+
+His proposal was, unfortunately for his brave followers, not seconded by
+the powerful voice of Lord George Murray. Lochiel, who was not a man
+given to much elocution, recommended delay, and urged that the army
+would be at least fifteen hundred stronger on the following day. The
+return of the army to Culloden, fatigued and famished, between five and
+six o'clock on the following morning, was the result of that ill-advised
+attempt. At eight o'clock the alarm was given at Culloden House by one
+of the clan Cameron, that the Duke's army was in full march towards
+them.
+
+When the army was formed into two lines, Lochiel's regiment was placed
+on the left, next to the Athole Brigade. The Camerons, with the
+Maclaclans and Macleans, the Mackintoshes, the Stuarts, attacked sword
+in hand. Most of the chiefs who commanded these five regiments were
+killed, and Cameron of Lochiel, advancing at the head of his regiment,
+was so near Burrel's regiment[287] that he had fired his pistol, and was
+drawing his sword when he fell wounded with grape-shot in both ankles.
+His two brothers, afterwards more unfortunate even than himself, were on
+each side of him; they raised him up, and bore him off the field in
+their arms. The Camerons, at the field of Culloden, sustained the
+greatness of their fame; nor have the imputations which were cast upon
+other clans, perhaps had a just foundation of truth. No reliance can be
+placed upon the opinions of the English press at the time.[288]
+
+The blood of Cameron of Lochiel was sought, as Mrs. Grant expresses it,
+with the "most venomous perseverance." His own country, to which he was
+at first removed, affording him no shelter,[289] he sheltered himself in
+the Braes of Bannoch. He suffered long from his wounds, until in June,
+his friend Clunie Macpherson brought from Edinburgh a physician, Sir
+Stewart Threipland, who gave him the benefit of his aid. Meantime the
+spirit of Lochiel remained undaunted; and he who had entered into the
+insurrection unwillingly, was almost the last to give up the cause. A
+resolution was taken on the eighth of May by the chieftains to raise
+each a body of men, for the service of the Prince; and the rendezvous
+was appointed at Achnacarry on the fifteenth instant. We find a letter
+addressed by Lochiel on May the twenty-fifth to the chiefs, accounting
+for his not having met them according to promise, by the risk of a
+surprise, and recommending them to keep quiet until a promised succour
+from France. The letter speaks the language of hope; but whether that
+was the real feeling of the writer, or only intended to keep up
+exertion, cannot be ascertained. In the postscript Lochiel states his
+regret that many had given up their arms without his knowledge. "I
+cannot," he adds, "take upon me to direct in this particular, but to
+give my opinion, and let every one judge for himself."
+
+During May, Lochiel continued at Loch Arkeg, preparing for a summer
+campaign, and corresponding with Clunie Macpherson and with the
+treacherous Murray of Broughton on the subject. He was, at this time, in
+want of food and money. "I have scarcely a sufficiency of meal," he
+writes, "to serve myself and the gentlemen who are with me for four
+days, and can get none to purchase in this country."[290] After the
+breaking up of the scheme of fresh cooperations in May, and when
+Lochaber was occupied by the Government troops, Lochiel became anxious
+to retire to Badenoch. This district is one of the wildest parts of the
+Highlands; though destitute of wood, it afforded shelter in its rocky
+dens and in the sides of its rugged hills. Not only did Lochiel desire
+repose and safety, but he longed to be beyond the reach of those
+heartrending accounts which were ever brought to him of the sufferings
+of his people, and of the dwellers in Lochaber. The severities and
+cruelties of the military, licensed by the Duke of Cumberland to every
+atrocity, to use the simple language of Mr. Forbes, "bore very hard upon
+him." One day[291] when accounts were brought to Lochiel, in Badenoch,
+that the poor people in Lochaber had been so pillaged and harassed that
+they had really no necessaries to keep in their lives, Lochiel took out
+his purse and gave all the money he could well spare to be distributed
+among such in Lochaber. "And," said a friend who was with him, "I
+remember nothing better than that Sir Stewart Threipland at that time
+took out his purse and gave five guineas, expressing himself in these
+words: "I am sure that I have not so much for myself; but then, if I be
+spared I know where to get more, whereas these poor people know not
+where to get the smallest assistance!""
+
+Meantime the news reached Lochiel of the total destruction of his house
+at Achnacarrie. Previously to the demolition of the house, the family
+had buried or concealed many things in the earth. The English soldiers,
+encamping round the smoking ruins, are said, on tradition, to have
+actually boiled their kettles at the foot of each of a fine avenue of
+plane-trees. The avenue remains, and fissures can still be traced
+running up the stem of each tree. Not a memorial of the House of
+Achnacarrie remained. For this, and other acts of wanton barbarity, the
+pretext was that the Camerons, as well as other tribes, had promised to
+surrender arms at a certain time, but had broken their word. "His Royal
+Highness, the Duke of Cumberland," to borrow from a contemporary writer,
+"began with the rebels in a gentle, paternal way, with soft admonitions,
+with a promise of protection to all the common people that would bring
+in their arms, and submit to mercy." Since, however, some equivocated,
+and others broke their word, the Duke was obliged to lay "the rod on
+more heavy." Fire and sword were therefore carried through the country
+of the Camerons; the cattle were driven away; even the cotter's hut
+escaped not: the homes of the poor were laid in ashes: their sheep and
+pigs slaughtered: and the wretched inmates of the huts, flying to the
+mountains, were found there, some expiring, some actually dead of
+hunger. The houses of the clergy were crowded with the homeless and
+starving: whole districts were depopulated: the Sabbath was outraged by
+acts of destruction, which wounded, in the nicest point, the feelings
+of the religious mountaineer; and the goods of the rebels were publicly
+auctioned, without any warrant of a civil court. During all these
+proceedings, the "jovial Duke," as he was called, was making merry at
+Fort Augustus in a manner which, if possible, casts more odium on his
+memory even than his atrocious and unpunished cruelties.[292]
+
+Achnacarrie was razed to the ground. A modern structure, suitable in
+splendour to the truly noble family who possess it, has arisen in its
+place; but no erection can restore the house of Sir Ewan Dhu, and the
+home of his "gentle" grandson, Donald Cameron. As the plunderers
+ransacked the house, they found a picture of Lochiel, and one which was
+accounted a good likeness. This was given to the soldiers, who were
+dispatched over Corryarie in search of the wounded and unfortunate
+original. On the top of that mountain the military encountered
+Macpherson of Urie, who, being of a fair and pleasing aspect, was
+mistaken by them for Lochiel.
+
+"Urie," writes Mrs. Grant, who had the story from himself, "was a
+Jacobite, and had been _out_, as the phrase was then. The soldiers
+seized him, and assured him he was a d----d rebel, and that his title
+was Lochiel. He, in turn, assured them that he was neither d----d, nor a
+rebel, nor by any means Lochiel. When he understood, however, that they
+were in search of Lochiel, and going in the very direction where he lay
+concealed, he gave them reason finally to suppose he was the person they
+sought. They returned to Fort Augustus where the Duke of Cumberland then
+lay, in great triumph with their prisoners; Urie, as he expected, from
+the indulgence of some who were about the Duke, was very soon set at
+liberty."
+
+This temporary captivity of Urie had, however, the effect of allowing
+Lochiel time to contrive means of escape from the country. There was
+one, however, dear to him as his own life, whose continuance in Scotland
+ensured that of Lochiel. This was Prince Charles, who evinced for
+Lochiel a regard, and displayed a degree of confidence in his fidelity,
+which were amply merited by the tried affection of the chieftain. For
+nearly three months Lochiel remained ignorant of the fate of Charles,
+until the joyful tidings were brought of his being safe at Loch-Arkeg.
+Lochiel was at Ben Aulder, a hill of great circumference in Badenoch,
+when he received this intelligence from one of his tenants named
+Macpherson, who was sent by Cameron of Clunes to find out Lochiel and
+Clunie, and to inform them that their young master was safe.
+
+Upon the return of Macpherson to Cameron of Clunes, the Prince, being
+informed where Lochiel was, sent Lochgarry and Dr. Archibald Cameron
+with a message to them. Since it was impossible that Lochiel could go to
+the Prince on account of his wounds, it was agreed between Lochiel and
+these friends, that Charles should take refuge near Achnacarrie, as the
+safest place for him to pass some time; and Dr. Cameron and Lochgarry
+returned to Charles to impart the details of this arrangement. The
+attachment of Charles to Lochiel was shown in a very forcible manner:
+when he was informed that the chief was safe and recovering, he
+expressed the greatest satisfaction, and fervently returned thanks to
+God. The ejaculation of praise and thanksgiving was reiterated three or
+four times.
+
+Charles now crossed Loch Arkeg, and took up his abode in a fir-wood on
+the west side of the lake, to await the arrival of Clunie, who had
+promised to meet him there. The impatience of the Prince to behold his
+friends Clunie and Lochiel was so great, that he set out for Badenoch
+before Clunie could arrive.
+
+Lochiel had, during the months of June and July, remained on Ben Aulder,
+under which name is comprehended a great chase belonging to Clunie. His
+dwelling was a miserable shieling at Mellamir, which contained him and
+his friend Macpherson of Breackachie, also his principal servant, Allan
+Cameron, and two servants of Clunie. Here Clunie and Lochiel, who were
+cousins-german, were chiefly supplied with provisions by Macpherson of
+Breackachie, who was married to a sister of Clunie. The secret of their
+retreat was known to many persons; but the fidelity of the Highlanders
+was such, that though the Earl of Loudon had a military post not many
+miles from Ben Aulder, he had not the slightest knowledge of the place
+of Lochiel's concealment. The same high principle which guarded Prince
+Charles in his wanderings, and resisted the temptation of a large
+reward, protected Lochiel in his retirement.
+
+In this retreat he was found by the Prince, who had missed Clunie, and
+had gradually made his way through Badenoch to the Braes of Bannoch,
+accompanied by five persons. When Lochiel from his hut beheld a party
+approaching, all armed, he concluded that a troop of militia were coming
+to seize him. Lame as he was, it was in vain to think of retreating: he
+held a short conference with his friends, and then resolved to receive
+the supposed assailants with a general discharge of fire-arms. He had
+twelve firelocks and some small pistols in the botine or hut; these were
+all made ready, the pieces levelled, and planted; and Lochiel and his
+friends trusted to getting the better of the searchers, whose number did
+not exceed their own. Thus Charles Edward, after the unparalleled
+dangers of his recent wanderings, ran a risk of being killed by one of
+his most devoted adherents! "But," observes Clunie, in relating this
+circumstance, "the auspicious hand of God, and his providence, so
+apparent at all times in the preservation of his Royal Highness,
+prevented those within from firing at the Prince and his four
+attendants, for they came at last so near that they were known by those
+within."[293]
+
+It was, indeed, no difficult matter to discern in the person of Charles
+Edward the handsome and princely youth who had presided over the Court
+at Holyrood. He had discarded the old black kilt, philibeg, and
+waistcoat which he had worn at Loch Arkeg, for a coarse, brown, short
+coat: a new article of dress, such as a pair of shoes and a new shirt,
+had lately replenished his wardrobe. He had a long red beard, and wore a
+pistol and dirk by his side, carrying always a gun in his hand. Yet "the
+young Italian," as the Whigs delighted to call him, had braved the
+rigours of his fate, and thriven beneath the severities of the Scottish
+climate. His spirits were good; his frame, originally slender, had
+become robust: he had fared in the rudest manner, and had acquired the
+faculty of sleeping soundly, even with the dread of a surprise ever
+before him.
+
+Lochiel, on the other hand, was lame, and had suffered long from his
+close quarters, and from anxiety and sorrow. Tradition has brought down
+to us the accounts of the chief's personal beauty. Though fair, he was
+not effeminate; his countenance was regular and expressive. But those
+attributes which completed the romance of Lochiel's character must have
+been almost obliterated during these months of trial, infirm health, and
+uncured wounds. His spirit was not yet subdued. Eventually that noble
+heart was broken by all that it had endured, but, at that epoch of his
+eventful life, it still throbbed with hope.
+
+When Lochiel perceived that it was Charles Edward who approached, he
+made the best of his way, though lame, to receive his Prince. "The joy
+at this meeting," writes Clunie, "is much easier to be conceived than
+described." Lochiel attempted to kneel. "Oh no, my dear Lochiel!" cried
+the Prince; "we do not know who may be looking from the top of yonder
+hills; and if they see any such motions, they will conclude that I am
+here." Lochiel then shewed him into his habitation, and gave him the
+best welcome that he could: the Prince, followed by his retinue, among
+whom were the two outlaws, or "broken men," who had succoured him, and
+whom he had retained in his service, entered the hut.[294] A repast,
+almost amounting to a feast in the eyes of these fugitives, was prepared
+for them, having been brought by young Breackachie. It consisted of a
+plentiful supply of mutton; an anker of whiskey, containing twenty
+Scots' pints; some good beef sausages, made the year before; with plenty
+of butter and cheese, besides a well-cured ham. The Prince pledged his
+friends in a hearty dram, and frequently (perhaps, as the event showed,
+too frequently) called for the same inspiring toast again. When some
+minced collops were dressed with butter, in a large saucepan always
+carried about with them, by Clunie and Lochiel, Charles Edward,
+partaking heartily of that incomparable dish, exclaimed, "Now,
+gentlemen, I live like a prince." "Have you," he said to Lochiel,
+"always lived so well here?" "Yes, sir," replied the chief; "for three
+months, since I have been here with my cousin Clunie, he has provided me
+so well, that I have had plenty of such as you see. I thank Heaven your
+Highness has been spared to take a part!"
+
+On the arrival of Clunie two days afterwards, the royal fugitive and his
+friend Lochiel removed from Mellamur, and went two miles further into
+Ben Aulder, until they reached a shiel called Uiskchiboa, where the hut
+was peculiarly wretched and smoky; "yet his Royal Highness," as Clunie
+related, "put up with everything." Here they remained for two or three
+nights, and then went to a habitation still two miles further into Ben
+Aulder, for no less remote retreat was thought secure. This retreat was
+prepared by Clunie, and obtained the name of the Cage. "It was," as he
+himself relates, "a great curiosity, and can scarcely be described to
+perfection." It is best to give the account of the edifice which he had
+himself constructed, in Macpherson's own words. "It was situated in the
+face of a very rough, high, and rocky mountain, called Lettemilichk,
+still a part of Ben Aulder, full of great stones and crevices, and some
+scattered wood interspersed. The habitation called the Cage, in the face
+of that mountain, was within a small but thick wood. There were first
+some rows of trees laid down, in order to level a floor for the
+habitation; and, as the place was steep, this raised the lower side to
+an equal height with the other; and these trees, in the way of joists
+or planks, were levelled with earth or gravel. There were betwixt the
+trees, growing naturally on their own roots, some stakes fixed in the
+earth, which, with the trees, were interwoven with ropes, made of heath
+or birch-twigs, up to the top of the Cage, it being of a round or rather
+oval shape, and the whole thatched and covered over with bog. This whole
+fabric hung, as it were, by a large tree, which reclined from the one
+end, all along the roof to the other, and which gave it the name of the
+Cage; and by chance there happened to be two stones, at a small distance
+from one another, in the side next the precipice, resembling the pillars
+of a chimney, where the fire was placed. The smoke had its vent out
+here, all along the face of the rock, which was so much of the same
+colour that one could discover no difference in the clearest day. The
+Cage was no larger than to contain six or seven persons, four of whom
+were frequently employed playing at cards, one idle looking on, one
+baking, and another fixing bread and cooking."[295]
+
+Charles and Lochiel remained six or seven days in this seclusion, which
+was one of several to which Clunie was in the habit of retiring, never
+even informing his wife or his most attached friends whither he was
+going. But the deliverance of the Prince and Lochiel was now at hand.
+Several small vessels had arrived from France, and touched on the west
+coast, expressly to carry away the Prince, but not being able to find
+him out, they had returned. By the fidelity of the Highlanders and the
+connection between every member of the different clans, the Prince had
+been able to keep up a continual communication with persons on the
+coast, without discovery. This was managed by some of his adherents
+skulking near the shore; and though they knew not where Charles was, yet
+they conveyed the intelligence to others, who imparted it to persons in
+the interior, who again told it to those who were acquainted with the
+obscure place of his retreat. At last two French vessels, l'Heureux and
+la Princesse de Conti, departed under the command of Colonel Warren,
+from St. Malo, and arrived at Lochnarmagh early in September. This event
+was communicated to Cameron of Clunes, who, on the other hand, learned
+where the Prince was from a poor woman. A messenger was immediately
+dispatched to the Cage, and he reached that place on the thirteenth of
+September. Charles Edward and Lochiel now prepared to bid Scotland a
+final adieu. Notices were sent round by the Prince to different friends
+who might choose to avail themselves of this opportunity of escape; and
+it was intimated to them that they might join him if they were inclined.
+
+The place of embarkation was Borodale, whence Charles had first summoned
+Lochiel to support his cause. The party travelled only by night, and
+were six days on their road. They were joined by Glengary, John Roy
+Stewart, Dr. Cameron, and a number of other adherents. On the twentieth
+of September they left Lochnarmagh, and had a fair passage to the coast
+of France. The Prince had intended to sail direct for Nantes, but he
+altered his course in order to escape Admiral Lestoch's squadron; and
+after being chased by two men-of-war, he landed at Morlaix, in Lower
+Bretagne, in a thick fog, on the twenty-ninth of September.
+
+Lochiel was accompanied in his flight to France by his wife, the
+faithful and affectionate associate of his exile. His eldest son was
+left in the charge of his brother Cameron, of Fassefern. In Paris
+Lochiel found his father, who was then eighty years of age; and to this
+aged chief the Prince paid the well-merited compliment of placing him in
+the same carriage with himself and Lord Lewis Gordon, when he first went
+to the Court of Louis the Fifteenth in state. The Prince was followed on
+that occasion by a number of his friends, both in coaches and on
+horseback. Lord Ogilvy, Lord Elcho, and the Prince's secretary Kelly,
+preceded the royal carriage: the younger Lochiel and several gentlemen
+followed on horseback. Amid this noble train of brave men, the Prince
+appeared pre-eminent in the splendour of his dress. A coat of
+rose-coloured velvet, lined with silver tissue, presented a singular
+contrast to the brown short coat in which some of his adherents had
+formerly seen him. His waistcoat was of gold brocade with a spangled
+fringe, set out in scollops, and the white cockade in his hat was
+studded with diamonds. The order of St. Andrew and the George on his
+breast were adorned with the same jewels: "he glittered," as an
+eye-witness observed, "all over like the star which they tell you
+appeared at his nativity." But all this display, and the feigned
+kindness of his reception, were but the prelude to a heartless
+abandonment of his cause on the part of Louis the Fifteenth.
+
+Lochiel was, eventually, provided for by the French Monarch. He was made
+Colonel of a French regiment, and having a peculiar faculty of attaching
+others to him, he soon became beloved by those under his command. The
+Prince showed him affectionate respect; and, blessed in the society of
+his wife, and in a daughter whom he called Donalda, Lochiel might have
+passed the rest of his days in tranquil submission to the course of
+events: but his heart yearned for Scotland; he could not give up the
+hopes of another expedition, which he desired to undertake with any
+force that could be collected. Cherishing this scheme, the coldness of
+the Court of France, and the rashness of the Prince, gave great sorrow
+to his harassed mind. Soon after his arrival in Paris he opened a
+correspondence with the Chevalier St. George, and represented to him
+that the misfortunes which had befallen the cause were not
+irretrievable, and that if ten regiments only could be landed in
+Scotland before the depopulating system adopted by the English
+Government had taken effect, an insurrection might again be raised with
+good grounds for the hope of success.
+
+Still hoping thus to return to his country, and again to take arms in
+her service, as he deemed it, it was long before Lochiel consented to
+accept the command of the French regiment, "intending still," as he
+said, "to share the fate of his people." "I told his Royal Highness," he
+wrote to the Chevalier St. George, "that Lord Ogilvy or others might
+incline to make a figure in France, but my ambition was to save the
+crown and serve my country, or perish with it. His Royal Highness said,
+he was doing all he could, but persisted in his resolution to procure me
+a regiment. If it is obtained, I shall accept it out of respect to the
+Prince; but I hope your Majesty will approve of the resolution I have
+taken to share in the fate of the people I have undone, and, if they
+must be sacrificed, to fall along with them. This is the only way I can
+free myself from the reproach of their blood, and show the disinterested
+zeal with which I have lived, and shall dye.
+
+"Your Majesty's most humble, most obedient, and most faithful
+servant."[296]
+
+When Prince Charles, disheartened at the growing indifference of the
+French Court to his interests, contemplated leaving Paris, Lochiel
+objected to a proposal which seemed to imply an abandonment of the
+cause which he had pledged himself to support. His representations to
+the Prince were ineffectual, for a stronger influence had arisen to
+baffle the endeavours of Charles's friends; and he was under the sway of
+one who was, not inaptly, termed "his Delilah." He left Paris and
+arrived at Avignon, to which place Lochiel addressed to him a letter
+full of the most cogent reasons why he should not leave Paris. From his
+arguments it appears that the English Jacobites had expressed their
+willingness to rise, had the Prince either supplied them with arms or
+brought them troops to support them.
+
+"For Heaven's sake, sir," wrote Lochiel,[297] "be pleased to consider
+these circumstances with the attention that their importance deserves;
+and that your honour, your essential interest, the preservation of the
+royal cause, and the bleeding state of your suffering friends, require
+of you. Let me beg of your Royal Highness, in the most humble and
+earnest manner, to reflect that your reputation must suffer in the
+opinion of all mankind, if there should be room to suppose that you had
+slighted or neglected any possible means of retrieving your affairs."
+
+These remonstrances were at last so far effectual, that Charles returned
+to Paris, and was only again removed from that capital by force.
+
+The spirit of Lochiel was meantime broken by the mournful tidings which
+reached him of the death of friends on the scaffold, the cruelties
+enacted in Scotland, and, more than all, of the Act which took effect
+in August 1747, disarming the Highlanders and restraining the use of the
+Highland garb. By this statute it was made penal to wear the national
+costume: a first offence was punished with six months' imprisonment; a
+second, with transportation for seven years. Such were the efforts made
+to break the union of a fiery but faithful people, and such the attempt
+to produce a complete revolution in the national habits!
+
+Many were the projects which amused the exiled Jacobites into hopes that
+ended in bitter disappointment, and many the fleeting visions of a
+restoration of the Stuarts. During one of these brief chimeras, Lochiel
+and Clunie visited Charles at a retreat on the Upper Rhine, whither he
+had retired after the perfidious imprisonment at the Castle of
+Vincennes. They found the Prince sunk in the lassitude which succeeds a
+long course of exciting events, and of smothered but not subdued misery.
+The visit yielded to neither party satisfaction. Charles was deaf to the
+remonstrances of Lochiel, and Lochiel beheld his Prince wholly devoted
+to Miss Walkinshaw and her daughter, afterwards Countess of Albany, and
+completely under the influence of his mistress, who was regarded by
+Lochiel and Clunie as a spy of Hanover.
+
+Lochiel left the Prince, and they never met again. The health of the
+chief began to decline; his malady was a mental one, and admitted of no
+cure but a return to those vassals who had been so faithful and so much
+attached to him, and to friends with whose misfortunes he seems to have
+blamed himself. Of the affection of the clansmen he received frequent
+proofs. "The estates of Lochiel," says Mrs. Grant, "were forfeited like
+others, and paid a moderate rate to the Crown, such as they had formerly
+given to their chief. The domain formerly occupied by the Laird was
+taken on his behoof by his brother. The tenants brought each a horse,
+cow, colt, or heifer, as a free-will offering, till this ample
+grazing-farm was as well stocked as formerly. Not content with this,
+they sent a yearly tribute of affection to their beloved chief,
+independent of the rents they paid to the commissioners for the
+forfeited estates. Lochiel's lady and her daughters once or twice made a
+sorrowful pilgrimage among their friends and tenants. These last
+received them with a tenderness and respect which seemed augmented by
+the adversity into which they were plunged."
+
+At last the suffering spirit was released. Lochiel is conjectured to
+have died about the year 1760, and is generally thought to have sunk
+under the pressure of hopeless sorrow, or, to use the words of one who
+spoke from tradition, "of a broken heart." His daughter Donalda, who was
+about fourteen at the time of his death, had attached herself so fondly
+to her father, that after his decease she pined away, and never
+recovered. She died soon after her father, and the mother did not long
+survive her daughter. Never, perhaps, did a brave and unfortunate man
+sink to rest more honoured by society at large, more admired and
+respected by his friends, more revered by his vassals, than the gentle
+Lochiel. The beauty of his character showed itself also in the close
+ties of domestic life: and in some of these, more particularly as a
+brother, his warm and constant affections were destined to be severely
+wounded. He felt deeply the banishment of his brother Cameron of
+Fassefern; and still more severely the cruel fate of another brother,
+Dr. Archibald Cameron. The fate of that young man, who attended Charles
+Edward in most of his wanderings, presents, indeed, one of the saddest
+episodes of this melancholy period. Dr. Cameron, after sharing the
+dangers which the Prince ran, and following him to France, returned to
+Scotland in 1749. Charles Edward had left a large sum of money in the
+charge of Macpherson of Clunie, upon leaving Scotland; and Dr. Cameron
+was privy to the concealment of the money. He visited Clunie, and
+obtained from him six thousand louis-d'ors, for which, however, Clunie
+took Dr. Cameron's receipt. In 1753, Dr. Cameron made another visit,
+which is conjectured to have had a similar object. The money was
+concealed near Loch Arkeg, to the amount of twenty-two thousand
+louis-d'ors. Some degree of obscurity rests upon this transaction, which
+undoubtedly throws a degree of discredit on the memory of Dr. Cameron.
+Among the Stuart papers there is a letter from Mr. Ludovick Cameron to
+Prince Charles, alluding to the "misfortune" of his nephew, Dr. Cameron,
+in taking away a good round sum of his Highness's money, and clearing
+himself from the imputation. This proves that there was no commission,
+as it has been suggested,[298] to Dr. Cameron, but that the transaction
+was regarded in a disgraceful light, even by the relative of the
+unfortunate young man.
+
+A severe retribution awaited the offender, who intended, it is said, to
+enter into a mercantile concern at Glasgow with the money thus procured.
+He was taken prisoner in the house of Stewart of Glenbuckie, by a party
+of soldiers from the garrison at Inversnaid. He was carried to London,
+arraigned upon the Act of Attainder in 1745, in which his name was
+included, and sentenced to the death of a traitor. His wife, who then
+resided at Lisle, hurried to London to proffer fruitless petitions for
+mercy. Whatever may have been Dr. Cameron's errors, his death was worthy
+of the name he bore, and he sustained his fate with calmness and
+resignation. Seven children were left to deplore his loss. The Chevalier
+St. George, kindly passing over his fault, wrote of him in these terms.
+"I am a stranger to the motives which carried poor Archibald Cameron
+into Scotland; but whatever they may have been, his fate gives me the
+more concern, as I own I could not bring myself to believe that the
+English Government would carry their rigour so far." The French
+Government settled a pension of one thousand five hundred livres upon
+Mrs. Cameron, and an annual allowance of two hundred livres to each of
+her sons, who were in their service. The unfortunate Dr. Cameron was
+buried in the Savoy in London. The family of the man who betrayed him is
+said, in the Highlands, to have been visited with a severe retribution,
+having, ever since, had one of its members an idiot. Such is the notion
+of retributive justice in the Highlands.
+
+The death of this brother, and still more the stain upon the honour of
+Dr. Cameron, must have added greatly to the burden of sorrow which fell
+so heavily upon Lochiel. His son was, however, spared for some years,
+and was cherished by the Scots as the representative of their ancient
+chiefs. He was, it is true, what they called a "landless laird," yet the
+clansmen paid him all the honours due to the eldest son of Lochiel. He
+received a good education, and was prevented by his friends from taking
+any part in the various schemes set on foot at certain intervals for the
+return of Charles. He married at an early age. Government was at that
+time engaged in levying men for the American war, and found it
+convenient to use the influence of the clans for that purpose; Lochiel
+was offered a company in General Fraser's regiment, the seventy-first,
+provided he could raise it among his clan. Poor and broken as they were,
+the clansmen, true to their bond of fidelity, mustered around their
+landless laird; and Lochiel marched at the head of his company to
+Glasgow, in order to embark for America.
+
+It happened that whilst here, he was taken ill of the measles, a
+disorder which prevented his marching. It was therefore arranged that
+the first lieutenant should take his place. When, on the point of
+marching to Greenock in order to embark, the clansmen discovered this,
+they laid down their arms, declaring that they had not engaged with King
+George, but with Lochiel; and they refused to move. The chief hearing of
+this dilemma, ill as he was, arose, dressed himself, and went down to
+his people. He harangued them, and represented that unless they went on
+board, their conduct would be imputed to disaffection, and might injure,
+if not ruin his interests. The men immediately took up their arms,
+huzzaed their chief, and began to march. The result is melancholy.
+Enfeebled by this effort, Lochiel again took to his bed; the day on
+which he had made this fatal exertion was a raw November morning. He
+never recovered from that exposure, but died in a few days afterwards.
+
+Most of the company of Camerons perished in the contest which ensued.
+Thrice during the American war was General Fraser's regiment
+renewed.[299] Such was the devotion of this gallant race of men to their
+chief; and such were the services which those whose fathers had fought
+at Culloden, devoted to the cause of the English Monarch.
+
+Late in the eighteenth century, the estates of Lochiel were restored to
+the grandson of Lochiel; and the descendants of that race, in which so
+much honour, such disinterested exertion, such kindness and heroism
+existed, are again the Lords of Achnacarry.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[247] I am indebted to a MS. account of Cameron of Lochiel for the most
+interesting facts in the following memoir. It was communicated to me by
+R. Chambers, Esq., and was written by Mrs. Grant of Laggan. In her
+letters unpublished, she declares the source of her information to have
+been some papers in the possession of a Scotch clergyman, "which," says
+Mrs. Grant, "it appears he did not give to John Home, who would scarcely
+have asked the favour, keeping very shy of his old brethren."
+
+[248] Brown's History of the Highlands, part ii. p. 141.
+
+[249] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[250] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[251] Brown's Highlands.
+
+[252] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[253] "The credit of this feat," writes Mrs. Grant, "rests merely on the
+country tradition: and the silence concerning it, in the publications
+and records of those times, is accounted for, first, by the shame which
+the commanders of the party felt at being thus surprised and outwitted
+by an inferior number of those whom they had been accustomed to style
+barbarians and to treat as such."--_MS._
+
+[254] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[255] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[256] Sketches of the Highlands, vol. i. pp. 60, 61.
+
+[257] Brown's Highlands.
+
+[258] Reay, p. 88.
+
+[259] See Culloden Papers.
+
+[260] Stewart's Sketches, vol. i. p. 86.
+
+[261] Reay, p. 271.
+
+[262] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[263] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[264] Conjectured to be Lord Lovat.
+
+[265] Appendix to the Memoirs of Sir Ewan Cameron of Lochiel, p. 177.
+
+[266] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[267] Appendix to Home's History of the Rebellion, No. II.
+
+[268] See Appendix, No. II.
+
+[269] Home. Appendix. From the papers of Cameron of Fassefern, Lochiel's
+nephew.
+
+[270] In the year 1781, Fassefern repeated this conversation to Mr.
+Home. History of the Rebellion, p. 7.
+
+[271] Forbes, p. 19.
+
+[272] Home, p. 5.
+
+[273] Forbes, p. 19.
+
+[274] Home, p. 6.
+
+[275] Maxwell of Kirkconnel's Narrative, p. 23.
+
+[276] The beautiful poem of Campbell, entitled "Lochiel," is founded on
+this circumstance.
+
+[277] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[278] Life of Jenny Cameron. London. Printed for C. Whitefield, in White
+Friars, 1746.
+
+[279] Life of Jenny Cameron.
+
+[280] Forbes, p. 23.
+
+[281] The poem entitled "Jeanie Cameron's Lament," is, with other
+inedited Jacobite songs, likely soon to be given to the world, arranged
+to true Scottish airs, and published in parts. These songs are collected
+by a member of one of the most ancient Jacobite families. The
+accomplished young lady who has engaged in this undertaking is Miss
+Charlotte Maxwell, the sister of Sir William Maxwell, Bart., of
+Menteith, Wigtonshire, and a descendant of the Earl of Nithisdale. The
+ballad of Sherriff Muir, is among the first of the interesting
+collection.
+
+[282] Forbes, p. 23.
+
+[283] Maxwell of Kirkconnel, p. 45.
+
+[284] Maxwell, p. 105.
+
+[285] Home, p. 164.
+
+[286] Dated, Edinburgh, 12th Jan. 1745-6. This extract, for which I am
+indebted to Mr. Macdonald, who possesses the orderly-book, was
+considered an extremely curious passage by Sir Walter Scott.
+
+[287] Burrell's regiment was so broken, that not two men were left
+standing. Home, Appendix.
+
+[288] In a letter among the papers of Mr. Murray of Abercairney, the
+imputations upon the Highlanders are strongly and ably refuted. For
+obvious reasons I have not given the extract, nor gone more closely into
+a subject which belongs to the province of history.
+
+[289] See Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[290] Home, Appendix, p. 373.
+
+[291] See note 2 in Chambers's History of the Rebellion, p. 121.
+
+[292] See History of the Rebellion, taken from the Scots' Magazine, p.
+353.
+
+[293] Cluny Macpherson's Narrative. Home, Appendix, p. 365.
+
+[294] Of one of these there is an interesting anecdote in the Tales of a
+Grandfather, vol. iii. p. 295, note.
+
+[295] Home's History of the Rebellion, Appendix, p. 146.
+
+[296] Brown's History of the Highlands, Part II. App. CVII. from the
+Stuart Papers.
+
+[297] Brown's History of the Highlands. No. LXX.
+
+[298] Chambers, p. 145.
+
+[299] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+
+END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+LONDON:
+
+Printed by S. & J. BENTLEY, WILSON, AND FLEY,
+
+Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Note: The following errors in the original have been
+corrected.
+
+Page 24 - missing quote mark added: in Scots' affairs."[B]
+
+Page 36 - missing quote mark added: Scottish nobility."
+
+Page 47 - from Paris to Boisleduc changed to from Paris to Barleduc
+
+Page 54 - missing quote mark added: faithfully serving King George."
+
+Page 66 - few duties changed to feu duties
+
+Page 88 - disastrous contest changed to diastrous contest
+
+Page 94 - missing footnote marker added: Earl conceived.[101]
+
+Page 101 - extra comma removed from after harbour, which succeeded
+
+Page 111 - extra quote mark removed from before MAR.
+
+Page 126 - Footnote marker with no associated footnote after pardoned in
+1726.
+
+Page 158 - at Fetterosso changed to at Fetteresso
+
+Page 163 - missing quotation mark added after Ave Marias:
+
+Page 183 - Porbably (in footnote) changed to Probably
+
+Page 258 - missing quotation mark added before we saw a drum
+
+Page 266 - against him." missing closing quote after him added
+
+Page 300 - missing quotation mark added after black as a craw, man.
+
+Page 309 - extra quotation mark removed from after their uncles.
+
+Page 310 - missing quotation mark added after his possession,
+
+Page 369 - missing quotation mark added after the smallest assistance!"
+
+Page 383 - In this rereat changed to In this retreat
+
+Page 387 - from the imputation. extra quotation mark removed from after
+imputation
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and
+1745., by Mrs. Thomson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745., by 
+Mrs. Thomson
+
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+
+
+Title: Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745.
+       Volume I.
+
+Author: Mrs. Thomson
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2007 [EBook #20946]
+
+Language: English
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES ***
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+
+
+
+<h1>MEMOIRS<br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">OF</span><br />
+<br />
+THE JACOBITES<br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 75%;">OF 1715 AND 1745.</span></h1>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">By MRS. THOMSON,</span><br />
+<br />
+AUTHOR OF<br />
+<br />
+"MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF HENRY THE EIGHTH,"<br />
+"MEMOIRS OF SARAH, DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH," <span class="smcap">ETC</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<h2>VOLUME I.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'>
+LONDON:<br />
+RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,<br />
+Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty.<br />
+1845.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p class='center'>
+LONDON:<br />
+Printed by <span class="smcap">S. &amp; J. Bentley, Wilson</span>, and <span class="smcap">Fley</span>,<br />
+Bangor House, Shoe Lane.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In completing two volumes of a work which has
+been for some years in contemplation, it may be
+remarked that it is the only collective Biography
+of the Jacobites that has yet been given to the
+Public. Meagre accounts, scattered anecdotes, and
+fragments of memoir, have hitherto rather tantalized
+than satisfied those who have been interested in the
+events of 1715 and 1745. The works of Home, of
+Mr. Chambers, and the collections of Bishop Forbes,
+all excellent, are necessarily too much mingled up
+with the current of public affairs to comprise any
+considerable portion of biographical detail. Certain
+lives of some of the sufferers in the cause of the
+Stuarts, printed soon after the contests in behalf
+of those Princes, are little more than narratives of
+their trials and executions; they were intended merely
+as ephemeral productions to gratify a curious public,
+and merit no long existence. It would have been,
+indeed, for many years, scarcely prudent, and certainly
+not expedient, to proffer any information concerning
+the objects of royal indignation, except that
+which the newspapers afforded: nor was it perfectly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span>
+safe, for a considerable time after the turbulent times
+in which the sufferers lived, to palliate their offences,
+or to express any deep concern for their fate. That
+there was much to be admired in those whose memories
+were thus, in some measure, consigned to oblivion,
+except in the hearts of their descendants;
+much which deserved to be explained in their motives;
+much which claimed to be upheld in their self-sacrifices,
+the following pages will show. Whatever
+leaning the Author may have had to the unfortunate
+cause of the Stuarts, it has not, however,
+been her intention only to pourtray the bright ornaments
+of the party. She has endeavoured to show
+that it was composed, as well as most other political
+combinations, of materials differing in value&mdash;some
+pure, some base, some noble, some mean and vacillating.</p>
+
+<p>As far as human weakness and prejudice can permit,
+the Author has aimed at a strict scrutiny of
+conduct and motives. In the colouring given to
+these, she has conscientiously sought to be impartial:
+for the facts stated, she has given the authorities.</p>
+
+<p>It now remains for the Author publicly to acknowledge
+the resources from which she has derived some
+materials which have never before been given to
+the Public, and for which she has to thank, in several
+instances, not only the kindness of friends, but
+the liberality of strangers.</p>
+
+<p>A very interesting collection of letters, many of
+them written in the Earl of Mar's own hand, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span>
+others dictated by him, is interwoven with the biography
+of that nobleman. These letters were written,
+in fact, for the information of the whole body of
+Jacobites, to whom they were transmitted through
+the agent of that party, Captain Henry Straiton,
+residing in Edinburgh. They form almost a diary
+of Lord Mar's proceedings at Perth. They are continued
+up to within a few hours of the evacuation of
+that city by the Jacobite army. For these curious
+and characteristic letters, pourtraying as they do, in
+lively colours, the difficulties of the General in his
+council and his camp, she is indebted to the friendship
+and mediation of the Honourable Lord Cockburn,
+and to the liberality of James Gibson Craig,
+Esq.</p>
+
+<p>To the Right Honourable the Earl of Newburgh, the
+descendant and representative of the Radcliffe family,
+her sincere and respectful acknowledgments are due
+for his Lordship's readily imparting to her several
+interesting particulars of the Earl of Derwentwater
+and his family. She owes a similar debt of gratitude
+to the Viscount Strathallan, for his Lordship's
+communication to her respecting the House of Drummond.
+To the Honourable Mrs. Bellamy, the descendant
+of Viscount Kenmure, she has also to offer
+similar acknowledgments, for information respecting
+her unfortunate ancestor; and for an original
+letter of his Lordship; and she must also beg to
+express her obligations to William Constable Maxwell,
+Esq., and to Mrs. Constable Maxwell, of Ter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>regles,
+the descendants of the Earl of Nithisdale, for
+their courteous and prompt assistance. To James
+Craik, Esq., of Arbigland, Dumfriesshire, she is indebted
+for a correspondence which continues, as it
+were, an account of that family during the later part
+of the year 1745. To Sir Fitzroy Grafton Maclean,
+Bart., she owes the account of his clan and family,
+which has been printed for private circulation. She
+is also grateful to a descendant of the family of
+Lochiel, Miss Mary Anne Cameron, for some interesting
+particulars of the burning of Achnacarry,
+the seat of her ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>In some of these instances the information derived
+has not been considerable, owing to the total
+wreck of fortune, the destruction of houses, and the
+loss of papers, which followed the ruthless steps of
+the conquering army of the Duke of Cumberland.
+Most of the hereditary memorials of those Highland
+families who engaged in both rebellions, perished;
+and their representatives are strangely destitute of
+letters, papers, and memorials of every kind. The
+practice of burying family archives and deeds which
+prevailed during the troubles, was adopted but with
+partial advantage, by those who anticipated the worst
+result of the contest.</p>
+
+<p>In recalling with pleasure the number of those to
+whom the Author owes sincere gratitude for kindness
+and aid in her undertaking, the name of Charles
+Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq. renews the remembrance of
+that store of antiquarian information from which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span>
+others, far more worthy to enjoy it than herself,
+have owed obligations. The Author has also most
+gratefully to acknowledge the very kind and valuable
+assistance of Archibald Macdonald, Esq., of the Register
+Office, Edinburgh, to whom she is indebted
+for several original letters; and of Robert Chambers,
+Esq., to whose liberality she is indebted for
+several of her manuscript sources, as well as some
+valuable advice on the subject of her work. To Dr.
+Irvine, Librarian of the Advocate's Library, Edinburgh,
+the Author offers, with the most lively pleasure,
+her sincere acknowledgments for a ready and
+persevering assistance in aid of her undertaking.
+Again, she begs to repeat her sense of deep obligation
+to Mr. Keats, of the British Museum, the
+literary pilot of many years' historical research.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">London,</span><br />
+<i>October 27, 1845.</i><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The history of the Jacobites properly begins with
+the brave and conscientious men who followed James
+the Second to France, or fought and bled for him
+in the United Kingdom. Of the few nobles whom
+that Monarch had distinguished by his friendship
+when Duke of York, or graced with his favours
+when King, three only in Scotland remained attached
+openly to his interests: these were the Duke of Gordon,
+the Lord Balcarras, and Claverhouse of Dundee,
+who may be regarded as the parents of the Jacobite
+party in Scotland. "The other nobles of the late
+King's party," remarks a great historian,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> "waited
+for events, in hopes and in fears, from the Old Government
+and the New, intriguing with both, and
+depended upon by neither."</p>
+
+<p>Upon the death of Dundee, a troop of officers who
+had fought under the standard of that great General,
+and who had imbibed his lofty opinions and learned
+to imitate his dauntless valour, capitulated, and were
+suffered to leave the country and retire to France.
+Their number amounted to a hundred and fifty:
+they were all of honourable birth, and glorying in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>
+their political principles. At first these exiles were
+pensioned by the French Government, but, upon the
+close of the civil war, those pensions ceased. Finding
+themselves a burden upon King James, they formed
+themselves into a body-guard, which was afterwards
+incorporated with the French army. It may fairly be
+presumed that this remnant of Dundee's army, four
+of whom only returned to Scotland, were instrumental
+during their abode in France in maintaining
+a communication between the Court of St. Germains
+and their disheartened countrymen who had remained
+in their Highland homes. Abroad, they supported
+their military character as soldiers who had fought
+under Dundee: they were always the foremost in the
+battle and the last to retreat, and were distinguished
+by a superiority in order and discipline, no less than
+by their energy and courage.</p>
+
+<p>There can be no doubt but that the majority of
+the great landholders in England, as well as the
+Highland chiefs, continued, through the reign of
+William and Mary, disposed to high Tory views;
+and that had not the popular cry of the Church
+being in danger aided the designs of the Whigs, the
+Highflyers, or rigid Tories, would not have remained
+in quiescence during that critical period, which resembled
+the settling of a rushing current of waters
+into a frothing and bubbling pool, rather than the
+calm tenour of a gently-flowing stream. Throughout
+the distractions of his reign, it was the wise policy
+of William the Third to balance parties; to bestow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span>
+great posts upon moderate men; to employ alternately
+persons of different opinions, and by frequent
+changes in his Ministry, to conciliate the good-will
+of both factions;&mdash;and this was all that that able
+Monarch could effect, until time should extinguish
+political animosity.</p>
+
+<p>Queen Mary, educated in Tory principles, and
+taught by her maternal uncle, the Earl of Rochester,
+to consider every opposition to the Sovereign's
+will as rebellion, was scarcely regarded in
+the light of an enemy to the doctrine of passive
+obedience and non-resistance, notwithstanding her
+unfilial conduct;<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> and it is remarkable that, during
+her life, great favour was shown at Court to the
+Highland partisans of James the Second; distinctions
+were as much avoided as it was possible; and
+the personal prepossessions of the Queen were supposed
+to be on the side of the High Church Tories.</p>
+
+<p>During the reign of Anne, notwithstanding the coalition
+of Godolphin, Marlborough, and other leaders
+of the moderate Tories with the Whigs, and the
+reputation and glory which their combined abilities
+and characters obtained, a conviction was still prevalent
+that the heart of the Queen was disposed to
+the restoration of the ancient race, and that her days
+would not close before a design to secure the succession
+to her nephew would be matured, and the
+Act of Succession, which was chiefly the offspring of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>
+Whig policy, should be set aside. There was, doubtless,
+not only in the mind of Anne, but in that
+of her sagacious predecessor, an apprehension that
+after the death of the last of their dynasty, the succession
+would again be fiercely disputed. Impressed
+with this conviction, it was a favourite scheme of
+William to invite the child, who afterwards, under
+the name of the Chevalier St. George, was the hero,
+in dumb show, it must be acknowledged, of the Insurrection
+of 1715, to receive his education in England
+under his kingly care; to be bred up a Protestant;
+and to make that education the earnest
+of his future succession. The proposal was rejected
+by James the Second, to the great prejudice of his
+son's interests, and to the misfortune, it may be
+presumed, of the British nation. For one can
+scarcely suppose a more perfect combination of all
+the qualities calculated to form a popular Monarch,
+in this country, than the natural abilities of the
+Stuart race, perfected under the able guidance of so
+reflective a ruler&mdash;so accomplished a general&mdash;so
+consummate a statesman, as William. The education
+which that Monarch had planned for the young
+Duke of Gloucester shows how enlarged and practical
+were his views of the acquirements necessary
+for a Sovereign: it presents a scheme of tuition
+which, if it may be deemed not wholly adapted to
+the present day, was on the most comprehensive and
+liberal scale. But James, acting, at all events, with
+the consistency of a sincere believer, returned, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>
+Dalrymple expresses it, "slowly and sadly to bury
+the remembrance of his greatness in the convent of
+La Trappe;" and all future attempts on the part
+of his posterity to recover the throne of their ancestors
+were frustrated by the hollowness of French
+professions of friendship.</p>
+
+<p>The tranquil demeanour of the Jacobite party
+during the reign of Anne may seem surprising,
+when we consider the avowed favour and protection
+which were held out by Louis the Fourteenth
+to the royal exiles of St. Germain. During the
+lifetime of James, who considered that he had exchanged
+the hope of an earthly for that of a heavenly
+Crown, there was little to wonder at in this
+inactivity and apparent resignation. Had it not
+been for the influence of an enthusiastic, high-minded,
+and fascinating woman, the very mention of the cause
+would probably have died away in the priest-thronged
+saloons of St. Germains. To Mary of Modena the
+credit is due&mdash;if credit on such account is to be assigned&mdash;for
+maintaining in the friends of her consort,
+for instilling in the breast of her son, a desire of
+restoration;&mdash;that word, in fact, might be found, to
+speak metaphorically, written in her heart. To her
+personal qualities, to her still youthful attractions,
+to her pure mind, and blameless career of conjugal
+duty&mdash;to the noble, maternal ambition which no
+worthy judge of human motives could refuse a tribute
+of pity and admiration&mdash;to her disregard of low
+and unworthy instruments to advance her means, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>
+in the case of Lovat, even the warmest partisans of
+the Revolution were forced to do justice. The disinterested
+and sagacious Godolphin is said to have
+done more: he is supposed to have cherished such
+a respectful enthusiasm for the young mother who
+thus supported the claims of her son, as might have
+become the chivalric Surrey. Whatever were the
+fact, during the existence of Anne, the payment of
+a dowry to Mary of Modena, the favourable understanding
+between her son, as he grew up to man's
+estate, and the English Court, the small reward
+offered for his apprehension, the conniving at the
+daily enlistment of men in his service, and the indulgence
+shown to those who openly spoke and
+preached against the Revolution, were certain indications
+and ample proofs that had the Queen's life
+been prolonged, some effectual steps would have been
+taken to efface from her memory the recollection of
+her early failure of duty to King James, and to
+satisfy the reproaches of her narrow, though conscientious
+mind. That such was the fact, the declaration
+or manifesto of the Chevalier, dated from
+Plombi&egrave;res, August 2, 1714, and printed in French,
+English, and Latin, attests; and the assertion was
+confirmed by a letter from the Duke of Lorrain to
+the English Government. This favourable disposition
+on the part of Anne proves that she gave no
+credence to the report of the supposititious birth of
+the Prince; although, in her youthful days, and when
+irritated against her step-mother, she had entered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span>
+into the Court gossip on that subject, with all the
+eagerness of a weak and credulous mind.</p>
+
+<p>Nourished in secret by these hopes, the Jacobites in
+England constituted a far more important party than
+our historians are generally willing to allow. The
+famous work entitled, "English Advice to the Freeholders
+of Great Britain," supposed to be written by
+Bishop Atterbury, was extensively circulated throughout
+the country: it tended to promote an opposition cry
+of "the Church in danger!" by insinuating that the
+Whigs projected the abolition of Episcopacy. It was
+received with great enthusiasm; and was responded to
+with fervour by the University of Oxford, which was
+inflamed with a zeal for the restoration of the Stuarts;
+and which displayed much of the same ardour, and
+held forth the same arguments that had stimulated that
+seat of learning in the days of Charles the First. To
+these sentiments, the foreign birth, the foreign language,
+and, above all, the foreign principles of the King
+added considerable disgust: nor can it be a matter
+of surprise that such should be the case. It appears,
+nevertheless, extraordinary that the opposition to so
+strange an engrafting of a foreign ruler should not
+have been received with greater public manifestations
+of dislike than the unorganized turbulence of Oxford
+under-graduates, or the ephemeral fury of a London
+populace.</p>
+
+<p>In Scotland a very different state of public feeling
+prevailed. In England men of commerce were swayed
+in their political opinions by the good of trade, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span>
+nothing was so likely to injure as a disputed succession.
+The country gentlemen were, more or less, under
+the influence of party pamphlets, and were liable
+to have their political prejudices smoothed down by
+collision with their neighbours. Excepting in the
+northern counties, the dread of Popery prevailed also
+universally. The remembrance of the bigotry and
+tyranny of James the Second had not faded away
+from the remembrance of those whose fathers or
+grandfathers could remember its details. In the Highlands
+of Scotland the memory of that Monarch was,
+on the other hand, worshipped as a friend of that
+noble country, as the Stuart peculiarly their own,
+as the royal exile, whose health and return, under
+various disguises, they had pledged annually at their
+hunting-matches, and to whose youthful son they
+transferred an allegiance which they held sacred as
+their religion.</p>
+
+<p>Nor had James the Second earned the devotion of
+the Highland chieftains without some degree of merit
+on his own part. The most incapable and unworthy
+of rulers, he had yet some fine and popular qualities as
+a man; he was not devoid of a considerable share of
+ability although it was misapplied. His letters to
+his son, his account of his own life, show that one
+who could act most erroneously and criminally, did,
+nevertheless, often think and feel rightly. His obstinate
+adherence to his own faith may be lamented
+by politicians; it may be sneered at by the worldly;
+but it must be approved by all who are themselves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span>
+staunch supporters of that mode of faith which
+they conscientiously adopt. In private society James
+had the power of attaching his dependents; and perhaps
+from a deeper source than that which gave attraction
+to the conversation of his good-natured, dissolute
+brother. His melancholy and touching reply
+to Sir Charles Littleton, who expressed to him his
+shame that his son was with the Prince of Orange:&mdash;"Alas!
+Sir Charles! why ashamed? Are not my
+daughters with him?" was an instance of that readiness
+and delicacy which are qualities peculiarly appropriate
+to royalty. His exclamation at the battle
+of La Hogue, when he beheld the English sailors
+scrambling up the sides of the French ships from their
+boats&mdash;"None but my brave English could do this!"
+was one trait of a character neither devoid of sensibility,
+nor destitute of certain emotions which appear
+incompatible with the royal patron of Judge Jeffries,
+and with the enemy of Monmouth.</p>
+
+<p>During his residence, when Duke of York, at Holyrood,
+accompanied by Anne Hyde, when Duchess of
+York, James became extremely popular in Edinburgh;
+in the Highlands his hold of the affections of
+the chieftains had a deeper origin. The oppressor
+of the English had endeavoured to become the
+emancipator of the chieftains. The rigour of the
+feudal system, which was carried to its utmost extent
+in the Highlands, although softened by the patriarchal
+character of the chiefs, was revolting to the chieftains
+or landholders under the yoke of some feudal noble<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span>man
+or chief; and they became ambitious of becoming
+direct holders from the Crown. It was a scheme of
+James the Second to abolish this system of infeudation,
+by buying up the superiorities,&mdash;a plan, the completion
+of which was attempted by William the Third,
+but defeated by the avarice and dishonesty of those
+who managed the transaction. The chieftains, however,
+never forgot the obligation which they owed to
+James:<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> they refused all offers of emolument or promotion
+from his successor; and they adhered to the
+exiled King with a loyalty which was never shaken,
+and which broke forth conspicuously in the Insurrection
+of 1715. "The Highlanders," says Dalrymple,
+"carried in their bosoms the high point of honour
+without its follies."</p>
+
+<p>Without entering into the various reasons which
+strengthened this sentiment of gratitude and allegiance;
+without commenting upon the partly patriarchal
+nature of the clan system, and the firm compact
+which was cemented between every member of
+that family by a common relationship of blood; it is
+sufficient to remark, that to a people so retired, in many
+parts insulated, in all, apart from daily intelligence,
+far away from communication with any whose free
+disquisitions might possibly stake their opinions, it
+was not surprising that the loyalty to James should
+continue unalloyed during two successive reigns. It
+burned, indeed, with a steady though covered flame.
+The Insurrection of 1715, which seems, in the pages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span>
+of history, to break forth unexpectedly, was long in
+being organized. From Anne's first Session of Parliament
+until the completion of the Union, Scotland
+was in a state of ferment, and violent party divisions
+racked civil society. In 1707, the famous Colonel
+Hooke was sent to the northern parts of Scotland
+from France, to sound the nobility and chieftains
+with respect to their sentiments, to ascertain the
+amount of their forces, and to inquire what quantity
+of ammunition and other warlike stores should be necessary
+to be sent from France. A full account of
+affairs was compiled, and was signed by fifteen noblemen
+and gentlemen, amongst whom the Duke of
+Athole, who aspired, according to Lockhart, to be
+another General Monk, was foremost in promoting the
+restoration of the youthful son of James the Second.
+This mission was followed by the unsuccessful attempt
+at invasion on the part of James, in 1708; when, according
+to some representations, there was a far more
+reasonable prospect of success than at any later period.
+The nobility and gentry were, at that time, well prepared
+to receive the royal adventurer; the regular
+army was wholly unfit, either in numbers or ammunition,
+to oppose the forces which they would have raised.
+The very Guards, it is supposed, would have done duty
+on the person of James Stuart the night that he landed.
+The equivalent money sent to Scotland to reward the
+promoters of the Union, was still in the country, and
+a considerable part of it was in the Castle of Edinburgh;
+and a Dutch fleet had recently run aground<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span>
+on the coast of Angus, and had left there a vast
+quantity of powder, shot, and cannon, and a large
+sum of money, which might have been secured. England
+was, at this time, distracted with jealousies and
+factions; and although the great Marlborough was
+then in the vigour of his youth, ready to defend his
+country, as well as to extend her dominions, there
+were suspicions that the General was not wholly adverse
+to the claims of James Stuart.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>How far these expectations might have been realised,
+it is difficult to say. The French newspapers
+had proclaimed the preparations for invasion, and
+Louis the Fourteenth had taken leave of James, wishing
+him a prosperous voyage, and expressing, as the
+highest compliment, "the hope that he should never
+see him again," when a slight, accidental indisposition
+disturbed the whole arrangement. The royal youth
+was taken ill with the measles; upon which the
+French troops which had embarked at Dunkirk disembarked.
+A fatal delay was occasioned; and the
+French fleet, after an ineffectual voyage, went
+"sneakingly home," "doing," as one of the most
+active Jacobites remarks, "much harm to the King,
+his country, and themselves."</p>
+
+<p>Such was the fate of the attempt, in 1708, to place
+James Stuart on the throne of his ancestors; and it will
+readily be believed that the ill-starred endeavour did
+not add to the probable success of any future enterprise.
+Scarcely had the accession of George the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span>
+First, an event which a certain historian denominates
+"a surprising turn of Providence," taken place, than
+the removal of Lord Bolingbroke from office announced
+to the Tory party that they had lost their best friend
+at Court. Upon this intelligence reaching the Highlands,
+many of the Jacobites took up arms; but this
+hasty demonstration of good will to their cause was instantly
+suppressed. The Chevalier was, nevertheless,
+proclaimed King in the night time, and three noblemen,
+the Duke of Gordon, the Marquis of Huntley,
+and Lord Drummond, were kept prisoners in their own
+houses. In the middle of November, the Chevalier's
+Declaration, asserting his right and title to the Crown
+of England, was sent by a French mail to many persons
+of rank in this country. For some months the
+country was in a state of ferment, such as, perhaps,
+had never been witnessed since the days of the Great
+Rebellion. The Jacobites were centered in Oxford,
+but Bristol was also another of their strongholds;
+the course of justice was impeded there by riots; and
+every effort was made, both there and elsewhere, to
+influence the elections, which were carried on with a
+degree of venom and fury, exasperated by the cry of
+"the Church in danger!"</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1715, the Duke of Argyle, Commander-in-Chief
+of his Majesty's forces in Scotland,
+received information that a vessel containing arms
+and ammunition had landed in the Isle of Sky, and
+that five strangers had disembarked there, and had
+instantly dispersed themselves throughout the coun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span>try.
+This was the first positive indication of the
+combination, which already comprised most of the
+ancient and respected names in Scotland. This confederacy,
+as it may be called, had existed ever since
+the peace of Utrecht, under the form of the Jacobite
+Association. In 1710, the formation of the October
+Club had shewed plainly the bias of the country
+gentlemen, who, according to a judge of men's motives
+who was rarely satisfied, "did adhere firmly to
+their principles and engagements, acting the part of
+honest countrymen and dutiful subjects."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>About the month of May, the report of James
+Stuart's intended invasion of Scotland, and particulars
+of the preparations made for it in England,
+Scotland, and France, became public. Measures
+were, of course, instantly taken to guard the
+coasts of England and Scotland, and to augment
+land forces. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended
+in England, and in Scotland. An Act, passed in
+1701, for preventing wrong imprisonments, and
+against undue delay in trials, was also suspended
+from the twenty-third of July, 1715, until the
+twenty-fourth of the ensuing January. A fleet, under
+the command of Sir George Byng, was ordered
+to cruise in the Downs; and the most active and
+vigilant measures were taken in order to put the
+nation into a position of defence. The former intended
+invasion of 1708 was not forgotten, and it acted
+like a warning voice to the English Ministry. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span>
+Whig Association was framed among persons of rank
+and influence; and in Edinburgh a body of volunteers
+was formed, who might daily be seen exercising
+in the Great Hall of the College.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime the Jacobites were increasing in strength.
+During the last six years collections had been
+made in the continental nations, purporting to be
+for a "gentleman in distress," and the amount was
+said to have exceeded twelve millions.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> Of this sum,
+one hundred thousand pounds was entrusted to the
+Earl of Mar.</p>
+
+<p>The whole scheme of the insurrection was matured,
+and the Chevalier had been proclaimed King in different
+towns in Scotland, when the death of Louis
+the Fourteenth cast such a damp over the spirits
+of the party, that there ensued a consultation as to
+the expediency of their separating and returning to
+their homes. In this emergency, unhappily for the
+brave and ardent men whom he had assembled at
+Braemar, the influence of the Earl of Mar, and the
+arguments which his sanguine spirit suggested, prevailed;
+and the assembled chiefs parted, only to meet
+again at their appointed places of rendezvous.</p>
+
+<p>The scheme of the Insurrection of 1715 embraced
+three different movements. In the north, the Earl of
+Mar was to possess himself of all the rich coasts of
+Fife, and also to maintain, in the name of James the
+Third, the northern counties, which, with few exceptions,
+were soon under the control of the insur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span>gents.
+An attempt was made upon the southern
+parts of Scotland, by sending Brigadier Mackintosh,
+with a strong detachment of men, to cross the Firth
+of Forth, and to land in the Lothians, there expecting
+to be joined by friends on the borders and from
+England. In the west, a rising of the south-country
+Scots, under the command of Lord Kenmure, was
+projected; whilst in Northumberland the English
+Jacobites, headed by Mr. Forster, with a commission
+of General from Lord Mar, and aided by the Earl
+of Derwentwater, was to give the signal and incentive
+to the adherents of James in the sister Kingdom, as
+well as to co-operate with the Scottish forces under
+the commands of Brigadier Mackintosh and Viscount
+Kenmure. An attack upon Edinburgh was also concerted.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the outline of a plan of an insurrection
+to the effect of which the Earl of Mar declared the
+Jacobites had been looking for six and twenty years.
+How immature it was in its conception&mdash;how deficient
+in energy and union was its execution&mdash;how
+unworthy was its chief instrument&mdash;how fatal to the
+good and great were its results&mdash;and, by a singular
+fortune, how those who least merited their safety
+escaped, whilst the gallant and honest champions of
+the cause suffered, will be fully detailed in the following
+pages. Let it be remembered that the task
+of compiling these Memoirs has been undertaken with
+no party spirit, nor with any wish to detract from
+the deep obligations which we owe to those who pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[Pg xxv]</a></span>served
+us from inroads on our constitution, and oppression
+in our religious opinions. It has been,
+however, begun with a sincere wish to do justice
+to the disinterested and the good; and, as the task
+has proceeded, and increased information on the subject
+has been gained, it has been continued with a
+conviction that, whatever may be the nature or
+merits of the abstract principles on which it was
+undertaken, the Insurrection of 1715 forms an episode
+in the history of our country as creditable to
+many of the ill-fated actors in its tragic scenes, as
+any that have been detailed in the pages of that
+history.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">London,</span><br />
+<i>October 28, 1845.</i><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[Pg xxvi]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[Pg xxvii]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS<br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">TO</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 75%;">THE FIRST VOLUME.</span></h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#JOHN_ERSKINE_EARL_OF_MAR">John Erskine, Earl of Mar</a> (with a Portrait)</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#JAMES_EARL_OF_DERWENTWATER">James Radcliffe, Earl of Derwentwater</a> (with a Portrait)</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_MASTER_OF_SINCLAIR">The Master of Sinclair</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CAMERON_OF_LOCHIEL247">Cameron of Lochiel</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES.</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="JOHN_ERSKINE_EARL_OF_MAR" id="JOHN_ERSKINE_EARL_OF_MAR"></a>JOHN ERSKINE, EARL OF MAR.</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 488px;">
+<img src="images/ill-2.jpg" width="488" height="600" alt="JOHN ERSKINE, EARL OF MAR" title="" />
+<table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left' style="font-size: x-small;"><i>W. Hassell, pinx<sup>t</sup>.</i></td><td align='right' style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cook, sculp<sup>t</sup>.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+<span class="caption">JOHN ERSKINE,<br />EARL OF MAR</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"The title of Mar," observes Lord Hailes, "is one
+of the Earldoms whose origin is lost in its antiquity."
+It existed before our records, and before the era of
+general history: hence, the Earls of Mar claimed
+always to be called first in the Scottish Parliament
+in the roll of Earls, as having no rival in the antiquity
+of their honours.</p>
+
+<p>From the time of Malcolm Canmore, in the year
+1065, until the fourteenth century, the family of
+De Mar enjoyed this Earldom; but on the death of
+Thomas, the thirteenth Earl of Mar, in 1377, the
+direct male line of this race ended. The Earldom
+then devolved upon the female representatives of the
+house of De Mar; and thence, as in most similar
+instances in Scotland, it became the subject of contention,
+fraud, and violence.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Isabel, Countess of Mar and Garioch, the last of
+the De Mar family, was won in marriage by a singular
+and determined species of courtship, formerly
+common in Scotland; the influence of terror. The
+heiress of the castle of Kildrummie, and a widow, her
+first husband, Sir Malcolm Drummond, having died
+in 1403, her wealth and rank attracted the regards
+of Alexander Stewart, the natural son of Robert Earl
+of Buchan, of royal blood. Without waiting for the
+ordinary mode of persuasion to establish an interest
+in his favour, this wild, rapacious man appeared in
+the Highlands at the head of a band of plunderers,
+and planting himself before the castle of Kildrummie,
+stormed it, and effected a marriage between himself
+and the Countess of Mar. Alexander Stewart, in
+cooler moments, however, perceived the danger of
+this bold measure, and resolved to establish his right
+to the Countess and to her estates by another process.
+One morning, during the month of September
+1404, he presented himself at the Castle gate of Kildrummie,
+and formally surrendered to the Countess
+the castle, its furniture, and the title-deeds kept
+within its chests; thus returning them to her to do
+with them as she pleased. The Countess, on the
+other hand, holding the keys in her hand, and declaring
+herself to be of "mature advice," chose
+the said Alexander for her husband, and gave him
+the castle, the Earldom of Mar, with all the other
+family estates in her possession. She afterwards
+conferred these gifts by a charter, signed and sealed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+in the open fields, in the presence of the Bishop of
+Ross, and of her whole tenantry, in order to show
+that these acts were produced by no unlawful coercion
+on the part of her husband. The said honours and estates
+were also to descend to any children born in that
+marriage. Some of her kindred listened resentfully
+to the account of these proceedings of Isabel of Mar.</p>
+
+<p>The next heir to the Earldom, after the death of
+Isabel, was Janet, grand-daughter of Gratney, eleventh
+Earl of Mar. This lady had married Sir Thomas
+Erskine, the proprietor of the Barony of Erskine, on the
+Clyde, the property of the family during many ages;
+and she expected, on the death of the Countess of Mar,
+to succeed to the honours which had descended to her
+by the female line. By a series of unjust and rapacious
+acts on the part of the Crown, not only did
+Robert, Lord Erskine, her son, fail in securing his
+rights, but her descendants had the vexation of seeing
+their just honours and rights revert to the King,
+James the Third, who bestowed them first upon his
+brother, the accomplished and unfortunate John Earl
+of Mar, who was bled to death in one of the houses
+of the Canongate, in Edinburgh; and afterwards,
+upon Cochrane, the favourite of James the Third.
+The Earldom of Mar was then conferred on Alexander
+Stewart, the third son of King James; and
+after his death, upon James Stewart, Prior of St.
+Andrews, who had a charter from his sister, Queen
+Mary, entitling him to enjoy the long contested
+honour. But he soon relinquished the title, to as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>sume
+that of Moray, which had also been bestowed
+upon him by the Queen: and in 1565 Mary repaired
+the injustice committed by her predecessors,
+and restored John Lord Erskine to the Earldom of
+Mar.</p>
+
+<p>The house of Erskine, on whom these honours now
+descended, has the same traditional origin as that of
+most of the other Scottish families of note. In the
+days of Malcolm the Second, a Scottish man having
+killed with his own hand Enrique, a Danish general,
+presented the head of the enemy to his Sovereign, and,
+holding in his hand the bloody dagger with which the
+deed had been performed, exclaimed, in Gaelic, "Eris
+Skyne," alluding to the head and the dagger; upon
+which the surname of Erskine was imposed on him.
+The armorial bearing of a hand holding a dagger,
+was added as a further distinction, together with the
+motto, <i>Je pense plus</i>, in allusion to the declaration of
+the chieftain that he intended to perform even greater
+actions than that which procured him the name which
+has since been so celebrated in Scottish history. The
+crest and motto are still borne by the family.</p>
+
+<p>This anecdote has, however, been rejected for the
+more probable conjecture that the family of Erskine
+derived its appellation from the estate of Erskine on
+the Clyde:<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> yet it is not impossible but that tradition
+may, in most cases, have a deeper source than we are
+willing to allow to it. "There are few points in
+ancient history," observes a modern writer, "on which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+more judgment is required than in the amount of
+weight due to <i>tradition</i>. In general it will be found
+that the tradition subsisting in the families themselves
+has a true basis to rest upon, however much it may
+be overloaded with collateral matter which obscures
+it."<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>But that which ennobled most truly the first Earl
+of Mar, of the house of Erskine, was his own probity,
+loyalty, and patriotism. Destined originally to the
+church, John, properly sixth Earl of Mar, carried
+into public life those virtues which would have
+adorned the career of a private individual. In the
+melancholy interest of Queen Mary's eventful life,
+it is consolatory to reflect on the integrity and
+moderation of this exemplary nobleman. Too good
+and too sensitive for his times, he died of a broken
+heart, the result of that inward and incurable
+sorrow which the generous and the honest experience,
+when their hopes and designs are baffled by
+the selfish policy of their own party. "He was,
+perhaps," says Robertson, "the only person in the
+kingdom who could have enjoyed the office of Regent
+without envy, and have left it without loss of reputation."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>From the restoration of John Earl of Mar to his
+family honours, until the reign of Charles the First,
+the prosperity of this loyal and favoured family increased,
+interrupted indeed by some vicissitudes of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+fortune, but by no serious reverses, until that period
+which, during the commotions of the Great Rebellion,
+reduced many of our proudest nobility to comparative
+poverty.</p>
+
+<p>Among other important trusts enjoyed by the
+family of Erskine, the government of the Castle of
+Edinburgh, and the custody of the principal forts in
+the kingdom, attested the confidence of their Sovereigns.
+To these was added by Mary Queen of
+Scots, the command of the Castle of Stirling, and the
+still more important charge of her infant son. To
+these marks of confidence numerous grants of lands
+and high appointments succeeded,&mdash;obligations which
+were repaid with a fidelity which impoverished the
+family of Erskine; and which produced, towards the
+close of the seventeenth century, a marked decline in
+their fortunes, and decay of their local influence.</p>
+
+<p>John, ninth Earl of Mar, the grandfather of the
+Jacobite Earl, suffered severely for his loyalty in
+joining the association at Cumbernauld, in favour of
+Charles the First. He afterwards raised forces at Brae-Mar
+for the King's service, for which he was heavily
+fined by the Parliament, and his estates were sequestrated.
+During all this season of adversity he lived in
+a cottage at the gate of his house at Alloa, until the
+Restoration relieved him from the sequestration.</p>
+
+<p>His son Charles, who raised the first regiment of
+Scottish Fusileers, and was constituted their Colonel,
+began life as a determined Royalist; but disapproving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+of the measures of James the Second, he had prepared
+to go abroad when the Prince of Orange landed in England.
+He appears afterwards to have pursued somewhat
+of the same wavering course as that of which
+his son has been accused, and, joining the disaffected
+party against William, he was arrested, but afterwards
+released. The heavy incumbrances upon his estates,
+contracted during the civil wars, were such as to
+oblige him to sell a great portion of his lands, and to
+part with the ancient Barony of Erskine, the first
+possession of the family. This necessity may almost
+be considered as an ill omen for the future welfare of
+a family; which never seems to be so utterly brought
+low by fortune, as when compelled to consign to
+strangers that from which the first sense of importance
+and stability has been derived.</p>
+
+<p>Under these circumstances, certainly not favourable
+to independence of character, John, eleventh Earl of
+Mar of the name of Erskine, and afterwards Lieutenant-general
+to the Chevalier St. George, was born at
+Alloa, in Clackmannan, where his father resided. He
+was a younger son of a numerous family, five brothers,
+older than himself, having died in infancy. His mother,
+the Lady Mary Maule, eldest daughter of George
+Earl of Panmure, gave birth to eight sons, and a
+daughter. Of the sons, the Earl of Mar and his
+brothers, James Erskine of the Grange, afterwards
+the husband of the famous and unfortunate Lady
+Grange; and Henry, killed at the battle of Almanza<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+in 1707, alone attained the age of manhood. The only
+sister of Lord Mar, Lady Jean, was married to Sir
+Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn, in Stirlingshire.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar succeeded to the possession and
+management of estates, heavily encumbered, in
+1696.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> His qualities of mind and person, at this
+early period of his life, were not eminently pleasing.
+His countenance, though strongly marked, had none
+of the attributes of intellectual strength. In person
+he is said to have been deformed, although his portrait
+by Kneller was skilfully contrived to hide that
+defect; his complexion was fair: he was short in
+stature. In his early youth the Earl is declared by
+historians who were adverse to the Stuarts, to have
+been initiated into every species of licentious dissipation,
+by Neville Payne: and the young nobleman is
+characterized as "the scandal of his name."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Although
+his ancestors had been devotedly attached to
+the interests of the exiled family, yet, it was to be
+shewn how far Mar preferred those interests to his
+own, or upon what principles he eventually adopted
+the cause of hereditary monarchy, which had already
+brought so much inconvenience, and so many losses to
+his father and grandfather.</p>
+
+<p>The first political prepossessions of the young Earl
+must certainly have been those of the Cavaliers; such
+was the name by which the party continued to be
+called who still desired the restoration of James the
+Second, and fervidly believed in the fruition of their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+hopes. His father had indeed, to use the words of
+Lockhart of Carnwath, "embarked with the Revolution;"
+but had given tokens of his deep contrition for
+that act, so inconsistent with his hereditary allegiance.
+But the unformed opinions of the young are far more
+easily swayed by events which are passing before their
+eyes than by the cool reasonings of the closet; and the
+inclinations of the Earl of Mar's childhood were likely
+soon to be effaced by the state of public affairs. The
+later occurrences of the reign of William the Third were
+calculated not only to repress the spirit of Jacobitism,
+but to shame even the most enthusiastic of its partisans
+out of a scheme which the sagacity of William
+had defeated, and which his wisdom had taught him
+to forgive. It was in the year 1696, just as the Earl
+of Mar succeeded to his title, that the projected invasion
+of the kingdom, and the scheme of assassinating
+the King, were defeated:&mdash;that William, hastening to
+the House of Commons, gave to the nation an account
+of the whole conspiracy. The House of Commons,
+without rising from their seats, then "declared that
+William was their rightful king, and that they would
+defend him with their lives." It was at this important
+&aelig;ra that James the Second, after long waiting at Calais,
+and casting thence many a wishful look towards
+England, returned to St. Germains, "to thank God
+that he had lost his country, because it had saved his
+soul."<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> The hopes of the Cavaliers were thus wholly
+extinguished: and to these circumstances were the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+first observations of the youthful Earl of Mar doubtless
+directed.</p>
+
+<p>His guardians, seemingly desirous of retrieving the
+affairs of the family, had endeavoured to imbue his
+mind with Revolution principles;<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> and the famous
+association which acknowledged the title of William
+to the throne of England, framed about this time,
+was signed by many who became in after life the
+friends of the Earl of Mar. This was precisely the
+period when that political profligacy, too justly
+charged upon the leading men in this country, and
+which induced them, under the impression that the
+exiled family would be eventually restored, to correspond
+with the Court of St. Germains, was tranquillized,
+although not eradicated by the great policy
+and forbearance of William.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> That single reply of
+William's to Charnock, who had trafficked between
+France and England with these negotiations, and who
+offered to disclose to the King the names of those who
+had employed him;&mdash;these few words, "I do not wish
+to hear them,"<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> did more to soothe discontents, and to
+repress the violence of faction, than the subsequent
+executions in the reign of George the First.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar, left as he was at the early age of
+fourteen to his own guidance, very soon displayed a
+remarkable prudence in his pecuniary affairs, and a
+desire to repair by good management the fortunes of his
+family,&mdash;a point which he accomplished, to a certain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+extent. His dawning character shewed him to be
+shrewd and wary, but possessing no extended views,
+and disposed to rest his hopes of elevation and distinction
+upon petty intrigues, rather than to look
+upon probity and exertion as the true basis of greatness.
+His great talent consisted in the management
+of his designs, "in which," remarks one who knew him
+well, "it was hard to find him out when he desired to
+be incognito; and thus he shewed himself to be a man
+of good sense, but bad morals."<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of September, 1696, the Earl of Mar
+took his seat in the Scottish Parliament, protesting, as
+his forefathers had done, against any Scottish Earl
+being called before him in the Roll. He became a
+frequent, but indifferent speaker in Parliament; but
+his continual activity, and the address which he soon
+acquired as the fruit of experience, together with the
+position which he held, as one generally understood to
+be well affected to the new order of things, yet of sufficient
+importance to be gained over to the other side,
+soon made him an object for party spirit to assail.</p>
+
+<p>During the reign of William, the Earl of Mar continued
+constant to the side to which he had declared
+himself to belong. His pecuniary embarrassments, acting
+upon a restless, ambitious temper, rendered it difficult
+to a man weak in principle to retain independence
+of character: and it must be avowed, that there are
+few temptations to depart from the road of integrity
+more urgent than the desire to raise an ancient name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+to its original splendour. No encumbrances are so
+likely to drag their victim away from integrity as
+those by which rank is clogged with poverty.</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1697, Lord Mar was chosen a privy
+councillor; and shortly afterwards invested with the
+Order of the Thistle; and the command of a company
+of foot bestowed upon him. On the death of William
+his fortune was rather improved than deteriorated,
+although he continued to attach himself to the
+Revolution Party, who, it was generally understood,
+were very far from being acceptable to the Queen.
+"At her accession," declares a Jacobite writer, "the
+Presbyterians looked upon themselves as undone;
+despair appeared in their countenances, which were
+more upon the melancholic and dejected than usual."
+The management of Scottish affairs was, nevertheless,
+entirely in the hands of the advocates of the Revolution;
+and one of their greatest supporters, the
+Duke of Queensbury, was appointed High Commissioner
+of the Scottish Parliament, notwithstanding
+the representations of some of the most powerful
+nobility in Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>To the party of this celebrated politician the Earl
+of Mar attached himself, with a tenacity for which
+those who recollected the hereditary politics of the
+Erskine family, could find no motives but self-interest.
+James, Duke of Queensbury, was, it is true, the son
+of one of the most active partisans of the Stuart
+family, to whom the house of Queensbury owed both
+its ducal rank and princely fortune. Possessed of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+good abilities, but devoid of application, and with the
+disadvantage to a public man of being of an easy,
+indolent temper, this celebrated promoter of the union
+between Scotland and England, had acquired, by
+courtesy, and by a long administration of affairs, a
+singular influence over his countrymen. His character
+has been written with a pen that could scarcely
+find sufficient invectives for those politicians who, in
+the opinion of the writer, were the ruin of their country.
+The Duke of Queensbury falls under the heaviest
+censures. "To outward appearance," says Lockhart,
+"he was of a gentle and good disposition, but
+inwardly a very devil, standing at nothing to advance
+his own interest and designs. Though his hypocrisy
+and dissimulation served him very much, yet he became
+so well known, that no man, except such as
+were his nearest friends, and <i>socii criminis</i>, gave him
+any trust; and so little regard had he to his promises
+and vows, that it was observed and notorious,
+that if he was at any pains to convince you of his
+friendship, and by swearing and imprecating curses
+on himself and family to assure you of his sincerity,
+then, to be sure, he was doing you underhand all the
+mischief in his power."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>These characteristics must be viewed as proceeding
+from the pen of a partisan; nor can we wonder at the
+contrariety of opinion which prevails respecting any
+public man who proposes a great and startling measure.
+Honours, places, and a pension were showered down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+upon this most fortunate of ministers; and his career
+is remarkable as having been cheered by the favour
+of four sovereigns of very different tempers. In his
+early youth, after his return from his travels, the
+Duke of Queensbury was appointed a Privy Councillor
+of Scotland by Charles the Second. He held the same
+post under James the Second, but resigned it in 1688.
+The reserved and doubting William of Orange placed
+him near his person, making him a Lord of the Bedchamber,
+and captain of his Dutch guard; eventually
+he became Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, and&mdash;to
+abridge a list of numerous employments and honours&mdash;Lord
+High Commissioner of Scotland. So far had
+Queensbury's fortunes begun with the Stuarts and
+continued under the House of Orange. It appeared
+unlikely that the successor of William&mdash;she who in her
+first speech announced that her heart was "wholly
+English," to mark the distinction between herself and
+the foreigner who had sat on the throne before her,&mdash;would
+adopt as her own representative in Scotland
+the favourite of William; yet she continued Queensbury
+in that high station which it was believed
+none could fill so adequately in the disturbed and
+refractory kingdom of Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the early years of Queen Anne's reign, and
+in the season of his own comparative prosperity, the
+young Earl of Mar entered into his first marriage, at
+Twickenham, with Lady Margaret Hay, daughter of
+John Earl of Kinnoul. The wife whom he thus se<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>lected
+was the daughter of a house originally adverse
+to the principles of the Revolution. William Earl of
+Kinnoul, in the time of James the Second, had remained
+at St. Germains with that monarch. But
+the same change which had manifested the political
+course of Lord Mar, had been apparent in the father
+of Lady Margaret Hay. The Earl of Kinnoul was
+afterwards one of the Commissioners for the Union,
+and supported that treaty in Parliament; yet, when
+the Rebellion of 1715 commenced, this nobleman was
+one of the suspected persons who were summoned to
+surrender themselves, and was committed a prisoner
+to Edinburgh Castle. His daughter, the Countess of
+Mar, was happily spared from witnessing the turmoils
+of that period. Married in her seventeenth year, she
+lived only four years with a husband whose character
+was but partially developed, when, in 1707, she died
+at the age of twenty-one, having given birth to two
+sons. She was buried at the family seat at Alloa
+Castle, an ancient fortress, built in the year 1300, one
+turret of which still remaining rises ninety feet from
+the ground. Seven years intervened before Lord Mar
+supplied the place of his lost wife by another union.</p>
+
+<p>His days were, indeed, consumed in public affairs,
+varied by the improvement of his Scottish estates,
+embellishing the tower of Alloa by laying out beautiful
+gardens in that wilderness style of planting
+which the Earl first introduced into Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+had the reward of seeing his efforts succeed, the gardens
+of Alloa being much eulogized and visited.
+This was by no means Lord Mar's only recreation;
+architecture was his delight, and he introduced into
+London the celebrated Gibbs, who, out of gratitude,
+eventually bequeathed a large portion of his fortune
+to the children of the Earl.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> It is refreshing to view
+this busy and versatile politician in this light before
+we plunge into the depths of those intricate politics
+which form the principal features of his life.</p>
+
+<p>It was during the year 1703 that a political asso<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>ciation
+or club was framed consisting of the chief
+nobility and gentlemen of fortune and afterwards
+known by the name of the <i>Squadrone Volante</i>. They
+acquired distinguished popularity and influence by the
+patriotic character of the measures which they introduced
+into the Scottish Parliament; and by their
+professions of being free from any court interest,
+they gained the confidence of the country. They
+were firm friends of the Revolution party, great
+sticklers to the Protestant succession, forming a <i>separate
+band</i> distinct from the Whigs, yet opposed to
+the Cavaliers, or, as they were afterwards called,
+Jacobites. The power of the Squadrone was, in a
+great measure, the result of those jarring counsels in
+the Scottish Parliament, which only coalesced upon
+one theme,&mdash;independence of England&mdash;interference
+of "foreign" or English counsels, as they were termed.
+This combination was headed by the Duke of Montrose,
+the Marquis of Tweedale, and several other
+Scottish noblemen, to whom adhered thirty commoners.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the existence of this association, the celebrated
+"Queensbury affair," as it was usually called,
+involved the temporary disgrace of the Duke of
+Queensbury, and first brought to view those convenient
+doctrines of expediency which afterwards
+formed so marked a feature in the character of Lord
+Mar.</p>
+
+<p>The "sham plot," as it is called by Jacobite writers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+was a supposed intended invasion of Great Britain,
+disclosed to the Duke of Queensbury by Simon Fraser
+of Beaufort, afterwards Lord Lovat; whose very name
+seems to have suggested to his contemporaries, as it
+has since done to posterity, the combination of all
+that is subtle, treacherous, and base, with all that is
+dangerous, desperate, and remorseless in conduct.</p>
+
+<p>This tool of the court of St. Germains came over
+from France, in company with John Murray, who was
+sent to watch his proceedings, and also to aid his
+object in procuring the promises of the most distinguished
+Highland chieftains to the furtherance of
+the projected invasion of England. The assistance of
+Captain Murray was conjoined on this occasion, the
+fidelity of that gentleman having been ascertained by
+the court of St. Germains; whilst there existed not a
+human being who did not instinctively distrust Beaufort:
+to Mary of Modena, who far more ardently desired
+the restoration of the Stuarts than her consort
+James, he was peculiarly obnoxious.</p>
+
+<p>The exiled Queen's fears proved well founded, for
+no sooner had Beaufort landed in England, than he
+formed the scheme of converting this secret enterprise
+into a means of obtaining reward and protection from
+the Duke of Argyle, whose mediation with the Duke
+of Queensbury he required for private reasons; he
+therefore notified his arrival to Argyle, who had been
+his early and hereditary friend, offering at the same
+time to make great disclosures, if he had previous
+assurances of remuneration.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Such is the account of most impartial writers, and
+more especially of those who lean to the Whig party:
+but, by the Jacobites, the very existence of a conspiracy
+to invade England at this time was denied,
+and the whole affair was declared to be a scheme of
+the Duke of Queensbury's to undermine the reputation
+of the Cavaliers, and "to find a pretence to vent
+his wrath, and execute his malice against those who
+thwarted his arbitrary designs," for the completion of
+a treaty of union between Scotland and England,
+which had been in contemplation ever since the days
+of William the Third.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>After much deliberation the Duke of Queensbury
+was induced to have several communications with
+Fraser of Beaufort, and to listen to the information
+which he gave, all of which the Duke transmitted to
+Queen Anne, although he concealed the name of his
+informant. In consequence of Fraser's disclosures,
+several persons coming from France to England were
+apprehended on suspicion of being engaged in the
+Pretender's service, and an universal alarm was
+spread, as well as a distrust of the motives and proceedings
+of Queensbury, who thus acted upon the
+intelligence of an avowed spy, and noted outlaw, like
+Fraser. A temporary loss of Queensbury's political
+sway in Scotland was the result, and a consequent
+increase of power to the Squadrone Volante.</p>
+
+<p>It was at this juncture that the Earl of Mar came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+forward as the advocate of the Duke of Queensbury's
+measures, and the opponent of the Squadrone Volante,
+who had now completely fixed upon themselves that
+name, from their pretending to act by themselves, and
+to cast the balance of contending parties in Parliament.
+The opposition of Lord Mar to the Squadrone
+was peculiarly acceptable to the Tories, or Cavaliers,
+who had recently applied to that faction to assist
+them in the defence of their country against the
+Union, but who had been greeted with an indignant
+and resolute refusal.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar therefore appeared as the champion
+of the Cavaliers, and for the first time won their
+confidence and approbation. "He headed," writes
+the bitter and yet truthful Lockhart, "such of the
+Duke of Queensbury's friends as opposed the Marquis
+of Tweedale and his party's designs; and that with
+such art and dissimulation, that he gained the favour
+of all the Tories, and was by them esteemed an
+honest man, and well inclined to the royal family.
+Certain it is, he vowed and protested as much many
+a time; but no sooner was the Marquis of Tweedale
+and his party dispossessed, than he returned as a dog
+to the vomit, and promoted all the court of England's
+measures with the greatest zeal imaginable."<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> The
+three parties in the Scottish Parliament, according to
+the same authority, consisted of the Cavaliers,&mdash;that
+remnant of the Jacobite party which remained vigorous,
+more especially in the Highlands, since the days<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+of Dundee,&mdash;of the Squadrone, "or <i>outer</i> court party,"
+and of the present court party, consisting of true
+blue Presbyterians and Revolutioners.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> With the
+interests of the latter party the Earl of Mar was undoubtedly
+engaged.</p>
+
+<p>Scotland was at this time, and continued for several
+years, racked with dissensions regarding the Treaty
+of Union. No one can form an adequate idea of the
+heartburnings, feuds, parties, and tumults, by which
+that great measure was preceded, and followed, without
+looking into the contemporary writers, whose aim it
+ever is to heighten the picture of passing events;
+whereas the calm historian subdues it into one general
+effect of keeping.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar took a prominent part in seconding
+the treaty; no man's commencement of a career
+could be more opposed to its termination than that
+of this politician of easy virtue. The Duke of
+Queensbury was for some time so hated in Scotland
+as scarcely to venture to appear there, but contented
+himself with sending the Duke of Argyle as commissioner,
+and "using him as the monkey did the
+cat in pulling out the hot roasted chesnut." But
+when he was, after an interval, reinstated in power,
+Lord Mar was again his devoted ally. The influence
+of the Duke over every mind with which he came
+into collision was, indeed, almost irresistible. "I
+cannot but wonder," remarks the indignant Lockhart,
+"at the influence he had over all men of sense,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+quality, and estate; men that had, at least many of
+them, no dependance on him, yet were so deluded
+as to serve his ambitious designs, contrary to the
+acknowledged dictates of their own conscience."<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1706, in the beginning of the session of Parliament,
+the Earl of Mar presented the draught of an
+Act for appointing Commissioners, to treat of an
+Union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England.
+Thus was he the instrument of first presenting to the
+Scotch that measure so revolting to their prejudices,
+so singularly distasteful to a proud and independent
+people. It is impossible to judge how far Lord Mar
+was convinced of the expediency of the Treaty, or
+whether he was, in secret, one of those who feigned
+an affection for the measure, whilst, in their hearts,
+they wished for the preponderance of the votes against
+it. The Treaty of Union was espoused by those in
+whose opinions Lord Mar had been nurtured,&mdash;and
+originally, according to De Foe, it had been mooted
+by William the Third, who declared that this Island
+would never be easy without an union. "I have
+done all I can in that affair," he once observed;
+"but I do not see a temper in either nation that
+looks like it: it may be done, but not yet."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Treaty, retarded by many interests, clashing
+between nations, but, more especially, by the burning
+recollections of massacred countrymen in the blood-stained
+valley of Glencoe, was now brought into discussion
+just when the Earl of Mar was at that age<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+when a thirst for gain, or an ambition to rise is unquenched,
+in general, by disappointment. Differing
+in one respect from many Cavaliers, in being of a
+family strictly Protestant, Lord Mar had not the
+inducement which operated upon the Catholics, in
+their undiminished, ardent desire to restore the young
+Prince of Wales to the throne. Differing, again, in
+another respect from many of the Jacobites, Lord
+Mar had not the tie of a personal knowledge of the
+exiled King to fix his fidelity; or, what was considered
+far more likely to have sealed his, or any adherent
+allegiance, he had enjoyed no opportunities
+of cultivating the favour of the enthusiastic, bigoted,
+and yet intelligent Mary of Modena, whose exertions
+for her family kept alive the spirit of Jacobitism
+during the decline of her royal devotee and the childhood
+of her son. Lord Mar seems to have been
+reared entirely in Scotland, and he might perhaps
+come under the description given by the eloquent
+Lord Belhaven of a Whig in Scotland:&mdash;"A true,
+blue Presbyterian, who, without considering time
+or power, will venture all for the Kirk, but something
+less for the State;"<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> but that his subsequent
+conduct contradicts this supposition.</p>
+
+<p>The Treaty struggled on through a powerful and
+memorable opposition. It is a curious instance of
+Scottish pride, that one of the objections made to the
+Commissioners appointed to treat of the Union, was,
+that there were six or eight newly-raised families<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+amongst them, and but few of the great and ancient
+names of Hamilton, Graham, Murray, Erskine, and
+many others.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> Never was there so much domestic
+misery and humiliation, abroad, for poor Scotland, as
+during the progress of this Treaty. The fame of
+Marlborough, and the fortunes of Godolphin, were
+now at their zenith; they were considered as the
+great arbiters of Scottish affairs,&mdash;the Queen being
+only applied to for the sake of form. These two
+great statesmen treated the Scottish noblemen to
+whom the Cavaliers entrusted the success of their
+representations, with a lofty insolence, which galled
+the proud Highlanders, and went to their very hearts.</p>
+
+<p>"I myself," writes the author of Memoirs of Scotland,
+"out of curiosity, went sometimes to their lev&eacute;es,
+where I saw the Commissioners, the Duke of Queensbury,
+the Chancellor, the Secretary, Lord Mar, and
+other great men of Scotland, hang on near an hour;
+and when admitted, treated with no more civility
+than one gentleman pays another's valet-de-chambre;
+and for which the Scots have none to blame but
+themselves, for had they valued themselves as they
+ought to have done, and not so meanly and sneakingly
+prostituted their honour and country to the
+will and pleasure of the English Ministry, they would
+never have presumed to usurp such a dominion over
+Scotland, as openly and avowedly to consult upon
+and determine in Scots' affairs."<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p><p>At home, the spirit of party ran to an extent which
+cannot be called insane, because the interests at stake
+were those dearest to a high-spirited people. "Factions,"
+exclaimed Lord Belhaven, "in Parliament, are
+now become independent, and have got footing in
+councils, in parliaments, in treaties, in armies, in
+incorporations, in families, among kindred; yea, man
+and wife are not free from them."<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> "Hannibal,
+my Lord," he cried, in one of what Lockhart calls
+his long premeditated harangues, "Hannibal is at
+our gates; Hannibal is come the length of this
+table; he is at the foot of this throne: he will demolish
+the throne; if we take not notice, he will
+seize upon these regalia; he'll take them as our
+<i>spolia opima</i>, and whip us out of this House, never
+to return again."</p>
+
+<p>In order to understand the effect of the Act of
+Union upon the hopes of the Jacobite party, it is
+necessary to take into consideration the following
+facts. The Act of the English Parliament, by which
+the Crown had been settled on Queen Mary and her
+sister, extended only to the Princess Anne and her
+issue. After the death of the Duke of Gloucester,
+and about the end of the reign of William the
+Third, another settlement was made, by which the
+Crown was settled on the House of Hanover; but
+no similar Act was passed in Scotland. And at the
+beginning of Queen Anne's reign, and until after the
+Union, the Scottish Parliament were legally possessed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+of a power to introduce again the exiled family into
+Great Britain.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the course of the negotiations for the
+Treaty of Union, the Earl of Mar formed an alliance
+with the celebrated Duke of Hamilton. In the consideration
+of public affairs at this period, it may not
+appear a digression to give some insight into the
+character of one who headed the chief party in the
+Scottish Parliament, and with whom the Earl of Mar
+was, at this period of his life, in frequent intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>James Duke of Hamilton was at this period nearly
+fifty years of age. His youth had been passed in the
+gay court of Charles the Second, as one of the Gentlemen
+of the Bedchamber of that monarch,&mdash;an office
+which he only relinquished to become Ambassador
+Extraordinary to France, where he remained long
+enough to serve in two campaigns under Louis the
+Fourteenth. Upon the death of Charles the Second,
+Louis recommended the young nobleman, then termed
+Earl of Arran, strongly and essentially to James the
+Second, who made him Master of his Wardrobe, and
+appointed him to other offices.</p>
+
+<p>Under these circumstances it is not surprising that
+in the honest and warm feelings of the Duke of
+Hamilton, affection for the Stuarts should form a
+principal feature. He had the courage to adhere
+firmly to James the Second, amid the general obloquy,
+and to accompany the monarch on his abdication to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+his embarkation at Rochester. "I can distinguish,"
+he said, at a meeting of the Scottish nobility in London,
+over which his father, the Duke of Hamilton
+presided, "between the King's popery and his person.
+I dislike the one, but have sworn to do allegiance to
+the other, which makes it impossible to withhold
+that which I cannot forbear believing is the King
+my master's right: for his present absence in France
+can no more affect my duty, than his longer absence
+from us has done all this while."</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding these professions, upon the unfortunate
+conclusion of the affair of Darien, the Earl of
+Arran, after twice encountering imprisonment upon
+account of the Stuarts, esteemed it his duty to his
+country to take the oaths to King William, in order
+to qualify himself to sit in Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>The character of the Duke of Hamilton presents a
+favourable specimen of the well-principled and well-intentioned
+Scotchman, with the acknowledged virtues
+and obvious defects of the national character.
+He was disinterested in great matters, refusing many
+opportunities of worldly advantage, and bearing for
+the first eight years of his public career, a retirement
+which is always more galling to an ambitious temper
+than actual danger; yet, it was supposed, and not
+without reason, that, whilst his heart was with the
+Cavaliers, or country party, the considerations of his
+great estate in England occasioned a lukewarmness
+in his political conduct, and broke down his opposition
+to the Union. Wary and cautious, he could thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+sacrifice his present hopes of a distinction which his
+talents would have readily attained, to his adherence
+to a lost cause; but his resolution failed when the
+sacrifice of what many might deem inferior interests,
+was required.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke soon formed a considerable party in the
+Parliament; and his empire over the affections of his
+countrymen grew daily. To those to whom he confided,
+the Duke was gracious and unbending; but
+a suspicion of an insult recalled the native haughtiness
+attributable to his house.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> "Frank, honest,
+and good-natured," as he was esteemed by Swift, and
+displaying on his dark, coarse countenance, the characteristics
+of good sense and energy, the Duke was
+a bitter and vindictive foe<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>&mdash;characteristics of his
+age, and of a nation undoubtedly prone to wreak a
+singular and remorseless revenge on all who offend
+the hereditary pride, or militate against the prejudices
+of its people.</p>
+
+<p>Endowed with these qualities, the whole career of
+James Duke of Hamilton was a struggle between his
+love for his country, and his consideration for what he
+esteemed its truest interests, and his desire to support
+the claims of the royal family of Stuart. His political
+career has been criticised by writers of every
+faction; but it must be judged of as having taken
+place in times of peculiar difficulty, and a due credit
+should be given to the motives of one who displayed,
+during the greater portion of his life, forbearance and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+consistency. "Had not his loyalty been so unalterable,"
+writes Lockhart, "and that he would never engage
+in King William's and his Government's service,
+and his love to his country induced him to oppose
+that King and England's injustice and encroachments
+on it, no doubt he had made as great a figure in the
+world as any other whatsoever, and that either in a
+civil or military capacity."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> "The Duke of Hamilton's
+love for his country," observes a contemptuous,
+anonymous assailant, "made him leave London, and
+follow King James, who had enslaved it. His love
+to his country had engaged him in several plots
+to restore that prince, and with him, tyranny and
+idolatry, poverty and slavery."<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> Upon the odious
+principle of always seeking out for the lowest and the
+most selfish motive that can actuate the conduct of
+men,&mdash;a principle which is thought by weak and bad
+minds to display knowledge of the world, but which,
+in fact, more often betrays ignorance,&mdash;another part
+of his conduct was misjudged. The reluctance of the
+Duke of Hamilton, in 1704, to nominate a successor
+to the throne of England, before framing the treaty
+touching "the Commerce of Scotland and other Concerns,"
+was ascribed by many to the remote hope
+of succeeding to the Crown, since, in case of the exclusion
+of the Princess Sophia and her descendants,
+his family was the next in succession, of the Protestant
+Faith. Such was one of the reasons assigned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+for the wise endeavour which this nobleman exerted
+to prevent an invasion of the kingdom by James
+Stuart during the reign of Anne, and such the motive
+adduced for his advice to the Chevalier to maintain
+terms of amity with his royal sister. It was the
+cause calumniously assigned of his supposed decline in
+attachment to the exiled family.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p>
+
+<p>But, notwithstanding the inference thus deduced,
+the Duke of Hamilton continued to enjoy, in no ordinary
+degree, popular applause and the favour of
+Queen Anne, until his tragical death in 1712 occurring
+just before the Rebellion of 1715, spared him the
+perplexity of deciding on which side he should embark
+in that perilous and ill-omened insurrection.</p>
+
+<p>This celebrated statesman,&mdash;one who never entered
+into a new measure, nor formed a project, ("though in
+doing thereof," says Lockhart, "he was too cautious")
+that he did not prosecute his designs with a courage
+that nothing could daunt,&mdash;now determined to win over
+the Earl of Mar from the Duke of Queensbury. The
+Duke of Hamilton was the more induced to the
+attempt, from the frequent protestations made by the
+Earl of Mar of his love for the exiled family; and he
+applied himself to the task of gaining this now important
+ally with all the skill which experience and
+shrewdness could supply. Hamilton was considered
+invincible in such undertakings, and was master of a
+penetration which no one could withstand. "Never
+was," writes Lockhart, "a man so qualified to be the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+head of a party as himself; for he could, with the
+greatest dexterity, apply himself to, and sift through,
+the inclinations of different parties, and so cunningly
+manage them, that he gained some of all to his."
+But the Duke met in Lord Mar with one equally
+skilled in diving into motives, and in bending the
+will of others to his own projects. In the encounter
+of these two minds, the Duke is said to have been
+worsted and disarmed; and the Earl of Mar, by his
+insinuations, is suspected to have materially influenced
+the conduct of that great leader of party. "I have
+good reason to suppose," says Lockhart, "that his
+Grace's appearing with less zeal and forwardness in
+this ensuing than in former Parliaments, is attributable
+to some agreement passed between them
+two."<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<p>For the effect of his newly-acquired influence over
+the Duke of Hamilton, and for his other services in
+promoting the Union, the Earl of Mar was amply
+rewarded. During the Parliament of 1705, he was
+constituted one of the Commissioners of that Treaty,
+his name being third on the list. In 1706, he
+was appointed one of the Secretaries of State for
+Scotland; and afterwards, upon the loss of that
+office, in consequence of the Union between the
+two countries, he was compensated by being made
+Keeper of the Signet, with the addition of a pension.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>
+Those who were the promoters of the Treaty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+must have required some consolation for the general
+opprobrium into which the measure brought the
+Commissioners. The indignant populace converted
+the name of "Treaters" into Traitors: the Parliament
+Close resounded with "very free language,"
+denouncing the "Traitors." That picturesque enclosure,
+since destroyed by fire, was crowded by a
+vehement multitude, who rushed into the outer Parliament
+House to denounce the Duke of Queensbury
+and his party, and to cheer the Duke of Hamilton,
+whom they followed to his residence in Holyrood
+House, exhorting him to stand by his country, and
+assuring him of support. The tumults were, indeed,
+soon quelled by military force; but the deliberations
+of Parliament were carried on at the risk of
+summary vengeance upon the "Traitors:" and the
+eloquence of members was uttered between walls
+which were guarded, during the whole session, by all
+the military force that Edinburgh could command.
+The Duke of Queensbury was obliged to walk "as if
+he had been led to the gallows,"<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> through two lanes of
+musqueteers, from the Parliament House to the Cross,
+where his coach stood; no coaches, nor any person
+who was not a member, being allowed to enter the
+Parliament Close towards evening: and he was
+conveyed in his carriage to the Abbey, surrounded
+both by horse and foot guards.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of May, 1707, the Articles of Union
+were ratified by the Parliament of England. That<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+day has been set down by the opponents of the measure
+as one never to be forgotten by Scotland,&mdash;the
+loss of their independence and sovereignty. Superstition
+marked every stage of the measure as happening
+upon some date adverse to the Stuarts. On
+the fourth of November the first Article of the Union
+was approved; on a fourth of November was William
+of Orange born. On the eighth of January the Peerage
+was renounced; on an eighth of January was the
+warrant for the Murder at Glencoe signed. The ratification
+of the Article of Union was on the sixteenth
+of January. On a sixteenth of January was the sentence
+of Charles the First pronounced. The dissolution
+of the Scottish Parliament took place upon the twenty-fifth
+of March, according to the Old Style, New Year's
+Day: that concession might therefore be esteemed a
+New-year's Gift to the English.</p>
+
+<p>Finally,&mdash;The Equivalent, or Compensation Money,
+that is, "the price of Scotland," came to Edinburgh
+on the fifth of August, the day on which the Earl of
+Gowrie designed to murder James the Sixth.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<p>The discontents and tumults which attended the
+progress of the Union ran throughout the whole country,
+and pervaded all ranks of people. Yet it is
+remarkable, that the nobility of Scotland should have
+been the first to fail in their opposition to the measure;
+and that the middle ranks, together with the
+lowest of the people, should have been foremost to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+withstand what they considered as insulting to the
+independence of their country. The very name and
+antiquity of their kingdom was dear to them, although
+there remained, after the removal of James the First
+into England, little more than "a vain shadow of a
+name, a yoke of slavery, and image of a kingdom."<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>
+It was in vain that the Duke of Hamilton had called,
+in the beginning of the debates on this measure, upon
+the families of "Bruce, Campbell, Douglas," not to
+desert their country: the opposition to the Union was
+bought over, with many exceptions, with a price;&mdash;twenty
+thousand pounds being sent over to the Lords
+Commissioners to employ in this manner, twelve thousand
+pounds of which were, however, returned to the
+English Treasury, there being no more who would
+accept the bribe. The Earl of Mar and the Earl of
+Seafield had privately secured their own reward,
+having bargained "for greater matters than could be
+agreed upon while the kingdom of Scotland stood in
+safety."<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p>
+
+<p>Amidst the resentment of the Scotch for their insulted
+dignity, it is amusing to find that this Union
+of the two countries could be deemed derogatory to
+English dignity; yet Dean Swift, among others, considered
+it in that light. "Swift's hatred to the Scottish
+nation," observes Sir Walter Scott, "led him to
+look upon that Union with great resentment, as a
+measure degrading to England. The Scottish them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>selves
+hardly detested the idea more than he did; and
+that is saying as much as possible."<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+<p>Swift vented his wrath in the verses beginning with
+these lines:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The Queen has lately lost a part<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of her entirely-English heart,<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For want of which, by way of botch,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She piec'd it up again with Scotch.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Blest Revolution! which creates<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Divided hearts, united states!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">See how the double nation lies<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like a rich coat with skirts of frize:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As if a man in making posies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Should bundle thistles up with roses!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>That the conduct of Lord Mar throughout this
+Treaty was regarded with avowed suspicion, the
+following anecdote tends to confirm: Lord Godolphin,
+at that time First Lord of the Treasury, wishing to
+tamper with one of a combination against the Queensbury
+faction, sent to offer that individual a place if
+he would discover to him how the combination was
+formed, and in what manner it might be broken.
+But the gentleman whose fidelity he thus assailed, was
+true to his engagements; and returned an indignant
+answer, desiring the Lord Treasurer's agent "not to
+think that he was treating with such men as Mar and
+Seafield."<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>At this time the Earl of Mar was said to be in the
+full enjoyment of Lord Godolphin's confidence, and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+have been one of those whom the treasurer consulted,
+in settling the government of Scotland. The rumour
+was not conducive to his comfort or well-being in his
+native country; and the Earl appears to have passed
+much more time in intrigues in London than among
+the gardens of Alloa.</p>
+
+<p>It was not long before the effects of the general
+discontent were manifested in the desire of the majority
+of the Scottish nation to restore the descendant
+of their ancient kings to the throne, and even the
+Cameronians and Presbyterians were willing to pass
+over the objection of his being a Papist. "God may
+convert the Prince," they said, "or he may have Protestant
+children, but the Union never can be good."<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>
+The middle orders openly expressed their anxiety to
+welcome a Prince to their shores, whom they regarded
+as a deliverer: the nobility and gentry, though more
+cautious, yet were equally desirous to see the honour of
+their nation, in their own sense of it, restored. Episcopalians,
+Cavaliers, and Revolutionists, were unanimous,
+or, to use the Scots' proverb, "were all one
+man's bairns." This state of public feeling was
+soon communicated to St. Germains, and Colonel
+Hooke, famous for his negotiations, was, according to
+the writer of the Memoirs, "pitched upon by the
+French King, and palmed upon the court of St. Germains,
+and dispatched to sound the intentions of the
+principal Scottish nobility." This agent arrived in
+Scotland in the month of March, 1707. The paper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+containing assurances of aid to James Stuart was
+signed by sixteen noblemen and gentlemen; but the
+Earl of Mar was, at that time, engaged in a very
+different undertaking, and was in close amity with Sunderland,
+Godolphin, and the heads of the Whig party.</p>
+
+<p>The spring of 1708 discovered the designs of
+Louis, and the news of great preparations at Dunkirk
+spread consternation in England. At this juncture,
+the first in which the son of James the Second
+was called upon to play a part in that drama of which
+he was the ill-starred hero, the usual fate of his race
+befel him. He came to Dunkirk hastily, and in private,
+intending to pass over alone to the Firth of Forth.
+He was attacked by the measles; at a still more critical
+moment of his melancholy life, he was the victim
+of ague: both of them ignoble diseases, which seem to
+have little concern with the affairs of royalty. The
+delay of the Prince's illness, although shortened by the
+peremptory commands of the French King to proceed,
+was fatal, for the English fleet had time to make preparations.
+A storm drove the French fleet northwards;
+in the tempest the unfortunate adventurer
+passed the Firth of Forth and Aberdeen; and although
+the fleet retraced its course to the Isle of May, it was
+only to flee back to France, daunted as the French admirals
+were by the proximity of Sir George Byng and
+the English fleet, who chased the enemy along the
+coasts of Fife and Angus. It was shortly after this
+event that the Pretender, upon whose head a price of
+a hundred thousand pounds was set by the English<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+Government, first assumed the title of Chevalier of
+St. George, in order to spare himself the expense of
+field equipage in the campaign in Flanders.</p>
+
+<p>The conduct of the Earl of Mar, in relation to
+conspiracy, has been alluded to rather than declared
+by historians. He is supposed not to have been, in
+secret, unfavourable to the undertaking. He was,
+nevertheless, active in giving to the Earl of Sunderland
+the names of the disaffected with whom he was
+generally supposed to be too well acquainted. Many
+of those who were suspected were brought to London,
+and were in some instances committed to prison, in
+others confined to their own houses. On this occasion
+the advice of the great Marlborough was followed,
+and the guilty were not proceeded against with more
+severity than was necessary for the Queen's safety.
+The same generous policy was in after times remembered,
+in mournful contrast with a very different
+spirit.</p>
+
+<p>It was the ill-fortune of Mar to give satisfaction
+to none of those who had looked on the course
+of public affairs during the recent transactions;
+nor was it ever his good fortune to inspire confidence
+in his motives. Some notion may be formed of
+the thraldom of party in Scotland by the following
+anecdote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>In 1711-12 the Queen conferred upon the Duke of
+Hamilton a patent for an English dukedom; but this,
+according to a vote of the House of Lords, did not
+entitle him to sit as a British Peer. Indignant at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+being thought incapable of receiving a grace which
+the King might confer on the meanest commoner, the
+Scotch Peers took the first opportunity of walking out
+of the House in a body, and refusing to vote or sit in
+that House. In addition to the affront implied by
+their incapacity of becoming British Peers, it was
+more than hinted that it would not be advisable for
+the independence of the House if the King could
+confer the privileges of British Peers upon a set of
+nobles whose poverty rendered them dependent on
+the Crown.</p>
+
+<p>Just when this offensive vote of the House was the
+theme of general conversation, Dean Swift encountered
+the Earl of Mar at Lord Masham's. "I was
+arguing with him, (Lord Mar)," he writes, "about the
+stubbornness and folly of his countrymen; they are
+so angry about the affair of the Duke of Hamilton,
+whom the Queen has made a Duke of England, and
+the Lords will not admit him. He swears he would
+vote for us, but dare not, because all Scotland would
+detest him if he did; he should never be chosen again,
+nor be able to live there."<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar continued to be one of the Representative
+Peers for Scotland, having been chosen in
+1707, and rechosen at the general elections in 1708,
+1710, and 1713.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+<p>Upon the death of the Duke of Queensbury in
+1711, the office of Secretary of State for Scotland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+became vacant, and the Duke of Hamilton and the
+Earl of Mar were rival expectants for the high and
+important post. Government hesitated for some time
+before filling up the post, being disposed rather to
+abolish it than to offend any party by its disposal,
+and deeming it as an useless expense to the Government;
+nor was it filled up for a considerable time.</p>
+
+<p>The tragical death of one who, with some failings,
+deserved the affection and respect of his country, procured
+eventually to the Earl of Mar the chief management
+of public affairs in Scotland. Whilst on the
+eve of embarking as Ambassador Extraordinary to
+France, upon the conclusion of the peace of Utrecht,
+the Duke of Hamilton fell in a duel with his brother-in-law,
+Lord Mohun,&mdash;a man whose course of life had
+been stained with blood, but whose crimes had met
+with a singular impunity.</p>
+
+<p>The character of Lord Mohun seems rather to have
+belonged to the reign of Charles the Second, than
+to the sober period of William and Anne. The
+representative of a very ancient family, he had the
+misfortune of coming to his title when young, while
+his estate was impoverished. "His quality introduced
+him into the best company," says a contemporary
+writer, "but his wants very often led him
+into bad." He ran a course of notorious and low
+dissipation, and was twice tried for murder before he
+was twenty. His first offence was the cruel and almost
+unprovoked murder of William Mountford, an
+accomplished actor, whom Mohun stabbed whilst off<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+his guard. The second was the death of Mr. Charles
+Coote. For these crimes Lord Mohun had been
+tried by his peers, and, strange to say, acquitted. On
+his last acquittal he spoke gracefully before the Peers,
+expressing great contrition for the disgrace which he
+had brought upon his order, and promising to efface
+it by a better course of life. For some time this able
+but depraved nobleman kept to his resolution, and
+studied the constitution of his country.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> He became
+a bold and eloquent speaker in the House on the side
+of the Whigs; and he had attained a considerable
+popularity, when the affair with the Duke of Hamilton
+finished his career before the age of thirty.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
+
+<p>A family dispute, exasperated by the different sides
+taken by these two noblemen in Parliament, was the
+cause of an event which deprived the Jacobite party
+of one of their most valuable and most moderate
+leaders; for had the counsels of the Duke of Hamilton
+prevailed, the Chevalier would never have undertaken
+the futile invasion of 1708, nor perhaps have engaged
+in the succeeding attempt in 1715. Upon the
+fortunes of the Earl of Mar, the death of the Duke so
+far operated that it was not until all fear of offending
+the powerful and popular Hamilton was ended by
+his tragical death, that the appointment of Secretary
+was conferred upon his rival. The Whigs were calumniously
+suspected of having had some unfair share<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+in the death of the Duke,&mdash;an event which took place
+in the following manner.</p>
+
+<p>Certain offensive words spoken by Lord Mohun in
+the chambers of a Master in Chancery, and addressed
+to the Duke of Hamilton, brought a long-standing
+enmity into open hostility. On the part of Lord
+Mohun, General Macartney was sent to convey a
+challenge to the Duke, and the place of meeting,
+time, and other preliminaries were settled by Macartney
+and the Duke over a bottle of claret, at the
+Rose Tavern, in Covent Garden. The hour of eight
+on the following day was fixed for the encounter, and
+on the fatal morning the Duke drove to the lodgings
+of his friend, Colonel Hamilton, who acted as his
+second, in Charing Cross, and hurried him away. It
+was afterwards deposed, that on setting out, the Colonel,
+in his haste, forgot his sword; upon which the
+Duke stopped the carriage, and taking his keys from
+his pocket, desired his servant to go to a certain
+closet in his house, and to bring his mourning-sword,
+which was accordingly done. This was regarded as
+a fatal omen in those days, in which, as Addison
+describes, a belief in such indications existed.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke then drove on to that part of Hyde
+Park leading to Kensington, opposite the Lodge, and
+getting out, walked to and fro upon the grass between
+the two ponds. Lord Mohun, in the mean
+time, set out from Long Acre with his friend, General
+Macartney, who seems to have been a worthy second
+of the titled bravo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lord Mohun having taken the precaution of ordering
+some burnt wine to be prepared for him upon his
+return from the rencounter, proceeded to the place
+of appointment, where the Duke awaited him. "I
+must ask your Lordship," said Lord Mohun, "one
+favour, which is, that these gentlemen may have nothing
+to do with our quarrel." "My Lord," answered
+the Duke, "I leave them to themselves." The
+parties then threw off their cloaks, and all engaged;
+the seconds, it appears, fighting with as much fury
+as their principals. The park-keepers coming up,
+found Colonel Hamilton and General Macartney
+struggling together; the General holding the Colonel's
+sword in his left hand, the Colonel pulling at the
+blade of the General's sword. One of the keepers
+went up to the principals; he found Lord Mohun in
+a position between sitting and lying, bending towards
+the Duke, who was on his knees, leaning almost
+across Lord Mohun, both holding each other's sword
+fast, both striving and struggling with the fury of
+remorseless hatred. This awful scene was soon
+closed for ever, as far as Mohun was concerned. He
+expired shortly afterwards, having received four
+wounds, each of which was likely to be mortal. The
+Duke was raised and supported by Colonel Hamilton
+and one of the keepers; but after walking about
+thirty yards, exclaimed that "he could walk no
+farther," sank down upon the grass, and expired.
+His lifeless remains, mangled with wounds which
+showed the relentless fury of the encounter, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+conveyed to St. James's Square, the same morning,
+while the Duchess was still asleep.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lord Mohun, meanwhile, was carried, by order of
+General Macartney, to the hackney-coach in which
+he had arrived, and his body conveyed to his house
+in Marlborough Street, where, it was afterwards reported,
+that being flung upon the best bed, his Lady,
+one of the nieces of Charles Gerrard, Earl of Macclesfield,
+expressed great anger at the soiling of her new
+coverlid, on which the bleeding corpse was deposited.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p><p>General Macartney escaped. It appeared on oath
+that he had made a thrust at the Duke, as he was
+struggling with Mohun; and it being generally believed
+that it was by that wound that the Duke died,
+an address was presented to her Majesty by the
+Scottish Peers, begging that she would write to all
+the kings and states in alliance with her, not to
+shelter Macartney from justice.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+<p>A deep and general grief was shown for the death
+of the Duke of Hamilton. In Scotland mourning
+was worn, and the churches were hung with black.
+It was in vain that the Duchess offered a reward of
+three hundred pounds for the apprehension of Macartney;
+the murderer had fled beyond seas.</p>
+
+<p>The Cavaliers lost, in Hamilton, an ornament to
+their party, from the strict honour and fidelity of his
+known character. But the crisis which the unfortunate
+Duke had in vain endeavoured to avert was
+now at hand, and the death of Queen Anne brought
+with it all those consequences which a long series of
+cabals, during the later disturbed years of the
+Queen's existence, had been gradually ripening into
+importance.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar had openly espoused the High-church
+party in the case of Sacheverel; and he had
+on that account, as well as from the doubt generally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+entertained of his fidelity, little reason to expect
+from the House of Hanover a continuance in office.
+No sooner had the Queen expired, than those whom
+Lord Mar had long, in secret, been regarding with
+interest, expressed openly their disappointment at the
+result of the last reign.</p>
+
+<p>"The accession of George the First," remarks Dr.
+Coxe, "was a new era in the history of that Government
+which was established at the Revolution. Under
+William and Anne the Stuart family can scarcely be
+considered as absolutely excluded from the throne;
+for all parties, except the extreme Whigs, looked forward
+to the possibility of the Stuarts returning to
+the throne. But, in fact, the Revolution was not
+completed till the actual establishment of the Brunswick
+line, which cut off all hopes of a return without
+a new revolution."<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<p>When the news of Queen Anne's dangerous condition
+reached the Chevalier de St. George, he was
+at Luneville; but he repaired instantly to Barleduc,
+where he held a council. As he entered the council-chamber,
+he was heard to exclaim, "If that Princess
+dies, I am lost."<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> There was no doubt that a correspondence
+with the exiled family had been carried
+on with great alacrity, during the last few years of
+Queen Anne's reign, with the cognizance of the Sovereign;<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>
+and that large sums were spent by Mary of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+Modena, and by her son, in procuring intelligence of
+all that was going on in the English Court.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the Queen's death, Atterbury,
+Bishop of Rochester, proposed to Lord Bolingbroke
+to proclaim James at Charing Cross, and offered, himself,
+to head the procession in lawn sleeves. But
+Bolingbroke shrank from the enterprise; and, with
+an exclamation of passion, Atterbury exclaimed,&mdash;"There
+is the best cause in Europe lost for want of
+spirit." The boldness of the proposition, and the
+ardent temper from which it originated, recall, with
+regret, the remembrance of one who, as Lord Hailes
+in his notes on Atterbury's Correspondence has remarked,
+was "incapable of dark conspiracies."<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Chevalier was then residing at Barleduc, with
+a suite of sixty persons; some of whom boasted of
+having taken part in the conspiracies against William
+the Third, and were proud of having compassed the
+death of that Sovereign. From time to time, Englishmen
+of distinction travelled from Paris to Barleduc,
+under pretext of seeing the country, but in
+fact to proffer a secret allegiance to the Prince. The
+individual to whom these attentions were addressed,
+is described by an anonymous emissary of the English
+Court, as leading a regular life,&mdash;hunting when the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+weather permitted, and hearing mass every day with
+great precision and devotion. "Il est fort maigre,"
+adds the same writer, "assez grand; son teint est
+brun, son humeur et sa personne ne sont pas d&eacute;sagr&eacute;ables."
+In another place, it is added, "Il paroit
+manquer de jugement et de r&eacute;solution:" an opinion,
+unhappily, too correct.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> On the question being put
+by Bolingbroke to the Duke of Berwick, whether the
+Prince was a bigot, the answer was in the negative.
+"Then," said Bolingbroke, "we shall have no objection
+to place him on the throne." This anecdote,
+which was told by the Chevalier himself to Brigadier
+Nugent, probably gave countenance to the rumour
+spread in England, that James was likely to renounce
+the Catholic faith, and conform to the English
+Church.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar and his brother, Lord Grange,
+were now the two most considerable men in Scotland.
+Lord Grange had been made Lord of Session in 1707,
+and afterwards Lord Justice Clerk, during the three
+last years of Queen Anne's reign. His character
+presents traits even more repulsive and more dangerous
+than the time-serving and duplicity of the Earl of
+Mar. Lord Grange was one of those men whom the
+honest adherents to either party would, doubtless,
+gladly have turned over to the other side. His abilities,
+if we judge of the high appointments which he
+held, must have been eminent; but he was devoid of
+all principle, and was capable, if the melancholy and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+extraordinary history of his unhappy wife be true, of
+the darkest schemes.</p>
+
+<p>It would be difficult to reconcile, in any other man,
+the discrepancy of Lord Grange's real opinions and
+of his subsequent efforts to restore the House of
+Stuart; but, in a brother of the Earl of Mar, the
+difficulty ceases, and all hopes of consistency, or rather
+of its origin, sincerity, vanish. Lord Grange is
+declared to have been a "true blue republican, and,
+if he had any religion, at bottom a Presbyterian;"
+yet he was deeply involved in transactions with the
+Chevalier and his friends.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lord Grange was united to a lady violent in temper,
+of a dauntless spirit, and a determined Hanoverian.
+Their marriage had been enforced by the laws
+of honour, and was ill-omened from the first; therefore,
+where respect has ceased, affection soon languishes
+and expires. The daughter of Cheisly of Dalry, a man
+of uncontrolled passions, who shot Sir George Lockhart,
+one of the Lords of Session, for having decided
+a law-suit against him, Mrs. Erskine of Grange,
+commonly called Lady Grange, inherited the determined
+will of her father. It was said that she had
+compelled Lord Grange to do her justice by marrying
+her, and "had desired him to remember, by
+way of threat, that she was Cheisly's daughter." For
+this menace she suffered in a way which could only
+be effected in a country like Scotland at that period,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+and among a people held in the thraldom of the
+clans. Her singular history belongs to a later period
+in the annals of those events in which so much
+domestic happiness was blasted, never to be recovered.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<p>With his brother, Lord Mar was in constant correspondence,
+during his own residence in London; and
+although Lord Grange was skilful enough to conceal
+his machinations, and to retain his seat on the bench
+as a Scottish judge, there is very little reason to
+doubt his secret co-operation in the subsequent movements
+of the Earl.</p>
+
+<p>Acting as if "he thought that all things were
+governed by fate or fortune,"<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> George the First remained
+a long time to settle his own affairs in Hanover,
+before coming to England. This delay was
+employed by the Earl of Mar, in an endeavour to
+extenuate the tenor of his political conduct of late
+years in the eyes of the Sovereign, and in placing
+before the King the merit of his services and his
+claims to favour. The letter which he addressed to
+George the First, when in Holland, was printed by
+Tonson, during the year 1715, with prefatory remarks
+by Sir Richard Steele, whose comments upon
+this production of a man who, scarcely a year after it
+was written, set up the standard of the Pretender at
+Braemar, are expressed in these terms:</p>
+
+<p>"It gives me a lively sense of the hardships of
+civil war, wherein all the sacred and most intimate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+obligations between man and man are to be torn
+asunder, when I cannot, without pain, represent to
+myself the behaviour of Lord Mar, with whom I had
+not even the honour of any further commerce than
+the pleasure of passing some agreeable hours in his
+company: I say, when even such little incidents
+make it irksome to be in a state of war with those
+with whom we have lived in any degree of familiarity,
+how terrible must the image be of rending the ties of
+blood, the sanctity of affinity and intermarriage, and
+the bringing men who, perhaps in a few months
+before, were to each other the dearest of all mankind,
+to meet on terms of giving death to each other at the
+same time that they had rather embrace!" Thus
+premising, and declaring that he could with difficulty
+efface from his mind all remains of good will and pity
+to Lord Mar, Sir Richard Steele subjoins a document,
+fatal to the reputation of Lord Mar&mdash;the
+following letter, which Lord Mar addressed to the
+King, in explanation of his conduct.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LORD MAR TO THE KING.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"Having the happiness to be your Majesty's
+subject, and also the honour of being of your servants,
+as one of your Secretaries of State, I beg leave by
+this to kiss your Majesty's hand, and congratulate
+your happy accession to the Throne; which I should
+have done myself the honour of doing sooner, had I
+not hoped to have had the honour of doing it per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>sonally
+ere now. I am afraid I may have had the
+misfortune to be misrepresented to your Majesty, and
+my reason for thinking so is, because I was the only
+one of the late Queen's servants whom your Ministers
+here did not visit, which I mentioned to Mr. Harley
+and the Earl of Clarendon, when they went from
+hence to wait on your Majesty; and your Ministers
+carrying so to me was the occasion of my receiving
+such orders as deprived me of the honour and satisfaction
+of waiting on them and being known to them.
+I suppose I had been misrepresented to them by some
+here upon account of party, or to ingratiate themselves
+by aspersing others, as one party here too often
+occasion; but I hope your Majesty will be so just as
+not to give credit to such misrepresentations.</p>
+
+<p>"The part I acted in bringing about and making
+of the Union when the succession to the Crown was
+settled for Scotland on your Majesty's family, when
+I had the honour to serve as Secretary of State
+for that kingdom, doth, I hope, put my sincerity and
+faithfulness to your Majesty out of dispute. My
+family had had the honour for a great tract of years to
+be faithful servants to the Crown, and have had the
+care of the King's children (when King of Scotland)
+entrusted to them. A predecessor of mine was honoured
+with the care of your Majesty's grandmother,
+when young; and she was pleased afterwards to
+express some concern for our family, in letters I now
+have under her own hand.</p>
+
+<p>"I have had the honour to serve her late Majesty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+in one capacity or other ever since her accession to the
+Crown. I was happy in a good mistress, and she was
+pleased to have some confidence in me and regard
+for my services. And since your Majesty's happy
+accession to the Crown, I hope you will find that I
+have not been wanting in my duty in being instrumental
+in keeping things quiet and peaceable in the
+country to which I belong and have some interest
+in.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Majesty shall ever find me as faithful and
+dutiful a subject and servant as ever any of my
+family have been to the Crown, or as I have been to
+my late mistress the Queen. And I beg your Majesty
+may be so good not to believe any misrepresentations
+of me, which nothing but party hatred and
+my zeal for the interest of the Crown doth occasion;
+and I hope I may presume to lay claim to your royal
+favour or protection. As your accession to the Crown
+hath been quiet and peaceable, may your Majesty's
+reign be long and prosperous; and that your people
+may soon have the happiness and satisfaction of your
+presence amongst them, is the earnest and fervent
+wish of him who is, with the humblest duty and
+respect, Sir, your Majesty's most faithful, most dutiful
+and most obedient subject and servant,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<span class="smcap">Mar</span>."</p>
+<p>"Whitehall, August thirtieth, 1714, o. s."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>This disgraceful letter was ineffectual. The Monarch,
+"whose views and affections were, according
+to Lord Chesterfield, singly confined to the narrow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+compass of his Electorate," and for "whom England
+was too big," acted with a promptness and decision
+which gave no time for the workings of faction. An
+immediate change of ministry was announced by
+Kryenberg, the Hanoverian resident, at the first
+Privy Council; and among other changes, Lord Townshend
+was appointed in the place of Lord Bolingbroke.
+Well might Bolingbroke exclaim, "The grief of my
+soul is this; I see plainly that the Tory party is
+gone."<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p>
+
+<p>For many months Lord Mar continued to maintain
+such a demeanour as might blind those of
+the opposite party to his real intentions. It seems,
+indeed, certain that at first he hoped to ensure a
+continuance in office by exerting his influence in
+Scotland to procure the good conduct of the clans:
+he was successful in obtaining even from some of
+those Highland chieftains who were afterwards the
+most deeply implicated in the Rebellion, an address
+declaring that they were "ready to concur with his
+Lordship in faithfully serving King George." "Your
+Lordship," states that memorial, "has an estate and
+interest in the Highlands, and is so well known to
+bear good will to your neighbours, that in order to
+prevent any ill impression which malicious and designing
+people may at this juncture labour to give of
+us, we must beg leave to address your Lordship, and
+entreat you to assure the Government, in our names,
+and in that of the rest of our clans, who, by distance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+of the place, could not be present at the signing of
+our letter, of our loyalty to his sacred Majesty, King
+George."<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> This address was signed by Maclean of
+that Ilk, Macdonald of Glengary, Mackenzie of Fraserdale,
+Cameron of Lochiel, and by several other chiefs
+of clans, who afterwards fought under the banners of
+the Earl of Mar. It furnishes a proof of the great
+influence which the Earl possessed in his own country,
+but he had not the courage to present it to the King.
+His Majesty, on the contrary, on hearing of this address
+was highly offended, believing that it had been
+drawn up at St. Germains in order to insult him, and
+his refusal to receive it was accompanied by an order
+to Lord Mar to give up the seals.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl lingered, nevertheless, for some time in
+London, where he had now some attractions which
+to a less ambitious mind might have operated in
+favour of prudence. In the preceding year, July,
+1714, he had married, at Acton in Middlesex, the
+Lady Frances Pierrepoint, the second daughter of
+Evelyn, first Duke of Kingston, and the sister of
+Lady Mary Wortley. The Countess of Mar was, at
+the time of her marriage, thirty-three years of age,
+being born in 1681. She does not appear to have
+been endowed with the rare qualities of her sister's
+mind; but that she was attached to her husband, her
+long exile from England on his account, sufficiently
+proves. Her married life was embittered by his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+career, and her latter days darkened by the direst of
+all maladies, mental aberration.</p>
+
+<p>It is singular that so recently before his final
+effort, Lord Mar should have connected himself with
+a Whig family. The Marquis of Dorchester, who was
+created, by George the First, Duke of Kingston, was
+a member of the Kit Cat Club, and received early
+proofs of the good will of the Hanoverian Sovereign.
+It is true that Lady Mary Wortley augured ill of the
+match between her sister and Lord Mar, detesting as
+she did the Jacobite party, and believing that her
+sister was "drawn in by the persuasion of an officious
+female friend," Lord Mar's relation. But there
+is no reason to conclude that the Duke of Kingston in
+any way objected to a match apparently so dissonant
+with his political bias.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+
+<p>Whilst Lord Mar remained near the court, the discoveries
+made by the Earl of Stair in France, communicated
+the first surmise of an intended invasion
+of England. Several seizures of suspected people
+warned one who was deep in the intrigues of St.
+Germain, not long to delay the open prosecution of
+his schemes. The melancholy instance of Mr. Harvey,
+who was apprehended while he was hawking at Combe,
+in Surrey, alarmed the Jacobite party. Mr. Harvey
+being shown a paper written in his own hand, convicting
+him of guilt, stabbed himself, but not fatally,
+with a pruning-knife which he had used in his garden.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+Upon some hope of his confessing being hinted, it was
+answered that his Majesty and the Council knew more
+of it than he did. The celebrated John Anstis, the
+heraldic writer, was also apprehended, and warrants
+were issued for the seizure of other suspected persons.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding his strong family interest, the
+Earl of Mar could scarcely consider himself secure
+under the present state both of the country and the
+metropolis. The events of the last year had succeeded
+each other with an appalling rapidity. The
+flight of Bolingbroke had scarcely ceased to be the
+theme of comment, before the general elections excited
+all the ill blood and fanaticism which such
+struggles at any critical era of our history have
+always produced. Riots, which have been hastily
+touched upon in the histories of the period, but
+which the minute descriptions of memoirs of that
+period show to have been attended with an unusual
+display of violence and brutality on both sides,
+broke out upon every anniversary which could recall
+the Stuarts to recollection. On St. George's day, in
+compliment to the Chevalier, who, according to an
+observer of those eventful days, "had assumed the
+name of that far-famed Cappadocian Knight, though
+every one knew he has nothing of the valour, courage,
+and other bright qualities of the saint," a
+tumult was raised in London, and among other outrages,
+passengers through the streets of the City were
+beaten if they would not cry "God bless the late Queen
+and the High Church!" Sacheverel and Bolingbroke<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+were pledged in bumpers by a mob, who burnt, at the
+same time, King William in effigy.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> A similar contagion
+spread throughout the country; Oxford took
+the lead in acts of destruction; her streets were filled
+with parties of Whigs and Tories, both of them infuriated,
+until their mad rage vented itself in acts of
+murder, under the pretence, on the one hand, of a
+dread of popery, on the other, on a similar plea of religious
+zeal. A Presbyterian meetinghouse was pulled
+down, and cries of "An Ormond!" "A Bolingbroke!"
+"Down with the Roundheads!" "No Hanover!" "A
+new Restoration!" accompanied the conflagration. On
+the same day similar exclamations were again heard
+in the streets of London; and all windows not illuminated
+were broken to pieces. The tenth of June,
+the anniversary of the Chevalier's birthday, was the
+signal for a still more decisive manifestation. On
+that day three Scottish magistrates went boldly to the
+Cross at Dundee, and there drank the Pretender's
+health, by the name of King James the Eighth,
+for which they were immediately apprehended and
+tried.</p>
+
+<p>The impeachment of Lord Oxford still further exasperated
+the country, which rang with the cry, "No
+George, but a Stuart." The peaceable accession of
+the first monarch of the Brunswick line has been
+greatly insisted upon by historians; but that stillness
+was ominous; it was the stillness of the air
+before a storm; and was only indicative of irreso<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>lution,
+not of a diminished dislike to the sway of
+a foreigner.</p>
+
+<p>It is supposed that an intercepted letter which the
+Duke de Berwick, the half-brother of the Chevalier,
+addressed to a person of distinction in England, first
+gave the intelligence of an intended invasion.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> The
+burden of that letter was to encourage the riots
+and tumults, and to keep up the spirits of the people
+with a promise of prompt assistance. The impeachment
+of Viscount Bolingbroke and of the Duke of
+Ormond followed shortly afterwards; and although
+these noblemen provided for their own safety by
+flight, they were degraded as outlaws, and in the
+order in Council were styled, according to the usual
+form of law, "James Butler, yeoman," and "Henry
+Bolingbroke, labourer," and the arms of Ormond were
+taken from Windsor Chapel, and torn in pieces by the
+Earl Marshal.</p>
+
+<p>The English fleet, under the command of Sir George
+Byng, was stationed in the Downs, in case of a surprise.
+Portsmouth was put in a state of defence;
+and, during the month of July, the inhabitants of
+London beheld once more a sight such as had never
+been witnessed by its citizens since the days of the
+Great Rebellion. In Hyde Park the troops of the
+household were encamped, according to the arrangements
+of General Cadogan, who had marked out a
+camp. The forces were commanded by the Duke of
+Argyle. In Westminster the Earl of Clare reviewed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+the militia, and the trained bands were directed to be
+in readiness for orders. At the same time fourteen
+colonels of the Guards, and other inferior officers
+were cashiered by the King's orders, on suspicion of
+being in James Stuart's interest; so deep a root had
+this cause, which many have pretended to treat as a
+visionary scheme of self-interest, taken in the affections
+even of the British army.</p>
+
+<p>A proclamation ordering all Papists and reputed
+Papists to depart from the cities of London and Westminster,
+was the next act of the Government. All
+persons of the Roman Catholic persuasion were to be
+disarmed and their horses sold; a declaration against
+transubstantiation was to be administered to them,
+and the oath of abjuration to non-jurors.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> After
+such mandates, it seems idle to talk of the tyranny
+of Henry the Eighth.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt but that the greatest alarm and
+consternation reigned at St. James's. The stocks fell,
+but owing to the vigilance of the Ministry, information
+was obtained of the whole scheme of the invasion,
+in a manner which to this day has never been satisfactorily
+explained.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar must have trembled, as he still
+lingered in the metropolis. It is probable that he
+waited there in order to receive those contributions
+from abroad which were necessary to carry on his
+plans. He was provided at last with no less a sum
+than a hundred thousand pounds; and also furnished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+with a commission dated the seventh of September,
+1715 appointing him Lieutenant General and Commander
+in Chief of the forces raised for the Chevalier
+in Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> Large sums were already collected
+from Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and France,
+to the amount, it has been stated, of twelve millions.
+It has been well remarked by Sir Walter Scott, in
+his notes on the Master of Sinclair's MS., that "when
+the Stuarts had the means, they wanted a leader (as
+in 1715); when (as in 1745) they had a leader, they
+wanted the means."</p>
+
+<p>With the eye of suspicion fixed upon him, his plans
+matured, his friends in the north prepared, the Earl
+of Mar had the hardihood, under such circumstances,
+to appear at the court of King George. A few weeks
+before the Habeas Corpus Act had been suspended;
+but the Earl trusted either to good fortune, or to his
+own well-known arts of insinuation. He braved all
+possibility of detection, and determined to carry on
+the game of deep dissimulation to the last moment.</p>
+
+<p>On the first of August, 1715, the Earl of Mar
+attended the levee of King George. One can easily
+suppose how cold, if not disdainful, must have been
+his reception; but it is not easy to divine with what
+secret emotions, the subject on the eve of an insurrection
+could have offered his obeisance to the Mon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>arch.
+Grave in expression, with a heavy German
+countenance, hating all show, and husbanding his
+time, so as to avoid all needless conversation; without
+an idea of cultivating the fine arts, of encouraging
+literature, or of even learning to speak English,
+George the First must have presented to his
+English subjects the reverse of all that is attractive.
+A decided respectability of character might have redeemed
+the ungainly picture; but, although esteemed
+a man of honour, and evincing liberal and even benevolent
+tendencies, the Monarch displayed not only an
+unblushing and scandalous profligacy, but a love for
+coarse and unworthy society. His court is said to
+have been modelled upon that of Louis the Fifteenth;
+but it was modelled upon the grossest and lowest principles
+only, and had none of the elegance even of that
+wretched King's depraved circles; and public decency
+was as much outraged by the three yachts which
+were prepared to carry over King George's mistresses
+and their suite,<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> when he visited Hanover, as by the
+empire of Madame de Pompadour. It must, independent
+of every other consideration, have been galling
+to Englishmen to behold, seated on their throne,
+a German, fifty-four years of age, who from that very
+circumstance, was little likely ever to boast, like Queen
+Anne, "of an English heart." "A hard fate," observes
+a writer of great impartiality, "that the enthronement
+of a stranger should have been the only
+means to secure our liberties and laws!"<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p><p>A week after he had been received at the levee of
+King George, the Earl embarked at Gravesend in a
+collier, attended by two servants, and accompanied
+by General Hamilton and Captain Hay. They were
+all disguised, and escaping detection, arrived on the
+third day afterwards at Newcastle. It has been even
+said, that in order the better to conceal his rank,
+the Earl of Mar wrought for his passage.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> From
+Newcastle Lord Mar proceeded northward in another
+vessel; and landing at Elie, in Fifeshire, went first
+to Crief, where he remained a few days. He then
+proceeded to Dupplin, in the county of Perth, the
+seat of his brother-in-law, the Earl of Kinnoul, and
+thence, on the eighteenth of August, crossing the
+river Perth, he proceeded to his own Castle of Kildrummie,
+in the Braes of Mar. He was accompanied
+by forty horse.</p>
+
+<p>On the day after the arrival of the Earl at Kildrummie,
+he despatched letters to the principal Jacobites,
+inviting them to attend a grand hunting-match
+in Braemar on the twenty-seventh of August. This
+summons was couched in this form, for fear of a
+more explicit declaration being intercepted, revealing
+the design; but the great chiefs who were thus
+collected together were aware that "hunting" was
+but the watchword.</p>
+
+<p>A gallant band of high-spirited chieftains answered
+the call. It is consolatory to turn to those
+who, unaffected by the intrigues of a Court, came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+heartily, and with a disinterested love, to the cause
+of which the Earl of Mar was the unworthy leader.</p>
+
+<p>First in rank, was the Marquis of Huntly, eldest
+son of George, the first Duke of Gordon, and of that
+daring Duchess of Gordon, a daughter of the house
+of Howard, who, in 1711, had presented to the
+Dean and Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh a silver
+medal, with the head of the Chevalier on one side,
+and on the other the British Islands, with the word
+"Reddite." The learned body to whom the Duchess
+had proposed this dangerous gift, at first hesitated
+to receive it: after a debate, however, among their
+members, it was agreed that the donation should be
+accepted, and a vote was passed to return thanks to
+the Duchess. The Advocates then waited in a body
+upon the Duchess, and expressed their hopes that her
+Grace would soon have occasion to present the Faculty
+with a second medal on the <i>Restoration</i>.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> The Duke
+of Gordon, notwithstanding his having been brought
+up a Roman Catholic, was neutral in the troubles of
+the Rebellion of 1715, but his son took a force of
+three thousand men into the field,&mdash;the clan siding
+with the young Marquis rather than with their
+chief. The Marquis of Huntly was, probably for that
+reason, spared in the subsequent proceedings against
+the Jacobites, his participation in their schemes being
+punished only by a brief imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>William Marquis of Tullibardine, one of the most
+constant friends to the House of Stuart, the Earl of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+Nithisdale, and the Earl Marischal, also appeared at
+the time appointed. It was the fortune of the Marquis
+of Tullibardine, like that of the Marquis of
+Huntly, afterwards to appear in the field unsanctioned
+by his father, the Duke of Athol, who
+either was, or appeared to be, in favour of Government,
+whilst his son headed the clan to the number
+of six thousand. Lord Nairn, the younger brother
+of the Marquis, also joined in the undertaking. Of
+these distinguished Jacobites, separate lives will hereafter
+be given in this work: it therefore becomes
+unnecessary any further to expatiate upon them here.
+Of some, whose biography does not present features
+sufficiently marked to constitute a distinct narrative,
+some traits may here be given.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Earl of Traquair, who hastened to Braemar,
+was one of those Scottish nobles who claimed
+kindred with royalty. He was descended from Sir
+James Stewart, commonly called the Black Knight
+of Lorn, and from Jane, daughter of John Earl of
+Somerset, and widow of King James the First. One
+of Lord Traquair's ancestors, the first Earl, had levied
+a regiment of horse, in order to release Charles
+the First from his imprisonment in the Isle of Wight;
+but, marching at the head of it at the battle of Preston,
+he and his son, Lord Seatoun, were taken prisoners
+and conveyed to Warwick Castle, where they
+languished four years in imprisonment, with the knowledge
+that their estates had been sequestered.</p>
+
+<p>Connected with the family of Seatoun, on his mo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>ther's
+side, the Earl of Traquair had married the
+sister of Lord Nithisdale, being thus nearly related
+to two of those chiefs who gladly obeyed the summons
+of Lord Mar to the hunting-field. The Earl
+of Traquair appears to have escaped all the penalties
+which followed the Rebellion of 1715, perhaps because
+he does not appear to have taken any of his
+tenantry into the field.</p>
+
+<p>Less prudent, or less fortunate, William Mackenzie,
+Earl of Seaforth, joined the standard of James Stuart
+with a body of three thousand men. He was attainted
+when the struggle was over, and his estates,
+both in Scotland and England, forfeited. He escaped
+to the Continent; but, in 1719, again landed
+with the Spaniards at Kintail; and was wounded
+at the battle of Glenshiels, but being carried off by
+his followers, again fled to the Continent, with the
+Marquis of Tullibardine and the Earl Marischal.
+Lord Seaforth was one of those to whom the royal
+mercy was shown. George the First reversed his
+attainder, and George the Second granted him arrears
+of the feu duties due to the Crown out of
+the forfeited estates. The title has been eventually
+restored.</p>
+
+<p>James Livingstone, Earl of Linlithgow, was amongst
+the many who experienced less clemency than the
+Earl of Traquair. He had been chosen one of the
+sixteen representative peers of Scotland, on the death
+of the Duke of Hamilton; and enjoyed the possession
+of considerable family estates, which were eventually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+forfeited to the Crown. He led a band of three
+hundred clansmen to the field.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps one of the most sturdy adherents of the
+Chevalier St. George was James Maule, fourth Earl
+of Panmure. In his youth this nobleman had served
+as a volunteer at the siege of Luxembourg, where he
+had signalized his courage. In 1686, he succeeded
+his brother, and added to the honours of a peerage
+those of a character already established for bravery.
+To these distinctions was added that of being a Privy
+Councillor to James the Second; but he was removed
+upon his opposing the abrogation of the penal laws
+against Popery. Whilst thus protesting against
+what might then be deemed objectionable innovations,
+Lord Panmure was a firm adherent of James,
+and vigorously supported his interests in the convention
+of estates in 1689.</p>
+
+<p>The accession of William and Mary drove this true
+Jacobite from the Scottish Parliament. He never
+appeared in that assembly after that event, having
+refused to take the oaths. Of course he disapproved
+of the Union; and the next step which he took was
+to join the standard of the Chevalier.</p>
+
+<p>After that decisive proceeding, the course of this
+unfortunate nobleman's life was one of misfortune, in
+which his high spirit was sustained by a constancy of
+no ordinary character. At the battle of Sherriff
+Muir, the brave Panmure was taken prisoner, but
+was rescued by his brother Harry, who, like himself,
+had engaged in the rebellion. Panmure escaped to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+France: he was attainted of high treason,&mdash;his
+estates, which amounted to 3456<i>l.</i> per annum, and
+were the largest of the confiscated properties, were
+forfeited, as well as his hereditary honours. Twice
+were offers made to him by the English Government
+to restore his rank and possessions, if he would
+take the oath of allegiance to the House of Hanover;
+but Panmure refused the proffered boon, and preferred
+sharing the fortunes of him whom he looked upon as
+his legitimate Prince. When he joined the Jacobites at
+Braemar, Lord Panmure was no longer a young, rash
+man: he was in the sixty-fifth year of his age. His
+wife, the daughter of William Duke of Hamilton, was,
+after his attainder, provided for by act of Parliament
+in the same manner as if she had been a widow. His
+brother, Harry Maule, of Kellie, a man of considerable
+accomplishments, was so fortunate as to be enabled
+to return to his native country, and died in
+Edinburgh in 1734. But Lord Panmure, like most
+of the other brave and honest men who preferred
+their allegiance to their interest, finished his days in
+exile, and died at Paris, in 1723.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+<p>Kenneth Lord Duffus was another of those noblemen
+who had already established a character for personal
+bravery. He was a person of great skill in
+maritime affairs, and was promoted by Queen Anne
+to the command of the Advice ship of war, with
+which, in 1711, this gallant Highlander engaged
+eight French privateers, and after a desperate resist<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>ance
+of some hours, he was taken prisoner, after
+receiving five balls in his body.</p>
+
+<p>He was, however, released in time to engage in the
+Rebellion of 1715; and though it does not appear
+that he took any followers to fight beneath the Chevalier's
+standard, he was included in the Act of
+Attainder. The intelligence was communicated to
+Lord Duffus when he was in Sweden. He resolved
+immediately to surrender himself to the British Government,
+and declared his intention to the British
+Minister at Stockholm, who notified it to Lord Townshend,
+Secretary of State. Notwithstanding this
+manly determination, Lord Duffus was arrested on
+his way to England, at Hamburgh, and was detained
+there until the time specified for surrendering had
+expired. He thence proceeded to London, where he
+was confined more than a year in the Tower, but
+released in 1717, without being brought to trial.
+Lord Duffus died, according to some accounts, in
+the Russian service; to others, in that of France. He
+married a Swedish lady, and attained to the rank
+of Admiral.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such were some of those Jacobite chieftains whose
+history has sunk into obscurity, partly from the difficulty
+of obtaining information concerning their career,
+after the contest was at an end. Amongst those who
+met Lord Mar in the hunting-field, but who afterwards
+became neutral,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> although most of his clan joined in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+the Rebellion, was the Earl of Errol, one of a family
+whose fame for valour was dated from the time of the
+Danish invasion. The origin of the House of Errol
+is curious, and marks the simplicity of the times.
+An aged countryman, named Hay, and his sons,
+had arrested the progress of the ruthless conquerors
+in a defile near Lanearty in Perthshire. The old
+man was rewarded by Kenneth the Third with as
+much land in the Carse of Gowrie as a falcon from a
+man's hand flew over until she lighted. The bird flew
+over a space of six miles, which was thence called
+Errol, and which is still in possession of the family;
+and the old man and his sons were raised from the
+rank of plebeians by the assignment of a coat of arms,
+on which were three escutcheons, gules, to denote
+that the father and the two sons had been the shields
+of Scotland. The family grew in wealth and estimation,
+and the office of Hereditary High Constable
+of Scotland was added to their other honours.</p>
+
+<p>The Countess of Errol, the mother of the High
+Constable, and sister of the Earl of Perth, had already
+taken a decided part in the affairs of the Jacobite
+party. When Colonel Hooke had been sent over in
+1707 to Scotland, she had met him at the sea-coast,
+and had there placed in the hands of that emissary
+several letters from her son, expressing his earnest
+intention to support the cause of the Chevalier. The
+Earl of Errol had also received Hooke at his castle,
+and had entertained him there several days, and employed
+that time in initiating Hooke into the various<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+characteristics and views of the Jacobite nobility in
+Scotland. He was thus deeply pledged to aid the undertaking
+at that time (the year 1707); and in a letter
+to the Chevalier, the Earl expressed his hopes that
+he might have the happiness of seeing his Majesty,
+"a happiness for which," he adds, "we have long
+sighed, to be delivered from oppression." The Countess
+of Errol also addressed a letter to the mother of
+James Stuart, as the Queen of England, declaring
+that the delays which the Scotch had suffered had
+not "diminished their zeal, although they had prolonged
+their miseries and misfortunes."<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> Whether,
+upon the rising in 1715, the views of Lord Errol were
+altered, or that female influence had been lessened by
+some circumstance, does not exactly appear. He
+kept himself neutral in the subsequent outbreak,
+notwithstanding his appearance at Braemar, and
+although his clan were for the most part against the
+Government.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> The Earl of Errol died, unmarried, in
+1717: his adherence to his Jacobite principles were
+not, therefore, put to the test in 1745.</p>
+
+<p>To these noblemen were united Seaton, Viscount
+of Kingston, whose estates were forfeited to the
+Crown; Livingstone Viscount of Kilsyth, one of
+the representative peers, who died an exile at Rome
+in 1733; Lord Balfour of Burleigh; Lord Ogilvy,
+afterwards Earl of Airly, and Forbes, Lord Pitsligo.
+This last-mentioned nobleman was a man of a grave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+and prudent character, whose example drew many
+of his neighbours to embark in an enterprise in
+which so discreet a person risked his honours and
+estate. He was the author of essays, moral and
+philosophical; and either from respect to his merits,
+or from some less worthy cause, his defection in
+1715 passed with impunity. But, in 1745, the
+aged nobleman again appeared in the field, infirm
+as he was: and one of the most pleasing traits in
+Charles Edward's noble, yet faulty character was his
+walking at the head of his forces, having given up
+his carriage for the use of this tried adherent of his
+father. Attainder and forfeiture followed this last
+attempt, but the sentence was reversed by the Court
+of Session, from a misnomer in the attainder; and
+the venerable Lord Forbes, surviving many who had
+set out on the same course with him, had the comfort
+of breathing his last in his native country. He
+died at Auchiries in Aberdeenshire, in 1762.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p>
+
+<p>Several of these noblemen had been long contemplating
+the possibility of James's return to Scotland.
+Like the Earl of Errol, they had been dissatisfied with
+the prudence of the Duke of Hamilton, whose policy
+it had been to postpone the risk of a precarious undertaking,
+and whose foresight was acknowledged when
+it was too late. Lord John Drummond, Lord Kilsyth,
+and Lord Linlithgow, had been all deeply concerned
+in the schemes and speculations which had
+been formed in 1707, on the subject of the Resto<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>ration;
+but the zeal of Lord Kilsyth had been
+doubted, from his intimacy with the Duke of Hamilton,
+who was then objectionable to the violent
+Jacobite leaders.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
+
+<p>These chieftains were not unworthy to come into
+the same field with Tullibardine, Nithisdale, Marischal,
+and their brave associates. A still nobler band of
+associates was formed in the different members of the
+house of Drummond, a family who could boast of
+being derived from "the ancient nobility of the
+kingdom of Hungary:" and from the daughters of
+whose house Charles the Second was lineally descended
+in the ninth and sixth degree. Well may it be
+called "the splendid family of Drummond," even if
+we regard only its proud antiquity, or the singular
+"faithfulness of the family, or the accomplishments
+and virtues which characterised many of its members."
+Nothing can be finer than the manner in which the
+claims of birth are placed before us, in the address
+of William Drummond of Hawthornden to "John
+Earle of Perthe," in his manuscript "Historie of the
+Familie of Perthe:"</p>
+
+<p>"Though, as Glaucus sayes to Diomed (in Homer),</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i16">'Like the race of leaves<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The race of man is, that deserves no question: nor receaves<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His being any other breath; the wind in autumn strowes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The earth with old leaves; then the spring the woods with new endowes,'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"yet I have ever thought the knowledge of kindred
+and genealogies of the ancient families of a country a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+matter so far from contempt, that it deserveth highest
+praise. Herein consisteth a part of the knowledge of
+a man's own selfe. It is a great spurr to vertue to look
+back on the worth of our line. In this is the memory
+of the dead preserved with the living, being more
+firm and honourable than any epitaph. The living
+know that band which tyeth them to others. By this
+man is distinguished from the reasonless creatures,
+and the noble of men from the base sort. For it often
+falleth out (though we cannot tell how) for the most
+part, that generositie followeth good birth and parentage."<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>
+The two members of the Drummond family
+who attended Lord Mar in his famous hunting-field
+were James Earl of Perth, and William Drummond,
+Viscount Strathallan.</p>
+
+<p>The Earls of Southesk and Carnwath, the Viscounts
+Kenmure and Stormont, and the Lord Rollo, complete
+the list of Scottish peers who were present on this
+memorable occasion. But perhaps the more remarkable
+feature of the hunting-match was the arrival of
+twenty-six gentlemen of influence in the Highlands,
+men of sway and importance, of which it is impossible,
+without a knowledge of Highland manners, to
+form an adequate notion. The constitution of the
+clans is thus pourtrayed by one who knew it well.</p>
+
+<p>"In every narrow vale where a blue stream bent
+its narrow course, some hunter of superior prowess, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+some herdsman whom wealth had led to wealth and
+power to power, was the founder of a little community
+who ever after looked up to the head of the family
+as their leader and their chief. Those chains of mountains
+which formed the boundings of their separate
+districts had then their ascents covered with forests,
+which were the scene of their hunting-excursions:
+when their eagerness in pursuit of game led them to
+penetrate into the districts claimed by the chief of
+the neighbouring valleys, a rash encounter was the
+usual consequence, which laid the foundation of future
+hostilities."<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p>
+
+<p>These petty wars gave room for a display of valour
+in the chiefs, and led to a mutual dependence from
+the followers. Alliances offensive and defensive were
+formed among the clans, and intermarriages were
+contracted between the confederated clans, who governed
+their followers by a kind of polity not ill regulated.
+The chief had the power of life and death
+over his large family, but it was a power seldom used.
+A chieftain might be cruel to his enemies, but never
+to his friends. Nor were those paternal rulers by any
+means so despotic as they have been represented to
+be; of all monarchs their power was the most limited,
+being allowed to take no step without permission of
+their friends, or the elders of their tribe, including
+the most distant branches of their family. The
+kind and conciliatory system adopted towards their
+clansmen accounts for the warm attachment and fi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>delity
+displayed towards their chiefs; and these sentiments
+were heightened to enthusiasm by the songs and
+traditions of the bards, in which the exploits of their
+heroes were perpetuated. Still there is nothing, as
+it has been justly said, so remarkable in the political
+history of any country, as the succession of the Highland
+chiefs, and the long and uninterrupted sway
+which they held over their followers.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> The system
+of clanship gives all the romantic interest which the
+Rebellions of 1715 and 1745 inspire;&mdash;it perfects a
+picture which would only otherwise be a factious
+contention for power; it was annihilated only after
+the last of the Stuarts had fled for ever from the mountains
+of Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>It was at the head of the clans that the Earl of Mar
+frequently placed himself, at the battle of Sherriff
+Muir: he now welcomed their chieftains to the field.
+Among these were General Hamilton, General Gordon,
+Glengary, Campbell of Glendarvel, and the lairds of
+Auchterhouse and Aldebar.</p>
+
+<p>So great an assembly of those whom the Chevalier
+afterwards not inaptly termed "little kings," was by
+no means unusual at that period. It was the custom
+among the lords and chieftains in the Highlands to
+invite their neighbours and vassals to a general rendezvous
+to chase the deer upon the mountains, and
+after the diversion was over, to entertain the persons
+of note in the castle hall. This expedient would,
+therefore, have excited but little attention, had it not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+been for several years the practice of the Jacobites to
+hold these hunting-parties annually, in order to maintain
+the spirit of the association, which had been
+carried on since the peace of Utrecht.</p>
+
+<p>The halls of Kildrummie received the noblemen
+and chieftains that day beneath its roof, and the
+Earl of Mar addressed his guests in a long, premeditated
+harangue. He is described as having little pretension
+to eloquence; but his hearers were probably
+not very fastidious judges, and from the influence
+which the Earl acquired over those whom he led on
+to the contest, it may be inferred that he understood
+well how to address himself to the passions of a Highland
+audience.</p>
+
+<p>At first the Earl was heard with distrust,&mdash;at least
+if we may credit the account of one on whom, perhaps,
+too great a reliance has been placed.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p>
+
+<p>"It is true, that at first," says Mr. Patten, "he
+gained little or no credit among them, they suspecting
+some piece of policy in him to ensnare them; but
+some were weak enough to suck in the poison, and
+particularly some of those who were with him at
+his house, called Brae-Mar. These, listening to him,
+embraced his project, and, as is reported, engaged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+by oath to stand by him and one another, and
+to bring over their friends and dependants to do the
+like."<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Earl began his harangue by expressing a
+deep regret for having promoted the Union, which
+had delivered his countrymen into the hands of the
+English, whose power to enslave them was far too
+great, and whose intentions to do so still further
+were manifest from the proceedings of the Elector
+of Hanover ever since he ascended the throne. That
+Prince regarded, according to Lord Mar, neither the
+welfare of his people, nor their religion, but solely
+left the management of affairs to a set of men who
+made encroachments in Church and State. Many
+persons, he said, were now resolved to consult their
+own safety, and determined to defend their liberties
+and properties, and to establish on the throne of these
+realms the Chevalier St. George, who had the only
+undoubted right to the Crown, who would hear their
+grievances, and redress their wrongs. He then incited
+his hearers to take arms for the Chevalier,
+under the title of King James the Seventh; and
+told them, that for his part, he was determined to
+set up his standard and to summon all the fencible
+men of his own tenants, and with them to hazard his
+life in the cause. To this declaration he added the
+assurance, that a general rising in England and assistance
+from France would aid their undertaking;
+that thousands were in league and covenant with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+him to establish the Chevalier and depose King
+George.</p>
+
+<p>To these inducements were added others. Letters
+from the Chevalier were read to the assembly, promising
+to come over in person; with assurances that
+ships, arms, and ammunition would be dispatched to
+their aid.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p>
+
+<p>The proposals of Lord Mar were unfolded with
+such address, and his popularity was at that time so
+great, that one might have supposed an immediate
+assent to his schemes would have followed. On the
+contrary some degree of persuasion was required: the
+Highlanders are slow to promise, but sure to fulfil.
+The very chieftains who hung back from a too ready
+consent, never deserted the cause which they once
+undertook. The universal fidelity to the part which
+they espoused was violated in no instance during the
+first Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>At length the assembled chiefs swore an oath to
+stand by the Earl of Mar, and to bring their friends
+and dependants to do the same. However, no second
+meeting was at that time determined upon: every
+man went back to his own estate, to take measures
+for appearing in arms after again hearing from the
+Earl of Mar, who remained among his own people
+with few attendants. But the Jacobites were not idle
+during that interval. They employed themselves in
+collecting their servants and kindred, but with the
+utmost secrecy, until everything was ready to break<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+out. Nor were they long kept in suspense. On the
+third of September, another meeting at Abbone, in
+Aberdeenshire, was held, and there the Earl directed
+his adherents to collect their men without loss of
+time. He returned to Braemar, and continued for
+several days gathering the people together, until they
+amounted, according to Reay, to two thousand horse;
+although some have said that there were only sixty
+followers at that time assembled.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the sixth of September, the standard of the
+Pretender was set up at Braemar, by the Earl of Mar,
+in the presence of the assembled forces. The superstitious
+Highlanders remarked with dismay, that, as
+the standard was erected, the ball on the top of it
+fell off; and they regarded this accident as an ill
+omen. "The event," says a quaint Scottish writer,
+"has proven that it was no less."<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>This grave accordance in the verification of the
+omen, was a feature of the times and country.
+"When a clan went upon any expedition," observes
+Dr. Brown in his valuable work upon the Highlands,
+"they were much addicted to omens. If they met
+an armed man they believed that good was portended.
+If they observed a deer, fox, hare, or any four-footed
+beast of game, and did not succeed in killing it, they
+prognosticated evil. If a woman, barefooted, crossed
+the road before them, they seized her, and drew blood
+from her forehead." This mixture of fear of visionary
+evils, and courage in opposing real ones, of cre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>dulity
+and distrust, strength and weakness, presents
+a singular view of the Highland character. It had,
+however, in many respects, no inconsiderable influence
+upon the contests of 1715 and 1745.</p>
+
+<p>From Braemar the Earl proceeded to Kirk Michael,
+a small town, where he proclaimed the Chevalier,
+and set up his standard. He then marched to
+Moulin in Perthshire, where he rested some time,
+collecting his forces.</p>
+
+<p>It is a remarkable fact, that up to this period the
+Earl of Mar was acting without a commission from the
+Chevalier. The disposition which is too predominant
+in society, and which leads men always to add the
+bitterness of invective to the mortification of failure,
+has attributed to the Earl of Mar, relatively to this
+commission, a line of conduct from which it is agreeable
+to be able to clear his memory. It was not
+very long after the meeting in Braemar, that Lord
+Mar discovered that there was what he called "a
+devil" in his camp, in the person of the Master of
+Sinclair, whose manuscript strictures upon the unfortunate
+and incompetent leader of the Jacobites
+have contributed to blacken his memory.</p>
+
+<p>According to the Master of Sinclair, the Earl of
+Mar produced at the meeting a forged commission;
+but this statement is not only contradicted by Lord
+Mar's own account, but completely invalidated by the
+fact that the commission is in existence, among various
+other curious documents and letters, many of
+which place the character of Lord Mar in a much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+fairer light than that in which it has hitherto been
+viewed. The Earl of Mar, in a justification of his
+conduct, printed at Paris, and added to Patten's History
+of the Rebellion, gives the following account of
+the affair:</p>
+
+<p>"It was near a month after the Earl of Mar<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> set
+up the Standard before he could produce a commission,
+and it is no small proof of the people's zeal for
+their country that so great a number followed his
+advice and obeyed his orders before he could produce
+one. It must, though, be owned, and it is the less to be
+wondered at, that his authority being thus precarious,
+some were not so punctual in joining him, and others
+performed not so effectually the service they were sent
+upon, which, had they done, not only Scotland, but
+even part of England, had been reduced to the Chevalier's
+obedience, before the Government had been in
+a condition to make head against us."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
+
+<p>The commission was, however, at that time written,
+although it had not been sent over to Scotland. It is
+dated the seventh of September, 1715, and is superscribed
+James R.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> The Earl of Mar was doubtless
+aware that such an instrument was in preparation.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p><p>When the Earl had first arrived in Scotland, he
+found, as he himself alleges, the people far more eager
+to take arms than his instructions allowed him to permit;
+but before actual steps were commenced, that
+ardour was cooled by two circumstances: first, by the
+Chevalier's not landing in England, as the Jacobites<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+had confidently hoped; and, secondly, by the Duke of
+Berwick's not coming to Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> The vigorous
+measures adopted by Government made, therefore, a
+far greater impression on the public mind than could
+have been expected had the Earl of Mar been boldly
+seconded by him who was most of all interested in the
+event of the contest. The Lord Advocate summoned
+all the principal Jacobites to appear at Edinburgh
+within specified periods, in order to give bail to Government
+for their allegiance. "Many," says Lord
+Mar, "seemed inclined to comply." Yet the number
+of those who did comply with the summons was inconsiderable;
+the rest, including the most honoured
+names in Scotland, rushed into the insurrection.
+The different heads of noble houses dispersed, and each
+in the district in which he had most power, and in
+the principal towns proclaimed the Chevalier King.
+The Fiery Cross was sent throughout the country,
+with blood at one end, and fire at the other; and it was
+afterwards asserted by some of the rebels who were
+tried at Liverpool, that they were forced into the
+service of the Chevalier, the person who bore that
+cross assuring them that, unless they hastened to
+Mar's camp, they were to perish by blood and fire.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p>
+
+<p>Intelligence of the death of Louis the Fourteenth,
+which had happened during the preceding August,
+reached Scotland at this time, and cast an universal
+gloom over his party. It was even disputed whether the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+Jacobite leaders should not disperse until news of the
+Chevalier's landing should reassure them, or the certainty
+of a rising in England should give vigour to
+their proceedings. At this critical moment Lord Mar
+published a declaration which has been printed in
+most of the histories of the period, exhorting all
+those who were well-affected to the good cause to put
+themselves under arms, and summoning his confederates
+to the Tower of Braemar, on the eleventh
+of September, promising them, in the name of the
+King, their pay from the moment of setting out.</p>
+
+<p>"Now is the time," said the Earl, "for all good
+men to show their zeal for his Majesty's service, whose
+cause is so deeply concerned, and the relief of our
+native country from oppression and a foreign yoke
+too heavy for us and our posterity to bear.</p>
+
+<p>"In so honourable, good, and just a cause," he
+added, "we cannot doubt of the assistance, direction,
+and blessing of Almighty God, who has so often
+rescued the royal family of Stuart, and our country
+from sinking under oppression.</p>
+
+<p>"Your punctual observance of these orders is expected,
+for the doing of all which, this shall be to you,
+and all you employ in the execution of them, a sufficient
+warrant."</p>
+
+<p>In a very different tone was a letter, written
+the same night by the Earl to his baillie of Kildrummie:
+from this epistle, so characteristic of the
+politic Earl of Mar, it was manifest that his own
+followers were more tardy in the field than those of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+the other chieftains of the Highlands. The means
+taken to intimidate and compel them are strongly
+characteristic of the state of society in Scotland at
+that period.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The reluctance of his clan must have
+been a subject of deep mortification to Lord Mar,
+when, in one evening, the summons of the Fiery Cross,
+paraded round Loch Tay, a distance of thirty-two
+miles, could assemble five hundred men, at the bidding
+of the Laird of Glenlyon, to join the Earl of
+Mar.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p>
+
+<p>A few days after the assembling of the forces, the
+Earl of Mar, assisted by his Jacobite friends, published
+a manifesto, asserting the right of James the
+Eighth, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, &amp;c.,
+and pointing to the relief of the kingdom from oppression
+and grievances.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p>
+
+<p>Whilst the adherents of James were thus assembling
+in the North, a brave but unsuccessful attempt
+was made to surprise the castle of Edinburgh. Ninety
+chosen men, under the command of Lord Drummond,
+were engaged in this undertaking, of which the design
+was, to seize the citadel and to place it under the command
+of Lord Drummond; then the artillery within
+the castle was to be employed in firing their rounds
+by way of signal to different posts, in concert. Fires
+were to be lighted up on the hills as a signal to Lord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+Mar to march and take possession of the city. The
+failure of this design was owing to the disclosure
+of one Dr. Arthur, a physician in Edinburgh, to his
+wife, who gave information of the whole plan to
+the Lord Justice Clerk, to whom she sent an unsigned
+letter the evening she had gained from her
+unwilling husband intelligence of the scheme. This
+failure, the first of those adverse events which disheartened
+the spirits of the Jacobites, was, however,
+less deplored than it would have been, had not the
+progress of the Earl of Mar's exertions borne the most
+flattering aspect. In September, the Earl marched to
+Logaret, where his forces still increased, and thence
+into the beautiful region around Dunkeld; here he was
+joined, with fourteen hundred men, by the Marquis of
+Tullibardine, and by five hundred Campbells from the
+Breadalbane territory, headed, not by their chief, but
+by Campbell of Glenderule, Campbell of Glenlyon,
+and John Campbell, the Earl's chamberlain. Enforced
+also by the addition of two hundred Highlanders
+from different quarters, the Earl of Mar
+resolved to make the town of Perth his head-quarters.</p>
+
+<p>This was a wise resolution: the situation of that
+fine city presented the most important advantages to
+the General of the Jacobite forces. Seated on the
+river Tay, and near the sea-coast, it gave the Earl
+the control of the East Lowlands, of the rich counties
+of Angus, the Carse of Gowrie, Mearns, Murray,
+Aberdeen, and Banff, and also of the Shire of Fife.
+It also cut off the communication between the north<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+and the south of Scotland, so that the friends of
+Government could neither act nor fly from the enemy.
+Thus all the usual posts were stopped. The revenues
+of the public fell into the hands of the insurgents
+who gave receipts for them in the name of James the
+Eighth, and the landowners in the counties subject to
+the Earl were taxed at whatever rate he chose to
+impose. Perth continued to be the head-quarters of
+the Lieutenant General until a few days before this
+disastrous contest was finally closed.</p>
+
+<p>At the first general review at Perth, the forces of
+Lord Mar amounted only to five thousand men; but
+a few weeks afterwards, by the accession of his
+friends in the north, they were increased to the number
+of twelve thousand, both horse and foot, of well
+appointed men. That Lord Mar's hopes were high,
+and, at this period, not without reason of, at any rate,
+a partial success, the following letter addressed by him
+to Captain Henry Straiton,<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> at Edinburgh, is a proof.
+It relates, in the first instance, to the insurrection in
+Northumberland, under the guidance of Mr. Forster,
+a gentleman of suspected zeal and little discretion, to
+whom Lord Mar unwisely trusted the conduct of the
+gallant but ill-fated bands who fell at Preston:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"From the Camp of Perth, October 12th, 1715."<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"It was yesterday afternoon as I got yours
+of the ninth, which you may be sure was very ac<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>ceptable,
+and also the others you sent me. Tom
+Forster tells me in his of the sixth, that they had
+taken the field that day with a hundred and sixty
+horse; that he had sent to the gentelmen of Lancaster
+who he expected to join him, and also the gentilmen
+from the scots side, that he expected two thousand
+foot from my camp and five hundred horse, that the
+town of Newcastle had promist to open their gates
+to them, and that they intended to take possession
+of Tinmouth.</p>
+
+<p>"They have been better than their word in coming
+together so soon, and I would fain hope it has been
+occasioned by some consort with our friends further
+south, who are to join them, and that the Duke of
+Ormond is in England before this time, as I have
+reason to believe he is.</p>
+
+<p>"My letters by M<sup>r</sup>. E&mdash;&mdash;ne<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> had not then reached
+those on the boarder, but when they do, I hope it will
+put the project of shooting themselves up in Tinmouth
+out of their thoughts; what good could they do there?
+I have wrote so fully by M<sup>r</sup>. E&mdash;&mdash;ne upon the subject
+of the way of their disposeing of themselves, that I
+need say little of it now. You certainly know of the
+detachment of two thousand foot, lying these severall
+dayes on the coast of Fife, to get over, if possible;
+but now that there's five men of warr in the Firth,
+I'm afraid it is not; however, they are stile about it,
+and will do what they can: but for finding horse that
+way, you will easily see is impracticable, unless the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+passage were open, and I hope our friends on the
+boarder will not want horse from us. I was very
+fond of the project of getting the passage of the whole
+armie opened, when I wrote by Mr. E&mdash;&mdash;ne; but since
+that time, beside that of more men of warr comeing
+into the Firth, there's another thing I know since,
+which makes me alter my thoughts about it, at least
+of doing it soon, were it in my power. Mr. Ogilvie
+of Boin arrived here from France on the sixth, as
+perhaps you have heard, with my new commission,
+of which I send you a copie inclosed, and letters from
+Lord Bolingbroke; but I know you have accounts of
+a latter date at Edinb. so I need say the less of them.
+Lord Bolingbroke tels me, that in all probability, the
+King wou'd land very quickly in the north of Scotland;
+so until we be so happie that he comes to us,
+or at least we hear from him again, which by those
+letters I expect every day, I judge it were not prudent
+for me to pass the armie at Leith or Queensferry,
+were it in my power, for that wou'd be leaveing
+the enimie bewint the King and us, and he might
+have difficulty in passing over to us, and being in
+danger of the enimie; but this of passing the whole
+armie at any of these places seems not likely to be
+in our power.</p>
+
+<p>"Lord Huntly and Earl Marishall are come up to
+us with their people in very good order, but Lord
+Seafort is not, being deteaned by forceing Earl Sutherland
+to submitt before he left that country, which
+he has done by this time, and will be with us soon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+I make his not being come up the reason of our lying
+still here, but that of our expecting the King or one
+from him, is the true one; and I think we must do,
+until that happen, so as long as we loose no credit
+by it. I thought it was necessary to let you know
+this, the better to advise our friends in the South
+what meassurs to take; which they had best determine
+by the success of our detachment getting over to
+them,&mdash;what expectation they have of friends in
+England joining them, and what is to be expexted
+about Edinburgh. If they should be prest in England,
+which I hope will not be the case, and could do
+nothing at Edinbrugh, they can march throw the
+south and west of Scotland to Dumbartonshire, where
+before they can be, Generall Gordon's armie or a considerable
+detachment of it, will be before they can
+reach it, which they will aply join and be saif til
+we meet them. Glengarry is actually marcht from
+Auchalator that way alreddy. I have taken care to
+have detachments at all the places on the coasts,
+where I judge the King can land, so I hope all is
+safe for him when he comes on it; and so many of the
+cruisers being in the Frith make the coast pretty
+clear, which is one good our detachment in Fife has
+done, should they do no more. We have this day
+sent two gentelmen to France (I hope) a safe way
+with a letter to the Regent from the noblemen and
+gentelmen here, which we had resolved on before
+Boin arrived; but should the King be come off before it
+arrives in France it can do no hurt and may do good.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I have wrote to Lord Bolingbroke (who is to remain
+in France to negotiate the King's affairs there during
+his absence,) a full account of things here; and if
+the King be come off, which I hope in God he is, he is
+to lay it before the Queen, to whom I have likewise
+wrote. I'm exceeding sorry for the loss of honest
+Keith's son, but these gentelmen will have it yet payd
+home to them.</p>
+
+<p>"As to your going to the South, or staying at Edinbrugh,
+I scarce know what to say. I wish you could
+be in both places; but since that cannot be, I leave it
+to yourself to do which you think will be of most use
+to the service. If you go South I beg you may settle
+a correspondence 'twixt Edin<sup>b</sup> and this, and acquaint
+me with it.</p>
+
+<p>"I heard to-day that my letters to our friends in
+the West, desireing they might go immediately South
+to join Lord Kenmore, came safe to hand, so I hope
+they will be with him soon. I have sent you
+some of the manifestos which were printed at Aberdeen,
+and are finely done: I wish they may come to
+you saif. I also send you encloset a letter to Sir Rich.
+Steele, which I leave open for you to read and take
+a copie of. Pray seal it and get it put into the post-house;
+and I wish you could get it printed at Edinburgh,
+tho' let me not seen it; and if you send a
+copie to any of your correspondants at London and
+Newcastle, to get if printed there it would do no hurt.
+I'm endeavouring to get a correspondence settled by
+barks from the point of Fife to Newcastle, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+may be of use to us, especially if the communications
+twixt us and Ed<sup>r</sup> should be stopt."</p></div>
+
+<p>On the very day of the Earl's arrival at Perth,
+Mr. James Murray, second son of Lord Stormont
+arrived from St. Germains, bringing assurances of
+support, and letters from the Chevalier, who had
+appointed him Secretary of State for the affairs of
+Scotland. Mr. Murray is said also to have presented
+the Earl of Mar with a patent, creating him Duke of
+Mar, Marquis of Stirling and Earl of Alloway: "And
+though," observes an historian, "there was little more
+said about it, yet the relation seems justified by this,
+that in some of the papers printed at Perth, he is
+styled the Duke of Mar."<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p>
+
+<p>Extensive preparations were also declared to be
+in progress for the invasion of England. Twelve
+large ships were actually at that time at anchor in
+Havre, St. Malos, and other places. These vessels,
+with several frigates of good force, were loaded with
+ammunition, and manned with generals, officers, and
+soldiers. A particular account of the "Pretender's
+Magazine" is extant. But these preparations were
+all frustrated by the remonstrances of the Earl of
+Stair at the Court of the Regent of France. Admiral
+Byng was sent with a squadron to cruise on the
+coast of France, and the ships ready to sail for the
+enterprise against England were obliged, by command
+of the Regent, in order not to implicate the French<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+Government, to declare that they were thus employed
+without the sanction or knowledge of the Regent.
+Thus, even whilst Mr. Murray was raising the sanguine
+hopes of the Jacobites to the highest pitch, their
+evil star had again prevailed. They were, indeed,
+singularly unhappy in those in whom they placed
+confidence. Their schemes perpetually got wind:
+whether it were owing to the irresolution of some of
+their partisans, or to the great participation which
+the female sex took in the affairs of the Chevalier's
+party, it is difficult to determine.</p>
+
+<p>The Jacobite ladies were as fearless as they were
+persevering. The Duchess of Gordon, whose present
+of a medal to the Faculty of Advocates denoted her
+principles, and whose son, the second Duke of Gordon
+suffered a brief imprisonment on account of his share
+in the insurrection, was one of the most approved
+channels of communication between the two parties.
+She generally resided in Edinburgh, where she occupied
+herself as a mediator between some of the Presbyterians
+and the friends of James. Colonel Hooke
+mentions her as one of the depositories of all that
+was going on during his mission.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar, in his letters, refers repeatedly to
+different ladies with approval of their zeal and courage,
+and mentions one of his fair confederates in the north
+of Scotland, through whose hands many of his letters
+were sent to different chieftains; but these channels
+may not, in all cases, have been so secure as the
+Earl conceived.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+<p>The proceedings of the English Government were,
+meantime, marked with energy and judgment. The
+various movements of the insurgent party were met
+in every direction by a systematic resistance, the details
+of which have been minutely detailed by historians,
+and belong not to a narrative which is chiefly of
+a personal nature.</p>
+
+<p>On the fourteenth of September, the Duke of Argyle,
+Commander in Chief of his Majesty's Forces in
+Scotland, and General of the army, arrived in Edinburgh.
+The interest of this able and powerful nobleman
+in the Western Highlands, his zeal for the
+Protestant succession, were sufficient reasons for his
+appointment to this important office. The following
+original letter from George the Second, then Prince
+of Wales, gives an insight into the views which were
+entertained by George the First upon the mode of
+conducting the warfare in Scotland. It is among
+various other papers in the Mar Correspondence.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"St. James's, 7th October, 1715."
+</p>
+
+<p>"I have learned, my dear Duke, by your two last
+expresses, the embaras you are in through the want
+of regular troupes. We have used such efforts that
+the King has consented last Wednesday to detach to
+you four batallions from Ireland, to reinforce your
+camp. Orders have been given to cause those marche
+who are nearest, and to cause them embarque as
+they come up, without waiting for their conjunction.
+It appeares yet by the departure of the Duke of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
+Ormond, from Paris, that the malcontents continue
+in their wicked design of raiseing up troubles in this
+kingdom here, which is the cause that hinders me
+from sending you Campbell yet, untill that I see
+if he will not be necessary for his post, where I think
+that it is best every body should be fixed. As soon
+as all appearance of Rebellion is ended here, I shall
+dispatch you him, if you shall have need of him there.
+With respect to the orders you demand, it would be
+very difficult to give you them positive, not knowing
+the situation of your affairs, as you may judge yourself.
+The King remits himself entirely to your
+judgment, and to your conduct. All that I can say
+to you is not to hazard an action without a probable
+appearance of carrying it,&mdash;rather to shune an engadgment,
+and to yeild to them the ground, than to
+expose the affairs of the King to such ill consequences
+as would follow from a defeat. In case that my Lord
+Mar march into England before that you receive
+your reinforcement, I think you would do very well
+to allow him at least with your cavalery, and to
+harass him untill that we march to meet him. This
+last reasoneing is my own properly, but which you
+will judge yourself, if practicable or not. Farewell,
+my dear Duke; be assured of my esteem, and my
+sincere friendship."</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+(Signed) "<span class="smcap">George P</span>."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar now began to fortify Perth, and
+brought up fourteen pieces of cannon for that pur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>pose
+from Dundee and Dunotter Castle. His time
+and thoughts were at this time occupied in concerting
+and encouraging the movements of the southern insurrection
+conducted by Viscount Kenmure. There
+can be no better means of showing the state of the
+Earl's hopes and feelings at this time, than by giving
+them in his own words.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TO VISCOUNT KENMURE.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"My Lord,</p>
+
+<p>"I wish your Lordship and Mr. Forster may
+have gott my letters, which I took all the care I
+could to send safe. I wrote last by a lady on the
+twenty-third, and she is so discreet and dextrous,
+that I make little doubt of its going right. I have
+since had two from an indisposed friend of ours on
+your side the water, and with them one of the
+twenty-second from Brigadier Mackintosh to him,
+where he tells of his being joined by your Lordship
+and five hundred horse with you,&mdash;Lords Withrington
+and Derwentwater, Mr. Forester, and about
+six hundred English gentlemen. Your Lordship
+may be sure this was very agreeable news to me,
+and now, with the blessing of God, if we do not
+mismanage, I think our game can scarce fail. By
+Brigadier Mackintosh's letter, it seems the English
+are all for your going to England in a body to put
+into execution a certain design, and our countrymen
+are for first having the Pass of Stirling opened, and
+our armies joined. I apprehended there would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+difference about this before I saw that letter, as your
+Lordship would easily see by what the lady carried.
+It is indeed a difficult point to know or advise
+which of the two is the best for the King's affairs;
+and we on this side Forth being so ignorant of your
+situation on the other side, and also of the condition
+of England, that I could not take it upon me to
+determine in it, or to give any positive orders what
+your Lordship should do; but after stating the advantages
+of both, and what might happen according
+as the enemy should act, I left it to be advised and
+determined among yourselves on that side, who could
+not but know a great deal more, as you should judge
+it best for the King's interest in generall.</p>
+
+<p>"I know our indisposed friend, for whose judgment
+I have a very great regard, advised coming to Dalkeith,
+and we have a report from Fife last night that
+you have done so.</p>
+
+<p>"I long impatiently to know what resolution your
+Lordship and the noblemen and gentlemen with you
+have come to. It is of great consequence and deserves
+to be well weighed. If you are now come to
+Dalkeith, I will adventure to tell my thoughts in it,
+which I was not quite so clear in before when you
+were at a greater distance from it. That place was a
+far way from the other, where I judge the secret
+design was to be put in execution; and I am afraid
+before you can get there they'll have so strengthened
+the place, and filled it with troops, that the
+design would prove impracticable with the small
+army you have,&mdash;and it might prove, too, (especially<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+if the Dutch troops come to England,) that you could
+not penetrate farther into that country with safety,
+and retiring back into Scotland would have many
+inconveniences.</p>
+
+<p>"Dalkeith is but a short way from Stirling, where
+we on this side must pass (I mean near it), and I
+hope we shall attempt it very soon; and when we do,
+your being in the rear of the enemy could not but
+very much incommode them, and be of great advantage
+to us. The Duke of Argyle would be so
+hemmed in at Stirling by your being on the one
+hand of him and our being on the other, that I
+scarce see what I can do but to intrench myself,
+and by that our passage over Forth and joining of
+you might be very easy; nor do I see how the Duke
+of Argyle in those circumstances can subsist long
+there. Were we once past Forth and joined on the
+south side, we should soon make our way good to
+England, and then should be much more able to put
+in execution the project of our English friends, without
+being in any danger of returning back to Scotland.
+It would be of great consequence to have
+possession of Edinburgh, but I hear just now that
+the Duke of Argyle has sent two regiments of
+dragoons, so tho' perhaps that may prevent your
+getting possession of that town, yet I scarce believe that
+they will be able with all the detachments that the
+Duke of Argyle dare adventure to send from Stirling
+to make any attempt against you at Dalkeith, which
+is so strong a place naturally; and should the enemy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+return again from Stirling, you might either follow
+them in their rear without danger, or take possession
+of Edinburgh. Were once Lord Seaforth come up to
+us and General Gordon with the clans which I expect
+every day, I shall not be long of leaving this place,
+and I shall likewise be able to send more foot over
+the water, as I sent the last, if you want them, and
+your being at Dalkeith, they could easily join you.
+Should most of the Dutch troops come to Scotland,
+as is probable they will, it would be very hard for us
+here to pass Forth without your assistance, which
+would be a great loss and a grateing thing. I hear
+to-day from about Stirling that Sir William Blacish
+is upon the head of several thousands in the North
+of England, but your Lordship and our English friends
+will know the truth of this better: be it as it will,
+I do not think it alters the case much. The main
+and principal thing is for us to get soon joined all in
+one body, then I am sure we should be more considerable
+than all the force the Government, with the
+six thousand Dutch, can bring against us, and when
+once the British troops see so considerable a force
+together, asserting their King's and their country's
+cause, I cannot believe they will, but rather join us,
+and restore their country to peace and liberty.</p>
+
+<p>"These, my Lord, are my humble thoughts, but
+they are with submission to your Lordship's and
+the King's friends with you who are equally concerned
+with us, and I know equally zealous, and you
+all certainly know a great deal more than me here.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I beg your Lordship may make my compliments
+to our countrymen, with you, and to those noblemen
+and gentlemen of England who have so handsomely
+and generously joined you. I long impatiently to be
+with you, and with all the haste I can.</p>
+
+<p>"I send copies of this three different ways, that
+one or other of them may certainly come to your
+hands.</p>
+
+<p>"I also send by one of them, if not two, a power
+for your Lordship to raise money for the use of your
+armie, which my commission for the King fully empowers
+me to do and give.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish this may come to your hand, and I long
+to hear from your Lordship, which it being necessary
+I should soon, I am, with all respect, my Lord, your
+Lordship's most obedient humble servant,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+"MAR."<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>It was the intention of Lord Mar to remain at
+Perth until all the Jacobite clans should have joined
+his army; but having gained the intelligence that
+some arms for the use of the Earl of Sutherland were
+put on board a vessel at Leith, to be taken northwards,
+he determined to take possession of them.
+The master of the vessel had dropped anchor at Brunt
+Island, for the purpose of seeing his wife, who was
+there: Lord Mar sent a detachment to surprise the
+harbour, which succeeded in carrying off the spoil,
+back to Perth. A report was at the same time raised<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+in Stirling: that the Earl was marching to Alloa, the
+Duke of Argyle forthwith ordered out the picquets of
+horse and foot, and, also, all the troops to be ready to
+march out to sustain them, if required. But the
+Jacobite army did not appear; and the report of
+their advance to Stirling was believed to be a false
+alarm, contrived by Mar in order to draw off the
+attention of the Duke of Argyle from the expedition
+to Brunt Island.</p>
+
+<p>The insurgents were now masters of the eastern
+coasts of Scotland from Brunt Island to the Murray
+Frith, an extent of above one hundred and sixty miles
+along the shore. On the western side, the Isle of Skye,
+Lewis, and all the Hebrides were their own, besides
+the estates of the Earl of Seaforth, Donald Mac Donald,
+and others of the clans. So that from the
+mouth of the river Lochie to Faro-Head, all the coast
+of Lochaber and Ross, even to the north-west point of
+Scotland, was theirs: theirs, in short, was all the
+kingdom of Scotland north of the Forth, except the
+remote counties of Caithness, Strathnaver and Sutherland
+beyond Inverness, and that part of Argyleshire
+which runs north-west into Lorn, and up to Lochaber,
+where Fort William continued in possession of the
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar had resolved to impose an assessment
+upon the large extent of country under his sway,
+to raise money for the use of his army. It was of
+course an unpopular, though doubtless a necessary
+measure. The sum of twenty shillings sterling was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+to be paid by each landholder upon every hundred
+pounds Scots of valued rent; and, if not paid by a
+certain day, the tax was to be doubled. In levying
+this assessment, the friends of the Government were
+far more severely treated than those of the Chevalier;
+and the Presbyterian Ministers, who had dared to
+raise their voices in their churches against the Pretender,
+as they called the Chevalier, were commanded
+to be silent on that subject; their houses were plundered,
+and many of them were driven by tyranny
+from their homes.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p>
+
+<p>The northern clans were now on their march to
+join the camp at Perth. First came the famous Laird
+of Mackintosh, better known as Brigadier Mackintosh,
+chief of that numerous clan in Invernesshire. His regiment,
+composed of five hundred men, whom he had persuaded
+to join in the insurrection, was considered the
+best that the Earl of Mar could boast. The Marquis
+of Huntley, with five hundred horse and two thousand
+foot, next arrived; and the Earl Marischal shortly
+afterwards brought a thousand men to the camp.
+But Lord Seaforth, afraid lest in his absence the Earl
+of Sutherland should invade his country, was still
+absent; and the anxiety of the Earl of Mar for his
+arrival is expressed in more than one of his letters.
+The whole strength of the army amounted to sixteen
+thousand seven hundred men; this number was afterwards
+diminished by the detachment sent southwards
+by the Earl, and by the number of three thousand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+who were dispersed in garrisons. But it was no common
+force that was now encamped at Perth.</p>
+
+<p>At this critical moment where was the individual
+for whom these great and gallant spirits had ventured
+their all, the hills so dear to them, their
+homes, the welfare of their families, to say nothing of
+that which Highlanders least consider, their personal
+safety? At this moment, the ill-advised and irresolute
+James Stuart, was absent. What could have
+been his counsels? who were his advisers? of what
+materials was he made? why did he ever come? are
+questions to which the indignant mind can scarcely
+frame a reply. The fact, indeed, seems to be that
+his heart was never really in the undertaking; that
+he for whom the tragedy was performed, was the only
+actor in it who did not feel his part; it was reserved
+for a nobler and a warmer nature to experience the
+ardour of hope, and the bitter mortifications of disappointment.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until the middle of October that the
+Earl of Mar took any personal share in the contest
+between the Jacobite army and that of the Government.
+Hitherto he had remained at Perth, acting
+with an ill-timed caution, and apparently bestowing
+far more attention upon the ill-fated insurrection in
+Northumberland, aided by the low country Scots
+under Lord Kenmure, than upon the proximate dangers
+of his own army. The detachment of a body
+of troops under Brigadier Mackintosh, sent in order
+to assist the Lowlanders, who were marching back<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
+into Scotland, accompanied by the forces under Mr.
+Forster and the Earl of Derwentwater, was the immediate
+cause of the two armies coming to an engagement.
+The Earl of Mar in his narrative thus
+explains his plans and their failure.</p>
+
+<p>The detachment under Brigadier Mackintosh having
+been sent, "occasioned," Lord Mar says, "the Duke
+of Argyle's leaving Stirling, and going with a part of
+his army to Edinburgh. Now, had the Scots and
+English horse, who were then in the south of Scotland,
+come and joined the fifteen hundred foot, (under
+Brigadier Mackintosh) as was expected; had the
+Highland clans performed, as they promised, the service
+they were sent upon in Argyleshire, and marched
+towards Glasgow, as the Earl of Mar marched towards
+Sterling, he had then given a good account of the Government's
+army, the troops from Ireland not having
+yet joined them, nor could they have joined them
+afterwards. But all this failing by some cross accidents,
+Lord Argyle returned with that part of his
+army to Scotland, and the Earl of Mar could not
+then, with the men he then had, advance further
+than Dumblane, and for want of provisions there,
+was soon after obliged to return to Perth."</p>
+
+<p>"But immediately after that we had got provisions,
+and that the clans and Lord Seaforth had joined us,
+we marched again towards the enemy; and notwithstanding
+the many difficulties the Earl of Mar
+had upon that occasion with some of our own people,
+he gave the enemy battle: and, as you saw in our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+printed account of it, had not our left wing given
+way, which was occasioned by mistake of orders and
+scarcity of experienced officers, that being composed
+of as good men, and marched as cheerfully up to the
+field of battle as the other, our victory had been
+complete. And as it was, the enemy, who was advanced
+on this side the river, was forced to retire
+back to Sterling."<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such is the Earl of Mar's comment upon the
+battle of Sherriff Muir, of which the friends of Government
+gave a very different representation.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl had, it is evident, no disposition to risk
+a general engagement before the Chevalier arrived in
+Scotland. He had sent two gentlemen to the Prince
+to learn his determination, and had resolved to remain
+at Perth until their return. During his continuance
+in that city he employed himself not only in throwing
+up entrenchments round the town, but in publishing
+addresses to the people, to keep up the spirits of the
+Jacobites. Since the Earl was never scrupulous as to
+the means of which he availed himself, we may not
+venture to reject the declaration of an historian of no
+good will to the cause, that he ordered "false news"
+to be printed and circulated; and published that
+which he hoped would happen, as having already
+taken place. "The detachment," he related, "had
+passed the Forth, had been joined by the army in the
+South, were masters of Newcastle, and carried all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+before them; and their friends in and about London
+had taken arms in such numbers, that King
+George had made a shift to retire." These falsehoods
+were printed by Freebairn, formerly the King's
+printer at Edinburgh, whom the Earl had established
+at Perth, and provided with the implements brought
+by the army from Aberdeen.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the beginning of November, the Earl of Seaforth
+arrived at Perth, and the Mac Invans, the Maccraws,
+the Chisholmes of Strath-Glass, and others, completed
+all the forces that Lord Mar expected to join him.
+Truly might the Earl say, "that no nation in such
+circumstances, and so destitute of all kind of succour
+from abroad, ever made so brave a struggle for restoring
+their prince and country to their just rights."<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>
+But the usual fate of the Stuarts involved their devoted
+adherents in ruin: or rather, let us not call
+that fate, which may be better described by the word
+incapacity in the leaders of their cause.</p>
+
+<p>The want of ammunition, which was to have
+been supplied from abroad, was now severely felt.
+"I must here add one thing," says Lord Mar,
+"which, however incredible the thing may appear,
+is, to our cost, but too true: and that is, that from
+the time the Earl of Mar set up the Chevalier's
+standard to this day, we never received from abroad
+the least supply of arms and ammunition of any kind;
+though it was notorious in itself, and well known,
+that this was what from the first we mainly wanted;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+and, as such, it was insisted upon by the Earl of Mar,
+in all the letters he writ, and by all the messengers
+he sent to the other side."<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the ninth of November it was determined, at a
+great council of war, to march straight to Dumblane
+with the ultimate view of following the Brigadier
+Mackintosh into England, with the main body of the
+army, amounting to nine thousand men, whilst a detachment
+of three thousand should, if possible, gain
+possession of Stirling.</p>
+
+<p>The engagement which ensued, and which was
+called the battle of Sherriff Muir, was fought on a
+Sunday; after both armies had been under arms all
+night. No tent was pitched for the Duke of Argyle's
+men, either by officer or soldier, on that cold November
+evening. Each officer was at his post, nor
+could they much complain whilst their General sat
+on straw, in a sheepcote, at the foot of the hill,
+called Sherriff Muir, which overlooks Dumblane, on
+the right of his army. In the dead of the night,
+the Duke, by his spies, learned where the enemy
+were; for, although on account of the hills and broken
+ground, they could not be seen, they were not at two
+miles' distance. This was at Kinback; at break
+of day, the army of Argyle was completely formed,
+and the General rode up to the top of the hill to reconnoitre
+the foe.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar, meantime, had given orders for
+his army to form to the left of the road that leads to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+Dumblane, and whilst they were forming in front of
+the town of Dumblane, they discovered the enemy on
+the height of the west end of the Sherriff Muir. A
+council of war was then held, and it was resolved,
+<i>nemine contradicente</i>, to fight.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar's forces had also been ready for
+combat during the whole of the night. To the Highlanders
+the want of shelter was of little consequence.
+It was usual to them, before they lay down on the
+moor to dip their plaids in water, by which the cloth
+was made impervious to the wind; and to choose, as
+a favourite and luxurious resting-place, some spot
+underneath a cover of overhanging heath. So late as
+the year 1745, they could not be prevailed on to use
+seats.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> It was therefore with unimpaired vigour that
+they rushed on to the combat.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar placed himself at the head of the
+clans: perhaps a finer, a more singular, a more painful
+sight can rarely have been witnessed than the
+rush of this great body of Highlanders to the encounter.
+It was delayed by the Earl of Mar's despatching
+his aide-de-camp, Colonel Clephan, to Lord
+Drummond, and to General Gordon, with orders to
+march and attack immediately. On their return,
+pulling off his hat, he waved it with an huzza, and
+advanced in front of the enemy's formed battalions.
+Then was heard the <i>slogan</i> or war-cry, each clan having
+its own distinctive watch-word, to which every
+clansman responded, whether his ear caught the sound<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
+in the dead of night, or in the confusion of the combat.
+Distinguished by particular badges, and by the peculiar
+arrangement and colours of the tartans, these
+devoted men followed the Earl of Mar towards the
+foe.</p>
+
+<p>But the action cannot be described in a manner
+better adapted to this narrative, than in the words
+of Lord Mar himself, in his letter on the very day
+of the engagement, to Colonel Balfour, whom he had
+left in command of the garrison at Perth. It is
+dated Ardoch, November 13th, 1715.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"Ardoch, Nov. 13th, 1715."
+</p>
+
+<p>"I thought you would be anxious to know the
+fate of this day. We attacked the enemy on the end
+of the Sherriff Muir, at twelve of the clock this day,
+on our right and centre; carried the day entirely;
+pursued them down to a little hill on the south of
+Dumblane; and there I got most of our horse and a
+pretty good number of our foot, and brought them
+again into some order. We knew not then what was
+become of our left, so we returned to the field of
+battle. We discerned a body of the enemy on the
+north of us, consisting mostly of the Grey Dragoons,
+and some of the Black. We also discovered a body
+of their foot farther north upon the field where
+we were in the morning; and east of that, a body as
+we thought of our own foot, and I still believe it
+was so. I formed the horse and foot with me in a
+line on the north side of the hill, where we had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+engaged and kept our front towards the enemy to
+the north of us, who seem'd at first as if they intended
+to march towards us; but upon our forming
+and marching towards them, they halted and marched
+back to Dumblane. Our baggage and train-horses
+had all run away in the beginning of the action.
+But we got some horses and brought off most of the
+train to this place where we quarter to-night about
+Ardock, whither we march'd in very good order:
+and had our left and second line behaved as our
+right and the rest of the first line did, our victory
+had been compleat: but another day is coming for
+that, and I hope ere long too.</p>
+
+<p>"I send you a list of the officers' names who are
+prisoners here, besides those who are dangerously
+wounded and could not come along, whose words of
+honour were taken. Two of these are the Earl of
+Forfar, who I'm afraid will die, and Captain Urquhart,
+of Burn's Yard, who is very ill wounded.
+We have also a good number of private men prisoners;
+but the number I do not exactly know.</p>
+
+<p>"We have lost, to our regret, the Earl of Strathmore
+and the Captain of Clan Ranald. Some are
+missing, but the fate we are not sure of.</p>
+
+<p>"The Earl of Panmure, Drummond of Logie, and
+Lieutenant Colonel Maclean are wounded.</p>
+
+<p>"This is all that I have to say now, but that I am,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+"Yours, &amp;c. <span class="smcap">Mar.</span>"<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"P.S. We have taken a great many of the enemy's
+arms."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lord Mar, on this occasion, showed a degree of
+personal bravery worthy of the great name which he
+bore. He had placed himself on the right, and, as he
+was giving orders to the Macdonalds to charge that
+battalion of the enemy opposite to them, he encountered
+a very close fire. "The horse on which my
+Lord was," writes an eye-witness on the Jacobite side,
+"was wounded, for he fell down with him upon
+the fire, and got away, and my Lord immediately
+mounted another horse: he exposed his person but
+too much, and showed a great deal of bravery, as did
+the other lords about him."<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p>
+
+<p>The army of the Duke of Argyle lay on their arms
+all night, expecting that the next day the battle
+would be resumed; but, on Monday the fourteenth of
+November, the Duke went out with the piquet guard
+to the field to view the enemy, but found them
+gone: and leaving the piquet guard on the place, he
+returned to Dumblane, and thence to Stirling, carrying
+off with him fourteen of the enemy's colours
+and standards, and among them the royal standard
+called the Restoration, besides several pieces of artillery,
+and many prisoners, some of them men of
+rank and influence.</p>
+
+<p>Both sides claimed the victory of Sherriff Muir as
+their own; but, however it may be argued, it is
+certain that with only three thousand effective troops,
+Argyle had contrived "to break the heart of the
+rebellion," and to subdue an army such as could
+never again be reassembled. Between six and eig<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>ht
+hundred of the Jacobites are stated to have fallen on
+the field,<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> and several, among whom was the brave
+Earl of Panmure and Colonel Maclean, were among
+the wounded. Lord Mar, nevertheless, celebrated
+the engagement as if it had been a victory.</p>
+
+<p>Thanksgiving-sermons were ordered to be preached
+at Perth, and a Te Deum sung in the church; and
+ringing of bells, and other demonstrations deceived
+the hearts of those who knew little of the real injury
+done to the cause, or amused others whose nearest
+interests had not suffered in the Sherriff Muir. A
+paper was also circulated containing a report of the
+battle, of course highly favourable to the Earl of
+Mar's part in what he called his victory. The
+following is the statement which he sent to the
+Chevalier.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE EARL OF MAR TO THE CHEVALIER.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"Nov. 24, 1715.
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"It was but yesterday that I had accounts of
+your being at sea, and I thought myself obliged to
+do all in my power to let you know the state of affairs
+in this island before you land in it, so that you may
+not be disapointed upon your comeing.</p>
+
+<p>"I had the certain account yesterday of those who
+had appear'd in arms besouth Forth, and in the north
+of England, all being made prisoners at Preston in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+Lancashire, which I'm affraid will putt a stop to any
+more riseings in that country at this time.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Majesty's army, which I have the honour to
+command, fought the enime on the Shirreff-Muir,
+near Dumblain, the thirteenth of this moneth. Our
+left behav'd scandalously and ran away, but our right
+routed the enimies left and most of their body.</p>
+
+<p>"Their right follow'd and pursued our left, which
+made me not adventure to prosecute and push our
+advantage on our right so far as otherwayes wee
+might have done, however wee keept the field of
+battle, and the enimie retir'd to Dumblain.</p>
+
+<p>"The armie had lyen without cover the night
+before, and wee had no provisions there, which
+oblidg'd me to march the armie back two milles
+that night, which was the nearest place where I
+could get any quarters. Next day I found the armie
+reduced to a small number, more by the Highlanders
+going home than by any loss wee sustained, which
+was but very small. So that and want of provisions
+oblidg'd me yet to retire, first to Auchterarder, and
+then here to Perth. I have been doing all I can
+ever since to get the armie together again, and I
+hope considerable numbers may come in a little time;
+but now that our friends in England are defeated,
+there will be troops sent down from thence to reinforce
+the Duke of Argyle, which will make him so
+strong, that wee shall not be able to face him, and I
+am affraid wee shall have much difficultie in makeing
+a stand any where, save in the Highlands, where wee<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+shall not be able to subsist.</p>
+
+<p>"This Sir, is a melancholy account, but what in
+duty I was oblidg'd to let you know, if possibly I
+can, before you land; and for that end I have endeavour'd
+to send boats out about those places where I
+judg'd it most probable you would come.</p>
+
+<p>"Ther's another copie of this upon the West Coast,
+and I wish to God one or other of them may find
+you if your Majesty be upon the coast.</p>
+
+<p>"By the strength you have with you, your Majesty
+will be best able to judge if you will be in a condition,
+when join'd with us, to make a stand against
+the enimie. I cannot say what our numbers will be
+against that time, or where wee shall be, for that will
+depend on the enimie, and the motions they make;
+but unless your Majesty have troops with you, which
+I'm affraid you have not, I see not how wee can
+oppose them even for this winter, when they have
+got the Dutch troops to England, and will power in
+more troops from thence upon us every day.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Majestie's coming would certainly give new
+life to your friends, and make them do all in their
+power for your service; but how far they would be
+able to resist such a formed body of regular troops as
+will be against them, I must leave your Majestie to
+judge.</p>
+
+<p>"I have sent accounts from time to time to Lord
+Bolingbroke, but I have not heard once from any of
+your Majestie's servants since Mr. Ogilvie of Boin
+came to Scotland, nor none of the five messengers <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>I
+sent to France are return'd, which has been an infinite
+loss to us. I sent another, which is the sixt,
+to France, some days ago, with the account of our
+victory, who I suppose is sail'd ere now.</p>
+
+<p>"May all happiness attend your Majestie, and
+grant you may be safe, whatever come of us. If it do
+not please God to bless your kingdoms at this time with
+your being settled on your throne, I make no doubt
+of its doing at another time; and I hope there will
+never be wanting of your own subjects to assert your
+cause, and may they have better fortune than wee
+are like to have. I ask but of Heaven that I may
+have the happiness to see your Majestie before I die,
+provided your person be safe; and I shall not repine
+at all that fortune has or can do to me.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Majestie may find many more capable, but
+never a more faithful servant than him who is with
+all duty and esteem, Sir, your Majestie's most dutiful,
+most faithfull and most obedient subject and servant,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+"<span class="smcap">Mar.</span>"<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"From the Camp of Perth, Nov. 24, 1715."</p></div>
+
+
+<p>A fortnight previously the Earl of Mar had addressed
+the following curious letter to Captain Henry
+Straiton,<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> at Edinburgh, to whom many of Lord
+Mar's epistles are written. The allusion to Margaret
+Miller refers to Lady Nairn, the sister-in-law of the
+Marquis of Tullibardine, and wife of Lord Nairn,
+who, in compliance with a Scottish custom, took his
+wife's title, she being Lady Nairn in her own right<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>.
+The allusion to "a dose" which will require the air
+of a foreign country to aid it, seems to offer some
+notion of the Earl's subsequent flight.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"Novemb. 8th, 1715.
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"I had yours of the fourth this forenoon, which
+was very wellcome. And I hope we shall soon see
+the certainty of what the accounts makes us expect of
+these folks' arivall. I sent of a pacquet yesterday
+with an answer to Margaret Miller's of the second,
+and in it I sent a copie of my last to Mr. H&mdash;&mdash;n,
+which was dated the second and third, of which I
+sent him copies two different wayes, so I hope he'll
+get one of them at least. They were pressing them
+to go into England; and now that they are actually
+gone their, and in so good a way, I am easie as to
+that. I hope God will direct and assist them.</p>
+
+<p>"I thought to have marcht from this to-day.
+The foot are mostly gone, and I march with the horse
+to-morrow morning. Our generall revew is to be at
+Auchterardor on Thursday morning, and then to
+march forward immediately. It is of great use to
+hear often from you, and to have accounts of our
+friends in the north of England, and what is doing
+in England beside; so I know you'll write as often
+as you can find occasions. I fancie I may hear to-day
+from our friends in the north of England, for I
+hope they had some days ago a way of sending
+directly. It seems the Duke of Argyll's absence
+from London is not like to do his own court of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+interest there much good. I hope our manifesto's
+being disperced at London, will have good effect;
+and I long to see what the prints call the Pretender's
+declaration, and the declaration of the
+people of England. The run upon the bank, I hope,
+will not lessen. The public credit must not be once
+ruined to make it raise again, and I hope that time
+may be sooner than we think of. We have rainy
+weather, but that is an inconveniencie to the enimie as
+well as to us. My humble service to Margaret Miller:
+I thank her for the information she gives me, of one
+about me giving intelligence; but other friends may
+be easie about it, for I am sure there is nothing in it;
+and I know what made them belive, which I confess
+had colour enough. I wish she would get the Doctrix
+to send a new dose to the patient she knows of, for
+there was a little too much of one of the ingredients
+in the last, which toke away the effect of the whole.
+It is the ingredient that has the postponeing quality
+in it; and the patient's greatest distemper is the
+apprehentions he has of a perfect cure being long of
+comeing, and that it is not to be til he get the air
+of another country. The dose must be carefully made
+up, and no appearance of its comeing from any other
+hand but the Doctrix' own. Ther's some copies herewith
+sent of a paper printed on this side the water, of
+which I hear severall are at Stirling. The other
+two papers I got to-day are given to revise, and are
+to be printed soon. I send you a copie of a letter
+was wrote t'other day, and sent to the Cameronians<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+in the west. I wish you could send this one to some
+of them in the south. This is all I will trouble you
+with; but I hope both to get from you and give you
+good news soon, and I ever am, with all sincerity and
+truth, yrs. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps Capt. R&mdash;&mdash;n will not be found to have
+done so much hurt as was thought he designed; but
+this is not to bid trust him yet."</p></div>
+
+<p>By two manuscript letters among the Mar papers,
+it appears, however, that the account soon afterwards
+published by Lord Mar was not so full of artifice and
+untruths as his enemies represented. "He kept the
+field of battle until it was dark," says one writer, in a
+letter dated from Perth (November the 19th, 1715);
+"and nothing but want of provisions prevented us
+from going forward the next day. We hear the
+Whigs give various accounts of the battle, to cover
+the victory; but the numbers of the slain on their
+part being eleven or twelve hundred, and ours not
+above fifty or sixty, and our keeping the field when
+they left it, makes the victory incontestable. Your
+friends that I know here mind you often, and they
+and I would be glad to have the opportunity to drink
+a bottle with you beyond the Forth."</p>
+
+<p>Another eye-witness gives a still more detailed account.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>
+"I have yours of the seventeenth, with the
+paper inclosed, wherein that gentleman has taken the
+liberty to insert many falsehoods relative to the la<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>te
+action, a true and impartial account of which I here
+send you, which is but too modest on our side, and
+many things omitted that will be afterwards made
+publick, particularly their murdering Strathmoir, after
+he had asked quarters, and the treatment they gave
+to Panmuir and several others, who, I hope, will be
+living witnesses against them. The enclosed is so
+full that I have little to say, only that we have not
+lost a hundred men in the action, and none of note,
+except Strathmoir, and the Captain of Clan Ronald."</p>
+
+<p>The cruel spirit of party destroyed the generous
+characteristics of the soldier, during the excitement of
+the combat: but how can we palliate the conduct of
+one of the King's generals, Lord Isla, after the fierceness
+of the encounter was over? The letter referred
+to discloses particulars which were hushed
+up, or merely glanced at, in the partial annals of
+the time.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"So soon as they saw us coming down upon them,
+they marched off in great haste towards Dumblain,
+and left several of our people they had taken, among
+which was Lord Panmuir, who offered to give his parole,
+not knowing what had passed upon the eighth;
+but he was told by the person he sent to Lord Isla,
+that he could not take a parole from a rebel, and they
+were in such haste that they lost him in a little house,
+with several others near the field, where we found them
+when we advanced and brought him along with
+us to Ardoch, two miles furder, where we st<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>ayed all
+night and next day, until that we heard the enemy
+were marched off to Stirling. He is now pretty well
+and in no danger. Earl Loudoun passed him as he
+lay in the field, without taking any notice of him, and
+he was wounded there by the dragoons after he had
+surrendered to them; but I hope there will be one
+other day of reckoning for these things. My Lord
+Mar sent off two or three people to take care of Lord
+Forfar when he heard he was wounded, and one of
+them waited of him to Stirling. He expressed a good
+dale of consern that he should have been ingadged
+against his countrymen, and sent a breslet off his
+arm to Lord Mar, so that we all wish he may live. A
+good pairt of our baggage and the provisions we had,
+were distroyed by our own people who went of from
+our left. We are now getting provisions and every
+thing ready as soon as possible; and I am hopefull we
+will be in a condition in a very few days to pass forth
+without oposition.</p>
+
+<p>"We have got accounts this day of a victorie obtained
+by our friends in the south, the particulars of
+which we long for. I have sent you some copies of
+the printed account of the action to give our friends.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+"So adieu."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the humane attentions shewn by
+the Earl to Lord Forfar, that brave and generous
+nobleman died of his wounds. After lingering more
+than three weeks, he expired at Stirling on the eighth
+of December. He was wounded in sixteen different<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+places, but a shot which he received in his knee seems
+to have been the most fatal injury. The conduct of
+the Earl appears in strong contrast with that of the
+Earl of Isla; but we must remember that each party
+had its own chroniclers. It is, nevertheless, a result
+of observation, more easily stated than explained, that
+through the whole of the two contests, both in 1715
+and 1745, the generous and somewhat chivalric bearing
+of the Jacobites was acknowledged; whilst a
+spirit of cruel persecution marked the conduct of
+some of the chief officers on the opposite side. The
+Duke of Argyle indeed, in his own person, presented
+an exception to this remark, which chiefly applies to
+those secondary to him in command and influence.</p>
+
+<p>The conduct of Lord Mar, in retreating to Perth
+after the affair of Sherriff Muir, has been severely
+censured. But, as Sir Walter Scott has observed,
+he met with that obloquy which generally follows
+the leader of an unsuccessful enterprise. According
+to Lord Mar's own account (and it has been corroborated
+by others), his retiring to Perth was unavoidable.
+The Highlanders, brave as they were,
+had a custom of returning home after a battle; and
+many of them went off when the engagement was
+ended. The Earl of Mar was not, therefore, in
+a condition to pursue the advantage which he had
+gained, but was forced to await at Perth the arrival
+of the Chevalier, or of the Duke of Berwick; on the
+notification of which, the Highlanders would have
+rallied to his standard. No supplies had been sen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>t;
+the gentlemen of the army, as well as the men, had
+been long absent from their homes, and were living
+at their own expense; and therefore were impatient
+for leave of absence. To add to the general discouraging
+aspect of affairs, the fatal result of the
+English insurrection, under the command of Mr.
+Forster, was communicated at this time.</p>
+
+<p>At first the result of the battle of Preston was
+represented to the Jacobites at Perth in a very different
+light to that in which the defeat of the English
+Jacobites afterwards appeared. The following is an
+extract of a letter from Lord Mar, dated the twentieth
+of November. "This day we hear from good hands
+that they (the English Jacobites) have had a victory,
+for which we have had rejoicings, and I hope in God
+they are in a good way by this time. Let me hear
+from you often, I beg it of you, and I'll long for the
+particulars of that affair.</p>
+
+<p>"I am doing all I can to get us again in a condition
+to march from home. It will not be so soon as I
+wish, which is no small mortification to me, but our
+friends; you may depend on it, that it shall be as
+soon as I can, and no time shall be lost. It is
+wonderfull that neither the King nor the Duke of
+Ormond comes, nor that I have not accounts from
+them. Now that there is so considerable a party
+appearing in England, I hope they will put it off no
+longer. I hope all your friends in England are well
+in particular, but pray let me have an account of it.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Lord Tullibardin and Lord George are well; they
+are gone again to Atholl to bring back their men,
+who went off that they might retrieve their honour,
+as I doubt not but they will. It is a great pity if
+poor Strathmore and Clanronald, and I'm afraid
+honest Auchterhouse, is killed, for we can get no
+account of him.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish our prisoners may be as civilly treated as
+theirs are with us. They are all sent to Dundee (the
+officers I mean), where they have the liberty of the
+town, and wear their swords. My compliments to
+our sick friend, who I am sorry is still so; but he
+has had a good second and secretary.</p>
+
+<p>"Pray let us have some good news now, and I am
+with all truth and esteem,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+Yours, &amp;c."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"Perth, November 20, 1715."</p>
+
+<p>"Lord Panmure recovers pritty well. The enimie
+give out that he gave his parole when he was prisoner,
+but it was not so, he off'red it them but they
+wou'd not take it from a rebel as they call'd him,
+and neither did Strewan; so they were both resqued."</p>
+
+<p>These letters place Lord Mar in a somewhat more
+estimable light than the usual statements have done.
+The truth is, that we ought never to judge of a man's
+actions before we have had an insight into his real
+motives and circumstances at the time. Few individuals
+had greater difficulties to contend with than
+Lord Mar.</p>
+
+<p>Harassed by cabals among the adherents of the
+Chevalier; unable to account for the continue<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>d reserve
+and absence of that Prince; and weakened greatly
+both by the secession of the clan of Fraser, who had
+joined the Insurgents with Mackenzie of Fraserdale,
+but who now went away, and joined him whom they
+considered as their real chieftain, the infamous Simon
+Fraser, of Beaufort, Lord Lovat; the Earl began to
+listen to those who talked of capitulating with
+the enemy. He found, indeed, that he was forced to
+comply with the wishes of the chieftains, some of
+whom were making private treaties for themselves.
+It must have been a bitter humiliation to Lord Mar
+to have sent a message to his former rival in politics,
+the Duke of Argyle, "to know if he had power to
+treat with him;" but the measure appears from
+the following letter to have been unavoidable. It was
+written after the news of the defeat at Preston had
+reached Perth. It bespeaks some degree of compassion
+and consideration for a man whose councils
+were distracted by dissensions, and who was embarrassed
+beyond measure by the absence of the
+Chevalier, to whose arrival he looked anxiously to
+give some hopes of revival to a sinking cause. The
+Master of Sinclair, to whom Lord Mar refers as a
+"devil," and who, since the disaster at Preston was
+known, "appeared in his own colours," was the
+eldest son of Henry, eighth Baron Sinclair, a devoted
+adherent of the House of Stuart, and one of
+those who had withdrawn from the Convention of
+1689 when the resolution to expel James the Second
+was adopted. John, Master of Sinclair, was afterwa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>rds
+attainted, and never assumed the title of his
+father, although pardoned in 1726.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"November 27th, 1715.
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"I had yours of the twenty-second, the twenty-fifth,
+and also spoke with the person you mention
+in it; I suppose he wou'd see you, as he returned.
+The disaster of our friends in England is very unlucky,
+both to affairs there and here. Since we
+knew of it here a <i>devil</i>, who I suspected for some
+time to be lurking amongst us, has appeared openly
+in his own colours. I forsaw this a-comeing some
+days ago. I have endeavoured to keep people from
+breaking amongst themselves, and was forced to go
+into the first step of it; but I hope we shall be
+able to have the manadgement of it, and prevent
+its doing any hurt, but to confounde in time comeing
+the designs of those who were the promoters
+of it. It was by the advise of all your friends
+what I have done, so let not our folks be alarmed
+when they hear of it from I&mdash;&mdash;g. It is odd
+where the K&mdash;&mdash;<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> can be all this time, since, by
+all appearance and all the accounts we have, he has
+left France long ago; but that must quickly appear,
+and I hope to get things staved off til it does. But
+without his comeing what can be done? Tho' I hope
+that will not be the case. It is odd that others write
+of Col. H&mdash;&mdash;y and Doctor Abor&mdash;y, both at Parise,
+and that they do not write themselves, tho' I'm to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>ld
+to-day that there's a letter from them to me at Edinburgh,
+which I long for. We are told of troops comeing
+from Englande, both English and Dutch. I doubt
+if they'll ventur to quitt with both, and I would fain
+hope that none of them will come soon. God grant
+that the K&mdash;&mdash; be safe. If he go to England, as we
+are told he designed, I doubt not but he knows of
+support there. I confess there's a great deal lost by
+his long delay, but that certainly was not in his power
+to help, else it wou'd not have been so. If he still
+come here, I hope we will yet be able to make a stand
+for him this winter, but I thought I was obledged to
+let him know the true situation before he land,
+which I have done to the best of my pow'r, and
+lodged letters for him in the places where I thought
+it most likely he wou'd come, so that he may not be
+dissapointed by expecting to find things better than
+they are. He has been so long by the way that it
+wou'd seme he is not comeing to England, but that
+he is comeing round about Ireland to Scotland; and
+neither he nor D&mdash;&mdash; O&mdash;&mdash;d<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> be in England. It wou'd
+seem that they will not stir there, which would make
+it a very hard task here; but I hope Providence will
+protect him, and yet settle him on his throne.</p>
+
+<p>"I find it will be sometime before I can stirr from
+hence, and if the enemy get not reinforcments, I
+judge they will not stirr either; but as soon as they
+get them they certainly will, and I'm afraid we shall
+be oblidged to take the hills, which is a could quart<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>er
+now. I wish you knew a great many particulars I
+have to tell you, but it is not safe writing them;
+there are some people with us who it had been good
+for the King they had stay'd at home, where they
+want not a little to be, and will leave us at last, but
+we must make the best of them, tho' there be but ill
+stuff to make it of as the saying is. Never had man
+so plaguie a life as I have had o' late; but I'll do the
+best I can to go threw it, and not be unworthy of the
+trust reposed in me. My service to Mr. Hall, and I
+hope he'll make my compliments to his correspondent
+at P&mdash;&mdash;se,<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> who he mentions in his to me; but its odd
+that I have heard from none there myself ever sine
+B&mdash;&mdash;n came, especially since other letters come through.
+I must own I have not had many encouragements,
+but that should be nothing if I had encouragements
+for others. Should it please God that the King's
+affairs should not succeed, but that people capitulated,
+I do not purpose to be a Scots or Englishman if they
+would let me, and all that I wou'd ask for myself is
+liberty to go abroad, for in that case I wou'd rather
+live in Siberia than Britain. If the King does not
+come soon, I find people will not hold out long; but if
+he does, there are honest men enough to stand by him
+and not see him perish. Pray let me hear from you
+as often as you can, and when you write to Mrs.
+Miller<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> make my compliments to her. I wish some
+of our men here had her spirit. I hope you are now
+perfectly recover'd, but pray take care that you f<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>all
+not ill again. Adieu.</p>
+
+<p>"Pray cause give the enclosed to my brother as
+soon as it comes to your handes. I beg you may apprise
+our friends at London and Parise of what has
+been done hear to-day; the sending to Argle at Stirling
+a message about articles of treaty, as appears from
+other papers, which I tel you I was forced to go
+into;&mdash;that they may not be surprised at it and think
+we have given all over, which might have very bad
+consequences in both places. Do this by the first
+post. All will come right again if the King come
+soon to Britain."</p></div>
+
+<p>The answer returned by the Duke of Argyle to
+Lord Mar's overture was this: that "he had no sufficient
+powers to treat with the Earl of Mar and his
+Council as a body, but that he would write to Court
+about it."</p>
+
+<p>To this reply, which was sent with much courtesy
+by the Duke, a rejoinder was made, "That when the
+Duke should let the Earl of Mar and his Council
+know that he had sufficient power, then they would
+make their proposition." The proposal was sent up
+to St. James's, but no further notice was taken of it,
+nor were the powers of the Duke of Argyle extended
+to enable him to come to any terms with Lord Mar.
+But although the negotiation thus died away, the
+weakness it betrayed among the Jacobite party was
+highly prejudicial to their cause.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+<p>James, during all the recent events, had been engaged
+in making several attempts to leave St. Maloes.
+He had gone openly on board ships which were laden
+with arms and ammunition for his use, but had withdrawn
+when he found that his embarkation was
+known. He therefore changed his plans, and crossing
+to Normandy, resolved to embark at Dunkirk.
+Having lurked for several days, disguised as a mariner,
+on the coast of Brittany, he went privately to Dunkirk,
+where he embarked, attended by the Marquis
+of Tynemouth, the eldest son of the Duke of Berwick,
+Lieutenant Cameron, and several other persons, on
+board a French ship, which, according to some accounts,
+"was laden with brandy, and furnished with a good
+pass-port." Thus at length having ventured on the
+ocean, the Prince set sail towards Norway; but
+changed his direction, and steered towards Peterhead,
+in Aberdeenshire. During all this time, the
+Earl of Mar suffered from the utmost anxiety and
+perplexity for one who was unworthy of the exertions
+made for his restoration. This is evident from
+the following letter, dated November the thirtieth,
+to Captain Straiton:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The accounts of that person's<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> way of going on,
+and the danger he is in, confound me; but I hope
+Providence has not preserved him all this while to
+destroy him at last. I am doing all I can to make
+it safe; and perhaps what we thought our misfortune,
+(the men going home after Sheriff Muir,) may prove<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+our happiness, they being where that person is to
+come, and I send troops there immediately."</p>
+
+<p>"I knew before I got yours that the Dutch troops
+were coming here.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> Those by sea may come soon,
+but those by land cannot be here a long time. They
+will now power in all the troups from England on us;
+but I hope we may hold it this winter in spite of
+them, tho' we shall have hard quarters in the Highlands.
+In case of what Mr. H&mdash;&mdash;ll writes me prove
+true, and happen, for fear of accidents after it does,
+were it not fitt that you should write to France to
+send some ships to cruise up and down the north-west
+coast to save the person Mr. H&mdash;&mdash;ll writes of,
+if things should not prove right? and our friends in
+France can either send them from thence or Spain,
+round Ireland? I hear of but two little ships of
+warr on that coast; and the ships I would have sent
+may pass as marchant ships tradeing and putting in
+by accident therabouts, which they often do. Pray
+think of this, and write of it soon to France, as I
+intend to do to-night by an express I am sending;
+and were it not fitt you should write of it too to some
+trusty friend at London? But it must be done with
+the utmost caution, for fear of disheartning the English.
+Tho' the safty of that person is of such consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+that all ways is to be taken for it, and all
+accidents guarded against.</p>
+
+<p>"I wrote to you the twenty-seventh, and in it
+I gave you account of an affair which happened
+amongst us, which obliged us to send a message to
+the Duke of Argyll. I hope this came safe to your
+hand. His answer was very civil, and our return
+was in the words following, viz: 'We are obliged to
+the Duke of Argyll for his civility; that, since he
+has no powers to treat with us, we can say no more
+now; but if at any time he shall have them, and
+let us know it, we shall give our answer.'</p>
+
+<p>"I hope this affair has been so manadgd that all the
+spirit of division amongst us is crusht; and pray
+take care to informe our friends at London and Parise
+about it, that it may not alarme them. I am affraid
+of its alarmeing the Regent, and keeping him from
+doing anything for the King; for which reason I send
+an express to Lord Bolingbroke to-night. I suppose
+it will be ten or twelve dayes at least before the
+Duke of Argyll will have a return, and we may
+know much before that time. If they agree to a
+treaty, it is still in our own power; and if not, I
+hope people will stand together for their own sake.</p>
+
+<p>"You speak in your two last as if you were opresst
+about our divisions. All I shall trouble you further
+in relation to this,&mdash;there are odd people amongst us,
+and those of whom it should not have been expected;
+they had instild their spirit so farr into many, that
+there was no steming the tide but by going into it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+or else breaking amongst ourselves, and, like them,
+make a seperat peace; but now those wise folk are
+ashamed of themselves, and are disclaimed by those
+who they said comissioned them. I do all I can
+to make others forgett this behaveour of those people,
+and I hope we shall be as unite as ever. If the King
+come, I am sure we shall; and if God is not pleased
+to bless us with his presence, whatever we do shall
+be in consert.</p>
+
+<p>"I beg to hear often from you, and particularly
+what you can learn of the motion of the enimie and
+their designs.</p>
+
+<p>"I send a reinforcement to-night to Bruntisland of
+a hundred men, and there was fifty in it before.</p>
+
+<p>"Lord Seaforth went north some time ago, and
+severall of Lord Huntly's people; so I hope they togither
+will be able to keep Lord Sutherland from
+doing much mischife, and e'er long to reduce him and
+all the King's enimies there. We are not yet in so
+much apprehention of them as Mr. H&mdash;&mdash;ll seems
+to be. I am mightily pleased you are so much recovered,
+which I know by your hand-writeing; but
+I can scarce conceave how you get yourself keept free
+of our enimies,&mdash;may you do long so, and</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+"I am sincearly yours, &amp;c. Adieu."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>On the first of December, the Earl having still heard
+no tidings of the Chevalier, and being ignorant of
+his real movements, again writes in all the uncertainty,
+and with the circumspection of one who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+knows not whether his letter will be received. He
+seems always to have sent duplicates of his letters.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I am in the utmost pain about the K&mdash;&mdash;,<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> and
+I have done all in my power to make him safe, but I
+hope Providence will protect him. I sent one for
+France this morning, and I hope he may sail in a day
+or two, but let that not keep you from writeing there
+too. I would fain hope that the Regent has altered
+his measurs, and is comeing into the K&mdash;&mdash;'s intrest,
+else I do not see how it had been possible for him to
+get thro' France: if so, I have good hopes, and I wish
+he may come to us; but if not, and that England do
+nothing, I wish he were safe again where he formerly
+was, for we shall never be able alone to do his bussiness,
+and he will be in the utmost danger after starveing
+a winter in the Highlands. Lord Huntley is
+still very much out of humour and nothing can make
+him yet believe that the K&mdash;&mdash;'s a-comeing. He intends
+to go north, under the pretext of reduceing
+Lord Sutherland, and his leaving us at this time
+I think might have very bad effects, which makes
+me do all I can to keep him. The Master of
+Sinclair is a very bad instrument about him, and
+has been most to blaim of any body for all the
+differences amongst us. I am plagued out of my
+life with them, but must do the best I can. I expect
+now to hear every day of the K&mdash;&mdash;'s landing;
+but should he be any time of comeing, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> Duke
+of Argyll get his powers and send us word of it
+before he come, our old work will begin again, and I
+am sure I shall be deserted by a great many. Some
+people seem so farr from being pleased with the news
+of the K&mdash;&mdash;'s comeing, that they are visiblie sorry
+for it; and I wish to God these people had never been
+with us for they will be our undoing! and what a
+plague brought them out, since they could not hold it
+out for so short a time? I shall be blamed, I know,
+over all Europe for what I am entirely innocent of. It
+will be my own ruin beside, but if that could advance
+the K&mdash;&mdash;'s affairs I am contented. In time I shall
+be justified when my parte in all this affair comes
+to be knowen, and I bless God I have witnesses
+enough who have seen all; and if accidents do not
+happen them, my papers will show it to conviction,
+for I have been pretty exact in keeping copies and a
+journall.</p>
+
+<p>"Since I have wrote so fully to you, I do not write
+to Mr. H&mdash;&mdash;ll, for which I hope he'll forgive
+me.<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p>
+
+<p>"I am anxious to know if my brother got my note
+that was inclosed to you in that of the twenty-seventh,
+which was to caution him in a thing that
+I was affraid his over great concern for me might
+make him do, and which would vex me extreamly if
+he did.</p>
+
+<p>"I long to hear from you again, as I suppose you
+will from me; and as soon as I know of what you'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>ll
+expect to hear of from me, you shall.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">Adieu."</p></div>
+
+<p>In a few days afterwards Lord Mar had gained more
+precise intelligence of the Prince's movements; on the
+delay at St. Maloes he puts the favourable construction
+of the vessel's having been wind-bound, as will be
+seen by the following letter. The dissensions in his
+counsels, aided, as he hints, by the influence which the
+Master of Sinclair exercised over the Marquis of
+Huntley, were, still, not among the least of his difficulties.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"December 6th, 1715.
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"Last night one of the messengers I had sent to
+France returned, and there came with him to Montrose,
+Mr. Charles Fleeming and General Eclin; but
+they are not yet come here, nor some money that
+came along with them. I have a letter from the
+King, the fifteenth of November, <span class="smcap">N. S.</span> from St. Malos;
+severall from Lord Bolingbroke, the last of which
+was the twenty-seventh, and he belived the King
+then to be saild, and he had been wind bound there
+three weeks; but he did not sail, as I understand
+from the messenger til the eighteenth inst., he having
+seen a letter from Col. Hay at St. Maloes, to
+Mr. Arbuthnot, two dayes after he sailed. God send
+him safe to us, for which I have done all in my
+power! It is in the hands of Providence, and I
+hope God will protect him. It is not to be known
+where he is to land, and indeed it cannot be kno<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>wn
+certainly. Even this has not quite cured all the
+whims amongst us. Lord grant a safe landing, and
+I hope that will. The Duke of Ormond is gone to
+England, and I believe he has some troops with him
+and arms and ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>"I hear from Fife to-day that there landed at Leith
+on Sunday last four hundred of the Dutch troops. I
+hope that's all that are comeing by sea. I have the
+King's Declaration, which is to be reprinted here,
+and shall be dispers'd in a few days. The less that it
+be spoke that the King is to land soon, I believe the
+better, until he actually does, for that but make
+the Government more alert. Were he but once
+landed, I have reason to belive that there will be
+a new face of affairs seen abroad as well as at home
+in the King's favour, which is all I dare yet adventure
+to trust of it to paper; but I hope in God
+were the King once with us all will be well.</p>
+
+<p>"There are more officers comeing to us from abroad
+different wayes, so it's likely they may be dropping in
+every day. The Duke of Berwick stays behind for a
+very good reason, and is to follow. The King has
+been pleased to confer new honours on me, but I do
+not think it fitt to take it on me til he comes, and if
+it pleases not God he come to us safe, I am indifferent
+what becomes of all I ever had, and this may go with
+the rest. It is goodness in him, and more than I
+askt or deserve. I will long to hear from you; and
+tho' I desire you not to let the news I write you be
+much talkt of, yet I suppose it will be no secret, f<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>or
+I am obliged to communicate what I get to so many
+that it cannot possible be keept, and yet I cannot help
+this. Tho' Lord Huntley said little to me to-day
+upon my shewing him my letters, yet I know it from
+good hands he is not a bitt in better humour and
+that he will now positively go north; which I suppose
+he'll write of to me to-morrow, for 'tis seldom now
+he'll either see me or let me see him, tho' I take all
+the ways I can to please and humour him, but all
+will not do: however, I hope will not have many followers.
+Master of Sinclair is gone this day to see
+his father upon a sharp letter he had from him yesterday
+about his behaviour. Some others are ashamed
+of the part they acted, but if the King come not soon
+all of them will relapse again. The clans stand firm,
+and I hope will to the last.</p>
+
+<p>"Pray try to get notice of what private letters
+from London say upon our proposeing terms, and
+let me know as soon as you can. Adieu."</p></div>
+
+<p>It is curious to trace the revival of the Earl's
+hopes, and the increase of his confidence. The following
+letter contains, among other circumstances, a
+reference to the supposed attempt of the Earl of Stair,
+in France, to assassinate James.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"December 10th, 1715.
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"Yesterday I had yours of the fourth and fifth,
+for which I thank you. I wrote to you on the eighth,
+which I hope you got safe, and in it I told you of o<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>ne
+of the messengers I had sent to France being returned,
+and with him General Eclin and Mr. Charles Fleming,
+and some money: since that Doctor Abercromby is
+returned and Lord Edward Drummond is come with
+him and brought some more money. They come off
+the same day with the others, and landed the same
+day at Aberdeen the others did at Montrose. They
+only brought duplicates of the dispatches I had by the
+others, and a letter to me from the Q&mdash;&mdash; with a
+pacquet from her to the K&mdash;&mdash;, by which you may
+be sure he is sail'd, and we hourly expect to hear
+of his landing. Since those people came, those
+amongst us who had been uneasy, are now comeing
+to be in good humour again, particularly Lord
+Huntley; and I have agreed to his going north
+with some of his horse to get all his people there together
+to suppress those about Inverness, and also to
+have them in readiness against the K. comes. Pray
+God send him safe and soon, and then I do not despair
+of things going right still. Our whole prisoners
+almost, I mean the private men, are like to
+take on since they heard of the K&mdash;&mdash;g's being certainly
+a-comeing; and since they saw the two enclosed papers,
+they say that were he once come, there will be
+news of their armie and all those prisoners. Even
+those who do not lift with us, pray openly for the
+K&mdash;&mdash;, and that God may keep him out of the hands
+of his enimies.</p>
+
+<p>"The two enclosed are sent about to a great many
+places: it is better to delay dispersing the K<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>&mdash;&mdash;'s
+declaration til he arrive, since I hope that is near.</p>
+
+<p>"I admear we hear no certain accounts of the
+Duke of Ormond, for the fifteenth inst. the K&mdash;&mdash; and
+Q&mdash;&mdash; too write to me that he was saild a second time
+for England.</p>
+
+<p>"Pray God it may be well with him, and if he do
+not, then I wish he may come here with all my heart.</p>
+
+<p>"We have heard nothing as yet of the Duke of
+Argyle's return from London, and I imagine we shall
+hear nothing from him upon it, when he does get it
+and I hope he shall never be askt for it more by us.
+The Duke of Atholl will himself send his men against
+Crafourd.</p>
+
+<p>"I believe I forgot to tell you in my last that Colonel
+Hay mist very narrowly being murdered in France,
+takeing him for the K&mdash;&mdash; (being in one of his cheases),
+by Lord Stair's gang, and in their pockets Lord
+Stair's orders were found to go to such a place, and
+there obey what orders they should receive from Count
+Douglass<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> (Lightly), let them be never so desperate.
+This is something so horrid that I want words to
+express it. I tell it you just as those from Fra<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>nce
+tell me. The fellow was imprisoned by the government
+there and reclaimed by Lord Stair. Lord Clairmont
+was actually reclaimed by the Regent before
+they come away; so his being brought to England
+after, may work something. I have just now a
+packet of news sent me by A. M., for which I thank
+you. Notwithstanding this great new General's being
+come, I see not how they can do anything at Stirling
+till the Dutch join them, and that cannot be yet for
+some time; pray Heavens the K&mdash;&mdash; come before them!
+I know by other accounts as well as yours, from
+abroad, that they are not above four thousand complete
+and some of these are lost. Our Highlanders
+have got in their heads a mighty contempt for them,
+which may do good. This goes by the Hole,<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> from
+when your packet yesterday was sent me. I have
+nothing further to add now, but I hope soon to send
+you agreable news. Pray give my service to I. H.
+and desire him to make my compliments to his landlady
+and tel her, I hope she is now right with her
+son, which I am exceeding glad of. Adieu."</p></div>
+
+<p>At length, on the twenty-second of December,
+James landed at Peterhead, after a voyage of seven
+days. His arrival dispelled many doubts of his personal
+courage, since, after all his deliberations, he
+adopted by no means the least hazardous course by
+traversing the British ocean, which was beset by
+British men-of-war. He had sailed from Dunkirk i<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>n
+the small vessel in which he had embarked, and
+which was followed by two other vessels, containing
+his domestics, and stores for the use of his army.
+His immediate attendants were disguised as French
+officers, and his retinue as seamen. It had been the
+Chevalier's original intention to have landed in the
+Frith of Tay; but observing a sail which he suspected
+to be unfriendly, he altered his course, and
+landed at Peterhead, where the property of the Earl
+Marischal was situated. The ship in which the
+Chevalier sailed was, however, near enough to the
+shore to be able, by signals, to make signs to his
+friends of his approach. At Perth the intelligence
+was received with the utmost joy, and produced a
+most favourable effect, even among the prisoners of
+war, which Lord Mar describes in the following
+letter. Up to the twenty-eighth of the month he
+had not seen the Prince:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"The 28th December.
+</p>
+
+<p>"Yours of the twenty-second I have got just now
+by the Hole, and I sent one that way to you yesterday
+from our friend here, in which you have the
+joyfull news of the King's safe arival, which I hope in
+God will effectually sement what you recomend to us.
+Our friend went yesterday morning to meett his master,
+who I hope will be here with us again Friday; I
+pray God turn the hearts of his enemies, both for the
+sake of him and their poor country! It will be a
+monstruous crime never to be forgiven, if they now
+draw their swords against him, since he has been p<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>leased
+to give them a most gratious indemnity for all that is
+past, without exception. All will now soon be dispersed
+in the North that opose him. Sutherland's
+men are deserting him, and the Frasers are all
+gone home. I make no doubt but that we are masters
+of Inverness, and so consequently the whole North before
+this time. I make no doubt but that the King's
+presence will forward everything: it has already had
+great effects here: and those that were for separate
+measurs have reason to be ashamed, and I hope they
+will make amends by their future behaveor. We
+have sent over some of the declarations, and ane other
+paket of them is gone this night. Now is the time
+for every body to bestir themselves, and that all
+resort here to their master. I ame persuaded you'l
+not be idle. Those that made a pretext of the King's
+not being landed, are now left unexcusable; and if
+those kind of folks now sit still and look any more
+on, they ought to be worse treated than our worst
+enemies. I beg of you to send us what accounts you
+can learn on your side, and what they are now to do
+upon this news. I hope in God we shall now be soon
+ready to give them a meeting! It will be of consequence
+for us to hear often from your side, and we
+have little other accounts than from you. I have
+sent yours by ane express this day to our friend, and
+I hope to hear from you soon in return to the last
+that went on Munday. The K&mdash;&mdash; lay on Saturday
+night at the Earl of Marischall's house; he had a
+very good and safe passage, and has given them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+fair slip, for I supose they did never rekon on his
+comeing the near way. I hear there is a great resort
+to him, since he landed, of all ranks.</p>
+
+<p>"The Duke of Athol<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> sent a pairty of two hundered
+of his men yesterday morning, under the comand
+of his brother Lord Edward, and his son Lord James,
+to Dunkeld to have surprised our garison there, which
+consisted of about one hundred men of the clans; but
+it seems the garison had notice of it some hours before
+they came, and gave them such a warm reception,
+that they retired in great haste with the loss of
+two men killed by our out-sentinels and five or sixe
+wounded. I belive his Grace's men had no good
+will to the work, and were brought their against
+their inclinations. They had nott then gott the account
+there of the King's arival, els I belive they
+had not atempted it. I wish our garison were now
+at Brunt Island, but I hope that loss soon be made
+up. I hope you'll omitte no occasion in letting us
+hear from you. Adieu.</p>
+
+<p>"The above is writte to H. S.,<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> but it will serve
+you both to forward it to him. I got the money and
+the cloas safe. I expect to hear from you soon. I
+have yours of the twenty-third. I have sent over a
+paket to be dispersed, and some ane other way.
+Your letters are longer be the way than they need so
+order it. Fall on some proper way to gett the enclos<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>ed
+delivered by some person, but be not seen in
+it yourself. If ane answer can be got, send it."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Chevalier slept in the town of Peterhead on
+the first night of his landing, but on the second he
+was received at Newburgh, a seat of the Earl Marischal;
+and the adherents who welcomed him as their
+Prince, had there an opportunity of forming a judgment
+of one whom they had hitherto known only by
+the flattering representations of those who had visited
+the young adventurer, at his little Court in Lorraine.</p>
+
+<p>In person, James is reported by the Master of Sinclair
+to have been "tall and thin, seeming to incline
+to be lean rather than to fill as he grows in years."
+His countenance, to judge by the most authentic
+portraits<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> of this Prince, had none of the meditative
+character of that of Charles the First, whom the Chevalier
+was popularly said to resemble: neither had it
+the sweetness which is expressed by every feature
+of that unhappy Monarch, nor had his countenance
+the pensiveness which wins upon the beholder who
+gazes upon the portraits of Charles. The eyes of the
+Chevalier were light-hazel, his face was pale and long,
+and in the fullness of the lips he resembled his mother<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>,
+Mary of Modena. To this physiognomy, on which
+it is said a smile was rarely seen to play, were
+added, according to the account of a contemporary,
+from whose narrative we will borrow a further
+description, "a speech grave, and not very clearly
+expressive of his thoughts, nor over much to the purpose;
+his words were few, and his behaviour and
+temper seemed always composed.</p>
+
+<p>"What he was in his diversions we know not; here
+was no room for such things. It was no time for
+mirth. Neither can I say I ever saw him smile.
+Those who speak so positively of his being like King
+James the Seventh, must excuse me for saying that
+it seems to say they either never saw this person or
+never saw King James the Seventh; and yet I must
+not conceal that when we saw the man whom they called
+our King, we found ourselves not at all animated
+by his presence; and if he was disappointed in us, we
+were tenfold more so in him. We saw nothing in
+him that looked like spirit. He never appeared with
+cheerfulness and vigour to animate us: our men
+began to despise him; some asked if he could speak.
+His countenance looked extremely heavy. He cared
+not to come abroad among us soldiers, or to see us
+handle our arms to do our exercise. Some said the
+circumstances he found us in dejected him. I am
+sure the figure he made dejected us; and had he sent
+us but five thousand men of good troops, and never
+himself come, we had done other things than we have
+done. At the approach of that crisis when he was to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+defend his pretensions, and either lose his life or gain
+a Crown, I think, as his affairs were situated, no man
+can say that his appearing grave and composed was
+a token of his want of thought, but rather of a significant
+anxiety grounded on the prospect of his inevitable
+ruin, which he could not be so void of sense
+as not to see plainly before him,&mdash;at least, when he
+came to see how inconsistent his measures were&mdash;how
+unsteady the resolution of his guides, and how impossible
+it was to make them agree with one another."<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>It was at Glammis Castle, the seat of the Earl of
+Strathmore, that the Earl of Mar drew up a flattering
+account of the Prince, which he caused to be
+printed and diligently circulated.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> The whole is
+here given, as affording an insight into all that was
+going on:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have had three of yours since I left Perth,
+but I wonder I have no letters from London. I mett
+the King at Fetteresso on Tuesday se'night, where we
+stayed til Friday; from thence we came to Brichan,
+then to Kinnaird, and yesterday here. The King
+designed to have gone to Dundee to-day, but ther's
+such a fall of snow that he is forced to put it off
+til to-morrow, if it be practicable then; and from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>
+thence he designs to go to Scoon. There was no
+haste in his being there sooner, for nothing can be
+done in this season, else he had not been so long by
+the way. People every where as we have come along,
+are excessively fond to see him and express that duty
+they ought. Without any compliment to him, and
+to do him nothing but justice, set aside his being a
+prince, he is realie the finest gentelman I ever knew.
+He has a very good presence, and resembles King
+Charles a great dele. His presence, tho', is not the
+best of him; he has fine partes, and dispatches all
+his buissiness himself with the greatest exactness. I
+never saw any body write so finely. He is afable to
+a great degree w<sup>t</sup>out looseing that majestie that he
+ought to have, and has the sweetest temper in the
+world. In a word, he is even fitted to make us a
+happie people, were his subjects worthie of him. To
+have him peaceablie settled on his thron is what
+these kingdomes do not deserve; but he deserves it so
+much, that I hope ther's a good fate attending him.
+I am sure ther's nothing wanting to make the rest of
+his subjects as fond of him as we are, but thus knowing
+as we now have the happiness to do. And it
+will be odd if his presence amongst us, after his running
+so many hazards to compass it, do not turn the
+hearts of even the most obstinat. It is not fit to tel
+all the particulars, but I assure you, since he arived,
+he has left nothing undone that well could be to gain
+every body, and I hope God will touch their hearts.
+His Majestie is very sensible of the service you ha<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>ve
+done him and he desires you may continue, for which
+he hopes he may yet be able to reward you. He
+wrote to France as soon's he landed, and sent it with
+the shipe he came in, which we hope got safe there
+long ago. It is not often that we can have opportunity
+of writeing or sending there, and the Queen
+and others will be mighty impatient to hear frequently;
+therefore his Majestie expects you should
+write there frequently, and give them all the accounts
+you can. I have reason to hope we shall very quickly
+see a new face on affairs abroad in the King's favour,
+which is all I dare comitt to paper. The Government
+will nott certainly send all the strength against us
+they can, but e'er long, perhaps, they may have ocasion
+for their troups else where.</p>
+
+<p>"I belive one wou'd speak to you lately of a kind of
+comisary of the Dutch, that may be spoke to, which
+by no means ought to be neglected, and he being on
+your side the watter, it is left to you, and you must
+not stick at offering such a reward as he himself can
+desire, which I shall see made good: there should no
+time be lost in this, and I'll be glad to know soon if
+there be any hopes that way.</p>
+
+<p>"Tho' the way of sending letters betwixt us be now
+much more difficult than ever, yet you must write as
+often as you possiblie can get any probable way of
+sending of them safe; and pray give us all the
+accounts you can. I have ordred some of the King's
+declarations for England to be sent you, and when
+they come to your hands you wou'd get some way of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+sending them to London and other places of England.
+Send the enclosed for my wife under a cover, as you
+used to do; by my not hearing from her, I am affraid
+my last has not come to her hands. When any comes
+from her for me, pray take care that you send them a
+safe way. We long to know what effects the news
+of the King's arivall had at London, Stirling, and
+Edinburgh. I suppose you still hear from Kate
+Bruce. I do not understand what she means by
+going to the country, which she mentions in her letter
+to you.</p>
+
+<p>"I see in one of the prints that Lawrance is come off
+from London, so by this time he must certainly be in
+Scotland; pray let me know what you hear of him.
+If he be come, I suppose he'll understand himself so
+well as our prisoner, that he will immediately give
+himself up to us again.</p>
+
+<p>"The King wears paper caps under his wige, which
+I know you also do; they cannot be had at Perth, so I
+wish you could send some on, for his own are near out.</p>
+
+<p>"We are in want of paper for printing; is there no
+way to send us some from your side?</p>
+
+<p>"Pray, send my wife one of the Scots and one of
+the English declarations at the same time my letter
+goes, but under another cover. Adieu.</p>
+
+<p>"Since writeing I have yours of the thirty-first and
+first, for which I thank you, and am just going to
+read them to my master."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Little dependance can be placed on the entire accuracy
+of either of these varying descriptions,&mdash;the
+one penned by a disappointed, and perhaps wavering,
+adherent, the other by a man whose personal interests
+were irrevocably involved with those of James. We
+must trust to other sources to enable us to form a
+due estimate of the merits of this ill-starred Prince.</p>
+
+<p>James Stuart was at this time in his twenty-seventh
+year. From his very cradle he had been, as it might
+seem to the superstitious, marked by fate for a destiny
+peculiarly severe. His real birth was long disputed,
+without the shadow of a reason, except what
+was suggested by a base court intrigue. This slur
+upon his legitimacy, which was afterwards virtually
+wiped away by the British Parliament, was nevertheless
+the greatest obstacle to his accession, there being
+nothing so difficult to obliterate as a popular impression
+of that nature.</p>
+
+<p>Educated within the narrow precincts of the exiled
+court, James owed the good that was within him to
+a disposition naturally humane, placable, and just,
+as well as to the communion with a mother, the fidelity
+of whose attachment to her exiled consort bespoke
+a finer quality of mind than that which Nature had
+bestowed on the object of her devotion. By this
+mother James must doubtless have been embued with
+a desire for recovering those dominions and that
+power for which Mary of Modena, like Henrietta
+Maria, sighed in vain, as the inheritance of her son;
+but the stimulus was applied to a disposition with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+which a private life was far more consonant than the
+cares of sovereignty. Rising as he does to respectability,
+when we contrast the good nature and mild
+good sense of the Chevalier with the bigotry of James
+the Second,&mdash;or view his career, blameless with some
+exceptions, in contrast with the licentiousness of
+Charles the Second, there were still no high hopes
+to be entertained of the young Prince; his character
+had little energy, and consequently little interest: he
+was affable, just, free from bigotry although firm
+in his faith, and capable of great application to business;
+but he wanted ardour. From his negative
+qualities, the pitying world were disposed to judge
+him favourably. "He began the world," says
+Lockhart, "with the general esteem of mankind; but
+he sank year by year in public estimation: his Court
+subsequently displayed the worst features of the
+Stuart propensities, an intense love of prerogative;
+and his mind, never strong, became weaker and weaker
+under the dominion of favourites."</p>
+
+<p>The ship in which James had sailed returned to
+France immediately to give the news of his safe arrival,
+and at the same time Lieutenant Cameron,
+the son of Cameron of Lochiel, was dispatched to
+Perth to apprise the Earl of Mar of the event. Upon
+the spur of the moment the Earl, accompanied by the
+Earl Marischal and General Hamilton, and attended
+by twenty or thirty persons of quality, on horseback,
+set out with a guard of horse to attend him whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
+they considered as their rightful Sovereign. The
+cavalcade met the Chevalier at Fetteresso, the principal
+seat of the Earl Marischal. "Here," says Reay,
+"the Chevalier dressed, and discovered himself," and
+they all kissed his hand, and owned him as their
+King, causing him to be proclaimed at the gates of
+the house. At Fetteresso the Prince was detained
+during some days by that inconvenient malady the
+ague. Meantime, the declaration which he had prepared,
+and which was dated from Commercy, was disseminated,
+and was dropped in some loyal towns by
+his adherents in the night-time, there being danger
+in promulgating it openly.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the second of January, 1715-16, the Chevalier
+proceeded to Brechin, and thence to Kinnaird;
+and on Thursday to Glammis Castle, the seat of the
+Earl of Strathmore. On the sixth of January he
+made his public entry into Dundee on horseback,
+at an early hour. Three hundred followers attended
+him, and the Earl of Mar rode on his right
+hand, the Earl Marischal on his left. At the suggestion
+of his friends, the Prince shewed himself in
+the market-place of Dundee for nearly an hour and
+a half, the people kissing his hands. The following
+extract from a letter among the Mar Papers affords a
+more minute and graphic account of the Chevalier's
+demeanour than is to be found in the usual histories
+of the day.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I hear the Pretender went this day from Glams
+to Dundee, and comes to Scoon to-morrow; and I am
+shourly informed that your old friend Willie Callender
+went to Glams on Wensday and kissed the
+Pretender's hand, of whom he makes great speeches,
+and says he is one of the finest gentlemen ever he
+saw in his life. Its weell that his landing is keept
+up from the army, for he has gained so much the
+good will of all ranks of people in this country that
+have seen him, that if it was made publick it's thought
+it might have ill effects among them. He is very
+affable and oblidging to all, and great crowds of the
+common people flok to him. When he toke horse
+this morning from Glams, there was about a thousand
+country people at the gate, who they say, gave him
+many blessings: he has tuched several of the ivil,
+as he did some this morning. He is of a very pleasant
+temper, and has intirely gained the hearts of all
+thro' the places he has passed. He aplyes himself
+very closs to business, and they say might very weell
+be a Secretarie of State. He has declared Lord Marischall
+one of his bedchamber. The toun of Aberdeen
+made him ane address, as did all the other touns as
+he passed; and I hear he is, at the request of the
+episcopal clergy in this country, to apoint a day of
+thanksgiving for his safe arival, and likeways a
+proclamation, to which will be referred his declaration,
+with something new, which shall be sent to you
+with first ocasion. There came a battalion of Bredalbins
+men to Perth on Tuesday, and ane other of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>Sir Donald M<sup>c</sup>Donalds this day; and they are now
+daily getting in more men.</p>
+
+<p>"This is all the intelligence I can give you, and I
+hope to hear from you again soon, and lett me know
+what certain number are now come over, and what
+more designed. Deliver the enclosed and tell him
+these papers could not be gott him just now, but shall
+per next. I ame affraid poor W. Maxewell wild be
+dead before you get this, of a fever and a flux: he is
+given over this two days. Write soon."</p></div>
+
+<p>After the display at Dundee, the Chevalier rode to
+the house of Stewart of Grandutly, in the neighbourhood,
+where he dined and passed the day. On the
+following day he proceeded along the Carse of Gowrie
+to Castle Lyon, a seat of the Earl of Strathmore,
+where he dined, and went thence to Fingask, the seat
+of Sir David Threipland. On the eighth of January
+he took up his abode in the royal palace of Scoon,
+where he intended to remain until after his coronation.</p>
+
+<p>For this event preparations were actually made
+by the Earl of Mar, whose sanguine spirit appears
+to have been somewhat revived by the presence
+of the Chevalier. The addition of a new dignity
+to his own ancestral honours had marked the
+favour and confidence of James. Before the arrival
+of the Chevalier in Scotland, the Earl of Mar had
+been informed that a patent of dukedom was made
+out for him; on which he thus expressed himself in a
+letter, written before the Chevalier's landing, full<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> of
+gratitude and professions.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Your Majesty has done me more honour than I
+deserve. The new dignity you have been pleased to
+confer on me is what I was not looking for; and
+coming from your Majesty's hands is what gives it
+the value. The patent is not yet come, but tho' it
+had, I think I ought not to make use of it till your
+Majesty's arrival."</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar had now had an opportunity of
+throwing himself at the feet of the King, which, as he
+expressed, "is the thing in the world he had longed
+most for." But still, the difficulties in his path
+seemed to be rendered more insurmountable than ever
+by the arrival of James.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, the landing of the Chevalier
+evidently sealed the doom of those gallant and unfortunate
+noblemen who had been taken prisoners at
+Preston; and rendered all hopes of mercy futile.
+The sixteenth of January, which witnessed the forming
+of the Chevalier's council at Perth, was the day
+on which the unfortunate Derwentwater, Nithisdale,
+Kenmure, Wintoun, and Widdrington, petitioned for
+two days' delay to prepare for their trials. Their
+doom was hurried on in the general panic; and in the
+addresses from both Houses of Parliament to King
+George, it was declared by the members of those
+assemblies "that the landing of the Pretender in this
+kingdom had greatly encreased their indignation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+against him and his adherents."</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible that the Earl of Mar could have
+heard, without deep commiseration, and perhaps
+remorse, of the peril in which those ill-fated adherents
+of James were placed, although he may not have
+anticipated the full severity of the law. In one of
+his subsequent letters he remarks: "By the news I see
+the Parliament is to have no mercie on our Preston
+folks: but I hope God will send them salvation in
+time." One of his greatest sources of anxiety had
+been respecting the movements of the Duke of Ormond,
+upon whose making a diversion in favour of
+James, in England, Mar had counted. The news
+that Ormond, after having been seen on the coast
+of England, had returned, disheartened, was brought
+by the Chevalier, who heard of it at St. Maloes.
+The only chance of success, the last hope, were centered
+in this resource. The failure of this expectation
+was fatal, as Lord Mar conceived, to the cause,
+and on it he grounded his own subsequent withdrawal
+from England.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance of the Chevalier into Perth, on the
+ninth of January, was attended with far less enthusiasm
+than the previous portion of his progress. His
+reception was comparatively cold. On asking to see
+their "little kings" (the chieftains) with their armies,
+the Highlanders, diminished in numbers by the secession
+of the Marquis of Huntley and the absence
+of Lord Seaforth and others, were marched before
+him. James could not help admiring their bearing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>;
+but the small amount of troops in the camp
+filled him with a dejection which he could not conceal.
+When, a few days afterwards, the unfortunate
+Prince addressed his council for the first time, he
+said, with mournful truth, these words. "For me it
+will be no new thing if I am unfortunate: my whole
+life, even from my cradle, has been a constant series
+of misfortunes." This sentiment of ill-presage was
+re-echoed in the address of the Episcopal clergymen.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Majesty has been trained up," said these
+divines, at Fetteresso, "in the School of the Cross,
+in which the Divine grace inspires the mind with
+true wisdom and virtue, and guards it against those
+false blandishments by which prosperity corrupts the
+heart." And as this school has sent forth the most
+illustrious princes,&mdash;Moses, Joseph, and David, it was
+hoped that a similar benefit would accrue to the
+character of the Prince whom the Episcopal Clergy
+thus welcomed to their country.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime the project of crowning the Chevalier at
+Scone amused the minds of the people, and continued
+to be the subject of diligent preparation by
+the Earl of Mar. Unhappily a ship laden with
+money and other aids, had been lost on its passage
+from France, close to the Tay, for want of a pilot.<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>
+The difficulties which were augmented by this misfortune,
+are alluded to in the following extract from
+one of Lord Mar's letters.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"January 15th, 1715-16.
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"I wrote to you yesterday by one that used
+to come here from Mr. Hall, which I hope will come
+safe to your hands. At night I had yours of the
+fourteenth, and this night that of the tenth. The
+caps do pritty well, and I have orders to thank you
+for them. I send you one of his own; if you can get
+such paper t'is well, and if not, the other is what
+he likes best of any that you sent; so let some of
+either one or other come when you have an occasion.</p>
+
+<p>"I am sorry Mr. Brewer<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> is ill, for his presence
+here wou'd be of great use; and as soon as he is
+able I wish he wou'd come, which I am ordered to
+tel you, and also that you may endeavour to get
+a copie of the coronation of King Charles the First
+and Second, which certainly are to be had in Edinburgh.
+Willie Wilson had them, and perhaps some
+of his friends may have got copies of them from him,
+which may be had.</p>
+
+<p>"I spoke to one some time ago about makeing a
+crown in pices at Edinburgh and bringing it over
+here to be put togither, who, I believe, talkt to you
+of it. That man was here some days ago, but went
+away before I knew it is wisht that such a thing
+could yet be done, which is left to your care.</p>
+
+<p>"In case there be occasion for it here, as I wish
+there may, bulion gold is what I'm afraid will be
+wanting, but it will not take much. Had not the
+misfortune I wrote to you of hapn'd to Sir J. Erskine<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>
+there had been no want of that. We have got<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+no farther account of that affair, tho' we have people
+about it; but if they do not succeed this night or
+to-morrow when the spring tide is, it is lost for ever.
+There is more by the way tho', and I hope will have
+better fate. I have ordered more papers to be sent
+you, and certainly you have more of them before
+now. It is mighty well taken what that lady (the
+letters from London say) has ordered, as to those you
+sent her, which you are desired to let her have; and
+I do not doubt she will do the same as to those concerning
+E&mdash;&mdash;d. Adieu."</p></div>
+
+<p>By the next letter it appears that the good opinion
+entertained by Lord Mar of the Chevalier was real;
+since the whole of the epistle has the tone of being a
+natural effusion of feeling, and is a simple statement
+of what actually took place, and not the letter of a
+diplomatist.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"I have seen a letter from Mr. S&mdash;&mdash;g, who had
+spoke with you on the subject I formerly wrote to you
+of, concerning that fo&mdash;f&mdash;y of the D&mdash;&mdash;h to a gentleman
+with us, Mr. S&mdash;&mdash;q's friend, and upon it our
+master has thought fit to write the enclosed to him,
+and orders me to tell you that you must cause give
+him an hundred guineas at the delivery of the letter.
+The letter is left open for your perusal, and I wish it
+may have effect, as perhaps it may. There's no time
+to be lost in it, and I'll long to know what passes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> in
+it, and what hopes you have of him. I sent you
+credit for five hundred pounds, which I hope you got
+safe; but if by any accident it should not come to
+your hands, Mr. S&mdash;&mdash;q there, is a certain goldsmith
+that will advance what there is occasion for this way.
+I send you enclosed a letter, which may be of use
+in an affair I wrote of in my last.</p>
+
+<p>"We have got severall deserters since the K.
+came and last night nine came in with their clothes
+and arms, and says many more will follow soon,
+which I wish we may see. They say, too, that the
+two regiments of dragoons are marcht from Glasgow
+for England, and that two are to go from Stirling to
+replace them. Were they designing to march against
+Scoon, sure they would not do this, nor is it possible
+they can do anything in this weather; but if they,
+notwithstanding, attempt it, perhaps they may find
+frost in it.</p>
+
+<p>"As I am writing I have received yours of the
+thirteenth. I read it to the K&mdash;&mdash;g, and delivered him
+the enclosed letter from Mr. Holmes, which was very
+well taken, as you will see by the enclosed return,
+which you'll take care to forward safely; and pray do
+me the favour to make my compliments there.</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps you'll hear things of the two northern
+powers<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> that will look odd to your other friends, as
+no wonder; but all will come right again&mdash;the time
+they had taken being out in a few days. There's on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>e
+sent some days ago to assist them, so I hope things
+will be soon right there, tho' they have done much to
+spoil them, and each of them makes an excuse of
+one another as they have done from the begining.
+The K&mdash;&mdash;, you will see by all the enclosed, is not
+spareing of his pains. You must fall on the right way
+of having them all delivered.</p>
+
+<p>"That to Seaforth he writes upon the great professions
+he made when in France; he is such a fellow
+that I'm afraid it will do little good.</p>
+
+<p>"I have nothing else material to say just now,
+but I cannot give over without telling a thing which
+I'm sure will please you&mdash;that the longer one knows
+the King the better he's liked, and the more good
+qualities are found in him; that of good-nature is
+very eminent, and so much good sense that he might
+be a first minister to any king in Europe, had he
+not been born a king himself. He has allowed Neil
+Campbell to go to Edinburgh t'other day on his
+parole, he being ill, and it was with so much good
+nature that was evident in his doing of it, that it
+charmed me. I wish you could get notice how Neil
+represents it or expresses himself when he gets there;
+for I wrote it at length to the gentleman who wrote
+to me about him. Adieu.</p>
+
+<p>"If people from S&mdash;&mdash;q be designing to come to us,
+they should either do it soon or give us assurances of
+doing it soon as we are in view of each other; and
+these assurances must be such that we can depend on,
+for our conduct must in a great measure be regulated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+by what we expect that way.</p>
+
+<p>"It were highly necessary that methods and measures
+were concerted for the right way of doing this,
+which you should let such of them as you know are
+so trusted know, and it is absolutely necessary that
+they either send one to me about this, or let me know
+it certainly some other way, that we may not be
+drawing different ways when we are designing the
+same thing.</p>
+
+<p>"We have no return of the last message which was
+sent to the good man of the house you wrote of, and
+t'is above eight days ago. I believe he designs right,
+tho' t'is odd."</p></div>
+
+<p>The enthusiasm which was at first displayed towards
+the Chevalier was soon cooled, not only by his
+grave and discouraging aspect, but by his fearless and
+impolitic display of his religious faith. He never
+allowed any Protestant even to say grace for him, but
+employed his own confessor "to repeat the Pater
+nosters and Ave Marias:" and he also shewed an
+invincible objection to the usual coronation oath,&mdash;a
+circumstance which deferred the ceremony of
+coronation,&mdash;Bishop Mosse declaring that he would
+not consent to crown him unless that oath were taken.
+This sincerity of disposition&mdash;for it cannot be called
+by a more severe name&mdash;especially diminished the
+affections of the Chevalier's female episcopal friends,
+who had excited their male relations to bear arms in
+his favour. But the circumstance which weighed the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+most heavily against James, was the order which he
+published, on hearing that the Duke of Argyle was
+making preparations to march against him, for burning
+the towns and villages, and destroying the corn
+and forage, between Dumblane and Perth. This act
+of destruction, from the effects of which the desolate
+village of Auchterarder has never recovered, was determined
+on, in order that the enemy might be incommoded
+as much as possible upon their march; it
+added to the miseries of a people already impoverished
+by the taxes and contributions which the
+Jacobites had levied. It appears, however, from a
+letter of James's, since discovered, or perhaps, only
+suppressed at the time, to have been an act which he
+bitterly regretted, and the order for which he signed
+most unwillingly. He was desirous of making every
+reparation in his power for the ravages which were
+committed in his name.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the ninth of January a council of war was held
+by the Duke of Argyle at Stirling, where, by a singular
+coincidence, the council sat in the same room in
+which James the Second, then Duke of York, had, in
+1680, been entertained by the Earl of Argyle, to
+whom he had proposed the repeal of the sanguinary
+laws against Papists. The refusal of Argyle to concur
+in that measure, the consequences of his conduct,
+and his subsequent death, are circumstances
+which, doubtless, arose to the remembrance of his
+descendant, as he discussed, in that apartment, t<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>he
+march towards Perth.</p>
+
+<p>The country between Stirling and Perth was
+covered with a deep snow; the weather was one continual
+storm; it was therefore impossible for the
+army of Argyle to proceed until the roads were
+cleared,&mdash;a process which required some time to effect.
+It is asserted, nevertheless, by an historian, that upon
+Colonel Ghest being sent with two hundred dragoons
+to reconnoitre the road leading to Perth, that the
+greatest panic prevailed in that town: immediate
+preparations were made for defence, and nothing was
+to be seen except planting of guns, marking out
+breastworks and trenches, and digging up stones,
+and laying them with sand to prevent the effects of a
+bombardment.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> The Earl of Mar, nevertheless, does
+not appear, if we may accredit his own words, to have
+even then despaired of a favourable issue. The following
+letter betrays no fear, but speaks of some
+minor inconvenience, which is far from being of a
+melancholy description. The difficulty of procuring
+the right sort of ribbon for the decoration of the
+Garter, is altogether a new feature among the adversities
+of royal personages. It seems strange that
+James should not have provided himself, before quitting
+France, with all that was necessary to preserve
+the external semblance of majesty.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"January 20th, 1715-16.
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"I wrote to you the eighteenth, and sent severall
+others enclosed, which I hope will come safe to you.
+The inclosed, markt D. F., is from the King to Davie
+Floid at London, which he desires you may take care
+to gett conveid to him safly and soon, it being of
+consequence. The other is for my wife, which I beg
+you may forward as usewall.</p>
+
+<p>"We are told that ther's some foot come to Dumblain,
+and that ther's more expected there. And they
+still talk as if they designed to march their whole
+armie against us nixt week. Perhaps they intend it,
+but with this weather I see not how 'tis in their
+power. If they do tho', upon their expecting we are
+to abandon Perth upon their aproach, as I'm told
+they believe, they will find themselves mistaken,
+for all here are resolved to stand it to the last, and
+perhaps we will not wait their comeing the lenth, but
+meet them by the way. We might have left it
+indeed, some time ago; but that time is past, and the
+King's being with us alters the case in every respect.
+After all, I cannot get myself to belive that they will
+actually come to us in haste, and if they do they may
+mistake their reckning. Sure I am, it were impossible
+for us to march to them in this snow, and our
+folks are as good at that as they. The snow puts me
+in mind of the children of Israel's pillar of smoke
+and pillar of fire; and to say truth, ther's something
+in the weather very odd and singular; I never saw<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+such.</p>
+
+<p>"My cloathes are almost all worn out, haveing left
+some at the battle: I know not if you could get me
+any made and sent from Edinburgh; but if you could,
+I should be glad of it. Ther's one Bird was my tayler
+and I belive has my measur, or some old cloathes
+of mine, that he could make them by. Perhaps he's
+a whig tho', and will not do it. I would have them
+deep blew, laced with gold, but not on the seams. I
+have but one starr and no riban, but 'tis no great
+matter for that, a better man than I is in the same
+case; he has only one scrub, one which he got made
+since he came, and no right riban. I believe ther's
+neither of that kind of blew nor green riban to be got
+at Edinburgh; but if you could get some tolorablie
+like it, you send some of both. Wine is like to be a
+more sensible want. We got a little Burgundy for
+the King, but it is out; and tho' we know of a little
+more, I'm affraid we shall scarce get it brought here;
+and he does not like clarit, but what you'l think odd,
+he likes ale tolorably well. I hope they will send us
+some from France, but with this wind nothing can
+come from thence. George Hamilton saild on Saturday
+last, and I belive is there long e'er now, which I
+heartily wish he may, and I hope you shall soon see
+the effects of his going with what he caried with
+him.</p>
+
+<p>"I am affraid Macintosh's men in England may be
+in hard circumstances for want of money. The King
+has ordred some for them, which is this daye give<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>n
+to a friend of theirs who was sent to me from the
+North, who sayes he knows how to get it remitted to
+them.</p>
+
+<p>"By the news I see the Parliament is to have no
+mercie on our Preston folks, but I hope God will send
+them salvation in time.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish you would send us the newspapers oftner
+for we get them but seldome; the soonest way of
+sending them is by A. W. at Kirkaldy, who will find
+some way of sending them to us, notwithstanding of
+their garisons in Fife.</p>
+
+<p>"I'm affraid what I wrote to you of formerly to be
+in danger will never be recovered, for it could not at
+this time, tho' it was try'd; and I fear shall not the
+next either, tho' we are to do all we can about it, and
+it was too much to go that way.</p>
+
+<p>"We have heard nothing further as yet from the
+goodman of the house, as you call him, which I am
+surprized at. I can say no more now, so Adieu."</p></div>
+
+<p>If we may believe the public prints of the day,
+dissensions now arose between the Chevalier and the
+Earl of Mar: the former blaming his general for
+having urged him to come over, when he had so
+small a force to appear in his favour; the latter, recriminating
+that the failure of aid from the Continent
+had discouraged the Chevalier's friends. The
+Earl of Mar was severely blamed, to quote from the
+same source, for having deceived the Chevalier in
+making him believe that the forces in Scotland we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>re
+more considerable than they really were, and for
+giving his Scottish friends reason to suppose that the
+Chevalier would bring over foreign auxiliaries. That
+the former part of these allegations against Mar was
+untrue, is shewn by the letter which has been given,
+explaining to the Prince the state of affairs; and
+rather discouraging him from his attempt.<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> That
+the whole report was groundless, was manifested by
+the favour and confidence which James long continued
+to extend to the Earl after his exile abroad.</p>
+
+<p>For some time, the Earl of Mar and his party
+contrived to keep up their hopes. The season was
+indeed in some respects their friend, since it necessarily
+impeded the movements of Argyle's army
+against them. The winter of 1715-16 was one of
+the most severe that had been felt for many years,
+not only in Scotland, but abroad. In France and
+Spain the cold was so excessive, and the snow so
+deep, that the country people could not go to the
+market towns to buy provisions, whilst the plains
+were infested with bears and wolves, emboldened by
+the desolation, and ranging over the country in great
+numbers.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p>
+
+<p>Whilst the intense frost lasted, the three thousand
+Highlanders who were encamped at Perth were able
+to defy the English army, although now supplied
+with artillery and ammunition from Berwick. Their
+security was furthermore increased by a heavy fal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>l
+of snow succeeding a partial thaw, and followed by
+a frost, which rendered the roads more impracticable
+than ever, especially for the foot-soldiers. This
+circumstance had even occasioned some deliberation
+whether it would not be advisable for the Duke of
+Argyle to defer his march to Perth until the winter
+should be ended. Until the middle of January, it
+was the full intention of the Highlanders, and also
+that of the Earl of Mar, to stand the event of a
+battle, let the enemy's force be what it might. That
+they purposed thus to maintain their ancient character
+for valour, was, even as those most adverse
+to them allow, the prevalent report. It is borne
+out by the Earl of Mar's correspondence. On the
+twenty-third of January he thus writes to Captain
+Straiton:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"The 23rd January.
+</p>
+
+<p>"I have yours of the seventeenth and the twentieth
+both togather last night, and a paket from H.
+in the last. I wrote to you on Saturday the old way,
+and sent you a paket enclosed, which I belive is of
+consequence, so I hope it's come safe, and that H.
+has gott it. He has had two or three sent him from
+this of late, different ways, and one goes of this day
+by the near way he sometimes uses. We hear from
+all hands of the preparations against us, but we resolve
+to stand it, cost what it will, and if they come
+out we will certainly give them battle, lett their
+number be never so great. It must now be plain to
+all that will allow themselves to see, that nothi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>ng
+less is designed by the present managers than the
+intire ruin and destruction of this poor country, and
+of every honest man in it; and if this will not be an
+awakened people, I know nothing that will. Since
+this then is plainly the case, there can be no choise
+in dying honourably in the field for so just a cause,
+or leving to see the ruin and intire destruction of our
+country, our King, and our friends and relations.
+For my part, I shall prefer the first with all cheerfulness,
+and never desire to live to be a witness to the
+latter, which certainly will be the case if it please
+God our King should be defeat."</p></div>
+
+<p>The next paragraph of this letter speaks mournfully
+of disappointment in those on whose aid the
+Earl had counted.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It must be a strange infatuation that has gott
+amongst people, especially those that always pretended
+to be friends to our cause, many of whom told before
+the King came that they wad certainly joyn him
+when he landed, and made his not being with us
+the only objection, and now when he is come they
+make some other shift;&mdash;I must say such people are
+worse than our greatest enemies; and if any misfortune
+should befal the King or his cause, (which God
+forbid!) I think they that pretended to be our friends
+have very much to count for, and are more the cause
+of it than any others, since no doubt the ashourances
+that many gave to joyn us when the King landed
+was a chief motive for his comming to us. I ho<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>pe in
+God we shall be able to opose them tho' their numbers
+should be greater, and to their shame and confusion
+be it if they come against us. I hope very
+soon the King will have such assistance as will defeat
+all their designs, and that his affairs will take
+a sudden turn in other pairts."</p></div>
+
+<p>The most serious defection from the Jacobite
+cause was the submission of the Marquis of Huntley
+and the Earl of Seaforth to the victorious arms of
+the Earl of Sutherland, aided by Lord Lovat, in
+Invernesshire. Seaforth had collected, on the Moor
+of Gilliechrist, twelve hundred men, the remnant of
+those whom he had been able to save from Sherriff
+Muir; but finding that Lord Sutherland had resolved
+to force him into an engagement, he owned King
+George as his lawful Sovereign, and promised to lay
+down his arms. This had occurred early in December,
+and, according to Lord Mar, before the Earl of Seaforth,
+in those remote regions, could have heard of
+the Chevalier's landing. Mar therefore regarded it
+as a temporary cessation on the part of Seaforth and
+Huntley, for a given period, of hostilities against the
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>As far as related to Lord Seaforth, the belief of
+Lord Mar was correct. At the end of the days
+agreed upon for the cessation of arms, Seaforth drew
+his people together, the influence of clanship enabling
+him to summon them at will, like a king; and again
+appeared in arms. This was the consequence of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
+news that James had landed having reached Inverness.
+But Seaforth could not retrieve the cause of
+James in the North, nor repair the effects of even
+a temporary submission. Eventually he returned to
+the party which he had espoused, and escaped to
+France. The Marquis of Huntley made his own
+terms with the Government.</p>
+
+<p>At this critical juncture, unanimity still prevailed,
+according to Lord Mar, among the assembled chieftains
+at Perth. "I do assure you," he writes, "that
+since the arms came here, there has not been a
+quarrel of any kind happened among us&mdash;not even
+among the Highland men, which is very extraordinary;
+and you may depend upon it there is the
+greatest unanimity here just now, and all fully resolved
+to stand to it, let what will come. I pray
+God preserve our King from the wicked and hellish
+designs of his enemies! I hope we will be apprized
+of their motions, so as to be in readiness to receive
+them."</p>
+
+<p>These expressions were written, but the letter
+which contained them was not sent, on the twenty-third
+of January. The postscript, written in a hurried
+hand, shows that the camp at Perth was not
+unprepared for the coming attack.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Since writing of the inclosed, I have two from
+which I gott last night with the paket; and ane
+account of that detachment of horse comming out,
+who we hear came the lenth of Acterardie,<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> u<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>pon
+which account the whole army here were ordred to
+be in a readyness to march this morning, and we
+have no account they are returned: we hear it was
+to vew the roads, and to try if it was practicable
+to march their army, which they will find very hard
+to doe while this weather holds. The account you
+gave in yours of their motions and that detachment
+was very distinct. The K. read it himself,&mdash;it came
+prety quick. I entreat you fail not to lett us have
+what accounts you can learn, for what comes from
+you are among the best we can gett.</p>
+
+<p>"The K. ordered a review of the whole army here
+this morning, and they are all to hold themselves
+ready at one half ane hour's advertisment. Lett me
+hear from you soon. Adieu."</p></div>
+
+<p>Again, on the twenty-fourth of January:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"What is above should have gone this morning,
+but was delyed. Six hundered of the clans are gone
+out this night to reinforce the garison of Braco and
+Crief. I hear they have orders to destroy the corn-yards
+and barns about Achterardir and Black Ford,
+which we hear were revewed by the enemy yesterday.
+The King signed thir orders, I can ashour you, most
+unwillingly; and caused put it in the order that
+every thing should be made good to the poor people,
+with a gratuity; and if any of them pleased to come
+to Perth, they should be maintained and all care
+taken of them. This you may take for truth, for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>no
+doubt they will make a great noise about it.</p>
+
+<p>"We have just now got ane account of a ship being
+come into Montross, but we know not yett what she
+brings. Adieu,&mdash;writte soon. I am in haste."</p>
+
+<p>
+"Eleven att night."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>On the twenty-fourth of January, the Duke of
+Argyle marched to Dumblane, with two hundred
+horse, to reconnoitre the roads. The report that the
+enemy was approaching, was quickly conveyed to
+Perth; and now was the order to burn and destroy
+the village of Auchterarder, the contents of the
+houses, all stores of corn and forage, mournfully and
+promptly executed. It was supposed by this, that
+the march of Argyle's forces would be impeded; but
+it produced no other inconvenience to that army than
+obliging them to lie one night in the open air; whilst
+the unpopularity it brought on James and his advisers,
+was long the subject of comment to their
+enemies. It is consolatory to those who wish to judge
+favourably of James to find this declaration in Lord
+Mar's correspondence.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The King was forced, sore against his will, to
+give these burning orders, as all of us were, could we
+have helped it; but this extraordinary man[oe]uvre of
+the enemy made it absolutely necessary. A finger
+must be cut off to save the whole body. I have
+ordered some copies of a proclamation to be sent you.
+There is about two of the places burnt, and there's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+another ordred about the rest. Adieu.</p>
+
+<p>"It was not amiss that this proclamation were
+sent to London."</p></div>
+
+<p>In pursuance of the cruel and impolitic commands
+to which Lord Mar refers, three thousand Highlanders
+were sent forth to the act of destruction. Auchterarder,
+Crieff, Blackford, Denning and Muthel, were
+mercilessly burned; and the wretched inhabitants
+turned out at that inclement season to destitution
+without a roof to shelter them. Many decrepid
+people and children perished in the flames.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> Had
+James sought, in truth, to prepare a way for the Government
+in the hearts of the people, he could not
+have adopted a more suitable means. In the Duke
+of Argyle, he had a generous and humane adversary
+to deal with,&mdash;one whose forbearance laid him under
+the imputation of a want of zeal for the cause of
+the Government, and rendered him no favourite at
+the English Court. The fashion at the Court of St.
+James's, according to a letter in the Mar Papers,
+was, to rail against the Duke, and even George the
+First and those about him joined in the unjust and
+ungrateful abuse.</p>
+
+<p>Even so late as Sunday, the twenty-ninth of
+January, when Argyle's troops left Stirling and
+advanced to Braco Castle, Lord Mar appears to have
+been in ignorance of their actual movements. Perhaps,
+like the busy world of London politicians, he
+regarded the project of an attempt upon Perth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> in
+such weather as impracticable. Such was the opinion
+at St. James's. "Argyle's friends here," writes
+one near the Court, "speak of the march and the
+attempt at present as madness." And another individual
+writes, that "one half of their people must
+die of cold, and the other be knocked o' the head.
+So it seems Argyle is dragg'd to this matter. We
+cannot perceive, by all the letters that come up, any
+particular certainty as to Lord Mar's number and
+his designs. The Court are positive he will not
+stand; and they, as well as Ridpeath, assert strongly
+that the Pretender is gone already as far as Glammis.
+The Jacobites fancy that if he went thither, it
+was to meet and assemble these officers that were
+landed."<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a></p>
+
+<p>Whilst in this state of perplexity Lord Mar thus
+writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"Jan. 29th.
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"I have keept the man that brought yours of
+the nineteenth and twentieth, from A. W., on Saturday,
+till now, that I might have a sure and speedy
+way of writeing to you when anything of consequence
+happened, which we were expecting every minut last
+night. I wrote one to you when I belived the
+enemie's front to be at Auchterarder, and despatcht
+it; but late at night getting intelligence of that party
+of the enemie who were marching towards Aucterarder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
+haveing marcht back without comeing the
+lenth of that place to Dumblain, if not to Stirling,
+without halting by the way, I stopt my letter and
+kepp it till they actually march, and then perhaps I
+may yet send it to you, there being some other things
+in it necessary for you to know upon that emergance
+which is needless other wayes.</p>
+
+<p>"In it I told you of my haveing received yours of
+the eighteenth on Sunday, and last night those of the
+fifteenth and twenty-first both togither.</p>
+
+<p>"By all appearance the enemie resolve to march
+against us, as one might say, whether it be possible
+or not. They sent a party of horse and foot to Dumblain
+on Sunday, which came near to Auchterarder
+yesterday, I belive to try if the thing was practicable,
+but they returned to Dumblain as above. We shall be
+forced to burn and distroy a good deal of the country
+to prevent their marching, which goes very, <i>very</i> much
+against the King's mind, as it does mine and more of
+us; but ther's an absolat necessity for it, and I believe
+it will be put in execution this night or to-morrow
+morning, which grieves me. Could it be helpt? this
+way of their makeing warr in this, I may say, impracticable
+season, must have extraordinary methods
+to oppose it. And I hope in God, any that
+suffers now, it shall soon be in the King's power to
+make them a large reparation. After all, when they
+have no cover left them, I see not how it is possible
+for them to march. We are like to be froze in the
+house; and how they can endure the cold for one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>
+night in the fields, I cannot conceive; and then the
+roads are so, that but one can go abreast, as their
+party did yesterday; and ther's no going off the road
+for horse and scarce for foot, without being lost in the
+snow; but if, after all, they do march, we must do
+our best, and I hope God will preserve and yet prosper
+the King, who is the best prince I belive in the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>"As for news in the kingdome of Fife, I suppose
+you wou'd hear that a party of the M<sup>c</sup>Grigors some
+dayes ago from Faulkland attacquet a party of Swise
+and militia from Leslie and beat them, takeing thirty-two
+prisoners, wherof eleven horse, as I hear. I have
+not time to say more, so adieu."</p>
+
+<p>
+"January 29th, 1715-16."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Again, in another letter on the same day, the Earl
+still seems to consider the game as not then lost. It
+is amusing to find how, in the carrying on of his
+projects, he availed himself of the aid of ladies,
+and how troubled he sometimes found himself with
+"busie women." Whilst this letter was being
+penned, Argyle was employing the country people
+around Auchterarder in clearing the roads of snow:
+and on the following day, he had advanced towards
+Tullibardine, within eight miles of Perth. On that
+very Sunday, Lord Mar thus writes: it is evident he
+had at this time formed no plan of retreat.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"Sunday, 11 o'clock forenoon, Jan&#363; 29th, 1715-16.
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"Since I wrote to you I have got yours of the
+twenty-second, one of the twenty-third, and two of
+the twenty-fifth; the last of which, tho' the first
+wrote, I got not til this morning. I wou'd have
+wrote to you these two dayes by post, but we have
+had so many alarms of the enimie's marching towards
+us, that I had not time, as I have very little to say
+anything just now, for I expect ivery minut to hear
+of their being marcht from Dumblain, where a considerable
+number of them have been these two dayes
+this way.</p>
+
+<p>"The enclosed you must take care to send by the
+first post which is opened again on purpose for you to
+read, but I'm affraid you will not understand it all.
+As to that paper you sent me which came from England,
+there can be nothing said to it from hence just
+now, only that they are to do the best they can; and
+I hope shortly that country shall have sent them where
+withall to enable them to make a better figur than
+they have hitherto done. We are not in a condition
+here to give them any help just now. Ther's one
+Mrs. Lawson, who seems to be a diligent body, that
+complains a little that you do not allow her to see
+you often enough, which I take to be the complaint of
+an over busie woman, than which ther's nothing more
+uneasie; but just now such people must be humoured,
+and she has really been usefull. Before this goes
+'tis very likely I may have occassion to inclose one I
+formerly wrote to you upon a certain occasion, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
+did not then send as I told you in another, the thing
+not then hapning, but we expect it every minut.
+Deserters of all kinds come in to us pritty fast,
+foreigners as well as subjects; and if they but give
+them time, I am perswaded great numbers will.</p>
+
+<p>"'Tis now five o'clock and we have no accounts of
+any of the enimie being come further than Dodoch,
+where a partie of them came last night, so I'll
+detain the messenger. This goes by no stranger. Perhaps
+they may find the roads impracticable, and by the
+burning that they can advance no further,&mdash;at which,
+indeed, I shall not be much surprised; and if so, may
+be forced to delay their extraordinary march til more
+human weather for making warr. The King was
+forced, sore against his will, to give these burning
+orders,&mdash;as all of us were, could wee have helpt it;
+but this extrodinar manuver of the enimie made it
+absolutly necessary: a fingor must be cut of to save
+the whole body. I have ordered some copies of a
+proclamation to be sent you, there is about two of
+the places burnt, and ther's another order about the
+rest. Adieu.</p>
+
+<p>"It were not amiss that this proclamation was
+sent to London. The little young letter enclosed is
+for Lady Wigton, which pray cause deliver."</p></div>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, the last day of January, the Duke of
+Argyle passed the river Eru, and took possession of
+Tullibardine. It has been stated by several historians
+that the Jacobites fled from Perth on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+same day; but the following letter from Lord Mar,
+dated the first of February, shows that the flight
+could not have taken place until the following day.
+This curious letter, which was written at the early
+hour of six in the morning, is unfinished. It is the
+last in the series of that correspondence which has
+formed of itself a narrative of Lord Mar's life, from
+his first taking upon himself the office of General
+and Commander-in-Chief, to the hour when he
+virtually resigned that command. In the midst of
+pressing danger his sanguine nature seems not to
+have deserted him: his love of the underplots of
+life, the influence of "Kate Bruce," and the arrangements
+for a coronation, were as much in his thoughts
+as in the more hopeful days before Sherriff Muir
+and Preston.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"Wednesday, about six forenoon,<br />
+<span style="margin-right: 2em;">ffebruary 1st, 1716.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>"On Monday evening I gave you the trouble of
+a greatly long letter, mostly on indifferent subjects,
+and sent it off yesterday to A. W. If I was too
+tedious upon what concerned a woman and a Prince,
+it was with a good intent, and to make matters
+plain. By what I hear from R. B., and the Hole,
+that Argyle's forces were yesterday forenoon at Stirling,
+and so was the regiments of dragoons there and
+St. Ninian's, for accounts of motions there and thereabouts,
+on both sydes of the river,&mdash;you may expect
+it best sent from R. B., the Hole, and a gr<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>ave
+gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>"By yesternight's post I sent of M<sup>c</sup>Quart's letter;
+and indeed, in most or all letters I write to that
+quarter for ten weeks past, I alwayes requested that
+whatever was to be done might be quickly done. I
+lykeways sent to London between fyve or six, several
+honest hands, to put off the proclamation declaration
+about burning, and that paper of which I some days
+ago sent you two copies. And now I begin to think
+I have been in the wrong to Mr. S&mdash;&mdash;g, in the
+short character I gave you of him, at least, if it be
+true that I am told, that he is not only author of that
+paper I sent you the two copies of, but has got a
+very great number of them printed; and tho' I may
+be an insufficient judge, I must acknowledge I am
+very well pleased with the paper, for I think it full
+of plain truths; and besydes other dispersings, I did
+indeed yesterday cause putt in fiftein copies of it in
+the Lords of Session's boxes.</p>
+
+<p>"The litle letter to my good Lady W.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> I caused
+carefully to be delivered. I wish all women had
+some share of her good, sweet, easie temper, for, as
+you will observe, over-busied women are most uneasie;
+and I have had much experience of it within
+these four months past in many instances, and with
+more persons than one or two. The only inconvenience
+I had by Kate Bruce lodging in the same
+house with me was, it brought in too many women
+upon me, and some of these brought in others, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>nd
+to this minute I cannot with descretion get quit of
+them.</p>
+
+<p>"A good time ago you were pleased to tell me
+you could not well conceive how I got myself keept
+free, but if you now knew what a multitude knows
+where I lodge, you would wonder more; and indeed
+it is no litle admiration to myself: but as soon as
+I have so much strenth, and can fynd a convenient
+place (which is not easie), I will change my quarters,
+if it were for no other reason than to be quit of
+useless people of both sexes, that interrupt me from
+busieness, or trouble with impertinent questions. And
+whyle I am accuseing others of indescretion, I wish I
+am not so myself in so much insisting upon and
+troubling you with such matters.</p>
+
+<p>"At Perth I have gott a collection of all papers
+relating to the coronation of King Charles the First
+and Second, and shall send them whenever you think
+fitt; but I suppose it may be convenient to lett the
+present hurrie a little over before I send them to
+you.</p>
+
+<p>"How the great Generalls can imploy their hors
+to great purpose in the deep snow, or how men and
+hors will long hold out in such weather, is what I
+do not understand. I hope a shorter time than they
+imagine will destroy, even without the help of an
+enemy,&mdash;at least, make many, both men and hors,
+inserviceable."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Much had been going on in the meantime, to
+which Lord Mar, perhaps from the fear of spreading
+a panic, does not even allude to his correspondent in
+Edinburgh. When it became known in Perth that
+Argyle had left Stirling, the advisers of the Chevalier
+were dismayed and distracted by contending counsels.
+But the mass of the army expressed a very different
+sentiment, rejoicing that the opportunity of a rencontre
+with the enemy was so near: congratulations
+were heard passing from officers to their brother
+officers, and the soldiers, as they drank, pledged their
+cups to the good day near at hand. The council,
+meantime, sat all night: the irresolution of that body,
+towards morning, was disclosed to the impatient soldiery:
+the indignation of the brave men, and more
+especially of the Highlanders, burst forth upon the
+disclosure of what had passed in the council. The
+gentlemen volunteers resented the pusillanimity of
+their leaders: and one of them was heard to propose
+that the clans should take the Chevalier out of the
+hands of those who counselled him to retreat, and
+added that he would find ten thousand gentlemen in
+Scotland that would risk their lives for him. A
+friend of Mar, after remonstrating with these malcontents,
+asked "What they wished their officers to
+do?" "Do!" was the reply; "what did you call
+on us to take arms for? was it to run away? What
+did the King come hither for? was it to see his
+people butchered by hangmen and not strike a note
+for their lives? Let us die like men, and not liv<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>e
+dogs."<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the thirtieth of January the Chevalier himself
+opened another council in the evening, and in a few
+words proposed a retreat. Lord Mar then addressed
+the meeting, and advocated the measure with a degree
+of ingenuity and eloquence which, at that moment,
+we are disposed rather to condemn than applaud;
+yet, his reasons for abandoning Perth were such,
+as in cool reflection were not devoid of justice, and
+they might be founded upon a humane consideration
+for the brave adherents of a lost cause. He stated,
+first, as the cause of his proposal, the failure of the
+Duke of Ormond's invasion of England. Secondly,
+the accession of foreign troops to the Duke of Argyle's
+force. Lastly, the reduced number of the Chevalier's
+troops, which then amounted to four thousand, only
+two thousand three hundred of which were properly
+armed. Even in that weak condition the Chevalier
+would, according to Lord Mar's subsequent statement,
+gladly have maintained Perth, or ventured a
+battle; but when the enemy with an army of eight
+thousand men were actually advanced near to the
+place, it was found impracticable to defend Perth,
+the town being little more at that time than an open
+village; and the river Tay on one side, and the fosse
+on the other, being both frozen over, it would have
+been easy to enter the town at any quarter. Added to
+this, the mills had been long stopped by the frost, so
+that there were not above two days' provision in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>
+town. There were no coals to be procured: the
+enemy had possession of the coal mines in Fife, and
+wood was scarce. The Earl also contended that the
+Highlanders, however able in attack, were not accustomed
+to the defence of towns.</p>
+
+<p>Reasons equally cogent were employed against going
+out to fight the enemy, and a retreat northwards
+was at length proposed. But it was no easy task
+to bring the brave spirits who had hailed the approach
+of Argyle, to accord in sentiments which might
+spring from discretion, but which ill agreed with the
+Highland notions of honour. The council, after a
+stormy debate, was broken up in confusion, and adjourned
+until the next morning.</p>
+
+<p>Some hours afterwards, a few, who were favourable
+to the abandonment of Perth, were summoned
+privately by Lord Mar; and it was then agreed not
+to fight, but to retreat. For a time this determination
+was concealed from the bulk of the army, but
+it gained wind; and on the evening of the thirty-first
+of January, eight hundred of the Highlanders indignantly
+left Perth, and retired beyond Dunkeld, to
+their homes. That very night, also, the Chevalier,
+who had far less of the Scottish Stuart within him
+than of that modified and inferior variety exemplified
+in the British line of the family, disappeared from
+the town, and repaired to Scone. He supped and
+slept in the house of the Provost Hay; and on the
+following morning, at an early hour, was ready for
+retreat. To do the Chevalier justice, there was,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+according to Lord Mar's journal, much difficulty in
+persuading him to this step: it was found necessary
+to convince him that it had become a duty to retire
+from the pursuit of the Government, which, as long
+as he was in the country, would never cease to persecute
+his followers, who could not make any terms
+of capitulation so long as he remained. He was
+obliged, at last, to consent: "And, I dare say,"
+adds Lord Mar, "no consent he ever gave was so
+uneasy to him as this was."<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> Of that point it
+would be satisfactory to be well assured.</p>
+
+<p>On the first of February, four hours after the unfinished
+letter of Lord Mar was written, the Jacobites
+abandoned Perth, and crossing the frozen stream of
+the Tay, took their route to Dundee. They went
+forth in such precipitation, that they left their cannon
+behind them,&mdash;a proof that they never hoped to
+oppose again the victorious arms of Argyle. About
+noon the Chevalier, accompanied by Lord Mar, followed
+his people towards the North. He is said to
+have been disconsolate,&mdash;and, shedding tears, to have
+complained "that instead of bringing him a crown,
+they had brought him to his grave." This murmur
+and these tears having been reported to Prince Eugene,
+of Savoy, that General remarked "that weeping
+was not the way to conquer kingdoms."<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Jacobites marched direct for Dundee, along
+the Carse of Gowrie. The Duke of Argyle's forces
+entered Perth only two hours after the Highland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>
+army had entirely cleared the Tay, which, happily for
+their retreat, was frozen over with ice of an extraordinary
+thickness. At Dundee the Chevalier rested
+one night only; but leaving it on the second of
+February, was again succeeded by Argyle and his
+squadrons, who arrived there on the following day.</p>
+
+<p>The unfortunate Prince pursued his way to Montrose.
+His route along the sea-coast gave credence
+to a report which had now gained ground, of his intention
+of embarking for France. The loudest murmurs
+again ran through the Highland forces, worthy
+of a noble leader, and the sight of some French
+vessels lying near the shore confirmed the general
+suspicion. This was, nevertheless, somewhat allayed
+by an order to the clans to march that evening at
+eight o'clock to Aberdeen, where, in accordance with
+the crooked policy and deceptive plan of Lord Mar,
+it was represented that large supplies of troops and
+arms would meet them from France. But a very
+different scheme was in agitation among those who
+governed the feeble James, and perhaps, with right
+motives, guided him to his safety.</p>
+
+<p>A small ship lay in the harbour of Montrose, for
+the purpose, originally, of carrying over an envoy
+from James to some foreign court. This vessel was
+now pitched upon to transport the Chevalier; the
+size being limited, she could accommodate but few
+passengers: and therefore, to avoid confusion, the
+Chevalier "himself thought fit to name who should
+attend him." "The Earl of Mar, who was the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+named, made difficulty, and begged he might be left
+behind; but the Chevalier being positive for his
+going, and telling him that, in a great measure,
+there were the same reasons for his going as for his
+own,&mdash;that his friends could more easily get terms
+without him than with him,&mdash;and that, as things now
+stood, he could be of no more use to them in their
+own country, he submitted."<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Chevalier then chose the Marquis of Drummond
+to accompany him: this nobleman was lame
+from a fall from his horse, and was not in a condition
+to follow the army. He, as well as the Earl of
+Mar, the Lord Tullibardine, and the Lord Linlithgow
+had a bill of attainder passed against them.
+The Chevalier on that account was desirous of taking
+these other Lords with him; but both were absent:
+Lord Tullibardine was at Brechin with a part of the
+foot, and Lord Linlithgow at Berire with the horse.
+He ordered the Earl Marischal, General Sheldon, and
+Colonel Clephan to accompany him.</p>
+
+<p>After these arrangements the Chevalier issued several
+orders which reflect the utmost credit upon his
+disposition. After appointing General Gordon Commander-in-chief,
+with all necessary powers, he wrote
+a paper containing his reasons for leaving the kingdom,
+and, delivering it to the General, gave him at
+the same time all the money in his possession, except
+a small sum which he reserved for his expenses and
+those of his suite; and desired, that after the army
+had been paid, the residue should be given to the im<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>poverished
+and houseless inhabitants of Auchterarder.
+He then dictated a letter to the Duke of Argyle, in
+which he dwelt at some length upon his distress at
+being obliged "among the manifold mortifications
+which he had had in this unfortunate expedition," to
+burn the villages. The letter, which was never
+delivered to the Duke of Argyle, is in the possession
+of the Fingask family.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a></p>
+
+<p>Having completed these arrangements, the Chevalier
+prepared to take leave for ever of the Scottish
+shores. The hour had now arrived which was appointed
+for the march of the troops, and the Chevalier's
+horses were brought before the door of the
+house in which he lodged: the guard which usually
+attended him whilst he mounted, were in readiness,
+and all was prepared as if he were resolved to march
+with the clans to Aberdeen. But meantime, the
+Chevalier had slipped out of his temporary abode
+on foot, accompanied only by one servant; and going
+to the Earl of Mar's lodgings, he went thence, attended
+by the Earl, through a bye-way to the water
+side, where a boat awaited him and carried him
+and the Earl of Mar to a French ship of ninety
+tons, the Marie Therese, of St. Malo. About
+a quarter of an hour afterwards two other boats
+carried the Earl of Melfort and Lord Drummond,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
+with General Sheldon and ten other gentlemen, on
+board the same ship: they then hoisted sail and
+put to sea; and notwithstanding that several of the
+King's ships were cruizing on the coast, they sailed
+in safety, and after a passage of seven days, arrived
+at Waldam, near Gravelines, in French Flanders.</p>
+
+<p>The Chevalier sailed at nine o'clock. Some hours
+afterwards, Earl Marischal and Colonel Clephan
+arrived at the shore, but they could get no boat to
+convey them, for fear of the men-of-war that were
+cruizing near. The Marie Therese, nevertheless,
+got out of reach of these vessels before daylight.</p>
+
+<p>With what reflections Lord Mar left his native
+country a prey to the power of an irritated Government,
+cannot readily be conceived. That he
+left it at such a moment, is a fact which for ever
+stamps his memory with degradation. The deserted
+adherents of James, being in no condition to make a
+stand against the Duke of Argyle, betook themselves
+to holes and caves, mostly in the remote parts of the
+Highlands, where many lurked until they could safely
+appear; but such as were most obnoxious took the
+first opportunity of ships to carry them into foreign
+countries; and vessels were, to this end, provided
+by the Chevalier with such success, that many
+escaped from the pursuit of justice.</p>
+
+<p>James, accompanied by the Earl of Mar, proceeded
+to his former residence at St. Germains, where, in
+spite of the wishes of the French Government that
+he should repair to his old asylum in Lorraine, h<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>e
+wished to remain. In Paris, the Chevalier met two
+of his most distinguished adherents,&mdash;the faithless
+Bolingbroke, and the popular Duke of Ormond.
+Although aware of the unsoundness of Bolingbroke's
+loyalty, James received him cordially. "No Italian,"
+says Bolingbroke, "ever embraced the man he was
+going to stab with a greater show of affection and
+confidence."</p>
+
+<p>For some time the Chevalier lingered in Paris,
+hoping to see the Regent. "His trunks were
+packed, his chaise was ordered at five that afternoon,"
+writes Lord Bolingbroke, "and I wrote word
+to Paris that he was gone. Instead of taking post for
+Lorraine, he went to the little house in the Bois de
+Boulogne, where his female ministers resided; and
+there he continued lurking for some days, pleasing
+himself with the air of mystery and business, while
+the only real business which he should have had at
+heart he neglected."<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a></p>
+
+<p>Avignon was now fixed on as the retreat of the
+Chevalier; and thither, after some delay, he retired,
+to an existence politically forgotten by the Continental
+powers, until the war with Spain and the
+consequent declaration of the Spanish King in his
+favour recalled him to importance.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Mar, meantime, occupied himself in fruitless
+endeavours to excite, once more, the struggle which
+had just ended so fatally. As far as France was
+concerned, all those schemes upon which Mar suc<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>cessively
+built were futile: no aid could ever be
+expected during the Regency. "My hopes," said
+Bolingbroke, speaking of the Jacobite cause, "sunk
+as he [Louis the Fourteenth] declined, and died when
+he expired. The event of things has sufficiently
+shown that all those which were entertained by the
+Duke [of Ormond], and the Jacobite party under
+the Regency, were the grossest delusions imaginable."<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a></p>
+
+<p>Some of the remaining years of Lord Mar's life
+were, nevertheless, devoted to chimerical projects
+for which he received in return little but disappointment,
+ingratitude, and humiliation. One of his
+schemes was to engage Charles the Twelfth of Sweden
+on the side of the Chevalier. In a letter to
+Captain Straiton, the Chevalier's agent in Edinburgh,
+he signified that if five or six thousand bolls of meal
+could be purchased by the King's friends and sent
+to Sweden, where there was then a great scarcity,
+it would be of service to his master in conciliating
+the good will of Charles. This proposal was communicated
+by Mar's desire to Lockhart of Carnwath,
+to Lord Balmerino, and to the Bishop of Edinburgh.
+But it was the sanguine disposition of Mar which
+alone could lead him to suppose such a scheme practicable.
+It was, in the first place, found impossible
+to raise so large a sum from men, many of them
+exiles, or involved in difficulties from the expenses
+of the recent insurrection. It was also deemed folly
+to conceive that so large a quantity of Scotch meal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+as necessary could be exported without exciting
+the suspicion of Government.</p>
+
+<p>The next plan which Lord Mar contrived was not
+so fully unfolded as the project of which Charles the
+Twelfth was to be the object. He wrote to Edinburgh
+soon after the failure of the first scheme, to
+this effect: that a certain foreign prince had entered
+into a design for the restoration of James: that it
+"would look odd if his friends at home did not
+assist him;" and he wished they would fall on some
+means to have in readiness such a sum as they could
+afford to venture in his cause when a fair opportunity
+occurred. The hint was taken up seriously by the
+zealous Lockhart of Carnwath, and assurances were
+sent from "several persons of honour, that they
+would be in a condition to answer his Majesty's call."
+Among these, the Earl of Eglintoun offered three
+thousand guineas; and the others "would have given
+a good round sum." The conduct of the English Government
+to the Duke of Argyle, who had been superseded
+as Commander-in-Chief in Scotland, and
+the strong personal friendship between Lockhart and
+the Duke, emboldened Mar to hope that a negotiation
+might be entered into with Argyle, and that he might
+be persuaded to join in their schemes. At the same
+time, Lord Mar enjoined the strictest secrecy in all
+these affairs, and with reason, for the letters of the
+exiled Jacobites abounded in false hopes and plans;
+many of their correspondents at home had not
+the discretion to conceal their delight, whe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>n the
+sanguine expectations of their party prevailed over
+despair.</p>
+
+<p>The agent employed by Lockhart to treat with the
+Duke of Argyle was Colonel John Middleton. By
+him Lockhart was, however, assured that his Grace
+would neither directly nor indirectly treat with Mar
+for "he believed him his mortal enemy, and had no
+opinion of his honour; and," added Middleton, "I
+cannot think Mar does, more seriously now than before,
+desire to see Argyle in the King's measures,
+lest he eclipsed him." It was therefore resolved by
+Lockhart, that the correspondence between the Chevalier
+and Argyle should be contrived without Mar's
+cognizance. A letter was written to James, and was
+forwarded by Captain Straiton, enclosed, to the Earl
+of Mar, who was, in another epistle from Lockhart,
+"entreated not to be offended that the contents of the
+letter were not communicated to him, because he was
+bound to impart the same alone to the King."</p>
+
+<p>This letter, containing a proposal so important to the
+interests of James, is supposed never to have reached
+the Chevalier. Mar, distrustful and offended, is suspected
+of having broken it open, and given it his own
+answer in a letter to the Duke of Argyle, which
+tended to affront and repel the Duke rather than to
+invite him to allegiance. When, some time afterwards,
+Lockhart's son spoke on the subject to the
+Chevalier at home, and represented what a fair opportunity
+had been lost, the Prince replied, "that he
+did not remember ever to have heard of it b<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>efore."<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a>
+Whether Mar was misjudged or not must be a matter
+of doubt, but this anecdote proves how little respect
+was entertained for his good faith, or even for his
+possessing the common sentiments of gentlemanly
+propriety, when the suspicion of breaking open a
+letter which had been entrusted to him was attached
+to his conduct.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of the difficulty of bringing any
+scheme to bear, from the want of a head, Lockhart
+had contrived a plan of having trustees in Scotland
+to conduct it, to be empowered by James to act
+during his absence, and in his behalf. This plan
+had the usual obstacles to encounter among a set of
+factious partisans, who were only united when the
+common danger pressed and common services were
+required, but discordant and selfish in the calmer days
+of suspense. Mar, perhaps, with greater wisdom than
+he was allowed to display, did not advance the
+scheme; his reluctance to promote it was ascribed
+to his love of power in Scotland; but since the plan
+was resented by Tullibardine, Seaforth, and Penmure,<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>
+as infringing upon their dignity, there is as
+good reason for believing that it was the suggestion
+of an intriguing ambition on the part of the proposer,
+as that Mar resisted it on selfish grounds. The notion
+was excellent, but the difficulty was to find
+men of sufficient fidelity, honesty, and prudence to
+exercise functions so delicate.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of Jacobitism seems scarcely, at this
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>period to have been checked in the bosoms of the
+resolute people who had suffered so much; and the
+Netherbow and the High Street of Edinburgh still
+resounded at times with the firing of musquetry, directed
+against a harmless rabble of boys who betrayed
+the popular feeling by the white roses in their hats.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a>
+Nor was the lingering enthusiasm for the Jacobite
+cause confined to the lower classes in either country.
+It is almost incredible that men of Whig principles,
+who held high offices in the Government, should, at
+various times, have engaged in correspondence with
+the agents of James; yet such is the fact.</p>
+
+<p>Among those who were involved in these dangerous
+negotiations, Charles Earl of Sunderland, the son-in-law
+of Marlborough, and at that time Prime Minister
+of George the First, was one with whom Lord Mar
+treated. Among the Sunderland Papers is to be
+found a singular letter from the Earl of Mar to the
+Earl of Sunderland, urging that nobleman to assist in
+inducing his royal master to accede to a proposal
+from which he might himself derive a suitable advantage.
+"We find," says Dr. Coxe, "unequivocal
+proofs that Lord Sunderland, who was considered at
+the head of the new administration formed in 1717,
+was in secret correspondence with the Pretender and
+his principal agents."<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p>
+
+<p>The letter referred to from Lord Mar, on which Dr.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>Coxe has inscribed the word "curious," began with
+professions of respect and confidence on the part of his
+Lordship, to whom it was quite as easy to address
+those expressions to a man of one party as of the other.
+It contained also a promise of secrecy, and an exaction
+of a similar observance on the part of Lord Sunderland.
+He then alluded to the misfortunes into which
+the British nation was thrown by the disputed succession,
+and the violence of party spirit in consequence.
+The subtle politician next touched on the subject
+of George the First, whom he delicately terms, "your
+master."</p>
+
+<p>"Whatever good opinion you may have of <i>your
+master</i>, and the way that things are ordered there at
+present, does not alter the case much; his health is
+not so good as to promise a long life, and he is not
+to live always even if it were good, nor will things
+continue there as they are, any longer than he lives
+at most."</p>
+
+<p>He then suggests that the Earl would have it in
+his power to prevent the dangers resulting from a
+disputed succession, "which can only be prevented
+by restoring the rightful and lineal heir."</p>
+
+<p>"I can assure your Lordship," he continues, "my
+master has so many good qualities, that he will make
+the nation happie, and wants but to be known to be
+beloved; and I dare promise in his name, that there
+is not any thing you could ask of him, reasonable,
+for yourself and your friends, but he would agree
+to. My master is young, in perfect good health,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>
+and as likely to live as any who has pretensions to
+his crown, and he is now about marrying, which, in
+all appearance, will perpetuate rightfull successors to
+him of his own body, who will ever have more friends
+in those kingdoms, as well as abroad, than to allow
+the house of Hanover to continue in possession of
+their right without continual disturbance."</p>
+
+<p>The Earl then suggests that George the First
+should secure to himself the possession of "his old
+and just inheritance, and by the assistance of '<i>his
+master</i>,' and those who would join, acquire such new
+ones on the Continent as would make his family more
+considerable than any of its neighbours.</p>
+
+<p>"Britain and Ireland will have reason to bless
+your master for so good and Christian an action;
+and Europe no less for the repose it would have by
+it: and your master would live the remainder of his
+life in all the tranquillity and splendour that could
+be required, and end his days with the character of
+good and just."</p>
+
+<p>Lord Mar was at this time on the borders of
+France, where he proposed to wait until he received
+Lord Sunderland's reply, in hopes that the Minister
+of George the First might be induced to give him a
+meeting, either in France or Flanders. "If you
+approve not of what I have said," he adds, "let it
+be buried on your side, as, upon my honour, it shall
+be on mine." "I am afraid," he adds in a postscript,
+"you know not my hand; but I have no other way
+of assuring you of this being no counterfeit t<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>han by
+writing it myself, and putting my seal to it."</p>
+
+<p>The following remarks on this letter are interesting;
+they were penned by Dr. Coxe:</p>
+
+<p>"Singular as this overture, made at such a period,
+may appear, we have strong proofs that it was not
+discouraged by Sunderland; for he not only procured
+a pension for the exiled nobleman, but even flattered
+the Jacobites with hopes that he was inclined to favour
+their cause. This we find by intelligence given
+at a subsequent period by the Jacobite spies."</p>
+
+<p>The following addition to the above-stated remark
+of Dr. Coxe is even yet more astonishing:</p>
+
+<p>"On the death of Lord Sunderland the secret of
+this correspondence became by some means known to
+the Regent Duke of Orleans, and he hastened to make
+so important a communication to the King of England.
+The letter written on this occasion by the
+British agent at Paris, Sir Luke Schwaub, and the
+reply of his friend Lord Carteret, then Secretary of
+State, are highly curious, because they prove, not
+only the correspondence, but the fact that it was
+known and approved by the King."<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p><p>How near were the unfortunate Stuarts to
+that throne which they were destined never to
+ascend!</p>
+
+<p>Upon the disgrace of Bolingbroke, and on his return
+to England, the Seals had been offered by James
+Stuart to Lord Mar, who refused them on the ostensible
+ground that he "could not speak French." The
+actual reason was perhaps to be sought for in a far
+deeper motive.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1714 the celebrated Lord Stair had been sent as
+Ambassador to France, chiefly to watch over the proceedings
+of the Jacobites, and to cement a friendship
+with the Duke of Orleans, on whom King George
+could not rely. The brilliant and spirited manner
+in which Lord Stair executed this commission, the
+splendour by which his embassy was distinguished,
+and his own personal qualities, courtesy, shrewdness,
+and diligence, contributed mainly to the diminution
+of the Jacobite influence, which declined under his
+exertions. It was from Lord Stair's address that
+Bolingbroke, or, as Stair calls him in his correspondence,
+Mr. York, was confirmed in his disgust to the
+Jacobite cause.</p>
+
+<p>Between Lord Stair and the Earl of Mar an early
+acquaintance had existed. Agreeably to the fash<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>ion
+of the period, which led Queen Anne and the Duchess
+of Marlborough to assume the names of Morley and
+Freeman, Lord Stair and Lord Mar, in the early days
+of their confidence, had adopted the familiar names of
+Captain Brown, and Joe Murray.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Mar had remained in Paris until October
+1717; he then went into Italy with the Duke of Ormond;
+but previous to his departure he called on
+Lord Stair, and remained in the house of the Ambassador
+for four or five hours. He appears to have
+declared to Lord Stair that he then looked upon the
+affairs of his master as desperate. "He flung out,"
+as Lord Stair wrote, "several things, as I thought,
+with a design to try whether there was any hopes of
+treating." Lord Stair, not liking to give an old
+friend false hopes, declined "dipping into particulars;"
+adding at the same time, in his account of
+the interview, "he would not have dealt so with
+me: but in conversation of that kind there is always
+something curious to be learned."</p>
+
+<p>They parted without explanation, and Lord Mar
+proceeded to Rome. The correspondence between
+these two noblemen ceased for nearly two years.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>
+During that interval, James had married the Princess
+Clementina Maria, a daughter of Prince Sobieski,
+elder son of John King of Poland. The marriage
+could scarcely have been solemnized, since it took
+place early in May 1719, before we find Lord Mar
+at Geneva, on his way from Italy, resuming his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
+negotiations with Lord Stair.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LORD MAR TO LORD STAIR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"May 6th, 1719.
+</p>
+
+<p>"Good Captain Brown will not, I hope, take amiss
+his old acquaintance Jo. Murraye's writing to him at
+this time; and when he knows the occasion, I am
+persuaded he will forgive him, and comply, as far as
+he can, with what he is to ask him. My health is
+not so good just now nor for some time past, as you
+would wish it; and I am advised to drink the waters
+of Bourbon for it, as being the likest to those of
+the Bath of any this side the sea, of which I formerly
+found so much good. The hot climate where I
+have been for some time past, by no means agrees
+with my health; and I am persuaded that where
+some of our company is gone will still do worse
+with me.</p>
+
+<p>"The affair in which it might be thought my
+Captain would employ me being now, I suppose,
+over for this bout, there needs be, I should think, no
+objection to what I should ask.</p>
+
+<p>"I am come part of the way already; but I would
+not go much further, without acquainting you with
+it. And now I beg that on the consideration of the
+health of an old friend, you will give me allowance or
+furlo to go to the waters of Bourbon, and to continue
+there so long as I may have occasion for them during
+the two seasons this year; and I promise to you I
+shall do nothing in any way, the time of my being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>
+there, but as you would have me; so that this allowance
+can be of no prejudice to the service. If you
+cannot give me the furlo yourself, I imagine your
+Colonel will not refuse it, if you will be so good as to
+ask it for me.</p>
+
+<p>"But because the first season of the waters is
+going fast away, I should be glad you could do it
+without waiting to hear from your Colonel about it,
+who, I should think, will not take it amiss when you
+acquaint him with your having ventured to do so.
+Do not, I beg of you, think there is any fetch in this,
+or anything but what I have told you, which, upon
+honour, is nothing but truth, and all the truth.</p>
+
+<p>"I hope there will be no occasion of your mentioning
+your having had this trouble from me to any,
+unless it be to your Colonel and one or two about
+him, and the person, it is like, you must speak to
+where you are. There is one with me, an old school
+acquaintance of yours too, Mr. Stuart of Invernethy,
+whom you have seen dance very merrily over a sword;
+and if the allowance is granted me, I hope it will not
+be refused to him, for whom I promise as I do for
+myself.</p>
+
+<p>"When I have done with the waters, I hope there
+will be no objection to my returning to Italy again, if
+I have a mind; but I judged it fit to mention this to
+you.</p>
+
+<p>"The person who delivers you this, will get conveyed
+to me what you will be so good to write."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Whilst he was thus in treaty with his former friend,
+Lord Mar was stopped on his way to St. Prix, near
+Geneva, by the orders of the Hanoverian Minister:
+his papers were seized and sealed up; and among
+them, a copy of that which was written to Lord
+Stair as Captain Brown. Lord Mar, who had borne
+an assumed name, disclosed his real rank, and wrote
+to Lord Stair for assistance,&mdash;again urging permission
+to go to the waters of Bourbon, or, if not allowed
+to go into France, the liberty to return to Italy,
+"where," he said, "I may end my days in quiet;
+and those, probably, will not be many in that climate."
+Whilst awaiting the reply of Lord Stair, the
+Earl was treated with respect by the authorities of
+Geneva; and "had only to wish that he had a little
+more liberty for taking air and exercise." He expected
+that Lord Stair's answer could not arrive in
+less than a fortnight: in the meantime, he adds, "I
+shall be obliged, on account of my health, to ask the
+Government here a little more tether."<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a></p>
+
+<p>His indulgent friend, Lord Stair, was, meantime,
+urging his cause by every means in his power. "I
+wish Lord Mar," he wrote to the English Ministry,
+"was at liberty upon his parole to the town of
+Geneva, or he had permission to go to the waters
+of Bourbon. I should be glad to know what pension
+you would allow him till he be restored?"</p>
+
+<p>Lady Mar was now in Rome, whither she had
+followed her husband soon after his leaving Scotland.
+Her jointure, it appears, was stopped by the Commissi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>oners,
+and she was unable, without that supply,
+to travel from Rome to Geneva. She was, probably,
+aware of Lord Mar's intention to leave the Chevalier's
+service, for the Earl had written a long letter, explanatory
+of his situation and intentions, to her
+father the Duke of Kingston. "I have offered him
+for Lady Mar's journey," says Lord Stair, "credit
+upon me for a thousand pounds." Yet notwithstanding
+this liberality, Lord Mar now began to be extremely
+uneasy at Geneva, and to fear that the Government
+meant "merely to expose him." In vain,
+for some time, did Stair plead for him, with Secretary
+Craggs and Lord Stanhope. They were evidently,
+from Lord Stair's replies to their objections, afraid
+to have any dealings with him. "As to Lord Mar,"
+writes Stair, "the things that shock you, shock me;
+but our business is to break the Pretender's party
+by detaching him from it, which we shall effectually
+do by letting him live in quiet at Geneva or elsewhere,
+and by giving him a pension. Whatever his
+Lordship's intentions may be, it is very certain, in
+a few months, that the Jacobites will pull his throat
+out,&mdash;you know them well enough not to doubt of
+it. The Pretender," he adds, "looks upon Mar as
+lost, and has had no manner of confidence in him ever
+since Lady Mar came into Italy. They looked upon
+her as a spy, and that she had corrupted her husband.
+This, you may depend on it, is true." Little
+more than a week afterwards, Lord Stair informed
+his friends that "Lord Mar was <i>outr&eacute;</i> at t<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>he usage
+he had met with. He says our Ministers may be
+great and able men, but that they are not skilful at
+making proselytes, or keeping friends when they have
+them. I am pretty much of his mind."</p>
+
+<p>It was, doubtless, as Lord Stair declared, the full
+determination of Lord Mar at that time to leave
+the Chevalier's interests. "The Pretender, I know,"
+said Stair, "wrote him the kindest letter imaginable
+since his [the Pretender's] return into Italy from
+Spain, with the warmest invitations to return to his
+post."</p>
+
+<p>The letters which Lord Stair had received, in
+the course of this negotiation, from Lord Mar, were
+instantly sent to Hanover. They were in some instances
+written in his own hand, but without signature,
+and in the third person. In the first which
+he wrote to Lord Stair, Mar announced that he had
+quitted the service of James, and was desirous of
+making peace with King George upon the promise of
+a pardon, and the restoration of his estates.</p>
+
+<p>"You are to consider," says Lord Stair, writing to
+the Secretary of State at home concerning this proposal,
+"whether it will be worth the while to receive
+him. In my humble opinion the taking him on
+will be the greatest blow that can be given to the
+Pretender's interest, and the greatest discredit to it.
+And it may be made of use to show to the world that
+nobody but a Papist can hope to continue in favour
+with the Pretender. I wish," adds the Ambassador,
+"you may think as I do. I own all his fault<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>s
+and misfortunes cannot make me forget the long and
+intimate friendship and familiarity that has been
+between him and me." It is consoling to find any
+politician acting upon such good old-fashioned maxims,
+the result of honest feeling.</p>
+
+<p>Lady Mar having now joined her husband, Lord
+Mar resolved to make his escape from Geneva. Lord
+Stair advised him against it; but adds, in his letters
+to his friends at home, "I could hardly imagine that
+a man of his temper, and in his circumstances, will
+refuse his liberty when he sees he has nothing but
+ill usage and neglect to expect from us."<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thus ended this negotiation, the main conditions
+of which were, provided Lord Mar kept himself free
+from any plots against the Government, an offer of
+the family estate to his son; and, in the interim, till
+an act of Parliament could be obtained to that effect,
+a pension of two thousand pounds sterling, over and
+above one thousand five hundred pounds paid of
+jointure to his wife and daughter.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was the fortune of Lord Mar on this, as on
+many other occasions, to reap the ignominy of having
+accepted this pension, without ever receiving the
+profits of his debasement.</p>
+
+<p>During the absence of Lord Mar at Geneva, his
+Countess, who remained in Rome, received the following
+letters from the Chevalier and his Princess, Maria
+Clementina: these epistles show how desirous the
+Chevalier still was to retain Lord Mar in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>
+interests.<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"Montefiascony, Sept. 9, 1719.
+</p>
+
+<p>"The Duke of Mar's late misfortunes and my own
+situation for some months past, hath occasioned my
+being much in the dark as to his present circumstances,
+which touche me too nearly not to desire you
+will inform me particularly of them. The last letter
+I had from him was in the begining of May, from
+Genua, in which he mentioned to me his ill state of
+health, and something of your comeing to meet him
+at Bourbon waters; but the season for them now
+advanceing, or rather passeing, I reckon that whether
+he had gone thither or not, he will soon be here on
+ye receipt of the note I sent you t'other day for him,
+and by consequence that what measures he may have
+taken with you about your meeting him will be
+altered on sight of that. I thought it necessary to
+inform you of these particulars to prevent any
+thoughts you might have of a journey so expensive
+and now useless: for as to his liberty, I make no
+doubt but that it will immediately follow the certainty
+of my return to this country. I should think
+it not prudent to write any politicks to him now, not
+knowing what fate my letters might meet with; but
+there is no secret in your sayeing all that is kind from
+me to him. If you cannot exagerate as to my impatience
+to see him, after all our mutual misfortunes
+and adventures, and I am sure he will be gla<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>d to
+know and see me more happy in a wife than I can be
+otherwayes, in most respects.</p>
+
+<p>"I hope soon to have the satisfaction of seeing you
+at Rome, when I believe I shall soon convince you
+that if you and your lord have in the world
+many false friends, I am and ever shall be a true
+one to you both.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<span class="smcap">James R.</span>"<br />
+</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>LETTER FROM THE PRINCESS CLEMENTINA TO
+THE COUNTESS OF MAR.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"Montefiasconi, 23rd. Sept.
+</p><p>
+<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>
+"Je vien de recevoire, votre ch&egrave;re letre par
+Mr. Clepen, et vous sui bien oblig&eacute;, de l'attention
+que vous av&eacute; eu, de mervoyer dut&eacute;e, lequell ne sauroit
+que &eacute;tre bon venant de vous; vous me marquez
+avoire de la peine &aacute; ecrire le fransoi, mai votre esprit
+vous, laprendera bientot. Le Roi me charge de vous
+faire, se compliment et soy et aussi persuadez, de l'estime
+que j'auray toujour pour votre merite.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+"<span class="smcap">Clementine R.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"J'ambrase de tous mon coeure la charman petite,
+J'espere dan peu de le pouvoire faire personnellement,
+et a vous de m&ecirc;me. Nous nous porton tr&egrave;s bien;
+l'aire d'icy est foie bonne."</p></div>
+
+<p>A subsequent letter is addressed "A ma cousine La
+Duchesse de Mar"&mdash;and subscribed "votre affection&eacute;e
+cousine, Clementine;" yet notwithstanding these professions
+of confidence and affection, the seeds of distrust<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>
+were, it seems, soon sown between James and
+the Earl and Countess of Mar. At first the suggestions
+to their disadvantage were repelled, "There has
+been enough pains," writes James, "taken from Rome
+within these few days to do you ill offices with me,
+but I can assure you with truth they have made no
+impression upon me, nor will they produce any other
+effect than to make me, if possible, kinder to you.
+But when I see you I shall say more on this head, for
+'tis fitt you should know your false from your true
+friends; <i>and among the last you shall ever find me</i>.<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+"<span class="smcap">James R.</span>"<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>An order, dated the ninth of October, 1719, that all
+such boxes "as are in the Duchesse of Mar's custody
+should be first naled by her, and then delivered with
+their keyes to Sir William Ellis," written in the Chevalier's
+own hand, shews either that Lady Mar was
+on the eve of her departure from Italy, or that a
+breach of confidence had taken place.<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lord Mar, with impaired health, and writhing
+under the rejection of his offers, returned to Italy.
+There, had he adhered to a resolution which he had
+formed, of not interfering in public affairs, he might
+still have closed his days in tranquillity.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the apparent continuance of the
+Chevalier's regard, he never forgot the treaty
+between Lord Stair and the Earl of Mar. The wh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>ole
+of this intrigue, discreditable as it was, has been
+reprobated by all who have touched upon this
+portion of Lord Mar's history. His accepting
+the loan of a thousand pounds from Stair, an
+old friend, for the purpose of ensuring Lady
+Mar's journey, has been censured, I think, with too
+great severity. But, although it be desirable to set
+to rights matters of fact, yet, it is always unsatisfactory
+to begin the defence of a bad cause. There
+is no evidence to show that Lord Mar ever received
+a pension: he was not thought worth conciliating;
+but that circumstance, in this case, and after a display
+of his willingness to receive all that could be
+granted, assists very little in his vindication, and
+rather adds to the degradation of one whom no party
+could trust.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after Lord Mar's return to Rome, the seeds
+of disunion between James and his young and high-spirited
+wife began to disturb the minds of all who
+were really well wishers to the Stuarts.</p>
+
+<p>Maria Clementina, reported by Horace Walpole to
+have been "lively, insinuating, agreeable, and enterprising,"
+had encountered, soon after her marriage
+with James, the too frequent fate of many who were
+sacrificed to royal marriages. She had quickly perceived
+that her influence was inferior to that of the
+Prince's favourites: she was shortly made aware of
+his infidelities: she became jealous, without affection;
+and her disappointment in her consort was
+that of a proud, resentful woman, to whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> submission
+to circumstances was a lesson too galling
+to be learned.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince, after the fashion of his forefathers,
+was governed by favourites: like Charles the First,
+he had his Buckingham and his Strafford; and his
+miniature Court was rent with factions. But the
+Chevalier had neither the purity of Charles the First,
+nor the charm of character which gilded over the
+vices of Charles the Second. His household was an
+epitome of the worst passions; and his melancholy
+aspect, his want of dignity and spirit, his bigotry and
+even his unpopular virtue of economy, cast a gloom
+over that turbulent region. It was bitterly, but
+perhaps truly said of him, "that he had all the superstition
+of a capuchin, but none of the religion of
+a Prince."<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> Like most of his immediate family,
+his character deteriorated as he grew older. He did
+not rise under the pressure of adversity; and his
+timid, irresolute nature was crushed by the effects of
+his cruel situation.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel John Hay, of Cromlix, the brother of the
+Earl of Mar's first wife, and of George, seventh Earl
+of Kinnoul, succeeded in obtaining mastery over his
+subdued nature. The lady of Colonel Hay, Margery,
+the third daughter of Viscount Stormont, was said,
+also, to have possessed her own share of influence
+over the mind of the Chevalier. Of the real existence
+of any criminal attachment between the Prince and
+Mrs. Hay, there is, however, considerable doubt;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>
+and it has been generally regarded as one of those
+amours raised for a purpose, during the continuance
+of a fierce contention for power.</p>
+
+<p>Clementina had also her favourites; and a certain
+Mrs. Sheldon, who had had the charge of Prince
+Charles Edward, had acquired her confidence. This
+choice was peculiarly infelicitous.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Sheldon was reported to be about as unworthy
+a favourite as the unhappy Princess could
+have selected. According to Colonel Hay, she was
+the mistress of General Dillon, one of the most ardent
+adherents of the Stuarts, and the spy of the Earl
+of Mar.<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> For four or five years, nevertheless, after
+Prince Charles's birth, she continued to be his governess,
+and to sway the feelings of his mother, in the
+same manner as confidants and dependants usually
+direct the angry passions of their mistresses into the
+most dangerous channels.</p>
+
+<p>During the height of Colonel Hay's favour, the
+confidence of the Chevalier in Lord Mar visibly declined,
+as appears in the following letter to one of his
+adherents in Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>"I have always been unwilling to mention Marr,
+but I find myself indispensably engaged at present
+to let my Scots friends know that I have withdrawn
+my confidence entirely from him, as I shall be obliged
+to doe from all who may be any ways influenced by
+him. This conduct is founded on the most urgent,
+strongest, and most urging necessity, in which m<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>y
+regard to my faithfull subjects and servants have the
+greatest share.</p>
+
+<p>"What is here said of Marr, is not with a view
+of its being made publick, there being no occasion for
+that, since, many years ago, he put himself under
+such engagements, that he could not serve me in a
+publick capacity, neither has he been publickly employed
+by me."</p>
+
+<p>To this it was answered, by the confidential friend
+to whom the remarks were addressed, "It is some
+time agoe since your friends here had doubts of the
+Earl of Marr; and thence it was that I was directed
+to mention him in the manner I did in my last two
+letters, it being matter of no small moment to us
+to know in whom wee might confide thorowly, and
+of whom beware,&mdash;especially when a person of his
+figure was the object."<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p>
+
+<p>Affairs were in this state; the Chevalier distrustful
+of Lord Mar, and devoted to his rival, Colonel Hay;
+the Princess heading an opposite faction, nominally
+commanded by Mrs. Sheldon, but secretly instigated
+by Lord Mar; when, in 1722, the conspiracy of Atterbury
+was discovered by the British Government.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar was at that time in Paris, and
+Lord Carteret who was at the head of affairs in England,
+remembering the Earl's former negotiations with
+Lord Stair, dispatched a gentleman to Mar, with
+instructions to sound that nobleman as to his knowledge
+of the plot. Lord Mar happening to be in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>
+Colonel Dillon's company when the messenger reached
+Paris, and soon divining after one interview the
+nature of the embassy, it was agreed between him and
+Dillon that they would do James's cause a service by
+leading the British Government off the right scent.
+They therefore drew up, in conjunction, an answer to
+Lord Carteret. What was the nature of that reply,<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>
+does not appear; but its result was such as to cast
+upon Lord Mar a degree of odium far greater than
+that which he had incurred in Lord Stair's business.
+He was accused by Atterbury with having, on that
+occasion, written such a letter as had been the cause
+of his banishment; with having betrayed the secrets
+of the Chevalier St. George to the British Government;
+and of several other charges of "base and treacherous
+practises, discovered by the Bishop of Rochester,
+that the like had scarce been heard of, and seem'd to
+be what no man, endued with common sense, or the
+least drop of noble blood, could perpetrate; and that
+the King's friends were at a loss in not knowing what
+credit to give to such reports, tho' they apprehended
+the worst, from the directions he had lately given of
+having no correspondence with Mar or his adherents,
+from whom he had withdrawn all confidence."</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after this declaration the Chevalier declared
+Colonel Hay to be his Secretary, and created
+the favourite Earl of Inverness; between whom and
+the Earl of Mar an antipathy, which had now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>
+become open hostility, prevailed. "The Duke of
+Mar," wrote the Earl of Inverness to Lockhart,
+"has declared himself my mortal enemy, only because
+I spoke truth to him, and could not, in my conscience,
+enter into his measures nor approve his conduct, tho'
+I always shunned saying any thing to his disadvantage,
+but to the King alone, from whom I thought I
+was obliged to conceal nothing."<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p>
+
+<p>With respect to the treachery towards Atterbury,
+the justification of Lord Mar rests upon the testimony
+of Colonel Dillon, and other persons who saw the
+Earl's letter to Carteret. It is also certain that
+James accorded his approval to Mar's conduct in
+that affair. No positive intention of mischief can
+be made out against Mar; but his habit of rarely
+acting a straightforward part, his insatiable love of
+interference, and his mistaking cunning for policy,
+brought upon him the mournful indignation of the
+exiled Atterbury, and fixed upon him a grave imputation
+which it were almost impossible to wipe
+away.</p>
+
+<p>Another charge brought by Atterbury against
+Lord Mar, was his advising James to barter his
+pretensions to the Crown for a pension. But this
+accusation is refuted by the two letters, of which
+vouchers are given in the Lockhart Papers, on which
+the allegation is founded. These letters were written
+from Geneva to the Prince and to Colonel Dillon.<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lastly, Lord Mar stood charged with a scheme,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>discovered to Atterbury by Lord Inverness, for the
+restoration of the Stuarts, which, under pretence of
+replacing them on the throne, would for ever have
+rendered that restoration impracticable. From this
+allegation Lord Mar justified himself by referring to
+the scheme itself, which he was declared to have laid
+before the Regent of France with the intent to ruin
+James. Of this scheme, the two main features were,
+first to re-establish the ancient independence of Scotland
+and Ireland: secondly, that a certain number
+of French troops should remain in England, and that
+five thousand Scots, and as many Irish troops, should
+be sent to France and kept in pay by the French
+King, for a certain number of years. There is certainly
+a great deal of Mar's double policy, his
+being all things to all men, in such a scheme. He
+declared, however, and proved that he acquainted
+James with his plan in confidence, and that Colonel
+Hay sent a copy of it to the Bishop of Rochester.
+Little as one can approve of Mar's conduct, it is
+manifest that, by a deeply-laid intrigue, it was resolved
+for ever to uproot him from the confidence
+of James.</p>
+
+<p>But the public career of Lord Mar had now drawn
+to its ignoble close. That he had his partisans, who
+repelled the charges against him by counter allegations,
+Lord Inverness soon found; and he began to
+think that "the less noise that was made about Mar,"
+the better.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p><p>During the year 1725, James further evinced his
+distrust of Lord Mar, by dismissing Mr. Sheldon,
+his supposed spy, and placing Mr. James Murray, a
+Protestant, as preceptor to the young Prince.</p>
+
+<p>The retirement of the Princess Clementina into a
+convent, followed this last step. The correspondence
+of the royal couple, their recriminations, furnished,
+for some months, conversation for the continental
+courts, and even for St. James's, until the
+dismissal of Colonel Hay and his wife appeased the
+resolute daughter of the Sobieski, and produced an
+apparent reconciliation.</p>
+
+<p>From the close of this altercation, and after the
+disgrace of Colonel Hay, the name of Lord Mar occurs
+no more in the history of the period. He resided
+at Paris until 1729, when, falling into ill health,
+he repaired to Aix la Chapelle, where he died in May
+1732.</p>
+
+<p>His wife survived him twenty-nine years, only to
+be the victim of mental disease, and, as it has
+been said, of cruelty and neglect. She became insane,
+and was placed under the charge of her sister,
+Lady Mary W. Montague, who, it has been reported,
+from avarice, stinted her unfortunate sister of even
+the common necessaries of life, and appropriated the
+allowance to herself. But this statement has been
+disproved.<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p><p>The latter years of Lord Mar were passed neither
+in idleness, nor wholly in the intrigues of the Court
+at Albano. His amusement was to draw plans and
+designs for the improvement of Scotland, which he
+had loved "not wisely," but to which his warmest
+affections are said to have ever recurred. In 1728
+he composed a paper, in which he suggested building
+bridges on the north and south sides of the city of
+Edinburgh: he planned, also, the formation of a navigable
+canal between the Forth and the Clyde. His
+beloved Alloa was sold by the Commissioners of the
+forfeited estates to his brother, Lord Grange, who,
+in 1739, conveyed it to Lord Erskine, his nephew.
+Lord Mar's children were enriched by the gratitude
+of Gibbs, the architect, who bequeathed to the offspring
+of his early patron the greatest part of his
+fortune.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Mar was succeeded by his son, Thomas
+Lord Erskine, who was deprived of the famed title of
+Mar by his father's attainder. Lord Erskine was
+appointed by Government, Commissary of Stores at
+Gibraltar. His marriage with Lady Charlotte Hope
+being without issue, the title was restored to the descendant
+of Lord Grange, and consequently to the
+children of the unfortunate Lady Grange, whose
+sufferings, from the effects of party spirit, seem to belong
+more properly to the page of romance, than to
+the graver details of history.</p>
+
+<p>The conduct of John Erskine, Earl of Mar, has
+afforded a subject of comment to two men of very
+different character, John Lockhart of Carnwath, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>and
+the Master of Sinclair. Neither of the portraits
+drawn by these master-hands are favourable; and
+they were, in both instances, written under the influence
+of strong, yet transient impressions of disappointment
+and suspicion. The mind naturally
+seeks for some safer steersman to guide opinion than
+the intemperate though honest Jacobite, Lockhart,
+or the sarcastic and slippery friend, Sinclair. The
+worst peculiarity in the career of Mar was, that no
+one trusted him; towards the latter portion of his
+life he had even lost the power of deceiving: it had
+become impossible to him to act without mingling
+the poison of deception with intentions which might
+have been honest, and even benevolent. The habits
+of a long life of intrigue had warped his very nature.
+When we behold him fleeing from the coasts of Scotland,
+leaving behind him the trusting hearts that
+would have bled for him, we fancy that no moral
+degradation can be more complete. We view him
+soliciting to be a pensioner of England, and we acknowledge
+that it was even possible to sink still
+more deeply into infamy.</p>
+
+<p>With principles of action utterly unsound, it is
+surprising how much influence Lord Mar acquired
+over all with whom he came into collision. He was
+sanguine in disposition, and, if we may judge by
+his letters, buoyant in his spirits; his disposition
+was conciliatory, his manners were apparently confiding.
+At the bottom of that gay courtesy there
+doubtless was a heart warped by policy, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>but not inherently
+unkind. He attached to him the lowly. Lockhart
+speaks of the love of two of his kinsmen to him:&mdash;his
+tenantry, during his exile, contributed to supply
+his wants, by a subscription. These are the few
+redeeming characteristics of one made up of inconsistencies.
+He conferred, it must be allowed, but
+little credit on a party which could number among
+its adherents the brave Earl Marischal, the benevolent
+and honourable Derwentwater, and the disinterested
+Nithisdale. When we contrast the petty and selfish
+policy of the Earl of Mar with the integrity and fidelity
+of those who fought in the same cause, and over
+whom he was commander, his character sinks low in
+the estimate, and acts like a foil to the purity and
+brightness of his fellow sufferers in the strife.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="JAMES_EARL_OF_DERWENTWATER" id="JAMES_EARL_OF_DERWENTWATER"></a>JAMES, EARL OF DERWENTWATER.</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 480px;">
+<img src="images/ill-1.jpg" width="480" height="600" alt="JAMES RADCLIFFE, EARL OF DERWENTWATER." title="" />
+<table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left' style="font-size: x-small;"><i>G. Kneller, pinx<sup>t</sup>.</i></td><td align='right' style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cook, sculp<sup>t</sup>.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+<span class="caption">JAMES RADCLIFFE,<br />EARL OF DERWENTWATER.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the vale of Hexham, on the summit of a steep
+hill, clothed with wood, and washed at its base by a
+rivulet, called the Devil's Water, stand the ruins of
+Dilstone Castle. A bridge of a single arch forms the
+approach to the castle or mansion; the stream, then
+mingling its rapid waters with those of the Tyne,
+rushes over rocks into a deep dell embowered with
+trees, above a hundred feet in height, and casting a
+deep gloom over the sounding waters beneath their
+branches.</p>
+
+<p>Through the arch of the bridge, a mill, an object
+ever associated with peace and plenty, is seen; and,
+beyond it, the eye rests upon the bare, dilapidated
+walls of the castle. Its halls, its stairs, its painted
+chambers, may still be traced; its broken towers
+command a view of romantic beauty; but all around
+it is desolate and ruined, like the once proud and
+honoured family who dwelt beneath its roof.</p>
+
+<p>This was once the favourite abode of the Ratcliffes,
+or Radcliffes, supposed to be a branch of the Radcliffes
+in Lancashire,<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> from whom were, it is said,
+descended the Earls of Sussex,<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> who became <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>the
+owners of Dilstone in the days of Queen Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p>During several generations after the Conquest, a
+family of the name of Devilstone was in possession of
+Dilstone, until the time of Henry the Third. The
+estates then passed to many different owners; the
+Tynedales, the Crafters, the Claxtons, were successively
+the masters of the castle; and it was not, according
+to some accounts,<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> until the tenth year of
+Queen Elizabeth's reign, that it first owned for its
+lord one of that unfortunate race to whom it finally
+belonged, until escheated to the Crown. But certain
+historians have asserted that, so early as the reign of
+Henry the Sixth, Dilstone was the seat of Sir Nicholas
+Radcliffe.<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> At this period, too, other estates were
+added to those already enjoyed by the Radcliffes. Sir
+Nicholas married the heiress of Sir John De Derwentwater,
+to whom had belonged, for several centuries,
+the manors of Castlerigg and Keswick, and who, since
+the time of Edward the First, had enjoyed great consideration
+in the county of Cumberland. This alliance
+with the Derwentwater family, although it
+brought to the Radcliffe the possession of a territory,
+which, for its beauty and value, monarchs might envy,
+did not for many years, entice them to a removal to
+the mansion of Castlerigg. That old dwelling-place, a
+gloomy fortress, among "storm-shaken mountains and
+howling wildernesses," was far less commodious tha<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>n
+the castle at Dilstone, then in great fame from the
+flourishing monastery which reared its head in the
+Vale of Hexham. Castlerigg, being, eventually, abandoned
+by the Radcliffes, went utterly to decay; the
+materials of the old manor-house are supposed to have
+been employed in forming a new residence on Lord's
+Island, in Keswick Lake; and the estate was divided
+into tenancies, which, in process of time, were infranchised.
+The ancient demesne of the De Derwentwaters
+has now passed into the hands of the Trustees
+of Greenwich Hospital, and the oaks of the park which
+skirts the lake have of late years supplied much valuable
+timber.</p>
+
+<p>The family of Radcliffe continued, during several
+centuries after the intermarriage with the De Derwentwaters,
+to increase in wealth and importance. It
+was not, however, ennobled until the reign of James
+the Second, in 1688, when, in consequence of the
+eldest son of Sir Francis Radcliffe having married
+during his father's life time the Lady Mary Tudor, a
+natural daughter of Charles the Second, by Mistress
+Mary Davis, Sir Francis was created Earl of Derwentwater,
+Baron Dilstone, and Viscount Langley.<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>
+"This alliance to the royal blood," says the biographer
+of Charles Radcliffe, "gave them a title to
+match with the noblest families in the kingdom,
+and was likewise the occasion of that strict attachment
+which the several branches of the Derwentwater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>
+family have inviolably preserved for the line of Stuarts
+ever since."<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> There was also another reason for this
+act of royal favour on the one hand, and for this devotion
+on the other: Sir George Radcliffe, we find by
+the Macpherson papers, was Governor of James the
+Second when he was Duke of York, and during the
+troubles of the Great Rebellion; and, under his care,
+the young prince remained some time in the city of
+Oxford.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p>
+
+<p>Whatsoever may be thought of the effect of this
+connection with royalty, in ennobling an ancient and
+loyal race, the marriage produced a lasting influence
+on the fortunes of the family. That they were proud
+of the alliance appears from the circumstance that
+the children of that marriage used to wear the
+prince's feather, that plume which has, since the
+days of Edward the Black Prince, distinguished the
+heir apparent to royalty. But the consanguinity in
+blood to the Stuarts produced another, and a far more
+serious result. The sons of the Lady Mary Tudor
+and of Francis, second Earl of Derwentwater, were
+educated, like brothers, with the son of the abdicated
+monarch. James Radcliffe, who was born about the
+year 1692, and who afterwards became Earl of Derwentwater,
+passed his childhood at St. Germains with
+his royal namesake, James Stuart. The brother of
+the Earl, Charles, was also brought up in France<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>;
+both of these youths, whose fate was afterwards so
+tragical, were reared in the faith of the Church of
+Rome, and under the tuition of the Roman Catholic
+clergy. They thus grew up, without perhaps hearing,
+certainly without entertaining, a doubt of those
+rights which they died to assert. "The late Earl
+of Derwentwater," writes the biographer of Charles
+Radclyffe, "and his brother Charles were so strongly
+attached to the Pretender's party, that their advice
+or consent was not so much as asked in those consultations
+that were held among the disaffected previous
+to the Rebellion; neither did the party think
+it necessary, because they were always sure of them
+whenever they should come to action."</p>
+
+<p>In 1705, Francis, Earl of Derwentwater, died; and
+during a season of domestic tranquillity, whilst as yet
+the Jacobites were full of hopes that the succession
+would be restored to the Stuart line, his son James
+succeeded to the Earldom, and to the vast estates
+which had accumulated to give dignity and influence
+to rank. Besides the castle of Dilstone and Castlerigg,
+which Leland, who visited Cumberland in 1539,
+describes as still being the "head place of the Radcliffes,"
+many other valuable properties, had been gradually
+added to the patrimonial possessions.</p>
+
+<p>It was the disposition of Lord Derwentwater to
+employ the advantages of wealth and birth to the
+benefit of others. He returned to England, English
+in heart, and became the true model of an English
+nobleman. "He was a man," said a contemporary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>
+writer, "formed by nature to be beloved; for he
+was of so universal a beneficence, that he seemed
+to live for others."<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> Residing among his own
+people, among them he spent his estate, and passed
+his days in deeds of kindness, and in acts of charity,
+which regarding no differences of faith as obstacles
+to the course of that heavenly virtue, were extended
+alike by this unfortunate nobleman to Protestant and
+to Roman Catholic. In his days, Dilstone was the
+scene of an open-hearted hospitality, "which," observes
+the renegade Jacobite who has chronicled the
+events of the period, "few in that country do, and
+none can, come up to." That castle-hall, now ruined
+and for ever deserted, was thronged by the distressed,
+who, whether the poor denizens of the place or the
+wanderer by the way side, found there relief, and
+went away consoled. The owner of the castle gave
+bread to thousands, who long remembered his virtues,
+and mourned his fate. He conciliated the good
+will of his equals, and disarmed the animosity of
+those who differed from him in opinion. Beloved,
+trusted, almost reverenced in the prime of youth,
+James Earl of Derwentwater held, at the period of
+the first Rebellion, the enviable position of one whose
+station was remembered only in conjunction with
+the higher dignity of virtue. To the solid qualities
+of integrity, he added a sweetness and courtesy of
+manner which must have lent to even homely features
+their usual charm.<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> Blessing and blest, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
+thus dwelt amid the romantic scenery of the Vale of
+Hexham.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Derwentwater married Anna Maria, one of
+the five daughters of Sir John Webb, Baronet of Odstock
+in Wiltshire. An ancestor of Sir John Webb
+had first acquired the title in the reign of Charles the
+First for "his family having both shed their blood in
+the King's cause, and contributed, as far as they were
+able, with their purses, in his defence," as is expressed
+in their patent.<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the reign of Queen Anne, Lord Derwentwater
+took no part in the various intrigues which
+were carried on by the Jacobite party. He lived
+peaceably at Dilstone, where his name was long
+honoured after the tragical events which hurried him
+into an early grave had occurred. But this tranquil
+demeanour does not argue, as it has been supposed,
+that the early playmate of James had become
+indifferent to the cause of the Stuarts. The
+friends of the exiled family founded their hopes of
+its restoration on the well-known partiality of Queen
+Anne for her brother, and on the circumstance of
+her having seen the last of her children consigned to
+the tomb. There seems no reason to doubt but that,
+had Anne lived longer, she would have taken measures,
+in unison with the wishes of the bulk of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>
+nobility, and in conjunction with her confidential
+ministers, to have placed the Chevalier St. George
+the next in succession. In this hope, the wishes of
+the most respectable portion of the Jacobite nobility
+were tranquillized.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a></p>
+
+<p>The sudden decease of Queen Anne disconcerted
+the hopes of those who had been thus waiting for
+the course of events; and the immediate change of
+ministry depriving those who were favourable to the
+house of Stuart of power, the succession of George the
+First was secured, under the aspect, for a few weeks,
+of the most perfect national repose. It has been well
+explained, that, unless some circumstances connected
+with the birth and education of the Chevalier had
+favoured the interests of Hanover, a very different
+result would have appeared. The notion so diligently
+spread abroad, of a supposititious birth&mdash;the foreign
+education of the young Prince&mdash;above all, the pains
+which had been taken to inculcate in his heart a
+devotion to the faith of both his parents, were considerations
+which strongly favoured the accession of the
+Elector of Hanover.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p>
+
+<p>A year passed away, and that tranquillity was
+succeeded by an ill-concerted, immature enterprise,
+headed by a man of every talent except the right
+sort; and chilled, rather than aided, by the presence
+of that melancholy exile who presented himself for
+the first and last time, to sadden by the gloom of his
+aspect, and the inertness of his measures, the hearts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
+that yearned to welcome him back to Britain.</p>
+
+<p>It was towards the latter end of August, in 1715,
+in the shire of Perth, that the people first began to
+assemble themselves in a body, until they marched
+to a small market town, named Kirk Michael, where
+the Chevalier was first proclaimed, and his standard
+set up.<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> Meantime several noblemen and gentlemen,
+both in England and in Scotland, influenced by
+the Earl of Mar, began to collect their servants and
+dependants from different places, and under various
+pretexts, for their proceedings. There were also
+measures concerted in London by the Chevalier's
+friends; and among the more active of the partisans,
+was a certain Captain Robert Talbot, an Irish officer,
+who, upon being acquainted with the projected insurrection,
+took shipping and sailed for Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
+By this agent, the resolutions which had
+been adopted by the Jacobites in London were conveyed
+to their friends in the north of England. This
+was part of the scheme of the Jacobites; London was
+the centre of all their conferences, and from the metropolis
+intelligence was secretly conveyed in various
+directions: measures were concerted; the parties who
+were to engage were furnished with means to act,
+and brought together; letters were carried by private
+hands to various confederates, and debates and correspondence
+were carried on some months before the
+Rebellion actually broke out.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p><p>The plot was managed with care and address. The
+common conveyance of letters was dangerous, and the
+office of delivering them was undertaken by gentlemen
+of Jacobite principles, who rode from place to place
+as travellers, pretending merely that they were viewing
+the country, and making inquiries to gratify
+curiosity: these travellers were all Irish and Papists.</p>
+
+<p>Another class of agents, consisting of Mr. Clifton,
+a brother of Sir Gervase Clifton, and of Mr. Beaumont,
+both gentlemen of Nottinghamshire, and attended
+by Mr. Buxton, a clergyman of Derbyshire,
+rode like gentlemen, with servants, but were armed
+with swords and pistols. These emissaries also continued
+moving from place to place, and kept up a
+constant intercourse between the disaffected parties,
+until all things were ready for action.</p>
+
+<p>Under these circumstances, Government took a decided
+step, which, as it turned out, brought the whole
+concerted plot into action sooner than the confederates
+had originally intended. Means were taken for the
+apprehension of several suspected Jacobites. Towards
+the end of September, Lord Derwentwater, among
+others, received notice that there was a warrant issued
+by the Secretary of State to apprehend him, and that
+messengers were actually arrived at Durham in order
+to seize his person.<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p><p>On receiving this information, Lord Derwentwater,
+who had at that time taken no ostensible part in the
+consultations of the Jacobites, and who, as it was
+thought by many who knew him intimately, was undecided
+whether to join the insurgents or not, adopted
+the line of conduct most suitable to innocence. He
+repaired to the house of a neighbouring justice of the
+peace, whose name has not been given at length and
+boldly placed himself in his hands. He demanded
+what were the grounds of his accusation. Unhappily
+the magistrate's loyalty was not unimpeachable. Had
+this gentleman been zealously affected to the Government,
+or had he been a true friend to Lord Derwentwater,
+he would either have persuaded that nobleman
+to surrender to the messengers of Government, or he
+would have detained him, and thus prevented the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+rash outbreak which afterwards ensued. Such is the
+opinion of one who knew all the parties concerned in
+the insurrection well. Such is the statement of Mr.
+Robert Patten, himself a Jacobite, and chaplain to
+Mr. Forster. He afterwards turned King's evidence,
+and received for that treachery, or, as he is pleased to
+call it, penitence, a suitable remuneration.<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lord Derwentwater unfortunately adopted a course
+which could but have one termination. He concealed
+himself from those who were employed to apprehend
+him. Clear from any direct imputation,
+had he then given himself up, he would have been
+released; and he might have been deterred from a
+participation in the disastrous scenes which ensued.
+He had now two children, a son and a daughter.
+He had many valuable considerations to forfeit for
+the one abstract principle of indefeasible right to
+the throne. Few men had more to venture. Many
+of the Jacobites went into the field with tarnished
+characters, and with ruined fortunes: they might
+gain,&mdash;they could not lose by the perilous undertaking.
+Amid the bands of high-born and highly
+principled men who co-operated in both the Rebellions,
+adventurers would appear, whose previous lives
+shed dishonour upon any cause; but the irreproachable,
+the prosperous, the beloved, could desire little
+more for themselves than what they already possessed:
+they ventured their rich and glorious barks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+upon the current; and let those who sully every
+motive with suspicion, say that there was no virtue,
+no patriotism, in the Jacobite party.</p>
+
+<p>By his own descendant, Lord Derwentwater is believed
+to have hesitated upon the verge of his fate,
+but to have been urged into it by his brother Charles.
+Young and ardent, courageous even to rashness, the
+first to offer himself where an enterprise was the
+most hazardous, seeming to set no value upon his life
+where glory was to be obtained, the darling of his
+party, and, to sum up the whole, only twenty-two
+years of age, Mr. Radcliffe rashly drew his brother
+into a confederacy, so agreeable to his own ambitious
+and fearless spirit. But there was another individual
+on whom the responsibility of that luckless
+movement in the North must chiefly rest. This was
+Mr. Thomas Forster the younger, of Etherston in the
+county of Northumberland, and member for the
+county. During the first thirty years of his life, this
+gentleman had scarcely been known beyond the precincts
+of his paternal estate. He became a member
+of Parliament, and was drawn into the vortex of
+party without talents to adorn or judgment to guide
+his conduct. Although a Protestant, Mr. Forster
+soon made his house the place of rendezvous for
+all the non-jurors and disaffected people of the county
+in which he lived; and he became involved in the
+dangers of their schemes, almost before he was aware
+of the perils which he was about to encounter. The
+party of the Jacobites was composed of very dissim<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>ilar
+materials. Whilst some adopted its projects
+to retrieve character, or to attain, as they vainly
+hoped, fortune, whilst others were actuated by genuine
+motives, there were many who mingled in the
+mazes of the intricate politics of that day from
+vanity, and the love of being at the head of faction:
+such was Forster; and his career was unsatisfactory
+and inglorious as his character was weak.</p>
+
+<p>A warrant for Mr. Forster's apprehension having
+been sent forth, he was, like Lord Derwentwater,
+obliged to fly from place to place, until he arrived at
+the house of Mr. Fenwick, at Bywell. Lord Derwentwater,
+meantime, had been secreted under the
+roof of a man named Lambert, in a cottage, where
+he had remained in safety. His horses had been
+seized by one of the neighbouring magistrates, and
+had been detained in custody for several weeks, pursuant
+to an order in council; yet, when he had need
+of them they were returned. "I afterwards asked
+that lord," Mr. Patten relates, "how he came so
+quietly by his horses from the justice's possession,
+whom the believing neighbourhood esteemed a most
+rigid Whig. I was answered thus, by that lord's
+repeating a saying of Oliver Cromwell's, 'that he
+could gain his ends with an ass-load of gold,' and
+left me to make the application."<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fenwick, of Bywell, was a secret, though not
+an avowed Jacobite; and it was soon agreed that at
+his house should be collected all those who were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>
+favourable to the cause. A meeting of the party
+was accordingly held: it was decided that finding
+there was now no longer any safety in shifting from
+place to place, and that since, in a few days they
+might all be hurried up to London, and secured in
+prisons, where they might be separately examined,
+and induced to betray each other;&mdash;it was now
+time to appear boldly in arms, and to show the
+loyalty of the confederates to King James.</p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of this resolution, the place and hour
+of meeting were appointed the very next morning;
+the sixth of October was named, and all were to
+assemble at Greenrig. Here those who rode from
+Bywell were met by Mr. Forster, with a party of
+twenty gentlemen. The meeting might have recalled
+the days of the Cavaliers: the winding of the
+river Tyne in the valley; the rural village of Bywell;
+on the rising ground to the right a ruin, once the
+fortress of the vale, and held in former times by
+the Baliols, presented a scene of tranquil beauty,
+which some who met that day were destined never
+to look upon again.</p>
+
+<p>The low situation of Greenrig was deemed inconvenient
+for the purpose of the insurgents, and the
+party ascended a hill called the Waterfalls, from
+which they could see the distant country. This
+spot is thus described: "As you look upon Bywell
+from the most pleasing point of view, the landskip
+lies in the following order:&mdash;from the road near
+the front of the river, the ruined piers of a br<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>idge
+become the front objects; behind which, in a regular
+cascade, the whole river falls over a wear, extended
+from bank to bank, in height above eight feet perpendicular;
+a mill on the right hand, a salmon lock
+on the left: the tower and the two churches stretch
+along the banks of the upper basin of the river,
+with a fine curvature; the solemn ruins of the ancient
+castle of the Baliols lift their towers above the
+trees on the right, and make an agreeable contrast
+with the adjoining mansion-house. The whole background
+appears covered with wood."<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p>
+
+<p>On this height Mr. Forster and his party paused;
+but they had not been long there before they saw the
+Earl of Derwentwater, who came that morning from
+Dilstone, advancing. He was attended by several
+friends and by all his servants, some mounted on his
+coach-horses, and all well armed. As they marched
+through Corbridge, this gallant troop drew their
+swords. They were reinforced by several other gentlemen
+at the house of Mr. Errington, where they
+stopped; and they then advanced to the spot where
+their friends awaited their approach. They now
+mustered sixty horse, mostly composed of gentlemen
+and their attendants. After a short council it was
+decided that they should proceed towards the river
+Coquet, to Plainfield: here they were joined by several
+stragglers: they marched that evening to Rothbury
+a small market-town, where they remained all
+night, and continued their march on the foll<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>owing
+morning, the seventh of October, to Warkworth
+Castle.</p>
+
+<p>In thus assembling his friends and his tenantry,
+Lord Derwentwater was not blameless of undue influence
+and oppression. The instances, indeed, of
+threats and absolute compulsion being used to augment
+the forces of the Jacobites, and to draw unwilling
+dependants into participation, are very numerous;
+they may be collected from various petitions,
+borne out by evidence, among the State
+Papers for 1715 and 1716. It is true that such
+excuses were certain to be alleged by many persons
+unjustly; but, where the charges were substantiated,
+we must with pain confess that the virtues
+of the Earl of Derwentwater, as well as those of
+other Jacobites, are sullied by a violent exercise of
+power over their tenantry. One man, named George
+Gibson, afterwards, in memorialising Lord Townshend
+from Newgate, affirms that upon his refusal to
+carry a message from Lord Derwentwater to Mr.
+Forster, two days before the insurrection, and returning
+to his own house instead, he was one night
+dragged out of bed by seven or eight men, and
+hurried off to serve in the said insurrection without
+a single servant of his own attending him. It
+was proved also, by King's evidence, that the unfortunate
+man did all in his power to escape from
+Kelso, and really made the attempt; but it was
+defeated, for he was ever an object of suspicion
+to the Earl of Derwentwater and Mr. Forster, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>se
+watchfulness kept him among the rebel troops.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>
+Party may do much to blunt the feelings; yet there
+was too much of what was good in the character of
+Lord Derwentwater for him, in the solitude of his
+own prison, not to remember in after days the heavy
+responsibilities which even by one act of this nature
+he had incurred, in compelling a man to act against
+his will and conscience.</p>
+
+<p>Warkworth was probably chosen as a resting-place
+for the insurgents, on account of its strength. Situated
+only three-quarters of a mile from the sea, on
+the river Coquet, over which is thrown a bridge,
+guarded by a lofty tower, the Castle of Warkworth,
+which guards the town, commands a view both
+varied with objects of interest and importance.</p>
+
+<p>From a lofty turret of the castle a great extent
+of land and ocean is to be seen. The great Tower
+of the Percys, from which this turret rises, is decorated
+with the lion of Brabant, and is seated on
+the brink of a cliff above the town. From this
+lofty structure the eye, stretching along the coast,
+may discern the castles of Dunstanbrough and Bamborough:
+the Fern Islands, dotted upon the face
+of the waters, the Port of Alemouth, and, at a
+little distance, the mouth of the river Coquet, with
+its island and ruined monastery. To the north, a
+richly cultivated country extends as far as Alnwick;
+to the south lies a plain, interspersed with villages
+and woods; the shore, to which it inclines, is indent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>ed
+with many ports and creeks; the smoke rising
+from many scattered hamlets, and the spires of
+churches enliven the smiling prospect.</p>
+
+<p>In this secure station the rebels remained for two
+days; and here Mr. Forster assumed the rank of
+General of the Forces in the North, a title which had
+been bestowed on him by the Earl of Mar. On the
+day after his arrival at Warkworth, Mr. Forster sent
+Mr. Buxton, who was chaplain to the troops to
+desire Mr. Ton, the parish clergyman, to pray for the
+Chevalier as King; and, in the Litany, for Mary, the
+Queen Mother, and to omit the petition for King
+George, the Prince and Princess of Wales, &amp;c. Mr.
+Ton declining to make this alteration, Mr. Buxton
+took possession of the reading-desk, and performed
+the service, whilst the deposed clergyman took flight,
+and, hastening to Newcastle, gave notice there of
+what had occurred. This was the first place where
+the Chevalier was prayed for in England; and Mr.
+Buxton's sermon, observes our historian, "gave
+mighty encouragement to his hearers, being full of
+exhortations, flourishing arguments, and cunning insinuations
+to be hearty in the cause." These incentives
+were aided by a "comely personage," and
+considerable eloquence and erudition.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day, after proclaiming James
+King of England with all due formality and with
+the sound of trumpet, Mr. Forster attending the
+ceremony in disguise, the troops marched to Morpeth,
+their numbers increasing as they went. At<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>
+Felton Bridge, they were joined by seventy horse,
+composed of gentlemen from the borders; and by the
+time they reached Morpeth, their number had augmented
+to three hundred: these were all horse-soldiers:
+Mr. Forster refused the foot as auxiliaries,
+otherwise the increase would have been considerable.
+The reason assigned for this rejection was the impossibility
+of supplying the men with arms; but the
+fairest assurances were given to the friends of the
+cause that arms and ammunition would soon be procured,
+and regiments listed forthwith.</p>
+
+<p>The spirits of the Jacobite army were now high;
+their hopes were raised by the daily increase of their
+party. Newcastle was their next object, and thither
+they prepared to march, having first proclaimed the
+Chevalier,&mdash;Mr. Buxton taking upon himself the office
+of herald. Newcastle was, however, on her defence:
+the city gates were closed against the troops, and
+they turned towards Hexham, and thence marched to
+a moor near Dilstone Castle, and here they halted
+for some days. This was a feint, as they intended,
+it is thought, to have surprised the town of Newcastle.
+But the news they received from that place
+were far from encouraging. The gentry in the
+neighbourhood had rallied for its defence; and Lord
+Scarborough, the lord-lieutenant of the county, had
+entered the town with a body of men. Still there
+was a powerful High Church party, who, as the Jacobites
+hoped, would declare for the Chevalier. It was
+from Newcastle that Lord Derwentwater had been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>
+apprised, in the first instance, that there were messengers
+sent to apprehend him. The insurgents
+therefore, continued near Hexham, where they seized
+on all the horses and arms they could, read prayers
+in the churches for King James, and proclaimed him
+in the market-place.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Derwentwater had appointed his brother
+to the command of his troop, whilst Captain
+Shaftoe was under Mr. Radcliffe. This, in some
+respects, was an unfortunate step: the young and
+brave commander had never even seen an army
+before: he was inexperienced, and ignorant of all
+military discipline: what he wanted in knowledge,
+he is said, however, to have made up for by the influence
+he acquired over his men, and by the power
+he had of inciting them to great exploits.<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a></p>
+
+<p>Whilst the rebel forces lay at Hexham, they received
+the intelligence that Lord Kenmure, the Earls
+of Nithisdale, of Carnwath, and Wintoun, had risen
+in Nithisdale, and had marched thence to England
+to join the troops in Northumberland, and had even
+advanced as far as Rothbury. On the nineteenth
+of October, Mr. Forster joined the Scottish army at
+Rothbury, and afterwards marched with an increasing
+force to Kelso. Here prayers were read in the
+great kirk by Mr. Buxton; "and I," relates Mr.
+Patten, "preached on these words, Deut. xxi. 17,&mdash;the
+latter part of the verse: 'The right of the first-born
+is his.'" The service of the Church of England<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
+was then read for the first time on that side of the
+Tweed.<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p>
+
+<p>William Gordon, Viscount Kenmure, had the command
+of the Jacobite army until they had crossed the
+Tweed. Like the Earl of Derwentwater, this unfortunate
+nobleman is declared to have shewn reluctance to
+take up arms. On having been solicited by the Earl
+of Mar to command the forces, and assured that he
+would join him, he at first refused the offer, but had
+finally acceded, and had set up the standard of the
+Chevalier at Moffat, in Annandale. The standard
+was made, for this occasion, by Lady Kenmure, the
+sister of Robert, sixth Earl of Carnwath. It was very
+handsome; one side being blue, with the arms of Scotland
+wrought in gold; on the other side a thistle,&mdash;the
+words so often uttered during the Rebellion, and
+re-echoed in many a Scottish heart, "No Union,"
+were wrought underneath the thistle. Above it
+were the words <span style="font-size: 50%;">NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT</span>; white
+pendants were attached to the standard, on which
+were inscribed&mdash;"For our Wronged King and Oppressed
+Country!" "For our Lives and Liberties!"</p>
+
+<p>But the nobleman who had taken this prominent
+part in the Rebellion of 1715, although possessed
+of extraordinary knowledge in politics and civil
+affairs, was an utter stranger to all military business.
+His mild temper and his unoffending character
+inspired compassion for his subsequent fate,
+but unfitted him for the office of command: <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>his
+gentler qualities were united, nevertheless, to a resolute
+and lofty mind. The fate of this nobleman,
+like that of his most distinguished friends, was a
+brief tragedy.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Kenmure had a troop of gentlemen with him,
+the command of which he gave to the Hon. Bazil
+Hamilton of Beldoun, and a nephew of the Duke
+of Hamilton.</p>
+
+<p>Among other characters who were conspicuous on
+this occasion, was the celebrated Brigadier Mackintosh.
+The sixth regiment, named after the Brigadier
+as chief of the clan, was commanded by a kinsman.
+The Brigadier had served in Germany, and had there
+gained his military rank. Descended from the ancient
+house of Fife, the chieftain had increased his
+influence by marrying, while a minor, the heiress of
+Clanchattan, in right of whom he became chieftain of
+that clan, comprising many others. His motto,
+"Touch not the cat without a glove," and the coat-of-arms
+supported by two wild cats, with a cat for
+the crest, were not inappropriate. No suspicion had
+been entertained of Mackintosh's adherence to the
+Chevalier, with whom he became acquainted abroad,
+until he actually joined the party.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Carnwath, Lord Nairn, Lord Charles
+Murray, and the Earl of Wintoun, commanded the
+other Scottish regiments, which were generally better
+armed than those of the English. The Earl of Derwentwater,
+and the Lords Widdrington had the two
+principal English regiments, of which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> there were
+four.<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the twenty-fifth of October, the united army
+of Scots and English left Kelso, and marched to Jedburgh.
+On their march, some of the Scots, taking
+umbrage, left the army under the guidance of the
+Earl of Wintoun; and although that nobleman afterwards
+returned with his troop, above four hundred
+Highlanders deserted, and returned to their country.</p>
+
+<p>During the progress of the insurgent forces, there is
+little reason to conclude that Lord Derwentwater took
+a very active or important part in the various consultations
+which were held, always with great disunion,
+and with a melancholy want of judgment, between the
+General, Mr. Forster, and his military council. The
+amiable nobleman appears to have assigned to his
+less discreet brother the entire guidance of his troop.
+"His temper and disposition," as he expresses it in
+his defence, "disposed him to peace. He was totally
+inexperienced in martial affairs; that he entered
+upon the undertaking without any previous concert
+with its chief promoters,&mdash;without any preparation
+of men, horses, and arms, or other warlike accoutrements,"
+was at once an instance of his imprudence
+and a mitigation of his error.<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> There was, indeed,
+no doubt but that Lord Derwentwater might have
+brought many hundreds of his followers to the field,
+even from one portion of his estate only; for he possessed
+the extensive lead mines on Alstone Moor,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>
+where a large body of men were daily employed, and
+received from him their sole means of support.<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p>
+
+<p>But whether or not this unfortunate nobleman
+failed in energy or in zeal; whether he entered with
+his whole heart into the cause of James Stuart; or
+whether, with the conscientious scruples of a gentle
+nature, he shrank from involving in the risk of
+this insurrection the majority of his humble dependants,
+he acted throughout the whole of this
+brief campaign with the consideration for others
+so characteristic of his mind. He truly affirmed on
+his trial, that no one could charge him with any
+cruel, severe, or harsh action during his continuance
+in arms: and his conduct in the last
+extremity corresponded to his previous forbearance.
+Such dispositions appear to have been cherished,
+indeed, by the rest of the Jacobite party. The merciful
+temper of the Chevalier, and his known aversion
+to destructive measures, may have had its influence
+over those who asserted his claims. There was something
+like the spirit of the cavalier of the Great Rebellion
+in Mr. Forster's reply to some of his officers, who
+wished to put down or burn a Presbyterian meetinghouse
+at Penrith: "It is by clemency, and not by
+cruelty, that we are to prevail."<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a></p>
+
+<p>After the insurgent troops had marched from place
+to place for some time, it was decided that the English
+regiments should recross the border; and after
+many disputes and much loss of time, they reso<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>lved
+on a march into Lancashire, a country abounding
+at that time in Roman Catholic gentry, and strongly
+Jacobite.<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> This decision, like most of the other
+military movements of the unfortunate Jacobites,
+was the work of a strong party in the camp, and
+was founded upon the alleged authority of private
+letters, which gave the assurance of a general
+insurrection taking place on the appearance of the
+insurgent force. The unlucky change of plans
+superseded a meditated attack upon the town of
+Dumfries. "Nothing," observes Mr. Patten, "could
+be a greater token of a complete infatuation,&mdash;that
+Heaven confounded all their devices, and that their
+destruction was to be of their own working, than
+their omitting such an opportunity." After a rapid
+march from Langholm in the west of Scotland, across
+the borders, and through Penrith, Appleby, and Kendal,
+to Kirby Lonsdale, the combined force entered
+the county of Lancaster; and having entered Lancaster
+without opposition, they resolved to proceed to
+Preston. It is now that the last disastrous events of
+Lord Derwentwater's brief career brought to light his
+excellent qualities, his pure and amiable motives of
+action. It is not possible to read the account of the
+battle of Preston, in which he was engaged, without a
+deep regret for the personal misfortunes of one so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>
+young, so well intentioned, and so esteemed, as this
+ill-fated nobleman.</p>
+
+<p>The forces of the Jacobites amounted, after being
+joined by a party of volunteers under the Lords
+Rothes and Torpichen, and since their separation from
+the Highlanders, to about two thousand men. The
+foot was commanded by Brigadier Mackintosh; and
+six hundred Northumbrian and Dumfriesshire horsemen,
+by Lord Kenmure and Mr. Forster.<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the ninth instant the march to Preston was
+commenced; the cavalry troops reached that town on
+the same evening; but the day proving rainy, and the
+roads heavy, the foot regiments were left at a small
+market-town called Garstang, half-way between Manchester
+and Preston. Two troops of Stanhope's dragoons,
+formerly quartered at Preston, having retired
+as the rebels approached, the spirits of the Jacobite
+officers and the ardour of their men were greatly
+encouraged. On the following day, Thursday the
+tenth of November, the Chevalier was proclaimed at
+Preston, and here the rebels were joined by many
+country gentlemen, their tenants and servants: this
+was the first accession to the party since their entrance
+into Lancashire. The new allies were chiefly Roman
+Catholics, a circumstance which aroused the instinctive
+dread of the Scottish volunteers to persons of
+that persuasion. The High Church party hung back
+from joining the cause. The Roman Catholics began,
+according to the historian of the Rebellion of 171<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>5,
+"to show their blind side," being never right hearty
+for their cause until they are "mellow," as they call
+it "over a bottle or two."<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></p>
+
+<p>The town of Preston seated on the river Ribble,
+was a place from which an enemy might, in the year
+1715, have been easily repulsed. About a mile and
+a half from the town, a bridge over the river offered
+an admirable stand for a besieged garrison; it might
+have been so easily barricadoed, that it would have
+been impracticable to pass that way if the commonest
+precautions had been adopted. The river in this
+part was not fordable for a considerable distance on
+either side of the bridge, and it could have been easily
+rendered impassable. From the Ribble bridge to the
+town, the road ran between two steep banks; and this
+way, or lane, was then so narrow, that in several
+places two men could not ride abreast. It was here
+that Oliver Cromwell had met with a famous resistance
+from the King's forces in 1648, large mill-stones
+having been rolled down upon him from the
+rising grounds, so that the republican general was
+in considerable danger, and he only escaped with life
+by making his horse plunge into a quicksand.</p>
+
+<p>This lane formed a curious natural outwork; and
+might easily have been barricadoed, but the deficiencies
+of Mr. Forster's generalship were fatal to so
+simple and obvious a plan of defence. He confined
+his exertions to the town, barricadoed the streets, and
+posted men in the bye-lanes and houses. The Jacobite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>
+troops formed four main barriers: one in the
+churchyard, commanded by Brigadier Mackintosh.
+This barrier was to be supported by four noblemen,
+who, at the head of the volunteer horse, (as in
+many instances in the army of Charles the First,)
+composed of gentlemen solely, was planted in the
+churchyard of Old St. Wilfred, as the parish-church
+of Preston was then called: their leaders
+were the Earl of Derwentwater, Lord Kenmure, the
+Earl of Nithisdale, and the Earl of Wintoun,&mdash;a
+truehearted band as ever braved the terrors of an
+encounter with their countrymen. At a little distance
+from the churchyard and at the extremity of
+a lane leading into the fields, Lord Charles Murray
+defended another post. The third was at a windmill,
+and that Colonel Mackintosh was appointed to
+command. The fourth was in the town.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Derwentwater and his brothers were the objects,
+even before the action began, of universal approbation.
+Whatever may have been the real or supposed
+reluctance of the former to engage in the cause,
+it vanished as he came into action. There he stood,
+having stripped off his clothes to his waistcoat, encouraging
+the men, giving them money to induce them
+to cast up the trenches, and animating them to a
+vigorous defence. His brother addressed the soldiers
+also, and displayed all the ardour of his fearless spirit.
+"No man of distinction," wrote a Scottish prisoner in
+the Marshalsea to his friend in the North, "behaved
+himself better than the Earl of Derwentwater. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>
+kept himself most with the Scots, abundantly exposing
+himself."<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> But all this was in vain, if we dare to
+call any manifestations of heroic devotion in vain.</p>
+
+<p>With singular incapacity, Mr. Forster had failed
+in procuring the necessary intelligence of the movements
+of the enemy. He had been assured by the
+Lancashire gentlemen, that General Wills, who headed
+the King's forces, could not come within forty miles
+of Preston without their knowledge. On Saturday,
+the twelfth of November, after he had ordered the
+forces to march toward Manchester, the intelligence
+reached him that General Wills had advanced as far
+as Wigan to attack the rebels. Even at this crisis
+affairs might have been retrieved: a body of the
+Jacobites was, indeed, sent forward to defend the
+Ribble bridge, whilst Mr. Forster went on with a
+party of horse to reconnoitre. He soon saw the
+enemy's dragoons; but instead of disputing the
+bridge, or allowing Colonel Farquharson, belonging to
+Mackintosh's battalion, to keep the pass, he ordered
+a retreat to the town. Then all was confusion,
+slaughter, disgrace. General Wills advanced; he remembered
+the disaster of Oliver Cromwell; he looked
+carefully around him, and caused the hedges and
+fields to be viewed; but no enemy appeared to dispute
+his progress. The dragoons advanced towards
+the town; at first, their General conjectured that it
+must have been abandoned. When he discovered his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>
+mistake, he ordered his troops to pass through a gate
+which leads into the fields at the back of the town,
+and immediately disposed his forces so as to prevent
+either a sally or a retreat.</p>
+
+<p>The insurgents, meantime, were prepared to receive
+him. The ancient church of St. Wilfred, which has
+since 1814 been replaced by a modern structure, and
+endowed with another name, that of St. John,
+must have been shaken to its foundations with the
+explosion of the cannon, as it was discharged beneath
+its ancient walls. The besieged formed four main
+barriers; one a little below the church, commanded
+by Brigadier Mackintosh: the Earl of Derwentwater
+and his gallant volunteers were commanded to support
+that barrier in particular, and here the first
+attack was made; but it met with so fierce a reception,
+and such a fire upon the assailants, that the
+dragoons were obliged to retreat to the entrance of
+the town. Of this repulse Lord Derwentwater and
+his youthful brother gained the chief credit. The
+scene that followed is a detail of fruitless gallantry,
+and of an agonised but ill-concerted resistance.
+The fatality which attended the Stuart cause, and
+which rendered the bloodshed of its gallant champions
+unavailing to promote it, was here conspicuous.
+That fatality was doubtless resolvable into
+a want of common sense, in entrusting the command
+of the forces into incompetent hands. All night,
+indeed, the Jacobite forces met their opponents with
+a determined resistance, that made up, in some measu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>re,
+for inequality of numbers: the besieged were in
+many instances sheltered from the enemy's shot, and
+they had also the advantage on their side of cannon,
+with which General Wills was not supplied. In the
+course of that night of horrors, whilst the brave were
+carried away, mangled or dying, Lord Charles Murray,
+who was attacked late in the evening, wanted
+a reinforcement of men. He sent Mr. Patten to the
+Earl of Derwentwater to ask for aid; it was granted;
+Mr. Patten passing in safety on account of his black
+coat, upon which neither party would fire, conducted
+a troop of fifty volunteers to Lord Charles, who
+maintained his post, and obliged the enemy to retire
+with loss. Had it not been for another of Mr.
+Forster's fatal blunders, the insurgents would still
+have remained in possession of the town of Preston,
+which has always, from its commanding situation,
+been deemed, in all the civil commotions of the
+kingdom, as a military post of great importance.</p>
+
+<p>All Saturday night, the platoons of the King's forces
+were incessantly playing upon the insurgents from
+two principal houses which the besiegers had taken,
+but few persons of importance were killed. Several
+houses were set on fire by both parties, but the wind
+was still, otherwise the inhabitants and the Jacobite
+troops must have perished in the flames. Towards
+morning the information arrived in the town through
+some of the King's soldiers who had been made prisoners,
+that General Carpenter, with three regiments
+of dragoons was marching towards Preston, an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>d that
+he had arrived at Clithero. This intelligence spread
+great consternation among the Jacobites; and a capitulation
+began to be mentioned among them; yet it
+is probable they would still have held out, had not
+one of the avenues into Preston, by an inexcusable
+oversight of the Jacobite General, been left unguarded.</p>
+
+<p>It was discovered by some of the King's men that
+the street leading to Wigan had not been barricadoed.
+This weak point was thereupon attacked by
+Lord Forrester, at the head of that brave and old
+regiment, called Preston's regiment. The assailants
+marched into a straight passage behind the houses:
+then Lord Forrester came into the open street, and
+faced Mackintosh's barrier; there were many shots
+fired at him, and he was wounded; yet he went back,
+and lead his men fearlessly into the street, where
+many of that regiment fell a sacrifice to this dauntless
+assault. It prevailed; and from that time the
+fate of the heroes of the churchyard of Preston, of
+Derwentwater and his noble comrades was determined.
+But, during that appalling conflict, whilst
+the blood of the valiant was tinging the streets of
+Preston, where was the General, who should have
+shared the dangers with his officers? "I had almost
+forgot to tell you," writes the plain-spoken Scottish
+soldier above referred to, "that in the hottest time
+of our little action, which was about eleven on
+Saturday night, Lord Charles Murray's men falling
+short of ammunition, Robertson of Guy, and another
+gentleman, were sent to the General, Mr. Forster, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>for
+a recruit. When they got access, they found him
+lying in his naked bed, with a sack-posset, and some
+confections by him; which I humbly judge was not a
+very becoming posture at that time for a General.
+He took all along particular care of himself."<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p>
+
+<p>Towards morning Mr. Forster in conjunction with
+Lord Widdrington and Colonel Oxburgh, proposed a
+capitulation. It was considered, that by submission,
+terms of mercy might be procured by the insurgent
+troops. Those who thus argued had had no experience
+of the temper of those to whom they trusted, or they
+would have willingly died sword in hand rather than
+have confided in such slender hopes of clemency. The
+Earl of Derwentwater was among those who counselled
+the surrender. From his general character, the
+reasons which he assigned afterwards in his defence,
+for such advice, have ever been credited. When the
+fury of the action was over, the amiable nobleman
+perceived that it was his duty to coincide in a step
+by which the lives of his countrymen might be
+spared: he trusted to the mediation of Colonel Oxburgh,
+who offered to go to the King's forces, and to
+request a cessation of arms; and who also promised,
+by his personal influence, to obtain fair terms of
+capitulation. As a guarantee for the suspension of
+hostilities, Lord Derwentwater volunteered to become
+one of the hostages until the morning, should General
+Wills require it. It appears that his offer was
+accepted, and that while the Earl was in the ca<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>mp
+of General Wills, he received assurances of King
+George's being a prince of known clemency,&mdash;a
+virtue which was said to form a distinguishing mark
+in his character.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> But Mr. Radcliffe, young and
+ardent, opposed the capitulation with the vehemence
+natural to his character. During the whole of the
+action, he had been in the midst of the fire, and
+had displayed the utmost intrepidity; and now he
+declared, that "he would rather die with his sword
+in his hand, like a man of honour, than be dragged
+like a felon to the gallows, there to be hanged like a
+dog." He was, of course, obliged to submit to the
+majority.<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> The common soldiers joined in his declamations.
+"Never," writes the Scottish soldier,
+"was a handful of men more ready to fight than
+those at Preston." It was with difficulty that the
+gallant Highlanders could be restrained from sallying
+forth, with their claymores, at all hazards, upon
+the enemy. They chafed under the disappointment
+and humiliation of that day; but all was to little
+purpose. Perhaps no power of words could express
+the bitter feelings of that hour better than the
+homely phrases of an eye-witness of the scene.</p>
+
+<p>"On Sunday, to our surprise, about three in the
+afternoon," writes the Highlander from his prison,
+"we saw a drum of the enemy beating a chamade
+in the street. In an instant we were all called from
+our posts to the Market-place: the horsemen were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>
+ordered to mount. This made us believe the parley
+had been proposed by General Wills, and that we
+were to break out and attack them sword in hand,&mdash;at
+least, break through them at that end of the town;
+but we soon found it was proposed by Mr. Forster,
+and that there was a cessation till nine next morning,
+and a capitulation to be made. This was very choaking
+to us all, but there was no helping of it; for no
+sooner had we left our posts, than they made themselves
+master of them, and of our cannon."<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a></p>
+
+<p>Whilst the chamade was beating, Colonel Cotton,
+sent by General Wills, rode up the street, and
+alighted at the sign of the Mitre: the firing meantime
+had not ceased from several of the houses: the
+common soldiers were ignorant of the real state of
+the case, and believed that General Wills had sent
+to offer honourable terms, not knowing that the offer
+of a capitulation had proceeded from their own
+party.</p>
+
+<p>Still there were obstacles to the capitulation raised
+by the Scottish party, who were represented by Brigadier
+Mackintosh. "He could not," he replied,
+when urged for his consent, "answer for the Scotch,
+for they were people of desperate fortunes, and he
+had been a soldier himself, and knew what it was to
+be a prisoner at discretion." When this demur was
+stated to General Wills, "Go back to your people
+again," was his answer to those who stated it: "I
+will attack the town, and I will not spare a man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>
+of you." At the subsequent trial of the rebels General
+Wills was able, with truth, to deny the charge
+of having given his unhappy prisoners any hopes,
+to induce them to sign the capitulation. "All the
+terms he offered them," such was his assertion,
+"was, that he would save their lives from the soldiers
+till further orders, if they surrendered at discretion:
+(the meaning of which was, that by the
+rules of war it was in his power to cut them all to
+pieces, but he would give them their lives till further
+orders;) and if they did not comply, he would renew
+the attack, and not spare a man."<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></p>
+
+<p>No sooner had the news of the capitulation been
+bruited about the streets, than it was received with
+a sorrow and indignation almost past description.
+Had the unlucky and pusillanimous Mr. Forster appeared
+at that moment, he "would certainly," as
+Mr. Patten relates, "have been cut to pieces." Even
+in his chamber, the General was attacked by his
+own Secretary, Mr. Murray, and a pistol which was
+aimed at him only averted by Mr. Patten's hand.
+The truth is, even Forster's fidelity has been doubted;
+and subsequently, the mild treatment which he received
+during his imprisonment, and his escape from
+prison, have been construed, with what justice
+it is difficult to say, into a confirmation of this
+charge.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning after the surrender, the rebels
+were all made prisoners and disarmed, soon aft<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>er
+daybreak. That day, so fatal to the Jacobites of
+1715, witnessed also the battle of Sherriff Muir
+under Lord Mar, and the retaking of the town of
+Inverness by Lovat. It must have aggravated the
+regrets of those who then laid down their arms, to
+see the townspeople of Preston plundered, in despite of
+every hope to the contrary, by the King's forces, as
+they dislodged the dejected Jacobites from their
+quarters. But these irregularities were soon checked.</p>
+
+<p>At last the sound of trumpets and the beating of
+drums were heard: the two Generals were entering
+the town in form. They rode into the Market-place,
+around which the Highlanders were drawn up with
+their arms. The lords and gentlemen among the
+rebels were first secured, and placed severally under
+guard in separate rooms at the inn. Then the poor
+Highlanders laid down their arms where they stood,
+and were marched off to the church, under a sufficient
+guard. Here the thrifty Scots amused themselves
+by making garments of the linings of the pews, which
+they ripped off from the seats.</p>
+
+<p>Seven noblemen, besides one thousand four hundred
+and ninety others, including gentlemen and officers,
+were taken at Preston.<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> Generally speaking, they
+were treated well by the military: "The dragoons
+were civil to us," writes the Highlander, "their
+officers choosing rather to want beds themselves than
+we should."<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> At Wigan the prisoners were allowed
+to commune together, under the inspection of sentine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>ls;
+and a warm altercation occurred between
+Lord Widdrington and Brigadier Mackintosh, in the
+presence of Lord Derwentwater, who took little
+notice of the Brigadier, but turning to another gentleman,
+said: "You see what we have brought ourselves
+to by giving credit to our highborn Tories&mdash;to
+such men as Fenwick, Tate, Green, and Allgood.
+If you outlive misfortune, and return to live in the
+North, I desire you never to be seen in converse with
+such rogues in disguise, who promised to join us, and
+animated us to rise with them." The gentleman
+promised that he would observe his Lordship's counsels.
+"Ah!" said Lord Derwentwater, "I know
+you to be of an easy temper."<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a></p>
+
+<p>The prisoners were now carried on towards London
+by easy marches, Mr. Patten accompanying his
+patron, Mr. Forster. As they went, the undaunted
+Highlanders called out to the country people who
+came to gaze at them, "Where are all your high-church
+Tories? If they would not fight with us, let
+them come and rescue us." This indiscretion redoubled
+the vigilance of the watch put upon the
+rebels. From Daventry to London, Mr. Forster and
+Mr. Patten were greeted by the common people with
+encomiums upon a warming-pan, in allusion to the
+supposed birth of the Pretender. When the prisoners
+arrived at Barnet, messengers came to meet them,
+and to pinion their arms with cords,&mdash;"More for distinction,"
+adds the subservient Mr. Patten, "than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>
+for any pain that attended." Yet the indignity must
+have been cruelly galling to the highborn and gallant
+men who were thus mercilessly paraded to their
+doom amid the cries of the populace.</p>
+
+<p>At Highgate a strong detachment of horse-soldiers
+and dragoons received the prisoners from Lumley's
+Horse, which had hitherto guarded them; and now
+they were separated into pairs, a foot-soldier holding
+the bridle of each horse; and in this manner the
+Jacobite peers, Lord Derwentwater among the rest,
+were conducted to London through "a hedge of a
+mob," as the Highland soldier declares, hired, as he
+hints, at Lord Pelham's charge, to muster that day.
+Cries of "Long live King George!" and "Down
+with the Pretender!" greeted the ear as they passed
+on to their several destinations. A Quaker, fixing
+his eyes on Mr. Patten, and seeing his black dress,
+remarked, "Friend, thou hast been the trumpeter
+of rebellion to those men,&mdash;thou must answer for
+them." The moralizer was touched by a grenadier
+with the butt end of his musket, so that the "spirit
+fell into the ditch." But the Quaker was not rebuffed.
+"Friend," he said to the soldier, "thou art,
+I fear, no true friend to King George."</p>
+
+<p>Even at the last, Mr. Forster had hopes, it is said,
+of being released by a Tory mob. The Jacobite noblemen
+had been, indeed, all along misled, or ignorant
+of the real inclinations of the mass of the people.
+The dread of what they term "popery" is a deep
+and engrossing passion in the hearts of the lo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>wer and
+even of the middle classes, and it formed an effectual
+barrier against the restoration of the Stuarts.
+The cause of those unfortunate Princes was never,
+in this country, as it was in Scotland, the cause of
+the people. The personal attachment of the Highlanders
+to the ancient race of Stuart, and their
+devotion to their clan, superseded their religious
+scruples;<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> but that was not the case in the South.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Derwentwater and his brother were
+consigned to different prisons,&mdash;the former to the
+Tower, the latter to Newgate; a very strict guard
+was set upon the Earl, and no one was allowed to see
+him or speak to him.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the seventh of January, 1716, the case of the
+seven rebel lords<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> was brought before the House of
+Commons; and Mr. Lechmere moved that they should
+not be left to the ordinary method of prosecutions,
+but should be proceeded against by way of impeachment.<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>
+In a long and, as far as the report enables
+a reader to judge, able speech, he referred to the
+declaration of the Pretender, given under his sign
+manual and privy seal at Commercy, on the twenty-fifth
+of October, 1715. "This paper," Mr. Lechmere
+observed, "which he held in his hand, was sufficient
+to fire the thoughts of every gentleman there;
+and the House could do no more than to resent this
+so far as to make themselves the prosecutors of th<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>ose
+who avowed the cause of the Pretender, and set themselves
+at the head of armies, in the heart of his Majesty's
+dominions." In conclusion, "he impeached
+James, Earl of Derwentwater, of high treason, which
+impeachment he undertook to make good."</p>
+
+<p>Six other members then severally impeached the
+other six Jacobite lords; and an impeachment was
+carried up to the Bar of the House of Lords, with an
+assurance "that articles to make good the charge
+against the Earl of Derwentwater and the other noblemen
+would shortly be exhibited."</p>
+
+<p>A committee of the House of Commons, with Mr.
+Lechmere as their chairman, was therefore formed;
+and the articles were framed, and read before the Bar
+of the House of Lords. On the tenth of January the
+Jacobite lords were summoned to hear the articles of
+impeachment: a few days were allowed to them to
+prepare their replies. On the following Saturday, the
+Earl of Derwentwater was brought by the Gentleman
+Usher of the Black Rod before the Bar, where he
+knelt, until told by the Lord Chancellor to rise.
+He then delivered his answer.</p>
+
+<p>Those who, in perusing the annals of these times,
+look for strength of character in the state prisoners
+who were now brought before the tribunal of the
+House of Lords, or for consistency in those principles
+which had led them into the field, will be
+painfully disappointed. In two instances alone was
+there displayed an undaunted demeanour, and a resolute
+adherence to the cause which they had avowed;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
+and these were shewn in the subsequent rebellion,
+by the brave and admirable Lord Balmerino, and
+by the unfortunate Charles Radcliffe.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Derwentwater expressed, in his reply,
+the "deepest concern and affliction to a charge of so
+high and heinous a nature as that brought against
+him." He acknowledged with sorrow that he had been
+in arms, and did march through and invade several
+parts of the kingdom; and that he was thereby guilty
+of the offence whereof he was charged in the articles.
+"But," he continued, "if any one offence of that
+kind was ever attended with circumstances which
+might move compassion, the said Earl hopes he may
+be entitled to it." He then referred to his peaceable
+disposition, and pleaded his youth and inexperience;
+the absence of all malice, of all concerted conspiracy;
+his having made no warlike preparations. He pleaded
+also, that he could not be justly reproached with any
+cruel or harsh conduct while he bore arms: he specified
+his advice to those with him to submit at Preston,
+and to trust to the King's mercy. He adduced his
+anxiety to save the lives of his Majesty's subjects by
+avoiding further bloodshed, and brought in proof a
+letter which he had written to those of his own party,
+conjuring them to capitulate. Under such circumstances,
+the Earl implored the mediation both of their
+Lordships and of the Commons for mercy on his behalf,
+"which will lay him," so he declared in conclusion,
+"under the highest obligations of duty and affection
+to his Majesty, and perpetual gratitude to both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>
+Houses."</p>
+
+<p>The answer not appearing to the Lords to be sufficiently
+"express and clear," the Earl was then
+asked by the Chancellor, whether he meant to plead
+guilty to the articles of the impeachment. The Earl
+replied that he did, and that he submitted to the
+King's mercy. His answer and plea were entered
+accordingly, and the Earl then withdrew.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p>
+
+<p>On Thursday, February the ninth, the Lords came
+from their own House into the hall erected in Westminster
+Hall, to pass sentence upon James, Earl of
+Derwentwater, and upon the five other noblemen who
+had pleaded guilty with him; the Earl of Wintoun,
+who had pleaded not guilty, being reserved for trial.</p>
+
+<p>The Lord High Steward who presided on this occasion
+was William Earl Cowper, Lord Chancellor,
+who, for the time of trial, was called "your Grace,"
+and had the privilege of walking uncovered, his train
+borne, except whilst the commission was read by the
+Clerk of the Crown.</p>
+
+<p>The usual proclamation rang through the Court,
+and the Sergeant-at-Arms, saying "Oyez! Oyez!
+Oyez!" enforced silence. Then another proclamation
+was made, commanding the Lieutenant of the
+Tower to bring forth his prisoners to the Bar, and accordingly
+the six rebel lords were brought to the Bar
+by the Deputy-Governor of the Tower, having the axe
+carried before them by the Gentleman Jailer, who
+stood with it on the left hand of the prisoners,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> with
+the edge turned from him. The prisoners after
+kneeling before the Bar, bowed to his Grace the High
+Steward, and also to the Peers, whose sad privilege it
+is to try those of the same rank in the scale of society
+as themselves, and often, from extensive intermarriages,
+connected by ties of blood. The articles of
+impeachment against James Earl of Derwentwater
+were read, and the prisoner's reply.</p>
+
+<p>He was then asked if he pleaded guilty to the high
+treason in the said articles of impeachment. His
+Lordship replied, "I do." He was ordered to withdraw;
+but was called before the Bar the same day to
+receive judgment. Upon being asked by the Lord
+High Steward "Why judgment should not be passed
+upon him according to law?" the Earl repeated a few
+circumstances mentioned in his answer to the articles.
+His voice was scarcely articulate as he proceeded to
+say, "But the terrors of your Lordship's just sentence,
+which at once deprive me of my life and estate,
+and complete the misfortunes of my wife and innocent
+children, are so heavy upon my mind, I am scarcely
+able to allege what may extenuate my offence, if any
+thing may do it." He then again besought of their
+Lordships the mediation in his behalf.</p>
+
+<p>After the Lords Widdrington, Kenmure, Nithisdale,
+and Carnwath had been severally addressed, and had
+replied to the Court, proclamation for silence was
+again made, and judgment was given. It was prefaced
+by a long and elaborate address; which, however
+elegant, however explanatory, however just, it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>may be
+considered, was strongly tinctured by the adulatory
+spirit of the day, and was calculated to wound and to
+harden the offending prisoners, rather than to unfold
+with dignity the reasons for condemnation. In conclusion,
+since nothing could, in the narrowing view of
+party, be too dictatorial for the unfortunate Jacobites,
+they were exhorted not to rely any longer on the usual
+directors of their consciences, but to be assisted by
+some of the pious and learned divines of the Church of
+England. This was addressed to men who were, with
+two exceptions, of the Church of Rome, and whose
+chief reliance must naturally be upon those of their
+own persuasion.</p>
+
+<p>The terrible sentence of the law was then recorded.
+It was that usually given against the meanest offenders
+in like kind, the most ignominious and
+painful parts being remitted by the grace of the
+Crown to persons of quality. Judgment was, however,
+pronounced, according to the usual form for
+high treason.<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p>
+
+<p>The prisoners were then reconducted to the Tower;
+the Lord High Steward, standing up uncovered, broke
+the staff of office, and declared the present commission
+to be ended. The Peers returned to the House of
+Lords.</p>
+
+<p>Little is known of the dreary and solemn hours
+which intervened between the judgment and the execution
+of the sentence. But one brief expression, in
+an old newspaper, relative to the young and u<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>nhappy
+Earl of Derwentwater, speaks volumes: "The Earl of
+Derwentwater is so desponding, that two warders are
+obliged to sit up with him during the night."<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> He
+was visited in his prison by Thomas Townshend,
+Viscount Sydney, then Under Secretary of State for
+George the First;<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> one of the most amiable men, as
+well as refined and elegant scholars of the day, and a
+nobleman whose sensibility and delicacy of feeling,
+which prevented his taking a share in the more
+active parts of public business, must have caused
+an interview with the Earl of Derwentwater to have
+been deeply touching. The Duke of Roxburgh also
+visited the condemned nobleman; but no record is
+left of these communications. The Duke was at that
+time Keeper of the Privy Seal for Scotland, and
+Lord-Lieutenant of the counties of Roxburgh and
+Selkirk. He had recently distinguished himself at
+Sherriff Muir: he was at this time a young man of
+twenty-five years of age, and one whom all parties
+have commended. "Learned, without pedantry, he
+was, perhaps," says Lockhart of Carnwath, "the
+best accomplished young man of Europe." To these
+acquirements were added a singular charm of manner.<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>
+One can hardly suppose the visits of two such
+men not to have had their source from some motive of
+kindness.</p>
+
+<p>To the credit of the House of Lords, an address was
+voted to the King, petitioning that his Majesty wou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>ld
+reprieve such of the rebel lords as deserved his
+mercy. The royal answer was couched in these
+terms: that "the King on this, and all occasions,
+would do what he thought consistent with the dignity
+of the Crown and the safety of his people."<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> It was
+unfortunate that, both at this time and in the Rebellion
+of 1745, there was no Queen Consort. A woman's
+heart would, one may trust, have pleaded for
+the young, gallant, and beloved Derwentwater. The
+English Court was, at that time, insulted by the audacious
+intrigues of foreign mistresses. These women
+had no interest in the King's real fame, nor in the
+national credit. Such was the case in the first Rebellion.<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a>
+In 1745 Queen Caroline, the wife of
+George the Second, was dead.</p>
+
+<p>Accompanied by two courageous ladies, the young
+Countess of Derwentwater threw herself at the feet
+of the King, and implored mercy on her husband.<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a>
+In the House of Commons, the First Lord of the
+Treasury declared, that he had been offered a bribe
+of sixty thousand pounds to save Lord Derwentwater.
+Sir Richard Steele spoke loudly in favour of the condemned
+lords, but the declaration of Walpole suppressed
+all hopes of mercy. "He was moved with
+indignation," he said, "to see that there should be
+such unworthy members of this great body as to
+open their mouths, without blushing, in favour of
+rebels and parricides." He adjourned the House<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>
+until the first of March, it being understood that
+the peers would be executed in the mean time. It
+is some consolation to reflect that the Minister had,
+on this occasion, only a majority of seven.</p>
+
+<p>At this juncture, when all hope seemed lost, Mary,
+Dowager Countess of Derwentwater, proffered the
+following petition in behalf of her sons. One can
+hardly suppose how it could have been disregarded;
+but the Monarch had few sympathies with his people
+of England.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The humble Petition of Mary Countess of Derwentwater,
+1716, to the King's most excellent Majesty,
+sheweth,</p>
+
+<p>"That the Earl of Derwentwater and Charles Radcliffe
+(your petitioner's two and only sons) having
+been unfortunately engaged and surprised into a
+horrid and open Rebellion against your most sacred
+Majesty, have surrendered themselves at Preston,
+and submitted to your Majesty's great clemency and
+mercy.</p>
+
+<p>"Their crimes are so enormous, that your petitioner
+can scarce hope for a pardon; yet the greatness of
+their offence doth not make your petitioner lay aside
+all hopes of mercy, when your petitioner and they,
+who are both very young, throw themselves, absolute
+and entirely, at your Majesty's feet for it; and as
+they have a just abhorrence and a sincere and true
+repentance for what is past, so they will give undoubted
+security and proof of their most dutiful behaviou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>r
+to your Majesty's Government for the future.</p>
+
+<p>"Wherefore your petitioner most humbly prays
+that your Majesty will, out of your royal clemency
+and boundless mercy and compassion, spare the lives
+of your petitioner's sons, and grant them your most
+gracious pardon.</p>
+
+<p>"And your petitioner shall ever, as in duty bound,
+&amp;c."<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The petition was unavailing, and the unfortunate
+young nobleman prepared to meet his doom.</p>
+
+<p>On the twenty-fourth of February, at ten o'clock,
+the Earl of Derwentwater, with Lord Kenmure, was
+carried in a hackney-coach from the Tower to the
+Transport Office in Tower Hill, where there was a
+room prepared for their reception, hung with black,
+and a passage or gallery railed in, which led to the
+place of execution. The scaffold was surrounded
+with the Guards. Lord Derwentwater suffered first.
+He was observed to turn very pale as he proceeded
+through the gallery and ascended the steps; but
+there was a modest composure observable in his demeanour.
+He held a book in his hand, from which
+he read prayers for some time; then, requesting leave
+of the Sheriffs to read a paper to the people, he went
+to the rails of the scaffold, and there delivered the
+following touching and beautiful address, which, how
+different soever may be the sentiments and opinions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>
+with which it is perused, can hardly fail to impress
+the reader as coming from a conscientious mind:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Being in a few minutes to appear before the
+Tribunal of God, where, though most unworthy, I
+hope for mercy, which I have not found from men
+now in power, I have endeavoured to make my peace
+with His Divine Majesty, by most humbly begging
+pardon for all the sins of my life; and I doubt not
+of a merciful forgiveness, through the merits of the
+passion of my Saviour Jesus Christ; for which
+end I earnestly desire the prayers of all good Christians.</p>
+
+<p>"After this, I am to ask pardon of those whom I
+might have scandalized by pleading guilty at my
+trial. Such as were permitted to come to me, told
+me that, having been undeniably in arms, pleading
+guilty was but the consequence of having submitted
+to mercy, and many arguments were used to prove
+there was nothing of moment in so doing,&mdash;among
+others, the universal practice of signing leases, whereof
+the preambles ran in the name of the persons in
+possession.</p>
+
+<p>"But I am sensible that in this I have made bold
+with my loyalty, having never owned any other but
+King James the Third for my lawful King: him I
+had an inclination to serve from my infancy, and
+was moved thereto by a natural love I had to his
+person, knowing him to be capable of making his
+people happy; and though he had been born of a
+different religion to mine, I should have done<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> for him
+all that lay in my power, as my ancestors have done
+for his predecessors, being thereto bound by the laws
+of God and man.</p>
+
+<p>"Wherefore, if in this affair I have acted rashly,
+it ought not to affect the innocent; I intended to
+wrong nobody, but to serve my King and my country,
+and that without self-interest,&mdash;hoping, by the
+example I gave, to have induced others to their
+duty; and God, who sees the secrets of my heart,
+knows I speak the truth. Some means have been
+proposed to me for saving my life, which I looked
+upon as inconsistent with honour and innocence, and
+therefore I rejected them; for, with God's assistance,
+I shall prefer any death to the doing a base unworthy
+action. I only wish now, that the laying
+down my life might contribute to the service of my
+King and country, and the re-establishment of the
+ancient and fundamental constitution of these kingdoms;
+without which, no lasting peace or true happiness
+can attend them. Then I should, indeed,
+part with my life even with pleasure; as it is, I can
+only pray, that these blessings may be bestowed
+upon my dear country; and since I can do no more,
+I beseech God to accept of my life as a small sacrifice
+to it.</p>
+
+<p>"I die a Roman Catholic: I am in perfect charity
+with all the world (I thank God for it), even with
+those of the present Government, who are most instrumental
+in my death. I freely forgive all such
+as ungenerously reported false things <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>of me; and
+hope to be forgiven the trespasses of my youth by
+the Father of Mercies, into whose hands I commend
+my soul.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<span class="smcap">J. Derwentwater.</span>"<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>P.S. "If that Prince who now governs had given
+me my life, I should have thought myself obliged
+never more to have taken up arms against him."</p></div>
+
+<p>After delivering this address, the unfortunate
+nobleman thus spoke to the executioner: "You will
+find something for you in my pocket [this was two
+half-guineas], and I have given that gentleman
+[pointing to a person who held his hat and wig]
+somewhat more for you. Let me lie down once, to
+see how the block fits me." This he did. Then,
+kneeling down again, and uttering a short prayer
+with the executioner, he arose, and undressed himself
+for execution, the headsman assisting him. After
+which, the Earl desired the executioner to take notice,
+that "when he heard the words 'sweet Jesus!'
+then he should do his office so soon as he pleased."
+After which, his Lordship laid himself down on the
+block, and said, "I forgive my enemies, and hope
+that God will forgive me;" and then, turning his
+head up towards the executioner, he exclaimed,
+"After the third time I cry '<i>sweet Jesus!</i>' strike
+then, and do what is most convenient to you."</p>
+
+<p>A solemn and appalling scene then ensued.
+The voice of Lord Derwentwater was heard to exclaim,
+and the watchful ear of the executioner caught<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>
+these words: "<i>Sweet Jesus</i>, receive my spirit; <i>sweet
+Jesus</i>, be merciful unto me; <i>sweet Jesus</i>"&mdash;he seemed
+to be going on, when the sentence was broken and
+the voice for ever hushed, the executioner severing
+his Lordship's head from his body, which he did at
+one stroke. Then the executioner took up the head,
+and at the several quarters of the scaffold elevated
+it with both his hands, crying with a loud voice,
+"Behold the head of a traitor! God save King
+George!" When he had done so, the friends of the
+Earl not being provided with hearse or coffin, Sir
+John Fryer, the Sheriff, ordered the body to be
+wrapped in black baize, to be conveyed to a hackney
+coach, and delivered to his friends, one of whom
+had wrapped up his head in a handkerchief.<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the day of the execution, Mary, Countess of
+Derwentwater, accompanied by another female, dressed
+herself as a fishwoman, and in a cart drove under
+Temple Bar, having previously bribed some people
+to throw the head of her lord into her lap, as she
+passed under the pinnacle on which it was placed.<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a></p>
+
+<p>Various accounts have been given of the interment
+of the Earl of Derwentwater. He is generally believed
+to have been buried in the church of St. Giles-in-the-Fields,
+near the altar. But a popular tradition
+has found credence, that he was buried at Dilstone.
+This has arisen from the Jacobite ditty, called "De<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>rwentwater's
+Good Night," or has probably given
+origin to that lay, in which the Earl is made to
+say:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Albeit that here in London town<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It is my fate to die,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O carry me to Northumberland,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In my father's grave to lie:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There chaunt my solemn requiem,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In Hexham's holy towers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And let six maids of fair Tynedale,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Scatter my grave with flowers."<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This is said to have been his last request, but to
+have been refused, for fear of any popular tumult in
+the North. Either a pretended burial in the church
+of St. Giles took place, or the Earl's body was removed,
+"for it was certainly," says Mr. Hogg, "carried
+secretly to Dilstone, where it was deposited by
+the side of the Earl's father, in his chapel." "A little
+porch before the farm-house of Whitesmocks," adds
+the same authority, "is pointed out as the exact spot
+where the Earl's remains rested, avoiding Durham."
+The coffin is said to have been opened during the
+present century, and the body of the Earl recognized,
+both by his appearance of youth, his features, and the
+suture round his neck. It is seldom satisfactory to
+state what has no other source than common report.
+In the North, the aurora borealis is still said to be
+called "Lord Derwentwater's lights," because, on the
+night of his execution, it appeared remarkably vivid.
+It is, any rate, pleasant to reflect, that one who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>
+"gave bread to thousands" is remembered by this
+beautiful appearance in the county which he loved,
+and where his virtues are remembered and his errors
+forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>His fate was hard. Let us not, contrary to nature,
+call up motives of state policy to vindicate the death
+of this brave and honourable man. The Earl of
+Derwentwater was one upon whom clemency might
+safely have been shown. Generous, liberal, sincere, a
+prince might have relied upon his assurance that, had
+mercy been shown to him, it would never have been
+repaid by treachery. His youth and inexperience,&mdash;his
+wife, his children,&mdash;should not have been forgotten:
+nor should it have been forgotten, that the
+principles of loyalty for which his life was forfeited,
+have dictated some of the most important services
+which have been rendered to the state, and have
+secured the existence of an hereditary government.</p>
+
+<p>Of what the Earl of Derwentwater might have become,
+in character, in intellect, his early fate has prevented
+our judging. In person he was noble and
+elegant; his portraits do not give the impression of
+that beauty of feature which has been ascribed to him.
+In character he was irreproachable. He was, in one
+sense, one of those noblemen of whom it were well for
+this country to have more: he lived among those
+from whom he drew his fortunes&mdash;their benefactor
+and their friend.</p>
+
+<p>The widowed Countess of Derwentwater died at
+Brussels in August, 1723.<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> The descendan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>ts of the
+Earl are now extinct, a son and daughter who survived
+him having both died. His Lordship's brother
+married a Scottish peeress, and is the ancestor of
+the present Earl of Newburgh, the rightful representative
+of the Earl of Derwentwater.</p>
+
+<p>"The domains of the Derwentwater family in Cumberland
+are," says Lord Mahon, "among the very few
+forfeitures of the Jacobites which have never been restored
+by the clemency of the House of Hanover." In
+1788, a clear rent of two thousand five hundred
+pounds was, however, granted out of these estates to
+the Newburgh family. "They were first," says the
+same authority, "settled on Greenwich Hospital, but
+have since been sold to Mr. Marshall, of Leeds."</p>
+
+<p>The deeds of the Derwentwater estates were preserved
+in the following manner: "On the night
+when Preston surrendered, Lord Derwentwater found
+means," as Mr. Hogg relates, "to send messengers
+to Capheaton, to prevent the family there from appearing
+in arms. By his orders, the family papers were
+removed to Capheaton, and they were laid between
+two walls and a chimney. A slater employed about
+the house discovered several chests with the Derwentwater
+arms engraved on the lids. Being a
+rigid Presbyterian, he informed old Sir Ambrose
+Middleton, of Belsay, who being Deputy-Lieutenant
+for the Duke of Somerset, searched Capheaton for
+arms, and under that pretence broke open the walls,
+and found the deeds, from the concealment of which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>
+Greenwich Hospital had been put to some difficulties."</p>
+
+<p>Such was the fate of the last memorial of the unfortunate
+Earl of Derwentwater. It is impossible to
+help regretting that a name once so honoured should
+have become extinct; and there appears to be an unaccountable
+injustice in that oblivion, whilst most
+of the Scottish forfeited titles have been restored.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_MASTER_OF_SINCLAIR" id="THE_MASTER_OF_SINCLAIR"></a>THE MASTER OF SINCLAIR.</h2>
+
+
+<p>John Sinclair, called, in compliance with the custom
+of Scotland in regard to the eldest sons of Barons,
+the Master of Sinclair, was descended from the ancient
+family of Saint Clare, in France, on whom lands
+were bestowed by Alexander the Third of Scotland.
+In early times, the titles of Earls of Orkney and
+Caithness had been given to the first settlers of the
+Saint Clares; and the possession of the islands of
+Orkney and Shetland had been added to certain royal
+donations, by a marriage with an heiress of the sirname
+of Speire. One of the Sinclairs had even borne the dignity
+of Prince of Orkney; but this distinction was
+lost by an improvident member of the house of Sinclair,
+called William the Waster; and the prosperity of
+his descendants was due only to the favour of James
+the Sixth, who created Henry Sinclair, of Dysart in
+Fife, a Baron.</p>
+
+<p>The family continued in honour and estimation,
+until the subject of this memoir, John, brought upon
+it disgrace, and incurred to himself lasting self-reproach.</p>
+
+<p>The Master of Sinclair was the eldest son of Henry,
+seventh Lord Sinclair, and the representative, therefore,
+of an honourable family. But it was his fate to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>
+forfeit his birthright, not so much by his adherence to
+an ill-fated cause, as by the violence and brutality of
+his own temper and conduct.</p>
+
+<p>He was, at an early age, engaged in the military
+profession, and bore the commission of Captain-Lieutenant
+in Preston's regiment under the great Marlborough.
+At the battle of Wynendale, fought on the
+twenty-eighth of September, 1708, the events which
+stamped the future character of the Master of Sinclair's
+destiny occurred.</p>
+
+<p>Two brothers of the name of Schaw, Scotchmen, of
+an ancient race, and ancestors, collaterally, of the
+present family of Shaw-Stewart of Renfrew, had commissions
+also in Preston's regiment. These unfortunate
+young men were of the chief family of the Schaws, or
+Sauchie, who had flourished since the reign of Robert
+the Second.</p>
+
+<p>By that singular coincidence which sometimes occurs,
+and which seems to stamp certain races with
+misfortune, the Schaws had already been nearly exterminated
+in feudal times by the violence of a neighbouring
+clan, the Montgomeries of Skellmorlie; and
+had been preserved from total destruction by what
+seemed to human comprehension to be the merest
+chance. By one of the Montgomeries, the Tower of
+Greenock was invaded and taken, and the Laird of
+Schaw and four or five of his sons were put to death.
+One child, then in his cradle, alone escaped, and
+grew up to manhood, with the resolution to avenge
+his father and his brothers rankling at his heart<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>.
+Accordingly, he collected his friends and dependants,
+and invested, during a period of repose and security,
+the house of his enemy. Montgomery, finding his
+castle attacked, stood forth on the battlements, and,
+after demanding a parley with the besieger, "Are
+you not," he cried out, "an ungrateful man to come
+hither with bow and brand to take the life of the
+man who made you young laird and auld laird in
+the same day?" Young Schaw, struck by the argument,
+drew off his forces, and left the castle of
+Skellmorlie standing, and its inmates uninjured.</p>
+
+<p>The family of Schaw were zealous Whigs, the father
+of the two young officers in Preston's regiment having
+raised a regiment at the time of the Revolution, without
+any other expense to the Government than that of
+sergeants and drummers.</p>
+
+<p>The eldest brother, Sir John Schaw, had been an
+active promoter of the Union; and, upon a threatened
+invasion of the French, and a consequent alarm of the
+Jacobites, Sir John had offered to join the army with
+five or six hundred of his followers. This decided
+political bias may, perhaps, in some measure, account
+for the disposition to affront on the side of Sinclair,
+and the quickness to resent on the other hand,
+which was shown between the parties.</p>
+
+<p>During the battle of Wynendale, in the midst of the
+fire, it appeared, in evidence afterwards taken, that
+Ensign Hugh Schaw, the first of the victims to the
+Master of Sinclair's wrath, was heard to call out to
+the Master "to stand upright;" it was afterwards<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>
+publicly stated by Ensign Hugh Schaw, that he had
+done so upon seeing Sinclair bow himself down to
+the ground for a considerable time. This alleged act
+of cowardice on the part of Sinclair appears, however,
+not to have really taken place; but it was
+made the groundwork of a calumnious imputation.
+It must, however, be acknowledged, that there was
+nothing in the subsequent conduct of the Master of
+Sinclair, as far as the battle of Sherriff Muir was concerned,
+to raise his character as a man of personal
+bravery.</p>
+
+<p>Upon hearing of this injurious report, Sinclair sent
+a challenge to Ensign Schaw. It was dispatched
+through the medium of a brother officer, to whom the
+Ensign replied, at first, that he had just heard of
+his brother George's being wounded before Lisle, and
+that it was of far greater importance that he should
+go to him than accept the Master of Sinclair's challenge;
+besides, the young man added, that since his
+last misfortune, probably a fatal duel, he had pledged
+himself neither to receive nor to give a challenge.
+Should a rencontre happen, he would defend himself as
+he could; that, after all, he had said nothing but what
+he could prove. Upon these words being repeated to
+the Master of Sinclair, he fell into a violent passion,
+and swore that he would not give Schaw fair play;
+that his honour was concerned. The second whom he
+had employed then threatened to take the challenge
+to Colonel Preston; upon which the Master told him
+"he was a rascal if he did it."</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p>
+<p>On the following day, the Master met Ensign Schaw,
+and taking a stick from underneath his coat, struck the
+Ensign two blows over the head with it. They both
+drew, and fought with such fury that the Master's
+sword was broken, and that of the Ensign bent; upon
+which Sinclair retired behind a sentinel, desiring
+him "to keep off the Ensign, as his sword was broken."
+Schaw then said, "You know I am more of a gentleman
+than to pursue you when your sword is broken."
+But the young soldier Schaw had at this time received
+a mortal wound, of which he died; but not
+until after the verdict of the court-martial ultimately
+held on Sinclair.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of three days a second fatal rencontre
+succeeded this deadly contest; and another brother,
+Captain Alexander Schaw, fell a victim to the vindictive
+and brutal notions at that period considered in
+the army to constitute a code of honour.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Schaw was naturally indignant at the death
+of his brother; he expressed his anger openly, and
+said, that the Master of Sinclair had "paper in his
+breast," against which his brother's sword was bent;
+and that he had received the fatal wound after his
+sword had thus become useless. The Master of Sinclair
+having heard of these assertions, resolved to
+avenge himself for these imputations cast upon him.
+On the thirteenth of September, as Captain Schaw was
+riding at the head of Major How's regiment, the sound
+of his own name, repeated twice, announced the approach
+of the hated Sinclair. Captain Schaw turned,
+and inquired of the Master what he wanted. S<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>inclair
+replied, by asking him to go to the front, as he
+wanted to speak to him; to which Captain Schaw
+rejoined, that he might speak to him there. "Yes,"
+returned Sinclair, "but if I fire at you here, I may
+shoot some other body." Captain Schaw answered,
+that he might fire at him if he pleased, he bore him
+no ill-will. "If you will not go to the front," returned
+Sinclair, "beg my pardon." This was refused,
+some words of further aggravation ensued; then the
+Master of Sinclair drew his pistol and fired at Schaw.
+The Captain was also preparing to fire; his hand was
+in the act of drawing his pistol when it was for ever
+checked, whether employed for good or evil; the aim
+of Sinclair was certain, and Schaw fell dead from
+his horse. Sinclair, without waiting to inquire how
+far mortal might be the wound he had inflicted, rode
+away.</p>
+
+<p>Thus perished two young officers, described by their
+brother, Sir John Schaw, as "very gallant gentlemen."
+To complete the tragedy, a third, wounded at Lisle,
+was brought to the camp at Wynendale, and expired
+in the same room with his brother, Ensign Schaw,
+partly of his wounds, partly of grief for his brother's
+death; so that the offender, as the surviving brother
+remarked, "was not wholly innocent even of his blood:"
+yet both these rencontres, to adopt the mild term employed
+by Sir Walter Scott, were viewed in a very
+lenient manner by the officers of the court-martial
+which afterwards sat upon the case, and even by Marlborough
+himself. The Master of Sinclair speaks of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>
+them in his narrative in terms which imply that
+one, whose hands were so deeply dyed in crime, regarded
+himself as an injured man; there can scarcely
+be a better exemplification of the deceitfulness of the
+heart than such a representation.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventeenth of October, 1708, a court-martial
+upon the Master of Sinclair was held at Ronsales
+by the command of the Duke of Marlborough.
+Upon the first charge, that of challenging Ensign
+Hugh Schaw (in breach of the twenty-eighth article
+of war), Sinclair was acquitted, the court being of
+opinion that the challenge was not proved.</p>
+
+<p>Of the second accusation, that of killing Captain
+Alexander Schaw, the Master of Sinclair was found
+guilty, and sentenced to suffer death. He was, however,
+recommended to the mercy of the Duke of Marlborough,
+in consideration of the provocation which he
+had received,&mdash;the prisoner having declared that, not
+only on that occasion, but upon several, and in different
+regiments, Captain Schaw had defamed him; that he
+was forced to do what he did, and that he had done it
+with reluctance.</p>
+
+<p>The case was, however, afterwards referred to the
+Attorney General and the Solicitor General, who gave it
+their opinion that Sinclair was guilty of murder; for
+had the trial taken place in England before a common
+jury, the judge must have directed the jury to find
+him guilty of murder, no provocation whatever being
+sufficient to excuse malice, or to make the offence of
+killing less than murder, when it is committed with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>
+premeditation. How far the provocation was to be
+considered as a ground of mercy, these legal functionaries
+declined to judge.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the publication of this sentence, Sir John
+Schaw addressed a petition to Queen Anne, praying
+for justice on the murderer of his brothers, and appealing
+to his Sovereign against the extraordinary recommendation
+of the court to mercy. He also wrote
+urgent letters to the Earl of Stair and the Duke of
+Argyle, praying for their intercession with the Duke of
+Marlborough that the murderer of his brothers might
+be punished. He next wrote to the Duke of Marlborough
+himself. The following letters show the
+earnestness of the pleader, and prove the caution and
+subtlety of the General. Some deep political motive
+lay beneath the mercy shown to Sinclair, otherwise it
+seems impossible to account for the conduct of so
+great a disciplinarian as Marlborough in this affair.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SIR JOHN SCHAW TO THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">May it pleas your Grace</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"Amongst the misfortunes that attend the murthers
+of my two brothers, I thinck it's one to be
+constrain'd to appear importunate with your Grace.
+The case, by the depositions of the witnesses, being
+in the opinion of the learn'd lawyers of the most
+atrocius nature, and not pardonable by the law of the
+country whereof we are subjects, and such as indispensable
+requires my utmost applications for redress,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>
+I cannot forbear the repeating of my submissive
+prayers to your Grace for speedy justice. The blood
+of my brothers, the tyes of nature, and the sentiments
+of friendship, would render the least negligence on my
+part inexcusable with the world and with my own
+conscience.</p>
+
+<p>"I should deliver my petition personally, rather
+than venture to give your Grace the trouble of letters,
+were I not sufficiently assured of your Grace's
+justice, and at the same time willing to gratifie my
+wellwisshers desires in staying here. Hoping your
+Grace wil, with a condescending compassion to my
+present circumstances, favourably admit the bearer,
+Capt. James Stuart, in Coll. M'Carty's regiment, who is
+my faithfull friend and near relation, to deliver this
+letter, and represent my case, that the whole matter
+may be sett in a true light for a finall decision, in the
+meantime, I remain, with a profound respect, my
+Lord, Your Grace's most humble, etc."</p>
+
+<p>
+"To the Duke of Marlborough, London, the 29th November, 1708."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH TO SIR JOHN SCHAW.<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a></h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"Captain Stewart has delivered me your letter of
+the twenty-first of November; I had before, from the
+Secretary at Warr, the opinion of the Attorney and
+Sollicitor General upon the proceedings of the cou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>rt-martiall,
+with the copie of the petition you had presented
+to the Queen, but no positive directions from hir
+Majesty, which I should have been very glad to have
+received, being without it under very great uneasiness,
+as Captain Steward will tell you; however, you may
+be sure I shall have all the regard you can desire for
+your just resentment against Mr. Sinclair, being truly,
+Sir,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<span style="margin-right: 4em;">"Your most humble servant,<br /></span>
+<span style="margin-right: 2em;">(<i>Sic subscribitur</i>)<br /></span>
+"<span class="smcap">Marlborough</span>."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Copie letter Duke of Marlborrough to Sir<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Schaw, dated at the Camp at<br /></span>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Melle, the 16th December, 1708."<br /></span>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>After this correspondence, the unhappy brother of the
+two young officers had every reason to conclude that
+the delinquent would very soon be brought to justice.
+He wrote to Mr. Cardonnel, secretary to the Duke of
+Marlborough, in grateful terms for the kind intercession
+employed for him. What was afterwards his astonishment
+to find that Sinclair was allowed to serve in
+the British army in the sieges of Lisle and Ghent, and
+eventually received in the Prussian service! The
+evident favour of the Duke is fully shown in the following
+passage from the Master of Sinclair's narrative:</p>
+
+<p>"I was obliged to quit [the army] for two misfortunes
+which happened in a very short time, one after
+the other, notwithstanding of the court-marshall's recommending
+me to the General, his Grace the Duke of
+Marlborough's mercy, which was always looked on as
+equal to a pardon, and which I can aver was never <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>refused
+to any one but myself. Nor was his allowing me
+to serve at the sieges of Lisle and Ghent precedented
+on my giving my word of honour to return to arrest
+after these sieges were over, which I did and continued
+(prisoner) till his Grace the Duke of Marlborough
+sent his repeated orders to make my escape, which I
+disobeyed twice; but at last being encouraged by his
+promise to recommend me to any prince that I pleased,
+for these were his words, I went off, and procured his
+recommendation to the King of Prussia, from whose
+service, which I may say is of the strictest, I came back
+to serve in the Low Countries, where I continued until
+the end of the war, at which time her Majesty Queen
+Anne having, as it is said, turned Tory, vouchsafed me
+her pardon."</p>
+
+<p>These marks of indulgence to Sinclair fell heavily
+upon the heart of him who still mourned two promising
+brothers, sent to an untimely grave by brutal
+revenge. The following letter from Sir John Schaw is
+beautifully and touchingly expressed.<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> What effect it
+produced upon the great but not faultless man to
+whom it was addressed, can only be known by the impunity
+with which Sinclair, his hands being imbued in
+the blood of his countrymen, continued in the Prussian
+army, and afterwards returned to Scotland.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is with very great regrate that I give your Grace
+any further trouble on account of the melancholy story
+of my two brothers, who had the misfortune to be murth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>ered
+in the space of three dayes by Lieutenant Sinclair,
+then in the regiment of Prestoun, in the year
+1708. Your Grace was at the paines to be informed
+of the whole case, and the murtherer, being a man of
+quality, had many to intercede for him; your justice
+did overcome all other considerations and indeed
+nothing could be more worthie of the great character
+your Grace has, and the glorious name you must leave
+to posterity, than the punishment of so cruel and
+bloodie a fact; but the criminal escaped, and the sentence
+of death pronounced by the court-martial, and
+confirmed by your Grace, was not executed; and I,
+having done all I could to bring the murtherer of my
+unfortunate brothers to condign punishment, was satisfied
+to pursue him no further, tho' the atrocity of the
+crime committed against the law of nations would have
+affoarded me ground to have prosecuted him in any
+country where he could have been found. But to my
+surprize and sorrow, I have of late been informed that
+Lieutenant Sinclair has added to the repeated murthers
+the impudence of returning, an officer in a Prussian
+regiment, to the army, where he was condemn'd,
+as it were to affront justice, and glory in what he has
+done. I am wel persuaded, that if his guilt had been
+known to the King of Prussia or his Generals, his Majesty
+would not have suffered so odious ane offender to
+be entertained in his service. Nor can the Generals or
+Ministers of Prussia have anything to plead, why a sentence
+pronounced by a British court-martial against
+one of hir Majesty's subjects, and confirmed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>by your excellency
+her Generall should not now be executed. I
+am confident your Grace will not sufferr publick justice
+to be insulted in that affair, and I doe in the most
+humble and earnest manner begg that your Grace
+would cause apprehend the murtherer, that justice may
+be done upon him for his barbarous and bloodie crimes.
+I had about two years ago four brothers, of whom I
+may without vanity say, they were very gallant gentlemen;
+two were murthered by Lieutenant Sinclair;
+the third died in the roome with one of these, partly
+of his wounds received before Lille, and pairtly out of
+griefe for his brothers' misfortunes, so that the offender
+is not innocent even of his blood; the fourth was killed
+at the battle of Mons. The blood of these that were
+barbarously slain, call for vengeance; the law of God
+and nature requires it. They had, and I in their name
+have a claime, in a particular manner, to your Grace's
+justice, they having been all four under your Grace's
+command; forgive it to my natural affection, if I use
+arguments with your Grace to do an act of justice when
+the whole world, and I in particular, have such proofs
+of the greatness of your minde and virtue, I shall only
+add my most sincere and humble acknowledgement of
+your Grace's justice and dispatch in the melancholie
+affair, of which I shall ever retain the most gratefull
+sense; and remain under the strictest tyes of dutie,
+with the most profound respect, my Lord, your Grace's
+most humble, most obedient, obliged, and faithful
+servant," &amp;c.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>With this letter, and some memorials of Sir John
+Schaw's public service, end all known appeals for justice
+on the murderer. But conscience avenged the crime.
+Many years afterwards, when living in opulence upon
+his patrimonial estate at Dysart in Fife, the Master received
+from an humble individual a bitter, though involuntary
+reproach. When preparing to cross the Frith,
+he stopped at an inn in order to engage a running footman
+to attend him. Detested by his neighbours, and
+ever in dread of the Schaws, Sinclair preserved a
+sort of incognito. A youth was presented for his approval.
+The Master inquired of the young candidate
+what proof he could give of his activity, on which this
+remarkable reply was given: "Sir, I ran beside the
+Master of Sinclair's horse when he rode post from the
+English camp to escape the death for which he was
+condemned for the murder of the two brothers." "The
+Master," adds Sir Walter Scott, "much shocked, was
+nearly taken ill on the spot."<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the insurrection of 1715, the Master of
+Sinclair took at first an active part, and became the
+commander of a company of Jacobite gentlemen of Fife.
+He joined the Earl of Mar at Perth,<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> and was employed
+in an expedition which gained some credit to
+the Jacobites. Some arms having been brought out of
+Edinburgh for the use of the Earl of Sutherland, and
+being put on board a ship at Leith, the Earl of Mar
+resolved to intercept these supplies. The wind being
+contrary, the master of the vessel thus loaded had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>
+dropped into Brunt Island, and had gone into the town
+on that island to see his family. A party of four
+hundred horse and as many foot was meantime detached
+on the second of October, 1715, and arrived at
+the island about midnight. They pressed all the boats
+in the harbour, and boarded the vessel, carrying off
+three hundred and six complete stand of arms, together
+with a considerable number which they found in the
+town. This expedition was skilfully contrived and
+managed, the horse surrounding the town whilst the
+foot ransacked it; and the invasion was made so
+silently that the Duke of Argyle gained no tidings of
+it.<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a></p>
+
+<p>After this exploit the Master of Sinclair returned
+to the camp at Perth, there to promote, if not actually
+to originate, divisions which were fatal to the
+cause which he had espoused. Lord Mar, in his
+letters, charges him, indeed, distinctly with being the
+very source of the dissensions which soon sprang up
+among the Jacobite chiefs.<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> The temper of Sinclair
+could ill brook submission to the Earl of Mar,
+whom, as a General, he soon ceased to respect; and
+for whose difficult situation he had no relenting feelings.
+"The Master," writes Sir Walter Scott, "who
+was a man of strong sense, acute observation, and
+some military experience, besides being of a haughty
+and passionate temper, averse to deference and subordination,
+soon placed himself in opposition to the
+general, whom he seems to have at once d<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>etested and
+despised."<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a></p>
+
+<p>The unfortunate result of the siege of Preston, soon
+brought to light the discontents which the Master had
+nourished among the followers of Mar. Parties had,
+indeed, for some time agitated the camp. When the
+disasters in England gave them a fresh impulse, and
+Lord Mar feelingly, and perhaps not too severely,
+described the influence of Sinclair when he bitterly
+describes him as "a devil in the camp, known in his
+true colours when calamity had befallen those with
+whom he was in conjunction." It was henceforth in
+vain that Mar, to use his own expression, "endeavoured
+to keep people from breaking among themselves until
+the long-expected arrival of the Chevalier should, it
+was hoped, check the growing jealousies in the camp;"
+a party arose, headed by Lord Huntley, Lord Seaforth,
+and the Master of Sinclair, who soon obtained the name
+of the Grumbler's Club, and who rendered themselves
+odious to the sincere and zealous Jacobites.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Huntley appears from Lord Mar's representations,
+"to have been completely under the influence
+of the Master." "Lord Huntley," writes Lord
+Mar, "is still very much out of humour, and nothing
+can make him yet believe that the King is coming.
+He intends to go north, under the pretext of reducing
+Lord Sutherland, and his leaving us at this time, I
+think, might have very bad effects, which makes me do
+all I can to keep him. The Master of Sinclair is a
+very bad instrument about him, and has been most t<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>o
+blame for all the differences amongst us. I am plagued
+out of my life with them, but must do the best I
+can."<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lord Huntley, however, continued to manifest the
+greatest disgust and suspicion of Lord Mar, often
+refusing to see him, and, though still lingering at
+Perth, threatening continually to leave the camp and
+go northward.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Sinclair, meantime, having heard of these
+factions, and being sincerely affected to the cause of
+the Stuarts, wrote to his son "a sharp letter about
+his behaviour," and a visit of explanation from the
+Master instantly followed. During his absence there
+was a revulsion of feeling among the Grumblers, and
+some contrition was expressed by them for the part
+that they had acted; but the fiend returned, and the
+malcontents quietly relapsed.<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a></p>
+
+<p>The news of James's certain arrival silenced, for
+a time, all complaints; but again they revived. Lord
+Mar seems to have had some misgiving of this, when
+he wrote, "Those that made a pretext of the King's
+not being landed, are now left inexcusable, and if
+those kind of folks now sit still and look any more
+on, they ought to be worse treated than our worse
+enemies." Yet it appears by a subsequent letter,
+that the grievances of which the General complained
+so bitterly, were not cured even by the presence of
+the Chevalier; that those who had made a pretext<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span>
+of his absence to complain and despond, desponded
+still, and that, in fact, the malady was so deep-seated
+as to be incurable.</p>
+
+<p>It may be urged, in vindication of the Master, who
+obviously aggravated the spirit of the Grumblers,
+that the event proved that his apprehensions were
+well founded. It was, indeed, natural for an experienced
+officer who had served under Marlborough,
+to view with dissatisfaction and suspicion the feeble
+and tardy movements of Lord Mar. Yet a hearty
+well-wisher to any cause would have abstained from
+infusing distrust into those counsels which, whether
+wise or foolish, were destined to guide the adherents
+of the party. A man of honour will enter, heart and
+soul, into what he undertakes, or not enter at all.
+The conduct of Sinclair was that of a mean, morose
+spirit; and it is but fair to conclude that his motives
+for adopting the name of Jacobite were either those
+of personal advancement, or arose out of an enforced
+compliance with the wishes of his father.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst Sinclair was thus undermining the welfare
+of the party to which he nominally belonged, his
+determined enemy, Sir John Schaw, after assisting
+the Duke of Argyle in defending Inverness against
+the insurgent troops, was marching with Lord Isla
+to rejoin the Duke of Argyle in his march towards
+Perth. It so happened that Lord Isla and his friends
+reached Sherriff Muir at the very moment when the
+Government troops and the Jacobites were about to
+join in battle. "Sir John," says Sir Walter Scott<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>,
+"though he had no command, engaged as a volunteer;
+and we may suppose his zeal for King George
+was heightened by the recollection that the slayer
+of his brothers fought under the opposite banners."
+He behaved himself with distinguished courage, receiving
+a wound on his arm, and another in his
+side.<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> He was, at this time, the only surviving
+brother out of four, his brother Thomas having been
+slain at the siege of Mons a year after the death of
+the others. A month before Sir John Schaw had
+joined the Duke, Lady Schaw, the daughter of Sir
+Hugh Dalrymple, and a woman of singular energy
+and spirit, assembled the Greenock companies in arms,
+and telling them that the Protestant religion, with
+their laws, liberties, and lives, and all that was dear
+to them as men and Christians, were in hazard by
+that unnatural rebellion, exhorted them to conduct
+themselves suitably to the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>The conduct of Sinclair at the battle of Sherriff
+Muir was not inconsistent with his former life. He
+remained, in that engagement, stationary, with the
+Marquis of Huntley, at the head of the cavalry of
+Fife and Aberdeen; hence the lines in the old song
+on Sherriff Muir.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Huntly and Sinclair<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They baith play'd the Tinkler,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With consciences black as a craw, man."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p><p>Upon the return of the Jacobite army to Perth,
+where they waited, as Scott remarks in a tone of
+mournful reprobation of Mar, "until their own forces
+should disperse, those of their enemy advance, and
+the wintry storm so far subside as to permit the Duke
+of Argyle to advance against them," Sinclair was the
+chief promoter of a scheme formed by the Grumblers
+for a timely submission to Government. Instigated
+by their wishes, an attempt was made by Lord Mar
+to procure, through the Duke of Argyle's mediation,
+some terms with Government; but it failed, and those
+who had embarked in the cause were obliged to provide,
+as they best might, individually for their safety.
+The whole tenour of Sinclair's conduct was such as to
+draw down upon him the severest invectives of his party.
+In one of the poems of the day he is thus described:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The master with the bully's face,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And with the coward heart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who never fail'd, to his disgrace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To act a coward's part,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Did join Dunbogue, the greatest rogue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In all the shire of Fife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who was the first the cause to leave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By counsel from his wife."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The Master quitted the insurgent party at Perth,
+and joined the Marquis of Huntley at Strathbogie;
+thence he proceeded as a fugitive through Caithness
+and Orkney, with a few friends, who, like himself,
+were hopeless of pardon. After wandering in these
+remote districts for some time, the Master and his
+friends seized upon a small vessel and fled to the
+Continent. The Marquis of Huntley, more fortunate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>
+than his political ally, obtained his full pardon in
+consideration of his having left the rebels in time.<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Master of Sinclair married, afterwards, the
+widowed Countess of Southesk, whom he probably
+met when on the Continent, since it appears that
+the Countess, for some time subsequent to the death
+of her husband, lived at Brussels. In referring to
+this union, it may not be improper to give some
+account of the family into connection with which it
+brought the Master of Sinclair.</p>
+
+<p>James Carnegie, Earl of Southesk, the first husband
+of the lady whom the Master of Sinclair married,
+was descended from David Carnegie, an eminent
+lawyer, who in 1616 was raised to the dignity of
+Lord Carnegie of Kinnaird, and in 1623 was created, by
+Charles the First, Earl of Southesk. Like most of those
+families who had been elevated by the Stuarts to the
+peerage, the house of Carnegie retained a strong sense
+of their duty of allegiance to the Crown; and the first
+Earl of Southesk suffered for his principles by imprisonment
+and the extortion of a fine of three thousand
+pounds from his estates in the time of Cromwell.</p>
+
+<p>James, the fifth Earl of Southesk, although nearly
+allied by his mother's side to the Maitlands, Earls
+of Lauderdale, had retained as great an affection for
+the Stuarts as his ancestors had manifested. Of the
+personal qualities of this nobleman little is generally
+known, except that he has been designated, "Brave,
+generous Southesk!"&mdash;of his fate, and of the subse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>quent
+fortunes of his family, still less is to be ascertained.
+Some few particulars which are to be derived
+from the State Papers are discreditable to the memory
+of this nobleman. Like several other Jacobite noblemen
+who have been mentioned elsewhere, Lord Southesk
+did not hesitate to summon his tenants to follow
+him to the field in the most peremptory terms. His
+commands fell heavily, in one instance, upon a poor
+man who lived on the Earl's estate, and bore also
+the name of James Carnegie. This unlucky man was
+a natural son of Charles, the late Earl of Southesk,
+and was therefore a brother of the present Earl James.
+Like all dependants in those days, he seems to have
+entertained a deep sense of his obligation to serve
+and to obey the head of the family; and his obedience
+was probably ensured by the tie of blood, however
+unacknowledged as constituting a claim between him
+and the Earl of Southesk. James Carnegie exercised
+the profession of a surgeon in the neighbourhood of
+Kinnaird, then the territory of Lord Southesk, and
+was employed by the Earl, who appears to have
+entertained considerable opinion of his skill. When
+the Insurrection of 1715 broke out, it would have
+been consistent with the character of a "brave and
+generous man" to have left this humble practitioner
+free to follow his own wishes, and not to have embroiled
+him in the dangers of that disastrous undertaking.
+A further claim upon the Earl's forbearance
+was the personal defect of the poor surgeon, who was
+lame, and short in stature. He was nevertheless orde<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>red
+to meet Lord Southesk, at a certain place of
+rendezvous, on a certain day. A compliance was
+expected as a matter of course, for James Carnegie
+was a yearly pensioner of his noble and powerful
+brother, and refusal was ruin.<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> Nevertheless, the
+surgeon ventured on this occasion to judge for himself.
+He had, it appears, from his subsequent declaration,
+been ever well affected to the reigning
+Government and attached to the Revolution interest
+and, by his disapprobation of the Insurrection of
+1715, had given umbrage to his nearest relations.
+Upon the command of Lord Southesk being issued
+to follow him to the camp at Perth, Carnegie would
+have fled and hidden himself but for the illness of
+his wife; he afterwards took refuge in the house
+of Lord Northesk, but his seclusion was of no avail.
+The following letter from Lord Southesk, the original
+of which is in the State Paper Office, affords a
+curious insight into the despotism exercised by the
+little kings of the Highlands over their subjects:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">James</span>,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"After what I both wrote and spoke to you,
+I did not think you would have made any furder
+difficultys of going to Perth with me. I know very
+well your wife's circumstances are to be pityd; however,
+since you have a pension from me, and served me
+since you have had any business, there is nobod<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>y
+of your employment in this country that I can put
+any confidence in, whatever may happen to me. Therefore
+I desire you may make no furder excuses; and
+if you can't be ready to wait upon me from Kinnaird
+upon Monday, I desire you may follow me upon
+Teusday; if you do not, you will for ever disoblige</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+"<span class="smcap">Southesque.</span>"<br />
+<br />
+"Kinnaird, Sept. 17, 1715."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"I desire you may come and speak with me this
+night, or to-morrow, at furdest."</p></div>
+
+<p>"The Case of James Carnegie," also in the State
+Paper Office, furnishes a supplement to this peremptory
+summons.</p>
+
+<p>"The Case of James Carnegie showeth, that though
+he lived in a country and amongst men the most
+notoriously disaffected of any in Scotland, he had, ever
+since his appearance in the world, espoused the Revolution
+interest, and given proofs of his affection to
+it, as would appear more fully in a declaration from
+the Presbytery of Brichen, in whose bounds he resided,
+and from another from Mr. John Anderson, his
+parish minister. That upon the first suspision of the
+treasonable designs of the rebells, Mr. James Carnegy
+would have set off and gone south, had not his wife's
+dangerous state (thought to be dying) obliged him
+to remain. That after the rebellion broke out, he
+firmly withstood all solicitations to join it, his neighbours
+and friends there threatening to burn house
+and land. He being disappointed of going so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>uth,
+attempted to retire to Ethie, Lord Northesk's house
+in Forfarshire. He could not remain concealed, the
+rebells being possessed of all the passes in the country.
+Finding himself blocked up amongst his enemies,
+to avoid the execution of the threatenings
+against him, he was induced, to his shame and regret,
+to go to Perth, but permitted none of his dependants
+or tennents to accompany him, and went
+with no arms but what gentlemen were in the habit
+of wearing. In order to give no support to those
+traiterous designs, he feigned illness at Coupar of
+Angus, but they forced him to go."</p>
+
+<p>The issue of this affair was mournful. At the battle
+of Sherriff Muir where the Earl of Southesk appeared
+with three hundred men, the unfortunate nobleman
+was supposed to be slain. His faithful, though reluctant
+attendant, James Carnegie, was taken prisoner as
+he was looking over the field of battle in order to find
+the body of his lord. He was carried into prison at
+Carlisle, whence considerable exertions were made for
+his release, not only by his own representations, but
+by the mediation of Sir James Stewart, the governor
+of the castle. What was the result, whether the
+blameless victim of the will of others was released, or
+whether he sank among the many who could not sustain
+the hardships of their fate, does not appear.<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Southesk, although it was reported he
+had been killed, rallied his men, and retreated with
+the Marquis of Tullibardine, the Earl Marischal and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>
+several heads of clans to the mountains, to shelter
+themselves from the pursuit of the Government troops.
+Some of these chieftains afterwards made their escape
+to Skye, Lewis, and other of the north-western islands,
+till ships came to their relief and carried them abroad.<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a>
+What was the fate of the Earl of Southesk afterwards
+is not known: neither what became of his descendant.<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a>
+He had married the Lady Margaret Stewart,
+daughter of the Earl of Galloway, and by her, according
+to some accounts, he had two sons; according to
+a contemporary Scottish peerage, he had one child only.
+His widow also went on the Continent, and the mention
+of her name by her brother, the Earl of Galloway,
+in a letter written at Clery in France,<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> without that
+of her husband, in May 1730, appears to indicate that
+she was then a widow, and not married again.<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a></p>
+
+<p>How long Lady Southesk lived, the wife of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>Master of Sinclair, is dubious. He survived her, and
+married afterwards, Emilia the daughter of Lord
+George Murray, brother of the Duke of Atholl. This
+intimate connection with one of the principal leaders
+of the Rebellion of 1745, did not, however, induce the
+Master to enter a second time into a course towards
+which he had, perhaps in truth, no sincere good will.</p>
+
+<p>Upon his flight to the Continent, the Master of Sinclair
+was outlawed, and attainted in blood for his
+share in the Insurrection of 1715. His father being
+still alive, and not having taken an active part, his estates
+escaped forfeiture, and Lord Sinclair endeavoured
+so to dispose of them as to prevent their becoming
+the property of the Crown. It was necessary, on this
+account, that Lord Sinclair should disinherit his eldest
+son; and "as it would," says Sir Walter Scott, "have
+been highly impolitic to have alleged his forfeiture
+for treason as a cause of the deed, the slaughter
+of the Schaws was given as a reason for his exheredation."
+The following is a clause of the deed by
+which the end was to be accomplished:</p>
+
+<p>"This new diposition of the family estate is explained
+and qualified by the second deed, being a back
+bond running in the names of the said James and
+William Sinclairs, which set forth that their f<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>ather
+had been induced to grant a disposition of his estate in
+their favour, and to pass over their elder brother, to
+prevent all inconvenience and hazard whatsoever
+which the rents of the said Lord Sinclair, his heritable
+estate, or his moveables, might be liable to, if they
+were settled in the said Master's person, '<i>on accompt of
+the said Master of Sinclair his present circumstances,
+by means of an unfortunate quarrel that some years
+ago fell out between the said Master and two sons of the
+deceased Sir John Schaw of Greenock</i>; therefore," the
+deed proceeds to state, "it was reasonable that they,
+James and William Sinclair, should grant a back bond
+of settlement, binding themselves to manage the property,
+when they should respectively succeed to it by
+advice of friends, overseers, and managers,&mdash;viz. Sir
+John Erskine of Alva, Bart., Sir William Baird of
+New Baith, Bart., Mr. John Paterson, eldest lawful son
+to the deceased Archbishop of Glasgow, their brother-in-law&mdash;Sir
+John Cockburn of that Ilk, Bart., and Mr.
+Mathew Sinclair of Hermiston, their uncles. The
+said James and William Sinclair, as they should
+respectively succeed to the estate, were obliged to
+make certain necessary expenditure to the family for
+behoof of the Master; and the said James and William
+Sinclair became also bound, in case the Master,
+their brother, should become free of his present
+inconveniences, or should have a family of lawful children,
+then, and in that case to convey the estate to
+the said Master, or to his said children, at t<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>he sight of
+his trustees."<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the year 1726, the Master of Sinclair received
+pardon, as far as his life was concerned, but the forfeiture
+of his estates was not taken off, nor certain
+other incapacities reversed. He then returned to the
+family estate of Dysart in Fife, of which he was, by
+his father's disposition of affairs, the actual proprietor;
+and although the rents of the property were levied in
+his brother's name, they were applied and received by
+the Master. General James Sinclair, the second
+brother of the Master, was then the nominal owner
+only of the estates. But although thus returning to
+his patrimonial inheritance, the Master never recovered
+the good will of his former friends, nor the blessings of
+security, and of a calm and honoured old age. He
+seldom visited Edinburgh, living in seclusion and never
+going from home without being well guarded and attended
+for fear of the Jacobites, or of his enemies the
+Schaws. Under these circumstances it seems to have
+been a relief to his bitter and mortified spirit to have
+vented itself, in like manner with Lord Lovat, in composing
+memoirs of his own life. "These memoirs,"
+says Sir Walter Scott, who long had a copy of them in
+his possession, "are written<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> with talent, and peculiar
+satirical energy: so much so indeed, that they have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>
+hitherto deemed unfit for publication. The circumstances
+attending the slaughter of the Schaws argue
+a fierce and vindictive temper, and the frame of mind
+which Sinclair displays as an author exhibits the same
+character. They are, however, very curious, and it is
+to be hoped will one day be made public, as a valuable
+addition to the catalogue of royal and noble authors.
+It is singular that the author seems to have written
+himself into a tolerably good style, for the language
+of the Memoirs, which at first is scarcely grammatical,
+becomes as he advances disengaged, correct, and
+spirited."<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the whole, it must be acknowledged that qualities
+more repulsive and a career more culpable, have
+darkened no narrative connected with the Jacobites so
+unpleasantly as the biography of the Master of Sinclair.
+A disgrace to every party, he appears to have joined
+the adherents of the Stuarts, only in order to disturb
+their councils, and to vilify their memory with personal
+invective. He has extorted no compassion for
+the errors and crimes of his earlier years by the courage
+and magnanimity of a later period: his character stands
+forth, unredeemed by a single trait of heroism, in all
+the darkness of violence and revenge.</p>
+
+<p>The Barony of Sinclair, lost to the family in consequence
+of the attainder of the Master of Sinclair, was
+not assumed either by him, after his pardon in 1726,
+nor by his brother General James Sinclair. At the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>
+death of General Sinclair in 1762, the title reverted to
+Charles Sinclair, Esq., of Herdmanstown, a cousin, and
+after him to his son Andrew, who also allowed his claim
+to the Barony to lie dormant. It was, however, revived
+at his death in 1776, by his only son Charles, who is
+the present Lord Sinclair.<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CAMERON_OF_LOCHIEL247" id="CAMERON_OF_LOCHIEL247"></a>CAMERON OF LOCHIEL.<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The clan Cameron, from whom were descended the
+chieftains who took an active part in the Jacobite
+cause, had its seat in Lochaber, of which one of their
+ancestors had originally received a grant from Robert
+Bruce. They sprang, according to some accounts, from
+the same source as that of the clan Chattan: they became,
+nevertheless, in the course of the fourteenth
+century, an independent state. In a manuscript
+history of the clan Cameron, they have been traced
+so far back as to the year 404; and their origin in
+Scotland ascribed to the arrival of a younger son of
+the royal family of Denmark, their progenitors acquiring
+the name of Cameron from his crooked nose.</p>
+
+<p>The clan consisted of three septs; but the family
+of Lochiel were acknowledged as the chief, and,
+according to the singular system of clanship, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>
+Camerons freely gave up their wills to that of their
+head. The history of this family, whilst it shows by
+what decision of character and intrepidity of conduct
+this superiority was maintained, presents little else
+than a tissue of successive feuds between the clan
+and its neighbours, until, during the seventeenth century,
+the events of history brought forth qualities of
+still greater importance to distinguish the house of
+Lochiel. From henceforth the disputes with the
+clan Chattan, and the long-standing feuds with the
+Mackintoshes, merged into obscurity compared with
+the more stirring interests into which the chieftains
+were now, fatally for their prosperity, intermingled.</p>
+
+<p>The celebrated Sir Ewan Dhu of Lochiel, one of
+the finest specimens of the Highland chieftains on
+record, had passed a long life in the service of the
+Stuart family, for whom, even as a boy, he had manifested
+a sort of intuitive affection. This cherished
+sentiment had repelled the efforts of his kinsman, the
+Marquis of Argyle, to mould his youthful mind to the
+precepts of the Puritans and Covenanters. Sir Ewan
+Dhu combined a commanding personal appearance with
+a suitable majesty of deportment, and with a shrewd,
+dauntless, honourable, generous mind. His very sirname
+had an influence upon the good will of his superstitious
+and devoted followers. It denoted that he
+was dark, both in hair and complexion; and so many
+brave achievements had been performed by chieftains
+of the clan Cameron, who were of this complexion,
+that it had been foretold by gifted seers, that nev<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>er
+should a fair Lochiel prove fortunate. Endowed with
+this singular hold upon the confidence of his people,
+Ewan Dhu eclipsed all his predecessors in the virtues
+of his heart and the strength of his understanding.
+His vigilance, his energy, and firmness were the qualities
+which had distinguished him as a military
+leader when, in the close of his days, the hopes and
+designs of the modern Jacobites began to engage the
+attention of the Highland chiefs.</p>
+
+<p>The career of Ewan Dhu Cameron had been one of
+singular prosperity. At the age of eighteen, he had
+broken loose from the trammels of Argyle's control,
+and joined the standard of the Marquis of Montrose.
+He had contrived to keep his estate clear, even after
+the event of that unsuccessful cause, from Cromwell's
+troops. He next repaired to the royal standard
+raised in the Highlands by the Earl of Glencairne,
+and won the applause of Charles the Second, then in
+exile at Chantilly, for his courage and success. The
+middle period of his life was consumed in efforts, not
+only to abet the cause of Charles the Second, but to
+restore peace to his impoverished and harassed country.
+Yet he long resisted persuasions to submit and
+swear allegiance to Cromwell, and at length boldly
+avowed, that rather than take the oath for an
+usurper, he would live as an outlaw. His generous
+and humane conduct to the English prisoners whom
+he had captured during the various skirmishes had,
+however, procured him friends in the English army.
+"No oath," wrote General Monk, "shall be requir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>ed
+of Lochiel to Cromwell, but his word to live in
+peace." His word was given, and, until after the
+restoration, Lochiel and his followers, bearing their
+arms as before, remained in repose.</p>
+
+<p>At Killicrankie, however, the warrior appeared
+again on the field, fighting, under the unfortunate
+Viscount Dundee, for James the Second. As the
+battle began, the enemy in General Mackay's regiment
+raised a shout. "Gentlemen," cried the shrewd
+Lochiel, addressing the Highlanders, "the day is our
+own. I am the oldest commander in the army, and I
+have always observed that so dull and heavy a noise
+as that which you have heard is an evil omen." The
+words ran throughout the Highlanders; elated by
+the prediction, they rushed on the foe, fighting like
+furies, and in half an hour the battle was ended.</p>
+
+<p>Although Sir Ewan Dhu was thus engaged on the
+side of James, his second son was a captain in the
+Scottish fusileers, and served under Mackay in the
+ranks of Government. As General Mackay observed
+the Highland army drawn up on the face of a hill,
+west of the Pass, he turned to young Cameron and
+said, "There is your father and his wild savages; how
+would you like to be with him?" "It signifies little,"
+replied the Cameron, "what I would like; but I would
+have you be prepared, or perhaps my father and his
+wild savages may be nearer to you before night than
+you may dream of." Upon the death of Dundee,
+Sir Ewan Dhu, disgusted by the deficiencies of the
+commander who succeeded him, retired to Lochaber,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span>
+and left the command of his clansmen to his eldest
+son, John Cameron, who, with his son Donald, form
+the subjects of this memoir.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Ewan Dhu lived until the year 1719, enjoying
+the security which his exploits had procured for him;
+and maintaining, by his own dignified deportment,
+the credit of a family long upheld by a previous succession
+of able and honourable chieftains. The state
+and liberality of the Camerons were not supported,
+nevertheless, by a lavish expenditure; their means
+were limited: "Yet," says Mrs. Grant of Laggan in
+her MS. account of the clan, "perhaps even our own
+frugal country did not afford an instance of a family,
+who lived in so respectable a manner, and showed
+such liberal and dignified hospitality upon so small an
+income," as that of Lochiel.</p>
+
+<p>The part which Sir Ewan Dhu had taken in the
+action at Killicrankie would, it was naturally supposed,
+draw down upon him the vengeance of those
+who visited with massacre the neighbouring valley of
+Glencoe. The forbearance of Government can only
+be accounted for by the supposition that King William,
+with his usual penetration, decreed it safer to
+conciliate, than to attempt to crush a clan which was
+connected by marriage with the most powerful of the
+Highland chieftains.</p>
+
+<p>No arts could, however, win the allegiance of the
+Camerons from those whom they considered as their
+rightful sovereigns. Towards the end of William's
+reign, the young chieftain John was sent privately<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>
+to France, where his early notions of loyalty were
+confirmed, and his attachment to the court of James
+enhanced, by the influence of the Duke of Berwick,
+who formed with him a sincere and durable friendship.</p>
+
+<p>The character of the chieftain was softened in the
+young Lochiel. He was intelligent, frank, and conciliating
+in his manners, and had associated more
+generally with the world than was usually the case
+with the chieftains of those days. Among the circles
+with whom the young Lochiel mingled, Barclay
+Urie, the well known apologist of the Quakers, was
+also accustomed to appear. An attachment was
+thenceforth formed between John Cameron and the
+daughter of Barclay, and a matrimonial alliance was
+soon afterwards decided upon between the daughter
+of that gentleman and the young chieftain.</p>
+
+<p>The choice was considered a singular one on the
+part of the young man. It was the customary plan to
+intermarry with some of the neighbouring clans; nor
+was it permitted for the chieftain to make a choice
+without having first ascertained how far the clan were
+agreeable to his wishes. This usage proceeded, in
+part, from the notion of consanguinity between every
+member of a clan, even of the lowest degree, to his
+chieftain, and the affability and courtesy with which
+the head was in the habit of treating those over whom
+he ruled. The clans were even known to carry their
+interference with the affairs of their chief so far as to
+disapprove of the choice of their abodes, or to select
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>a site for a new residence.<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a></p>
+
+<p>The sway which Sir Ewan Dhu had acquired over
+his followers was such that he dispensed with the
+ordinary practice, and, without the consent of the
+clans, agreed to receive the young Quakeress as his
+daughter. The marriage was completed, and eventually
+received the full approbation of the whole clan
+Cameron.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, great efforts had been made on the part
+of the English Government to detach Sir Ewan Dhu
+from his faith to James the Second. But the monarch
+who could attempt so hopeless a task as the
+endeavour to cause a Highlander to break his oath of
+fidelity, very faintly comprehended the national character,
+then existing in all its strength and all its weakness,&mdash;in
+its horror of petty crimes and its co-operation
+of great outrages,&mdash;in its small meannesses and lofty
+generous traits,&mdash;in its abhorrence of a broken vow
+or of treachery to a leader. The temptation offered
+was indeed considerable. Sir Ewan Dhu was to have
+a pension of three hundred a-year, to be perpetuated
+to his son, whom the Government were particularly
+anxious to entice back to Scotland. The old chieftain
+was also to be appointed Governor of Fort William.<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a>
+But the emissaries of William the Third could not
+have chosen a worse period than that in which to
+treat with the brave and wary Cameron. The massacre
+of Glencoe was fresh in the remembrance of the
+people, and the stratagem, the fiendish snares w<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>hich
+had been prepared to betray the unsuspecting Macdonalds
+to their destruction, were also recalled with
+the deep curses of a wronged and slaughtered people.
+The game of cards, the night before the massacre,
+between the villain Campbell, and the two sons of
+Glencoe,&mdash;the proffered and accepted hospitality of the
+chieftain, whose hand was grasped in seeming friendliness
+by the man who had resolved to exterminate
+him and his family, were cherished recollections&mdash;cherished
+by the determined spirit of hate and revenge
+which contemplated future retribution.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Ewan Dhu therefore rejected these dazzling
+offers; he neither recalled his son from France, nor
+accepted the command offered to him, but busied
+himself in schemes which eventually swayed the destinies
+of the Camerons.</p>
+
+<p>Not many miles from Achnacarry, the seat of
+Lochiel, rose, on the border of Loch Oich, the castle
+of Alaster Dhu, or Dusk Alexander, of Glengarry.
+The territories of this chieftain were contiguous to
+those of Lochiel; and his character, which was of acknowledged
+valour, wisdom, and magnanimity, formed
+a still stronger bond of union than their relative position.
+Glengarry was the head of a very powerful
+clan, called Macdonnells, in contradistinction to the
+Macdonalds of the Isles, whose claim to superiority
+they always resisted; declaring, by the voice of their
+bards and family historians, that the house of Antrim,
+from whom the Macdonalds of the Isles were desce<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span>nded,
+owed its origin to the Macdonnells of Glengarry.</p>
+
+<p>The clan Glengarry was now at its height of
+power under the heroic Alaster Dhu, its chieftain,
+whose immediate predecessor had risen to be a Lord
+of Session, at a time when that office brought no
+little power and influence to its possessors: he had
+gained both wealth and credit in his high seat; and,
+upon retiring, had visited Italy, had brought back a
+taste for architecture to his native country, and the
+castle of Invergarrie, part of the walls of which remain
+undemolished, rose as a memento of his architectural
+taste.</p>
+
+<p>The Lord of Session had cherished sentiments of
+loyalty for the exiled family; these were transmitted
+to Alaster Dhu. The gallant Lochiel and the chief
+of Glengarry were therefore disposed to smother in
+their feelings of loyalty the feuds which too often
+raged between clans nearly approximate. They
+therefore formed a compact to promote, in every way,
+the interest of the royal exiles; and in this vain attempt
+at restoration which ensued, the fate of their
+clansmen was sealed.<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> That of the Camerons is yet
+to be told; a slight digression respecting their gallant
+allies may here be excused.</p>
+
+<p>When the feudal system which subsisted between
+the Highland chieftains and their clansmen was dissolved,
+it became the plan of many of the landholders
+to rid themselves of their poor tenantry, and to substitute
+in their place labourers and farmers from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>
+south of Scotland. The helpless population of the
+glens and hill-sides were thus sent to wander, poor
+and ignorant of anything but their own homes, and
+speaking no language but their mother tongue, and
+wholly unskilled in any practical wisdom. Some emigrated,
+but many were pressed into service on board
+the emigrant ships, although the commanders of
+those vessels could not, in some instances, prevail
+upon themselves to tear the Highlanders away from
+their wives and families.</p>
+
+<p>To remedy this melancholy state of affairs, and to
+employ the banished mountaineers, it was proposed
+about the year 1794, to embody some of the sufferers,
+the Macdonnells of Glengarry in particular, into a
+Catholic corps, under their young chieftain, Alexander
+Macdonnell, and employ them in the service of the
+English Government. This scheme, after many difficulties,
+was accomplished. At first, it worked well
+for the relief of the destitute clan; but, in 1802, in
+spite of their acknowledged good conduct, the Glengarry
+regiment was disbanded.</p>
+
+<p>The friend of the unfortunate, who had originally
+proposed the consolidation of the corps, was Dr. Macdonald,
+who had been afterwards appointed chaplain
+to the regiment. He now projected another scheme
+for the maintenance of the clan Glengarry; and, after
+some opposition, his plan was effected. It was to
+convey the whole of the Macdonnells, with their wives
+and families, to a district in Upper Canada, where the
+clan, at this moment, is permanently established.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>
+The place in which they live bears the name of their
+native glen, and the farms they possess are called by
+the loved appellations of their former tenements: and,
+when the American war tried the fidelity of the emigrants,
+the clan gave a proof of their loyalty by enrolling
+themselves into a corps, under the old name of
+the Glengarry Fencibles.<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the battle of Killicrankie, Glengarry had led
+his forces to fight for James the Second; and after
+that engagement, in which Glengarry had had a
+brother killed, he had become very obnoxious to the
+Government, and had found it necessary to retire for
+some time, whilst his more favoured friend Lochiel
+tranquilly occupied his own house of Achnacarrie, a
+place wholly undefended. The retreat in which Glengarry
+hid himself was a small wooded island in Lochacaig;
+and in this seclusion a man[oe]uvre was planned,
+highly characteristic of the subtlety, and yet daring
+of the Highland chieftains who were engaged in it.
+It shows, also, the state of the national feeling towards
+the English Government, at a time when comparative
+quiet appeared to be established in the
+Highlands.</p>
+
+<p>Attached to certain regiments which were then
+lying at Fort William, there were a number of young
+volunteers, men of good family, who had a soldier's
+pay, if they wished it, and were considered as pupils
+in the art of war, "at liberty to retire if they chose,
+and eligible, being often persons of family, to fil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>l the
+vacancies which war or disease occasioned among the
+subalterns."<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> This regiment was now about to occupy
+the garrisons, and on their way to the Tyendrum
+or Black Mount, the officers engaged in conversation,
+little dreading an assault in a country inhabited only
+by a few herdsmen, and considered by them as wholly
+subdued. But they were deceived in their sense of
+safety. Among the heath and bushes in a narrow
+pass, circumscribed, on the one side, by a steep mountain,
+and on the other by a small lake, which skirted
+the path, for road there was not, lay in ambush two
+hundred well-armed and light-footed Highlanders.
+The youths, or volunteers, were in the rear of the
+regiment; as they marched fearlessly through the
+deep solitude of this wild district, the Highlanders
+sprang forwards from their ambuscade; and before the
+young soldiers could recover their surprise or have
+recourse to their arms, eight or ten young men of
+family were seized on and hurried away. With these
+were mingled others, among these volunteers of less
+importance, who were carried away in the confusion
+by mistake. A few shots were fired by the soldiery,
+but without any effect, for the Highlanders had
+disappeared. This sudden attack excited the utmost
+consternation among the officers of the regiment, nor
+could they discover the object of this aggression; nor
+did they know either how to pursue the assailants,
+or in what terms to report to Government so ignominious
+a loss. They marched, therefore, silently to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>
+Dumbarton without attempting to pursue an enemy
+whose aim it might be to lure them into some fastness,
+there to encounter a foe too powerful, from the
+nature of the country, to be resisted. On arriving at
+Dumbarton the mystery was explained. There the
+commander of the corps found a letter, stating that
+"certain chiefs of clans had no objection to King
+William's ruling in England, considering that nation
+as at liberty to choose its own rulers; but that they
+never could, consistently with what they had sworn
+on their arms, take an oath to any other sovereign
+while the family of St. Germains remained in existence.
+They were," the writers continued, "unwilling
+either to perjure themselves, or to hold their lands in
+daily fear, and subject to the petty instruments of
+power. They were willing to live peaceably under
+the present rule, but were resolved neither to violate
+the dictates of conscience, nor to have their possessions
+disturbed. In the meantime, to prevent encroachments
+upon their lands, and to prevent the
+necessity of rushing into hostilities with the Government,
+they had taken hostages to ensure their safety,
+and with these they would never part until Sir Ewan
+Dhu and Alaster Dhu had obtained assurances that
+they should never be disturbed for their principles
+whilst they lived peaceably on their estates."</p>
+
+<p>This declaration was accompanied by a powerful
+remonstrance upon the folly and danger of exasperating
+clans powerful from their union, and from the
+inaccessibility of the country which they inhabited.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>
+The tenderness of conscience, the fidelity to an exiled
+monarch, were made, the writers urged, a plea for
+every species of oppression and petty tyranny. The
+late massacre of Glencoe justified, they said, the
+measures of precaution they were taking; and, finally
+they threatened, should their petition be refused to
+take refuge in France, carrying with them their
+young hostages, there to proclaim the impolicy and
+injustice of the English Government. This address
+was dispatched, not to the Privy Council, but to the
+relations and friends of the young prisoners, who
+were interested in procuring a favourable reception
+for its negotiation; and the chiefs who subscribed to
+this address reasonably expected that the fear of
+their power, exaggerated in the sister kingdom, where
+a total ignorance of the manners and character of the
+Scottish mountaineers existed, would prevail to lend
+force to their arguments. This negotiation was never
+made public; it proved, however, effectual, as far as
+the comfort of some of the parties engaged in it were
+concerned.</p>
+
+<p>By the influence of the rising party, who, espousing
+the interests of the Princess Anne, were gaining
+ground in the country during the decline of William,
+Sir Ewan Dhu and Glengarry, who were jointly considered
+as the promoters of this affair, remained unpunished
+for a man[oe]uvre on which public opinion in
+England was not inclined to pass a very severe <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>judgment,
+after the recent massacre of Glencoe.<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> Some
+secret negotiations placed everything on a secure
+footing; and, during the reign of Queen Anne; the
+two chieftains lived in tranquillity, their mutual
+regard continuing undiminished during their lives,
+and becoming the subject, after their deaths, of the
+lays composed in their honour by their native bards.</p>
+
+<p>During his latter days, Sir Ewan Dhu had the consolation
+of seeing his son happy in the choice of a
+wife. Beautiful and good, the young Quakeress soon
+established herself in the good opinions of all those
+who were acquainted with her; and there seems every
+reason to conclude that she inherited the virtues,
+without the peculiarities of her father, Robert Barclay
+of Urey. That eminent man was descended
+from a Norman family which traced its ancestry to
+Thomas de Berkley, whose descendants established
+themselves in Scotland. By his mother's side, Barclay
+was allied to the house of Huntley; and by his
+connection with the heiress of the mother's family, a
+considerable estate in Aberdeenshire was added to
+the honours of antiquity. Unhappily for the lovers
+of the old Norman appellations, the name of de Berkley
+was changed, in the fifteenth century, into that of
+Barclay. One of Robert Barclay's sons, who became
+a mercer in Cheapside, had the rare fortune of entertaining
+three successive monarchs when they visited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>
+the City on the Lord Mayor's Day,&mdash;George the First,
+George the Second, and George the Third; whose
+heart, as it is well known, was touched by the beauty
+of one of the fair descendants of Robert Barclay.</p>
+
+<p>Previously to the marriage between Lochiel and
+the young Quakeress, the family into which he entered
+had been impoverished, and the estate of Mathers,
+from which the Barclays derived their name, sold to
+defray debt.</p>
+
+<p>The career of Robert Barclay was singular. He
+was first converted to Popery during his residence in
+Paris, when he was fifteen; and he changed that
+faith for the simple persuasion of the Quakers when
+he had attained his nineteenth year. He adopted
+the tenets of the Friends at a period when it required
+much courage to adhere to a sect who were vilified
+and ridiculed, not only in England but in Scotland.
+It was to refute these attacks against the Quakers
+that Barclay wrote the book entitled, "Truth cleared
+of Calumnies." His ability and sincerity have never
+been doubted; but some distrust of his reason may be
+forgiven, when we find the Quaker, a grave and happily
+married man, walking through the streets of
+Aberdeen, clothed in sackcloth and ashes, under the
+notion that he was commanded by the Lord to call the
+people unto repentance; he appealed to witnesses to
+prove the "agony of his spirit," and how he "had
+besought the Lord with tears, that this cup might
+pass away from him."</p>
+
+<p>This singular act of humiliation was contrasted by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>
+frequent visits to the Court of Charles the Second,
+and to Elizabeth of Bohemia. To the house of Stuart,
+Barclay was ever fondly attached. His father had
+suffered in the civil wars; and the doctrines of non-resistance
+and passive obedience, avowed by the
+Quakers, were favourable to the Stuart dynasty.
+The last visit which Barclay paid to London was
+rendered memorable by the abdication of James the
+Second. As he was standing beside that monarch,
+near a window, the King looked out, and remarked
+that "the wind was fair for the Prince of Orange to
+come over." "It is hard," replied Barclay, "that
+no expedient can be found to satisfy the people."
+James answered, that "he would do anything becoming
+a gentleman, except parting with liberty of
+conscience, which he would never do while he lived."
+Barclay only survived that eventful period two
+years. His children, singular as it may seem, were
+all living fifty years after their father's death.</p>
+
+<p>To the daughter of this inflexible and courageous
+man was Cameron of Lochiel united. During the
+first years of their marriage, even before the death
+of Sir Ewan Dhu, they lived peacefully in the home
+of their ancestors; and whilst Anne reigned, that
+happy tranquillity was undisturbed. The name of
+Anne was long cherished in the Highlands on account
+of the rare intervals of peace and plenty which her
+rule, and as it was thought, her pious prayers,
+afforded to a ravaged and oppressed country. Seven
+years' famine, during the reign of William, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>
+charged upon the monarch's head: plenteous crops
+and peaceful abundance were ascribed to the merits
+of Queen Anne.<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> Meantime, the gentle and happy
+Lady of Lochiel won all hearts: she was distinguished,
+as tradition reports, for prudence, activity
+and affability. "One great defect," adds Mrs. Grant,
+"she had, however, which was more felt as such in the
+Highlands than it would have been in any other place.
+She did not, as a certain resolute countrywoman of
+hers was advised to do, 'bring forth men-children
+only;' on the contrary, daughters in succession, a thing
+scarce pardonable in one who was looked up to and
+valued in a great measure as being the supposed mother
+of a future chief. In old times women could only
+exist while they were defended by the warriour and
+supported by the hunter. When this dire necessity
+in some measure ceas'd, the mode of thinking to
+which it gave rise continued. And after the period
+of youth and beauty were past, woman was only consider'd
+as having given birth to man. John
+Locheil's mind was above this illiberal prejudice: he
+loudly welcomed his daughters and caress'd their
+mother on their appearrance as much as if every one
+of them had been a young hero in embryo. His
+friends and neighbours us'd on these occassions to
+ask in a sneering manner, "What has the lady got?"
+To which he invariably answered, "A lady indeed:"
+this answer had a more pointed significance there
+than with us. For in the Highlands no one is call'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>d
+a lady but a person named to the proprietors of an
+estate. All others, however rich or high-born, are
+only <i>gentlewomen</i>. How the prediction intentionally
+included in the chief's answer was fulfill'd, will hereafter
+appear.</p>
+
+<p>"Besides the family title, every Highland chieftain
+has a patronymic deriv'd from the most eminent of
+their ancestors, probably the founder of the family,
+and certainly the first who confer'd distinction on it.
+Thus Argyle is the son of Colin, Breadalbane the son
+of Archibald, &amp;c.; and the chief of the Camerons
+was always stil'd son of Donald Dhu, Black Donald,
+whatever his name or complexion may be, as well as
+the appellation deriv'd from it, because it would
+appear hereditary in the family, and at length it
+became a tradition or prophesy among the clan that
+a fair Lochiel should never prosper."</p>
+
+<p>At length, after the birth of twelve daughters, a
+son and heir made his appearance. But the satisfaction
+of the clans was dashed by hearing that the ill-starred
+little laird was fair, like his sisters. The
+prophecy that a fair Lochiel should never prosper,
+was recalled with dismay; and, unhappily, the fears
+of superstition were too mournfully realized by fact.
+The young Cameron was named Donald: his birth
+was followed by the appearance of two other boys,&mdash;Archibald,
+afterwards the ill-fated Dr. Cameron, and
+John, who was called Fassefern, from an estate.
+"The proud prediction of their father," continues
+Mrs. Grant, "was soon amply fulfilled with rega<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>rd
+to the daughters of this extraordinary family."
+"Their history," she adds, "unites the extravagance
+of romance with the sober reality of truth."</p>
+
+<p>The twelve daughters of Lochiel were admirably
+educated, and the fame of their modest virtues soon
+extended through the Highlands. The great point
+in matrimonial alliances in those rude regions was to
+obtain a wife well born, and well allied; and little
+fortune was ever expected with the daughter of a
+chief. Ancestry was the great point with a Highlander,
+for he believed that defects of mind, as well
+as of person, were hereditary. All, therefore, sought
+the daughters of Lochiel, as coming of an untainted
+race. The elder ones were married early, and
+seemed, as Mrs. Grant expresses it, by the solicitude
+to obtain them, as ever to increase, like the Sibyl's
+leaves, in value, as they lessened in number. Of the
+daughters, one, the youngest and the fairest, was
+actually married to Cameron of Glendinning, in the
+twelfth year of her age. She became a widow, and
+afterwards married Maclean of Kingasleet, so that
+she was successively the wife of two heads of
+houses. Another, Jean Cameron, who was the least
+comely of her family, but possessed of a commanding
+figure and powerful understanding, was married to
+Clunie, the Chief of the Clan Macpherson. She is
+said to have been celebrated in the pathetic poem,
+entitled "Lochaber no More," the poet, who laments
+his departure from Lochaber, and his farewell to his
+Jean, having been an offic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>er in one of the regiments
+stationed at Fort William.</p>
+
+<p>By the marriage of his twelve daughters with the
+heads of houses, the political importance of Lochiel
+was considerably enhanced, and a confederacy, containing
+many noted families who were bound together
+by opinion and kindred, formed a strong
+opposition to the reigning Government. The sons-in-law
+of Lochiel were the following chiefs: Cameron
+of Dungallan, Barclay of Urie, Grant of Glenmoriston,
+Macpherson of Clunie, Campbell of Barcaldine,
+Campbell of Auchalader, Campbell of Auchlyne,
+Maclean of Lochbuy, Macgregor of Bohowdie, Wright
+of Loss, Maclean of Ardgour, and Cameron of Glendinning.
+All the daughters became the mothers of
+families; "and these numerous descendants, still,"
+observes Mrs. Grant, "cherish the bonds of affinity,
+now so widely diffused, and still boast their descent
+from these female worthies."<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a></p>
+
+<p>Among most of the influential chieftains who
+espoused the daughters of Lochiel, was the celebrated
+Macpherson of Clunie, who afterwards took a very
+important part in the Rebellions of 1715 and 1745.
+The career of Clunie affords a melancholy, but rare,
+instance of indecision, if not of double dealing, in the
+Jacobites. Before the battle of Culloden, anxious to
+retrieve his affairs and to ensure his safety, he took
+the oaths to the English Government, and was appointed
+to a company in Lord Loudon's Highlanders.
+His clan, nevertheless, were eager to join <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>Charles Edward,
+and urged him to lead them to his standard.
+Clunie hesitated between the obligation to his oath,
+and his secret devotion to the Stuarts. His defection
+irritated the British Government: he became one of
+those whose life was forfeited to the laws. After the
+battle of Culloden he secreted himself, and lived for
+nine years in a cave, at a short distance from the
+site of his own house, which had been burned by the
+King's troops. The cave was in front of a woody
+precipice, the trees, &amp;c., completely concealing the
+entrance. It was dug out by his own people, who
+worked at night, or when time had slackened the
+rigour of the search. Upwards of one hundred persons
+knew of this retreat, and one thousand pounds
+were offered as a reward to any who would discover
+it. Eighty men were stationed there to intimidate
+the tenantry into a disclosure, but it was
+all in vain; none could be found so base as to betray
+their chief.<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a></p>
+
+<p>For two years Sir Hector Monro in vain remained
+in Badenoch, for the purpose of discovering Clunie's
+retreat. The Macphersons remained true to their
+chieftain. At times he emerged from his dark recess,
+to mingle for awhile in the hours of night with his
+friends, when he was protected by the vigilance and
+affection of his clansmen, unwearied in their work of
+duty. At last, broken-spirited, and despairing of
+that mercy which was accorded by the English Government
+to so few of the insurgents, Clunie escaped<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>
+to France, and there died, ten years after the fatal
+events of 1745.<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> The estate of this unfortunate
+chieftain was restored to his family, who claim to be
+the ancient representatives of the clan Chattan; with
+what justice it would be dangerous to declare, since
+no risk could be more rashly encountered than that
+which is incurred in discussing Highland prerogative.</p>
+
+<p>Surrounded by his powerful relatives and fair
+daughters, Lochiel hailed with no very sanguine
+spirit the coming troubles which quickly followed the
+accession of the house of Hanover. Already was the
+Jacobite association busily at work in the south of
+Scotland; and it was impossible, from the temper of
+the populace in both nations, not to augur, in a short
+time, some serious popular outbreak. In the minds
+of the Highland chieftains a hatred of English dominion,
+and a desire of independence, constituted even a
+more potent source of adherence of the Stuarts than
+any personal feeling towards that line. Most of these
+chiefs languished to see a king of their own nation
+reign over them. To such a ruler they would, as
+they considered, be viewed not as a secondary object.
+Their interests had been neglected in the Treaty of
+Darien,&mdash;a settlement which had inspired the landholders
+of the Low Country with aversion to William.</p>
+
+<p>Expectations had also been raised, tending to the
+belief that Anne, secretly well affected to her brother,
+had made such provisions in her will as would ensur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>e
+the descent of the Crown in the direct line; and nothing
+could exceed the disgust and amazement of the
+Highlanders when they beheld a foreigner seated on a
+throne, from which, they well knew, it would be impossible
+to dispossess him. "To restore," as Mrs.
+Grant observes, "their ancient race of monarchs to
+the separate Crown of Scotland, was their fondest
+wish. This visionary project was never adopted by
+the Jacobites at large, who were too well informed to
+suppose it either practicable or eligible. But it
+serv'd as an engine to excite the zeal of bards and
+sennachies, who were still numerous in the Highlands,
+and in whose poetry strong traces of this airy
+project may still be found."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the accession of George the First, certain
+of the Highland chieftains dispatched a letter to
+the Earl of Mar, desiring that nobleman to assure the
+Government of their loyalty and submission. Among
+the names subscribed are those of Lochiel, of his
+friend Glengarry, and of Clunie. The address is said
+to have been a stratagem of Mar's to gain time, and
+to give him an opportunity of ripening his schemes.<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a>
+But it appears more probable that there was, at first,
+a spirit of moderation and a desire for peace in the
+chieftains, until they were afterwards stimulated by
+the intrigues of the disappointed and baffled Earl of
+Mar. Lochiel, as well as many others, had little to
+gain, but much to lose, in any change of dynasty or
+convulsion in the state. Prosperous, beloved, secure,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>
+his fidelity to that which he believed to be the right
+cause was honourable to the highest degree to his
+character. That he was not sanguine in his hopes, is
+more than probable. Before he went to the battle of
+Sherriff Muir, he arranged his affairs so as to be prepared
+for the worst result that might befal his family.
+The frequent occurrence of feuds and civil wars in
+Scotland had taught the higher classes the use of
+stratagem and man[oe]uvre in these domestic disturbances.
+It was not unusual for a son and a father
+often to affect to take opposite sides, in order that the
+estate, happen what might, should be preserved to the
+family; and this was considered as consulting the general
+good of the clan. Lochiel, although he did not
+pursue this plan, yet left his affairs so arranged that,
+in the most fatal results of the Rebellion of 1715, his
+estate might be protected. His sons-in-law, powerful
+and devoted to the same cause, were well qualified to
+aid and to protect those members of the family who
+were entrusted to their friendly guidance. John Cameron
+was still styled "Cameron the younger, of Lochiel,"
+for the renowned Sir Ewan Dhu was living when Mar
+summoned the chieftains to the hunting-field of Braemar.
+The aged chieftain had, at this time, attained
+his eighty-seventh year; it had been his glory, in
+early life, to defend a pass near Braemar against
+Cromwell's troops, until the royal army had retired;
+and, in fact, to be the instrument of saving Glencairn's
+troops, keeping himself clear of those cabals
+which at that time fatally harassed the disorganize<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>d
+Royalists. It was now his fate to send forth, under
+the guidance of his son, his gallant Camerons, to the
+number of eight hundred, to espouse the cause of the
+Stuarts.<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> No jealousies disturbed the confidence reposed
+on the one side, nor alienated affection on the
+other. The affection of the Highlanders for their
+children was one of the softened features in the national
+character. It was usually repaid with a decree
+of reverence, of filial piety, which, however other qualities
+may have declined and died away in the Highland
+character, have remained, like verdant plants
+amid autumnal decay. The appalling spectacle of a
+parent forsaken, or even neglected, by a child, is a
+sight never known in the Highlands: nor is the sense
+of duty lessened by absence from the mountains
+where first the sentiment was felt. The Highland
+soldier, far from his country, is accompanied by this
+holy love, this inexhaustible stimulus to exertion,
+which induces him to save with what may be unjustly
+called a niggard hand his earnings, to support, in
+their old age, those who have given him birth. "I
+have been," says General Stewart, "a frequent witness
+of these offerings of filial bounty, and the channel
+through which they were communicated; and I have
+generally found that a threat of informing their parents
+of misconduct, has operated as a sufficient check
+on young soldiers, who always received the intimation
+with a sort of horror."<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a></p>
+
+<p>Blessed, doubtless, with the approval of his fath<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span>er,
+Sir Ewan Dhu, Lochiel quitted his home. He left a
+wife whom he loved, a parent whom he reverenced,
+and whose span of life could not be long extended; he
+left a numerous and prosperous family, upon a sense
+of duty, a principle of loyalty, an adherence, so fixed
+and so sure among the Highlanders, to his engagements.
+The name of Cameron does not appear
+among the chieftains who were assembled at Braemar;
+but it appears probable that he attended the Earl of
+Mar's summons, since he was cited, by the authority
+of an act passed on the thirtieth of August, to appear
+at Edinburgh, as well as a number of other disaffected
+chieftains and noblemen, to give bail for his allegiance
+to the Government. The summons was not answered
+by a single individual, and the preparations for
+the fatal insurrection continued in unabated activity.</p>
+
+<p>The details of the hopeless struggle contain no
+especial mention of John Cameron of Lochiel; but,
+from manuscript sources, we learn that, after the
+battle of Sherriff Muir, he continued with the Jacobite
+army, conducted by General Gordon, to whom James
+Stuart had entrusted the command of that remnant of
+his gallant and deserted adherents. The Jacobite
+army having marched to Aberdeen, were there informed
+by General Gordon of the flight of the Chevalier,
+of that of Lord Mar, and of the other principal
+leaders. A letter was then read to them from James,
+declaring that the disappointments which he had met
+with, especially from abroad, had obliged him to leave
+the country. He thanked his subjects for their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>services,
+and desired them to advise with General Gordon,
+and to consult their own safety, either by keeping in a
+body, or separating, and encouraged them to hear from
+him again in a very short time. A singular scene
+ensued. General Gordon and the chief officers of the
+army, are said to have pretended surprise at this
+disclosure, although they were previously in the
+secret; but the indignation of the soldiers was
+extreme.</p>
+
+<p>"We are basely betrayed," they cried out; "we
+are all undone; we have neither King nor General
+left!"</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after this crisis, the Jacobite army dispersed;
+two hundred of them, amongst whom were
+many chieftains, went towards Peterhead, intending to
+embark, in vessels which they knew were waiting for
+them, for France; but the main body of the army
+marched westward, to Strathspey and Strath-dore
+to the Hills of Badenoch, where they separated. The
+foot-soldiers dispersed into the mountains, near Lochy,
+and the horse went to Lochaber, agreeing to reassemble,
+such was their undaunted fidelity and
+courage, on receiving notice from the Chevalier.<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a>
+But such a summons never came, to arouse those
+brave men from the repose of their glens and fortresses.</p>
+
+<p>Lochiel had entrusted the guidance of his clan
+to his son, afterwards well known by the name of
+"gentle Lochiel," and the faithful promoter of Char<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>les
+Edward's ill-starred enterprise. Persuaded that the
+safety and honour of his house were safe in the
+hands of this promising young man, who had been
+purposely kept in ignorance of the projected rising,
+and had taken no part in it, Lochiel resolved to
+consult his own safety, and to follow his royal master
+to France. After wandering for some time near
+Braemar, and in Badenoch, he escaped by means of
+one of the French frigates which were cruising near
+the coast of Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1719 Sir Ewan Dhu expired, having witnessed
+the rise and fall of that attempt to restore the Stuarts,
+which was only succeeded by a more desperate and
+melancholy undertaking. He lived to see his son an
+exile, but he had the consolation of reflecting that
+the honour of his clan, the great desideratum with a
+chieftain, was yet unstained either by cowardice or
+disloyalty.</p>
+
+<p>The Camerons do not appear to have had any
+participation in the abortive attempt in 1718 to
+revive the Stuart claim. Considered by the English
+Government as a proscribed rebel, and deemed
+of too much importance to be forgiven, Lochiel
+passed henceforth most of his days in the melancholy
+court of St. Germains, where he soon perceived
+how little faith there was to be placed in
+the energy and determination of James Stuart.
+At times his weary exile was relieved by secret
+visits to his own home at Achnacarry, where he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>
+found his son, dutiful and amiable, holding his
+possessions as in trust for his father. Lochiel was
+enabled by the power and alliance of his sons-in-law
+to remain in safety, as long as he pleased, during
+these visits; yet he professed to renounce Scotland
+until a change of Government should facilitate his
+return as a chieftain to his clansmen. In every district
+he found kindred ready to protect him, and
+he derived much importance from the influence he
+possessed through his children. His sons-in-law were
+mostly the heads of clans, and they all looked up to
+Lochiel with affectionate reverence. Had Lochiel
+been a remorseless partisan of James, instead of a
+true lover of his country, he might easily have
+stimulated his kindred, and set into motion the
+whole of that powerful connection of which he was
+the centre. But he perceived too plainly the risk
+of such a proceeding, and wisely declined involving
+the peaceful and the prosperous in the dangers of
+another contest. His moderate sentiments were confirmed
+by the early wisdom of his son,&mdash;one of those
+bright patterns of human excellence, gifted with
+every charm which attends a noble and gallant
+chieftain.</p>
+
+<p>During the early part of the Rebellion of 1745,
+John of Lochiel remained in France; but, when the
+battles of Falkirk and of Preston Pans raised the
+hopes of his party, he came over to Scotland, and
+landed on the coasts of Lochaber, a short time before
+the fatal blow to the Stuart cause was given<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>
+at Culloden. After taking a last look at his house,
+and visiting, with what feelings can well be conceived,
+the scenes of his childhood, the haunts of his
+ancestry,&mdash;the house of Achnacarry, which was soon,
+as he well might conjecture, to be the object of
+vengeance to a foe more ruthless and brutal than
+ever party spirit had infuriated in this country before,&mdash;Lochiel,
+embarking in the vessel which had
+brought him to Scotland, elate with hope, returned
+to France. His exile was cheered by the friendship
+of the Duke of Berwick, but his heart seems ever to
+have been in Scotland. A few years afterwards he
+came over again privately to Edinburgh, and there
+his eventful life was closed.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> His estates were included,
+after the year 1745, in the numerous forfeitures
+which followed the Rebellion; but they were
+eventually restored, and they have remained in possession
+of the family. Intrepid and amiable as
+John of Lochiel appears to have been, and perilous
+as was his career, his character bears no comparison
+in interest with that of one who was one of
+the brightest ornaments of his party&mdash;his gallant
+unfortunate son.</p>
+
+<p>Donald Cameron of Lochiel, had long exercised the
+authority of a chieftain, before the Rebellion of 1745
+entailed upon him a participation in occupations still
+more arduous. He had, in short, arrived at middle
+age when he was called upon to support the claims
+of Charles Edward.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
+<p>To the virtues and intentions of this chieftain,
+even his enemies have borne tribute. He was accomplished,
+refined, and courteous; yet brave, firm, and
+daring. The warlike tribes around him, unaccustomed
+to such a combination of qualities, idolized
+the gallant and the good Lochiel. His father, reposing
+on his honour and prudence, relied with
+security upon his son's management of the family
+estates, and this confidence was never disturbed by
+presumption on the one hand, nor by suspicion on the
+other.</p>
+
+<p>Donald Cameron had imbibed the principles of his
+father; and there is little doubt but that, during
+the furtive visits of John Lochiel to Scotland, a
+tacit understanding had been formed between them
+to support the "good old cause," as they termed it,
+whenever circumstances should permit. But Donald
+Cameron, although "he loved his King well, loved
+his country better;" nor could he be persuaded to
+endanger the peace of that country by a rash enterprise,
+which could never, as he justly thought, prosper
+without foreign aid, and the hearty co-operation
+of the English Jacobites. His own clansmen were,
+he well knew, prepared for the contest, come when
+it might; for the conversation of the small gentry
+and of the retainers consisted, to borrow a description
+from a contemporary writer, entirely of disquisitions
+upon "martiall atchievements, deer huntings,
+and even valuing themselves upon their wicked expeditions
+and incursions upon their innocent lo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>w-country
+neighbours. They have gott," adds the
+same author,<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> "a notion and inviollable maxim
+handed down to them from their forefathers, that
+they, being the only ancient Scotsmen, that whole
+nation belongs to them in property, and look on all
+the low-country-men as a mixture of Danes, Saxons,
+Normans, and English, who have by violence robbed
+them of the best part of their country, while they
+themselves are penned up in the most mountainous
+and barren parts thereof to starve; therefore think
+it no injustice to commit dayly depredations upon
+them, making thereby conscience to interrupt their
+illegal possession (as they call it) in case it should
+prescribe into a right."<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a></p>
+
+<p>It would not have been difficult to have blown
+such combustible materials into a flame; but Donald
+Cameron adopted a different policy, and endeavoured
+to allay the angry passions of the tribe over
+which he ruled: nevertheless, his own conduct was
+perfectly consistent with his principles; and such
+was the notion entertained of his integrity and moderation,
+that though he never took the oaths to the
+reigning family, he was indulged in that tenderness
+of conscience and permitted to remain in peace, even
+though residing in the immediate neighbourhood of a
+great military station.<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a></p>
+
+<p>Donald Cameron had indeed a more valuable stake<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>
+in the country than houses or lands. He was married
+in the year 1723 to the daughter of Sir James
+Campbell of Auchinbreck, a lady of whom it is high
+praise to say, that she was worthy of being the companion
+of such a man.</p>
+
+<p>Thus situated, the nominal holder of an estate
+which, though long maintained in the family, is said
+never to have exceeded in value five hundred pounds
+a-year, and less prejudiced against the English and
+the ruling powers than his predecessors, Donald
+Cameron felt, it is asserted, little desire to promote a
+second invasion of the country by the Chevalier.
+The slightest intimation of his father's wish to revive
+that cause would have been sufficient to set the
+whole family confederacy into motion; but the wisdom
+of the younger Lochiel had been ripened by the
+cautious and critical part which he had had to perform
+in life; and that prudent disposition, enforced
+by his father's circumspection, prevented any precipitate
+measures.</p>
+
+<p>Of the favour and confidence of the Chevalier,
+Donald Cameron was well assured. In 1729, the
+following letter was addressed to him, under the
+name of Mr. Johnstone, by James.<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I am glad of this occasion to let you know how
+well plessed I am to hear of the care you take to follow
+your father's and uncle's example in their loyalty
+to me; and I doubt not of your endeavours to m<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>aintain
+the true spirit in the clan. Allan is now with
+me, and I am always glad to have some of my brave
+Highlanders about me, whom I value as they deserve.
+You will deliver the enclosed to its address, and
+doubt not of my particular regard for you, which I
+am persuaded you will always deserve.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+(Signed) "<span class="smcap">James R.</span>"</p>
+<p>
+"April 11, 1727."
+</p></div>
+
+<p>In addition to these instructions, Donald Cameron
+received a letter from his uncle, Allan Cameron, (in
+1729,) who attended the Chevalier during his residence
+at Albano; from which it appears that a full
+commission had been sent to Lochiel to treat with
+"such of the King's friends in Scotland," as he
+thought were safe to be trusted concerning his affairs.
+It was also intimated that James had conceived a
+high opinion of the good sense and prudence of
+Lochiel, from his letters; and encouragement was
+given to any future exertions. The uncle then instructed
+his nephew how to answer the King's letter
+in the following explicit manner. These directions
+are tolerably minute:<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I think it proper you should write to the King
+by the first post after you receive his letter. I need
+not advise you what to say in answer to such a
+gracious letter from your King, only let it not be
+very long. Declare your duty and readiness to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>
+execute his Majesty's commands on all occasions, and
+your sense of the honour he has been pleased to do
+you in giving you such a commission. I am not to
+chuse words for you, because I am sure you can express
+yourself in a dutiful and discreet manner without
+any help. You are to write, Sir, on a large
+margin, and to end, Your most faithful and obedient
+subject and servant; and to address to the King
+and no more; which inclose to me sealed. I pray
+send me a copy of it on a paper inclosed, with any
+other thing that you do not think fit or needful the
+King should see in your letter to me, because I will
+shew your answer to this, wherein you may say that
+you will be mindful of all I wrote to you, and what
+else you think fit."</p></div>
+
+<p>To these instructions assurances were added, that
+the elder Lochiel, who had, it seems, been in necessitous
+circumstances after his attainder, and during
+his exile, should be relieved at the Chevalier's expense;
+"so that," adds the uncle, "your mind may
+be pretty easy upon that point." Donald had, it
+appears, expressed some discontent at the comparative
+comfort in which some of the exiled Jacobites
+lived, and the poverty of his father's circumstances,
+which he had observed when in Paris a few years
+previous to this correspondence. Allan Cameron
+further advised his nephew to keep on good terms
+with Glengarry and all other neighbours; to let "byganes,
+be byganes," as long as such neighbours continue
+firm to the "King's interests;" to avoid privat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>e
+animosities, and yet to keep a watch over their
+fidelity to the cause. "As to Lovat," adds the
+uncle, "be on your guard, but not so as to lose him;
+on the contrary, you may say that the King trusts a
+great deal to the resolution he has taken to serve
+him, and expects he will continue in that resolution.
+But, dear nephew, you know very well that he must
+give true and real proof of his sincerity by performance,
+before he can be entirely reckoned on, after the
+part he has acted. This I say to yourself, and therefore
+you must deal with him very dexterously; and I
+must leave it to your own judgment what lengths to
+go with him, since you know he has always been a
+man whose chief view was his own interest. It is
+true, he wishes our family well; and I doubt not he
+would wish the King restored, which is his interest,
+if he has the grace to have a hand in it, after what
+he has done. So, upon the whole, I know not what
+advice to give you, as to letting him know that the
+King wrote you such a letter as you have; but in
+general, you are to make the best of him you can,
+but still be on your guard; for it is not good to put
+too much in his power before the time of executing a
+good design. The King knows very well how useful
+he can be if sincere, which I have represented as fully
+as was necessary.</p>
+
+<p>"This letter is of such bulk, that I have inclosed
+the King's letter under cover with another letter
+addressed for your father, as I will not take leave of
+you till next post. I add only, that I am entirely
+yours,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+(Signed)<br />
+"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span><span class="smcap">A. Cameron.</span>"<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Eight years afterwards (in 1736), when inquiries
+were made by the Chevalier concerning the temper of
+the people, and the state of the clans, it was stated
+that the most leading men among the clans were
+Cameron of Lochiel and Sir Alexander Macdonald.
+The Cameronians were, it was stated, well armed,
+and regularly regimented among themselves, but "so
+giddy and inconstant" that they could not be depended
+on; only that they were strongly enraged
+against the Government. "The leading men among
+the loyalists were reported much diminished; nor was
+it easy, from the necessity of concealing their sentiments,
+since the last rising, to make any estimate of
+the amount of those who would enter into any second
+scheme."<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> Considering Cameron of Lochiel as thus
+empowered to give information of the first movements
+of James, the Jacobites in the Highlands were in
+continual communication with Cameron; yet, perhaps
+considering that those who engaged in the last insurrection,
+being nearly superannuated, would rather
+wish well to the cause than engage again, he still
+kept the fervent spirits of that political party whom
+he thus regarded in an equable state,&mdash;ready to act,
+yet willing to wait for a favourable occasion. In
+1740 Donald Cameron signed, nevertheless, the association
+of seven carried by Drummond of Bochaldy
+to Rome; but when the Court of France, after the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span>
+disaster at Dunkirk, withdrew its aid, he was one
+of those who sent over Murray to dissuade Charles
+from coming to Scotland, unless accompanied by a
+body of foreign troops:&mdash;so true were his professions
+of fidelity, and so finely was that fidelity tempered
+with prudence. Holding these opinions, which were
+amply verified by the result of the Rebellion of 1745,
+when Donald Cameron received a letter from Prince
+Charles, written at Borodale, and desiring to see him
+immediately, it was in sorrow and perplexity that he
+received the summons. He sent his brother, the
+unfortunate Dr. Archibald Cameron, to urge the
+Prince to return, and to assure him that he should
+not join in the undertaking. But the Prince persisted
+in the resolution he had formed of persevering
+in his attempt, and gave to Dr. Cameron the same
+reply that he had already given to others, and then,
+addressing himself to Macdonald of Scothouse, who
+had gone to the coast to pay his respects to the
+Prince, he asked him if he could go to Lochiel and
+endeavour to persuade him to do his duty. Young
+Scothouse replied, he would comply with the Prince's
+wishes, and immediately set out for Achnacarry.
+Such a message from such a quarter could not be
+resisted, and Lochiel prepared to accompany young
+Scothouse to Borodale. Lochiel's reluctance to assent
+was not, however, overcome: his mind misgave
+him. He knew well the state of his country, and he
+took this first step with an ominous foreboding of
+the issue. He left his home, determined not to take<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>
+arms. On his way to Borodale he called at the house
+of his brother, John Cameron of Fassefern, who came
+out and inquired what had brought him from home at
+that early hour? Lochiel replied that the Prince had
+arrived from France, and had sent to see him. Fassefern
+inquired what troops the Prince had brought?
+what money? what arms? Lochiel answered that the
+Prince had brought neither money, nor arms, nor
+troops, and that he was therefore resolved not to be
+concerned in any attempt, and to dissuade Charles
+from an insurrection. Fassefern approved of his
+brother's decision, but recommended him not to proceed
+to Borodale, but to communicate his resolution by
+letter. "No," rejoined Lochiel; "it is my duty to go
+to the Prince, and unfold to him my reasons, which
+admit of no reply." "Brother," returned Fassefern,
+"I know you better than you know yourself; if the
+Prince once sets his eyes upon you, he will make you
+do whatever he pleases."<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lochiel, nevertheless, proceeded to Borodale.</p>
+
+<p>The gallant chief found the Prince surrounded by
+those who, like himself, had consented, unwillingly, to
+join in the ill-starred enterprise. The personal courage
+of Charles Edward has been doubted; but his determination
+and fearlessness at this critical moment,
+afford an ample contradiction of the charge. Whilst
+on board the ship which brought him to Scotland, it
+was represented to him that he must keep himself<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>
+very retired, as the garrison at Inverlochie was not
+far off, and as the Campbells in the neighbourhood
+would be ready to take him. "I have no fear about
+that at all," was his reply. "If I could get six stout
+trusty fellows to join me," he said, on another occasion,
+"I would rather skulk about the mountains of
+Scotland than return to France."<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Prince was in this temper of mind when
+Lochiel reached him. Upon his arrival at Borodale,
+the Prince and he immediately retired to a long and
+private conference.</p>
+
+<p>The conversation began, upon the part of Charles,
+by complaints of the treatment which he had received
+from the Ministers of France, "who had long," he
+said, "amused him with vain hopes, and deceived
+him with promises:" "their coldness in his cause," he
+added, "but ill agreed with the confidence which he
+had in his own claims, and with the enthusiasm
+which the loyalty of his father's brave and faithful
+subjects had inspired in him." Lochiel acknowledged
+the engagements of the chiefs, but remarked that they
+were not binding, since his Highness had come without
+the stipulated aid; and, therefore, since there was
+not the least prospect of success, he advised the
+Prince to return to France, and reserve himself and
+his faithful friends to some more favourable opportunity.<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a></p>
+
+<p>This counsel was extremely distasteful to Charles
+Edward; already had the young and gallant Prince<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>
+declared to one of the Macdonalds, who had urged the
+same opinion, that he did not choose to owe the restoration
+of his father's throne to foreigners, but to his
+own friends, to whom he was now come to put it in
+their power to have the glory of that event.<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> He
+therefore refused to follow Lochiel's advice, asserting
+that there could not be a more favourable moment
+than the present, when all the British troops were
+abroad, and kept at bay by Marshal Saxe. In Scotland,
+he added, there were only a few regiments,
+newly raised, and unused to service. These could
+never stand before the brave Highlanders; and the
+first advantage gained would encourage his father's
+friends to declare themselves, and would ensure
+foreign aid. He only wanted "the Highlanders to
+begin the war."</p>
+
+<p>"Lochiel," to use the words of Mr. Home, "still
+resisted, entreating Charles to be more temperate, and
+consent to remain concealed where he was, till he
+(Lochiel) and his other friends should meet together
+and concert what was best to be done." Charles,
+whose mind was wound up to the utmost pitch of
+impatience, paid no regard to this proposal, but
+answered, that he was determined to put all to the
+hazard. "In a few days," said he, "with the few
+friends that I have, I will erect the royal standard,
+and proclaim to the people of Britain that Charles
+Stuart is come over to claim the crown of his ancestors,
+to win it, or to perish in the attempt: Lochie<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>l,"
+continued he, "who my father has often told me
+was our firmest friend, may stay at home, and learn
+from the newspapers the fate of his Prince; and so
+shall every man over whom nature or fortune hath
+given me any power." Such was the singular conversation
+on the result of which depended peace or
+war; for it is a point agreed among the Highlanders,
+that if Lochiel had persisted in his refusal to take
+arms, the other chiefs would not have joined the
+standard without him, and the spark of rebellion
+must have instantly expired.<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a></p>
+
+<p>To the details of this interview are added others,
+which somewhat reflect upon the disinterestedness of
+Lochiel. They rest, however, upon hearsay evidence;
+and, since conversations repeated rarely bear exactly
+their original signification, some caution must be
+given before they are credited: yet, even if true, one
+can scarcely condemn a man who is forced into an enterprise
+from which he shrinks, screening himself
+from all the consequences of defeat, and striving to
+preserve an inheritance which he might justly regard
+as a trust, rather than a property. It must also be
+remembered that Donald Cameron was at this time
+only nominally the proprietor of the patrimonial
+estates. The following is the extract from Bishop
+Forbes's diary, from which the information is supplied:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"Leith, Thursday, April 9, 1752.
+</p>
+
+<p>"Alexander Macdonnell, the younger, of Glengary,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span>
+did me the honour to dine with me. In the course
+of conversation, I told young Glengary, that I had
+oftener than once, heard the Viscountess Dowager of
+Strathallan tell, that Lochiel, junior, had refused to
+raise a man, or to make any appearance, till the
+Prince should give him security for the full value of
+his estate, in the event of the attempt proving abortive.
+To this young Glengary answered, that it was
+fact, and that the Prince himself (after returning
+from France) had frankly told him as much, assigning
+this as the weighty reason why he (the Prince) had
+shown so much zeal in providing young Lochiel (preferably
+to all others) in a regiment. 'For,' said
+the Prince, 'I must do the best I can, in my present
+circumstances, to keep my word to Lochiel.' Young
+Glengary told me, moreover, that Lochiel, junior, (the
+above bargain with the Prince notwithstanding,) insisted
+upon another condition before he would join in
+the attempt, which was, that Glengary, senior, should
+give it under his hand to raise his clan and join the
+Prince. Accordingly Glengary, senior, when applied
+to upon the subject, did actually give it under his
+hand, that his clan should rise under his own second
+son as colonel, and Mac Donell, of Lochgary, as
+lieutenant-colonel. Then, indeed, young Lochiel was
+gratified in all his demands, and did instantly raise
+his clan.</p>
+
+<p>"Glengary, junior, likewise assured me that
+Cluny Mac Pherson, junior, made the same agreement
+with the Prince, before he would join the attempt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span>
+with his followers, as young Lochiel had done, viz.
+to have security from the Prince for the full value of
+his estate, lest the expedition should prove unsuccessful;
+which the Prince accordingly consented unto, and
+gave security to said Cluny Mac Pherson, junior, for
+the full value of his estate. Young Glengary declared
+that he had this from the young Cluny
+Mac Pherson's own mouth, as a weighty reason
+why he, Cluny, would not part with the money
+which the Prince had committed to his care and
+keeping."</p></div>
+
+<p>Lochiel, after these arrangements with the Prince,
+returned to Achnacarry, in order to prepare for the
+undertaking. A deep sadness pervaded his deportment
+when he began thus to fulfil his promise to
+the Prince; but having once embarked in the enterprise,
+he exerted himself with as much zeal and
+perseverance as if he had engaged in it with the
+full approbation of his judgment. We cannot wonder
+at his dejection, for his assent was the assent of all
+the clans. It was a point agreed among the Highlanders,
+that had Lochiel not proceeded to take arms,
+the other chiefs would not have joined the standard
+without him; and the "spark of rebellion," thus
+writes Mr. Home, "must instantly have expired."
+"Upon this," says an eye-witness of the Rebellion,
+"depended the whole undertaking; for had Lochiel
+stood out, the Prince must either have returned to
+France on board the same frigate that brought him
+to Scotland, or remained privately in the Highland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>s,
+waiting for a landing of foreign troops. The event
+has shown that he would have waited for a long
+time."<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a></p>
+
+<p>From henceforth the career of Lochiel was one of
+activity and of exertions which it must have been
+almost melancholy to witness in one whose heart was
+sorrowing and foreboding. He arranged his papers
+and affairs as a man does before setting out on a
+journey from which he was not to return,<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> and he
+summoned his followers to give aid to a cause which
+as Mrs. Grant remarks, "a vain waste of blood
+adorned without strengthening."<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> He sent messengers
+throughout Lochaber and the adjacent countries
+in which the Camerons lived, requiring his
+chieftains to prepare and to accompany their chief to
+Glenfinnin. Before, however, the day appointed had
+arrived, a party of the Camerons and the Macdonalds
+of Keppoch had begun the war by attacking Captain
+John Scott, at High Bridge, eight miles from Fort
+William. The chief glory of this short but important
+action is due to Macdonald of Keppoch; the affair was
+over when Lochiel with a troop of Camerons arrived,
+took charge of the prisoners, and carried them to his
+house at Achnacarry.</p>
+
+<p>On the nineteenth of August (old style), Lochiel,
+followed by seven hundred men, marched to Glenfinnin,
+where Charles was anxiously awaiting h<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>is approach.
+When the Prince landed from one of the
+lakes in the glen, Lochiel was not to be seen; and
+the adventurer, entering one of the hovels, waited
+there two hours, until the sound of the bagpipes
+announced the approach of the Camerons. These
+brave men who were thus marching to their destiny
+advanced in two lines of three men deep, whilst
+between the lines were the prisoners taken at High
+Bridge, unarmed, trophies of the first victory of the
+Jacobites. The Camerons were reputed to be as
+active and strong and as well skilled in the use of
+arms as any of the clans of Scotland, and as little
+addicted to pilfering as any Highlanders at that time
+could be; for Lochiel had taken infinite pains to make
+them honest, and had administered justice among
+them with no little severity. "He thought," says a
+writer of the time, "his authority sufficient to keep
+his clan in subjection, and never troubled his head
+whether they obeyed him out of love or from fear."<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a>
+Lochiel had not been able to prevail upon any of his
+brothers-in-law to accompany him, although they
+wished well to the undertaking, and, in some instances,
+afterwards joined it. One member of his
+family made, however, a conspicuous figure in the
+vale of Glenfinnin.</p>
+
+<p>This was the celebrated Jenny Cameron, daughter
+of Cameron of Glendessery, and a kinswoman of Lochiel.
+She is reported to have been a widow, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>
+upwards of forty, according to one account,&mdash;to another,
+of fifty years of age. Her father, whose estate
+did not exceed in value one hundred and fifty pounds
+a year, had endeavoured to improve it by dealing in
+cattle, a business frequently followed even by men of
+good family in the Highlands. He had been some
+time dead, and the estate had devolved upon his
+grandson, a youth of weak intellect, to whom Miss
+Cameron acted as curatrix or guardian. The young
+man, although then of age, left all matters of business
+entirely to his aunt; and she came, therefore, to the
+standard of Prince Charles, as the representative of
+her nephew.</p>
+
+<p>Her appearance, if we are to accredit contemporary
+statements, must have been extremely singular.
+Having collected a troop of two hundred and fifty
+men, she marched at the head of it to the camp at
+Glenfinnin. She was dressed in a sea-green riding-habit,
+with a scarlet lappet, laced with gold; her hair
+was tied behind in loose curls, and surmounted with a
+velvet cap, and a scarlet feather. She rode a bay
+gelding, with green furniture, richly trimmed with
+gold; in her hand she carried a naked sword instead
+of a riding-whip. Her countenance is described as
+being agreeable, and her figure handsome;<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> her eyes
+were fine, and her hair as black as jet. In conversation
+she was full of intelligence and vivacity.<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> The
+Prince, it is said, rode out of the lines to receive her,
+and to welcome the addition to his army,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> and conducted
+her to a tent with much ceremony. It was
+reported that Mrs. Cameron continued in the camp
+as the commander of her troop, and accompanied the
+Prince into England. But this account is contradicted
+by Bishop Forbes. "She was so far," he says,
+"from accompanying the Prince's army, that she went
+off with the rest of the spectators as soon as the
+army marched; neither did she ever follow the camp,
+nor was ever with the Prince but in public,<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> when he
+had his Court in Edinburgh."<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Prince remained at Glenfinnin two days, and
+was observed to be in high spirits. Here he was
+presented by Major Macdonell with the first good
+horse that he had mounted in Scotland. Charles
+Edward then marched his little army to Lochiel,
+which is about five miles from Glenfinnin, resting
+first at Fassefern, the seat of Lochiel's brother, and
+then proceeded to a village called Moidh, belonging
+to Lochiel.</p>
+
+<p>From this time the fate of Lochiel was inevitably
+bound up with that of the Prince. At the siege of
+Edinburgh he distinguished himself at the head of
+his Camerons in the following manner:&mdash;When the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span>
+deputies who were appointed by the town council to
+request a further delay from Charles set out in a
+hackney coach for Gray's Mill to prevail upon Lord
+George Murray to second their application, as the
+Netherbow Port was opened to let out their coach,
+the Camerons, headed by Lochiel, rushed in and took
+possession of the city. The brave chief afterwards
+obtained from Prince Charles the guard of the city,
+as he was more acquainted with Edinburgh than
+the rest of the Highland chiefs; and his discipline
+was so exact that the city guns, persons, and effects
+were as secure under his care as in the time of peace.
+There was indeed some pilfering in the country, but
+not more than was to be expected in the neighbourhood
+of an army of undisciplined Highlanders.</p>
+
+<p>Lochiel remained in Edinburgh while the Prince
+continued there, and witnessed the brief splendour
+of the young Chevalier's Court: it is thus described
+by an eye-witness:<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a>&mdash;"The Prince's Court at Holyrood
+soon became very brilliant. There were every
+day, from morning till night, a vast affluence of well-dressed
+people. Besides the gentlemen that had
+joined or come upon business, or to pay their court,
+there were a great number of ladies and gentlemen
+that came either out of affection or curiosity, besides
+the desire of seeing the Prince. There had not been
+a Court in Scotland for a long time, and people came
+from all quarters to see so many novelties. One
+would have thought the King was already restored,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>
+and in peaceable possession of all the dominions of
+his ancestors, and that the Prince had only made a
+trip to Scotland to show himself to the people and
+receive their homage. Such was the splendour of
+the Court, and such the satisfaction that appeared in
+everybody's countenance."</p>
+
+<p>At the battle of Falkirk, Lochiel was slightly
+wounded, as well as his brother Archibald.<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> Throughout
+that engagement, as well as during the whole
+of the unhappy contest of 1745-6, Lochiel distinguished
+himself by his clemency, gallantry, and
+good faith. An incident which happened after the
+battle of Falkirk, shows the respect paid to the head
+of the clan.</p>
+
+<p>While Charles Edward was standing at an open
+window at his house in Falkirk, reading a list of
+prisoners just presented by Lord Kilmarnock, a soldier
+in the uniform of one of King George's regiments
+made his appearance in the street below. He was
+armed with a musket and bayonet, and wore a black
+cockade in his hat, as it appeared, by way of defiance.
+Upon perceiving this, Charles directed the
+attention of Lord Kilmarnock, who was standing
+near him, to the soldier. Lord Kilmarnock ran
+down stairs immediately, went up to the soldier,
+struck the hat off his head, and set his foot on the
+black cockade. At that instant a Highlander came
+running across the street, and laid hands on Lord
+Kilmarnock, and pushed him back. Lord Kilma<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span>rnock
+pulled out a pistol and presented it at the
+Highlander's head: the Highlander drew out his dirk
+and pointed it at Lord Kilmarnock's heart. After
+remaining in this position a few seconds they were
+separated: the man with the dirk took up the hat
+and put it on the head of the soldier, who was
+marched off in triumph by the Highlanders.</p>
+
+<p>This little scene was explained to some of the bystanders
+thus: The man in the King's uniform was a
+Cameron, who, after the defeat of the Government
+army, had joined his clan. He was received with
+joy by the Camerons, who permitted him to wear
+his uniform until others could be procured. The
+Highlander who pointed the dirk at Lord Kilmarnock's
+breast, was the soldier's brother; the crowd
+who surrounded him were his kinsmen of the clan.
+No one, it was their opinion, "could take that cockade
+out of the soldier's cap, except Lochiel himself."<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a>
+Lochiel accompanied the Prince in his disastrous
+expedition to Derby.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of February 1746, he was sent with
+General Stapleton to besiege Fort William. He left
+that enterprise when summoned by Charles Edward
+to assemble around his standard on the field of
+Culloden. On the eventful fourteenth of April, the
+day before the battle, Lochiel joined the Prince's army:
+that night, the Highlanders, who never pitched a
+tent, lay among the furze and trees of Culloden Wood,
+whilst their yo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span>ung leader slept beneath the roof of
+Culloden House.</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from the Duke of Cumberland's
+orderly-book shows how closely that able
+general and detestable individual had studied the
+habits of those whom it was his lot to conquer; and
+mark also his contempt for the "Lowlanders and
+arrant scum" who sometimes made up the lines behind
+the Highlanders.<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;">
+"Edinburgh, 12 Jan. 1745-6. Sunday Parole, Derby.
+</p>
+
+<p>"Field-officer for the day: to-morrow Major Willson.
+The manner of the Highlander's way of fighting,
+which there is nothing so easy to resist, if officers and
+men are not prepossessed with the lyes and accounts
+which are told of them. They commonly
+form their front rank of what they call their best
+men, or true Highlanders, the number of which being
+allways but few, when they form in battallions they
+commonly form four deep, and these Highlanders
+form the front of the four, the rest being Lowlanders
+and arrant scum; when these battallions come within
+a large musket-shott, or three-score yards, this front
+rank gives their fire and immediately throw down
+their firelocks and come down in a cluster with their
+swords and targets, making a noise and endeavouring
+to pearce the body, or battallions before them. Becoming
+twelve or fourteen deep by the time they come up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>
+to the people, they attack. The sure way to demolish
+them is at three deep to fire by ranks diagonally to the
+centre where they come, the rear rank first, and even
+that rank not to fire till they are within ten or twelve
+paces; but if the fire is given at a distance you probably
+will be broke, for you never get time to load
+a second cartridge; and if you give way, you may
+give your foot for dead, for they being without a firelock,
+or any load, no man with his arms, accoutrements,
+&amp;c. can escape them, and they give no quarters;
+but if you will but observe the above directions,
+the are the most despicable enemy that are."</p></div>
+
+<p>On the following day when the army, being drawn
+up on Drumossie Moor, waited in vain till mid-day
+for the approach of the enemy, Charles addressed his
+generals and chiefs, and proposed to attack the Duke
+of Cumberland's camp at Nairn that evening.</p>
+
+<p>His proposal was, unfortunately for his brave followers,
+not seconded by the powerful voice of Lord
+George Murray. Lochiel, who was not a man given
+to much elocution, recommended delay, and urged that
+the army would be at least fifteen hundred stronger
+on the following day. The return of the army to
+Culloden, fatigued and famished, between five and
+six o'clock on the following morning, was the result
+of that ill-advised attempt. At eight o'clock the
+alarm was given at Culloden House by one of the
+clan Cameron, that the Duke's army was in full
+march towards them.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span></p>
+<p>When the army was formed into two lines, Lochiel's
+regiment was placed on the left, next to the
+Athole Brigade. The Camerons, with the Maclaclans
+and Macleans, the Mackintoshes, the Stuarts, attacked
+sword in hand. Most of the chiefs who
+commanded these five regiments were killed, and
+Cameron of Lochiel, advancing at the head of his
+regiment, was so near Burrel's regiment<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a> that he
+had fired his pistol, and was drawing his sword
+when he fell wounded with grape-shot in both ankles.
+His two brothers, afterwards more unfortunate even
+than himself, were on each side of him; they raised
+him up, and bore him off the field in their arms.
+The Camerons, at the field of Culloden, sustained
+the greatness of their fame; nor have the imputations
+which were cast upon other clans, perhaps had
+a just foundation of truth. No reliance can be placed
+upon the opinions of the English press at the time.<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a></p>
+
+<p>The blood of Cameron of Lochiel was sought, as
+Mrs. Grant expresses it, with the "most venomous
+perseverance." His own country, to which he was at
+first removed, affording him no shelter,<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> he sheltered
+himself in the Braes of Bannoch. He suffered long
+from his wounds, until in June, his friend Clu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>nie
+Macpherson brought from Edinburgh a physician,
+Sir Stewart Threipland, who gave him the benefit of
+his aid. Meantime the spirit of Lochiel remained
+undaunted; and he who had entered into the insurrection
+unwillingly, was almost the last to give
+up the cause. A resolution was taken on the eighth
+of May by the chieftains to raise each a body of
+men, for the service of the Prince; and the rendezvous
+was appointed at Achnacarry on the fifteenth
+instant. We find a letter addressed by Lochiel on
+May the twenty-fifth to the chiefs, accounting for his
+not having met them according to promise, by the
+risk of a surprise, and recommending them to keep
+quiet until a promised succour from France. The letter
+speaks the language of hope; but whether that
+was the real feeling of the writer, or only intended to
+keep up exertion, cannot be ascertained. In the postscript
+Lochiel states his regret that many had given
+up their arms without his knowledge. "I cannot,"
+he adds, "take upon me to direct in this particular,
+but to give my opinion, and let every one judge for
+himself."</p>
+
+<p>During May, Lochiel continued at Loch Arkeg, preparing
+for a summer campaign, and corresponding with
+Clunie Macpherson and with the treacherous Murray
+of Broughton on the subject. He was, at this time,
+in want of food and money. "I have scarcely a
+sufficiency of meal," he writes, "to serve myself
+and the gentlemen who are with me for four day<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>s,
+and can get none to purchase in this country."<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a>
+After the breaking up of the scheme of fresh cooperations
+in May, and when Lochaber was occupied
+by the Government troops, Lochiel became anxious
+to retire to Badenoch. This district is one of the
+wildest parts of the Highlands; though destitute
+of wood, it afforded shelter in its rocky dens and in
+the sides of its rugged hills. Not only did Lochiel
+desire repose and safety, but he longed to be
+beyond the reach of those heartrending accounts
+which were ever brought to him of the sufferings
+of his people, and of the dwellers in Lochaber.
+The severities and cruelties of the military, licensed
+by the Duke of Cumberland to every atrocity, to
+use the simple language of Mr. Forbes, "bore very
+hard upon him." One day<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a> when accounts were
+brought to Lochiel, in Badenoch, that the poor people
+in Lochaber had been so pillaged and harassed that
+they had really no necessaries to keep in their lives,
+Lochiel took out his purse and gave all the money
+he could well spare to be distributed among such in
+Lochaber. "And," said a friend who was with him,
+"I remember nothing better than that Sir Stewart
+Threipland at that time took out his purse and gave
+five guineas, expressing himself in these words: "I
+am sure that I have not so much for myself; but
+then, if I be spared I know where to get more,
+whereas these poor people know not where to get
+the smallest assistance!""</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span></p>
+<p>Meantime the news reached Lochiel of the total
+destruction of his house at Achnacarrie. Previously
+to the demolition of the house, the family had buried
+or concealed many things in the earth. The English
+soldiers, encamping round the smoking ruins, are
+said, on tradition, to have actually boiled their kettles
+at the foot of each of a fine avenue of plane-trees.
+The avenue remains, and fissures can still be
+traced running up the stem of each tree. Not a
+memorial of the House of Achnacarrie remained. For
+this, and other acts of wanton barbarity, the pretext
+was that the Camerons, as well as other tribes, had
+promised to surrender arms at a certain time, but
+had broken their word. "His Royal Highness, the
+Duke of Cumberland," to borrow from a contemporary
+writer, "began with the rebels in a gentle,
+paternal way, with soft admonitions, with a promise
+of protection to all the common people that
+would bring in their arms, and submit to mercy."
+Since, however, some equivocated, and others broke
+their word, the Duke was obliged to lay "the rod
+on more heavy." Fire and sword were therefore
+carried through the country of the Camerons; the
+cattle were driven away; even the cotter's hut
+escaped not: the homes of the poor were laid in
+ashes: their sheep and pigs slaughtered: and the
+wretched inmates of the huts, flying to the mountains,
+were found there, some expiring, some actually dead of
+hunger. The houses of the clergy were crowded with
+the homeless and starving: whole di<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span>stricts were depopulated:
+the Sabbath was outraged by acts of
+destruction, which wounded, in the nicest point, the
+feelings of the religious mountaineer; and the goods
+of the rebels were publicly auctioned, without any
+warrant of a civil court. During all these proceedings,
+the "jovial Duke," as he was called, was
+making merry at Fort Augustus in a manner which,
+if possible, casts more odium on his memory even
+than his atrocious and unpunished cruelties.<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a></p>
+
+<p>Achnacarrie was razed to the ground. A modern
+structure, suitable in splendour to the truly noble
+family who possess it, has arisen in its place; but
+no erection can restore the house of Sir Ewan Dhu,
+and the home of his "gentle" grandson, Donald
+Cameron. As the plunderers ransacked the house,
+they found a picture of Lochiel, and one which was
+accounted a good likeness. This was given to the
+soldiers, who were dispatched over Corryarie in
+search of the wounded and unfortunate original. On
+the top of that mountain the military encountered
+Macpherson of Urie, who, being of a fair and pleasing
+aspect, was mistaken by them for Lochiel.</p>
+
+<p>"Urie," writes Mrs. Grant, who had the story from
+himself, "was a Jacobite, and had been <i>out</i>, as the
+phrase was then. The soldiers seized him, and
+assured him he was a d&mdash;&mdash;d rebel, and that his title
+was Lochiel. He, in turn, assured them that he was
+neither d&mdash;&mdash;d, nor a rebel, nor by any means <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>Lochiel.
+When he understood, however, that they were in
+search of Lochiel, and going in the very direction
+where he lay concealed, he gave them reason finally
+to suppose he was the person they sought. They
+returned to Fort Augustus where the Duke of Cumberland
+then lay, in great triumph with their prisoners;
+Urie, as he expected, from the indulgence of
+some who were about the Duke, was very soon set at
+liberty."</p>
+
+<p>This temporary captivity of Urie had, however,
+the effect of allowing Lochiel time to contrive means
+of escape from the country. There was one,
+however, dear to him as his own life, whose continuance
+in Scotland ensured that of Lochiel. This
+was Prince Charles, who evinced for Lochiel a regard,
+and displayed a degree of confidence in his fidelity,
+which were amply merited by the tried affection of
+the chieftain. For nearly three months Lochiel remained
+ignorant of the fate of Charles, until the
+joyful tidings were brought of his being safe at Loch-Arkeg.
+Lochiel was at Ben Aulder, a hill of great
+circumference in Badenoch, when he received this
+intelligence from one of his tenants named Macpherson,
+who was sent by Cameron of Clunes to find out
+Lochiel and Clunie, and to inform them that their
+young master was safe.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the return of Macpherson to Cameron of
+Clunes, the Prince, being informed where Lochiel
+was, sent Lochgarry and Dr. Archibald Cameron
+with a message to them. Since it was impossible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>
+that Lochiel could go to the Prince on account of
+his wounds, it was agreed between Lochiel and these
+friends, that Charles should take refuge near Achnacarrie,
+as the safest place for him to pass some
+time; and Dr. Cameron and Lochgarry returned to
+Charles to impart the details of this arrangement.
+The attachment of Charles to Lochiel was shown in
+a very forcible manner: when he was informed that
+the chief was safe and recovering, he expressed the
+greatest satisfaction, and fervently returned thanks
+to God. The ejaculation of praise and thanksgiving
+was reiterated three or four times.</p>
+
+<p>Charles now crossed Loch Arkeg, and took up his
+abode in a fir-wood on the west side of the lake, to
+await the arrival of Clunie, who had promised to meet
+him there. The impatience of the Prince to behold
+his friends Clunie and Lochiel was so great, that
+he set out for Badenoch before Clunie could arrive.</p>
+
+<p>Lochiel had, during the months of June and
+July, remained on Ben Aulder, under which name
+is comprehended a great chase belonging to Clunie.
+His dwelling was a miserable shieling at Mellamir,
+which contained him and his friend Macpherson of
+Breackachie, also his principal servant, Allan Cameron,
+and two servants of Clunie. Here Clunie and
+Lochiel, who were cousins-german, were chiefly supplied
+with provisions by Macpherson of Breackachie,
+who was married to a sister of Clunie. The secret
+of their retreat was known to many persons; but the
+fidelity of the Highlanders was such, that though<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> the
+Earl of Loudon had a military post not many miles
+from Ben Aulder, he had not the slightest knowledge
+of the place of Lochiel's concealment. The
+same high principle which guarded Prince Charles in
+his wanderings, and resisted the temptation of a
+large reward, protected Lochiel in his retirement.</p>
+
+<p>In this retreat he was found by the Prince, who
+had missed Clunie, and had gradually made his way
+through Badenoch to the Braes of Bannoch, accompanied
+by five persons. When Lochiel from his hut
+beheld a party approaching, all armed, he concluded
+that a troop of militia were coming to seize him.
+Lame as he was, it was in vain to think of retreating:
+he held a short conference with his friends, and
+then resolved to receive the supposed assailants with
+a general discharge of fire-arms. He had twelve
+firelocks and some small pistols in the botine or hut;
+these were all made ready, the pieces levelled, and
+planted; and Lochiel and his friends trusted to getting
+the better of the searchers, whose number did
+not exceed their own. Thus Charles Edward, after
+the unparalleled dangers of his recent wanderings, ran
+a risk of being killed by one of his most devoted adherents!
+"But," observes Clunie, in relating this circumstance,
+"the auspicious hand of God, and his providence,
+so apparent at all times in the preservation
+of his Royal Highness, prevented those within from
+firing at the Prince and his four attendants, for they
+came at last so near that they were known by those
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>within."<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was, indeed, no difficult matter to discern in the
+person of Charles Edward the handsome and princely
+youth who had presided over the Court at Holyrood.
+He had discarded the old black kilt, philibeg, and
+waistcoat which he had worn at Loch Arkeg, for a
+coarse, brown, short coat: a new article of dress,
+such as a pair of shoes and a new shirt, had lately
+replenished his wardrobe. He had a long red beard,
+and wore a pistol and dirk by his side, carrying
+always a gun in his hand. Yet "the young Italian,"
+as the Whigs delighted to call him, had braved the
+rigours of his fate, and thriven beneath the severities
+of the Scottish climate. His spirits were good; his
+frame, originally slender, had become robust: he had
+fared in the rudest manner, and had acquired the
+faculty of sleeping soundly, even with the dread of
+a surprise ever before him.</p>
+
+<p>Lochiel, on the other hand, was lame, and had suffered
+long from his close quarters, and from anxiety
+and sorrow. Tradition has brought down to us the
+accounts of the chief's personal beauty. Though fair,
+he was not effeminate; his countenance was regular
+and expressive. But those attributes which completed
+the romance of Lochiel's character must have
+been almost obliterated during these months of
+trial, infirm health, and uncured wounds. His spirit
+was not yet subdued. Eventually that noble heart
+was broken by all that it had endured, but, at that
+epoch of his eventful life, it still throbbed with hope.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span></p>
+<p>When Lochiel perceived that it was Charles Edward
+who approached, he made the best of his way,
+though lame, to receive his Prince. "The joy at this
+meeting," writes Clunie, "is much easier to be conceived
+than described." Lochiel attempted to kneel.
+"Oh no, my dear Lochiel!" cried the Prince; "we do
+not know who may be looking from the top of yonder
+hills; and if they see any such motions, they will conclude
+that I am here." Lochiel then shewed him into
+his habitation, and gave him the best welcome that he
+could: the Prince, followed by his retinue, among
+whom were the two outlaws, or "broken men," who
+had succoured him, and whom he had retained in his
+service, entered the hut.<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> A repast, almost amounting
+to a feast in the eyes of these fugitives, was
+prepared for them, having been brought by young
+Breackachie. It consisted of a plentiful supply of
+mutton; an anker of whiskey, containing twenty
+Scots' pints; some good beef sausages, made the
+year before; with plenty of butter and cheese, besides
+a well-cured ham. The Prince pledged his
+friends in a hearty dram, and frequently (perhaps,
+as the event showed, too frequently) called for the
+same inspiring toast again. When some minced collops
+were dressed with butter, in a large saucepan
+always carried about with them, by Clunie and
+Lochiel, Charles Edward, partaking heartily of that
+incomparable dish, exclaimed, "Now, gentlemen, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>
+live like a prince." "Have you," he said to Lochiel,
+"always lived so well here?" "Yes, sir," replied
+the chief; "for three months, since I have been
+here with my cousin Clunie, he has provided me so
+well, that I have had plenty of such as you see.
+I thank Heaven your Highness has been spared to
+take a part!"</p>
+
+<p>On the arrival of Clunie two days afterwards,
+the royal fugitive and his friend Lochiel removed
+from Mellamur, and went two miles further into Ben
+Aulder, until they reached a shiel called Uiskchiboa,
+where the hut was peculiarly wretched and
+smoky; "yet his Royal Highness," as Clunie related,
+"put up with everything." Here they remained for
+two or three nights, and then went to a habitation
+still two miles further into Ben Aulder, for no less remote
+retreat was thought secure. This retreat was
+prepared by Clunie, and obtained the name of the
+Cage. "It was," as he himself relates, "a great curiosity,
+and can scarcely be described to perfection."
+It is best to give the account of the edifice which he
+had himself constructed, in Macpherson's own words.
+"It was situated in the face of a very rough, high,
+and rocky mountain, called Lettemilichk, still a part
+of Ben Aulder, full of great stones and crevices, and
+some scattered wood interspersed. The habitation
+called the Cage, in the face of that mountain, was
+within a small but thick wood. There were first
+some rows of trees laid down, in order to level a floor
+for the habitation; and, as the place was steep, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>this
+raised the lower side to an equal height with the
+other; and these trees, in the way of joists or planks,
+were levelled with earth or gravel. There were betwixt
+the trees, growing naturally on their own roots,
+some stakes fixed in the earth, which, with the trees,
+were interwoven with ropes, made of heath or birch-twigs,
+up to the top of the Cage, it being of a round
+or rather oval shape, and the whole thatched and covered
+over with bog. This whole fabric hung, as it
+were, by a large tree, which reclined from the one
+end, all along the roof to the other, and which gave it
+the name of the Cage; and by chance there happened
+to be two stones, at a small distance from one another,
+in the side next the precipice, resembling the pillars
+of a chimney, where the fire was placed. The smoke
+had its vent out here, all along the face of the rock,
+which was so much of the same colour that one could
+discover no difference in the clearest day. The Cage
+was no larger than to contain six or seven persons,
+four of whom were frequently employed playing at
+cards, one idle looking on, one baking, and another
+fixing bread and cooking."<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a></p>
+
+<p>Charles and Lochiel remained six or seven days
+in this seclusion, which was one of several to which
+Clunie was in the habit of retiring, never even informing
+his wife or his most attached friends whither
+he was going. But the deliverance of the Prince and
+Lochiel was now at hand. Several small vessels had
+arrived from France, and touched on the west coast,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>
+expressly to carry away the Prince, but not being able
+to find him out, they had returned. By the fidelity
+of the Highlanders and the connection between every
+member of the different clans, the Prince had been
+able to keep up a continual communication with
+persons on the coast, without discovery. This was
+managed by some of his adherents skulking near the
+shore; and though they knew not where Charles was,
+yet they conveyed the intelligence to others, who imparted
+it to persons in the interior, who again told
+it to those who were acquainted with the obscure
+place of his retreat. At last two French vessels,
+l'Heureux and la Princesse de Conti, departed under
+the command of Colonel Warren, from St. Malo, and
+arrived at Lochnarmagh early in September. This
+event was communicated to Cameron of Clunes, who,
+on the other hand, learned where the Prince was
+from a poor woman. A messenger was immediately
+dispatched to the Cage, and he reached that place
+on the thirteenth of September. Charles Edward
+and Lochiel now prepared to bid Scotland a final
+adieu. Notices were sent round by the Prince to
+different friends who might choose to avail themselves
+of this opportunity of escape; and it was intimated
+to them that they might join him if they were inclined.</p>
+
+<p>The place of embarkation was Borodale, whence
+Charles had first summoned Lochiel to support his
+cause. The party travelled only by night, and were
+six days on their road. They were joined by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> Glengary,
+John Roy Stewart, Dr. Cameron, and a number
+of other adherents. On the twentieth of September
+they left Lochnarmagh, and had a fair passage to
+the coast of France. The Prince had intended to
+sail direct for Nantes, but he altered his course in
+order to escape Admiral Lestoch's squadron; and
+after being chased by two men-of-war, he landed at
+Morlaix, in Lower Bretagne, in a thick fog, on the
+twenty-ninth of September.</p>
+
+<p>Lochiel was accompanied in his flight to France by
+his wife, the faithful and affectionate associate of his
+exile. His eldest son was left in the charge of his
+brother Cameron, of Fassefern. In Paris Lochiel
+found his father, who was then eighty years of age;
+and to this aged chief the Prince paid the well-merited
+compliment of placing him in the same carriage
+with himself and Lord Lewis Gordon, when
+he first went to the Court of Louis the Fifteenth
+in state. The Prince was followed on that occasion
+by a number of his friends, both in coaches and
+on horseback. Lord Ogilvy, Lord Elcho, and the
+Prince's secretary Kelly, preceded the royal carriage:
+the younger Lochiel and several gentlemen followed
+on horseback. Amid this noble train of brave men,
+the Prince appeared pre-eminent in the splendour of
+his dress. A coat of rose-coloured velvet, lined with
+silver tissue, presented a singular contrast to the
+brown short coat in which some of his adherents had
+formerly seen him. His waistcoat was of gold bro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>cade
+with a spangled fringe, set out in scollops, and
+the white cockade in his hat was studded with diamonds.
+The order of St. Andrew and the George on
+his breast were adorned with the same jewels: "he
+glittered," as an eye-witness observed, "all over
+like the star which they tell you appeared at his
+nativity." But all this display, and the feigned
+kindness of his reception, were but the prelude to a
+heartless abandonment of his cause on the part of
+Louis the Fifteenth.</p>
+
+<p>Lochiel was, eventually, provided for by the French
+Monarch. He was made Colonel of a French regiment,
+and having a peculiar faculty of attaching
+others to him, he soon became beloved by those under
+his command. The Prince showed him affectionate
+respect; and, blessed in the society of his wife,
+and in a daughter whom he called Donalda, Lochiel
+might have passed the rest of his days in tranquil
+submission to the course of events: but his heart
+yearned for Scotland; he could not give up the
+hopes of another expedition, which he desired to
+undertake with any force that could be collected.
+Cherishing this scheme, the coldness of the Court of
+France, and the rashness of the Prince, gave great
+sorrow to his harassed mind. Soon after his arrival
+in Paris he opened a correspondence with the Chevalier
+St. George, and represented to him that the
+misfortunes which had befallen the cause were not
+irretrievable, and that if ten regiments only cou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span>ld be
+landed in Scotland before the depopulating system
+adopted by the English Government had taken effect,
+an insurrection might again be raised with good
+grounds for the hope of success.</p>
+
+<p>Still hoping thus to return to his country, and
+again to take arms in her service, as he deemed it,
+it was long before Lochiel consented to accept the
+command of the French regiment, "intending still,"
+as he said, "to share the fate of his people." "I told
+his Royal Highness," he wrote to the Chevalier St.
+George, "that Lord Ogilvy or others might incline
+to make a figure in France, but my ambition was to
+save the crown and serve my country, or perish
+with it. His Royal Highness said, he was doing all
+he could, but persisted in his resolution to procure
+me a regiment. If it is obtained, I shall accept it
+out of respect to the Prince; but I hope your Majesty
+will approve of the resolution I have taken to
+share in the fate of the people I have undone, and,
+if they must be sacrificed, to fall along with them.
+This is the only way I can free myself from the reproach
+of their blood, and show the disinterested zeal
+with which I have lived, and shall dye.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Majesty's most humble, most obedient, and
+most faithful servant."<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a></p>
+
+<p>When Prince Charles, disheartened at the growing
+indifference of the French Court to his interests, contemplated
+leaving Paris, Lochiel objected to a propos<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span>al
+which seemed to imply an abandonment of the
+cause which he had pledged himself to support. His
+representations to the Prince were ineffectual, for a
+stronger influence had arisen to baffle the endeavours
+of Charles's friends; and he was under the sway of
+one who was, not inaptly, termed "his Delilah."
+He left Paris and arrived at Avignon, to which
+place Lochiel addressed to him a letter full of the
+most cogent reasons why he should not leave Paris.
+From his arguments it appears that the English Jacobites
+had expressed their willingness to rise, had
+the Prince either supplied them with arms or brought
+them troops to support them.</p>
+
+<p>"For Heaven's sake, sir," wrote Lochiel,<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a> "be
+pleased to consider these circumstances with the
+attention that their importance deserves; and that
+your honour, your essential interest, the preservation
+of the royal cause, and the bleeding state of
+your suffering friends, require of you. Let me beg
+of your Royal Highness, in the most humble and
+earnest manner, to reflect that your reputation must
+suffer in the opinion of all mankind, if there should
+be room to suppose that you had slighted or neglected
+any possible means of retrieving your affairs."</p>
+
+<p>These remonstrances were at last so far effectual,
+that Charles returned to Paris, and was only again
+removed from that capital by force.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of Lochiel was meantime broken by the
+mournful tidings which reached him of the death of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span>
+friends on the scaffold, the cruelties enacted in Scotland,
+and, more than all, of the Act which took effect
+in August 1747, disarming the Highlanders and restraining
+the use of the Highland garb. By this
+statute it was made penal to wear the national
+costume: a first offence was punished with six
+months' imprisonment; a second, with transportation
+for seven years. Such were the efforts made to
+break the union of a fiery but faithful people, and
+such the attempt to produce a complete revolution
+in the national habits!</p>
+
+<p>Many were the projects which amused the exiled
+Jacobites into hopes that ended in bitter disappointment,
+and many the fleeting visions of a restoration
+of the Stuarts. During one of these brief chimeras,
+Lochiel and Clunie visited Charles at a retreat on
+the Upper Rhine, whither he had retired after the
+perfidious imprisonment at the Castle of Vincennes.
+They found the Prince sunk in the lassitude which
+succeeds a long course of exciting events, and of
+smothered but not subdued misery. The visit yielded
+to neither party satisfaction. Charles was deaf to
+the remonstrances of Lochiel, and Lochiel beheld his
+Prince wholly devoted to Miss Walkinshaw and her
+daughter, afterwards Countess of Albany, and completely
+under the influence of his mistress, who was
+regarded by Lochiel and Clunie as a spy of Hanover.</p>
+
+<p>Lochiel left the Prince, and they never met again.
+The health of the chief began to decline; his m<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>alady
+was a mental one, and admitted of no cure but a
+return to those vassals who had been so faithful and
+so much attached to him, and to friends with whose
+misfortunes he seems to have blamed himself. Of
+the affection of the clansmen he received frequent
+proofs. "The estates of Lochiel," says Mrs. Grant,
+"were forfeited like others, and paid a moderate
+rate to the Crown, such as they had formerly given
+to their chief. The domain formerly occupied by
+the Laird was taken on his behoof by his brother.
+The tenants brought each a horse, cow, colt, or
+heifer, as a free-will offering, till this ample grazing-farm
+was as well stocked as formerly. Not content
+with this, they sent a yearly tribute of affection to
+their beloved chief, independent of the rents they
+paid to the commissioners for the forfeited estates.
+Lochiel's lady and her daughters once or twice made
+a sorrowful pilgrimage among their friends and
+tenants. These last received them with a tenderness
+and respect which seemed augmented by the adversity
+into which they were plunged."</p>
+
+<p>At last the suffering spirit was released. Lochiel
+is conjectured to have died about the year 1760, and
+is generally thought to have sunk under the pressure
+of hopeless sorrow, or, to use the words of one who
+spoke from tradition, "of a broken heart." His
+daughter Donalda, who was about fourteen at the
+time of his death, had attached herself so fondly
+to her father, that after his decease she pined away,
+and never recovered. She died soon after her fath<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span>er,
+and the mother did not long survive her daughter.
+Never, perhaps, did a brave and unfortunate man
+sink to rest more honoured by society at large, more
+admired and respected by his friends, more revered
+by his vassals, than the gentle Lochiel. The beauty
+of his character showed itself also in the close ties
+of domestic life: and in some of these, more particularly
+as a brother, his warm and constant affections
+were destined to be severely wounded. He
+felt deeply the banishment of his brother Cameron
+of Fassefern; and still more severely the cruel fate
+of another brother, Dr. Archibald Cameron. The
+fate of that young man, who attended Charles Edward
+in most of his wanderings, presents, indeed,
+one of the saddest episodes of this melancholy period.
+Dr. Cameron, after sharing the dangers which the
+Prince ran, and following him to France, returned
+to Scotland in 1749. Charles Edward had left a
+large sum of money in the charge of Macpherson of
+Clunie, upon leaving Scotland; and Dr. Cameron
+was privy to the concealment of the money. He
+visited Clunie, and obtained from him six thousand
+louis-d'ors, for which, however, Clunie took Dr. Cameron's
+receipt. In 1753, Dr. Cameron made another
+visit, which is conjectured to have had a
+similar object. The money was concealed near Loch
+Arkeg, to the amount of twenty-two thousand louis-d'ors.
+Some degree of obscurity rests upon this
+transaction, which undoubtedly throws a degree of
+discredit on the memory of Dr. Cameron. Among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span>
+the Stuart papers there is a letter from Mr. Ludovick
+Cameron to Prince Charles, alluding to the
+"misfortune" of his nephew, Dr. Cameron, in taking
+away a good round sum of his Highness's money,
+and clearing himself from the imputation. This
+proves that there was no commission, as it has
+been suggested,<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a> to Dr. Cameron, but that the transaction
+was regarded in a disgraceful light, even by
+the relative of the unfortunate young man.</p>
+
+<p>A severe retribution awaited the offender, who intended,
+it is said, to enter into a mercantile concern
+at Glasgow with the money thus procured. He was
+taken prisoner in the house of Stewart of Glenbuckie,
+by a party of soldiers from the garrison at Inversnaid.
+He was carried to London, arraigned upon
+the Act of Attainder in 1745, in which his name
+was included, and sentenced to the death of a traitor.
+His wife, who then resided at Lisle, hurried to London
+to proffer fruitless petitions for mercy. Whatever
+may have been Dr. Cameron's errors, his death
+was worthy of the name he bore, and he sustained
+his fate with calmness and resignation. Seven children
+were left to deplore his loss. The Chevalier
+St. George, kindly passing over his fault, wrote of
+him in these terms. "I am a stranger to the motives
+which carried poor Archibald Cameron into
+Scotland; but whatever they may have been, his fate
+gives me the more concern, as I own I could not
+bring myself to believe that the English Gov<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>ernment
+would carry their rigour so far." The French
+Government settled a pension of one thousand five
+hundred livres upon Mrs. Cameron, and an annual
+allowance of two hundred livres to each of her sons,
+who were in their service. The unfortunate Dr.
+Cameron was buried in the Savoy in London. The
+family of the man who betrayed him is said, in the
+Highlands, to have been visited with a severe retribution,
+having, ever since, had one of its members
+an idiot. Such is the notion of retributive
+justice in the Highlands.</p>
+
+<p>The death of this brother, and still more the
+stain upon the honour of Dr. Cameron, must have
+added greatly to the burden of sorrow which fell
+so heavily upon Lochiel. His son was, however,
+spared for some years, and was cherished by the
+Scots as the representative of their ancient chiefs.
+He was, it is true, what they called a "landless
+laird," yet the clansmen paid him all the honours due
+to the eldest son of Lochiel. He received a good education,
+and was prevented by his friends from taking
+any part in the various schemes set on foot at certain
+intervals for the return of Charles. He married at
+an early age. Government was at that time engaged
+in levying men for the American war, and found it
+convenient to use the influence of the clans for that
+purpose; Lochiel was offered a company in General
+Fraser's regiment, the seventy-first, provided he could
+raise it among his clan. Poor and broken as they
+were, the clansmen, true to their bond of fidelit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>y,
+mustered around their landless laird; and Lochiel
+marched at the head of his company to Glasgow, in
+order to embark for America.</p>
+
+<p>It happened that whilst here, he was taken ill of
+the measles, a disorder which prevented his marching.
+It was therefore arranged that the first lieutenant
+should take his place. When, on the point
+of marching to Greenock in order to embark, the
+clansmen discovered this, they laid down their arms,
+declaring that they had not engaged with King
+George, but with Lochiel; and they refused to move.
+The chief hearing of this dilemma, ill as he was,
+arose, dressed himself, and went down to his people.
+He harangued them, and represented that unless they
+went on board, their conduct would be imputed to
+disaffection, and might injure, if not ruin his interests.
+The men immediately took up their arms,
+huzzaed their chief, and began to march. The result
+is melancholy. Enfeebled by this effort, Lochiel
+again took to his bed; the day on which he had made
+this fatal exertion was a raw November morning.
+He never recovered from that exposure, but died
+in a few days afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the company of Camerons perished in the
+contest which ensued. Thrice during the American
+war was General Fraser's regiment renewed.<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a> Such
+was the devotion of this gallant race of men to their
+chief; and such were the services which those whose
+fathers had fought at Culloden, devoted to the cause
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>of the English Monarch.</p>
+
+<p>Late in the eighteenth century, the estates of
+Lochiel were restored to the grandson of Lochiel; and
+the descendants of that race, in which so much
+honour, such disinterested exertion, such kindness
+and heroism existed, are again the Lords of Achnacarry.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.</h2>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Dalrymple.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Rapin. Dissertation on the Origin and Government of England,
+vol. xiv. p. 423.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See Introduction to the Memoirs of Cameron of Lochiel, p. 22.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. i. p. 239.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. i. p. 324.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Reay, p. 187.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> See Wood's Peerage of Scotland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Histories of Noble British Families by Henry Drummond, Esq.
+Preface to Part I.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Robertson's History of Scotland, ii. 32.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Wood's Peerage. The year of his birth is not stated.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Cunningham's History of Great Britain, i. 326.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Dalrymple's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 100.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Chambers's Biography, art. Erskine.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See Dr. Coxe's MSS. in the British Museum, vol. iii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Dalrymple's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 98.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Lockhart's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. i. p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Granger, vol. ii. p. 31. Somerville's Queen Anne, p. 184.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Of Alloa the following account is given. "Alloa House, situated
+in the immediate neighbourhood of the town, in the midst of a fine
+park, the seat of the Earl of Mar, and the subject of a fine Scottish
+song, is a place worthy of visit. The principal part of the building
+was destroyed some years ago by fire, and with it the only certain
+original portrait of Queen Mary existing in the kingdom. The original
+tower, a building of the thirteenth century, the walls of which are
+eleven feet thick, and ninety feet high, alone remains. In it James
+the Sixth and his eldest son, Henry, were successively educated under
+the care of the Mar family. The cradle of the former, and his little
+nursery-chair, besides Prince Henry's golfs, were preserved in the tower
+till a recent period, when they fell into the possession of Lady Frances
+Erskine, daughter of the late venerable Earl of Mar, who, we understand,
+now preserves them, with the care and veneration due to such valuable
+heirlooms, in her house in Edinburgh. The country in every direction
+round Alloa is extremely level and beautiful, interspersed with numerous
+fine seats, and abounding in delightful little old-established bower-like
+villages. Among the latter we would particularize one called the Bridge
+of Allan as everything which a village ought to be&mdash;soft, sunny, and
+warm&mdash;a confusion of straw-roofed cottages, and rich massy trees; possessed
+of a bridge and a mill, together with kail-yards, bee-skeps, colleys,
+callants, old inns with entertainment for man and horse, carts with their
+poles pointing up to the sky, venerable dames in drugget knitting their
+stockings in the sun, and young ones in gingham and dimity tripping
+along with milk-pails on their heads.
+</p><p>
+"Besides all these characteristics as a village, the Bridge of Allan boasts
+of a row of neat little villas for the temporary accommodation of a number
+of fashionables who flock to it in the summer, on account of a neighbouring
+mineral well."&mdash;<i>Chambers's Picture of Scotland.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Wood's Peerage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Somerville's Queen Anne, p. 167.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Somerville, p. 177. Memoirs of Scotland, London, 1714. Defoe's
+History of the Union, p. 64.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Lockhart.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Lockhart, p. 116.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Daniel De Foe on the Union, p. 64.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> De Foe, p. 322.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Lockhart. Letter to one English Lord concerning the Treaty, 1702,
+vol. i. p. 272.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Memoirs, p. 74. De Foe, p. 321.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Memoirs, p. 74. De Foe, p. 371.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Introduction to De Foe's History of the Union, p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Memoirs of Scotland, p. 31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Mackay.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 54.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Memoirs of North Britain, p. 113.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Wood's Peerage, vol. i. pp. 714, 717; also Mackay's Memoirs, p. 178.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 115.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Wood's Peerage, art. Erskine of Mar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Memoirs of Scotland, p. 224.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Memoirs of Scotland, p. 340.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Cunningham's Hist. Great Britain, p. 257.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Ibid. p. 61.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Swift's Works, edited by Sir W. Scott, pp. 14, 72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The motto on Queen Anne's coronation medal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Cunningham, p. 71.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Memoirs of Scotland. Cunningham, p. 157.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Swift's Letters, vol. ii. p. 488; also p. 487, note by Sir W. Scott.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Wood's Peerage. Swift's Letters, p. 475. See note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Mackay's Characters, p. 94.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Swift added, in his own hand, to this eulogium, this remark: "He
+was little better than a conceited talker in company."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> The following letter shows that the Duke anticipated the result of
+the duel.
+</p><p style="text-align: right;">
+London, Nov. 14, 1712.<br />
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">My dear Son</span>,</p>
+<p>
+I have been doing all I could to recover your mother's right to her
+estate, which I hope shall be yours. I command you to be dutiful towards
+her, as I hope she will be just and kind to you; and I recommend
+it particularly to you, if ever you enjoy the estate of Hamilton,
+and what may, I hope, justly belong to you, (considering how long I have
+lived with a small competence, which has made me run in debt,) I hope
+God will put it into your head to do justice to my honour, and pay my
+just debts. There will be enough to satisfy all, and give your brothers
+and sisters such provisions as the state of your condition and their quality
+in Scotland will admit of.
+</p><p>
+I pray God preserve you, and the family in your person. My humble
+duty to my mother, and my blessing to your sisters. If it please God I
+live, you shall find me share with you what I do possess, and ever prove
+your affectionate and kind father, whilst
+</p><p style="text-align: right;">
+<span class="smcap">Hamilton</span>.<br />
+</p>
+<p>
+I again upon my blessing charge you, that you let the world see you
+do your part in satisfying my just debts.</p></div>
+<p>
+Addressed thus: "To my dear Son the Marquis of Chilsdale."
+</p><p>
+<i>Memoirs of the Life and Family of James Duke of Hamilton.</i><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The Lady Elizabeth Gerrard, the sister of Lady Mohun, and Duchess
+of Hamilton, is said to have been "a lady of great wit and beauty, and
+all the fine accomplishments that adorn her sex." Through her the
+great estates in Lancashire and Staffordshire came into the family of
+Hamilton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Wood's Peerage; also "Life of the Duke of Hamilton," a scarce
+tract, p. 102.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Coxe MSS. 9128. Plut. cxxxviii. H. British Museum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Ibid. See a Letter in French, dated April 5, 1714, p. 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Coxe MSS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Lord Mahon's Hist. England, vol. i. p. 139. See also a scarce little
+book to be met with in the Advocate's Library in Edinburgh (Atterbury's
+Correspondence, with marginal notes by Lord Hailes): "By what accident
+these Letters have been preserved," says the noble Editor, "I
+know not: by what means they are now brought to light, I am not at
+liberty to explain."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> See the Letter before quoted.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 440.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Lockhart of Carnwath, vol. i. p. 446; also "Notices of Lady
+Grange," by Dr. Mackay.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> See "Notices of Lady Grange," by K. Mackay, M.D., 3rd edition.
+Glasgow, 1819.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 441.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Lord Mahon, vol. i. p. 152.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> "A Collection of Original Letters relating to the Rebellion of 1715."
+Edinburgh, 1730.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Introductory Anecdotes to Lord Wharncliffe's Edition of Lady M.
+Wortley's Letters, p. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Reay, p. 135.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Reay, p. 152.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Reay, p. 171.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> This commission was long doubted, and was even denied by the
+Chevalier. It is, nevertheless, signed by his Secretary, and is among
+the valuable papers which, belonging to Mr. Gibson Craig of Edinburgh,
+have been liberally placed at the service of the author.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Caledonian Mercury, 1722.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Lord Mahon, p. 147.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Lord Mahon; from the Master of Sinclair's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Burke's Peerage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Buchan's History of the Keith Family.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Buchan's History of the Keith Family; also Scottish Peerage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See Patten's List of Chieftains.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Secret History of Colonel Hooke's Negotiations, pp. 26, 110.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Patten, p. 232.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Buchan's History of the Keith Family, p. 153.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Colonel Hooke's Negotiations.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> See "Genealogie of the Most Noble and Ancient House of Drummond,
+by the First Viscount Strathallan," Appendix. For this curious
+and elaborate work I am indebted to the Rev. Arthur Drummond.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> MS. Account of Several Clans, by Mrs. Grant, of Laggan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Brown's Highlands, vol. i. p. 131.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> The Rev. Robert Patten, from whose animated narrative many
+other writers have implicitly copied, was a man of indifferent character,
+who accompanied Mr. Forster, in the insurrection in Northumberland,
+as his chaplain. He afterwards turned king's evidence, and appeared
+against those whom he had served. For this act of treachery his pension
+was raised (as I find by the Caledonian Mercury for 1722) from 50<i>l.</i> to
+80<i>l.</i> a-year. He dedicates his History of the Rebellion to Generals Carpenter
+and Wills.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Patten, p. 151.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Reay, p. 191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Reay, p. 191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> It seems to have been the custom of that period to write in the third
+person when in memoirs and statements. Lord Lovat's manifesto is in
+the same style.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Patten, p. 257.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> A copy from the original, for which I am indebted to Mr. Gibson
+Craig, is given for the confirmation of Lord Mar's assertion:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"James the Eighth, by the grace of God King of Scotland, England,
+France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &amp;c., to our right trusty
+and well-beloved Cousin and Counsellor, John Earl of Mar, &amp;c. We
+reposing especial trust &amp; confidence in your loyalty, courage, experience,
+and good conduct, doe by these * * constitute and appoint
+you to be our General and Commander in Cheif of all our forces, both
+by sea and land, in our antient kingdom of Scotland. Whereupon you
+are to take upon you the said command of General and Commander in
+Cheif, and the better to support you in the said authority, our will and
+pleasure is, that you act in consert with and by our * * * *
+We doe likeways hereby empower you to grant commissions in our
+name to all officers, both by sea and land, to place and displace the same
+as you shall think fitt and necessary for our service, to assemble our said
+forces, raise the militia, issue out orders for all suspected persons, and
+seizing of all forts and castles, and putting garrisons into them, and
+to take up in any part of our dominions, what money, horses, arms, and
+ammunition and provisions you shall think necessary for arming, mounting,
+and subsisting the said forces under your command, and to give
+recepts for the same, which we hereby promise to pay. By this our
+Commission, we likeways here empower you to make warr upon our
+enemies, and upon all such as shall adhere to the present government
+and usurper of our dominions. Leaving entirely to your prudence and
+conduct to begin the necessary acts of hostility when and where you
+think most advantageous conducing to our restoration; and we doe
+hereby command all, and require all officers and souldiers, both by sea
+and land, and all our subjects, to acknowledge and obey you as our
+General and Commander as Cheif of our army; and you to obey such
+furder orders and directions as you shall from time to time receive from
+us. In pursuance of the great power and trust we have reposed in you.
+</p><p>
+"Given at our Court at Bar le duc, the seventh day of September,
+1715, and in the fourteenth year of our reign.
+</p><p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"By His Majestie's command,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Sic Subscribitur,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;" class="smcap">Thomas Higgins."</span><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Patten, p. 256.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Note in Reay. From the <i>Weekly Journal</i>, Feb. 4th, 1715-16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Reay, p. 193.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Brown's Highlands, vol. i. p. 129.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Mar Papers. In these there is a copy of this Manifesto; but since
+it has been printed in Reay's History of the Rebellion, and others, I
+do not think it necessary to insert it here.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> The Chevalier's agent there.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> The orthography of this letter is copied from the original, with the
+exception of the abbreviations usual at that period.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Erskine.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Reay, p. 221.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Mar Papers, communicated by Mr. Gibson Craig.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Reay, pp. 236, 237.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> The Earl of Mar's Journal, as printed at Paris. At the end of
+Patten's History of the Rebellion, and addressed by Lord Mar to Colonel
+Balfour, p. 259.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Reay, p. 197.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Earl of Mar's Journal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Earl of Mar's Journal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Reay, p. 308.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Brown's Highlands.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Reay, p. 309.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> From the MS. letter in the possession of Archibald Macdonald, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> The agent of the Jacobites in Edinburgh.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Mar Papers, in the possession of Gibson Craig, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> King.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Duke of Ormond.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Paris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Lady Nairn.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> The Chevalier.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> The Dutch auxiliaries, to the amount of 6000, demanded by the
+English government, as accorded by treaty, arrived, to the number of
+3000, in the Thames, on the 16th of November, expressly to assist in
+suppressing the rebellion, and proceeded to Scotland on the 25th. They
+were afterwards followed by 3000 more, who, being obliged to put in at
+Harwich, marched on by land. Reay, p. 327.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> The King.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Lord Grange.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> The following note is annexed to this letter. It is in the hand-writing
+of Bishop Keith:&mdash;"Son of Sir Wm. Douglass, colonel of a regiment,
+and who had come over with the Prince of Orange to England,
+and was made Knight and Colonel by the said Prince, as says my
+Lady Bruce. The story Wm. Erskine, brother to the Earl of Buchan,
+told me, as the King and he were travelling through France at this
+period, they saw the Chevalier's picture set up in some of the post-houses,
+and they were told this was done by the desire of the English
+Ambassador, who had promised a reward to those who should stop and
+apprehend the person whom the picture resembled."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> A concealment in the House of Kineil, near Borrostowness.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> The younger brother of the Marquis of Tullibardine, but assuming
+the forfeited title as head of the house.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Henry Straiton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> I have had the advantage of seeing an original crayon portrait of
+the Chevalier, in the possession of Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq., of Edinburgh;
+also, a miniature painted at Rome, belonging to Mr. Sharpe.
+In the miniature the eyes are darker, and have more animation than in
+the crayon drawing. The portrait lately placed at Hampton Court
+gives a much more pleasing impression of James Stuart than either of
+these likenesses: the countenance is animated and benevolent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> "A True Account of the Proceedings at Perth," by a Rebel, supposed
+to be the Master of Sinclair.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> That portion of the letter only which refers to the Chevalier appears
+to have been printed. I have given the entire letter from which the
+account was taken. A portion of this letter is published in Brown's
+History of the Highlands, vol. iv. p. 332.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Reay, p. 352.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> MS. Letter in the possession of Alexander Macdonald, Esq., of the
+Register Office, Edinburgh.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Thomas Bruce, afterwards Earl of Kincardine.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> The loss of the ship from France.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> An allusion to the Marquis of Huntley and Lord Seaforth.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Reay, p. 364.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Flying Post, or the Post Master, for January 28 and 31, 1716.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Evening Post, Feb. 2, 1716.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Auchterarder.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Reay, p. 364.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Mar Correspondence.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Probably Wigton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Brown's Highlands, vol. iv. p. 337.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Patten, p. 248.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Reay, p. 367.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Lord Mar's Journal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> A copy is given of the Prince's letter in Dr. Brown's work on the
+Highlands, vol. iv. p. 340. It is a sort of expostulation with the Duke,
+but mildly and sensibly expressed. "I fear," he said, alluding to the
+British people, "they will find yet more than I the smart of preferring a
+foreign yoke to the obedience they owe me."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Bolingbroke's Letter to Sir William Wyndham.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Letter to Sir Wm. Wyndham, p. 139.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 64.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Coxe's Papers in the British Museum, MS. 9129. Plut. cxxxviii.
+II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> I find that the biographers of Lord Mar, in the short lives given
+of him, (see Chambers's Scottish Biography, Georgian Era, &amp;c.) have
+overlooked this correspondence. The letter from Sir Luke Schwaub, in
+French, with a translation, and the answer of Lord Carteret, in the Coxe
+Papers, although not exactly relevant to my subject, are interesting.
+"A thousands thanks," writes the generous Lord Carteret, in reply to
+Schwaub, "for your private letter, which affords me the means of obviating
+any calumny against the memory of a person who will always be
+dear to me." [That is, Lord Sunderland.] "I have shown it to the King,
+who is entirely satisfied with it." The anxiety on the part of Government
+to secure the papers of Lord Sunderland, was extreme, and affords
+a collateral proof of this connivance. The mysterious documents were
+seized by order of the King, and inspected by Lord Townshend, and not
+a trace of the correspondence was left when the papers were restored
+to the family. The seizure occasioned a suit between the executors
+of the Earl of Sunderland and the two Secretaries of State.&mdash;<i>Coxe MSS.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 252.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 565.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Hardwicke Papers, p. 586.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 600.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Chambers, art. <i>Erskine</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> From original letters, for which I am indebted to Alexander Macdonald,
+Esq., of the Register Office, Edinburgh.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> The spelling is preserved as in the original.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> These words were written in the Chevalier's own hand.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Letters in the possession of A. Macdonald, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Bolingbroke.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. p. 221.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Lockhart Papers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> See various papers in the State Paper Office. Collections for
+1722.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 149.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Id. p. 183.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Mr. C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe was good enough to inform me that he
+had seen some letters on this subject, which exculpated Lady Mary W.
+Montague. The correspondence was destroyed, but it conveyed to the
+mind of that accomplished and erudite gentleman, who saw it, the impression
+that the charge against Lady Mary Wortley was groundless.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> I write it Radcliffe, because the most careful historians and genealogists
+have given the preference to that mode of spelling the name.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> The fact has been rather surmised than proved.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Hutchinson's View of Northumberland, vol. i. p. 171.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Lysons' Magna Britannia, vol. ii. p. 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Burke's Extinct Peerage, art. <i>Radcliffe</i>; also Wood's Peerage, 309.
+It has been erroneously stated, that Francis Radclyffe himself, who married
+Mary Tudor, was first ennobled. It was his father, Sir Francis
+Radclyffe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Life of Charles Radcliffe. "By a gentleman of the family, to prevent
+the public being imposed upon by any erroneous or partial accounts
+to the prejudice of this unfortunate gentleman." London, 1746.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Macpherson Papers, vol. ii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Patten's Hist. Rebellion, p. 47.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> In personal appearance the Earl is declared to have been distinguished
+for grace and comeliness. Neither the prints of this nobleman,
+nor an original picture in the possession of the Earl of Newburgh, at
+Hassop in Derbyshire, give the impression that the Earl was handsome.
+Yet he obtained the appellation of "handsome Derwentwater."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Kimber's Baronetage, vol. i. p. 517.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Encyclop&aelig;dia Metropolitana.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Id. Annals of George I.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Patten, p. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> The following is a copy of the warrant, and affords a specimen,
+which may be novel to some readers, of the form in which such affairs
+are couched. The original is still preserved by the present Earl of Newburgh,
+the descendant of Charles Radcliffe. I am indebted to the courtesy
+of the Earl of Newburgh for permission to copy this document, and also
+for several particulars concerning the family of Radcliffe, which I have
+interwoven with this biography:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p class='center'>
+"<i>James Stanhope, Esq., one of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy
+Council, and Principal Secretary of State.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+"These are in his Majesty's name, to authorise and require you,
+taking a constable to your assistance, forthwith to make strict and
+diligent search in such places as you shall have notice, for the Right
+Honourable James, Earl of Derwentwater; and him having found, you
+are to seize and apprehend for suspicion of Treason, and to bring him,
+together with his papers, before me to be examined concerning the
+Premisses, and to be further dealt with according to law: for the due
+execution whereof, all Mayors, Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, Constables,
+and all his Majesty's officers, Civil and Military, and loving
+subjects whom it may concern, are to be aiding and assisting to you as
+there shall be occasion. And for so doing, this shall be your warrant.
+</p><p>
+"Given at Whitehall the two-and-twentieth day of September, 1715.
+</p><p style="text-align: right;">
+"<span class="smcap">James Stanhope.</span>"<br />
+</p><p>
+"To Richard Shorman, John Hutching, and John<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Turner, three of his Majesty's Messengers<br /></span>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Ordinary."<br /></span>
+</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> His pension was raised for his services from fifty to eighty pounds
+per annum.&mdash;See Caledonian Mercury, 1722.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Patten, p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Hutchinson's History of Northumberland, vol. i. p. 131.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> State Papers. Domestic, No. 4, 1716.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Life of Charles Radcliffe, p. 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> Patten, p. 31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Patten. Smollett.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Parliamentary History, 2 Geo. I. vol. vii. p. 269.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Patten, p. 47.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> Id. p. 65.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> An instance of this spirit is related by Lord Sunderland in the case
+of a Mr. Crisp, a Lancashire gentleman, who acted with such zeal for the
+Government during the Rebellion, that he was never able to live in his
+native country afterwards.&mdash;Lord Mahon's History of England since the
+Peace of Utrecht, vol. i. p. 253.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Lord Mahon, vol. i. p. 248.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Patten, p. 79.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> Letter from a Scots Prisoner.&mdash;See Weekly Journal, or British Gazette,
+for 1716.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Weekly Journal, p. 354.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Parliamentary History, p. 269.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Life of Charles Radcliffe, p. 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Patten.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Patten, p. 96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Patten, p. 103.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Weekly Journal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Patten.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Patten.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Caledonian Mercury for 1716.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Earls of Derwentwater, Nithisdale, Carnwath, and Wintoun; Viscount
+Kenmure, and Lords Widdrington and Nairn.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> State Trials, vol. xv. p. 762.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Parliamentary History, vol. vii. p. 269.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> State Trials.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Caledonian Mercury for 1716.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Beatson's Political Index.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Douglas's Peerage of Scotland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> State Trials, vol. xv. p. 802.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Lord Mahon's History, vol. i. p. 291.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Id.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> State Papers, 1716, No. 4; now, for the first time, printed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Or rather, a piece of red cloth, which is still preserved at Hassop,
+the seat of the Earl of Newburgh, the marks of blood being still visible.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> From a tradition current in the descendants of this family.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Hogg's Jacobite Relics, vol. i. p. 31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> See Caledonian Mercury, 1723.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> See Proceedings of the Court Martial held upon John, Master of
+Sinclair, with Correspondence, p. 27. 1828. Printed by Ballantyne
+and Company. Presented to the Roxburgh Club by Sir Walter Scott.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> It is printed in the interesting little collection before referred to, p. 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Life of the Master of Sinclair, p. ix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> His name is not among those who were assembled on the hunting-field
+of Braemar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Reay, p. 234.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> See Lord Mar's Life and Letters.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Life of the Master of Sinclair, page v.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> See Lord Mar's Life, from the Mar Papers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Reay's History of the Rebellion, p. 218.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Reay, p. 387.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> See the certificate of the Justices of Forfar, in the State Paper
+Office, respecting the case of James Carnegie. Dated, Montrose, the
+first of October, 1716.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> See Papers in the State Paper Office for 1715 and 1716.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> Reay, p. 372.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> The title has remained in abeyance ever since. A mystery hangs
+over the fate of this family.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> See Letter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> The letter from Lord Garlies, in which Lady Southesk is mentioned,
+is to be seen in the Murray MS. in the Advocate's Library at Edinburgh.
+It is addressed to the eccentric and imprudent Sir Alexander
+Murray of Stanhope. These papers were found on a floor of a room in
+Herriot's Hospital, and were rescued from destruction by Dr. Irvine
+of the Advocate's Library. After some remarks of no moment, Lord
+Garlies, afterwards the Earl of Galloway, observes&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"But now I hope that yours and all honest men's misfortunes are to
+have a turn, and since my cheif has had the good fortune to gett a young
+prince, I pray God his and all honest men's misfortunes may be at an
+end; and I hope before my young cheif dies, he shall have the name of
+Charles the Third. I beg of you to let me hear from you, and when I
+may expect to have the happinesse of seeing you in this countrey, which
+is what I both long mightily for, and expect as soon as you can conveniently.
+Besides, it will be a mighty obligation added to the many
+you have already done me, who am, dear Sandy,
+</p><p>
+"yours entirely whylst
+</p><p style="text-align: right;">
+"<span class="smcap">Garlies.</span>"
+</p><p>
+"May 12, 1730."<br />
+</p>
+<p>
+"Sister Southesque and my spouse make their compliments to you."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Life of Master of Sinclair, page viii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> The manuscript from which the life of the Master of Sinclair was
+taken, was found by Sir Walter Scott among the papers of his mother,
+who was distantly related to the family of Greenock. The proceedings
+of the court-martial were attested by the subscription of John Cunningham,
+probably a clerk of the court.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> The MS. Memoirs of the Master of Sinclair are at present in the
+possession of the Countess of Rosslyn.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Burke's Peerage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> I am indebted to a MS. account of Cameron of Lochiel for the most
+interesting facts in the following memoir. It was communicated to me
+by R. Chambers, Esq., and was written by Mrs. Grant of Laggan. In
+her letters unpublished, she declares the source of her information to
+have been some papers in the possession of a Scotch clergyman, "which,"
+says Mrs. Grant, "it appears he did not give to John Home, who would
+scarcely have asked the favour, keeping very shy of his old brethren."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Brown's History of the Highlands, part ii. p. 141.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Brown's Highlands.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> "The credit of this feat," writes Mrs. Grant, "rests merely on the
+country tradition: and the silence concerning it, in the publications and
+records of those times, is accounted for, first, by the shame which the commanders
+of the party felt at being thus surprised and outwitted by an
+inferior number of those whom they had been accustomed to style barbarians
+and to treat as such."&mdash;<i>MS.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Sketches of the Highlands, vol. i. pp. 60, 61.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Brown's Highlands.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> Reay, p. 88.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> See Culloden Papers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Stewart's Sketches, vol. i. p. 86.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Reay, p. 271.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Conjectured to be Lord Lovat.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> Appendix to the Memoirs of Sir Ewan Cameron of Lochiel, p. 177.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Appendix to Home's History of the Rebellion, No. II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> See Appendix, No. II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Home. Appendix. From the papers of Cameron of Fassefern,
+Lochiel's nephew.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> In the year 1781, Fassefern repeated this conversation to Mr.
+Home. History of the Rebellion, p. 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Forbes, p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Home, p. 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Forbes, p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Home, p. 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Maxwell of Kirkconnel's Narrative, p. 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> The beautiful poem of Campbell, entitled "Lochiel," is founded on
+this circumstance.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Life of Jenny Cameron. London. Printed for C. Whitefield, in
+White Friars, 1746.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> Life of Jenny Cameron.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Forbes, p. 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> The poem entitled "Jeanie Cameron's Lament," is, with other
+inedited Jacobite songs, likely soon to be given to the world, arranged to
+true Scottish airs, and published in parts. These songs are collected by
+a member of one of the most ancient Jacobite families. The accomplished
+young lady who has engaged in this undertaking is Miss Charlotte
+Maxwell, the sister of Sir William Maxwell, Bart., of Menteith,
+Wigtonshire, and a descendant of the Earl of Nithisdale. The ballad of
+Sherriff Muir, is among the first of the interesting collection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> Forbes, p. 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Maxwell of Kirkconnel, p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Maxwell, p. 105.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Home, p. 164.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Dated, Edinburgh, 12th Jan. 1745-6. This extract, for which I am
+indebted to Mr. Macdonald, who possesses the orderly-book, was considered
+an extremely curious passage by Sir Walter Scott.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> Burrell's regiment was so broken, that not two men were left standing.
+Home, Appendix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> In a letter among the papers of Mr. Murray of Abercairney, the imputations
+upon the Highlanders are strongly and ably refuted. For obvious
+reasons I have not given the extract, nor gone more closely into a
+subject which belongs to the province of history.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> See Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> Home, Appendix, p. 373.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> See note 2 in Chambers's History of the Rebellion, p. 121.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> See History of the Rebellion, taken from the Scots' Magazine, p.
+353.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> Cluny Macpherson's Narrative. Home, Appendix, p. 365.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Of one of these there is an interesting anecdote in the Tales of a
+Grandfather, vol. iii. p. 295, note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> Home's History of the Rebellion, Appendix, p. 146.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> Brown's History of the Highlands, Part II. App. <span class="smcap">cvii</span>. from the
+Stuart Papers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> Brown's History of the Highlands. No. <span class="smcap">LXX</span>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> Chambers, p. 145.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class='center'>LONDON:<br />
+Printed by <span class="smcap">S. &amp; J. Bentley, Wilson, and Fley</span>,<br />
+Bangor House, Shoe Lane.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class='blockquot'><h3>Transcriber's Note.</h3>
+
+<p>The following errors in the original have been corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Page 24 - missing quote mark added: in Scots' affairs."[B]</p>
+
+<p>Page 36 - missing quote mark added: Scottish nobility."</p>
+
+<p>Page 47 - from Paris to Boisleduc changed to from Paris to Barleduc</p>
+
+<p>Page 54 - missing quote mark added: faithfully serving King George."</p>
+
+<p>Page 66 - few duties changed to feu duties</p>
+
+<p>Page 88 - disastrous contest changed to diastrous contest</p>
+
+<p>Page 94 - missing footnote marker added: Earl conceived.[101]</p>
+
+<p>Page 101 - extra comma removed from after harbour, which succeeded</p>
+
+<p>Page 111 - extra quote mark removed from before MAR.</p>
+
+<p>Page 126 - Footnote marker with no associated footnote after pardoned in 1726.</p>
+
+<p>Page 158 - at Fetterosso changed to at Fetteresso</p>
+
+<p>Page 163 - missing quotation mark added after Ave Marias:</p>
+
+<p>Page 183 - Porbably (in footnote) changed to Probably</p>
+
+<p>Page 258 - missing quotation mark added before we saw a drum</p>
+
+<p>Page 266 - against him." missing closing quote after him added</p>
+
+<p>Page 300 - missing quotation mark added after black as a craw, man.</p>
+
+<p>Page 309 - extra quotation mark removed from after their uncles.</p>
+
+<p>Page 310 - missing quotation mark added after his possession,</p>
+
+<p>Page 369 - missing quotation mark added after the smallest assistance!"</p>
+
+<p>Page 383 - In this rereat changed to In this retreat</p>
+
+<p>Page 387 - from the imputation. extra quotation mark removed from after imputation</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and
+1745., by Mrs. Thomson
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@@ -0,0 +1,11021 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745., by
+Mrs. Thomson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745.
+       Volume I.
+
+Author: Mrs. Thomson
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2007 [EBook #20946]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Susan Skinner, Ted Garvin and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS
+
+OF
+
+THE JACOBITES
+
+OF 1715 AND 1745.
+
+BY MRS. THOMSON,
+
+
+AUTHOR OF
+
+"MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF HENRY THE EIGHTH,"
+"MEMOIRS OF SARAH, DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH," ETC.
+
+VOLUME I.
+
+LONDON:
+RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,
+Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty.
+1845.
+
+
+LONDON:
+
+Printed by S. & J. BENTLEY, WILSON, and FLEY,
+Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In completing two volumes of a work which has been for some years in
+contemplation, it may be remarked that it is the only collective
+Biography of the Jacobites that has yet been given to the Public. Meagre
+accounts, scattered anecdotes, and fragments of memoir, have hitherto
+rather tantalized than satisfied those who have been interested in the
+events of 1715 and 1745. The works of Home, of Mr. Chambers, and the
+collections of Bishop Forbes, all excellent, are necessarily too much
+mingled up with the current of public affairs to comprise any
+considerable portion of biographical detail. Certain lives of some of
+the sufferers in the cause of the Stuarts, printed soon after the
+contests in behalf of those Princes, are little more than narratives of
+their trials and executions; they were intended merely as ephemeral
+productions to gratify a curious public, and merit no long existence. It
+would have been, indeed, for many years, scarcely prudent, and certainly
+not expedient, to proffer any information concerning the objects of
+royal indignation, except that which the newspapers afforded: nor was it
+perfectly safe, for a considerable time after the turbulent times in
+which the sufferers lived, to palliate their offences, or to express any
+deep concern for their fate. That there was much to be admired in those
+whose memories were thus, in some measure, consigned to oblivion, except
+in the hearts of their descendants; much which deserved to be explained
+in their motives; much which claimed to be upheld in their
+self-sacrifices, the following pages will show. Whatever leaning the
+Author may have had to the unfortunate cause of the Stuarts, it has not,
+however, been her intention only to pourtray the bright ornaments of the
+party. She has endeavoured to show that it was composed, as well as most
+other political combinations, of materials differing in value--some
+pure, some base, some noble, some mean and vacillating.
+
+As far as human weakness and prejudice can permit, the Author has aimed
+at a strict scrutiny of conduct and motives. In the colouring given to
+these, she has conscientiously sought to be impartial: for the facts
+stated, she has given the authorities.
+
+It now remains for the Author publicly to acknowledge the resources from
+which she has derived some materials which have never before been given
+to the Public, and for which she has to thank, in several instances, not
+only the kindness of friends, but the liberality of strangers.
+
+A very interesting collection of letters, many of them written in the
+Earl of Mar's own hand, and others dictated by him, is interwoven with
+the biography of that nobleman. These letters were written, in fact, for
+the information of the whole body of Jacobites, to whom they were
+transmitted through the agent of that party, Captain Henry Straiton,
+residing in Edinburgh. They form almost a diary of Lord Mar's
+proceedings at Perth. They are continued up to within a few hours of the
+evacuation of that city by the Jacobite army. For these curious and
+characteristic letters, pourtraying as they do, in lively colours, the
+difficulties of the General in his council and his camp, she is indebted
+to the friendship and mediation of the Honourable Lord Cockburn, and to
+the liberality of James Gibson Craig, Esq.
+
+To the Right Honourable the Earl of Newburgh, the descendant and
+representative of the Radcliffe family, her sincere and respectful
+acknowledgments are due for his Lordship's readily imparting to her
+several interesting particulars of the Earl of Derwentwater and his
+family. She owes a similar debt of gratitude to the Viscount
+Strathallan, for his Lordship's communication to her respecting the
+House of Drummond. To the Honourable Mrs. Bellamy, the descendant of
+Viscount Kenmure, she has also to offer similar acknowledgments, for
+information respecting her unfortunate ancestor; and for an original
+letter of his Lordship; and she must also beg to express her obligations
+to William Constable Maxwell, Esq., and to Mrs. Constable Maxwell, of
+Terregles, the descendants of the Earl of Nithisdale, for their
+courteous and prompt assistance. To James Craik, Esq., of Arbigland,
+Dumfriesshire, she is indebted for a correspondence which continues, as
+it were, an account of that family during the later part of the year
+1745. To Sir Fitzroy Grafton Maclean, Bart., she owes the account of his
+clan and family, which has been printed for private circulation. She is
+also grateful to a descendant of the family of Lochiel, Miss Mary Anne
+Cameron, for some interesting particulars of the burning of Achnacarry,
+the seat of her ancestors.
+
+In some of these instances the information derived has not been
+considerable, owing to the total wreck of fortune, the destruction of
+houses, and the loss of papers, which followed the ruthless steps of the
+conquering army of the Duke of Cumberland. Most of the hereditary
+memorials of those Highland families who engaged in both rebellions,
+perished; and their representatives are strangely destitute of letters,
+papers, and memorials of every kind. The practice of burying family
+archives and deeds which prevailed during the troubles, was adopted but
+with partial advantage, by those who anticipated the worst result of the
+contest.
+
+In recalling with pleasure the number of those to whom the Author owes
+sincere gratitude for kindness and aid in her undertaking, the name of
+Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq. renews the remembrance of that store of
+antiquarian information from which others, far more worthy to enjoy it
+than herself, have owed obligations. The Author has also most gratefully
+to acknowledge the very kind and valuable assistance of Archibald
+Macdonald, Esq., of the Register Office, Edinburgh, to whom she is
+indebted for several original letters; and of Robert Chambers, Esq., to
+whose liberality she is indebted for several of her manuscript sources,
+as well as some valuable advice on the subject of her work. To Dr.
+Irvine, Librarian of the Advocate's Library, Edinburgh, the Author
+offers, with the most lively pleasure, her sincere acknowledgments for a
+ready and persevering assistance in aid of her undertaking. Again, she
+begs to repeat her sense of deep obligation to Mr. Keats, of the British
+Museum, the literary pilot of many years' historical research.
+
+        LONDON,
+    _October 27, 1845._
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The history of the Jacobites properly begins with the brave and
+conscientious men who followed James the Second to France, or fought and
+bled for him in the United Kingdom. Of the few nobles whom that Monarch
+had distinguished by his friendship when Duke of York, or graced with
+his favours when King, three only in Scotland remained attached openly
+to his interests: these were the Duke of Gordon, the Lord Balcarras, and
+Claverhouse of Dundee, who may be regarded as the parents of the
+Jacobite party in Scotland. "The other nobles of the late King's party,"
+remarks a great historian,[1] "waited for events, in hopes and in fears,
+from the Old Government and the New, intriguing with both, and depended
+upon by neither."
+
+Upon the death of Dundee, a troop of officers who had fought under the
+standard of that great General, and who had imbibed his lofty opinions
+and learned to imitate his dauntless valour, capitulated, and were
+suffered to leave the country and retire to France. Their number
+amounted to a hundred and fifty: they were all of honourable birth, and
+glorying in their political principles. At first these exiles were
+pensioned by the French Government, but, upon the close of the civil
+war, those pensions ceased. Finding themselves a burden upon King James,
+they formed themselves into a body-guard, which was afterwards
+incorporated with the French army. It may fairly be presumed that this
+remnant of Dundee's army, four of whom only returned to Scotland, were
+instrumental during their abode in France in maintaining a communication
+between the Court of St. Germains and their disheartened countrymen who
+had remained in their Highland homes. Abroad, they supported their
+military character as soldiers who had fought under Dundee: they were
+always the foremost in the battle and the last to retreat, and were
+distinguished by a superiority in order and discipline, no less than by
+their energy and courage.
+
+There can be no doubt but that the majority of the great landholders in
+England, as well as the Highland chiefs, continued, through the reign of
+William and Mary, disposed to high Tory views; and that had not the
+popular cry of the Church being in danger aided the designs of the
+Whigs, the Highflyers, or rigid Tories, would not have remained in
+quiescence during that critical period, which resembled the settling of
+a rushing current of waters into a frothing and bubbling pool, rather
+than the calm tenour of a gently-flowing stream. Throughout the
+distractions of his reign, it was the wise policy of William the Third
+to balance parties; to bestow great posts upon moderate men; to employ
+alternately persons of different opinions, and by frequent changes in
+his Ministry, to conciliate the good-will of both factions;--and this
+was all that that able Monarch could effect, until time should
+extinguish political animosity.
+
+Queen Mary, educated in Tory principles, and taught by her maternal
+uncle, the Earl of Rochester, to consider every opposition to the
+Sovereign's will as rebellion, was scarcely regarded in the light of an
+enemy to the doctrine of passive obedience and non-resistance,
+notwithstanding her unfilial conduct;[2] and it is remarkable that,
+during her life, great favour was shown at Court to the Highland
+partisans of James the Second; distinctions were as much avoided as it
+was possible; and the personal prepossessions of the Queen were supposed
+to be on the side of the High Church Tories.
+
+During the reign of Anne, notwithstanding the coalition of Godolphin,
+Marlborough, and other leaders of the moderate Tories with the Whigs,
+and the reputation and glory which their combined abilities and
+characters obtained, a conviction was still prevalent that the heart of
+the Queen was disposed to the restoration of the ancient race, and that
+her days would not close before a design to secure the succession to her
+nephew would be matured, and the Act of Succession, which was chiefly
+the offspring of Whig policy, should be set aside. There was,
+doubtless, not only in the mind of Anne, but in that of her sagacious
+predecessor, an apprehension that after the death of the last of their
+dynasty, the succession would again be fiercely disputed. Impressed with
+this conviction, it was a favourite scheme of William to invite the
+child, who afterwards, under the name of the Chevalier St. George, was
+the hero, in dumb show, it must be acknowledged, of the Insurrection of
+1715, to receive his education in England under his kingly care; to be
+bred up a Protestant; and to make that education the earnest of his
+future succession. The proposal was rejected by James the Second, to the
+great prejudice of his son's interests, and to the misfortune, it may be
+presumed, of the British nation. For one can scarcely suppose a more
+perfect combination of all the qualities calculated to form a popular
+Monarch, in this country, than the natural abilities of the Stuart race,
+perfected under the able guidance of so reflective a ruler--so
+accomplished a general--so consummate a statesman, as William. The
+education which that Monarch had planned for the young Duke of
+Gloucester shows how enlarged and practical were his views of the
+acquirements necessary for a Sovereign: it presents a scheme of tuition
+which, if it may be deemed not wholly adapted to the present day, was on
+the most comprehensive and liberal scale. But James, acting, at all
+events, with the consistency of a sincere believer, returned, as
+Dalrymple expresses it, "slowly and sadly to bury the remembrance of his
+greatness in the convent of La Trappe;" and all future attempts on the
+part of his posterity to recover the throne of their ancestors were
+frustrated by the hollowness of French professions of friendship.
+
+The tranquil demeanour of the Jacobite party during the reign of Anne
+may seem surprising, when we consider the avowed favour and protection
+which were held out by Louis the Fourteenth to the royal exiles of St.
+Germain. During the lifetime of James, who considered that he had
+exchanged the hope of an earthly for that of a heavenly Crown, there was
+little to wonder at in this inactivity and apparent resignation. Had it
+not been for the influence of an enthusiastic, high-minded, and
+fascinating woman, the very mention of the cause would probably have
+died away in the priest-thronged saloons of St. Germains. To Mary of
+Modena the credit is due--if credit on such account is to be
+assigned--for maintaining in the friends of her consort, for instilling
+in the breast of her son, a desire of restoration;--that word, in fact,
+might be found, to speak metaphorically, written in her heart. To her
+personal qualities, to her still youthful attractions, to her pure mind,
+and blameless career of conjugal duty--to the noble, maternal ambition
+which no worthy judge of human motives could refuse a tribute of pity
+and admiration--to her disregard of low and unworthy instruments to
+advance her means, as in the case of Lovat, even the warmest partisans
+of the Revolution were forced to do justice. The disinterested and
+sagacious Godolphin is said to have done more: he is supposed to have
+cherished such a respectful enthusiasm for the young mother who thus
+supported the claims of her son, as might have become the chivalric
+Surrey. Whatever were the fact, during the existence of Anne, the
+payment of a dowry to Mary of Modena, the favourable understanding
+between her son, as he grew up to man's estate, and the English Court,
+the small reward offered for his apprehension, the conniving at the
+daily enlistment of men in his service, and the indulgence shown to
+those who openly spoke and preached against the Revolution, were certain
+indications and ample proofs that had the Queen's life been prolonged,
+some effectual steps would have been taken to efface from her memory the
+recollection of her early failure of duty to King James, and to satisfy
+the reproaches of her narrow, though conscientious mind. That such was
+the fact, the declaration or manifesto of the Chevalier, dated from
+Plombieres, August 2, 1714, and printed in French, English, and Latin,
+attests; and the assertion was confirmed by a letter from the Duke of
+Lorrain to the English Government. This favourable disposition on the
+part of Anne proves that she gave no credence to the report of the
+supposititious birth of the Prince; although, in her youthful days, and
+when irritated against her step-mother, she had entered into the Court
+gossip on that subject, with all the eagerness of a weak and credulous
+mind.
+
+Nourished in secret by these hopes, the Jacobites in England constituted
+a far more important party than our historians are generally willing to
+allow. The famous work entitled, "English Advice to the Freeholders of
+Great Britain," supposed to be written by Bishop Atterbury, was
+extensively circulated throughout the country: it tended to promote an
+opposition cry of "the Church in danger!" by insinuating that the Whigs
+projected the abolition of Episcopacy. It was received with great
+enthusiasm; and was responded to with fervour by the University of
+Oxford, which was inflamed with a zeal for the restoration of the
+Stuarts; and which displayed much of the same ardour, and held forth the
+same arguments that had stimulated that seat of learning in the days of
+Charles the First. To these sentiments, the foreign birth, the foreign
+language, and, above all, the foreign principles of the King added
+considerable disgust: nor can it be a matter of surprise that such
+should be the case. It appears, nevertheless, extraordinary that the
+opposition to so strange an engrafting of a foreign ruler should not
+have been received with greater public manifestations of dislike than
+the unorganized turbulence of Oxford under-graduates, or the ephemeral
+fury of a London populace.
+
+In Scotland a very different state of public feeling prevailed. In
+England men of commerce were swayed in their political opinions by the
+good of trade, which nothing was so likely to injure as a disputed
+succession. The country gentlemen were, more or less, under the
+influence of party pamphlets, and were liable to have their political
+prejudices smoothed down by collision with their neighbours. Excepting
+in the northern counties, the dread of Popery prevailed also
+universally. The remembrance of the bigotry and tyranny of James the
+Second had not faded away from the remembrance of those whose fathers or
+grandfathers could remember its details. In the Highlands of Scotland
+the memory of that Monarch was, on the other hand, worshipped as a
+friend of that noble country, as the Stuart peculiarly their own, as the
+royal exile, whose health and return, under various disguises, they had
+pledged annually at their hunting-matches, and to whose youthful son
+they transferred an allegiance which they held sacred as their religion.
+
+Nor had James the Second earned the devotion of the Highland chieftains
+without some degree of merit on his own part. The most incapable and
+unworthy of rulers, he had yet some fine and popular qualities as a man;
+he was not devoid of a considerable share of ability although it was
+misapplied. His letters to his son, his account of his own life, show
+that one who could act most erroneously and criminally, did,
+nevertheless, often think and feel rightly. His obstinate adherence to
+his own faith may be lamented by politicians; it may be sneered at by
+the worldly; but it must be approved by all who are themselves staunch
+supporters of that mode of faith which they conscientiously adopt. In
+private society James had the power of attaching his dependents; and
+perhaps from a deeper source than that which gave attraction to the
+conversation of his good-natured, dissolute brother. His melancholy and
+touching reply to Sir Charles Littleton, who expressed to him his shame
+that his son was with the Prince of Orange:--"Alas! Sir Charles! why
+ashamed? Are not my daughters with him?" was an instance of that
+readiness and delicacy which are qualities peculiarly appropriate to
+royalty. His exclamation at the battle of La Hogue, when he beheld the
+English sailors scrambling up the sides of the French ships from their
+boats--"None but my brave English could do this!" was one trait of a
+character neither devoid of sensibility, nor destitute of certain
+emotions which appear incompatible with the royal patron of Judge
+Jeffries, and with the enemy of Monmouth.
+
+During his residence, when Duke of York, at Holyrood, accompanied by
+Anne Hyde, when Duchess of York, James became extremely popular in
+Edinburgh; in the Highlands his hold of the affections of the chieftains
+had a deeper origin. The oppressor of the English had endeavoured to
+become the emancipator of the chieftains. The rigour of the feudal
+system, which was carried to its utmost extent in the Highlands,
+although softened by the patriarchal character of the chiefs, was
+revolting to the chieftains or landholders under the yoke of some feudal
+nobleman or chief; and they became ambitious of becoming direct holders
+from the Crown. It was a scheme of James the Second to abolish this
+system of infeudation, by buying up the superiorities,--a plan, the
+completion of which was attempted by William the Third, but defeated by
+the avarice and dishonesty of those who managed the transaction. The
+chieftains, however, never forgot the obligation which they owed to
+James:[3] they refused all offers of emolument or promotion from his
+successor; and they adhered to the exiled King with a loyalty which was
+never shaken, and which broke forth conspicuously in the Insurrection of
+1715. "The Highlanders," says Dalrymple, "carried in their bosoms the
+high point of honour without its follies."
+
+Without entering into the various reasons which strengthened this
+sentiment of gratitude and allegiance; without commenting upon the
+partly patriarchal nature of the clan system, and the firm compact which
+was cemented between every member of that family by a common
+relationship of blood; it is sufficient to remark, that to a people so
+retired, in many parts insulated, in all, apart from daily intelligence,
+far away from communication with any whose free disquisitions might
+possibly stake their opinions, it was not surprising that the loyalty to
+James should continue unalloyed during two successive reigns. It burned,
+indeed, with a steady though covered flame. The Insurrection of 1715,
+which seems, in the pages of history, to break forth unexpectedly, was
+long in being organized. From Anne's first Session of Parliament until
+the completion of the Union, Scotland was in a state of ferment, and
+violent party divisions racked civil society. In 1707, the famous
+Colonel Hooke was sent to the northern parts of Scotland from France, to
+sound the nobility and chieftains with respect to their sentiments, to
+ascertain the amount of their forces, and to inquire what quantity of
+ammunition and other warlike stores should be necessary to be sent from
+France. A full account of affairs was compiled, and was signed by
+fifteen noblemen and gentlemen, amongst whom the Duke of Athole, who
+aspired, according to Lockhart, to be another General Monk, was foremost
+in promoting the restoration of the youthful son of James the Second.
+This mission was followed by the unsuccessful attempt at invasion on the
+part of James, in 1708; when, according to some representations, there
+was a far more reasonable prospect of success than at any later period.
+The nobility and gentry were, at that time, well prepared to receive the
+royal adventurer; the regular army was wholly unfit, either in numbers
+or ammunition, to oppose the forces which they would have raised. The
+very Guards, it is supposed, would have done duty on the person of James
+Stuart the night that he landed. The equivalent money sent to Scotland
+to reward the promoters of the Union, was still in the country, and a
+considerable part of it was in the Castle of Edinburgh; and a Dutch
+fleet had recently run aground on the coast of Angus, and had left
+there a vast quantity of powder, shot, and cannon, and a large sum of
+money, which might have been secured. England was, at this time,
+distracted with jealousies and factions; and although the great
+Marlborough was then in the vigour of his youth, ready to defend his
+country, as well as to extend her dominions, there were suspicions that
+the General was not wholly adverse to the claims of James Stuart.[4]
+
+How far these expectations might have been realised, it is difficult to
+say. The French newspapers had proclaimed the preparations for invasion,
+and Louis the Fourteenth had taken leave of James, wishing him a
+prosperous voyage, and expressing, as the highest compliment, "the hope
+that he should never see him again," when a slight, accidental
+indisposition disturbed the whole arrangement. The royal youth was taken
+ill with the measles; upon which the French troops which had embarked at
+Dunkirk disembarked. A fatal delay was occasioned; and the French fleet,
+after an ineffectual voyage, went "sneakingly home," "doing," as one of
+the most active Jacobites remarks, "much harm to the King, his country,
+and themselves."
+
+Such was the fate of the attempt, in 1708, to place James Stuart on the
+throne of his ancestors; and it will readily be believed that the
+ill-starred endeavour did not add to the probable success of any future
+enterprise. Scarcely had the accession of George the First, an event
+which a certain historian denominates "a surprising turn of Providence,"
+taken place, than the removal of Lord Bolingbroke from office announced
+to the Tory party that they had lost their best friend at Court. Upon
+this intelligence reaching the Highlands, many of the Jacobites took up
+arms; but this hasty demonstration of good will to their cause was
+instantly suppressed. The Chevalier was, nevertheless, proclaimed King
+in the night time, and three noblemen, the Duke of Gordon, the Marquis
+of Huntley, and Lord Drummond, were kept prisoners in their own houses.
+In the middle of November, the Chevalier's Declaration, asserting his
+right and title to the Crown of England, was sent by a French mail to
+many persons of rank in this country. For some months the country was in
+a state of ferment, such as, perhaps, had never been witnessed since the
+days of the Great Rebellion. The Jacobites were centered in Oxford, but
+Bristol was also another of their strongholds; the course of justice was
+impeded there by riots; and every effort was made, both there and
+elsewhere, to influence the elections, which were carried on with a
+degree of venom and fury, exasperated by the cry of "the Church in
+danger!"
+
+In February, 1715, the Duke of Argyle, Commander-in-Chief of his
+Majesty's forces in Scotland, received information that a vessel
+containing arms and ammunition had landed in the Isle of Sky, and that
+five strangers had disembarked there, and had instantly dispersed
+themselves throughout the country. This was the first positive
+indication of the combination, which already comprised most of the
+ancient and respected names in Scotland. This confederacy, as it may be
+called, had existed ever since the peace of Utrecht, under the form of
+the Jacobite Association. In 1710, the formation of the October Club had
+shewed plainly the bias of the country gentlemen, who, according to a
+judge of men's motives who was rarely satisfied, "did adhere firmly to
+their principles and engagements, acting the part of honest countrymen
+and dutiful subjects."[5]
+
+About the month of May, the report of James Stuart's intended invasion
+of Scotland, and particulars of the preparations made for it in England,
+Scotland, and France, became public. Measures were, of course, instantly
+taken to guard the coasts of England and Scotland, and to augment land
+forces. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended in England, and in Scotland.
+An Act, passed in 1701, for preventing wrong imprisonments, and against
+undue delay in trials, was also suspended from the twenty-third of July,
+1715, until the twenty-fourth of the ensuing January. A fleet, under the
+command of Sir George Byng, was ordered to cruise in the Downs; and the
+most active and vigilant measures were taken in order to put the nation
+into a position of defence. The former intended invasion of 1708 was not
+forgotten, and it acted like a warning voice to the English Ministry. A
+Whig Association was framed among persons of rank and influence; and in
+Edinburgh a body of volunteers was formed, who might daily be seen
+exercising in the Great Hall of the College.
+
+Meantime the Jacobites were increasing in strength. During the last six
+years collections had been made in the continental nations, purporting
+to be for a "gentleman in distress," and the amount was said to have
+exceeded twelve millions.[6] Of this sum, one hundred thousand pounds
+was entrusted to the Earl of Mar.
+
+The whole scheme of the insurrection was matured, and the Chevalier had
+been proclaimed King in different towns in Scotland, when the death of
+Louis the Fourteenth cast such a damp over the spirits of the party,
+that there ensued a consultation as to the expediency of their
+separating and returning to their homes. In this emergency, unhappily
+for the brave and ardent men whom he had assembled at Braemar, the
+influence of the Earl of Mar, and the arguments which his sanguine
+spirit suggested, prevailed; and the assembled chiefs parted, only to
+meet again at their appointed places of rendezvous.
+
+The scheme of the Insurrection of 1715 embraced three different
+movements. In the north, the Earl of Mar was to possess himself of all
+the rich coasts of Fife, and also to maintain, in the name of James the
+Third, the northern counties, which, with few exceptions, were soon
+under the control of the insurgents. An attempt was made upon the
+southern parts of Scotland, by sending Brigadier Mackintosh, with a
+strong detachment of men, to cross the Firth of Forth, and to land in
+the Lothians, there expecting to be joined by friends on the borders and
+from England. In the west, a rising of the south-country Scots, under
+the command of Lord Kenmure, was projected; whilst in Northumberland the
+English Jacobites, headed by Mr. Forster, with a commission of General
+from Lord Mar, and aided by the Earl of Derwentwater, was to give the
+signal and incentive to the adherents of James in the sister Kingdom, as
+well as to co-operate with the Scottish forces under the commands of
+Brigadier Mackintosh and Viscount Kenmure. An attack upon Edinburgh was
+also concerted.
+
+Such is the outline of a plan of an insurrection to the effect of which
+the Earl of Mar declared the Jacobites had been looking for six and
+twenty years. How immature it was in its conception--how deficient in
+energy and union was its execution--how unworthy was its chief
+instrument--how fatal to the good and great were its results--and, by a
+singular fortune, how those who least merited their safety escaped,
+whilst the gallant and honest champions of the cause suffered, will be
+fully detailed in the following pages. Let it be remembered that the
+task of compiling these Memoirs has been undertaken with no party
+spirit, nor with any wish to detract from the deep obligations which we
+owe to those who preserved us from inroads on our constitution, and
+oppression in our religious opinions. It has been, however, begun with a
+sincere wish to do justice to the disinterested and the good; and, as
+the task has proceeded, and increased information on the subject has
+been gained, it has been continued with a conviction that, whatever may
+be the nature or merits of the abstract principles on which it was
+undertaken, the Insurrection of 1715 forms an episode in the history of
+our country as creditable to many of the ill-fated actors in its tragic
+scenes, as any that have been detailed in the pages of that history.
+
+        LONDON,
+    _October 28, 1845._
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Dalrymple.
+
+[2] Rapin. Dissertation on the Origin and Government of England, vol.
+xiv. p. 423.
+
+[3] See Introduction to the Memoirs of Cameron of Lochiel, p. 22.
+
+[4] Lockhart, vol. i. p. 239.
+
+[5] Lockhart, vol. i. p. 324.
+
+[6] Reay, p. 187.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+TO
+
+THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+JOHN ERSKINE, EARL OF MAR (with a Portrait)                            1
+
+JAMES RADCLIFFE, EARL OF DERWENTWATER (with a Portrait)              224
+
+THE MASTER OF SINCLAIR                                               282
+
+CAMERON OF LOCHIEL                                                   313
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN ERSKINE, EARL OF MAR.
+
+
+"The title of Mar," observes Lord Hailes, "is one of the Earldoms whose
+origin is lost in its antiquity." It existed before our records, and
+before the era of general history: hence, the Earls of Mar claimed
+always to be called first in the Scottish Parliament in the roll of
+Earls, as having no rival in the antiquity of their honours.
+
+From the time of Malcolm Canmore, in the year 1065, until the fourteenth
+century, the family of De Mar enjoyed this Earldom; but on the death of
+Thomas, the thirteenth Earl of Mar, in 1377, the direct male line of
+this race ended. The Earldom then devolved upon the female
+representatives of the house of De Mar; and thence, as in most similar
+instances in Scotland, it became the subject of contention, fraud, and
+violence.
+
+Isabel, Countess of Mar and Garioch, the last of the De Mar family, was
+won in marriage by a singular and determined species of courtship,
+formerly common in Scotland; the influence of terror. The heiress of the
+castle of Kildrummie, and a widow, her first husband, Sir Malcolm
+Drummond, having died in 1403, her wealth and rank attracted the regards
+of Alexander Stewart, the natural son of Robert Earl of Buchan, of royal
+blood. Without waiting for the ordinary mode of persuasion to establish
+an interest in his favour, this wild, rapacious man appeared in the
+Highlands at the head of a band of plunderers, and planting himself
+before the castle of Kildrummie, stormed it, and effected a marriage
+between himself and the Countess of Mar. Alexander Stewart, in cooler
+moments, however, perceived the danger of this bold measure, and
+resolved to establish his right to the Countess and to her estates by
+another process. One morning, during the month of September 1404, he
+presented himself at the Castle gate of Kildrummie, and formally
+surrendered to the Countess the castle, its furniture, and the
+title-deeds kept within its chests; thus returning them to her to do
+with them as she pleased. The Countess, on the other hand, holding the
+keys in her hand, and declaring herself to be of "mature advice," chose
+the said Alexander for her husband, and gave him the castle, the Earldom
+of Mar, with all the other family estates in her possession. She
+afterwards conferred these gifts by a charter, signed and sealed in the
+open fields, in the presence of the Bishop of Ross, and of her whole
+tenantry, in order to show that these acts were produced by no unlawful
+coercion on the part of her husband. The said honours and estates were
+also to descend to any children born in that marriage. Some of her
+kindred listened resentfully to the account of these proceedings of
+Isabel of Mar.
+
+The next heir to the Earldom, after the death of Isabel, was Janet,
+grand-daughter of Gratney, eleventh Earl of Mar. This lady had married
+Sir Thomas Erskine, the proprietor of the Barony of Erskine, on the
+Clyde, the property of the family during many ages; and she expected, on
+the death of the Countess of Mar, to succeed to the honours which had
+descended to her by the female line. By a series of unjust and rapacious
+acts on the part of the Crown, not only did Robert, Lord Erskine, her
+son, fail in securing his rights, but her descendants had the vexation
+of seeing their just honours and rights revert to the King, James the
+Third, who bestowed them first upon his brother, the accomplished and
+unfortunate John Earl of Mar, who was bled to death in one of the houses
+of the Canongate, in Edinburgh; and afterwards, upon Cochrane, the
+favourite of James the Third. The Earldom of Mar was then conferred on
+Alexander Stewart, the third son of King James; and after his death,
+upon James Stewart, Prior of St. Andrews, who had a charter from his
+sister, Queen Mary, entitling him to enjoy the long contested honour.
+But he soon relinquished the title, to assume that of Moray, which had
+also been bestowed upon him by the Queen: and in 1565 Mary repaired the
+injustice committed by her predecessors, and restored John Lord Erskine
+to the Earldom of Mar.
+
+The house of Erskine, on whom these honours now descended, has the same
+traditional origin as that of most of the other Scottish families of
+note. In the days of Malcolm the Second, a Scottish man having killed
+with his own hand Enrique, a Danish general, presented the head of the
+enemy to his Sovereign, and, holding in his hand the bloody dagger with
+which the deed had been performed, exclaimed, in Gaelic, "Eris Skyne,"
+alluding to the head and the dagger; upon which the surname of Erskine
+was imposed on him. The armorial bearing of a hand holding a dagger, was
+added as a further distinction, together with the motto, _Je pense
+plus_, in allusion to the declaration of the chieftain that he intended
+to perform even greater actions than that which procured him the name
+which has since been so celebrated in Scottish history. The crest and
+motto are still borne by the family.
+
+This anecdote has, however, been rejected for the more probable
+conjecture that the family of Erskine derived its appellation from the
+estate of Erskine on the Clyde:[7] yet it is not impossible but that
+tradition may, in most cases, have a deeper source than we are willing
+to allow to it. "There are few points in ancient history," observes a
+modern writer, "on which more judgment is required than in the amount
+of weight due to _tradition_. In general it will be found that the
+tradition subsisting in the families themselves has a true basis to rest
+upon, however much it may be overloaded with collateral matter which
+obscures it."[8]
+
+But that which ennobled most truly the first Earl of Mar, of the house
+of Erskine, was his own probity, loyalty, and patriotism. Destined
+originally to the church, John, properly sixth Earl of Mar, carried into
+public life those virtues which would have adorned the career of a
+private individual. In the melancholy interest of Queen Mary's eventful
+life, it is consolatory to reflect on the integrity and moderation of
+this exemplary nobleman. Too good and too sensitive for his times, he
+died of a broken heart, the result of that inward and incurable sorrow
+which the generous and the honest experience, when their hopes and
+designs are baffled by the selfish policy of their own party. "He was,
+perhaps," says Robertson, "the only person in the kingdom who could have
+enjoyed the office of Regent without envy, and have left it without loss
+of reputation."[9]
+
+From the restoration of John Earl of Mar to his family honours, until
+the reign of Charles the First, the prosperity of this loyal and
+favoured family increased, interrupted indeed by some vicissitudes of
+fortune, but by no serious reverses, until that period which, during the
+commotions of the Great Rebellion, reduced many of our proudest nobility
+to comparative poverty.
+
+Among other important trusts enjoyed by the family of Erskine, the
+government of the Castle of Edinburgh, and the custody of the principal
+forts in the kingdom, attested the confidence of their Sovereigns. To
+these was added by Mary Queen of Scots, the command of the Castle of
+Stirling, and the still more important charge of her infant son. To
+these marks of confidence numerous grants of lands and high appointments
+succeeded,--obligations which were repaid with a fidelity which
+impoverished the family of Erskine; and which produced, towards the
+close of the seventeenth century, a marked decline in their fortunes,
+and decay of their local influence.
+
+John, ninth Earl of Mar, the grandfather of the Jacobite Earl, suffered
+severely for his loyalty in joining the association at Cumbernauld, in
+favour of Charles the First. He afterwards raised forces at Brae-Mar for
+the King's service, for which he was heavily fined by the Parliament,
+and his estates were sequestrated. During all this season of adversity
+he lived in a cottage at the gate of his house at Alloa, until the
+Restoration relieved him from the sequestration.
+
+His son Charles, who raised the first regiment of Scottish Fusileers,
+and was constituted their Colonel, began life as a determined Royalist;
+but disapproving of the measures of James the Second, he had prepared
+to go abroad when the Prince of Orange landed in England. He appears
+afterwards to have pursued somewhat of the same wavering course as that
+of which his son has been accused, and, joining the disaffected party
+against William, he was arrested, but afterwards released. The heavy
+incumbrances upon his estates, contracted during the civil wars, were
+such as to oblige him to sell a great portion of his lands, and to part
+with the ancient Barony of Erskine, the first possession of the family.
+This necessity may almost be considered as an ill omen for the future
+welfare of a family; which never seems to be so utterly brought low by
+fortune, as when compelled to consign to strangers that from which the
+first sense of importance and stability has been derived.
+
+Under these circumstances, certainly not favourable to independence of
+character, John, eleventh Earl of Mar of the name of Erskine, and
+afterwards Lieutenant-general to the Chevalier St. George, was born at
+Alloa, in Clackmannan, where his father resided. He was a younger son of
+a numerous family, five brothers, older than himself, having died in
+infancy. His mother, the Lady Mary Maule, eldest daughter of George Earl
+of Panmure, gave birth to eight sons, and a daughter. Of the sons, the
+Earl of Mar and his brothers, James Erskine of the Grange, afterwards
+the husband of the famous and unfortunate Lady Grange; and Henry, killed
+at the battle of Almanza in 1707, alone attained the age of manhood.
+The only sister of Lord Mar, Lady Jean, was married to Sir Hugh Paterson
+of Bannockburn, in Stirlingshire.
+
+The Earl of Mar succeeded to the possession and management of estates,
+heavily encumbered, in 1696.[10] His qualities of mind and person, at
+this early period of his life, were not eminently pleasing. His
+countenance, though strongly marked, had none of the attributes of
+intellectual strength. In person he is said to have been deformed,
+although his portrait by Kneller was skilfully contrived to hide that
+defect; his complexion was fair: he was short in stature. In his early
+youth the Earl is declared by historians who were adverse to the
+Stuarts, to have been initiated into every species of licentious
+dissipation, by Neville Payne: and the young nobleman is characterized
+as "the scandal of his name."[11] Although his ancestors had been
+devotedly attached to the interests of the exiled family, yet, it was to
+be shewn how far Mar preferred those interests to his own, or upon what
+principles he eventually adopted the cause of hereditary monarchy, which
+had already brought so much inconvenience, and so many losses to his
+father and grandfather.
+
+The first political prepossessions of the young Earl must certainly have
+been those of the Cavaliers; such was the name by which the party
+continued to be called who still desired the restoration of James the
+Second, and fervidly believed in the fruition of their hopes. His
+father had indeed, to use the words of Lockhart of Carnwath, "embarked
+with the Revolution;" but had given tokens of his deep contrition for
+that act, so inconsistent with his hereditary allegiance. But the
+unformed opinions of the young are far more easily swayed by events
+which are passing before their eyes than by the cool reasonings of the
+closet; and the inclinations of the Earl of Mar's childhood were likely
+soon to be effaced by the state of public affairs. The later occurrences
+of the reign of William the Third were calculated not only to repress
+the spirit of Jacobitism, but to shame even the most enthusiastic of its
+partisans out of a scheme which the sagacity of William had defeated,
+and which his wisdom had taught him to forgive. It was in the year 1696,
+just as the Earl of Mar succeeded to his title, that the projected
+invasion of the kingdom, and the scheme of assassinating the King, were
+defeated:--that William, hastening to the House of Commons, gave to the
+nation an account of the whole conspiracy. The House of Commons, without
+rising from their seats, then "declared that William was their rightful
+king, and that they would defend him with their lives." It was at this
+important aera that James the Second, after long waiting at Calais, and
+casting thence many a wishful look towards England, returned to St.
+Germains, "to thank God that he had lost his country, because it had
+saved his soul."[12] The hopes of the Cavaliers were thus wholly
+extinguished: and to these circumstances were the first observations of
+the youthful Earl of Mar doubtless directed.
+
+His guardians, seemingly desirous of retrieving the affairs of the
+family, had endeavoured to imbue his mind with Revolution
+principles;[13] and the famous association which acknowledged the title
+of William to the throne of England, framed about this time, was signed
+by many who became in after life the friends of the Earl of Mar. This
+was precisely the period when that political profligacy, too justly
+charged upon the leading men in this country, and which induced them,
+under the impression that the exiled family would be eventually
+restored, to correspond with the Court of St. Germains, was
+tranquillized, although not eradicated by the great policy and
+forbearance of William.[14] That single reply of William's to Charnock,
+who had trafficked between France and England with these negotiations,
+and who offered to disclose to the King the names of those who had
+employed him;--these few words, "I do not wish to hear them,"[15] did
+more to soothe discontents, and to repress the violence of faction, than
+the subsequent executions in the reign of George the First.
+
+The Earl of Mar, left as he was at the early age of fourteen to his own
+guidance, very soon displayed a remarkable prudence in his pecuniary
+affairs, and a desire to repair by good management the fortunes of his
+family,--a point which he accomplished, to a certain extent. His
+dawning character shewed him to be shrewd and wary, but possessing no
+extended views, and disposed to rest his hopes of elevation and
+distinction upon petty intrigues, rather than to look upon probity and
+exertion as the true basis of greatness. His great talent consisted in
+the management of his designs, "in which," remarks one who knew him
+well, "it was hard to find him out when he desired to be incognito; and
+thus he shewed himself to be a man of good sense, but bad morals."[16]
+
+On the 8th of September, 1696, the Earl of Mar took his seat in the
+Scottish Parliament, protesting, as his forefathers had done, against
+any Scottish Earl being called before him in the Roll. He became a
+frequent, but indifferent speaker in Parliament; but his continual
+activity, and the address which he soon acquired as the fruit of
+experience, together with the position which he held, as one generally
+understood to be well affected to the new order of things, yet of
+sufficient importance to be gained over to the other side, soon made him
+an object for party spirit to assail.
+
+During the reign of William, the Earl of Mar continued constant to the
+side to which he had declared himself to belong. His pecuniary
+embarrassments, acting upon a restless, ambitious temper, rendered it
+difficult to a man weak in principle to retain independence of
+character: and it must be avowed, that there are few temptations to
+depart from the road of integrity more urgent than the desire to raise
+an ancient name to its original splendour. No encumbrances are so
+likely to drag their victim away from integrity as those by which rank
+is clogged with poverty.
+
+In April, 1697, Lord Mar was chosen a privy councillor; and shortly
+afterwards invested with the Order of the Thistle; and the command of a
+company of foot bestowed upon him. On the death of William his fortune
+was rather improved than deteriorated, although he continued to attach
+himself to the Revolution Party, who, it was generally understood, were
+very far from being acceptable to the Queen. "At her accession,"
+declares a Jacobite writer, "the Presbyterians looked upon themselves as
+undone; despair appeared in their countenances, which were more upon the
+melancholic and dejected than usual." The management of Scottish affairs
+was, nevertheless, entirely in the hands of the advocates of the
+Revolution; and one of their greatest supporters, the Duke of
+Queensbury, was appointed High Commissioner of the Scottish Parliament,
+notwithstanding the representations of some of the most powerful
+nobility in Scotland.
+
+To the party of this celebrated politician the Earl of Mar attached
+himself, with a tenacity for which those who recollected the hereditary
+politics of the Erskine family, could find no motives but self-interest.
+James, Duke of Queensbury, was, it is true, the son of one of the most
+active partisans of the Stuart family, to whom the house of Queensbury
+owed both its ducal rank and princely fortune. Possessed of good
+abilities, but devoid of application, and with the disadvantage to a
+public man of being of an easy, indolent temper, this celebrated
+promoter of the union between Scotland and England, had acquired, by
+courtesy, and by a long administration of affairs, a singular influence
+over his countrymen. His character has been written with a pen that
+could scarcely find sufficient invectives for those politicians who, in
+the opinion of the writer, were the ruin of their country. The Duke of
+Queensbury falls under the heaviest censures. "To outward appearance,"
+says Lockhart, "he was of a gentle and good disposition, but inwardly a
+very devil, standing at nothing to advance his own interest and designs.
+Though his hypocrisy and dissimulation served him very much, yet he
+became so well known, that no man, except such as were his nearest
+friends, and _socii criminis_, gave him any trust; and so little regard
+had he to his promises and vows, that it was observed and notorious,
+that if he was at any pains to convince you of his friendship, and by
+swearing and imprecating curses on himself and family to assure you of
+his sincerity, then, to be sure, he was doing you underhand all the
+mischief in his power."[17]
+
+These characteristics must be viewed as proceeding from the pen of a
+partisan; nor can we wonder at the contrariety of opinion which prevails
+respecting any public man who proposes a great and startling measure.
+Honours, places, and a pension were showered down upon this most
+fortunate of ministers; and his career is remarkable as having been
+cheered by the favour of four sovereigns of very different tempers. In
+his early youth, after his return from his travels, the Duke of
+Queensbury was appointed a Privy Councillor of Scotland by Charles the
+Second. He held the same post under James the Second, but resigned it in
+1688. The reserved and doubting William of Orange placed him near his
+person, making him a Lord of the Bedchamber, and captain of his Dutch
+guard; eventually he became Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, and--to
+abridge a list of numerous employments and honours--Lord High
+Commissioner of Scotland. So far had Queensbury's fortunes begun with
+the Stuarts and continued under the House of Orange. It appeared
+unlikely that the successor of William--she who in her first speech
+announced that her heart was "wholly English," to mark the distinction
+between herself and the foreigner who had sat on the throne before
+her,--would adopt as her own representative in Scotland the favourite of
+William; yet she continued Queensbury in that high station which it was
+believed none could fill so adequately in the disturbed and refractory
+kingdom of Scotland.[18]
+
+During the early years of Queen Anne's reign, and in the season of his
+own comparative prosperity, the young Earl of Mar entered into his first
+marriage, at Twickenham, with Lady Margaret Hay, daughter of John Earl
+of Kinnoul. The wife whom he thus selected was the daughter of a house
+originally adverse to the principles of the Revolution. William Earl of
+Kinnoul, in the time of James the Second, had remained at St. Germains
+with that monarch. But the same change which had manifested the
+political course of Lord Mar, had been apparent in the father of Lady
+Margaret Hay. The Earl of Kinnoul was afterwards one of the
+Commissioners for the Union, and supported that treaty in Parliament;
+yet, when the Rebellion of 1715 commenced, this nobleman was one of the
+suspected persons who were summoned to surrender themselves, and was
+committed a prisoner to Edinburgh Castle. His daughter, the Countess of
+Mar, was happily spared from witnessing the turmoils of that period.
+Married in her seventeenth year, she lived only four years with a
+husband whose character was but partially developed, when, in 1707, she
+died at the age of twenty-one, having given birth to two sons. She was
+buried at the family seat at Alloa Castle, an ancient fortress, built in
+the year 1300, one turret of which still remaining rises ninety feet
+from the ground. Seven years intervened before Lord Mar supplied the
+place of his lost wife by another union.
+
+His days were, indeed, consumed in public affairs, varied by the
+improvement of his Scottish estates, embellishing the tower of Alloa by
+laying out beautiful gardens in that wilderness style of planting which
+the Earl first introduced into Scotland.[19] He had the reward of
+seeing his efforts succeed, the gardens of Alloa being much eulogized
+and visited. This was by no means Lord Mar's only recreation;
+architecture was his delight, and he introduced into London the
+celebrated Gibbs, who, out of gratitude, eventually bequeathed a large
+portion of his fortune to the children of the Earl.[20] It is refreshing
+to view this busy and versatile politician in this light before we
+plunge into the depths of those intricate politics which form the
+principal features of his life.
+
+It was during the year 1703 that a political association or club was
+framed consisting of the chief nobility and gentlemen of fortune and
+afterwards known by the name of the _Squadrone Volante_. They acquired
+distinguished popularity and influence by the patriotic character of the
+measures which they introduced into the Scottish Parliament; and by
+their professions of being free from any court interest, they gained the
+confidence of the country. They were firm friends of the Revolution
+party, great sticklers to the Protestant succession, forming a _separate
+band_ distinct from the Whigs, yet opposed to the Cavaliers, or, as they
+were afterwards called, Jacobites. The power of the Squadrone was, in a
+great measure, the result of those jarring counsels in the Scottish
+Parliament, which only coalesced upon one theme,--independence of
+England--interference of "foreign" or English counsels, as they were
+termed. This combination was headed by the Duke of Montrose, the Marquis
+of Tweedale, and several other Scottish noblemen, to whom adhered thirty
+commoners.[21]
+
+During the existence of this association, the celebrated "Queensbury
+affair," as it was usually called, involved the temporary disgrace of
+the Duke of Queensbury, and first brought to view those convenient
+doctrines of expediency which afterwards formed so marked a feature in
+the character of Lord Mar.
+
+The "sham plot," as it is called by Jacobite writers, was a supposed
+intended invasion of Great Britain, disclosed to the Duke of Queensbury
+by Simon Fraser of Beaufort, afterwards Lord Lovat; whose very name
+seems to have suggested to his contemporaries, as it has since done to
+posterity, the combination of all that is subtle, treacherous, and base,
+with all that is dangerous, desperate, and remorseless in conduct.
+
+This tool of the court of St. Germains came over from France, in company
+with John Murray, who was sent to watch his proceedings, and also to aid
+his object in procuring the promises of the most distinguished Highland
+chieftains to the furtherance of the projected invasion of England. The
+assistance of Captain Murray was conjoined on this occasion, the
+fidelity of that gentleman having been ascertained by the court of St.
+Germains; whilst there existed not a human being who did not
+instinctively distrust Beaufort: to Mary of Modena, who far more
+ardently desired the restoration of the Stuarts than her consort James,
+he was peculiarly obnoxious.
+
+The exiled Queen's fears proved well founded, for no sooner had Beaufort
+landed in England, than he formed the scheme of converting this secret
+enterprise into a means of obtaining reward and protection from the Duke
+of Argyle, whose mediation with the Duke of Queensbury he required for
+private reasons; he therefore notified his arrival to Argyle, who had
+been his early and hereditary friend, offering at the same time to make
+great disclosures, if he had previous assurances of remuneration.
+
+Such is the account of most impartial writers, and more especially of
+those who lean to the Whig party: but, by the Jacobites, the very
+existence of a conspiracy to invade England at this time was denied, and
+the whole affair was declared to be a scheme of the Duke of Queensbury's
+to undermine the reputation of the Cavaliers, and "to find a pretence to
+vent his wrath, and execute his malice against those who thwarted his
+arbitrary designs," for the completion of a treaty of union between
+Scotland and England, which had been in contemplation ever since the
+days of William the Third.[22]
+
+After much deliberation the Duke of Queensbury was induced to have
+several communications with Fraser of Beaufort, and to listen to the
+information which he gave, all of which the Duke transmitted to Queen
+Anne, although he concealed the name of his informant. In consequence of
+Fraser's disclosures, several persons coming from France to England were
+apprehended on suspicion of being engaged in the Pretender's service,
+and an universal alarm was spread, as well as a distrust of the motives
+and proceedings of Queensbury, who thus acted upon the intelligence of
+an avowed spy, and noted outlaw, like Fraser. A temporary loss of
+Queensbury's political sway in Scotland was the result, and a consequent
+increase of power to the Squadrone Volante.
+
+It was at this juncture that the Earl of Mar came forward as the
+advocate of the Duke of Queensbury's measures, and the opponent of the
+Squadrone Volante, who had now completely fixed upon themselves that
+name, from their pretending to act by themselves, and to cast the
+balance of contending parties in Parliament. The opposition of Lord Mar
+to the Squadrone was peculiarly acceptable to the Tories, or Cavaliers,
+who had recently applied to that faction to assist them in the defence
+of their country against the Union, but who had been greeted with an
+indignant and resolute refusal.
+
+The Earl of Mar therefore appeared as the champion of the Cavaliers, and
+for the first time won their confidence and approbation. "He headed,"
+writes the bitter and yet truthful Lockhart, "such of the Duke of
+Queensbury's friends as opposed the Marquis of Tweedale and his party's
+designs; and that with such art and dissimulation, that he gained the
+favour of all the Tories, and was by them esteemed an honest man, and
+well inclined to the royal family. Certain it is, he vowed and protested
+as much many a time; but no sooner was the Marquis of Tweedale and his
+party dispossessed, than he returned as a dog to the vomit, and promoted
+all the court of England's measures with the greatest zeal
+imaginable."[23] The three parties in the Scottish Parliament, according
+to the same authority, consisted of the Cavaliers,--that remnant of the
+Jacobite party which remained vigorous, more especially in the
+Highlands, since the days of Dundee,--of the Squadrone, "or _outer_
+court party," and of the present court party, consisting of true blue
+Presbyterians and Revolutioners.[24] With the interests of the latter
+party the Earl of Mar was undoubtedly engaged.
+
+Scotland was at this time, and continued for several years, racked with
+dissensions regarding the Treaty of Union. No one can form an adequate
+idea of the heartburnings, feuds, parties, and tumults, by which that
+great measure was preceded, and followed, without looking into the
+contemporary writers, whose aim it ever is to heighten the picture of
+passing events; whereas the calm historian subdues it into one general
+effect of keeping.
+
+The Earl of Mar took a prominent part in seconding the treaty; no man's
+commencement of a career could be more opposed to its termination than
+that of this politician of easy virtue. The Duke of Queensbury was for
+some time so hated in Scotland as scarcely to venture to appear there,
+but contented himself with sending the Duke of Argyle as commissioner,
+and "using him as the monkey did the cat in pulling out the hot roasted
+chesnut." But when he was, after an interval, reinstated in power, Lord
+Mar was again his devoted ally. The influence of the Duke over every
+mind with which he came into collision was, indeed, almost irresistible.
+"I cannot but wonder," remarks the indignant Lockhart, "at the influence
+he had over all men of sense, quality, and estate; men that had, at
+least many of them, no dependance on him, yet were so deluded as to
+serve his ambitious designs, contrary to the acknowledged dictates of
+their own conscience."[25]
+
+In 1706, in the beginning of the session of Parliament, the Earl of Mar
+presented the draught of an Act for appointing Commissioners, to treat
+of an Union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England. Thus was he the
+instrument of first presenting to the Scotch that measure so revolting
+to their prejudices, so singularly distasteful to a proud and
+independent people. It is impossible to judge how far Lord Mar was
+convinced of the expediency of the Treaty, or whether he was, in secret,
+one of those who feigned an affection for the measure, whilst, in their
+hearts, they wished for the preponderance of the votes against it. The
+Treaty of Union was espoused by those in whose opinions Lord Mar had
+been nurtured,--and originally, according to De Foe, it had been mooted
+by William the Third, who declared that this Island would never be easy
+without an union. "I have done all I can in that affair," he once
+observed; "but I do not see a temper in either nation that looks like
+it: it may be done, but not yet."[26]
+
+The Treaty, retarded by many interests, clashing between nations, but,
+more especially, by the burning recollections of massacred countrymen in
+the blood-stained valley of Glencoe, was now brought into discussion
+just when the Earl of Mar was at that age when a thirst for gain, or an
+ambition to rise is unquenched, in general, by disappointment. Differing
+in one respect from many Cavaliers, in being of a family strictly
+Protestant, Lord Mar had not the inducement which operated upon the
+Catholics, in their undiminished, ardent desire to restore the young
+Prince of Wales to the throne. Differing, again, in another respect from
+many of the Jacobites, Lord Mar had not the tie of a personal knowledge
+of the exiled King to fix his fidelity; or, what was considered far more
+likely to have sealed his, or any adherent allegiance, he had enjoyed no
+opportunities of cultivating the favour of the enthusiastic, bigoted,
+and yet intelligent Mary of Modena, whose exertions for her family kept
+alive the spirit of Jacobitism during the decline of her royal devotee
+and the childhood of her son. Lord Mar seems to have been reared
+entirely in Scotland, and he might perhaps come under the description
+given by the eloquent Lord Belhaven of a Whig in Scotland:--"A true,
+blue Presbyterian, who, without considering time or power, will venture
+all for the Kirk, but something less for the State;"[27] but that his
+subsequent conduct contradicts this supposition.
+
+The Treaty struggled on through a powerful and memorable opposition. It
+is a curious instance of Scottish pride, that one of the objections made
+to the Commissioners appointed to treat of the Union, was, that there
+were six or eight newly-raised families amongst them, and but few of
+the great and ancient names of Hamilton, Graham, Murray, Erskine, and
+many others.[28] Never was there so much domestic misery and
+humiliation, abroad, for poor Scotland, as during the progress of this
+Treaty. The fame of Marlborough, and the fortunes of Godolphin, were now
+at their zenith; they were considered as the great arbiters of Scottish
+affairs,--the Queen being only applied to for the sake of form. These
+two great statesmen treated the Scottish noblemen to whom the Cavaliers
+entrusted the success of their representations, with a lofty insolence,
+which galled the proud Highlanders, and went to their very hearts.
+
+"I myself," writes the author of Memoirs of Scotland, "out of curiosity,
+went sometimes to their levees, where I saw the Commissioners, the Duke
+of Queensbury, the Chancellor, the Secretary, Lord Mar, and other great
+men of Scotland, hang on near an hour; and when admitted, treated with
+no more civility than one gentleman pays another's valet-de-chambre; and
+for which the Scots have none to blame but themselves, for had they
+valued themselves as they ought to have done, and not so meanly and
+sneakingly prostituted their honour and country to the will and pleasure
+of the English Ministry, they would never have presumed to usurp such a
+dominion over Scotland, as openly and avowedly to consult upon and
+determine in Scots' affairs."[29]
+
+At home, the spirit of party ran to an extent which cannot be called
+insane, because the interests at stake were those dearest to a
+high-spirited people. "Factions," exclaimed Lord Belhaven, "in
+Parliament, are now become independent, and have got footing in
+councils, in parliaments, in treaties, in armies, in incorporations, in
+families, among kindred; yea, man and wife are not free from them."[30]
+"Hannibal, my Lord," he cried, in one of what Lockhart calls his long
+premeditated harangues, "Hannibal is at our gates; Hannibal is come the
+length of this table; he is at the foot of this throne: he will demolish
+the throne; if we take not notice, he will seize upon these regalia;
+he'll take them as our _spolia opima_, and whip us out of this House,
+never to return again."
+
+In order to understand the effect of the Act of Union upon the hopes of
+the Jacobite party, it is necessary to take into consideration the
+following facts. The Act of the English Parliament, by which the Crown
+had been settled on Queen Mary and her sister, extended only to the
+Princess Anne and her issue. After the death of the Duke of Gloucester,
+and about the end of the reign of William the Third, another settlement
+was made, by which the Crown was settled on the House of Hanover; but no
+similar Act was passed in Scotland. And at the beginning of Queen Anne's
+reign, and until after the Union, the Scottish Parliament were legally
+possessed of a power to introduce again the exiled family into Great
+Britain.[31]
+
+During the course of the negotiations for the Treaty of Union, the Earl
+of Mar formed an alliance with the celebrated Duke of Hamilton. In the
+consideration of public affairs at this period, it may not appear a
+digression to give some insight into the character of one who headed the
+chief party in the Scottish Parliament, and with whom the Earl of Mar
+was, at this period of his life, in frequent intercourse.
+
+James Duke of Hamilton was at this period nearly fifty years of age. His
+youth had been passed in the gay court of Charles the Second, as one of
+the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber of that monarch,--an office which he
+only relinquished to become Ambassador Extraordinary to France, where he
+remained long enough to serve in two campaigns under Louis the
+Fourteenth. Upon the death of Charles the Second, Louis recommended the
+young nobleman, then termed Earl of Arran, strongly and essentially to
+James the Second, who made him Master of his Wardrobe, and appointed him
+to other offices.
+
+Under these circumstances it is not surprising that in the honest and
+warm feelings of the Duke of Hamilton, affection for the Stuarts should
+form a principal feature. He had the courage to adhere firmly to James
+the Second, amid the general obloquy, and to accompany the monarch on
+his abdication to his embarkation at Rochester. "I can distinguish," he
+said, at a meeting of the Scottish nobility in London, over which his
+father, the Duke of Hamilton presided, "between the King's popery and
+his person. I dislike the one, but have sworn to do allegiance to the
+other, which makes it impossible to withhold that which I cannot forbear
+believing is the King my master's right: for his present absence in
+France can no more affect my duty, than his longer absence from us has
+done all this while."
+
+Notwithstanding these professions, upon the unfortunate conclusion of
+the affair of Darien, the Earl of Arran, after twice encountering
+imprisonment upon account of the Stuarts, esteemed it his duty to his
+country to take the oaths to King William, in order to qualify himself
+to sit in Parliament.
+
+The character of the Duke of Hamilton presents a favourable specimen of
+the well-principled and well-intentioned Scotchman, with the
+acknowledged virtues and obvious defects of the national character. He
+was disinterested in great matters, refusing many opportunities of
+worldly advantage, and bearing for the first eight years of his public
+career, a retirement which is always more galling to an ambitious temper
+than actual danger; yet, it was supposed, and not without reason, that,
+whilst his heart was with the Cavaliers, or country party, the
+considerations of his great estate in England occasioned a lukewarmness
+in his political conduct, and broke down his opposition to the Union.
+Wary and cautious, he could thus sacrifice his present hopes of a
+distinction which his talents would have readily attained, to his
+adherence to a lost cause; but his resolution failed when the sacrifice
+of what many might deem inferior interests, was required.
+
+The Duke soon formed a considerable party in the Parliament; and his
+empire over the affections of his countrymen grew daily. To those to
+whom he confided, the Duke was gracious and unbending; but a suspicion
+of an insult recalled the native haughtiness attributable to his
+house.[32] "Frank, honest, and good-natured," as he was esteemed by
+Swift, and displaying on his dark, coarse countenance, the
+characteristics of good sense and energy, the Duke was a bitter and
+vindictive foe[33]--characteristics of his age, and of a nation
+undoubtedly prone to wreak a singular and remorseless revenge on all who
+offend the hereditary pride, or militate against the prejudices of its
+people.
+
+Endowed with these qualities, the whole career of James Duke of Hamilton
+was a struggle between his love for his country, and his consideration
+for what he esteemed its truest interests, and his desire to support the
+claims of the royal family of Stuart. His political career has been
+criticised by writers of every faction; but it must be judged of as
+having taken place in times of peculiar difficulty, and a due credit
+should be given to the motives of one who displayed, during the greater
+portion of his life, forbearance and consistency. "Had not his loyalty
+been so unalterable," writes Lockhart, "and that he would never engage
+in King William's and his Government's service, and his love to his
+country induced him to oppose that King and England's injustice and
+encroachments on it, no doubt he had made as great a figure in the world
+as any other whatsoever, and that either in a civil or military
+capacity."[34] "The Duke of Hamilton's love for his country," observes a
+contemptuous, anonymous assailant, "made him leave London, and follow
+King James, who had enslaved it. His love to his country had engaged him
+in several plots to restore that prince, and with him, tyranny and
+idolatry, poverty and slavery."[35] Upon the odious principle of always
+seeking out for the lowest and the most selfish motive that can actuate
+the conduct of men,--a principle which is thought by weak and bad minds
+to display knowledge of the world, but which, in fact, more often
+betrays ignorance,--another part of his conduct was misjudged. The
+reluctance of the Duke of Hamilton, in 1704, to nominate a successor to
+the throne of England, before framing the treaty touching "the Commerce
+of Scotland and other Concerns," was ascribed by many to the remote hope
+of succeeding to the Crown, since, in case of the exclusion of the
+Princess Sophia and her descendants, his family was the next in
+succession, of the Protestant Faith. Such was one of the reasons
+assigned for the wise endeavour which this nobleman exerted to prevent
+an invasion of the kingdom by James Stuart during the reign of Anne, and
+such the motive adduced for his advice to the Chevalier to maintain
+terms of amity with his royal sister. It was the cause calumniously
+assigned of his supposed decline in attachment to the exiled family.[36]
+
+But, notwithstanding the inference thus deduced, the Duke of Hamilton
+continued to enjoy, in no ordinary degree, popular applause and the
+favour of Queen Anne, until his tragical death in 1712 occurring just
+before the Rebellion of 1715, spared him the perplexity of deciding on
+which side he should embark in that perilous and ill-omened
+insurrection.
+
+This celebrated statesman,--one who never entered into a new measure,
+nor formed a project, ("though in doing thereof," says Lockhart, "he was
+too cautious") that he did not prosecute his designs with a courage that
+nothing could daunt,--now determined to win over the Earl of Mar from
+the Duke of Queensbury. The Duke of Hamilton was the more induced to the
+attempt, from the frequent protestations made by the Earl of Mar of his
+love for the exiled family; and he applied himself to the task of
+gaining this now important ally with all the skill which experience and
+shrewdness could supply. Hamilton was considered invincible in such
+undertakings, and was master of a penetration which no one could
+withstand. "Never was," writes Lockhart, "a man so qualified to be the
+head of a party as himself; for he could, with the greatest dexterity,
+apply himself to, and sift through, the inclinations of different
+parties, and so cunningly manage them, that he gained some of all to
+his." But the Duke met in Lord Mar with one equally skilled in diving
+into motives, and in bending the will of others to his own projects. In
+the encounter of these two minds, the Duke is said to have been worsted
+and disarmed; and the Earl of Mar, by his insinuations, is suspected to
+have materially influenced the conduct of that great leader of party. "I
+have good reason to suppose," says Lockhart, "that his Grace's appearing
+with less zeal and forwardness in this ensuing than in former
+Parliaments, is attributable to some agreement passed between them
+two."[37]
+
+For the effect of his newly-acquired influence over the Duke of
+Hamilton, and for his other services in promoting the Union, the Earl of
+Mar was amply rewarded. During the Parliament of 1705, he was
+constituted one of the Commissioners of that Treaty, his name being
+third on the list. In 1706, he was appointed one of the Secretaries of
+State for Scotland; and afterwards, upon the loss of that office, in
+consequence of the Union between the two countries, he was compensated
+by being made Keeper of the Signet, with the addition of a pension.[38]
+Those who were the promoters of the Treaty must have required some
+consolation for the general opprobrium into which the measure brought
+the Commissioners. The indignant populace converted the name of
+"Treaters" into Traitors: the Parliament Close resounded with "very free
+language," denouncing the "Traitors." That picturesque enclosure, since
+destroyed by fire, was crowded by a vehement multitude, who rushed into
+the outer Parliament House to denounce the Duke of Queensbury and his
+party, and to cheer the Duke of Hamilton, whom they followed to his
+residence in Holyrood House, exhorting him to stand by his country, and
+assuring him of support. The tumults were, indeed, soon quelled by
+military force; but the deliberations of Parliament were carried on at
+the risk of summary vengeance upon the "Traitors:" and the eloquence of
+members was uttered between walls which were guarded, during the whole
+session, by all the military force that Edinburgh could command. The
+Duke of Queensbury was obliged to walk "as if he had been led to the
+gallows,"[39] through two lanes of musqueteers, from the Parliament
+House to the Cross, where his coach stood; no coaches, nor any person
+who was not a member, being allowed to enter the Parliament Close
+towards evening: and he was conveyed in his carriage to the Abbey,
+surrounded both by horse and foot guards.
+
+On the 1st of May, 1707, the Articles of Union were ratified by the
+Parliament of England. That day has been set down by the opponents of
+the measure as one never to be forgotten by Scotland,--the loss of their
+independence and sovereignty. Superstition marked every stage of the
+measure as happening upon some date adverse to the Stuarts. On the
+fourth of November the first Article of the Union was approved; on a
+fourth of November was William of Orange born. On the eighth of January
+the Peerage was renounced; on an eighth of January was the warrant for
+the Murder at Glencoe signed. The ratification of the Article of Union
+was on the sixteenth of January. On a sixteenth of January was the
+sentence of Charles the First pronounced. The dissolution of the
+Scottish Parliament took place upon the twenty-fifth of March, according
+to the Old Style, New Year's Day: that concession might therefore be
+esteemed a New-year's Gift to the English.
+
+Finally,--The Equivalent, or Compensation Money, that is, "the price of
+Scotland," came to Edinburgh on the fifth of August, the day on which
+the Earl of Gowrie designed to murder James the Sixth.[40]
+
+The discontents and tumults which attended the progress of the Union ran
+throughout the whole country, and pervaded all ranks of people. Yet it
+is remarkable, that the nobility of Scotland should have been the first
+to fail in their opposition to the measure; and that the middle ranks,
+together with the lowest of the people, should have been foremost to
+withstand what they considered as insulting to the independence of their
+country. The very name and antiquity of their kingdom was dear to them,
+although there remained, after the removal of James the First into
+England, little more than "a vain shadow of a name, a yoke of slavery,
+and image of a kingdom."[41] It was in vain that the Duke of Hamilton
+had called, in the beginning of the debates on this measure, upon the
+families of "Bruce, Campbell, Douglas," not to desert their country: the
+opposition to the Union was bought over, with many exceptions, with a
+price;--twenty thousand pounds being sent over to the Lords
+Commissioners to employ in this manner, twelve thousand pounds of which
+were, however, returned to the English Treasury, there being no more who
+would accept the bribe. The Earl of Mar and the Earl of Seafield had
+privately secured their own reward, having bargained "for greater
+matters than could be agreed upon while the kingdom of Scotland stood in
+safety."[42]
+
+Amidst the resentment of the Scotch for their insulted dignity, it is
+amusing to find that this Union of the two countries could be deemed
+derogatory to English dignity; yet Dean Swift, among others, considered
+it in that light. "Swift's hatred to the Scottish nation," observes Sir
+Walter Scott, "led him to look upon that Union with great resentment, as
+a measure degrading to England. The Scottish themselves hardly detested
+the idea more than he did; and that is saying as much as possible."[43]
+
+Swift vented his wrath in the verses beginning with these lines:
+
+    "The Queen has lately lost a part
+    Of her entirely-English heart,[44]
+    For want of which, by way of botch,
+    She piec'd it up again with Scotch.
+    Blest Revolution! which creates
+    Divided hearts, united states!
+    See how the double nation lies
+    Like a rich coat with skirts of frize:
+    As if a man in making posies,
+    Should bundle thistles up with roses!"
+
+That the conduct of Lord Mar throughout this Treaty was regarded with
+avowed suspicion, the following anecdote tends to confirm: Lord
+Godolphin, at that time First Lord of the Treasury, wishing to tamper
+with one of a combination against the Queensbury faction, sent to offer
+that individual a place if he would discover to him how the combination
+was formed, and in what manner it might be broken. But the gentleman
+whose fidelity he thus assailed, was true to his engagements; and
+returned an indignant answer, desiring the Lord Treasurer's agent "not
+to think that he was treating with such men as Mar and Seafield."[45]
+
+At this time the Earl of Mar was said to be in the full enjoyment of
+Lord Godolphin's confidence, and to have been one of those whom the
+treasurer consulted, in settling the government of Scotland. The rumour
+was not conducive to his comfort or well-being in his native country;
+and the Earl appears to have passed much more time in intrigues in
+London than among the gardens of Alloa.
+
+It was not long before the effects of the general discontent were
+manifested in the desire of the majority of the Scottish nation to
+restore the descendant of their ancient kings to the throne, and even
+the Cameronians and Presbyterians were willing to pass over the
+objection of his being a Papist. "God may convert the Prince," they
+said, "or he may have Protestant children, but the Union never can be
+good."[46] The middle orders openly expressed their anxiety to welcome a
+Prince to their shores, whom they regarded as a deliverer: the nobility
+and gentry, though more cautious, yet were equally desirous to see the
+honour of their nation, in their own sense of it, restored.
+Episcopalians, Cavaliers, and Revolutionists, were unanimous, or, to use
+the Scots' proverb, "were all one man's bairns." This state of public
+feeling was soon communicated to St. Germains, and Colonel Hooke, famous
+for his negotiations, was, according to the writer of the Memoirs,
+"pitched upon by the French King, and palmed upon the court of St.
+Germains, and dispatched to sound the intentions of the principal
+Scottish nobility." This agent arrived in Scotland in the month of March,
+1707. The paper containing assurances of aid to James Stuart was signed
+by sixteen noblemen and gentlemen; but the Earl of Mar was, at that
+time, engaged in a very different undertaking, and was in close amity
+with Sunderland, Godolphin, and the heads of the Whig party.
+
+The spring of 1708 discovered the designs of Louis, and the news of
+great preparations at Dunkirk spread consternation in England. At this
+juncture, the first in which the son of James the Second was called upon
+to play a part in that drama of which he was the ill-starred hero, the
+usual fate of his race befel him. He came to Dunkirk hastily, and in
+private, intending to pass over alone to the Firth of Forth. He was
+attacked by the measles; at a still more critical moment of his
+melancholy life, he was the victim of ague: both of them ignoble
+diseases, which seem to have little concern with the affairs of royalty.
+The delay of the Prince's illness, although shortened by the peremptory
+commands of the French King to proceed, was fatal, for the English fleet
+had time to make preparations. A storm drove the French fleet
+northwards; in the tempest the unfortunate adventurer passed the Firth
+of Forth and Aberdeen; and although the fleet retraced its course to the
+Isle of May, it was only to flee back to France, daunted as the French
+admirals were by the proximity of Sir George Byng and the English fleet,
+who chased the enemy along the coasts of Fife and Angus. It was shortly
+after this event that the Pretender, upon whose head a price of a
+hundred thousand pounds was set by the English Government, first
+assumed the title of Chevalier of St. George, in order to spare himself
+the expense of field equipage in the campaign in Flanders.
+
+The conduct of the Earl of Mar, in relation to conspiracy, has been
+alluded to rather than declared by historians. He is supposed not to
+have been, in secret, unfavourable to the undertaking. He was,
+nevertheless, active in giving to the Earl of Sunderland the names of
+the disaffected with whom he was generally supposed to be too well
+acquainted. Many of those who were suspected were brought to London, and
+were in some instances committed to prison, in others confined to their
+own houses. On this occasion the advice of the great Marlborough was
+followed, and the guilty were not proceeded against with more severity
+than was necessary for the Queen's safety. The same generous policy was
+in after times remembered, in mournful contrast with a very different
+spirit.
+
+It was the ill-fortune of Mar to give satisfaction to none of those who
+had looked on the course of public affairs during the recent
+transactions; nor was it ever his good fortune to inspire confidence in
+his motives. Some notion may be formed of the thraldom of party in
+Scotland by the following anecdote:--
+
+In 1711-12 the Queen conferred upon the Duke of Hamilton a patent for an
+English dukedom; but this, according to a vote of the House of Lords,
+did not entitle him to sit as a British Peer. Indignant at being
+thought incapable of receiving a grace which the King might confer on
+the meanest commoner, the Scotch Peers took the first opportunity of
+walking out of the House in a body, and refusing to vote or sit in that
+House. In addition to the affront implied by their incapacity of
+becoming British Peers, it was more than hinted that it would not be
+advisable for the independence of the House if the King could confer the
+privileges of British Peers upon a set of nobles whose poverty rendered
+them dependent on the Crown.
+
+Just when this offensive vote of the House was the theme of general
+conversation, Dean Swift encountered the Earl of Mar at Lord Masham's.
+"I was arguing with him, (Lord Mar)," he writes, "about the stubbornness
+and folly of his countrymen; they are so angry about the affair of the
+Duke of Hamilton, whom the Queen has made a Duke of England, and the
+Lords will not admit him. He swears he would vote for us, but dare not,
+because all Scotland would detest him if he did; he should never be
+chosen again, nor be able to live there."[47]
+
+The Earl of Mar continued to be one of the Representative Peers for
+Scotland, having been chosen in 1707, and rechosen at the general
+elections in 1708, 1710, and 1713.[48]
+
+Upon the death of the Duke of Queensbury in 1711, the office of
+Secretary of State for Scotland became vacant, and the Duke of Hamilton
+and the Earl of Mar were rival expectants for the high and important
+post. Government hesitated for some time before filling up the post,
+being disposed rather to abolish it than to offend any party by its
+disposal, and deeming it as an useless expense to the Government; nor
+was it filled up for a considerable time.
+
+The tragical death of one who, with some failings, deserved the
+affection and respect of his country, procured eventually to the Earl of
+Mar the chief management of public affairs in Scotland. Whilst on the
+eve of embarking as Ambassador Extraordinary to France, upon the
+conclusion of the peace of Utrecht, the Duke of Hamilton fell in a duel
+with his brother-in-law, Lord Mohun,--a man whose course of life had
+been stained with blood, but whose crimes had met with a singular
+impunity.
+
+The character of Lord Mohun seems rather to have belonged to the reign
+of Charles the Second, than to the sober period of William and Anne. The
+representative of a very ancient family, he had the misfortune of coming
+to his title when young, while his estate was impoverished. "His quality
+introduced him into the best company," says a contemporary writer, "but
+his wants very often led him into bad." He ran a course of notorious and
+low dissipation, and was twice tried for murder before he was twenty.
+His first offence was the cruel and almost unprovoked murder of William
+Mountford, an accomplished actor, whom Mohun stabbed whilst off his
+guard. The second was the death of Mr. Charles Coote. For these crimes
+Lord Mohun had been tried by his peers, and, strange to say, acquitted.
+On his last acquittal he spoke gracefully before the Peers, expressing
+great contrition for the disgrace which he had brought upon his order,
+and promising to efface it by a better course of life. For some time
+this able but depraved nobleman kept to his resolution, and studied the
+constitution of his country.[49] He became a bold and eloquent speaker
+in the House on the side of the Whigs; and he had attained a
+considerable popularity, when the affair with the Duke of Hamilton
+finished his career before the age of thirty.[50]
+
+A family dispute, exasperated by the different sides taken by these two
+noblemen in Parliament, was the cause of an event which deprived the
+Jacobite party of one of their most valuable and most moderate leaders;
+for had the counsels of the Duke of Hamilton prevailed, the Chevalier
+would never have undertaken the futile invasion of 1708, nor perhaps
+have engaged in the succeeding attempt in 1715. Upon the fortunes of the
+Earl of Mar, the death of the Duke so far operated that it was not until
+all fear of offending the powerful and popular Hamilton was ended by his
+tragical death, that the appointment of Secretary was conferred upon his
+rival. The Whigs were calumniously suspected of having had some unfair
+share in the death of the Duke,--an event which took place in the
+following manner.
+
+Certain offensive words spoken by Lord Mohun in the chambers of a Master
+in Chancery, and addressed to the Duke of Hamilton, brought a
+long-standing enmity into open hostility. On the part of Lord Mohun,
+General Macartney was sent to convey a challenge to the Duke, and the
+place of meeting, time, and other preliminaries were settled by
+Macartney and the Duke over a bottle of claret, at the Rose Tavern, in
+Covent Garden. The hour of eight on the following day was fixed for the
+encounter, and on the fatal morning the Duke drove to the lodgings of
+his friend, Colonel Hamilton, who acted as his second, in Charing Cross,
+and hurried him away. It was afterwards deposed, that on setting out,
+the Colonel, in his haste, forgot his sword; upon which the Duke stopped
+the carriage, and taking his keys from his pocket, desired his servant
+to go to a certain closet in his house, and to bring his mourning-sword,
+which was accordingly done. This was regarded as a fatal omen in those
+days, in which, as Addison describes, a belief in such indications
+existed.
+
+The Duke then drove on to that part of Hyde Park leading to Kensington,
+opposite the Lodge, and getting out, walked to and fro upon the grass
+between the two ponds. Lord Mohun, in the mean time, set out from Long
+Acre with his friend, General Macartney, who seems to have been a worthy
+second of the titled bravo.
+
+Lord Mohun having taken the precaution of ordering some burnt wine to be
+prepared for him upon his return from the rencounter, proceeded to the
+place of appointment, where the Duke awaited him. "I must ask your
+Lordship," said Lord Mohun, "one favour, which is, that these gentlemen
+may have nothing to do with our quarrel." "My Lord," answered the Duke,
+"I leave them to themselves." The parties then threw off their cloaks,
+and all engaged; the seconds, it appears, fighting with as much fury as
+their principals. The park-keepers coming up, found Colonel Hamilton and
+General Macartney struggling together; the General holding the Colonel's
+sword in his left hand, the Colonel pulling at the blade of the
+General's sword. One of the keepers went up to the principals; he found
+Lord Mohun in a position between sitting and lying, bending towards the
+Duke, who was on his knees, leaning almost across Lord Mohun, both
+holding each other's sword fast, both striving and struggling with the
+fury of remorseless hatred. This awful scene was soon closed for ever,
+as far as Mohun was concerned. He expired shortly afterwards, having
+received four wounds, each of which was likely to be mortal. The Duke
+was raised and supported by Colonel Hamilton and one of the keepers; but
+after walking about thirty yards, exclaimed that "he could walk no
+farther," sank down upon the grass, and expired. His lifeless remains,
+mangled with wounds which showed the relentless fury of the encounter,
+were conveyed to St. James's Square, the same morning, while the
+Duchess was still asleep.[51]
+
+Lord Mohun, meanwhile, was carried, by order of General Macartney, to
+the hackney-coach in which he had arrived, and his body conveyed to his
+house in Marlborough Street, where, it was afterwards reported, that
+being flung upon the best bed, his Lady, one of the nieces of Charles
+Gerrard, Earl of Macclesfield, expressed great anger at the soiling of
+her new coverlid, on which the bleeding corpse was deposited.[52]
+
+General Macartney escaped. It appeared on oath that he had made a
+thrust at the Duke, as he was struggling with Mohun; and it being
+generally believed that it was by that wound that the Duke died, an
+address was presented to her Majesty by the Scottish Peers, begging that
+she would write to all the kings and states in alliance with her, not to
+shelter Macartney from justice.[53]
+
+A deep and general grief was shown for the death of the Duke of
+Hamilton. In Scotland mourning was worn, and the churches were hung with
+black. It was in vain that the Duchess offered a reward of three hundred
+pounds for the apprehension of Macartney; the murderer had fled beyond
+seas.
+
+The Cavaliers lost, in Hamilton, an ornament to their party, from the
+strict honour and fidelity of his known character. But the crisis which
+the unfortunate Duke had in vain endeavoured to avert was now at hand,
+and the death of Queen Anne brought with it all those consequences which
+a long series of cabals, during the later disturbed years of the Queen's
+existence, had been gradually ripening into importance.
+
+The Earl of Mar had openly espoused the High-church party in the case of
+Sacheverel; and he had on that account, as well as from the doubt
+generally entertained of his fidelity, little reason to expect from the
+House of Hanover a continuance in office. No sooner had the Queen
+expired, than those whom Lord Mar had long, in secret, been regarding
+with interest, expressed openly their disappointment at the result of
+the last reign.
+
+"The accession of George the First," remarks Dr. Coxe, "was a new era in
+the history of that Government which was established at the Revolution.
+Under William and Anne the Stuart family can scarcely be considered as
+absolutely excluded from the throne; for all parties, except the extreme
+Whigs, looked forward to the possibility of the Stuarts returning to the
+throne. But, in fact, the Revolution was not completed till the actual
+establishment of the Brunswick line, which cut off all hopes of a return
+without a new revolution."[54]
+
+When the news of Queen Anne's dangerous condition reached the Chevalier
+de St. George, he was at Luneville; but he repaired instantly to
+Barleduc, where he held a council. As he entered the council-chamber, he
+was heard to exclaim, "If that Princess dies, I am lost."[55] There was
+no doubt that a correspondence with the exiled family had been carried
+on with great alacrity, during the last few years of Queen Anne's reign,
+with the cognizance of the Sovereign;[56] and that large sums were spent
+by Mary of Modena, and by her son, in procuring intelligence of all
+that was going on in the English Court.
+
+Immediately after the Queen's death, Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester,
+proposed to Lord Bolingbroke to proclaim James at Charing Cross, and
+offered, himself, to head the procession in lawn sleeves. But
+Bolingbroke shrank from the enterprise; and, with an exclamation of
+passion, Atterbury exclaimed,--"There is the best cause in Europe lost
+for want of spirit." The boldness of the proposition, and the ardent
+temper from which it originated, recall, with regret, the remembrance of
+one who, as Lord Hailes in his notes on Atterbury's Correspondence has
+remarked, was "incapable of dark conspiracies."[57]
+
+The Chevalier was then residing at Barleduc, with a suite of sixty
+persons; some of whom boasted of having taken part in the conspiracies
+against William the Third, and were proud of having compassed the death
+of that Sovereign. From time to time, Englishmen of distinction
+travelled from Paris to Barleduc, under pretext of seeing the country,
+but in fact to proffer a secret allegiance to the Prince. The individual
+to whom these attentions were addressed, is described by an anonymous
+emissary of the English Court, as leading a regular life,--hunting when
+the weather permitted, and hearing mass every day with great precision
+and devotion. "Il est fort maigre," adds the same writer, "assez grand;
+son teint est brun, son humeur et sa personne ne sont pas desagreables."
+In another place, it is added, "Il paroit manquer de jugement et de
+resolution:" an opinion, unhappily, too correct.[58] On the question
+being put by Bolingbroke to the Duke of Berwick, whether the Prince was
+a bigot, the answer was in the negative. "Then," said Bolingbroke, "we
+shall have no objection to place him on the throne." This anecdote,
+which was told by the Chevalier himself to Brigadier Nugent, probably
+gave countenance to the rumour spread in England, that James was likely
+to renounce the Catholic faith, and conform to the English Church.[59]
+
+The Earl of Mar and his brother, Lord Grange, were now the two most
+considerable men in Scotland. Lord Grange had been made Lord of Session
+in 1707, and afterwards Lord Justice Clerk, during the three last years
+of Queen Anne's reign. His character presents traits even more repulsive
+and more dangerous than the time-serving and duplicity of the Earl of
+Mar. Lord Grange was one of those men whom the honest adherents to
+either party would, doubtless, gladly have turned over to the other
+side. His abilities, if we judge of the high appointments which he held,
+must have been eminent; but he was devoid of all principle, and was
+capable, if the melancholy and extraordinary history of his unhappy
+wife be true, of the darkest schemes.
+
+It would be difficult to reconcile, in any other man, the discrepancy of
+Lord Grange's real opinions and of his subsequent efforts to restore the
+House of Stuart; but, in a brother of the Earl of Mar, the difficulty
+ceases, and all hopes of consistency, or rather of its origin,
+sincerity, vanish. Lord Grange is declared to have been a "true blue
+republican, and, if he had any religion, at bottom a Presbyterian;" yet
+he was deeply involved in transactions with the Chevalier and his
+friends.[60]
+
+Lord Grange was united to a lady violent in temper, of a dauntless
+spirit, and a determined Hanoverian. Their marriage had been enforced by
+the laws of honour, and was ill-omened from the first; therefore, where
+respect has ceased, affection soon languishes and expires. The daughter
+of Cheisly of Dalry, a man of uncontrolled passions, who shot Sir George
+Lockhart, one of the Lords of Session, for having decided a law-suit
+against him, Mrs. Erskine of Grange, commonly called Lady Grange,
+inherited the determined will of her father. It was said that she had
+compelled Lord Grange to do her justice by marrying her, and "had
+desired him to remember, by way of threat, that she was Cheisly's
+daughter." For this menace she suffered in a way which could only be
+effected in a country like Scotland at that period, and among a people
+held in the thraldom of the clans. Her singular history belongs to a
+later period in the annals of those events in which so much domestic
+happiness was blasted, never to be recovered.[61]
+
+With his brother, Lord Mar was in constant correspondence, during his
+own residence in London; and although Lord Grange was skilful enough to
+conceal his machinations, and to retain his seat on the bench as a
+Scottish judge, there is very little reason to doubt his secret
+co-operation in the subsequent movements of the Earl.
+
+Acting as if "he thought that all things were governed by fate or
+fortune,"[62] George the First remained a long time to settle his own
+affairs in Hanover, before coming to England. This delay was employed by
+the Earl of Mar, in an endeavour to extenuate the tenor of his political
+conduct of late years in the eyes of the Sovereign, and in placing
+before the King the merit of his services and his claims to favour. The
+letter which he addressed to George the First, when in Holland, was
+printed by Tonson, during the year 1715, with prefatory remarks by Sir
+Richard Steele, whose comments upon this production of a man who,
+scarcely a year after it was written, set up the standard of the
+Pretender at Braemar, are expressed in these terms:
+
+"It gives me a lively sense of the hardships of civil war, wherein all
+the sacred and most intimate obligations between man and man are to be
+torn asunder, when I cannot, without pain, represent to myself the
+behaviour of Lord Mar, with whom I had not even the honour of any
+further commerce than the pleasure of passing some agreeable hours in
+his company: I say, when even such little incidents make it irksome to
+be in a state of war with those with whom we have lived in any degree of
+familiarity, how terrible must the image be of rending the ties of
+blood, the sanctity of affinity and intermarriage, and the bringing men
+who, perhaps in a few months before, were to each other the dearest of
+all mankind, to meet on terms of giving death to each other at the same
+time that they had rather embrace!" Thus premising, and declaring that
+he could with difficulty efface from his mind all remains of good will
+and pity to Lord Mar, Sir Richard Steele subjoins a document, fatal to
+the reputation of Lord Mar--the following letter, which Lord Mar
+addressed to the King, in explanation of his conduct.
+
+
+LORD MAR TO THE KING.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Having the happiness to be your Majesty's subject, and also the
+    honour of being of your servants, as one of your Secretaries of
+    State, I beg leave by this to kiss your Majesty's hand, and
+    congratulate your happy accession to the Throne; which I should have
+    done myself the honour of doing sooner, had I not hoped to have had
+    the honour of doing it personally ere now. I am afraid I may have
+    had the misfortune to be misrepresented to your Majesty, and my
+    reason for thinking so is, because I was the only one of the late
+    Queen's servants whom your Ministers here did not visit, which I
+    mentioned to Mr. Harley and the Earl of Clarendon, when they went
+    from hence to wait on your Majesty; and your Ministers carrying so
+    to me was the occasion of my receiving such orders as deprived me of
+    the honour and satisfaction of waiting on them and being known to
+    them. I suppose I had been misrepresented to them by some here upon
+    account of party, or to ingratiate themselves by aspersing others,
+    as one party here too often occasion; but I hope your Majesty will
+    be so just as not to give credit to such misrepresentations.
+
+    "The part I acted in bringing about and making of the Union when the
+    succession to the Crown was settled for Scotland on your Majesty's
+    family, when I had the honour to serve as Secretary of State for
+    that kingdom, doth, I hope, put my sincerity and faithfulness to
+    your Majesty out of dispute. My family had had the honour for a
+    great tract of years to be faithful servants to the Crown, and have
+    had the care of the King's children (when King of Scotland)
+    entrusted to them. A predecessor of mine was honoured with the care
+    of your Majesty's grandmother, when young; and she was pleased
+    afterwards to express some concern for our family, in letters I now
+    have under her own hand.
+
+    "I have had the honour to serve her late Majesty in one capacity or
+    other ever since her accession to the Crown. I was happy in a good
+    mistress, and she was pleased to have some confidence in me and
+    regard for my services. And since your Majesty's happy accession to
+    the Crown, I hope you will find that I have not been wanting in my
+    duty in being instrumental in keeping things quiet and peaceable in
+    the country to which I belong and have some interest in.
+
+    "Your Majesty shall ever find me as faithful and dutiful a subject
+    and servant as ever any of my family have been to the Crown, or as I
+    have been to my late mistress the Queen. And I beg your Majesty may
+    be so good not to believe any misrepresentations of me, which
+    nothing but party hatred and my zeal for the interest of the Crown
+    doth occasion; and I hope I may presume to lay claim to your royal
+    favour or protection. As your accession to the Crown hath been quiet
+    and peaceable, may your Majesty's reign be long and prosperous; and
+    that your people may soon have the happiness and satisfaction of
+    your presence amongst them, is the earnest and fervent wish of him
+    who is, with the humblest duty and respect, Sir, your Majesty's most
+    faithful, most dutiful and most obedient subject and servant,
+
+                                                               MAR."
+
+    "Whitehall, August thirtieth, 1714, o. s."
+
+This disgraceful letter was ineffectual. The Monarch, "whose views and
+affections were, according to Lord Chesterfield, singly confined to the
+narrow compass of his Electorate," and for "whom England was too big,"
+acted with a promptness and decision which gave no time for the workings
+of faction. An immediate change of ministry was announced by Kryenberg,
+the Hanoverian resident, at the first Privy Council; and among other
+changes, Lord Townshend was appointed in the place of Lord Bolingbroke.
+Well might Bolingbroke exclaim, "The grief of my soul is this; I see
+plainly that the Tory party is gone."[63]
+
+For many months Lord Mar continued to maintain such a demeanour as might
+blind those of the opposite party to his real intentions. It seems,
+indeed, certain that at first he hoped to ensure a continuance in office
+by exerting his influence in Scotland to procure the good conduct of the
+clans: he was successful in obtaining even from some of those Highland
+chieftains who were afterwards the most deeply implicated in the
+Rebellion, an address declaring that they were "ready to concur with his
+Lordship in faithfully serving King George." "Your Lordship," states
+that memorial, "has an estate and interest in the Highlands, and is so
+well known to bear good will to your neighbours, that in order to
+prevent any ill impression which malicious and designing people may at
+this juncture labour to give of us, we must beg leave to address your
+Lordship, and entreat you to assure the Government, in our names, and in
+that of the rest of our clans, who, by distance of the place, could not
+be present at the signing of our letter, of our loyalty to his sacred
+Majesty, King George."[64] This address was signed by Maclean of that
+Ilk, Macdonald of Glengary, Mackenzie of Fraserdale, Cameron of Lochiel,
+and by several other chiefs of clans, who afterwards fought under the
+banners of the Earl of Mar. It furnishes a proof of the great influence
+which the Earl possessed in his own country, but he had not the courage
+to present it to the King. His Majesty, on the contrary, on hearing of
+this address was highly offended, believing that it had been drawn up at
+St. Germains in order to insult him, and his refusal to receive it was
+accompanied by an order to Lord Mar to give up the seals.
+
+The Earl lingered, nevertheless, for some time in London, where he had
+now some attractions which to a less ambitious mind might have operated
+in favour of prudence. In the preceding year, July, 1714, he had
+married, at Acton in Middlesex, the Lady Frances Pierrepoint, the second
+daughter of Evelyn, first Duke of Kingston, and the sister of Lady Mary
+Wortley. The Countess of Mar was, at the time of her marriage,
+thirty-three years of age, being born in 1681. She does not appear to
+have been endowed with the rare qualities of her sister's mind; but that
+she was attached to her husband, her long exile from England on his
+account, sufficiently proves. Her married life was embittered by his
+career, and her latter days darkened by the direst of all maladies,
+mental aberration.
+
+It is singular that so recently before his final effort, Lord Mar should
+have connected himself with a Whig family. The Marquis of Dorchester,
+who was created, by George the First, Duke of Kingston, was a member of
+the Kit Cat Club, and received early proofs of the good will of the
+Hanoverian Sovereign. It is true that Lady Mary Wortley augured ill of
+the match between her sister and Lord Mar, detesting as she did the
+Jacobite party, and believing that her sister was "drawn in by the
+persuasion of an officious female friend," Lord Mar's relation. But
+there is no reason to conclude that the Duke of Kingston in any way
+objected to a match apparently so dissonant with his political bias.[65]
+
+Whilst Lord Mar remained near the court, the discoveries made by the
+Earl of Stair in France, communicated the first surmise of an intended
+invasion of England. Several seizures of suspected people warned one who
+was deep in the intrigues of St. Germain, not long to delay the open
+prosecution of his schemes. The melancholy instance of Mr. Harvey, who
+was apprehended while he was hawking at Combe, in Surrey, alarmed the
+Jacobite party. Mr. Harvey being shown a paper written in his own hand,
+convicting him of guilt, stabbed himself, but not fatally, with a
+pruning-knife which he had used in his garden. Upon some hope of his
+confessing being hinted, it was answered that his Majesty and the
+Council knew more of it than he did. The celebrated John Anstis, the
+heraldic writer, was also apprehended, and warrants were issued for the
+seizure of other suspected persons.
+
+Notwithstanding his strong family interest, the Earl of Mar could
+scarcely consider himself secure under the present state both of the
+country and the metropolis. The events of the last year had succeeded
+each other with an appalling rapidity. The flight of Bolingbroke had
+scarcely ceased to be the theme of comment, before the general elections
+excited all the ill blood and fanaticism which such struggles at any
+critical era of our history have always produced. Riots, which have been
+hastily touched upon in the histories of the period, but which the
+minute descriptions of memoirs of that period show to have been attended
+with an unusual display of violence and brutality on both sides, broke
+out upon every anniversary which could recall the Stuarts to
+recollection. On St. George's day, in compliment to the Chevalier, who,
+according to an observer of those eventful days, "had assumed the name
+of that far-famed Cappadocian Knight, though every one knew he has
+nothing of the valour, courage, and other bright qualities of the
+saint," a tumult was raised in London, and among other outrages,
+passengers through the streets of the City were beaten if they would not
+cry "God bless the late Queen and the High Church!" Sacheverel and
+Bolingbroke were pledged in bumpers by a mob, who burnt, at the same
+time, King William in effigy.[66] A similar contagion spread throughout
+the country; Oxford took the lead in acts of destruction; her streets
+were filled with parties of Whigs and Tories, both of them infuriated,
+until their mad rage vented itself in acts of murder, under the
+pretence, on the one hand, of a dread of popery, on the other, on a
+similar plea of religious zeal. A Presbyterian meetinghouse was pulled
+down, and cries of "An Ormond!" "A Bolingbroke!" "Down with the
+Roundheads!" "No Hanover!" "A new Restoration!" accompanied the
+conflagration. On the same day similar exclamations were again heard in
+the streets of London; and all windows not illuminated were broken to
+pieces. The tenth of June, the anniversary of the Chevalier's birthday,
+was the signal for a still more decisive manifestation. On that day
+three Scottish magistrates went boldly to the Cross at Dundee, and there
+drank the Pretender's health, by the name of King James the Eighth, for
+which they were immediately apprehended and tried.
+
+The impeachment of Lord Oxford still further exasperated the country,
+which rang with the cry, "No George, but a Stuart." The peaceable
+accession of the first monarch of the Brunswick line has been greatly
+insisted upon by historians; but that stillness was ominous; it was the
+stillness of the air before a storm; and was only indicative of
+irresolution, not of a diminished dislike to the sway of a foreigner.
+
+It is supposed that an intercepted letter which the Duke de Berwick, the
+half-brother of the Chevalier, addressed to a person of distinction in
+England, first gave the intelligence of an intended invasion.[67] The
+burden of that letter was to encourage the riots and tumults, and to
+keep up the spirits of the people with a promise of prompt assistance.
+The impeachment of Viscount Bolingbroke and of the Duke of Ormond
+followed shortly afterwards; and although these noblemen provided for
+their own safety by flight, they were degraded as outlaws, and in the
+order in Council were styled, according to the usual form of law, "James
+Butler, yeoman," and "Henry Bolingbroke, labourer," and the arms of
+Ormond were taken from Windsor Chapel, and torn in pieces by the Earl
+Marshal.
+
+The English fleet, under the command of Sir George Byng, was stationed
+in the Downs, in case of a surprise. Portsmouth was put in a state of
+defence; and, during the month of July, the inhabitants of London beheld
+once more a sight such as had never been witnessed by its citizens since
+the days of the Great Rebellion. In Hyde Park the troops of the
+household were encamped, according to the arrangements of General
+Cadogan, who had marked out a camp. The forces were commanded by the
+Duke of Argyle. In Westminster the Earl of Clare reviewed the militia,
+and the trained bands were directed to be in readiness for orders. At
+the same time fourteen colonels of the Guards, and other inferior
+officers were cashiered by the King's orders, on suspicion of being in
+James Stuart's interest; so deep a root had this cause, which many have
+pretended to treat as a visionary scheme of self-interest, taken in the
+affections even of the British army.
+
+A proclamation ordering all Papists and reputed Papists to depart from
+the cities of London and Westminster, was the next act of the
+Government. All persons of the Roman Catholic persuasion were to be
+disarmed and their horses sold; a declaration against transubstantiation
+was to be administered to them, and the oath of abjuration to
+non-jurors.[68] After such mandates, it seems idle to talk of the
+tyranny of Henry the Eighth.
+
+There is no doubt but that the greatest alarm and consternation reigned
+at St. James's. The stocks fell, but owing to the vigilance of the
+Ministry, information was obtained of the whole scheme of the invasion,
+in a manner which to this day has never been satisfactorily explained.
+
+The Earl of Mar must have trembled, as he still lingered in the
+metropolis. It is probable that he waited there in order to receive
+those contributions from abroad which were necessary to carry on his
+plans. He was provided at last with no less a sum than a hundred
+thousand pounds; and also furnished with a commission dated the seventh
+of September, 1715 appointing him Lieutenant General and Commander in
+Chief of the forces raised for the Chevalier in Scotland.[69] Large sums
+were already collected from Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and France, to
+the amount, it has been stated, of twelve millions. It has been well
+remarked by Sir Walter Scott, in his notes on the Master of Sinclair's
+MS., that "when the Stuarts had the means, they wanted a leader (as in
+1715); when (as in 1745) they had a leader, they wanted the means."
+
+With the eye of suspicion fixed upon him, his plans matured, his friends
+in the north prepared, the Earl of Mar had the hardihood, under such
+circumstances, to appear at the court of King George. A few weeks before
+the Habeas Corpus Act had been suspended; but the Earl trusted either to
+good fortune, or to his own well-known arts of insinuation. He braved
+all possibility of detection, and determined to carry on the game of
+deep dissimulation to the last moment.
+
+On the first of August, 1715, the Earl of Mar attended the levee of King
+George. One can easily suppose how cold, if not disdainful, must have
+been his reception; but it is not easy to divine with what secret
+emotions, the subject on the eve of an insurrection could have offered
+his obeisance to the Monarch. Grave in expression, with a heavy German
+countenance, hating all show, and husbanding his time, so as to avoid
+all needless conversation; without an idea of cultivating the fine arts,
+of encouraging literature, or of even learning to speak English, George
+the First must have presented to his English subjects the reverse of all
+that is attractive. A decided respectability of character might have
+redeemed the ungainly picture; but, although esteemed a man of honour,
+and evincing liberal and even benevolent tendencies, the Monarch
+displayed not only an unblushing and scandalous profligacy, but a love
+for coarse and unworthy society. His court is said to have been modelled
+upon that of Louis the Fifteenth; but it was modelled upon the grossest
+and lowest principles only, and had none of the elegance even of that
+wretched King's depraved circles; and public decency was as much
+outraged by the three yachts which were prepared to carry over King
+George's mistresses and their suite,[70] when he visited Hanover, as by
+the empire of Madame de Pompadour. It must, independent of every other
+consideration, have been galling to Englishmen to behold, seated on
+their throne, a German, fifty-four years of age, who from that very
+circumstance, was little likely ever to boast, like Queen Anne, "of an
+English heart." "A hard fate," observes a writer of great impartiality,
+"that the enthronement of a stranger should have been the only means to
+secure our liberties and laws!"[71]
+
+A week after he had been received at the levee of King George, the Earl
+embarked at Gravesend in a collier, attended by two servants, and
+accompanied by General Hamilton and Captain Hay. They were all
+disguised, and escaping detection, arrived on the third day afterwards
+at Newcastle. It has been even said, that in order the better to conceal
+his rank, the Earl of Mar wrought for his passage.[72] From Newcastle
+Lord Mar proceeded northward in another vessel; and landing at Elie, in
+Fifeshire, went first to Crief, where he remained a few days. He then
+proceeded to Dupplin, in the county of Perth, the seat of his
+brother-in-law, the Earl of Kinnoul, and thence, on the eighteenth of
+August, crossing the river Perth, he proceeded to his own Castle of
+Kildrummie, in the Braes of Mar. He was accompanied by forty horse.
+
+On the day after the arrival of the Earl at Kildrummie, he despatched
+letters to the principal Jacobites, inviting them to attend a grand
+hunting-match in Braemar on the twenty-seventh of August. This summons
+was couched in this form, for fear of a more explicit declaration being
+intercepted, revealing the design; but the great chiefs who were thus
+collected together were aware that "hunting" was but the watchword.
+
+A gallant band of high-spirited chieftains answered the call. It is
+consolatory to turn to those who, unaffected by the intrigues of a
+Court, came heartily, and with a disinterested love, to the cause of
+which the Earl of Mar was the unworthy leader.
+
+First in rank, was the Marquis of Huntly, eldest son of George, the
+first Duke of Gordon, and of that daring Duchess of Gordon, a daughter
+of the house of Howard, who, in 1711, had presented to the Dean and
+Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh a silver medal, with the head of the
+Chevalier on one side, and on the other the British Islands, with the
+word "Reddite." The learned body to whom the Duchess had proposed this
+dangerous gift, at first hesitated to receive it: after a debate,
+however, among their members, it was agreed that the donation should be
+accepted, and a vote was passed to return thanks to the Duchess. The
+Advocates then waited in a body upon the Duchess, and expressed their
+hopes that her Grace would soon have occasion to present the Faculty
+with a second medal on the _Restoration_.[73] The Duke of Gordon,
+notwithstanding his having been brought up a Roman Catholic, was neutral
+in the troubles of the Rebellion of 1715, but his son took a force of
+three thousand men into the field,--the clan siding with the young
+Marquis rather than with their chief. The Marquis of Huntly was,
+probably for that reason, spared in the subsequent proceedings against
+the Jacobites, his participation in their schemes being punished only by
+a brief imprisonment.
+
+William Marquis of Tullibardine, one of the most constant friends to the
+House of Stuart, the Earl of Nithisdale, and the Earl Marischal, also
+appeared at the time appointed. It was the fortune of the Marquis of
+Tullibardine, like that of the Marquis of Huntly, afterwards to appear
+in the field unsanctioned by his father, the Duke of Athol, who either
+was, or appeared to be, in favour of Government, whilst his son headed
+the clan to the number of six thousand. Lord Nairn, the younger brother
+of the Marquis, also joined in the undertaking. Of these distinguished
+Jacobites, separate lives will hereafter be given in this work: it
+therefore becomes unnecessary any further to expatiate upon them here.
+Of some, whose biography does not present features sufficiently marked
+to constitute a distinct narrative, some traits may here be given.
+
+Charles Earl of Traquair, who hastened to Braemar, was one of those
+Scottish nobles who claimed kindred with royalty. He was descended from
+Sir James Stewart, commonly called the Black Knight of Lorn, and from
+Jane, daughter of John Earl of Somerset, and widow of King James the
+First. One of Lord Traquair's ancestors, the first Earl, had levied a
+regiment of horse, in order to release Charles the First from his
+imprisonment in the Isle of Wight; but, marching at the head of it at
+the battle of Preston, he and his son, Lord Seatoun, were taken
+prisoners and conveyed to Warwick Castle, where they languished four
+years in imprisonment, with the knowledge that their estates had been
+sequestered.
+
+Connected with the family of Seatoun, on his mother's side, the Earl of
+Traquair had married the sister of Lord Nithisdale, being thus nearly
+related to two of those chiefs who gladly obeyed the summons of Lord Mar
+to the hunting-field. The Earl of Traquair appears to have escaped all
+the penalties which followed the Rebellion of 1715, perhaps because he
+does not appear to have taken any of his tenantry into the field.
+
+Less prudent, or less fortunate, William Mackenzie, Earl of Seaforth,
+joined the standard of James Stuart with a body of three thousand men.
+He was attainted when the struggle was over, and his estates, both in
+Scotland and England, forfeited. He escaped to the Continent; but, in
+1719, again landed with the Spaniards at Kintail; and was wounded at the
+battle of Glenshiels, but being carried off by his followers, again fled
+to the Continent, with the Marquis of Tullibardine and the Earl
+Marischal. Lord Seaforth was one of those to whom the royal mercy was
+shown. George the First reversed his attainder, and George the Second
+granted him arrears of the feu duties due to the Crown out of the
+forfeited estates. The title has been eventually restored.
+
+James Livingstone, Earl of Linlithgow, was amongst the many who
+experienced less clemency than the Earl of Traquair. He had been chosen
+one of the sixteen representative peers of Scotland, on the death of the
+Duke of Hamilton; and enjoyed the possession of considerable family
+estates, which were eventually forfeited to the Crown. He led a band of
+three hundred clansmen to the field.
+
+Perhaps one of the most sturdy adherents of the Chevalier St. George was
+James Maule, fourth Earl of Panmure. In his youth this nobleman had
+served as a volunteer at the siege of Luxembourg, where he had
+signalized his courage. In 1686, he succeeded his brother, and added to
+the honours of a peerage those of a character already established for
+bravery. To these distinctions was added that of being a Privy
+Councillor to James the Second; but he was removed upon his opposing the
+abrogation of the penal laws against Popery. Whilst thus protesting
+against what might then be deemed objectionable innovations, Lord
+Panmure was a firm adherent of James, and vigorously supported his
+interests in the convention of estates in 1689.
+
+The accession of William and Mary drove this true Jacobite from the
+Scottish Parliament. He never appeared in that assembly after that
+event, having refused to take the oaths. Of course he disapproved of the
+Union; and the next step which he took was to join the standard of the
+Chevalier.
+
+After that decisive proceeding, the course of this unfortunate
+nobleman's life was one of misfortune, in which his high spirit was
+sustained by a constancy of no ordinary character. At the battle of
+Sherriff Muir, the brave Panmure was taken prisoner, but was rescued by
+his brother Harry, who, like himself, had engaged in the rebellion.
+Panmure escaped to France: he was attainted of high treason,--his
+estates, which amounted to 3456_l._ per annum, and were the largest of
+the confiscated properties, were forfeited, as well as his hereditary
+honours. Twice were offers made to him by the English Government to
+restore his rank and possessions, if he would take the oath of
+allegiance to the House of Hanover; but Panmure refused the proffered
+boon, and preferred sharing the fortunes of him whom he looked upon as
+his legitimate Prince. When he joined the Jacobites at Braemar, Lord
+Panmure was no longer a young, rash man: he was in the sixty-fifth year
+of his age. His wife, the daughter of William Duke of Hamilton, was,
+after his attainder, provided for by act of Parliament in the same
+manner as if she had been a widow. His brother, Harry Maule, of Kellie,
+a man of considerable accomplishments, was so fortunate as to be enabled
+to return to his native country, and died in Edinburgh in 1734. But Lord
+Panmure, like most of the other brave and honest men who preferred their
+allegiance to their interest, finished his days in exile, and died at
+Paris, in 1723.[74]
+
+Kenneth Lord Duffus was another of those noblemen who had already
+established a character for personal bravery. He was a person of great
+skill in maritime affairs, and was promoted by Queen Anne to the command
+of the Advice ship of war, with which, in 1711, this gallant Highlander
+engaged eight French privateers, and after a desperate resistance of
+some hours, he was taken prisoner, after receiving five balls in his
+body.
+
+He was, however, released in time to engage in the Rebellion of 1715;
+and though it does not appear that he took any followers to fight
+beneath the Chevalier's standard, he was included in the Act of
+Attainder. The intelligence was communicated to Lord Duffus when he was
+in Sweden. He resolved immediately to surrender himself to the British
+Government, and declared his intention to the British Minister at
+Stockholm, who notified it to Lord Townshend, Secretary of State.
+Notwithstanding this manly determination, Lord Duffus was arrested on
+his way to England, at Hamburgh, and was detained there until the time
+specified for surrendering had expired. He thence proceeded to London,
+where he was confined more than a year in the Tower, but released in
+1717, without being brought to trial. Lord Duffus died, according to
+some accounts, in the Russian service; to others, in that of France. He
+married a Swedish lady, and attained to the rank of Admiral.[75]
+
+Such were some of those Jacobite chieftains whose history has sunk into
+obscurity, partly from the difficulty of obtaining information
+concerning their career, after the contest was at an end. Amongst those
+who met Lord Mar in the hunting-field, but who afterwards became
+neutral,[76] although most of his clan joined in the Rebellion, was the
+Earl of Errol, one of a family whose fame for valour was dated from the
+time of the Danish invasion. The origin of the House of Errol is
+curious, and marks the simplicity of the times. An aged countryman,
+named Hay, and his sons, had arrested the progress of the ruthless
+conquerors in a defile near Lanearty in Perthshire. The old man was
+rewarded by Kenneth the Third with as much land in the Carse of Gowrie
+as a falcon from a man's hand flew over until she lighted. The bird flew
+over a space of six miles, which was thence called Errol, and which is
+still in possession of the family; and the old man and his sons were
+raised from the rank of plebeians by the assignment of a coat of arms,
+on which were three escutcheons, gules, to denote that the father and
+the two sons had been the shields of Scotland. The family grew in wealth
+and estimation, and the office of Hereditary High Constable of Scotland
+was added to their other honours.
+
+The Countess of Errol, the mother of the High Constable, and sister of
+the Earl of Perth, had already taken a decided part in the affairs of
+the Jacobite party. When Colonel Hooke had been sent over in 1707 to
+Scotland, she had met him at the sea-coast, and had there placed in the
+hands of that emissary several letters from her son, expressing his
+earnest intention to support the cause of the Chevalier. The Earl of
+Errol had also received Hooke at his castle, and had entertained him
+there several days, and employed that time in initiating Hooke into the
+various characteristics and views of the Jacobite nobility in Scotland.
+He was thus deeply pledged to aid the undertaking at that time (the year
+1707); and in a letter to the Chevalier, the Earl expressed his hopes
+that he might have the happiness of seeing his Majesty, "a happiness for
+which," he adds, "we have long sighed, to be delivered from oppression."
+The Countess of Errol also addressed a letter to the mother of James
+Stuart, as the Queen of England, declaring that the delays which the
+Scotch had suffered had not "diminished their zeal, although they had
+prolonged their miseries and misfortunes."[77] Whether, upon the rising
+in 1715, the views of Lord Errol were altered, or that female influence
+had been lessened by some circumstance, does not exactly appear. He kept
+himself neutral in the subsequent outbreak, notwithstanding his
+appearance at Braemar, and although his clan were for the most part
+against the Government.[78] The Earl of Errol died, unmarried, in 1717:
+his adherence to his Jacobite principles were not, therefore, put to the
+test in 1745.
+
+To these noblemen were united Seaton, Viscount of Kingston, whose
+estates were forfeited to the Crown; Livingstone Viscount of Kilsyth,
+one of the representative peers, who died an exile at Rome in 1733; Lord
+Balfour of Burleigh; Lord Ogilvy, afterwards Earl of Airly, and Forbes,
+Lord Pitsligo. This last-mentioned nobleman was a man of a grave and
+prudent character, whose example drew many of his neighbours to embark
+in an enterprise in which so discreet a person risked his honours and
+estate. He was the author of essays, moral and philosophical; and either
+from respect to his merits, or from some less worthy cause, his
+defection in 1715 passed with impunity. But, in 1745, the aged nobleman
+again appeared in the field, infirm as he was: and one of the most
+pleasing traits in Charles Edward's noble, yet faulty character was his
+walking at the head of his forces, having given up his carriage for the
+use of this tried adherent of his father. Attainder and forfeiture
+followed this last attempt, but the sentence was reversed by the Court
+of Session, from a misnomer in the attainder; and the venerable Lord
+Forbes, surviving many who had set out on the same course with him, had
+the comfort of breathing his last in his native country. He died at
+Auchiries in Aberdeenshire, in 1762.[79]
+
+Several of these noblemen had been long contemplating the possibility of
+James's return to Scotland. Like the Earl of Errol, they had been
+dissatisfied with the prudence of the Duke of Hamilton, whose policy it
+had been to postpone the risk of a precarious undertaking, and whose
+foresight was acknowledged when it was too late. Lord John Drummond,
+Lord Kilsyth, and Lord Linlithgow, had been all deeply concerned in the
+schemes and speculations which had been formed in 1707, on the subject
+of the Restoration; but the zeal of Lord Kilsyth had been doubted, from
+his intimacy with the Duke of Hamilton, who was then objectionable to
+the violent Jacobite leaders.[80]
+
+These chieftains were not unworthy to come into the same field with
+Tullibardine, Nithisdale, Marischal, and their brave associates. A still
+nobler band of associates was formed in the different members of the
+house of Drummond, a family who could boast of being derived from "the
+ancient nobility of the kingdom of Hungary:" and from the daughters of
+whose house Charles the Second was lineally descended in the ninth and
+sixth degree. Well may it be called "the splendid family of Drummond,"
+even if we regard only its proud antiquity, or the singular
+"faithfulness of the family, or the accomplishments and virtues which
+characterised many of its members." Nothing can be finer than the manner
+in which the claims of birth are placed before us, in the address of
+William Drummond of Hawthornden to "John Earle of Perthe," in his
+manuscript "Historie of the Familie of Perthe:"
+
+"Though, as Glaucus sayes to Diomed (in Homer),
+
+                        'Like the race of leaves
+    The race of man is, that deserves no question: nor receaves
+    His being any other breath; the wind in autumn strowes
+    The earth with old leaves; then the spring the woods with new endowes,'
+
+"yet I have ever thought the knowledge of kindred and genealogies of the
+ancient families of a country a matter so far from contempt, that it
+deserveth highest praise. Herein consisteth a part of the knowledge of a
+man's own selfe. It is a great spurr to vertue to look back on the worth
+of our line. In this is the memory of the dead preserved with the
+living, being more firm and honourable than any epitaph. The living know
+that band which tyeth them to others. By this man is distinguished from
+the reasonless creatures, and the noble of men from the base sort. For
+it often falleth out (though we cannot tell how) for the most part, that
+generositie followeth good birth and parentage."[81] The two members of
+the Drummond family who attended Lord Mar in his famous hunting-field
+were James Earl of Perth, and William Drummond, Viscount Strathallan.
+
+The Earls of Southesk and Carnwath, the Viscounts Kenmure and Stormont,
+and the Lord Rollo, complete the list of Scottish peers who were present
+on this memorable occasion. But perhaps the more remarkable feature of
+the hunting-match was the arrival of twenty-six gentlemen of influence
+in the Highlands, men of sway and importance, of which it is impossible,
+without a knowledge of Highland manners, to form an adequate notion. The
+constitution of the clans is thus pourtrayed by one who knew it well.
+
+"In every narrow vale where a blue stream bent its narrow course, some
+hunter of superior prowess, or some herdsman whom wealth had led to
+wealth and power to power, was the founder of a little community who
+ever after looked up to the head of the family as their leader and their
+chief. Those chains of mountains which formed the boundings of their
+separate districts had then their ascents covered with forests, which
+were the scene of their hunting-excursions: when their eagerness in
+pursuit of game led them to penetrate into the districts claimed by the
+chief of the neighbouring valleys, a rash encounter was the usual
+consequence, which laid the foundation of future hostilities."[82]
+
+These petty wars gave room for a display of valour in the chiefs, and
+led to a mutual dependence from the followers. Alliances offensive and
+defensive were formed among the clans, and intermarriages were
+contracted between the confederated clans, who governed their followers
+by a kind of polity not ill regulated. The chief had the power of life
+and death over his large family, but it was a power seldom used. A
+chieftain might be cruel to his enemies, but never to his friends. Nor
+were those paternal rulers by any means so despotic as they have been
+represented to be; of all monarchs their power was the most limited,
+being allowed to take no step without permission of their friends, or
+the elders of their tribe, including the most distant branches of their
+family. The kind and conciliatory system adopted towards their clansmen
+accounts for the warm attachment and fidelity displayed towards their
+chiefs; and these sentiments were heightened to enthusiasm by the songs
+and traditions of the bards, in which the exploits of their heroes were
+perpetuated. Still there is nothing, as it has been justly said, so
+remarkable in the political history of any country, as the succession of
+the Highland chiefs, and the long and uninterrupted sway which they held
+over their followers.[83] The system of clanship gives all the romantic
+interest which the Rebellions of 1715 and 1745 inspire;--it perfects a
+picture which would only otherwise be a factious contention for power;
+it was annihilated only after the last of the Stuarts had fled for ever
+from the mountains of Scotland.
+
+It was at the head of the clans that the Earl of Mar frequently placed
+himself, at the battle of Sherriff Muir: he now welcomed their
+chieftains to the field. Among these were General Hamilton, General
+Gordon, Glengary, Campbell of Glendarvel, and the lairds of Auchterhouse
+and Aldebar.
+
+So great an assembly of those whom the Chevalier afterwards not inaptly
+termed "little kings," was by no means unusual at that period. It was
+the custom among the lords and chieftains in the Highlands to invite
+their neighbours and vassals to a general rendezvous to chase the deer
+upon the mountains, and after the diversion was over, to entertain the
+persons of note in the castle hall. This expedient would, therefore,
+have excited but little attention, had it not been for several years
+the practice of the Jacobites to hold these hunting-parties annually, in
+order to maintain the spirit of the association, which had been carried
+on since the peace of Utrecht.
+
+The halls of Kildrummie received the noblemen and chieftains that day
+beneath its roof, and the Earl of Mar addressed his guests in a long,
+premeditated harangue. He is described as having little pretension to
+eloquence; but his hearers were probably not very fastidious judges, and
+from the influence which the Earl acquired over those whom he led on to
+the contest, it may be inferred that he understood well how to address
+himself to the passions of a Highland audience.
+
+At first the Earl was heard with distrust,--at least if we may credit
+the account of one on whom, perhaps, too great a reliance has been
+placed.[84]
+
+"It is true, that at first," says Mr. Patten, "he gained little or no
+credit among them, they suspecting some piece of policy in him to
+ensnare them; but some were weak enough to suck in the poison, and
+particularly some of those who were with him at his house, called
+Brae-Mar. These, listening to him, embraced his project, and, as is
+reported, engaged by oath to stand by him and one another, and to bring
+over their friends and dependants to do the like."[85]
+
+The Earl began his harangue by expressing a deep regret for having
+promoted the Union, which had delivered his countrymen into the hands of
+the English, whose power to enslave them was far too great, and whose
+intentions to do so still further were manifest from the proceedings of
+the Elector of Hanover ever since he ascended the throne. That Prince
+regarded, according to Lord Mar, neither the welfare of his people, nor
+their religion, but solely left the management of affairs to a set of
+men who made encroachments in Church and State. Many persons, he said,
+were now resolved to consult their own safety, and determined to defend
+their liberties and properties, and to establish on the throne of these
+realms the Chevalier St. George, who had the only undoubted right to the
+Crown, who would hear their grievances, and redress their wrongs. He
+then incited his hearers to take arms for the Chevalier, under the title
+of King James the Seventh; and told them, that for his part, he was
+determined to set up his standard and to summon all the fencible men of
+his own tenants, and with them to hazard his life in the cause. To this
+declaration he added the assurance, that a general rising in England and
+assistance from France would aid their undertaking; that thousands were
+in league and covenant with him to establish the Chevalier and depose
+King George.
+
+To these inducements were added others. Letters from the Chevalier were
+read to the assembly, promising to come over in person; with assurances
+that ships, arms, and ammunition would be dispatched to their aid.[86]
+
+The proposals of Lord Mar were unfolded with such address, and his
+popularity was at that time so great, that one might have supposed an
+immediate assent to his schemes would have followed. On the contrary
+some degree of persuasion was required: the Highlanders are slow to
+promise, but sure to fulfil. The very chieftains who hung back from a
+too ready consent, never deserted the cause which they once undertook.
+The universal fidelity to the part which they espoused was violated in
+no instance during the first Rebellion.
+
+At length the assembled chiefs swore an oath to stand by the Earl of
+Mar, and to bring their friends and dependants to do the same. However,
+no second meeting was at that time determined upon: every man went back
+to his own estate, to take measures for appearing in arms after again
+hearing from the Earl of Mar, who remained among his own people with few
+attendants. But the Jacobites were not idle during that interval. They
+employed themselves in collecting their servants and kindred, but with
+the utmost secrecy, until everything was ready to break out. Nor were
+they long kept in suspense. On the third of September, another meeting
+at Abbone, in Aberdeenshire, was held, and there the Earl directed his
+adherents to collect their men without loss of time. He returned to
+Braemar, and continued for several days gathering the people together,
+until they amounted, according to Reay, to two thousand horse; although
+some have said that there were only sixty followers at that time
+assembled.[87]
+
+On the sixth of September, the standard of the Pretender was set up at
+Braemar, by the Earl of Mar, in the presence of the assembled forces.
+The superstitious Highlanders remarked with dismay, that, as the
+standard was erected, the ball on the top of it fell off; and they
+regarded this accident as an ill omen. "The event," says a quaint
+Scottish writer, "has proven that it was no less."[88]
+
+This grave accordance in the verification of the omen, was a feature of
+the times and country. "When a clan went upon any expedition," observes
+Dr. Brown in his valuable work upon the Highlands, "they were much
+addicted to omens. If they met an armed man they believed that good was
+portended. If they observed a deer, fox, hare, or any four-footed beast
+of game, and did not succeed in killing it, they prognosticated evil. If
+a woman, barefooted, crossed the road before them, they seized her, and
+drew blood from her forehead." This mixture of fear of visionary evils,
+and courage in opposing real ones, of credulity and distrust, strength
+and weakness, presents a singular view of the Highland character. It
+had, however, in many respects, no inconsiderable influence upon the
+contests of 1715 and 1745.
+
+From Braemar the Earl proceeded to Kirk Michael, a small town, where he
+proclaimed the Chevalier, and set up his standard. He then marched to
+Moulin in Perthshire, where he rested some time, collecting his forces.
+
+It is a remarkable fact, that up to this period the Earl of Mar was
+acting without a commission from the Chevalier. The disposition which is
+too predominant in society, and which leads men always to add the
+bitterness of invective to the mortification of failure, has attributed
+to the Earl of Mar, relatively to this commission, a line of conduct
+from which it is agreeable to be able to clear his memory. It was not
+very long after the meeting in Braemar, that Lord Mar discovered that
+there was what he called "a devil" in his camp, in the person of the
+Master of Sinclair, whose manuscript strictures upon the unfortunate and
+incompetent leader of the Jacobites have contributed to blacken his
+memory.
+
+According to the Master of Sinclair, the Earl of Mar produced at the
+meeting a forged commission; but this statement is not only contradicted
+by Lord Mar's own account, but completely invalidated by the fact that
+the commission is in existence, among various other curious documents
+and letters, many of which place the character of Lord Mar in a much
+fairer light than that in which it has hitherto been viewed. The Earl of
+Mar, in a justification of his conduct, printed at Paris, and added to
+Patten's History of the Rebellion, gives the following account of the
+affair:
+
+"It was near a month after the Earl of Mar[89] set up the Standard
+before he could produce a commission, and it is no small proof of the
+people's zeal for their country that so great a number followed his
+advice and obeyed his orders before he could produce one. It must,
+though, be owned, and it is the less to be wondered at, that his
+authority being thus precarious, some were not so punctual in joining
+him, and others performed not so effectually the service they were sent
+upon, which, had they done, not only Scotland, but even part of England,
+had been reduced to the Chevalier's obedience, before the Government had
+been in a condition to make head against us."[90]
+
+The commission was, however, at that time written, although it had not
+been sent over to Scotland. It is dated the seventh of September, 1715,
+and is superscribed James R.[91] The Earl of Mar was doubtless aware
+that such an instrument was in preparation.
+
+When the Earl had first arrived in Scotland, he found, as he himself
+alleges, the people far more eager to take arms than his instructions
+allowed him to permit; but before actual steps were commenced, that
+ardour was cooled by two circumstances: first, by the Chevalier's not
+landing in England, as the Jacobites had confidently hoped; and,
+secondly, by the Duke of Berwick's not coming to Scotland.[92] The
+vigorous measures adopted by Government made, therefore, a far greater
+impression on the public mind than could have been expected had the Earl
+of Mar been boldly seconded by him who was most of all interested in the
+event of the contest. The Lord Advocate summoned all the principal
+Jacobites to appear at Edinburgh within specified periods, in order to
+give bail to Government for their allegiance. "Many," says Lord Mar,
+"seemed inclined to comply." Yet the number of those who did comply with
+the summons was inconsiderable; the rest, including the most honoured
+names in Scotland, rushed into the insurrection. The different heads of
+noble houses dispersed, and each in the district in which he had most
+power, and in the principal towns proclaimed the Chevalier King. The
+Fiery Cross was sent throughout the country, with blood at one end, and
+fire at the other; and it was afterwards asserted by some of the rebels
+who were tried at Liverpool, that they were forced into the service of
+the Chevalier, the person who bore that cross assuring them that, unless
+they hastened to Mar's camp, they were to perish by blood and fire.[93]
+
+Intelligence of the death of Louis the Fourteenth, which had happened
+during the preceding August, reached Scotland at this time, and cast an
+universal gloom over his party. It was even disputed whether the
+Jacobite leaders should not disperse until news of the Chevalier's
+landing should reassure them, or the certainty of a rising in England
+should give vigour to their proceedings. At this critical moment Lord
+Mar published a declaration which has been printed in most of the
+histories of the period, exhorting all those who were well-affected to
+the good cause to put themselves under arms, and summoning his
+confederates to the Tower of Braemar, on the eleventh of September,
+promising them, in the name of the King, their pay from the moment of
+setting out.
+
+"Now is the time," said the Earl, "for all good men to show their zeal
+for his Majesty's service, whose cause is so deeply concerned, and the
+relief of our native country from oppression and a foreign yoke too
+heavy for us and our posterity to bear.
+
+"In so honourable, good, and just a cause," he added, "we cannot doubt
+of the assistance, direction, and blessing of Almighty God, who has so
+often rescued the royal family of Stuart, and our country from sinking
+under oppression.
+
+"Your punctual observance of these orders is expected, for the doing of
+all which, this shall be to you, and all you employ in the execution of
+them, a sufficient warrant."
+
+In a very different tone was a letter, written the same night by the
+Earl to his baillie of Kildrummie: from this epistle, so characteristic
+of the politic Earl of Mar, it was manifest that his own followers were
+more tardy in the field than those of the other chieftains of the
+Highlands. The means taken to intimidate and compel them are strongly
+characteristic of the state of society in Scotland at that period.[94]
+The reluctance of his clan must have been a subject of deep
+mortification to Lord Mar, when, in one evening, the summons of the
+Fiery Cross, paraded round Loch Tay, a distance of thirty-two miles,
+could assemble five hundred men, at the bidding of the Laird of
+Glenlyon, to join the Earl of Mar.[95]
+
+A few days after the assembling of the forces, the Earl of Mar, assisted
+by his Jacobite friends, published a manifesto, asserting the right of
+James the Eighth, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, &c., and
+pointing to the relief of the kingdom from oppression and
+grievances.[96]
+
+Whilst the adherents of James were thus assembling in the North, a brave
+but unsuccessful attempt was made to surprise the castle of Edinburgh.
+Ninety chosen men, under the command of Lord Drummond, were engaged in
+this undertaking, of which the design was, to seize the citadel and to
+place it under the command of Lord Drummond; then the artillery within
+the castle was to be employed in firing their rounds by way of signal to
+different posts, in concert. Fires were to be lighted up on the hills as
+a signal to Lord Mar to march and take possession of the city. The
+failure of this design was owing to the disclosure of one Dr. Arthur, a
+physician in Edinburgh, to his wife, who gave information of the whole
+plan to the Lord Justice Clerk, to whom she sent an unsigned letter the
+evening she had gained from her unwilling husband intelligence of the
+scheme. This failure, the first of those adverse events which
+disheartened the spirits of the Jacobites, was, however, less deplored
+than it would have been, had not the progress of the Earl of Mar's
+exertions borne the most flattering aspect. In September, the Earl
+marched to Logaret, where his forces still increased, and thence into
+the beautiful region around Dunkeld; here he was joined, with fourteen
+hundred men, by the Marquis of Tullibardine, and by five hundred
+Campbells from the Breadalbane territory, headed, not by their chief,
+but by Campbell of Glenderule, Campbell of Glenlyon, and John Campbell,
+the Earl's chamberlain. Enforced also by the addition of two hundred
+Highlanders from different quarters, the Earl of Mar resolved to make
+the town of Perth his head-quarters.
+
+This was a wise resolution: the situation of that fine city presented
+the most important advantages to the General of the Jacobite forces.
+Seated on the river Tay, and near the sea-coast, it gave the Earl the
+control of the East Lowlands, of the rich counties of Angus, the Carse
+of Gowrie, Mearns, Murray, Aberdeen, and Banff, and also of the Shire of
+Fife. It also cut off the communication between the north and the south
+of Scotland, so that the friends of Government could neither act nor fly
+from the enemy. Thus all the usual posts were stopped. The revenues of
+the public fell into the hands of the insurgents who gave receipts for
+them in the name of James the Eighth, and the landowners in the counties
+subject to the Earl were taxed at whatever rate he chose to impose.
+Perth continued to be the head-quarters of the Lieutenant General until
+a few days before this disastrous contest was finally closed.
+
+At the first general review at Perth, the forces of Lord Mar amounted
+only to five thousand men; but a few weeks afterwards, by the accession
+of his friends in the north, they were increased to the number of twelve
+thousand, both horse and foot, of well appointed men. That Lord Mar's
+hopes were high, and, at this period, not without reason of, at any
+rate, a partial success, the following letter addressed by him to
+Captain Henry Straiton,[97] at Edinburgh, is a proof. It relates, in the
+first instance, to the insurrection in Northumberland, under the
+guidance of Mr. Forster, a gentleman of suspected zeal and little
+discretion, to whom Lord Mar unwisely trusted the conduct of the gallant
+but ill-fated bands who fell at Preston:--
+
+                      "From the Camp of Perth, October 12th, 1715."[98]
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "It was yesterday afternoon as I got yours of the ninth, which you
+    may be sure was very acceptable, and also the others you sent me.
+    Tom Forster tells me in his of the sixth, that they had taken the
+    field that day with a hundred and sixty horse; that he had sent to
+    the gentelmen of Lancaster who he expected to join him, and also the
+    gentilmen from the scots side, that he expected two thousand foot
+    from my camp and five hundred horse, that the town of Newcastle had
+    promist to open their gates to them, and that they intended to take
+    possession of Tinmouth.
+
+    "They have been better than their word in coming together so soon,
+    and I would fain hope it has been occasioned by some consort with
+    our friends further south, who are to join them, and that the Duke
+    of Ormond is in England before this time, as I have reason to
+    believe he is.
+
+    "My letters by M^{r}. E----ne[99] had not then reached those on the
+    boarder, but when they do, I hope it will put the project of
+    shooting themselves up in Tinmouth out of their thoughts; what good
+    could they do there? I have wrote so fully by M^{r}. E----ne upon
+    the subject of the way of their disposeing of themselves, that I
+    need say little of it now. You certainly know of the detachment of
+    two thousand foot, lying these severall dayes on the coast of Fife,
+    to get over, if possible; but now that there's five men of warr in
+    the Firth, I'm afraid it is not; however, they are stile about it,
+    and will do what they can: but for finding horse that way, you will
+    easily see is impracticable, unless the passage were open, and I
+    hope our friends on the boarder will not want horse from us. I was
+    very fond of the project of getting the passage of the whole armie
+    opened, when I wrote by Mr. E----ne; but since that time, beside
+    that of more men of warr comeing into the Firth, there's another
+    thing I know since, which makes me alter my thoughts about it, at
+    least of doing it soon, were it in my power. Mr. Ogilvie of Boin
+    arrived here from France on the sixth, as perhaps you have heard,
+    with my new commission, of which I send you a copie inclosed, and
+    letters from Lord Bolingbroke; but I know you have accounts of a
+    latter date at Edinb. so I need say the less of them. Lord
+    Bolingbroke tels me, that in all probability, the King wou'd land
+    very quickly in the north of Scotland; so until we be so happie that
+    he comes to us, or at least we hear from him again, which by those
+    letters I expect every day, I judge it were not prudent for me to
+    pass the armie at Leith or Queensferry, were it in my power, for
+    that wou'd be leaveing the enimie bewint the King and us, and he
+    might have difficulty in passing over to us, and being in danger of
+    the enimie; but this of passing the whole armie at any of these
+    places seems not likely to be in our power.
+
+    "Lord Huntly and Earl Marishall are come up to us with their people
+    in very good order, but Lord Seafort is not, being deteaned by
+    forceing Earl Sutherland to submitt before he left that country,
+    which he has done by this time, and will be with us soon. I make
+    his not being come up the reason of our lying still here, but that
+    of our expecting the King or one from him, is the true one; and I
+    think we must do, until that happen, so as long as we loose no
+    credit by it. I thought it was necessary to let you know this, the
+    better to advise our friends in the South what meassurs to take;
+    which they had best determine by the success of our detachment
+    getting over to them,--what expectation they have of friends in
+    England joining them, and what is to be expexted about Edinburgh. If
+    they should be prest in England, which I hope will not be the case,
+    and could do nothing at Edinbrugh, they can march throw the south
+    and west of Scotland to Dumbartonshire, where before they can be,
+    Generall Gordon's armie or a considerable detachment of it, will be
+    before they can reach it, which they will aply join and be saif til
+    we meet them. Glengarry is actually marcht from Auchalator that way
+    alreddy. I have taken care to have detachments at all the places on
+    the coasts, where I judge the King can land, so I hope all is safe
+    for him when he comes on it; and so many of the cruisers being in
+    the Frith make the coast pretty clear, which is one good our
+    detachment in Fife has done, should they do no more. We have this
+    day sent two gentelmen to France (I hope) a safe way with a letter
+    to the Regent from the noblemen and gentelmen here, which we had
+    resolved on before Boin arrived; but should the King be come off
+    before it arrives in France it can do no hurt and may do good.
+
+    "I have wrote to Lord Bolingbroke (who is to remain in France to
+    negotiate the King's affairs there during his absence,) a full
+    account of things here; and if the King be come off, which I hope in
+    God he is, he is to lay it before the Queen, to whom I have likewise
+    wrote. I'm exceeding sorry for the loss of honest Keith's son, but
+    these gentelmen will have it yet payd home to them.
+
+    "As to your going to the South, or staying at Edinbrugh, I scarce
+    know what to say. I wish you could be in both places; but since that
+    cannot be, I leave it to yourself to do which you think will be of
+    most use to the service. If you go South I beg you may settle a
+    correspondence 'twixt Edin^{b} and this, and acquaint me with it.
+
+    "I heard to-day that my letters to our friends in the West,
+    desireing they might go immediately South to join Lord Kenmore, came
+    safe to hand, so I hope they will be with him soon. I have sent you
+    some of the manifestos which were printed at Aberdeen, and are
+    finely done: I wish they may come to you saif. I also send you
+    encloset a letter to Sir Rich. Steele, which I leave open for you to
+    read and take a copie of. Pray seal it and get it put into the
+    post-house; and I wish you could get it printed at Edinburgh, tho'
+    let me not seen it; and if you send a copie to any of your
+    correspondants at London and Newcastle, to get if printed there it
+    would do no hurt. I'm endeavouring to get a correspondence settled
+    by barks from the point of Fife to Newcastle, which may be of use
+    to us, especially if the communications twixt us and Ed^{r} should
+    be stopt."
+
+On the very day of the Earl's arrival at Perth, Mr. James Murray, second
+son of Lord Stormont arrived from St. Germains, bringing assurances of
+support, and letters from the Chevalier, who had appointed him Secretary
+of State for the affairs of Scotland. Mr. Murray is said also to have
+presented the Earl of Mar with a patent, creating him Duke of Mar,
+Marquis of Stirling and Earl of Alloway: "And though," observes an
+historian, "there was little more said about it, yet the relation seems
+justified by this, that in some of the papers printed at Perth, he is
+styled the Duke of Mar."[100]
+
+Extensive preparations were also declared to be in progress for the
+invasion of England. Twelve large ships were actually at that time at
+anchor in Havre, St. Malos, and other places. These vessels, with
+several frigates of good force, were loaded with ammunition, and manned
+with generals, officers, and soldiers. A particular account of the
+"Pretender's Magazine" is extant. But these preparations were all
+frustrated by the remonstrances of the Earl of Stair at the Court of the
+Regent of France. Admiral Byng was sent with a squadron to cruise on the
+coast of France, and the ships ready to sail for the enterprise against
+England were obliged, by command of the Regent, in order not to
+implicate the French Government, to declare that they were thus
+employed without the sanction or knowledge of the Regent. Thus, even
+whilst Mr. Murray was raising the sanguine hopes of the Jacobites to the
+highest pitch, their evil star had again prevailed. They were, indeed,
+singularly unhappy in those in whom they placed confidence. Their
+schemes perpetually got wind: whether it were owing to the irresolution
+of some of their partisans, or to the great participation which the
+female sex took in the affairs of the Chevalier's party, it is difficult
+to determine.
+
+The Jacobite ladies were as fearless as they were persevering. The
+Duchess of Gordon, whose present of a medal to the Faculty of Advocates
+denoted her principles, and whose son, the second Duke of Gordon
+suffered a brief imprisonment on account of his share in the
+insurrection, was one of the most approved channels of communication
+between the two parties. She generally resided in Edinburgh, where she
+occupied herself as a mediator between some of the Presbyterians and the
+friends of James. Colonel Hooke mentions her as one of the depositories
+of all that was going on during his mission.
+
+The Earl of Mar, in his letters, refers repeatedly to different ladies
+with approval of their zeal and courage, and mentions one of his fair
+confederates in the north of Scotland, through whose hands many of his
+letters were sent to different chieftains; but these channels may not,
+in all cases, have been so secure as the Earl conceived.[101]
+
+The proceedings of the English Government were, meantime, marked with
+energy and judgment. The various movements of the insurgent party were
+met in every direction by a systematic resistance, the details of which
+have been minutely detailed by historians, and belong not to a narrative
+which is chiefly of a personal nature.
+
+On the fourteenth of September, the Duke of Argyle, Commander in Chief
+of his Majesty's Forces in Scotland, and General of the army, arrived in
+Edinburgh. The interest of this able and powerful nobleman in the
+Western Highlands, his zeal for the Protestant succession, were
+sufficient reasons for his appointment to this important office. The
+following original letter from George the Second, then Prince of Wales,
+gives an insight into the views which were entertained by George the
+First upon the mode of conducting the warfare in Scotland. It is among
+various other papers in the Mar Correspondence.
+
+                                      "St. James's, 7th October, 1715."
+
+    "I have learned, my dear Duke, by your two last expresses, the
+    embaras you are in through the want of regular troupes. We have used
+    such efforts that the King has consented last Wednesday to detach to
+    you four batallions from Ireland, to reinforce your camp. Orders
+    have been given to cause those marche who are nearest, and to cause
+    them embarque as they come up, without waiting for their
+    conjunction. It appeares yet by the departure of the Duke of
+    Ormond, from Paris, that the malcontents continue in their wicked
+    design of raiseing up troubles in this kingdom here, which is the
+    cause that hinders me from sending you Campbell yet, untill that I
+    see if he will not be necessary for his post, where I think that it
+    is best every body should be fixed. As soon as all appearance of
+    Rebellion is ended here, I shall dispatch you him, if you shall have
+    need of him there. With respect to the orders you demand, it would
+    be very difficult to give you them positive, not knowing the
+    situation of your affairs, as you may judge yourself. The King
+    remits himself entirely to your judgment, and to your conduct. All
+    that I can say to you is not to hazard an action without a probable
+    appearance of carrying it,--rather to shune an engadgment, and to
+    yeild to them the ground, than to expose the affairs of the King to
+    such ill consequences as would follow from a defeat. In case that my
+    Lord Mar march into England before that you receive your
+    reinforcement, I think you would do very well to allow him at least
+    with your cavalery, and to harass him untill that we march to meet
+    him. This last reasoneing is my own properly, but which you will
+    judge yourself, if practicable or not. Farewell, my dear Duke; be
+    assured of my esteem, and my sincere friendship."
+
+            (Signed) "GEORGE P."
+
+The Earl of Mar now began to fortify Perth, and brought up fourteen
+pieces of cannon for that purpose from Dundee and Dunotter Castle. His
+time and thoughts were at this time occupied in concerting and
+encouraging the movements of the southern insurrection conducted by
+Viscount Kenmure. There can be no better means of showing the state of
+the Earl's hopes and feelings at this time, than by giving them in his
+own words.
+
+
+TO VISCOUNT KENMURE.
+
+    "My Lord,
+
+    "I wish your Lordship and Mr. Forster may have gott my letters,
+    which I took all the care I could to send safe. I wrote last by a
+    lady on the twenty-third, and she is so discreet and dextrous, that
+    I make little doubt of its going right. I have since had two from an
+    indisposed friend of ours on your side the water, and with them one
+    of the twenty-second from Brigadier Mackintosh to him, where he
+    tells of his being joined by your Lordship and five hundred horse
+    with you,--Lords Withrington and Derwentwater, Mr. Forester, and
+    about six hundred English gentlemen. Your Lordship may be sure this
+    was very agreeable news to me, and now, with the blessing of God, if
+    we do not mismanage, I think our game can scarce fail. By Brigadier
+    Mackintosh's letter, it seems the English are all for your going to
+    England in a body to put into execution a certain design, and our
+    countrymen are for first having the Pass of Stirling opened, and our
+    armies joined. I apprehended there would be difference about this
+    before I saw that letter, as your Lordship would easily see by what
+    the lady carried. It is indeed a difficult point to know or advise
+    which of the two is the best for the King's affairs; and we on this
+    side Forth being so ignorant of your situation on the other side,
+    and also of the condition of England, that I could not take it upon
+    me to determine in it, or to give any positive orders what your
+    Lordship should do; but after stating the advantages of both, and
+    what might happen according as the enemy should act, I left it to be
+    advised and determined among yourselves on that side, who could not
+    but know a great deal more, as you should judge it best for the
+    King's interest in generall.
+
+    "I know our indisposed friend, for whose judgment I have a very
+    great regard, advised coming to Dalkeith, and we have a report from
+    Fife last night that you have done so.
+
+    "I long impatiently to know what resolution your Lordship and the
+    noblemen and gentlemen with you have come to. It is of great
+    consequence and deserves to be well weighed. If you are now come to
+    Dalkeith, I will adventure to tell my thoughts in it, which I was
+    not quite so clear in before when you were at a greater distance
+    from it. That place was a far way from the other, where I judge the
+    secret design was to be put in execution; and I am afraid before you
+    can get there they'll have so strengthened the place, and filled it
+    with troops, that the design would prove impracticable with the
+    small army you have,--and it might prove, too, (especially if the
+    Dutch troops come to England,) that you could not penetrate farther
+    into that country with safety, and retiring back into Scotland would
+    have many inconveniences.
+
+    "Dalkeith is but a short way from Stirling, where we on this side
+    must pass (I mean near it), and I hope we shall attempt it very
+    soon; and when we do, your being in the rear of the enemy could not
+    but very much incommode them, and be of great advantage to us. The
+    Duke of Argyle would be so hemmed in at Stirling by your being on
+    the one hand of him and our being on the other, that I scarce see
+    what I can do but to intrench myself, and by that our passage over
+    Forth and joining of you might be very easy; nor do I see how the
+    Duke of Argyle in those circumstances can subsist long there. Were
+    we once past Forth and joined on the south side, we should soon make
+    our way good to England, and then should be much more able to put in
+    execution the project of our English friends, without being in any
+    danger of returning back to Scotland. It would be of great
+    consequence to have possession of Edinburgh, but I hear just now
+    that the Duke of Argyle has sent two regiments of dragoons, so tho'
+    perhaps that may prevent your getting possession of that town, yet I
+    scarce believe that they will be able with all the detachments that
+    the Duke of Argyle dare adventure to send from Stirling to make any
+    attempt against you at Dalkeith, which is so strong a place
+    naturally; and should the enemy return again from Stirling, you
+    might either follow them in their rear without danger, or take
+    possession of Edinburgh. Were once Lord Seaforth come up to us and
+    General Gordon with the clans which I expect every day, I shall not
+    be long of leaving this place, and I shall likewise be able to send
+    more foot over the water, as I sent the last, if you want them, and
+    your being at Dalkeith, they could easily join you. Should most of
+    the Dutch troops come to Scotland, as is probable they will, it
+    would be very hard for us here to pass Forth without your
+    assistance, which would be a great loss and a grateing thing. I hear
+    to-day from about Stirling that Sir William Blacish is upon the head
+    of several thousands in the North of England, but your Lordship and
+    our English friends will know the truth of this better: be it as it
+    will, I do not think it alters the case much. The main and principal
+    thing is for us to get soon joined all in one body, then I am sure
+    we should be more considerable than all the force the Government,
+    with the six thousand Dutch, can bring against us, and when once the
+    British troops see so considerable a force together, asserting their
+    King's and their country's cause, I cannot believe they will, but
+    rather join us, and restore their country to peace and liberty.
+
+    "These, my Lord, are my humble thoughts, but they are with
+    submission to your Lordship's and the King's friends with you who
+    are equally concerned with us, and I know equally zealous, and you
+    all certainly know a great deal more than me here.
+
+    "I beg your Lordship may make my compliments to our countrymen, with
+    you, and to those noblemen and gentlemen of England who have so
+    handsomely and generously joined you. I long impatiently to be with
+    you, and with all the haste I can.
+
+    "I send copies of this three different ways, that one or other of
+    them may certainly come to your hands.
+
+    "I also send by one of them, if not two, a power for your Lordship
+    to raise money for the use of your armie, which my commission for
+    the King fully empowers me to do and give.
+
+    "I wish this may come to your hand, and I long to hear from your
+    Lordship, which it being necessary I should soon, I am, with all
+    respect, my Lord, your Lordship's most obedient humble servant,
+
+                                                        "MAR."[102]
+
+It was the intention of Lord Mar to remain at Perth until all the
+Jacobite clans should have joined his army; but having gained the
+intelligence that some arms for the use of the Earl of Sutherland were
+put on board a vessel at Leith, to be taken northwards, he determined to
+take possession of them. The master of the vessel had dropped anchor at
+Brunt Island, for the purpose of seeing his wife, who was there: Lord
+Mar sent a detachment to surprise the harbour, which succeeded in
+carrying off the spoil, back to Perth. A report was at the same time
+raised in Stirling: that the Earl was marching to Alloa, the Duke of
+Argyle forthwith ordered out the picquets of horse and foot, and, also,
+all the troops to be ready to march out to sustain them, if required.
+But the Jacobite army did not appear; and the report of their advance to
+Stirling was believed to be a false alarm, contrived by Mar in order to
+draw off the attention of the Duke of Argyle from the expedition to
+Brunt Island.
+
+The insurgents were now masters of the eastern coasts of Scotland from
+Brunt Island to the Murray Frith, an extent of above one hundred and
+sixty miles along the shore. On the western side, the Isle of Skye,
+Lewis, and all the Hebrides were their own, besides the estates of the
+Earl of Seaforth, Donald Mac Donald, and others of the clans. So that
+from the mouth of the river Lochie to Faro-Head, all the coast of
+Lochaber and Ross, even to the north-west point of Scotland, was theirs:
+theirs, in short, was all the kingdom of Scotland north of the Forth,
+except the remote counties of Caithness, Strathnaver and Sutherland
+beyond Inverness, and that part of Argyleshire which runs north-west
+into Lorn, and up to Lochaber, where Fort William continued in
+possession of the Government.
+
+The Earl of Mar had resolved to impose an assessment upon the large
+extent of country under his sway, to raise money for the use of his
+army. It was of course an unpopular, though doubtless a necessary
+measure. The sum of twenty shillings sterling was to be paid by each
+landholder upon every hundred pounds Scots of valued rent; and, if not
+paid by a certain day, the tax was to be doubled. In levying this
+assessment, the friends of the Government were far more severely treated
+than those of the Chevalier; and the Presbyterian Ministers, who had
+dared to raise their voices in their churches against the Pretender, as
+they called the Chevalier, were commanded to be silent on that subject;
+their houses were plundered, and many of them were driven by tyranny
+from their homes.[103]
+
+The northern clans were now on their march to join the camp at Perth.
+First came the famous Laird of Mackintosh, better known as Brigadier
+Mackintosh, chief of that numerous clan in Invernesshire. His regiment,
+composed of five hundred men, whom he had persuaded to join in the
+insurrection, was considered the best that the Earl of Mar could boast.
+The Marquis of Huntley, with five hundred horse and two thousand foot,
+next arrived; and the Earl Marischal shortly afterwards brought a
+thousand men to the camp. But Lord Seaforth, afraid lest in his absence
+the Earl of Sutherland should invade his country, was still absent; and
+the anxiety of the Earl of Mar for his arrival is expressed in more than
+one of his letters. The whole strength of the army amounted to sixteen
+thousand seven hundred men; this number was afterwards diminished by the
+detachment sent southwards by the Earl, and by the number of three
+thousand who were dispersed in garrisons. But it was no common force
+that was now encamped at Perth.
+
+At this critical moment where was the individual for whom these great
+and gallant spirits had ventured their all, the hills so dear to them,
+their homes, the welfare of their families, to say nothing of that which
+Highlanders least consider, their personal safety? At this moment, the
+ill-advised and irresolute James Stuart, was absent. What could have
+been his counsels? who were his advisers? of what materials was he made?
+why did he ever come? are questions to which the indignant mind can
+scarcely frame a reply. The fact, indeed, seems to be that his heart was
+never really in the undertaking; that he for whom the tragedy was
+performed, was the only actor in it who did not feel his part; it was
+reserved for a nobler and a warmer nature to experience the ardour of
+hope, and the bitter mortifications of disappointment.
+
+It was not until the middle of October that the Earl of Mar took any
+personal share in the contest between the Jacobite army and that of the
+Government. Hitherto he had remained at Perth, acting with an ill-timed
+caution, and apparently bestowing far more attention upon the ill-fated
+insurrection in Northumberland, aided by the low country Scots under
+Lord Kenmure, than upon the proximate dangers of his own army. The
+detachment of a body of troops under Brigadier Mackintosh, sent in order
+to assist the Lowlanders, who were marching back into Scotland,
+accompanied by the forces under Mr. Forster and the Earl of
+Derwentwater, was the immediate cause of the two armies coming to an
+engagement. The Earl of Mar in his narrative thus explains his plans and
+their failure.
+
+The detachment under Brigadier Mackintosh having been sent,
+"occasioned," Lord Mar says, "the Duke of Argyle's leaving Stirling, and
+going with a part of his army to Edinburgh. Now, had the Scots and
+English horse, who were then in the south of Scotland, come and joined
+the fifteen hundred foot, (under Brigadier Mackintosh) as was expected;
+had the Highland clans performed, as they promised, the service they
+were sent upon in Argyleshire, and marched towards Glasgow, as the Earl
+of Mar marched towards Sterling, he had then given a good account of the
+Government's army, the troops from Ireland not having yet joined them,
+nor could they have joined them afterwards. But all this failing by some
+cross accidents, Lord Argyle returned with that part of his army to
+Scotland, and the Earl of Mar could not then, with the men he then had,
+advance further than Dumblane, and for want of provisions there, was
+soon after obliged to return to Perth."
+
+"But immediately after that we had got provisions, and that the clans
+and Lord Seaforth had joined us, we marched again towards the enemy; and
+notwithstanding the many difficulties the Earl of Mar had upon that
+occasion with some of our own people, he gave the enemy battle: and, as
+you saw in our printed account of it, had not our left wing given way,
+which was occasioned by mistake of orders and scarcity of experienced
+officers, that being composed of as good men, and marched as cheerfully
+up to the field of battle as the other, our victory had been complete.
+And as it was, the enemy, who was advanced on this side the river, was
+forced to retire back to Sterling."[104]
+
+Such is the Earl of Mar's comment upon the battle of Sherriff Muir, of
+which the friends of Government gave a very different representation.
+
+The Earl had, it is evident, no disposition to risk a general engagement
+before the Chevalier arrived in Scotland. He had sent two gentlemen to
+the Prince to learn his determination, and had resolved to remain at
+Perth until their return. During his continuance in that city he
+employed himself not only in throwing up entrenchments round the town,
+but in publishing addresses to the people, to keep up the spirits of the
+Jacobites. Since the Earl was never scrupulous as to the means of which
+he availed himself, we may not venture to reject the declaration of an
+historian of no good will to the cause, that he ordered "false news" to
+be printed and circulated; and published that which he hoped would
+happen, as having already taken place. "The detachment," he related,
+"had passed the Forth, had been joined by the army in the South, were
+masters of Newcastle, and carried all before them; and their friends in
+and about London had taken arms in such numbers, that King George had
+made a shift to retire." These falsehoods were printed by Freebairn,
+formerly the King's printer at Edinburgh, whom the Earl had established
+at Perth, and provided with the implements brought by the army from
+Aberdeen.[105]
+
+In the beginning of November, the Earl of Seaforth arrived at Perth, and
+the Mac Invans, the Maccraws, the Chisholmes of Strath-Glass, and
+others, completed all the forces that Lord Mar expected to join him.
+Truly might the Earl say, "that no nation in such circumstances, and so
+destitute of all kind of succour from abroad, ever made so brave a
+struggle for restoring their prince and country to their just
+rights."[106] But the usual fate of the Stuarts involved their devoted
+adherents in ruin: or rather, let us not call that fate, which may be
+better described by the word incapacity in the leaders of their cause.
+
+The want of ammunition, which was to have been supplied from abroad, was
+now severely felt. "I must here add one thing," says Lord Mar, "which,
+however incredible the thing may appear, is, to our cost, but too true:
+and that is, that from the time the Earl of Mar set up the Chevalier's
+standard to this day, we never received from abroad the least supply of
+arms and ammunition of any kind; though it was notorious in itself, and
+well known, that this was what from the first we mainly wanted; and, as
+such, it was insisted upon by the Earl of Mar, in all the letters he
+writ, and by all the messengers he sent to the other side."[107]
+
+On the ninth of November it was determined, at a great council of war,
+to march straight to Dumblane with the ultimate view of following the
+Brigadier Mackintosh into England, with the main body of the army,
+amounting to nine thousand men, whilst a detachment of three thousand
+should, if possible, gain possession of Stirling.
+
+The engagement which ensued, and which was called the battle of Sherriff
+Muir, was fought on a Sunday; after both armies had been under arms all
+night. No tent was pitched for the Duke of Argyle's men, either by
+officer or soldier, on that cold November evening. Each officer was at
+his post, nor could they much complain whilst their General sat on
+straw, in a sheepcote, at the foot of the hill, called Sherriff Muir,
+which overlooks Dumblane, on the right of his army. In the dead of the
+night, the Duke, by his spies, learned where the enemy were; for,
+although on account of the hills and broken ground, they could not be
+seen, they were not at two miles' distance. This was at Kinback; at
+break of day, the army of Argyle was completely formed, and the General
+rode up to the top of the hill to reconnoitre the foe.[108]
+
+The Earl of Mar, meantime, had given orders for his army to form to the
+left of the road that leads to Dumblane, and whilst they were forming
+in front of the town of Dumblane, they discovered the enemy on the
+height of the west end of the Sherriff Muir. A council of war was then
+held, and it was resolved, _nemine contradicente_, to fight.
+
+The Earl of Mar's forces had also been ready for combat during the whole
+of the night. To the Highlanders the want of shelter was of little
+consequence. It was usual to them, before they lay down on the moor to
+dip their plaids in water, by which the cloth was made impervious to the
+wind; and to choose, as a favourite and luxurious resting-place, some
+spot underneath a cover of overhanging heath. So late as the year 1745,
+they could not be prevailed on to use seats.[109] It was therefore with
+unimpaired vigour that they rushed on to the combat.
+
+The Earl of Mar placed himself at the head of the clans: perhaps a
+finer, a more singular, a more painful sight can rarely have been
+witnessed than the rush of this great body of Highlanders to the
+encounter. It was delayed by the Earl of Mar's despatching his
+aide-de-camp, Colonel Clephan, to Lord Drummond, and to General Gordon,
+with orders to march and attack immediately. On their return, pulling
+off his hat, he waved it with an huzza, and advanced in front of the
+enemy's formed battalions. Then was heard the _slogan_ or war-cry, each
+clan having its own distinctive watch-word, to which every clansman
+responded, whether his ear caught the sound in the dead of night, or in
+the confusion of the combat. Distinguished by particular badges, and by
+the peculiar arrangement and colours of the tartans, these devoted men
+followed the Earl of Mar towards the foe.
+
+But the action cannot be described in a manner better adapted to this
+narrative, than in the words of Lord Mar himself, in his letter on the
+very day of the engagement, to Colonel Balfour, whom he had left in
+command of the garrison at Perth. It is dated Ardoch, November 13th,
+1715.
+
+                                              "Ardoch, Nov. 13th, 1715."
+
+    "I thought you would be anxious to know the fate of this day. We
+    attacked the enemy on the end of the Sherriff Muir, at twelve of the
+    clock this day, on our right and centre; carried the day entirely;
+    pursued them down to a little hill on the south of Dumblane; and
+    there I got most of our horse and a pretty good number of our foot,
+    and brought them again into some order. We knew not then what was
+    become of our left, so we returned to the field of battle. We
+    discerned a body of the enemy on the north of us, consisting mostly
+    of the Grey Dragoons, and some of the Black. We also discovered a
+    body of their foot farther north upon the field where we were in the
+    morning; and east of that, a body as we thought of our own foot, and
+    I still believe it was so. I formed the horse and foot with me in a
+    line on the north side of the hill, where we had engaged and kept
+    our front towards the enemy to the north of us, who seem'd at first
+    as if they intended to march towards us; but upon our forming and
+    marching towards them, they halted and marched back to Dumblane. Our
+    baggage and train-horses had all run away in the beginning of the
+    action. But we got some horses and brought off most of the train to
+    this place where we quarter to-night about Ardock, whither we
+    march'd in very good order: and had our left and second line behaved
+    as our right and the rest of the first line did, our victory had
+    been compleat: but another day is coming for that, and I hope ere
+    long too.
+
+    "I send you a list of the officers' names who are prisoners here,
+    besides those who are dangerously wounded and could not come along,
+    whose words of honour were taken. Two of these are the Earl of
+    Forfar, who I'm afraid will die, and Captain Urquhart, of Burn's
+    Yard, who is very ill wounded. We have also a good number of private
+    men prisoners; but the number I do not exactly know.
+
+    "We have lost, to our regret, the Earl of Strathmore and the Captain
+    of Clan Ranald. Some are missing, but the fate we are not sure of.
+
+    "The Earl of Panmure, Drummond of Logie, and Lieutenant Colonel
+    Maclean are wounded.
+
+    "This is all that I have to say now, but that I am,
+
+                                               "Yours, &c.    MAR."
+
+    "P.S. We have taken a great many of the enemy's arms."
+
+Lord Mar, on this occasion, showed a degree of personal bravery worthy
+of the great name which he bore. He had placed himself on the right,
+and, as he was giving orders to the Macdonalds to charge that battalion
+of the enemy opposite to them, he encountered a very close fire. "The
+horse on which my Lord was," writes an eye-witness on the Jacobite side,
+"was wounded, for he fell down with him upon the fire, and got away, and
+my Lord immediately mounted another horse: he exposed his person but too
+much, and showed a great deal of bravery, as did the other lords about
+him."[110]
+
+The army of the Duke of Argyle lay on their arms all night, expecting
+that the next day the battle would be resumed; but, on Monday the
+fourteenth of November, the Duke went out with the piquet guard to the
+field to view the enemy, but found them gone: and leaving the piquet
+guard on the place, he returned to Dumblane, and thence to Stirling,
+carrying off with him fourteen of the enemy's colours and standards, and
+among them the royal standard called the Restoration, besides several
+pieces of artillery, and many prisoners, some of them men of rank and
+influence.
+
+Both sides claimed the victory of Sherriff Muir as their own; but,
+however it may be argued, it is certain that with only three thousand
+effective troops, Argyle had contrived "to break the heart of the
+rebellion," and to subdue an army such as could never again be
+reassembled. Between six and eight hundred of the Jacobites are stated
+to have fallen on the field,[111] and several, among whom was the brave
+Earl of Panmure and Colonel Maclean, were among the wounded. Lord Mar,
+nevertheless, celebrated the engagement as if it had been a victory.
+
+Thanksgiving-sermons were ordered to be preached at Perth, and a Te Deum
+sung in the church; and ringing of bells, and other demonstrations
+deceived the hearts of those who knew little of the real injury done to
+the cause, or amused others whose nearest interests had not suffered in
+the Sherriff Muir. A paper was also circulated containing a report of
+the battle, of course highly favourable to the Earl of Mar's part in
+what he called his victory. The following is the statement which he sent
+to the Chevalier.
+
+
+THE EARL OF MAR TO THE CHEVALIER.[112]
+
+                                                         "Nov. 24, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "It was but yesterday that I had accounts of your being at sea, and
+    I thought myself obliged to do all in my power to let you know the
+    state of affairs in this island before you land in it, so that you
+    may not be disapointed upon your comeing.
+
+    "I had the certain account yesterday of those who had appear'd in
+    arms besouth Forth, and in the north of England, all being made
+    prisoners at Preston in Lancashire, which I'm affraid will putt a
+    stop to any more riseings in that country at this time.
+
+    "Your Majesty's army, which I have the honour to command, fought the
+    enime on the Shirreff-Muir, near Dumblain, the thirteenth of this
+    moneth. Our left behav'd scandalously and ran away, but our right
+    routed the enimies left and most of their body.
+
+    "Their right follow'd and pursued our left, which made me not
+    adventure to prosecute and push our advantage on our right so far as
+    otherwayes wee might have done, however wee keept the field of
+    battle, and the enimie retir'd to Dumblain.
+
+    "The armie had lyen without cover the night before, and wee had no
+    provisions there, which oblidg'd me to march the armie back two
+    milles that night, which was the nearest place where I could get any
+    quarters. Next day I found the armie reduced to a small number, more
+    by the Highlanders going home than by any loss wee sustained, which
+    was but very small. So that and want of provisions oblidg'd me yet
+    to retire, first to Auchterarder, and then here to Perth. I have
+    been doing all I can ever since to get the armie together again, and
+    I hope considerable numbers may come in a little time; but now that
+    our friends in England are defeated, there will be troops sent down
+    from thence to reinforce the Duke of Argyle, which will make him so
+    strong, that wee shall not be able to face him, and I am affraid wee
+    shall have much difficultie in makeing a stand any where, save in
+    the Highlands, where wee shall not be able to subsist.
+
+    "This Sir, is a melancholy account, but what in duty I was oblidg'd
+    to let you know, if possibly I can, before you land; and for that
+    end I have endeavour'd to send boats out about those places where I
+    judg'd it most probable you would come.
+
+    "Ther's another copie of this upon the West Coast, and I wish to God
+    one or other of them may find you if your Majesty be upon the coast.
+
+    "By the strength you have with you, your Majesty will be best able
+    to judge if you will be in a condition, when join'd with us, to make
+    a stand against the enimie. I cannot say what our numbers will be
+    against that time, or where wee shall be, for that will depend on
+    the enimie, and the motions they make; but unless your Majesty have
+    troops with you, which I'm affraid you have not, I see not how wee
+    can oppose them even for this winter, when they have got the Dutch
+    troops to England, and will power in more troops from thence upon us
+    every day.
+
+    "Your Majestie's coming would certainly give new life to your
+    friends, and make them do all in their power for your service; but
+    how far they would be able to resist such a formed body of regular
+    troops as will be against them, I must leave your Majestie to judge.
+
+    "I have sent accounts from time to time to Lord Bolingbroke, but I
+    have not heard once from any of your Majestie's servants since Mr.
+    Ogilvie of Boin came to Scotland, nor none of the five messengers I
+    sent to France are return'd, which has been an infinite loss to us.
+    I sent another, which is the sixt, to France, some days ago, with
+    the account of our victory, who I suppose is sail'd ere now.
+
+    "May all happiness attend your Majestie, and grant you may be safe,
+    whatever come of us. If it do not please God to bless your kingdoms
+    at this time with your being settled on your throne, I make no doubt
+    of its doing at another time; and I hope there will never be wanting
+    of your own subjects to assert your cause, and may they have better
+    fortune than wee are like to have. I ask but of Heaven that I may
+    have the happiness to see your Majestie before I die, provided your
+    person be safe; and I shall not repine at all that fortune has or
+    can do to me.
+
+    "Your Majestie may find many more capable, but never a more faithful
+    servant than him who is with all duty and esteem, Sir, your
+    Majestie's most dutiful, most faithfull and most obedient subject
+    and servant,
+
+                                                              "MAR."
+
+    "From the Camp of Perth, Nov. 24, 1715."
+
+
+A fortnight previously the Earl of Mar had addressed the following
+curious letter to Captain Henry Straiton,[113] at Edinburgh, to whom
+many of Lord Mar's epistles are written. The allusion to Margaret Miller
+refers to Lady Nairn, the sister-in-law of the Marquis of Tullibardine,
+and wife of Lord Nairn, who, in compliance with a Scottish custom, took
+his wife's title, she being Lady Nairn in her own right. The allusion
+to "a dose" which will require the air of a foreign country to aid it,
+seems to offer some notion of the Earl's subsequent flight.
+
+                                                   "Novemb. 8th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I had yours of the fourth this forenoon, which was very wellcome.
+    And I hope we shall soon see the certainty of what the accounts
+    makes us expect of these folks' arivall. I sent of a pacquet
+    yesterday with an answer to Margaret Miller's of the second, and in
+    it I sent a copie of my last to Mr. H----n, which was dated the
+    second and third, of which I sent him copies two different wayes, so
+    I hope he'll get one of them at least. They were pressing them to go
+    into England; and now that they are actually gone their, and in so
+    good a way, I am easie as to that. I hope God will direct and assist
+    them.
+
+    "I thought to have marcht from this to-day. The foot are mostly
+    gone, and I march with the horse to-morrow morning. Our generall
+    revew is to be at Auchterardor on Thursday morning, and then to
+    march forward immediately. It is of great use to hear often from
+    you, and to have accounts of our friends in the north of England,
+    and what is doing in England beside; so I know you'll write as often
+    as you can find occasions. I fancie I may hear to-day from our
+    friends in the north of England, for I hope they had some days ago a
+    way of sending directly. It seems the Duke of Argyll's absence from
+    London is not like to do his own court of interest there much good.
+    I hope our manifesto's being disperced at London, will have good
+    effect; and I long to see what the prints call the Pretender's
+    declaration, and the declaration of the people of England. The run
+    upon the bank, I hope, will not lessen. The public credit must not
+    be once ruined to make it raise again, and I hope that time may be
+    sooner than we think of. We have rainy weather, but that is an
+    inconveniencie to the enimie as well as to us. My humble service to
+    Margaret Miller: I thank her for the information she gives me, of
+    one about me giving intelligence; but other friends may be easie
+    about it, for I am sure there is nothing in it; and I know what made
+    them belive, which I confess had colour enough. I wish she would get
+    the Doctrix to send a new dose to the patient she knows of, for
+    there was a little too much of one of the ingredients in the last,
+    which toke away the effect of the whole. It is the ingredient that
+    has the postponeing quality in it; and the patient's greatest
+    distemper is the apprehentions he has of a perfect cure being long
+    of comeing, and that it is not to be til he get the air of another
+    country. The dose must be carefully made up, and no appearance of
+    its comeing from any other hand but the Doctrix' own. Ther's some
+    copies herewith sent of a paper printed on this side the water, of
+    which I hear severall are at Stirling. The other two papers I got
+    to-day are given to revise, and are to be printed soon. I send you a
+    copie of a letter was wrote t'other day, and sent to the
+    Cameronians in the west. I wish you could send this one to some of
+    them in the south. This is all I will trouble you with; but I hope
+    both to get from you and give you good news soon, and I ever am,
+    with all sincerity and truth, yrs. &c.
+
+    "Perhaps Capt. R----n will not be found to have done so much hurt as
+    was thought he designed; but this is not to bid trust him yet."
+
+By two manuscript letters among the Mar papers, it appears, however,
+that the account soon afterwards published by Lord Mar was not so full
+of artifice and untruths as his enemies represented. "He kept the field
+of battle until it was dark," says one writer, in a letter dated from
+Perth (November the 19th, 1715); "and nothing but want of provisions
+prevented us from going forward the next day. We hear the Whigs give
+various accounts of the battle, to cover the victory; but the numbers of
+the slain on their part being eleven or twelve hundred, and ours not
+above fifty or sixty, and our keeping the field when they left it, makes
+the victory incontestable. Your friends that I know here mind you often,
+and they and I would be glad to have the opportunity to drink a bottle
+with you beyond the Forth."
+
+Another eye-witness gives a still more detailed account.[114] "I have
+yours of the seventeenth, with the paper inclosed, wherein that
+gentleman has taken the liberty to insert many falsehoods relative to
+the late action, a true and impartial account of which I here send you,
+which is but too modest on our side, and many things omitted that will
+be afterwards made publick, particularly their murdering Strathmoir,
+after he had asked quarters, and the treatment they gave to Panmuir and
+several others, who, I hope, will be living witnesses against them. The
+enclosed is so full that I have little to say, only that we have not
+lost a hundred men in the action, and none of note, except Strathmoir,
+and the Captain of Clan Ronald."
+
+The cruel spirit of party destroyed the generous characteristics of the
+soldier, during the excitement of the combat: but how can we palliate
+the conduct of one of the King's generals, Lord Isla, after the
+fierceness of the encounter was over? The letter referred to discloses
+particulars which were hushed up, or merely glanced at, in the partial
+annals of the time.
+
+    "So soon as they saw us coming down upon them, they marched off in
+    great haste towards Dumblain, and left several of our people they
+    had taken, among which was Lord Panmuir, who offered to give his
+    parole, not knowing what had passed upon the eighth; but he was told
+    by the person he sent to Lord Isla, that he could not take a parole
+    from a rebel, and they were in such haste that they lost him in a
+    little house, with several others near the field, where we found
+    them when we advanced and brought him along with us to Ardoch, two
+    miles furder, where we stayed all night and next day, until that we
+    heard the enemy were marched off to Stirling. He is now pretty well
+    and in no danger. Earl Loudoun passed him as he lay in the field,
+    without taking any notice of him, and he was wounded there by the
+    dragoons after he had surrendered to them; but I hope there will be
+    one other day of reckoning for these things. My Lord Mar sent off
+    two or three people to take care of Lord Forfar when he heard he was
+    wounded, and one of them waited of him to Stirling. He expressed a
+    good dale of consern that he should have been ingadged against his
+    countrymen, and sent a breslet off his arm to Lord Mar, so that we
+    all wish he may live. A good pairt of our baggage and the provisions
+    we had, were distroyed by our own people who went of from our left.
+    We are now getting provisions and every thing ready as soon as
+    possible; and I am hopefull we will be in a condition in a very few
+    days to pass forth without oposition.
+
+    "We have got accounts this day of a victorie obtained by our friends
+    in the south, the particulars of which we long for. I have sent you
+    some copies of the printed account of the action to give our
+    friends.
+
+                                                        "So adieu."
+
+Notwithstanding the humane attentions shewn by the Earl to Lord Forfar,
+that brave and generous nobleman died of his wounds. After lingering
+more than three weeks, he expired at Stirling on the eighth of
+December. He was wounded in sixteen different places, but a shot which
+he received in his knee seems to have been the most fatal injury. The
+conduct of the Earl appears in strong contrast with that of the Earl of
+Isla; but we must remember that each party had its own chroniclers. It
+is, nevertheless, a result of observation, more easily stated than
+explained, that through the whole of the two contests, both in 1715 and
+1745, the generous and somewhat chivalric bearing of the Jacobites was
+acknowledged; whilst a spirit of cruel persecution marked the conduct of
+some of the chief officers on the opposite side. The Duke of Argyle
+indeed, in his own person, presented an exception to this remark, which
+chiefly applies to those secondary to him in command and influence.
+
+The conduct of Lord Mar, in retreating to Perth after the affair of
+Sherriff Muir, has been severely censured. But, as Sir Walter Scott has
+observed, he met with that obloquy which generally follows the leader of
+an unsuccessful enterprise. According to Lord Mar's own account (and it
+has been corroborated by others), his retiring to Perth was unavoidable.
+The Highlanders, brave as they were, had a custom of returning home
+after a battle; and many of them went off when the engagement was ended.
+The Earl of Mar was not, therefore, in a condition to pursue the
+advantage which he had gained, but was forced to await at Perth the
+arrival of the Chevalier, or of the Duke of Berwick; on the notification
+of which, the Highlanders would have rallied to his standard. No
+supplies had been sent; the gentlemen of the army, as well as the men,
+had been long absent from their homes, and were living at their own
+expense; and therefore were impatient for leave of absence. To add to
+the general discouraging aspect of affairs, the fatal result of the
+English insurrection, under the command of Mr. Forster, was communicated
+at this time.
+
+At first the result of the battle of Preston was represented to the
+Jacobites at Perth in a very different light to that in which the defeat
+of the English Jacobites afterwards appeared. The following is an
+extract of a letter from Lord Mar, dated the twentieth of November.
+"This day we hear from good hands that they (the English Jacobites) have
+had a victory, for which we have had rejoicings, and I hope in God they
+are in a good way by this time. Let me hear from you often, I beg it of
+you, and I'll long for the particulars of that affair.
+
+"I am doing all I can to get us again in a condition to march from home.
+It will not be so soon as I wish, which is no small mortification to me,
+but our friends; you may depend on it, that it shall be as soon as I
+can, and no time shall be lost. It is wonderfull that neither the King
+nor the Duke of Ormond comes, nor that I have not accounts from them.
+Now that there is so considerable a party appearing in England, I hope
+they will put it off no longer. I hope all your friends in England are
+well in particular, but pray let me have an account of it.
+
+"Lord Tullibardin and Lord George are well; they are gone again to
+Atholl to bring back their men, who went off that they might retrieve
+their honour, as I doubt not but they will. It is a great pity if poor
+Strathmore and Clanronald, and I'm afraid honest Auchterhouse, is
+killed, for we can get no account of him.
+
+"I wish our prisoners may be as civilly treated as theirs are with us.
+They are all sent to Dundee (the officers I mean), where they have the
+liberty of the town, and wear their swords. My compliments to our sick
+friend, who I am sorry is still so; but he has had a good second and
+secretary.
+
+"Pray let us have some good news now, and I am with all truth and
+esteem,
+
+                                                         Yours, &c."
+
+"Perth, November 20, 1715."
+
+"Lord Panmure recovers pritty well. The enimie give out that he gave his
+parole when he was prisoner, but it was not so, he off'red it them but
+they wou'd not take it from a rebel as they call'd him, and neither did
+Strewan; so they were both resqued."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These letters place Lord Mar in a somewhat more estimable light than the
+usual statements have done. The truth is, that we ought never to judge
+of a man's actions before we have had an insight into his real motives
+and circumstances at the time. Few individuals had greater difficulties
+to contend with than Lord Mar.
+
+Harassed by cabals among the adherents of the Chevalier; unable to
+account for the continued reserve and absence of that Prince; and
+weakened greatly both by the secession of the clan of Fraser, who had
+joined the Insurgents with Mackenzie of Fraserdale, but who now went
+away, and joined him whom they considered as their real chieftain, the
+infamous Simon Fraser, of Beaufort, Lord Lovat; the Earl began to listen
+to those who talked of capitulating with the enemy. He found, indeed,
+that he was forced to comply with the wishes of the chieftains, some of
+whom were making private treaties for themselves. It must have been a
+bitter humiliation to Lord Mar to have sent a message to his former
+rival in politics, the Duke of Argyle, "to know if he had power to treat
+with him;" but the measure appears from the following letter to have
+been unavoidable. It was written after the news of the defeat at Preston
+had reached Perth. It bespeaks some degree of compassion and
+consideration for a man whose councils were distracted by dissensions,
+and who was embarrassed beyond measure by the absence of the Chevalier,
+to whose arrival he looked anxiously to give some hopes of revival to a
+sinking cause. The Master of Sinclair, to whom Lord Mar refers as a
+"devil," and who, since the disaster at Preston was known, "appeared in
+his own colours," was the eldest son of Henry, eighth Baron Sinclair, a
+devoted adherent of the House of Stuart, and one of those who had
+withdrawn from the Convention of 1689 when the resolution to expel James
+the Second was adopted. John, Master of Sinclair, was afterwards
+attainted, and never assumed the title of his father, although pardoned
+in 1726.
+
+                                                 "November 27th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I had yours of the twenty-second, the twenty-fifth, and also spoke
+    with the person you mention in it; I suppose he wou'd see you, as he
+    returned. The disaster of our friends in England is very unlucky,
+    both to affairs there and here. Since we knew of it here a _devil_,
+    who I suspected for some time to be lurking amongst us, has appeared
+    openly in his own colours. I forsaw this a-comeing some days ago. I
+    have endeavoured to keep people from breaking amongst themselves,
+    and was forced to go into the first step of it; but I hope we shall
+    be able to have the manadgement of it, and prevent its doing any
+    hurt, but to confounde in time comeing the designs of those who were
+    the promoters of it. It was by the advise of all your friends what I
+    have done, so let not our folks be alarmed when they hear of it from
+    I----g. It is odd where the K----[115] can be all this time, since,
+    by all appearance and all the accounts we have, he has left France
+    long ago; but that must quickly appear, and I hope to get things
+    staved off til it does. But without his comeing what can be done?
+    Tho' I hope that will not be the case. It is odd that others write
+    of Col. H----y and Doctor Abor--y, both at Parise, and that they do
+    not write themselves, tho' I'm told to-day that there's a letter
+    from them to me at Edinburgh, which I long for. We are told of
+    troops comeing from Englande, both English and Dutch. I doubt if
+    they'll ventur to quitt with both, and I would fain hope that none
+    of them will come soon. God grant that the K---- be safe. If he go
+    to England, as we are told he designed, I doubt not but he knows of
+    support there. I confess there's a great deal lost by his long
+    delay, but that certainly was not in his power to help, else it
+    wou'd not have been so. If he still come here, I hope we will yet be
+    able to make a stand for him this winter, but I thought I was
+    obledged to let him know the true situation before he land, which I
+    have done to the best of my pow'r, and lodged letters for him in the
+    places where I thought it most likely he wou'd come, so that he may
+    not be dissapointed by expecting to find things better than they
+    are. He has been so long by the way that it wou'd seme he is not
+    comeing to England, but that he is comeing round about Ireland to
+    Scotland; and neither he nor D---- O----d[116] be in England. It
+    wou'd seem that they will not stir there, which would make it a very
+    hard task here; but I hope Providence will protect him, and yet
+    settle him on his throne.
+
+    "I find it will be sometime before I can stirr from hence, and if
+    the enemy get not reinforcments, I judge they will not stirr either;
+    but as soon as they get them they certainly will, and I'm afraid we
+    shall be oblidged to take the hills, which is a could quarter now.
+    I wish you knew a great many particulars I have to tell you, but it
+    is not safe writing them; there are some people with us who it had
+    been good for the King they had stay'd at home, where they want not
+    a little to be, and will leave us at last, but we must make the best
+    of them, tho' there be but ill stuff to make it of as the saying is.
+    Never had man so plaguie a life as I have had o' late; but I'll do
+    the best I can to go threw it, and not be unworthy of the trust
+    reposed in me. My service to Mr. Hall, and I hope he'll make my
+    compliments to his correspondent at P----se,[117] who he mentions in
+    his to me; but its odd that I have heard from none there myself ever
+    sine B----n came, especially since other letters come through. I
+    must own I have not had many encouragements, but that should be
+    nothing if I had encouragements for others. Should it please God
+    that the King's affairs should not succeed, but that people
+    capitulated, I do not purpose to be a Scots or Englishman if they
+    would let me, and all that I wou'd ask for myself is liberty to go
+    abroad, for in that case I wou'd rather live in Siberia than
+    Britain. If the King does not come soon, I find people will not hold
+    out long; but if he does, there are honest men enough to stand by
+    him and not see him perish. Pray let me hear from you as often as
+    you can, and when you write to Mrs. Miller[118] make my compliments
+    to her. I wish some of our men here had her spirit. I hope you are
+    now perfectly recover'd, but pray take care that you fall not ill
+    again. Adieu.
+
+    "Pray cause give the enclosed to my brother as soon as it comes to
+    your handes. I beg you may apprise our friends at London and Parise
+    of what has been done hear to-day; the sending to Argle at Stirling
+    a message about articles of treaty, as appears from other papers,
+    which I tel you I was forced to go into;--that they may not be
+    surprised at it and think we have given all over, which might have
+    very bad consequences in both places. Do this by the first post. All
+    will come right again if the King come soon to Britain."
+
+The answer returned by the Duke of Argyle to Lord Mar's overture was
+this: that "he had no sufficient powers to treat with the Earl of Mar
+and his Council as a body, but that he would write to Court about it."
+
+To this reply, which was sent with much courtesy by the Duke, a
+rejoinder was made, "That when the Duke should let the Earl of Mar and
+his Council know that he had sufficient power, then they would make
+their proposition." The proposal was sent up to St. James's, but no
+further notice was taken of it, nor were the powers of the Duke of
+Argyle extended to enable him to come to any terms with Lord Mar. But
+although the negotiation thus died away, the weakness it betrayed among
+the Jacobite party was highly prejudicial to their cause.
+
+James, during all the recent events, had been engaged in making several
+attempts to leave St. Maloes. He had gone openly on board ships which
+were laden with arms and ammunition for his use, but had withdrawn when
+he found that his embarkation was known. He therefore changed his plans,
+and crossing to Normandy, resolved to embark at Dunkirk. Having lurked
+for several days, disguised as a mariner, on the coast of Brittany, he
+went privately to Dunkirk, where he embarked, attended by the Marquis of
+Tynemouth, the eldest son of the Duke of Berwick, Lieutenant Cameron,
+and several other persons, on board a French ship, which, according to
+some accounts, "was laden with brandy, and furnished with a good
+pass-port." Thus at length having ventured on the ocean, the Prince set
+sail towards Norway; but changed his direction, and steered towards
+Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire. During all this time, the Earl of Mar
+suffered from the utmost anxiety and perplexity for one who was unworthy
+of the exertions made for his restoration. This is evident from the
+following letter, dated November the thirtieth, to Captain Straiton:
+
+    "The accounts of that person's[119] way of going on, and the danger
+    he is in, confound me; but I hope Providence has not preserved him
+    all this while to destroy him at last. I am doing all I can to make
+    it safe; and perhaps what we thought our misfortune, (the men going
+    home after Sheriff Muir,) may prove our happiness, they being where
+    that person is to come, and I send troops there immediately."
+
+    "I knew before I got yours that the Dutch troops were coming
+    here.[120] Those by sea may come soon, but those by land cannot be
+    here a long time. They will now power in all the troups from England
+    on us; but I hope we may hold it this winter in spite of them, tho'
+    we shall have hard quarters in the Highlands. In case of what Mr.
+    H----ll writes me prove true, and happen, for fear of accidents
+    after it does, were it not fitt that you should write to France to
+    send some ships to cruise up and down the north-west coast to save
+    the person Mr. H----ll writes of, if things should not prove right?
+    and our friends in France can either send them from thence or Spain,
+    round Ireland? I hear of but two little ships of warr on that coast;
+    and the ships I would have sent may pass as marchant ships tradeing
+    and putting in by accident therabouts, which they often do. Pray
+    think of this, and write of it soon to France, as I intend to do
+    to-night by an express I am sending; and were it not fitt you should
+    write of it too to some trusty friend at London? But it must be done
+    with the utmost caution, for fear of disheartning the English. Tho'
+    the safty of that person is of such consequence that all ways is to
+    be taken for it, and all accidents guarded against.
+
+    "I wrote to you the twenty-seventh, and in it I gave you account of
+    an affair which happened amongst us, which obliged us to send a
+    message to the Duke of Argyll. I hope this came safe to your hand.
+    His answer was very civil, and our return was in the words
+    following, viz: 'We are obliged to the Duke of Argyll for his
+    civility; that, since he has no powers to treat with us, we can say
+    no more now; but if at any time he shall have them, and let us know
+    it, we shall give our answer.'
+
+    "I hope this affair has been so manadgd that all the spirit of
+    division amongst us is crusht; and pray take care to informe our
+    friends at London and Parise about it, that it may not alarme them.
+    I am affraid of its alarmeing the Regent, and keeping him from doing
+    anything for the King; for which reason I send an express to Lord
+    Bolingbroke to-night. I suppose it will be ten or twelve dayes at
+    least before the Duke of Argyll will have a return, and we may know
+    much before that time. If they agree to a treaty, it is still in our
+    own power; and if not, I hope people will stand together for their
+    own sake.
+
+    "You speak in your two last as if you were opresst about our
+    divisions. All I shall trouble you further in relation to
+    this,--there are odd people amongst us, and those of whom it should
+    not have been expected; they had instild their spirit so farr into
+    many, that there was no steming the tide but by going into it, or
+    else breaking amongst ourselves, and, like them, make a seperat
+    peace; but now those wise folk are ashamed of themselves, and are
+    disclaimed by those who they said comissioned them. I do all I can
+    to make others forgett this behaveour of those people, and I hope we
+    shall be as unite as ever. If the King come, I am sure we shall; and
+    if God is not pleased to bless us with his presence, whatever we do
+    shall be in consert.
+
+    "I beg to hear often from you, and particularly what you can learn
+    of the motion of the enimie and their designs.
+
+    "I send a reinforcement to-night to Bruntisland of a hundred men,
+    and there was fifty in it before.
+
+    "Lord Seaforth went north some time ago, and severall of Lord
+    Huntly's people; so I hope they togither will be able to keep Lord
+    Sutherland from doing much mischife, and e'er long to reduce him and
+    all the King's enimies there. We are not yet in so much apprehention
+    of them as Mr. H----ll seems to be. I am mightily pleased you are so
+    much recovered, which I know by your hand-writeing; but I can scarce
+    conceave how you get yourself keept free of our enimies,--may you do
+    long so, and
+
+            "I am sincearly yours, &c. Adieu."
+
+On the first of December, the Earl having still heard no tidings of the
+Chevalier, and being ignorant of his real movements, again writes in all
+the uncertainty, and with the circumspection of one who knows not
+whether his letter will be received. He seems always to have sent
+duplicates of his letters.
+
+    "I am in the utmost pain about the K----,[121] and I have done all
+    in my power to make him safe, but I hope Providence will protect
+    him. I sent one for France this morning, and I hope he may sail in a
+    day or two, but let that not keep you from writeing there too. I
+    would fain hope that the Regent has altered his measurs, and is
+    comeing into the K----'s intrest, else I do not see how it had been
+    possible for him to get thro' France: if so, I have good hopes, and
+    I wish he may come to us; but if not, and that England do nothing, I
+    wish he were safe again where he formerly was, for we shall never be
+    able alone to do his bussiness, and he will be in the utmost danger
+    after starveing a winter in the Highlands. Lord Huntley is still
+    very much out of humour and nothing can make him yet believe that
+    the K----'s a-comeing. He intends to go north, under the pretext of
+    reduceing Lord Sutherland, and his leaving us at this time I think
+    might have very bad effects, which makes me do all I can to keep
+    him. The Master of Sinclair is a very bad instrument about him, and
+    has been most to blaim of any body for all the differences amongst
+    us. I am plagued out of my life with them, but must do the best I
+    can. I expect now to hear every day of the K----'s landing; but
+    should he be any time of comeing, and the Duke of Argyll get his
+    powers and send us word of it before he come, our old work will
+    begin again, and I am sure I shall be deserted by a great many. Some
+    people seem so farr from being pleased with the news of the K----'s
+    comeing, that they are visiblie sorry for it; and I wish to God
+    these people had never been with us for they will be our undoing!
+    and what a plague brought them out, since they could not hold it out
+    for so short a time? I shall be blamed, I know, over all Europe for
+    what I am entirely innocent of. It will be my own ruin beside, but
+    if that could advance the K----'s affairs I am contented. In time I
+    shall be justified when my parte in all this affair comes to be
+    knowen, and I bless God I have witnesses enough who have seen all;
+    and if accidents do not happen them, my papers will show it to
+    conviction, for I have been pretty exact in keeping copies and a
+    journall.
+
+    "Since I have wrote so fully to you, I do not write to Mr. H----ll,
+    for which I hope he'll forgive me.[122]
+
+    "I am anxious to know if my brother got my note that was inclosed to
+    you in that of the twenty-seventh, which was to caution him in a
+    thing that I was affraid his over great concern for me might make
+    him do, and which would vex me extreamly if he did.
+
+    "I long to hear from you again, as I suppose you will from me; and
+    as soon as I know of what you'll expect to hear of from me, you
+    shall. Adieu."
+
+In a few days afterwards Lord Mar had gained more precise intelligence
+of the Prince's movements; on the delay at St. Maloes he puts the
+favourable construction of the vessel's having been wind-bound, as will
+be seen by the following letter. The dissensions in his counsels, aided,
+as he hints, by the influence which the Master of Sinclair exercised
+over the Marquis of Huntley, were, still, not among the least of his
+difficulties.
+
+                                                  "December 6th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Last night one of the messengers I had sent to France returned, and
+    there came with him to Montrose, Mr. Charles Fleeming and General
+    Eclin; but they are not yet come here, nor some money that came
+    along with them. I have a letter from the King, the fifteenth of
+    November, N. S. from St. Malos; severall from Lord Bolingbroke, the
+    last of which was the twenty-seventh, and he belived the King then
+    to be saild, and he had been wind bound there three weeks; but he
+    did not sail, as I understand from the messenger til the eighteenth
+    inst., he having seen a letter from Col. Hay at St. Maloes, to Mr.
+    Arbuthnot, two dayes after he sailed. God send him safe to us, for
+    which I have done all in my power! It is in the hands of Providence,
+    and I hope God will protect him. It is not to be known where he is
+    to land, and indeed it cannot be known certainly. Even this has not
+    quite cured all the whims amongst us. Lord grant a safe landing, and
+    I hope that will. The Duke of Ormond is gone to England, and I
+    believe he has some troops with him and arms and ammunition.
+
+    "I hear from Fife to-day that there landed at Leith on Sunday last
+    four hundred of the Dutch troops. I hope that's all that are comeing
+    by sea. I have the King's Declaration, which is to be reprinted
+    here, and shall be dispers'd in a few days. The less that it be
+    spoke that the King is to land soon, I believe the better, until he
+    actually does, for that but make the Government more alert. Were he
+    but once landed, I have reason to belive that there will be a new
+    face of affairs seen abroad as well as at home in the King's favour,
+    which is all I dare yet adventure to trust of it to paper; but I
+    hope in God were the King once with us all will be well.
+
+    "There are more officers comeing to us from abroad different wayes,
+    so it's likely they may be dropping in every day. The Duke of
+    Berwick stays behind for a very good reason, and is to follow. The
+    King has been pleased to confer new honours on me, but I do not
+    think it fitt to take it on me til he comes, and if it pleases not
+    God he come to us safe, I am indifferent what becomes of all I ever
+    had, and this may go with the rest. It is goodness in him, and more
+    than I askt or deserve. I will long to hear from you; and tho' I
+    desire you not to let the news I write you be much talkt of, yet I
+    suppose it will be no secret, for I am obliged to communicate what I
+    get to so many that it cannot possible be keept, and yet I cannot
+    help this. Tho' Lord Huntley said little to me to-day upon my
+    shewing him my letters, yet I know it from good hands he is not a
+    bitt in better humour and that he will now positively go north;
+    which I suppose he'll write of to me to-morrow, for 'tis seldom now
+    he'll either see me or let me see him, tho' I take all the ways I
+    can to please and humour him, but all will not do: however, I hope
+    will not have many followers. Master of Sinclair is gone this day to
+    see his father upon a sharp letter he had from him yesterday about
+    his behaviour. Some others are ashamed of the part they acted, but
+    if the King come not soon all of them will relapse again. The clans
+    stand firm, and I hope will to the last.
+
+    "Pray try to get notice of what private letters from London say upon
+    our proposeing terms, and let me know as soon as you can. Adieu."
+
+It is curious to trace the revival of the Earl's hopes, and the increase
+of his confidence. The following letter contains, among other
+circumstances, a reference to the supposed attempt of the Earl of Stair,
+in France, to assassinate James.
+
+                                                 "December 10th, 1715.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Yesterday I had yours of the fourth and fifth, for which I thank
+    you. I wrote to you on the eighth, which I hope you got safe, and
+    in it I told you of one of the messengers I had sent to France being
+    returned, and with him General Eclin and Mr. Charles Fleming, and
+    some money: since that Doctor Abercromby is returned and Lord Edward
+    Drummond is come with him and brought some more money. They come off
+    the same day with the others, and landed the same day at Aberdeen
+    the others did at Montrose. They only brought duplicates of the
+    dispatches I had by the others, and a letter to me from the Q----
+    with a pacquet from her to the K----, by which you may be sure he is
+    sail'd, and we hourly expect to hear of his landing. Since those
+    people came, those amongst us who had been uneasy, are now comeing
+    to be in good humour again, particularly Lord Huntley; and I have
+    agreed to his going north with some of his horse to get all his
+    people there together to suppress those about Inverness, and also to
+    have them in readiness against the K. comes. Pray God send him safe
+    and soon, and then I do not despair of things going right still. Our
+    whole prisoners almost, I mean the private men, are like to take on
+    since they heard of the K----g's being certainly a-comeing; and
+    since they saw the two enclosed papers, they say that were he once
+    come, there will be news of their armie and all those prisoners.
+    Even those who do not lift with us, pray openly for the K----, and
+    that God may keep him out of the hands of his enimies.
+
+    "The two enclosed are sent about to a great many places: it is
+    better to delay dispersing the K----'s declaration til he arrive,
+    since I hope that is near.
+
+    "I admear we hear no certain accounts of the Duke of Ormond, for the
+    fifteenth inst. the K---- and Q---- too write to me that he was
+    saild a second time for England.
+
+    "Pray God it may be well with him, and if he do not, then I wish he
+    may come here with all my heart.
+
+    "We have heard nothing as yet of the Duke of Argyle's return from
+    London, and I imagine we shall hear nothing from him upon it, when
+    he does get it and I hope he shall never be askt for it more by us.
+    The Duke of Atholl will himself send his men against Crafourd.
+
+    "I believe I forgot to tell you in my last that Colonel Hay mist
+    very narrowly being murdered in France, takeing him for the K----
+    (being in one of his cheases), by Lord Stair's gang, and in their
+    pockets Lord Stair's orders were found to go to such a place, and
+    there obey what orders they should receive from Count Douglass[123]
+    (Lightly), let them be never so desperate. This is something so
+    horrid that I want words to express it. I tell it you just as those
+    from France tell me. The fellow was imprisoned by the government
+    there and reclaimed by Lord Stair. Lord Clairmont was actually
+    reclaimed by the Regent before they come away; so his being brought
+    to England after, may work something. I have just now a packet of
+    news sent me by A. M., for which I thank you. Notwithstanding this
+    great new General's being come, I see not how they can do anything
+    at Stirling till the Dutch join them, and that cannot be yet for
+    some time; pray Heavens the K---- come before them! I know by other
+    accounts as well as yours, from abroad, that they are not above four
+    thousand complete and some of these are lost. Our Highlanders have
+    got in their heads a mighty contempt for them, which may do good.
+    This goes by the Hole,[124] from when your packet yesterday was sent
+    me. I have nothing further to add now, but I hope soon to send you
+    agreable news. Pray give my service to I. H. and desire him to make
+    my compliments to his landlady and tel her, I hope she is now right
+    with her son, which I am exceeding glad of. Adieu."
+
+At length, on the twenty-second of December, James landed at Peterhead,
+after a voyage of seven days. His arrival dispelled many doubts of his
+personal courage, since, after all his deliberations, he adopted by no
+means the least hazardous course by traversing the British ocean, which
+was beset by British men-of-war. He had sailed from Dunkirk in the
+small vessel in which he had embarked, and which was followed by two
+other vessels, containing his domestics, and stores for the use of his
+army. His immediate attendants were disguised as French officers, and his
+retinue as seamen. It had been the Chevalier's original intention to
+have landed in the Frith of Tay; but observing a sail which he suspected
+to be unfriendly, he altered his course, and landed at Peterhead, where
+the property of the Earl Marischal was situated. The ship in which the
+Chevalier sailed was, however, near enough to the shore to be able, by
+signals, to make signs to his friends of his approach. At Perth the
+intelligence was received with the utmost joy, and produced a most
+favourable effect, even among the prisoners of war, which Lord Mar
+describes in the following letter. Up to the twenty-eighth of the month
+he had not seen the Prince:
+
+                                                   "The 28th December.
+
+    "Yours of the twenty-second I have got just now by the Hole, and I
+    sent one that way to you yesterday from our friend here, in which
+    you have the joyfull news of the King's safe arival, which I hope in
+    God will effectually sement what you recomend to us. Our friend went
+    yesterday morning to meett his master, who I hope will be here with
+    us again Friday; I pray God turn the hearts of his enemies, both for
+    the sake of him and their poor country! It will be a monstruous
+    crime never to be forgiven, if they now draw their swords against
+    him, since he has been pleased to give them a most gratious
+    indemnity for all that is past, without exception. All will now soon
+    be dispersed in the North that opose him. Sutherland's men are
+    deserting him, and the Frasers are all gone home. I make no doubt
+    but that we are masters of Inverness, and so consequently the whole
+    North before this time. I make no doubt but that the King's presence
+    will forward everything: it has already had great effects here: and
+    those that were for separate measurs have reason to be ashamed, and
+    I hope they will make amends by their future behaveor. We have sent
+    over some of the declarations, and ane other paket of them is gone
+    this night. Now is the time for every body to bestir themselves, and
+    that all resort here to their master. I ame persuaded you'l not be
+    idle. Those that made a pretext of the King's not being landed, are
+    now left unexcusable; and if those kind of folks now sit still and
+    look any more on, they ought to be worse treated than our worst
+    enemies. I beg of you to send us what accounts you can learn on your
+    side, and what they are now to do upon this news. I hope in God we
+    shall now be soon ready to give them a meeting! It will be of
+    consequence for us to hear often from your side, and we have little
+    other accounts than from you. I have sent yours by ane express this
+    day to our friend, and I hope to hear from you soon in return to the
+    last that went on Munday. The K---- lay on Saturday night at the
+    Earl of Marischall's house; he had a very good and safe passage,
+    and has given them fair slip, for I supose they did never rekon on
+    his comeing the near way. I hear there is a great resort to him,
+    since he landed, of all ranks.
+
+    "The Duke of Athol[125] sent a pairty of two hundered of his men
+    yesterday morning, under the comand of his brother Lord Edward, and
+    his son Lord James, to Dunkeld to have surprised our garison there,
+    which consisted of about one hundred men of the clans; but it seems
+    the garison had notice of it some hours before they came, and gave
+    them such a warm reception, that they retired in great haste with
+    the loss of two men killed by our out-sentinels and five or sixe
+    wounded. I belive his Grace's men had no good will to the work, and
+    were brought their against their inclinations. They had nott then
+    gott the account there of the King's arival, els I belive they had
+    not atempted it. I wish our garison were now at Brunt Island, but I
+    hope that loss soon be made up. I hope you'll omitte no occasion in
+    letting us hear from you. Adieu.
+
+    "The above is writte to H. S.,[126] but it will serve you both to
+    forward it to him. I got the money and the cloas safe. I expect to
+    hear from you soon. I have yours of the twenty-third. I have sent
+    over a paket to be dispersed, and some ane other way. Your letters
+    are longer be the way than they need so order it. Fall on some
+    proper way to gett the enclosed delivered by some person, but be not
+    seen in it yourself. If ane answer can be got, send it."
+
+The Chevalier slept in the town of Peterhead on the first night of his
+landing, but on the second he was received at Newburgh, a seat of the
+Earl Marischal; and the adherents who welcomed him as their Prince, had
+there an opportunity of forming a judgment of one whom they had hitherto
+known only by the flattering representations of those who had visited
+the young adventurer, at his little Court in Lorraine.
+
+In person, James is reported by the Master of Sinclair to have been
+"tall and thin, seeming to incline to be lean rather than to fill as he
+grows in years." His countenance, to judge by the most authentic
+portraits[127] of this Prince, had none of the meditative character of
+that of Charles the First, whom the Chevalier was popularly said to
+resemble: neither had it the sweetness which is expressed by every
+feature of that unhappy Monarch, nor had his countenance the pensiveness
+which wins upon the beholder who gazes upon the portraits of Charles.
+The eyes of the Chevalier were light-hazel, his face was pale and long,
+and in the fullness of the lips he resembled his mother, Mary of Modena.
+To this physiognomy, on which it is said a smile was rarely seen to
+play, were added, according to the account of a contemporary, from whose
+narrative we will borrow a further description, "a speech grave, and not
+very clearly expressive of his thoughts, nor over much to the purpose;
+his words were few, and his behaviour and temper seemed always composed.
+
+"What he was in his diversions we know not; here was no room for such
+things. It was no time for mirth. Neither can I say I ever saw him
+smile. Those who speak so positively of his being like King James the
+Seventh, must excuse me for saying that it seems to say they either
+never saw this person or never saw King James the Seventh; and yet I
+must not conceal that when we saw the man whom they called our King, we
+found ourselves not at all animated by his presence; and if he was
+disappointed in us, we were tenfold more so in him. We saw nothing in
+him that looked like spirit. He never appeared with cheerfulness and
+vigour to animate us: our men began to despise him; some asked if he
+could speak. His countenance looked extremely heavy. He cared not to
+come abroad among us soldiers, or to see us handle our arms to do our
+exercise. Some said the circumstances he found us in dejected him. I am
+sure the figure he made dejected us; and had he sent us but five
+thousand men of good troops, and never himself come, we had done other
+things than we have done. At the approach of that crisis when he was to
+defend his pretensions, and either lose his life or gain a Crown, I
+think, as his affairs were situated, no man can say that his appearing
+grave and composed was a token of his want of thought, but rather of a
+significant anxiety grounded on the prospect of his inevitable ruin,
+which he could not be so void of sense as not to see plainly before
+him,--at least, when he came to see how inconsistent his measures
+were--how unsteady the resolution of his guides, and how impossible it
+was to make them agree with one another."[128]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was at Glammis Castle, the seat of the Earl of Strathmore, that the
+Earl of Mar drew up a flattering account of the Prince, which he caused
+to be printed and diligently circulated.[129] The whole is here given,
+as affording an insight into all that was going on:--
+
+    "I have had three of yours since I left Perth, but I wonder I have
+    no letters from London. I mett the King at Fetteresso on Tuesday
+    se'night, where we stayed til Friday; from thence we came to
+    Brichan, then to Kinnaird, and yesterday here. The King designed to
+    have gone to Dundee to-day, but ther's such a fall of snow that he
+    is forced to put it off til to-morrow, if it be practicable then;
+    and from thence he designs to go to Scoon. There was no haste in his
+    being there sooner, for nothing can be done in this season, else he
+    had not been so long by the way. People every where as we have come
+    along, are excessively fond to see him and express that duty they
+    ought. Without any compliment to him, and to do him nothing but
+    justice, set aside his being a prince, he is realie the finest
+    gentelman I ever knew. He has a very good presence, and resembles
+    King Charles a great dele. His presence, tho', is not the best of
+    him; he has fine partes, and dispatches all his buissiness himself
+    with the greatest exactness. I never saw any body write so finely.
+    He is afable to a great degree w^{t}out looseing that majestie that
+    he ought to have, and has the sweetest temper in the world. In a
+    word, he is even fitted to make us a happie people, were his
+    subjects worthie of him. To have him peaceablie settled on his thron
+    is what these kingdomes do not deserve; but he deserves it so much,
+    that I hope ther's a good fate attending him. I am sure ther's
+    nothing wanting to make the rest of his subjects as fond of him as
+    we are, but thus knowing as we now have the happiness to do. And it
+    will be odd if his presence amongst us, after his running so many
+    hazards to compass it, do not turn the hearts of even the most
+    obstinat. It is not fit to tel all the particulars, but I assure
+    you, since he arived, he has left nothing undone that well could be
+    to gain every body, and I hope God will touch their hearts. His
+    Majestie is very sensible of the service you have done him and he
+    desires you may continue, for which he hopes he may yet be able to
+    reward you. He wrote to France as soon's he landed, and sent it with
+    the shipe he came in, which we hope got safe there long ago. It is
+    not often that we can have opportunity of writeing or sending there,
+    and the Queen and others will be mighty impatient to hear
+    frequently; therefore his Majestie expects you should write there
+    frequently, and give them all the accounts you can. I have reason to
+    hope we shall very quickly see a new face on affairs abroad in the
+    King's favour, which is all I dare comitt to paper. The Government
+    will nott certainly send all the strength against us they can, but
+    e'er long, perhaps, they may have ocasion for their troups else
+    where.
+
+    "I belive one wou'd speak to you lately of a kind of comisary of the
+    Dutch, that may be spoke to, which by no means ought to be
+    neglected, and he being on your side the watter, it is left to you,
+    and you must not stick at offering such a reward as he himself can
+    desire, which I shall see made good: there should no time be lost in
+    this, and I'll be glad to know soon if there be any hopes that way.
+
+    "Tho' the way of sending letters betwixt us be now much more
+    difficult than ever, yet you must write as often as you possiblie
+    can get any probable way of sending of them safe; and pray give us
+    all the accounts you can. I have ordred some of the King's
+    declarations for England to be sent you, and when they come to your
+    hands you wou'd get some way of sending them to London and other
+    places of England. Send the enclosed for my wife under a cover, as
+    you used to do; by my not hearing from her, I am affraid my last has
+    not come to her hands. When any comes from her for me, pray take
+    care that you send them a safe way. We long to know what effects the
+    news of the King's arivall had at London, Stirling, and Edinburgh. I
+    suppose you still hear from Kate Bruce. I do not understand what she
+    means by going to the country, which she mentions in her letter to
+    you.
+
+    "I see in one of the prints that Lawrance is come off from London,
+    so by this time he must certainly be in Scotland; pray let me know
+    what you hear of him. If he be come, I suppose he'll understand
+    himself so well as our prisoner, that he will immediately give
+    himself up to us again.
+
+    "The King wears paper caps under his wige, which I know you also do;
+    they cannot be had at Perth, so I wish you could send some on, for
+    his own are near out.
+
+    "We are in want of paper for printing; is there no way to send us
+    some from your side?
+
+    "Pray, send my wife one of the Scots and one of the English
+    declarations at the same time my letter goes, but under another
+    cover. Adieu.
+
+    "Since writeing I have yours of the thirty-first and first, for
+    which I thank you, and am just going to read them to my master."
+
+Little dependance can be placed on the entire accuracy of either of
+these varying descriptions,--the one penned by a disappointed, and
+perhaps wavering, adherent, the other by a man whose personal interests
+were irrevocably involved with those of James. We must trust to other
+sources to enable us to form a due estimate of the merits of this
+ill-starred Prince.
+
+James Stuart was at this time in his twenty-seventh year. From his very
+cradle he had been, as it might seem to the superstitious, marked by
+fate for a destiny peculiarly severe. His real birth was long disputed,
+without the shadow of a reason, except what was suggested by a base
+court intrigue. This slur upon his legitimacy, which was afterwards
+virtually wiped away by the British Parliament, was nevertheless the
+greatest obstacle to his accession, there being nothing so difficult to
+obliterate as a popular impression of that nature.
+
+Educated within the narrow precincts of the exiled court, James owed the
+good that was within him to a disposition naturally humane, placable,
+and just, as well as to the communion with a mother, the fidelity of
+whose attachment to her exiled consort bespoke a finer quality of mind
+than that which Nature had bestowed on the object of her devotion. By
+this mother James must doubtless have been embued with a desire for
+recovering those dominions and that power for which Mary of Modena, like
+Henrietta Maria, sighed in vain, as the inheritance of her son; but the
+stimulus was applied to a disposition with which a private life was far
+more consonant than the cares of sovereignty. Rising as he does to
+respectability, when we contrast the good nature and mild good sense of
+the Chevalier with the bigotry of James the Second,--or view his career,
+blameless with some exceptions, in contrast with the licentiousness of
+Charles the Second, there were still no high hopes to be entertained of
+the young Prince; his character had little energy, and consequently
+little interest: he was affable, just, free from bigotry although firm
+in his faith, and capable of great application to business; but he
+wanted ardour. From his negative qualities, the pitying world were
+disposed to judge him favourably. "He began the world," says Lockhart,
+"with the general esteem of mankind; but he sank year by year in public
+estimation: his Court subsequently displayed the worst features of the
+Stuart propensities, an intense love of prerogative; and his mind, never
+strong, became weaker and weaker under the dominion of favourites."
+
+The ship in which James had sailed returned to France immediately to
+give the news of his safe arrival, and at the same time Lieutenant
+Cameron, the son of Cameron of Lochiel, was dispatched to Perth to
+apprise the Earl of Mar of the event. Upon the spur of the moment the
+Earl, accompanied by the Earl Marischal and General Hamilton, and
+attended by twenty or thirty persons of quality, on horseback, set out
+with a guard of horse to attend him whom they considered as their
+rightful Sovereign. The cavalcade met the Chevalier at Fetteresso, the
+principal seat of the Earl Marischal. "Here," says Reay, "the Chevalier
+dressed, and discovered himself," and they all kissed his hand, and
+owned him as their King, causing him to be proclaimed at the gates of
+the house. At Fetteresso the Prince was detained during some days by
+that inconvenient malady the ague. Meantime, the declaration which he
+had prepared, and which was dated from Commercy, was disseminated, and
+was dropped in some loyal towns by his adherents in the night-time,
+there being danger in promulgating it openly.[130]
+
+On the second of January, 1715-16, the Chevalier proceeded to Brechin,
+and thence to Kinnaird; and on Thursday to Glammis Castle, the seat of
+the Earl of Strathmore. On the sixth of January he made his public entry
+into Dundee on horseback, at an early hour. Three hundred followers
+attended him, and the Earl of Mar rode on his right hand, the Earl
+Marischal on his left. At the suggestion of his friends, the Prince
+shewed himself in the market-place of Dundee for nearly an hour and a
+half, the people kissing his hands. The following extract from a letter
+among the Mar Papers affords a more minute and graphic account of the
+Chevalier's demeanour than is to be found in the usual histories of the
+day.
+
+    "I hear the Pretender went this day from Glams to Dundee, and comes
+    to Scoon to-morrow; and I am shourly informed that your old friend
+    Willie Callender went to Glams on Wensday and kissed the Pretender's
+    hand, of whom he makes great speeches, and says he is one of the
+    finest gentlemen ever he saw in his life. Its weell that his landing
+    is keept up from the army, for he has gained so much the good will
+    of all ranks of people in this country that have seen him, that if
+    it was made publick it's thought it might have ill effects among
+    them. He is very affable and oblidging to all, and great crowds of
+    the common people flok to him. When he toke horse this morning from
+    Glams, there was about a thousand country people at the gate, who
+    they say, gave him many blessings: he has tuched several of the
+    ivil, as he did some this morning. He is of a very pleasant temper,
+    and has intirely gained the hearts of all thro' the places he has
+    passed. He aplyes himself very closs to business, and they say might
+    very weell be a Secretarie of State. He has declared Lord Marischall
+    one of his bedchamber. The toun of Aberdeen made him ane address, as
+    did all the other touns as he passed; and I hear he is, at the
+    request of the episcopal clergy in this country, to apoint a day of
+    thanksgiving for his safe arival, and likeways a proclamation, to
+    which will be referred his declaration, with something new, which
+    shall be sent to you with first ocasion. There came a battalion of
+    Bredalbins men to Perth on Tuesday, and ane other of Sir Donald
+    M^{c}Donalds this day; and they are now daily getting in more men.
+
+    "This is all the intelligence I can give you, and I hope to hear
+    from you again soon, and lett me know what certain number are now
+    come over, and what more designed. Deliver the enclosed and tell him
+    these papers could not be gott him just now, but shall per next. I
+    ame affraid poor W. Maxewell wild be dead before you get this, of a
+    fever and a flux: he is given over this two days. Write soon."
+
+After the display at Dundee, the Chevalier rode to the house of Stewart
+of Grandutly, in the neighbourhood, where he dined and passed the day.
+On the following day he proceeded along the Carse of Gowrie to Castle
+Lyon, a seat of the Earl of Strathmore, where he dined, and went thence
+to Fingask, the seat of Sir David Threipland. On the eighth of January
+he took up his abode in the royal palace of Scoon, where he intended to
+remain until after his coronation.
+
+For this event preparations were actually made by the Earl of Mar, whose
+sanguine spirit appears to have been somewhat revived by the presence of
+the Chevalier. The addition of a new dignity to his own ancestral
+honours had marked the favour and confidence of James. Before the
+arrival of the Chevalier in Scotland, the Earl of Mar had been informed
+that a patent of dukedom was made out for him; on which he thus
+expressed himself in a letter, written before the Chevalier's landing,
+full of gratitude and professions.[131]
+
+"Your Majesty has done me more honour than I deserve. The new dignity
+you have been pleased to confer on me is what I was not looking for; and
+coming from your Majesty's hands is what gives it the value. The patent
+is not yet come, but tho' it had, I think I ought not to make use of it
+till your Majesty's arrival."
+
+The Earl of Mar had now had an opportunity of throwing himself at the
+feet of the King, which, as he expressed, "is the thing in the world he
+had longed most for." But still, the difficulties in his path seemed to
+be rendered more insurmountable than ever by the arrival of James.
+
+In the first place, the landing of the Chevalier evidently sealed the
+doom of those gallant and unfortunate noblemen who had been taken
+prisoners at Preston; and rendered all hopes of mercy futile. The
+sixteenth of January, which witnessed the forming of the Chevalier's
+council at Perth, was the day on which the unfortunate Derwentwater,
+Nithisdale, Kenmure, Wintoun, and Widdrington, petitioned for two days'
+delay to prepare for their trials. Their doom was hurried on in the
+general panic; and in the addresses from both Houses of Parliament to
+King George, it was declared by the members of those assemblies "that
+the landing of the Pretender in this kingdom had greatly encreased
+their indignation against him and his adherents."
+
+It is impossible that the Earl of Mar could have heard, without deep
+commiseration, and perhaps remorse, of the peril in which those
+ill-fated adherents of James were placed, although he may not have
+anticipated the full severity of the law. In one of his subsequent
+letters he remarks: "By the news I see the Parliament is to have no
+mercie on our Preston folks: but I hope God will send them salvation in
+time." One of his greatest sources of anxiety had been respecting the
+movements of the Duke of Ormond, upon whose making a diversion in favour
+of James, in England, Mar had counted. The news that Ormond, after
+having been seen on the coast of England, had returned, disheartened,
+was brought by the Chevalier, who heard of it at St. Maloes. The only
+chance of success, the last hope, were centered in this resource. The
+failure of this expectation was fatal, as Lord Mar conceived, to the
+cause, and on it he grounded his own subsequent withdrawal from England.
+
+The entrance of the Chevalier into Perth, on the ninth of January, was
+attended with far less enthusiasm than the previous portion of his
+progress. His reception was comparatively cold. On asking to see their
+"little kings" (the chieftains) with their armies, the Highlanders,
+diminished in numbers by the secession of the Marquis of Huntley and the
+absence of Lord Seaforth and others, were marched before him. James
+could not help admiring their bearing; but the small amount of troops in
+the camp filled him with a dejection which he could not conceal. When, a
+few days afterwards, the unfortunate Prince addressed his council for
+the first time, he said, with mournful truth, these words. "For me it
+will be no new thing if I am unfortunate: my whole life, even from my
+cradle, has been a constant series of misfortunes." This sentiment of
+ill-presage was re-echoed in the address of the Episcopal clergymen.
+
+"Your Majesty has been trained up," said these divines, at Fetteresso,
+"in the School of the Cross, in which the Divine grace inspires the mind
+with true wisdom and virtue, and guards it against those false
+blandishments by which prosperity corrupts the heart." And as this
+school has sent forth the most illustrious princes,--Moses, Joseph, and
+David, it was hoped that a similar benefit would accrue to the character
+of the Prince whom the Episcopal Clergy thus welcomed to their country.
+
+Meantime the project of crowning the Chevalier at Scone amused the minds
+of the people, and continued to be the subject of diligent preparation
+by the Earl of Mar. Unhappily a ship laden with money and other aids,
+had been lost on its passage from France, close to the Tay, for want of
+a pilot.[132] The difficulties which were augmented by this misfortune,
+are alluded to in the following extract from one of Lord Mar's letters.
+
+
+
+
+                                               "January 15th, 1715-16.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I wrote to you yesterday by one that used to come here from Mr.
+    Hall, which I hope will come safe to your hands. At night I had
+    yours of the fourteenth, and this night that of the tenth. The caps
+    do pritty well, and I have orders to thank you for them. I send you
+    one of his own; if you can get such paper t'is well, and if not, the
+    other is what he likes best of any that you sent; so let some of
+    either one or other come when you have an occasion.
+
+    "I am sorry Mr. Brewer[133] is ill, for his presence here wou'd be
+    of great use; and as soon as he is able I wish he wou'd come, which
+    I am ordered to tel you, and also that you may endeavour to get a
+    copie of the coronation of King Charles the First and Second, which
+    certainly are to be had in Edinburgh. Willie Wilson had them, and
+    perhaps some of his friends may have got copies of them from him,
+    which may be had.
+
+    "I spoke to one some time ago about makeing a crown in pices at
+    Edinburgh and bringing it over here to be put togither, who, I
+    believe, talkt to you of it. That man was here some days ago, but
+    went away before I knew it is wisht that such a thing could yet be
+    done, which is left to your care.
+
+    "In case there be occasion for it here, as I wish there may, bulion
+    gold is what I'm afraid will be wanting, but it will not take much.
+    Had not the misfortune I wrote to you of hapn'd to Sir J.
+    Erskine[134] there had been no want of that. We have got no farther
+    account of that affair, tho' we have people about it; but if they do
+    not succeed this night or to-morrow when the spring tide is, it is
+    lost for ever. There is more by the way tho', and I hope will have
+    better fate. I have ordered more papers to be sent you, and
+    certainly you have more of them before now. It is mighty well taken
+    what that lady (the letters from London say) has ordered, as to
+    those you sent her, which you are desired to let her have; and I do
+    not doubt she will do the same as to those concerning E----d.
+    Adieu."
+
+By the next letter it appears that the good opinion entertained by Lord
+Mar of the Chevalier was real; since the whole of the epistle has the
+tone of being a natural effusion of feeling, and is a simple statement
+of what actually took place, and not the letter of a diplomatist.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I have seen a letter from Mr. S----g, who had spoke with you on the
+    subject I formerly wrote to you of, concerning that fo--f--y of the
+    D----h to a gentleman with us, Mr. S----q's friend, and upon it our
+    master has thought fit to write the enclosed to him, and orders me
+    to tell you that you must cause give him an hundred guineas at the
+    delivery of the letter. The letter is left open for your perusal,
+    and I wish it may have effect, as perhaps it may. There's no time
+    to be lost in it, and I'll long to know what passes in it, and what
+    hopes you have of him. I sent you credit for five hundred pounds,
+    which I hope you got safe; but if by any accident it should not come
+    to your hands, Mr. S----q there, is a certain goldsmith that will
+    advance what there is occasion for this way. I send you enclosed a
+    letter, which may be of use in an affair I wrote of in my last.
+
+    "We have got severall deserters since the K. came and last night
+    nine came in with their clothes and arms, and says many more will
+    follow soon, which I wish we may see. They say, too, that the two
+    regiments of dragoons are marcht from Glasgow for England, and that
+    two are to go from Stirling to replace them. Were they designing to
+    march against Scoon, sure they would not do this, nor is it possible
+    they can do anything in this weather; but if they, notwithstanding,
+    attempt it, perhaps they may find frost in it.
+
+    "As I am writing I have received yours of the thirteenth. I read it
+    to the K----g, and delivered him the enclosed letter from Mr.
+    Holmes, which was very well taken, as you will see by the enclosed
+    return, which you'll take care to forward safely; and pray do me the
+    favour to make my compliments there.
+
+    "Perhaps you'll hear things of the two northern powers[135] that
+    will look odd to your other friends, as no wonder; but all will come
+    right again--the time they had taken being out in a few days.
+    There's one sent some days ago to assist them, so I hope things will
+    be soon right there, tho' they have done much to spoil them, and
+    each of them makes an excuse of one another as they have done from
+    the begining. The K----, you will see by all the enclosed, is not
+    spareing of his pains. You must fall on the right way of having them
+    all delivered.
+
+    "That to Seaforth he writes upon the great professions he made when
+    in France; he is such a fellow that I'm afraid it will do little
+    good.
+
+    "I have nothing else material to say just now, but I cannot give
+    over without telling a thing which I'm sure will please you--that
+    the longer one knows the King the better he's liked, and the more
+    good qualities are found in him; that of good-nature is very
+    eminent, and so much good sense that he might be a first minister to
+    any king in Europe, had he not been born a king himself. He has
+    allowed Neil Campbell to go to Edinburgh t'other day on his parole,
+    he being ill, and it was with so much good nature that was evident
+    in his doing of it, that it charmed me. I wish you could get notice
+    how Neil represents it or expresses himself when he gets there; for
+    I wrote it at length to the gentleman who wrote to me about him.
+    Adieu.
+
+    "If people from S----q be designing to come to us, they should
+    either do it soon or give us assurances of doing it soon as we are
+    in view of each other; and these assurances must be such that we can
+    depend on, for our conduct must in a great measure be regulated by
+    what we expect that way.
+
+    "It were highly necessary that methods and measures were concerted
+    for the right way of doing this, which you should let such of them
+    as you know are so trusted know, and it is absolutely necessary that
+    they either send one to me about this, or let me know it certainly
+    some other way, that we may not be drawing different ways when we
+    are designing the same thing.
+
+    "We have no return of the last message which was sent to the good
+    man of the house you wrote of, and t'is above eight days ago. I
+    believe he designs right, tho' t'is odd."
+
+The enthusiasm which was at first displayed towards the Chevalier was
+soon cooled, not only by his grave and discouraging aspect, but by his
+fearless and impolitic display of his religious faith. He never allowed
+any Protestant even to say grace for him, but employed his own confessor
+"to repeat the Pater nosters and Ave Marias:" and he also shewed an
+invincible objection to the usual coronation oath,--a circumstance which
+deferred the ceremony of coronation,--Bishop Mosse declaring that he
+would not consent to crown him unless that oath were taken. This
+sincerity of disposition--for it cannot be called by a more severe
+name--especially diminished the affections of the Chevalier's female
+episcopal friends, who had excited their male relations to bear arms in
+his favour. But the circumstance which weighed the most heavily against
+James, was the order which he published, on hearing that the Duke of
+Argyle was making preparations to march against him, for burning the
+towns and villages, and destroying the corn and forage, between Dumblane
+and Perth. This act of destruction, from the effects of which the
+desolate village of Auchterarder has never recovered, was determined on,
+in order that the enemy might be incommoded as much as possible upon
+their march; it added to the miseries of a people already impoverished
+by the taxes and contributions which the Jacobites had levied. It
+appears, however, from a letter of James's, since discovered, or
+perhaps, only suppressed at the time, to have been an act which he
+bitterly regretted, and the order for which he signed most unwillingly.
+He was desirous of making every reparation in his power for the ravages
+which were committed in his name.[136]
+
+On the ninth of January a council of war was held by the Duke of Argyle
+at Stirling, where, by a singular coincidence, the council sat in the
+same room in which James the Second, then Duke of York, had, in 1680,
+been entertained by the Earl of Argyle, to whom he had proposed the
+repeal of the sanguinary laws against Papists. The refusal of Argyle to
+concur in that measure, the consequences of his conduct, and his
+subsequent death, are circumstances which, doubtless, arose to the
+remembrance of his descendant, as he discussed, in that apartment, the
+march towards Perth.
+
+The country between Stirling and Perth was covered with a deep snow; the
+weather was one continual storm; it was therefore impossible for the
+army of Argyle to proceed until the roads were cleared,--a process which
+required some time to effect. It is asserted, nevertheless, by an
+historian, that upon Colonel Ghest being sent with two hundred dragoons
+to reconnoitre the road leading to Perth, that the greatest panic
+prevailed in that town: immediate preparations were made for defence,
+and nothing was to be seen except planting of guns, marking out
+breastworks and trenches, and digging up stones, and laying them with
+sand to prevent the effects of a bombardment.[137] The Earl of Mar,
+nevertheless, does not appear, if we may accredit his own words, to have
+even then despaired of a favourable issue. The following letter betrays
+no fear, but speaks of some minor inconvenience, which is far from being
+of a melancholy description. The difficulty of procuring the right sort
+of ribbon for the decoration of the Garter, is altogether a new feature
+among the adversities of royal personages. It seems strange that James
+should not have provided himself, before quitting France, with all that
+was necessary to preserve the external semblance of majesty.
+
+                                               "January 20th, 1715-16.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I wrote to you the eighteenth, and sent severall others enclosed,
+    which I hope will come safe to you. The inclosed, markt D. F., is
+    from the King to Davie Floid at London, which he desires you may
+    take care to gett conveid to him safly and soon, it being of
+    consequence. The other is for my wife, which I beg you may forward
+    as usewall.
+
+    "We are told that ther's some foot come to Dumblain, and that ther's
+    more expected there. And they still talk as if they designed to
+    march their whole armie against us nixt week. Perhaps they intend
+    it, but with this weather I see not how 'tis in their power. If they
+    do tho', upon their expecting we are to abandon Perth upon their
+    aproach, as I'm told they believe, they will find themselves
+    mistaken, for all here are resolved to stand it to the last, and
+    perhaps we will not wait their comeing the lenth, but meet them by
+    the way. We might have left it indeed, some time ago; but that time
+    is past, and the King's being with us alters the case in every
+    respect. After all, I cannot get myself to belive that they will
+    actually come to us in haste, and if they do they may mistake their
+    reckning. Sure I am, it were impossible for us to march to them in
+    this snow, and our folks are as good at that as they. The snow puts
+    me in mind of the children of Israel's pillar of smoke and pillar of
+    fire; and to say truth, ther's something in the weather very odd
+    and singular; I never saw such.
+
+    "My cloathes are almost all worn out, haveing left some at the
+    battle: I know not if you could get me any made and sent from
+    Edinburgh; but if you could, I should be glad of it. Ther's one Bird
+    was my tayler and I belive has my measur, or some old cloathes of
+    mine, that he could make them by. Perhaps he's a whig tho', and will
+    not do it. I would have them deep blew, laced with gold, but not on
+    the seams. I have but one starr and no riban, but 'tis no great
+    matter for that, a better man than I is in the same case; he has
+    only one scrub, one which he got made since he came, and no right
+    riban. I believe ther's neither of that kind of blew nor green riban
+    to be got at Edinburgh; but if you could get some tolorablie like
+    it, you send some of both. Wine is like to be a more sensible want.
+    We got a little Burgundy for the King, but it is out; and tho' we
+    know of a little more, I'm affraid we shall scarce get it brought
+    here; and he does not like clarit, but what you'l think odd, he
+    likes ale tolorably well. I hope they will send us some from France,
+    but with this wind nothing can come from thence. George Hamilton
+    saild on Saturday last, and I belive is there long e'er now, which I
+    heartily wish he may, and I hope you shall soon see the effects of
+    his going with what he caried with him.
+
+    "I am affraid Macintosh's men in England may be in hard
+    circumstances for want of money. The King has ordred some for them,
+    which is this daye given to a friend of theirs who was sent to me
+    from the North, who sayes he knows how to get it remitted to them.
+
+    "By the news I see the Parliament is to have no mercie on our
+    Preston folks, but I hope God will send them salvation in time.
+
+    "I wish you would send us the newspapers oftner for we get them but
+    seldome; the soonest way of sending them is by A. W. at Kirkaldy,
+    who will find some way of sending them to us, notwithstanding of
+    their garisons in Fife.
+
+    "I'm affraid what I wrote to you of formerly to be in danger will
+    never be recovered, for it could not at this time, tho' it was
+    try'd; and I fear shall not the next either, tho' we are to do all
+    we can about it, and it was too much to go that way.
+
+    "We have heard nothing further as yet from the goodman of the house,
+    as you call him, which I am surprized at. I can say no more now, so
+    Adieu."
+
+If we may believe the public prints of the day, dissensions now arose
+between the Chevalier and the Earl of Mar: the former blaming his
+general for having urged him to come over, when he had so small a force
+to appear in his favour; the latter, recriminating that the failure of
+aid from the Continent had discouraged the Chevalier's friends. The Earl
+of Mar was severely blamed, to quote from the same source, for having
+deceived the Chevalier in making him believe that the forces in
+Scotland were more considerable than they really were, and for giving
+his Scottish friends reason to suppose that the Chevalier would bring
+over foreign auxiliaries. That the former part of these allegations
+against Mar was untrue, is shewn by the letter which has been given,
+explaining to the Prince the state of affairs; and rather discouraging
+him from his attempt.[138] That the whole report was groundless, was
+manifested by the favour and confidence which James long continued to
+extend to the Earl after his exile abroad.
+
+For some time, the Earl of Mar and his party contrived to keep up their
+hopes. The season was indeed in some respects their friend, since it
+necessarily impeded the movements of Argyle's army against them. The
+winter of 1715-16 was one of the most severe that had been felt for many
+years, not only in Scotland, but abroad. In France and Spain the cold
+was so excessive, and the snow so deep, that the country people could
+not go to the market towns to buy provisions, whilst the plains were
+infested with bears and wolves, emboldened by the desolation, and
+ranging over the country in great numbers.[139]
+
+Whilst the intense frost lasted, the three thousand Highlanders who were
+encamped at Perth were able to defy the English army, although now
+supplied with artillery and ammunition from Berwick. Their security was
+furthermore increased by a heavy fall of snow succeeding a partial thaw,
+and followed by a frost, which rendered the roads more impracticable
+than ever, especially for the foot-soldiers. This circumstance had even
+occasioned some deliberation whether it would not be advisable for the
+Duke of Argyle to defer his march to Perth until the winter should be
+ended. Until the middle of January, it was the full intention of the
+Highlanders, and also that of the Earl of Mar, to stand the event of a
+battle, let the enemy's force be what it might. That they purposed thus
+to maintain their ancient character for valour, was, even as those most
+adverse to them allow, the prevalent report. It is borne out by the Earl
+of Mar's correspondence. On the twenty-third of January he thus writes
+to Captain Straiton:
+
+                                                    "The 23rd January.
+
+    "I have yours of the seventeenth and the twentieth both togather
+    last night, and a paket from H. in the last. I wrote to you on
+    Saturday the old way, and sent you a paket enclosed, which I belive
+    is of consequence, so I hope it's come safe, and that H. has gott
+    it. He has had two or three sent him from this of late, different
+    ways, and one goes of this day by the near way he sometimes uses. We
+    hear from all hands of the preparations against us, but we resolve
+    to stand it, cost what it will, and if they come out we will
+    certainly give them battle, lett their number be never so great. It
+    must now be plain to all that will allow themselves to see, that
+    nothing less is designed by the present managers than the intire
+    ruin and destruction of this poor country, and of every honest man
+    in it; and if this will not be an awakened people, I know nothing
+    that will. Since this then is plainly the case, there can be no
+    choise in dying honourably in the field for so just a cause, or
+    leving to see the ruin and intire destruction of our country, our
+    King, and our friends and relations. For my part, I shall prefer the
+    first with all cheerfulness, and never desire to live to be a
+    witness to the latter, which certainly will be the case if it please
+    God our King should be defeat."
+
+The next paragraph of this letter speaks mournfully of disappointment in
+those on whose aid the Earl had counted.
+
+    "It must be a strange infatuation that has gott amongst people,
+    especially those that always pretended to be friends to our cause,
+    many of whom told before the King came that they wad certainly joyn
+    him when he landed, and made his not being with us the only
+    objection, and now when he is come they make some other shift;--I
+    must say such people are worse than our greatest enemies; and if any
+    misfortune should befal the King or his cause, (which God forbid!) I
+    think they that pretended to be our friends have very much to count
+    for, and are more the cause of it than any others, since no doubt
+    the ashourances that many gave to joyn us when the King landed was
+    a chief motive for his comming to us. I hope in God we shall be able
+    to opose them tho' their numbers should be greater, and to their
+    shame and confusion be it if they come against us. I hope very soon
+    the King will have such assistance as will defeat all their designs,
+    and that his affairs will take a sudden turn in other pairts."
+
+The most serious defection from the Jacobite cause was the submission of
+the Marquis of Huntley and the Earl of Seaforth to the victorious arms
+of the Earl of Sutherland, aided by Lord Lovat, in Invernesshire.
+Seaforth had collected, on the Moor of Gilliechrist, twelve hundred men,
+the remnant of those whom he had been able to save from Sherriff Muir;
+but finding that Lord Sutherland had resolved to force him into an
+engagement, he owned King George as his lawful Sovereign, and promised
+to lay down his arms. This had occurred early in December, and,
+according to Lord Mar, before the Earl of Seaforth, in those remote
+regions, could have heard of the Chevalier's landing. Mar therefore
+regarded it as a temporary cessation on the part of Seaforth and
+Huntley, for a given period, of hostilities against the Government.
+
+As far as related to Lord Seaforth, the belief of Lord Mar was correct.
+At the end of the days agreed upon for the cessation of arms, Seaforth
+drew his people together, the influence of clanship enabling him to
+summon them at will, like a king; and again appeared in arms. This was
+the consequence of the news that James had landed having reached
+Inverness. But Seaforth could not retrieve the cause of James in the
+North, nor repair the effects of even a temporary submission. Eventually
+he returned to the party which he had espoused, and escaped to France.
+The Marquis of Huntley made his own terms with the Government.
+
+At this critical juncture, unanimity still prevailed, according to Lord
+Mar, among the assembled chieftains at Perth. "I do assure you," he
+writes, "that since the arms came here, there has not been a quarrel of
+any kind happened among us--not even among the Highland men, which is
+very extraordinary; and you may depend upon it there is the greatest
+unanimity here just now, and all fully resolved to stand to it, let what
+will come. I pray God preserve our King from the wicked and hellish
+designs of his enemies! I hope we will be apprized of their motions, so
+as to be in readiness to receive them."
+
+These expressions were written, but the letter which contained them was
+not sent, on the twenty-third of January. The postscript, written in a
+hurried hand, shows that the camp at Perth was not unprepared for the
+coming attack.
+
+    "Since writing of the inclosed, I have two from which I gott last
+    night with the paket; and ane account of that detachment of horse
+    comming out, who we hear came the lenth of Acterardie,[140] upon
+    which account the whole army here were ordred to be in a readyness
+    to march this morning, and we have no account they are returned: we
+    hear it was to vew the roads, and to try if it was practicable to
+    march their army, which they will find very hard to doe while this
+    weather holds. The account you gave in yours of their motions and
+    that detachment was very distinct. The K. read it himself,--it came
+    prety quick. I entreat you fail not to lett us have what accounts
+    you can learn, for what comes from you are among the best we can
+    gett.
+
+    "The K. ordered a review of the whole army here this morning, and
+    they are all to hold themselves ready at one half ane hour's
+    advertisment. Lett me hear from you soon. Adieu."
+
+Again, on the twenty-fourth of January:
+
+    "What is above should have gone this morning, but was delyed. Six
+    hundered of the clans are gone out this night to reinforce the
+    garison of Braco and Crief. I hear they have orders to destroy the
+    corn-yards and barns about Achterardir and Black Ford, which we hear
+    were revewed by the enemy yesterday. The King signed thir orders, I
+    can ashour you, most unwillingly; and caused put it in the order
+    that every thing should be made good to the poor people, with a
+    gratuity; and if any of them pleased to come to Perth, they should
+    be maintained and all care taken of them. This you may take for
+    truth, for no doubt they will make a great noise about it.
+
+    "We have just now got ane account of a ship being come into
+    Montross, but we know not yett what she brings. Adieu,--writte soon.
+    I am in haste."
+
+    "Eleven att night."
+
+On the twenty-fourth of January, the Duke of Argyle marched to Dumblane,
+with two hundred horse, to reconnoitre the roads. The report that the
+enemy was approaching, was quickly conveyed to Perth; and now was the
+order to burn and destroy the village of Auchterarder, the contents of
+the houses, all stores of corn and forage, mournfully and promptly
+executed. It was supposed by this, that the march of Argyle's forces
+would be impeded; but it produced no other inconvenience to that army
+than obliging them to lie one night in the open air; whilst the
+unpopularity it brought on James and his advisers, was long the subject
+of comment to their enemies. It is consolatory to those who wish to
+judge favourably of James to find this declaration in Lord Mar's
+correspondence.
+
+    "The King was forced, sore against his will, to give these burning
+    orders, as all of us were, could we have helped it; but this
+    extraordinary manoeuvre of the enemy made it absolutely necessary.
+    A finger must be cut off to save the whole body. I have ordered some
+    copies of a proclamation to be sent you. There is about two of the
+    places burnt, and there's another ordred about the rest. Adieu.
+
+    "It was not amiss that this proclamation were sent to London."
+
+In pursuance of the cruel and impolitic commands to which Lord Mar
+refers, three thousand Highlanders were sent forth to the act of
+destruction. Auchterarder, Crieff, Blackford, Denning and Muthel, were
+mercilessly burned; and the wretched inhabitants turned out at that
+inclement season to destitution without a roof to shelter them. Many
+decrepid people and children perished in the flames.[141] Had James
+sought, in truth, to prepare a way for the Government in the hearts of
+the people, he could not have adopted a more suitable means. In the Duke
+of Argyle, he had a generous and humane adversary to deal with,--one
+whose forbearance laid him under the imputation of a want of zeal for
+the cause of the Government, and rendered him no favourite at the
+English Court. The fashion at the Court of St. James's, according to a
+letter in the Mar Papers, was, to rail against the Duke, and even George
+the First and those about him joined in the unjust and ungrateful abuse.
+
+Even so late as Sunday, the twenty-ninth of January, when Argyle's
+troops left Stirling and advanced to Braco Castle, Lord Mar appears to
+have been in ignorance of their actual movements. Perhaps, like the busy
+world of London politicians, he regarded the project of an attempt upon
+Perth in such weather as impracticable. Such was the opinion at St.
+James's. "Argyle's friends here," writes one near the Court, "speak of
+the march and the attempt at present as madness." And another individual
+writes, that "one half of their people must die of cold, and the other
+be knocked o' the head. So it seems Argyle is dragg'd to this matter. We
+cannot perceive, by all the letters that come up, any particular
+certainty as to Lord Mar's number and his designs. The Court are
+positive he will not stand; and they, as well as Ridpeath, assert
+strongly that the Pretender is gone already as far as Glammis. The
+Jacobites fancy that if he went thither, it was to meet and assemble
+these officers that were landed."[142]
+
+Whilst in this state of perplexity Lord Mar thus writes:
+
+                                                       "Jan. 29th.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "I have keept the man that brought yours of the nineteenth and
+    twentieth, from A. W., on Saturday, till now, that I might have a
+    sure and speedy way of writeing to you when anything of consequence
+    happened, which we were expecting every minut last night. I wrote
+    one to you when I belived the enemie's front to be at Auchterarder,
+    and despatcht it; but late at night getting intelligence of that
+    party of the enemie who were marching towards Aucterarder haveing
+    marcht back without comeing the lenth of that place to Dumblain, if
+    not to Stirling, without halting by the way, I stopt my letter and
+    kepp it till they actually march, and then perhaps I may yet send it
+    to you, there being some other things in it necessary for you to
+    know upon that emergance which is needless other wayes.
+
+    "In it I told you of my haveing received yours of the eighteenth on
+    Sunday, and last night those of the fifteenth and twenty-first both
+    togither.
+
+    "By all appearance the enemie resolve to march against us, as one
+    might say, whether it be possible or not. They sent a party of horse
+    and foot to Dumblain on Sunday, which came near to Auchterarder
+    yesterday, I belive to try if the thing was practicable, but they
+    returned to Dumblain as above. We shall be forced to burn and
+    distroy a good deal of the country to prevent their marching, which
+    goes very, _very_ much against the King's mind, as it does mine and
+    more of us; but ther's an absolat necessity for it, and I believe it
+    will be put in execution this night or to-morrow morning, which
+    grieves me. Could it be helpt? this way of their makeing warr in
+    this, I may say, impracticable season, must have extraordinary
+    methods to oppose it. And I hope in God, any that suffers now, it
+    shall soon be in the King's power to make them a large reparation.
+    After all, when they have no cover left them, I see not how it is
+    possible for them to march. We are like to be froze in the house;
+    and how they can endure the cold for one night in the fields, I
+    cannot conceive; and then the roads are so, that but one can go
+    abreast, as their party did yesterday; and ther's no going off the
+    road for horse and scarce for foot, without being lost in the snow;
+    but if, after all, they do march, we must do our best, and I hope
+    God will preserve and yet prosper the King, who is the best prince I
+    belive in the world.
+
+    "As for news in the kingdome of Fife, I suppose you wou'd hear that
+    a party of the M^{c}Grigors some dayes ago from Faulkland attacquet
+    a party of Swise and militia from Leslie and beat them, takeing
+    thirty-two prisoners, wherof eleven horse, as I hear. I have not
+    time to say more, so adieu."
+
+    "January 29th, 1715-16."
+
+Again, in another letter on the same day, the Earl still seems to
+consider the game as not then lost. It is amusing to find how, in the
+carrying on of his projects, he availed himself of the aid of ladies,
+and how troubled he sometimes found himself with "busie women." Whilst
+this letter was being penned, Argyle was employing the country people
+around Auchterarder in clearing the roads of snow: and on the following
+day, he had advanced towards Tullibardine, within eight miles of Perth.
+On that very Sunday, Lord Mar thus writes: it is evident he had at this
+time formed no plan of retreat.
+
+                  "Sunday, 11 o'clock forenoon, Janu 29th, 1715-16.
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Since I wrote to you I have got yours of the twenty-second, one of
+    the twenty-third, and two of the twenty-fifth; the last of which,
+    tho' the first wrote, I got not til this morning. I wou'd have wrote
+    to you these two dayes by post, but we have had so many alarms of
+    the enimie's marching towards us, that I had not time, as I have
+    very little to say anything just now, for I expect ivery minut to
+    hear of their being marcht from Dumblain, where a considerable
+    number of them have been these two dayes this way.
+
+    "The enclosed you must take care to send by the first post which is
+    opened again on purpose for you to read, but I'm affraid you will
+    not understand it all. As to that paper you sent me which came from
+    England, there can be nothing said to it from hence just now, only
+    that they are to do the best they can; and I hope shortly that
+    country shall have sent them where withall to enable them to make a
+    better figur than they have hitherto done. We are not in a condition
+    here to give them any help just now. Ther's one Mrs. Lawson, who
+    seems to be a diligent body, that complains a little that you do not
+    allow her to see you often enough, which I take to be the complaint
+    of an over busie woman, than which ther's nothing more uneasie; but
+    just now such people must be humoured, and she has really been
+    usefull. Before this goes 'tis very likely I may have occassion to
+    inclose one I formerly wrote to you upon a certain occasion, but
+    did not then send as I told you in another, the thing not then
+    hapning, but we expect it every minut. Deserters of all kinds come
+    in to us pritty fast, foreigners as well as subjects; and if they
+    but give them time, I am perswaded great numbers will.
+
+    "'Tis now five o'clock and we have no accounts of any of the enimie
+    being come further than Dodoch, where a partie of them came last
+    night, so I'll detain the messenger. This goes by no stranger.
+    Perhaps they may find the roads impracticable, and by the burning
+    that they can advance no further,--at which, indeed, I shall not be
+    much surprised; and if so, may be forced to delay their
+    extraordinary march til more human weather for making warr. The King
+    was forced, sore against his will, to give these burning orders,--as
+    all of us were, could wee have helpt it; but this extrodinar manuver
+    of the enimie made it absolutly necessary: a fingor must be cut of
+    to save the whole body. I have ordered some copies of a proclamation
+    to be sent you, there is about two of the places burnt, and ther's
+    another order about the rest. Adieu.
+
+    "It were not amiss that this proclamation was sent to London. The
+    little young letter enclosed is for Lady Wigton, which pray cause
+    deliver."
+
+On Tuesday, the last day of January, the Duke of Argyle passed the river
+Eru, and took possession of Tullibardine. It has been stated by several
+historians that the Jacobites fled from Perth on the same day; but the
+following letter from Lord Mar, dated the first of February, shows that
+the flight could not have taken place until the following day. This
+curious letter, which was written at the early hour of six in the
+morning, is unfinished. It is the last in the series of that
+correspondence which has formed of itself a narrative of Lord Mar's
+life, from his first taking upon himself the office of General and
+Commander-in-Chief, to the hour when he virtually resigned that command.
+In the midst of pressing danger his sanguine nature seems not to have
+deserted him: his love of the underplots of life, the influence of "Kate
+Bruce," and the arrangements for a coronation, were as much in his
+thoughts as in the more hopeful days before Sherriff Muir and Preston.
+
+                  "Wednesday, about six forenoon, ffebruary 1st, 1716.
+
+    "On Monday evening I gave you the trouble of a greatly long letter,
+    mostly on indifferent subjects, and sent it off yesterday to A. W.
+    If I was too tedious upon what concerned a woman and a Prince, it
+    was with a good intent, and to make matters plain. By what I hear
+    from R. B., and the Hole, that Argyle's forces were yesterday
+    forenoon at Stirling, and so was the regiments of dragoons there and
+    St. Ninian's, for accounts of motions there and thereabouts, on both
+    sydes of the river,--you may expect it best sent from R. B., the
+    Hole, and a grave gentleman.
+
+    "By yesternight's post I sent of M^{c}Quart's letter; and indeed, in
+    most or all letters I write to that quarter for ten weeks past, I
+    alwayes requested that whatever was to be done might be quickly
+    done. I lykeways sent to London between fyve or six, several honest
+    hands, to put off the proclamation declaration about burning, and
+    that paper of which I some days ago sent you two copies. And now I
+    begin to think I have been in the wrong to Mr. S----g, in the short
+    character I gave you of him, at least, if it be true that I am told,
+    that he is not only author of that paper I sent you the two copies
+    of, but has got a very great number of them printed; and tho' I may
+    be an insufficient judge, I must acknowledge I am very well pleased
+    with the paper, for I think it full of plain truths; and besydes
+    other dispersings, I did indeed yesterday cause putt in fiftein
+    copies of it in the Lords of Session's boxes.
+
+    "The litle letter to my good Lady W.[143] I caused carefully to be
+    delivered. I wish all women had some share of her good, sweet, easie
+    temper, for, as you will observe, over-busied women are most
+    uneasie; and I have had much experience of it within these four
+    months past in many instances, and with more persons than one or
+    two. The only inconvenience I had by Kate Bruce lodging in the same
+    house with me was, it brought in too many women upon me, and some
+    of these brought in others, and to this minute I cannot with
+    descretion get quit of them.
+
+    "A good time ago you were pleased to tell me you could not well
+    conceive how I got myself keept free, but if you now knew what a
+    multitude knows where I lodge, you would wonder more; and indeed it
+    is no litle admiration to myself: but as soon as I have so much
+    strenth, and can fynd a convenient place (which is not easie), I
+    will change my quarters, if it were for no other reason than to be
+    quit of useless people of both sexes, that interrupt me from
+    busieness, or trouble with impertinent questions. And whyle I am
+    accuseing others of indescretion, I wish I am not so myself in so
+    much insisting upon and troubling you with such matters.
+
+    "At Perth I have gott a collection of all papers relating to the
+    coronation of King Charles the First and Second, and shall send them
+    whenever you think fitt; but I suppose it may be convenient to lett
+    the present hurrie a little over before I send them to you.
+
+    "How the great Generalls can imploy their hors to great purpose in
+    the deep snow, or how men and hors will long hold out in such
+    weather, is what I do not understand. I hope a shorter time than
+    they imagine will destroy, even without the help of an enemy,--at
+    least, make many, both men and hors, inserviceable."
+
+Much had been going on in the meantime, to which Lord Mar, perhaps from
+the fear of spreading a panic, does not even allude to his correspondent
+in Edinburgh. When it became known in Perth that Argyle had left
+Stirling, the advisers of the Chevalier were dismayed and distracted by
+contending counsels. But the mass of the army expressed a very different
+sentiment, rejoicing that the opportunity of a rencontre with the enemy
+was so near: congratulations were heard passing from officers to their
+brother officers, and the soldiers, as they drank, pledged their cups to
+the good day near at hand. The council, meantime, sat all night: the
+irresolution of that body, towards morning, was disclosed to the
+impatient soldiery: the indignation of the brave men, and more
+especially of the Highlanders, burst forth upon the disclosure of what
+had passed in the council. The gentlemen volunteers resented the
+pusillanimity of their leaders: and one of them was heard to propose
+that the clans should take the Chevalier out of the hands of those who
+counselled him to retreat, and added that he would find ten thousand
+gentlemen in Scotland that would risk their lives for him. A friend of
+Mar, after remonstrating with these malcontents, asked "What they wished
+their officers to do?" "Do!" was the reply; "what did you call on us to
+take arms for? was it to run away? What did the King come hither for?
+was it to see his people butchered by hangmen and not strike a note for
+their lives? Let us die like men, and not live dogs."[144]
+
+On the thirtieth of January the Chevalier himself opened another council
+in the evening, and in a few words proposed a retreat. Lord Mar then
+addressed the meeting, and advocated the measure with a degree of
+ingenuity and eloquence which, at that moment, we are disposed rather to
+condemn than applaud; yet, his reasons for abandoning Perth were such,
+as in cool reflection were not devoid of justice, and they might be
+founded upon a humane consideration for the brave adherents of a lost
+cause. He stated, first, as the cause of his proposal, the failure of
+the Duke of Ormond's invasion of England. Secondly, the accession of
+foreign troops to the Duke of Argyle's force. Lastly, the reduced number
+of the Chevalier's troops, which then amounted to four thousand, only
+two thousand three hundred of which were properly armed. Even in that
+weak condition the Chevalier would, according to Lord Mar's subsequent
+statement, gladly have maintained Perth, or ventured a battle; but when
+the enemy with an army of eight thousand men were actually advanced near
+to the place, it was found impracticable to defend Perth, the town being
+little more at that time than an open village; and the river Tay on one
+side, and the fosse on the other, being both frozen over, it would have
+been easy to enter the town at any quarter. Added to this, the mills had
+been long stopped by the frost, so that there were not above two days'
+provision in the town. There were no coals to be procured: the enemy had
+possession of the coal mines in Fife, and wood was scarce. The Earl also
+contended that the Highlanders, however able in attack, were not
+accustomed to the defence of towns.
+
+Reasons equally cogent were employed against going out to fight the
+enemy, and a retreat northwards was at length proposed. But it was no
+easy task to bring the brave spirits who had hailed the approach of
+Argyle, to accord in sentiments which might spring from discretion, but
+which ill agreed with the Highland notions of honour. The council, after
+a stormy debate, was broken up in confusion, and adjourned until the
+next morning.
+
+Some hours afterwards, a few, who were favourable to the abandonment of
+Perth, were summoned privately by Lord Mar; and it was then agreed not
+to fight, but to retreat. For a time this determination was concealed
+from the bulk of the army, but it gained wind; and on the evening of the
+thirty-first of January, eight hundred of the Highlanders indignantly
+left Perth, and retired beyond Dunkeld, to their homes. That very night,
+also, the Chevalier, who had far less of the Scottish Stuart within him
+than of that modified and inferior variety exemplified in the British
+line of the family, disappeared from the town, and repaired to Scone. He
+supped and slept in the house of the Provost Hay; and on the following
+morning, at an early hour, was ready for retreat. To do the Chevalier
+justice, there was, according to Lord Mar's journal, much difficulty in
+persuading him to this step: it was found necessary to convince him that
+it had become a duty to retire from the pursuit of the Government,
+which, as long as he was in the country, would never cease to persecute
+his followers, who could not make any terms of capitulation so long as
+he remained. He was obliged, at last, to consent: "And, I dare say,"
+adds Lord Mar, "no consent he ever gave was so uneasy to him as this
+was."[145] Of that point it would be satisfactory to be well assured.
+
+On the first of February, four hours after the unfinished letter of Lord
+Mar was written, the Jacobites abandoned Perth, and crossing the frozen
+stream of the Tay, took their route to Dundee. They went forth in such
+precipitation, that they left their cannon behind them,--a proof that
+they never hoped to oppose again the victorious arms of Argyle. About
+noon the Chevalier, accompanied by Lord Mar, followed his people towards
+the North. He is said to have been disconsolate,--and, shedding tears,
+to have complained "that instead of bringing him a crown, they had
+brought him to his grave." This murmur and these tears having been
+reported to Prince Eugene, of Savoy, that General remarked "that weeping
+was not the way to conquer kingdoms."[146]
+
+The Jacobites marched direct for Dundee, along the Carse of Gowrie. The
+Duke of Argyle's forces entered Perth only two hours after the Highland
+army had entirely cleared the Tay, which, happily for their retreat, was
+frozen over with ice of an extraordinary thickness. At Dundee the
+Chevalier rested one night only; but leaving it on the second of
+February, was again succeeded by Argyle and his squadrons, who arrived
+there on the following day.
+
+The unfortunate Prince pursued his way to Montrose. His route along the
+sea-coast gave credence to a report which had now gained ground, of his
+intention of embarking for France. The loudest murmurs again ran through
+the Highland forces, worthy of a noble leader, and the sight of some
+French vessels lying near the shore confirmed the general suspicion.
+This was, nevertheless, somewhat allayed by an order to the clans to
+march that evening at eight o'clock to Aberdeen, where, in accordance
+with the crooked policy and deceptive plan of Lord Mar, it was
+represented that large supplies of troops and arms would meet them from
+France. But a very different scheme was in agitation among those who
+governed the feeble James, and perhaps, with right motives, guided him
+to his safety.
+
+A small ship lay in the harbour of Montrose, for the purpose,
+originally, of carrying over an envoy from James to some foreign court.
+This vessel was now pitched upon to transport the Chevalier; the size
+being limited, she could accommodate but few passengers: and therefore,
+to avoid confusion, the Chevalier "himself thought fit to name who
+should attend him." "The Earl of Mar, who was the first named, made
+difficulty, and begged he might be left behind; but the Chevalier being
+positive for his going, and telling him that, in a great measure, there
+were the same reasons for his going as for his own,--that his friends
+could more easily get terms without him than with him,--and that, as
+things now stood, he could be of no more use to them in their own
+country, he submitted."[147]
+
+The Chevalier then chose the Marquis of Drummond to accompany him: this
+nobleman was lame from a fall from his horse, and was not in a condition
+to follow the army. He, as well as the Earl of Mar, the Lord
+Tullibardine, and the Lord Linlithgow had a bill of attainder passed
+against them. The Chevalier on that account was desirous of taking these
+other Lords with him; but both were absent: Lord Tullibardine was at
+Brechin with a part of the foot, and Lord Linlithgow at Berire with the
+horse. He ordered the Earl Marischal, General Sheldon, and Colonel
+Clephan to accompany him.
+
+After these arrangements the Chevalier issued several orders which
+reflect the utmost credit upon his disposition. After appointing General
+Gordon Commander-in-chief, with all necessary powers, he wrote a paper
+containing his reasons for leaving the kingdom, and, delivering it to
+the General, gave him at the same time all the money in his possession,
+except a small sum which he reserved for his expenses and those of his
+suite; and desired, that after the army had been paid, the residue
+should be given to the impoverished and houseless inhabitants of
+Auchterarder. He then dictated a letter to the Duke of Argyle, in which
+he dwelt at some length upon his distress at being obliged "among the
+manifold mortifications which he had had in this unfortunate
+expedition," to burn the villages. The letter, which was never delivered
+to the Duke of Argyle, is in the possession of the Fingask family.[148]
+
+Having completed these arrangements, the Chevalier prepared to take
+leave for ever of the Scottish shores. The hour had now arrived which
+was appointed for the march of the troops, and the Chevalier's horses
+were brought before the door of the house in which he lodged: the guard
+which usually attended him whilst he mounted, were in readiness, and all
+was prepared as if he were resolved to march with the clans to Aberdeen.
+But meantime, the Chevalier had slipped out of his temporary abode on
+foot, accompanied only by one servant; and going to the Earl of Mar's
+lodgings, he went thence, attended by the Earl, through a bye-way to the
+water side, where a boat awaited him and carried him and the Earl of Mar
+to a French ship of ninety tons, the Marie Therese, of St. Malo. About a
+quarter of an hour afterwards two other boats carried the Earl of
+Melfort and Lord Drummond, with General Sheldon and ten other gentlemen,
+on board the same ship: they then hoisted sail and put to sea; and
+notwithstanding that several of the King's ships were cruizing on the
+coast, they sailed in safety, and after a passage of seven days, arrived
+at Waldam, near Gravelines, in French Flanders.
+
+The Chevalier sailed at nine o'clock. Some hours afterwards, Earl
+Marischal and Colonel Clephan arrived at the shore, but they could get
+no boat to convey them, for fear of the men-of-war that were cruizing
+near. The Marie Therese, nevertheless, got out of reach of these vessels
+before daylight.
+
+With what reflections Lord Mar left his native country a prey to the
+power of an irritated Government, cannot readily be conceived. That he
+left it at such a moment, is a fact which for ever stamps his memory
+with degradation. The deserted adherents of James, being in no condition
+to make a stand against the Duke of Argyle, betook themselves to holes
+and caves, mostly in the remote parts of the Highlands, where many
+lurked until they could safely appear; but such as were most obnoxious
+took the first opportunity of ships to carry them into foreign
+countries; and vessels were, to this end, provided by the Chevalier with
+such success, that many escaped from the pursuit of justice.
+
+James, accompanied by the Earl of Mar, proceeded to his former residence
+at St. Germains, where, in spite of the wishes of the French Government
+that he should repair to his old asylum in Lorraine, he wished to
+remain. In Paris, the Chevalier met two of his most distinguished
+adherents,--the faithless Bolingbroke, and the popular Duke of Ormond.
+Although aware of the unsoundness of Bolingbroke's loyalty, James
+received him cordially. "No Italian," says Bolingbroke, "ever embraced
+the man he was going to stab with a greater show of affection and
+confidence."
+
+For some time the Chevalier lingered in Paris, hoping to see the Regent.
+"His trunks were packed, his chaise was ordered at five that afternoon,"
+writes Lord Bolingbroke, "and I wrote word to Paris that he was gone.
+Instead of taking post for Lorraine, he went to the little house in the
+Bois de Boulogne, where his female ministers resided; and there he
+continued lurking for some days, pleasing himself with the air of
+mystery and business, while the only real business which he should have
+had at heart he neglected."[149]
+
+Avignon was now fixed on as the retreat of the Chevalier; and thither,
+after some delay, he retired, to an existence politically forgotten by
+the Continental powers, until the war with Spain and the consequent
+declaration of the Spanish King in his favour recalled him to
+importance.
+
+Lord Mar, meantime, occupied himself in fruitless endeavours to excite,
+once more, the struggle which had just ended so fatally. As far as
+France was concerned, all those schemes upon which Mar successively
+built were futile: no aid could ever be expected during the Regency. "My
+hopes," said Bolingbroke, speaking of the Jacobite cause, "sunk as he
+[Louis the Fourteenth] declined, and died when he expired. The event of
+things has sufficiently shown that all those which were entertained by
+the Duke [of Ormond], and the Jacobite party under the Regency, were the
+grossest delusions imaginable."[150]
+
+Some of the remaining years of Lord Mar's life were, nevertheless,
+devoted to chimerical projects for which he received in return little
+but disappointment, ingratitude, and humiliation. One of his schemes was
+to engage Charles the Twelfth of Sweden on the side of the Chevalier. In
+a letter to Captain Straiton, the Chevalier's agent in Edinburgh, he
+signified that if five or six thousand bolls of meal could be purchased
+by the King's friends and sent to Sweden, where there was then a great
+scarcity, it would be of service to his master in conciliating the good
+will of Charles. This proposal was communicated by Mar's desire to
+Lockhart of Carnwath, to Lord Balmerino, and to the Bishop of Edinburgh.
+But it was the sanguine disposition of Mar which alone could lead him to
+suppose such a scheme practicable. It was, in the first place, found
+impossible to raise so large a sum from men, many of them exiles, or
+involved in difficulties from the expenses of the recent insurrection.
+It was also deemed folly to conceive that so large a quantity of Scotch
+meal as necessary could be exported without exciting the suspicion of
+Government.
+
+The next plan which Lord Mar contrived was not so fully unfolded as the
+project of which Charles the Twelfth was to be the object. He wrote to
+Edinburgh soon after the failure of the first scheme, to this effect:
+that a certain foreign prince had entered into a design for the
+restoration of James: that it "would look odd if his friends at home did
+not assist him;" and he wished they would fall on some means to have in
+readiness such a sum as they could afford to venture in his cause when a
+fair opportunity occurred. The hint was taken up seriously by the
+zealous Lockhart of Carnwath, and assurances were sent from "several
+persons of honour, that they would be in a condition to answer his
+Majesty's call." Among these, the Earl of Eglintoun offered three
+thousand guineas; and the others "would have given a good round sum."
+The conduct of the English Government to the Duke of Argyle, who had
+been superseded as Commander-in-Chief in Scotland, and the strong
+personal friendship between Lockhart and the Duke, emboldened Mar to
+hope that a negotiation might be entered into with Argyle, and that he
+might be persuaded to join in their schemes. At the same time, Lord Mar
+enjoined the strictest secrecy in all these affairs, and with reason,
+for the letters of the exiled Jacobites abounded in false hopes and
+plans; many of their correspondents at home had not the discretion to
+conceal their delight, when the sanguine expectations of their party
+prevailed over despair.
+
+The agent employed by Lockhart to treat with the Duke of Argyle was
+Colonel John Middleton. By him Lockhart was, however, assured that his
+Grace would neither directly nor indirectly treat with Mar for "he
+believed him his mortal enemy, and had no opinion of his honour; and,"
+added Middleton, "I cannot think Mar does, more seriously now than
+before, desire to see Argyle in the King's measures, lest he eclipsed
+him." It was therefore resolved by Lockhart, that the correspondence
+between the Chevalier and Argyle should be contrived without Mar's
+cognizance. A letter was written to James, and was forwarded by Captain
+Straiton, enclosed, to the Earl of Mar, who was, in another epistle from
+Lockhart, "entreated not to be offended that the contents of the letter
+were not communicated to him, because he was bound to impart the same
+alone to the King."
+
+This letter, containing a proposal so important to the interests of
+James, is supposed never to have reached the Chevalier. Mar, distrustful
+and offended, is suspected of having broken it open, and given it his
+own answer in a letter to the Duke of Argyle, which tended to affront
+and repel the Duke rather than to invite him to allegiance. When, some
+time afterwards, Lockhart's son spoke on the subject to the Chevalier at
+home, and represented what a fair opportunity had been lost, the Prince
+replied, "that he did not remember ever to have heard of it
+before."[151] Whether Mar was misjudged or not must be a matter of
+doubt, but this anecdote proves how little respect was entertained for
+his good faith, or even for his possessing the common sentiments of
+gentlemanly propriety, when the suspicion of breaking open a letter
+which had been entrusted to him was attached to his conduct.
+
+In consequence of the difficulty of bringing any scheme to bear, from
+the want of a head, Lockhart had contrived a plan of having trustees in
+Scotland to conduct it, to be empowered by James to act during his
+absence, and in his behalf. This plan had the usual obstacles to
+encounter among a set of factious partisans, who were only united when
+the common danger pressed and common services were required, but
+discordant and selfish in the calmer days of suspense. Mar, perhaps,
+with greater wisdom than he was allowed to display, did not advance the
+scheme; his reluctance to promote it was ascribed to his love of power
+in Scotland; but since the plan was resented by Tullibardine, Seaforth,
+and Penmure,[152] as infringing upon their dignity, there is as good
+reason for believing that it was the suggestion of an intriguing
+ambition on the part of the proposer, as that Mar resisted it on selfish
+grounds. The notion was excellent, but the difficulty was to find men of
+sufficient fidelity, honesty, and prudence to exercise functions so
+delicate.
+
+The spirit of Jacobitism seems scarcely, at this period to have been
+checked in the bosoms of the resolute people who had suffered so much;
+and the Netherbow and the High Street of Edinburgh still resounded at
+times with the firing of musquetry, directed against a harmless rabble
+of boys who betrayed the popular feeling by the white roses in their
+hats.[153] Nor was the lingering enthusiasm for the Jacobite cause
+confined to the lower classes in either country. It is almost incredible
+that men of Whig principles, who held high offices in the Government,
+should, at various times, have engaged in correspondence with the agents
+of James; yet such is the fact.
+
+Among those who were involved in these dangerous negotiations, Charles
+Earl of Sunderland, the son-in-law of Marlborough, and at that time
+Prime Minister of George the First, was one with whom Lord Mar treated.
+Among the Sunderland Papers is to be found a singular letter from the
+Earl of Mar to the Earl of Sunderland, urging that nobleman to assist in
+inducing his royal master to accede to a proposal from which he might
+himself derive a suitable advantage. "We find," says Dr. Coxe,
+"unequivocal proofs that Lord Sunderland, who was considered at the head
+of the new administration formed in 1717, was in secret correspondence
+with the Pretender and his principal agents."[154]
+
+The letter referred to from Lord Mar, on which Dr. Coxe has inscribed
+the word "curious," began with professions of respect and confidence on
+the part of his Lordship, to whom it was quite as easy to address those
+expressions to a man of one party as of the other. It contained also a
+promise of secrecy, and an exaction of a similar observance on the part
+of Lord Sunderland. He then alluded to the misfortunes into which the
+British nation was thrown by the disputed succession, and the violence
+of party spirit in consequence. The subtle politician next touched on
+the subject of George the First, whom he delicately terms, "your
+master."
+
+"Whatever good opinion you may have of _your master_, and the way that
+things are ordered there at present, does not alter the case much; his
+health is not so good as to promise a long life, and he is not to live
+always even if it were good, nor will things continue there as they are,
+any longer than he lives at most."
+
+He then suggests that the Earl would have it in his power to prevent the
+dangers resulting from a disputed succession, "which can only be
+prevented by restoring the rightful and lineal heir."
+
+"I can assure your Lordship," he continues, "my master has so many good
+qualities, that he will make the nation happie, and wants but to be
+known to be beloved; and I dare promise in his name, that there is not
+any thing you could ask of him, reasonable, for yourself and your
+friends, but he would agree to. My master is young, in perfect good
+health, and as likely to live as any who has pretensions to his crown,
+and he is now about marrying, which, in all appearance, will perpetuate
+rightfull successors to him of his own body, who will ever have more
+friends in those kingdoms, as well as abroad, than to allow the house of
+Hanover to continue in possession of their right without continual
+disturbance."
+
+The Earl then suggests that George the First should secure to himself
+the possession of "his old and just inheritance, and by the assistance
+of '_his master_,' and those who would join, acquire such new ones on
+the Continent as would make his family more considerable than any of its
+neighbours.
+
+"Britain and Ireland will have reason to bless your master for so good
+and Christian an action; and Europe no less for the repose it would have
+by it: and your master would live the remainder of his life in all the
+tranquillity and splendour that could be required, and end his days with
+the character of good and just."
+
+Lord Mar was at this time on the borders of France, where he proposed to
+wait until he received Lord Sunderland's reply, in hopes that the
+Minister of George the First might be induced to give him a meeting,
+either in France or Flanders. "If you approve not of what I have said,"
+he adds, "let it be buried on your side, as, upon my honour, it shall be
+on mine." "I am afraid," he adds in a postscript, "you know not my hand;
+but I have no other way of assuring you of this being no counterfeit
+than by writing it myself, and putting my seal to it."
+
+The following remarks on this letter are interesting; they were penned
+by Dr. Coxe:
+
+"Singular as this overture, made at such a period, may appear, we have
+strong proofs that it was not discouraged by Sunderland; for he not only
+procured a pension for the exiled nobleman, but even flattered the
+Jacobites with hopes that he was inclined to favour their cause. This we
+find by intelligence given at a subsequent period by the Jacobite
+spies."
+
+The following addition to the above-stated remark of Dr. Coxe is even
+yet more astonishing:
+
+"On the death of Lord Sunderland the secret of this correspondence
+became by some means known to the Regent Duke of Orleans, and he
+hastened to make so important a communication to the King of England.
+The letter written on this occasion by the British agent at Paris, Sir
+Luke Schwaub, and the reply of his friend Lord Carteret, then Secretary
+of State, are highly curious, because they prove, not only the
+correspondence, but the fact that it was known and approved by the
+King."[155]
+
+How near were the unfortunate Stuarts to that throne which they were
+destined never to ascend!
+
+Upon the disgrace of Bolingbroke, and on his return to England, the
+Seals had been offered by James Stuart to Lord Mar, who refused them on
+the ostensible ground that he "could not speak French." The actual
+reason was perhaps to be sought for in a far deeper motive.[156]
+
+In 1714 the celebrated Lord Stair had been sent as Ambassador to France,
+chiefly to watch over the proceedings of the Jacobites, and to cement a
+friendship with the Duke of Orleans, on whom King George could not rely.
+The brilliant and spirited manner in which Lord Stair executed this
+commission, the splendour by which his embassy was distinguished, and
+his own personal qualities, courtesy, shrewdness, and diligence,
+contributed mainly to the diminution of the Jacobite influence, which
+declined under his exertions. It was from Lord Stair's address that
+Bolingbroke, or, as Stair calls him in his correspondence, Mr. York, was
+confirmed in his disgust to the Jacobite cause.
+
+Between Lord Stair and the Earl of Mar an early acquaintance had
+existed. Agreeably to the fashion of the period, which led Queen Anne
+and the Duchess of Marlborough to assume the names of Morley and
+Freeman, Lord Stair and Lord Mar, in the early days of their confidence,
+had adopted the familiar names of Captain Brown, and Joe Murray.
+
+Lord Mar had remained in Paris until October 1717; he then went into
+Italy with the Duke of Ormond; but previous to his departure he called
+on Lord Stair, and remained in the house of the Ambassador for four or
+five hours. He appears to have declared to Lord Stair that he then
+looked upon the affairs of his master as desperate. "He flung out," as
+Lord Stair wrote, "several things, as I thought, with a design to try
+whether there was any hopes of treating." Lord Stair, not liking to give
+an old friend false hopes, declined "dipping into particulars;" adding
+at the same time, in his account of the interview, "he would not have
+dealt so with me: but in conversation of that kind there is always
+something curious to be learned."
+
+They parted without explanation, and Lord Mar proceeded to Rome. The
+correspondence between these two noblemen ceased for nearly two
+years.[157] During that interval, James had married the Princess
+Clementina Maria, a daughter of Prince Sobieski, elder son of John King
+of Poland. The marriage could scarcely have been solemnized, since it
+took place early in May 1719, before we find Lord Mar at Geneva, on his
+way from Italy, resuming his negotiations with Lord Stair.
+
+
+LORD MAR TO LORD STAIR.
+
+                                                       "May 6th, 1719.
+
+    "Good Captain Brown will not, I hope, take amiss his old
+    acquaintance Jo. Murraye's writing to him at this time; and when he
+    knows the occasion, I am persuaded he will forgive him, and comply,
+    as far as he can, with what he is to ask him. My health is not so
+    good just now nor for some time past, as you would wish it; and I am
+    advised to drink the waters of Bourbon for it, as being the likest
+    to those of the Bath of any this side the sea, of which I formerly
+    found so much good. The hot climate where I have been for some time
+    past, by no means agrees with my health; and I am persuaded that
+    where some of our company is gone will still do worse with me.
+
+    "The affair in which it might be thought my Captain would employ me
+    being now, I suppose, over for this bout, there needs be, I should
+    think, no objection to what I should ask.
+
+    "I am come part of the way already; but I would not go much further,
+    without acquainting you with it. And now I beg that on the
+    consideration of the health of an old friend, you will give me
+    allowance or furlo to go to the waters of Bourbon, and to continue
+    there so long as I may have occasion for them during the two seasons
+    this year; and I promise to you I shall do nothing in any way, the
+    time of my being there, but as you would have me; so that this
+    allowance can be of no prejudice to the service. If you cannot give
+    me the furlo yourself, I imagine your Colonel will not refuse it, if
+    you will be so good as to ask it for me.
+
+    "But because the first season of the waters is going fast away, I
+    should be glad you could do it without waiting to hear from your
+    Colonel about it, who, I should think, will not take it amiss when
+    you acquaint him with your having ventured to do so. Do not, I beg
+    of you, think there is any fetch in this, or anything but what I
+    have told you, which, upon honour, is nothing but truth, and all the
+    truth.
+
+    "I hope there will be no occasion of your mentioning your having had
+    this trouble from me to any, unless it be to your Colonel and one or
+    two about him, and the person, it is like, you must speak to where
+    you are. There is one with me, an old school acquaintance of yours
+    too, Mr. Stuart of Invernethy, whom you have seen dance very merrily
+    over a sword; and if the allowance is granted me, I hope it will not
+    be refused to him, for whom I promise as I do for myself.
+
+    "When I have done with the waters, I hope there will be no objection
+    to my returning to Italy again, if I have a mind; but I judged it
+    fit to mention this to you.
+
+    "The person who delivers you this, will get conveyed to me what you
+    will be so good to write."
+
+Whilst he was thus in treaty with his former friend, Lord Mar was
+stopped on his way to St. Prix, near Geneva, by the orders of the
+Hanoverian Minister: his papers were seized and sealed up; and among
+them, a copy of that which was written to Lord Stair as Captain Brown.
+Lord Mar, who had borne an assumed name, disclosed his real rank, and
+wrote to Lord Stair for assistance,--again urging permission to go to
+the waters of Bourbon, or, if not allowed to go into France, the liberty
+to return to Italy, "where," he said, "I may end my days in quiet; and
+those, probably, will not be many in that climate." Whilst awaiting the
+reply of Lord Stair, the Earl was treated with respect by the
+authorities of Geneva; and "had only to wish that he had a little more
+liberty for taking air and exercise." He expected that Lord Stair's
+answer could not arrive in less than a fortnight: in the meantime, he
+adds, "I shall be obliged, on account of my health, to ask the
+Government here a little more tether."[158]
+
+His indulgent friend, Lord Stair, was, meantime, urging his cause by
+every means in his power. "I wish Lord Mar," he wrote to the English
+Ministry, "was at liberty upon his parole to the town of Geneva, or he
+had permission to go to the waters of Bourbon. I should be glad to know
+what pension you would allow him till he be restored?"
+
+Lady Mar was now in Rome, whither she had followed her husband soon
+after his leaving Scotland. Her jointure, it appears, was stopped by
+the Commissioners, and she was unable, without that supply, to travel
+from Rome to Geneva. She was, probably, aware of Lord Mar's intention to
+leave the Chevalier's service, for the Earl had written a long letter,
+explanatory of his situation and intentions, to her father the Duke of
+Kingston. "I have offered him for Lady Mar's journey," says Lord Stair,
+"credit upon me for a thousand pounds." Yet notwithstanding this
+liberality, Lord Mar now began to be extremely uneasy at Geneva, and to
+fear that the Government meant "merely to expose him." In vain, for some
+time, did Stair plead for him, with Secretary Craggs and Lord Stanhope.
+They were evidently, from Lord Stair's replies to their objections,
+afraid to have any dealings with him. "As to Lord Mar," writes Stair,
+"the things that shock you, shock me; but our business is to break the
+Pretender's party by detaching him from it, which we shall effectually
+do by letting him live in quiet at Geneva or elsewhere, and by giving
+him a pension. Whatever his Lordship's intentions may be, it is very
+certain, in a few months, that the Jacobites will pull his throat
+out,--you know them well enough not to doubt of it. The Pretender," he
+adds, "looks upon Mar as lost, and has had no manner of confidence in
+him ever since Lady Mar came into Italy. They looked upon her as a spy,
+and that she had corrupted her husband. This, you may depend on it, is
+true." Little more than a week afterwards, Lord Stair informed his
+friends that "Lord Mar was _outre_ at the usage he had met with. He says
+our Ministers may be great and able men, but that they are not skilful
+at making proselytes, or keeping friends when they have them. I am
+pretty much of his mind."
+
+It was, doubtless, as Lord Stair declared, the full determination of
+Lord Mar at that time to leave the Chevalier's interests. "The
+Pretender, I know," said Stair, "wrote him the kindest letter imaginable
+since his [the Pretender's] return into Italy from Spain, with the
+warmest invitations to return to his post."
+
+The letters which Lord Stair had received, in the course of this
+negotiation, from Lord Mar, were instantly sent to Hanover. They were in
+some instances written in his own hand, but without signature, and in
+the third person. In the first which he wrote to Lord Stair, Mar
+announced that he had quitted the service of James, and was desirous of
+making peace with King George upon the promise of a pardon, and the
+restoration of his estates.
+
+"You are to consider," says Lord Stair, writing to the Secretary of
+State at home concerning this proposal, "whether it will be worth the
+while to receive him. In my humble opinion the taking him on will be the
+greatest blow that can be given to the Pretender's interest, and the
+greatest discredit to it. And it may be made of use to show to the world
+that nobody but a Papist can hope to continue in favour with the
+Pretender. I wish," adds the Ambassador, "you may think as I do. I own
+all his faults and misfortunes cannot make me forget the long and
+intimate friendship and familiarity that has been between him and me."
+It is consoling to find any politician acting upon such good
+old-fashioned maxims, the result of honest feeling.
+
+Lady Mar having now joined her husband, Lord Mar resolved to make his
+escape from Geneva. Lord Stair advised him against it; but adds, in his
+letters to his friends at home, "I could hardly imagine that a man of
+his temper, and in his circumstances, will refuse his liberty when he
+sees he has nothing but ill usage and neglect to expect from us."[159]
+
+Thus ended this negotiation, the main conditions of which were, provided
+Lord Mar kept himself free from any plots against the Government, an
+offer of the family estate to his son; and, in the interim, till an act
+of Parliament could be obtained to that effect, a pension of two
+thousand pounds sterling, over and above one thousand five hundred
+pounds paid of jointure to his wife and daughter.[160]
+
+It was the fortune of Lord Mar on this, as on many other occasions, to
+reap the ignominy of having accepted this pension, without ever
+receiving the profits of his debasement.
+
+During the absence of Lord Mar at Geneva, his Countess, who remained in
+Rome, received the following letters from the Chevalier and his
+Princess, Maria Clementina: these epistles show how desirous the
+Chevalier still was to retain Lord Mar in his interests.[161]
+
+                                        "Montefiascony, Sept. 9, 1719.
+
+    "The Duke of Mar's late misfortunes and my own situation for some
+    months past, hath occasioned my being much in the dark as to his
+    present circumstances, which touche me too nearly not to desire you
+    will inform me particularly of them. The last letter I had from him
+    was in the begining of May, from Genua, in which he mentioned to me
+    his ill state of health, and something of your comeing to meet him
+    at Bourbon waters; but the season for them now advanceing, or rather
+    passeing, I reckon that whether he had gone thither or not, he will
+    soon be here on ye receipt of the note I sent you t'other day for
+    him, and by consequence that what measures he may have taken with
+    you about your meeting him will be altered on sight of that. I
+    thought it necessary to inform you of these particulars to prevent
+    any thoughts you might have of a journey so expensive and now
+    useless: for as to his liberty, I make no doubt but that it will
+    immediately follow the certainty of my return to this country. I
+    should think it not prudent to write any politicks to him now, not
+    knowing what fate my letters might meet with; but there is no secret
+    in your sayeing all that is kind from me to him. If you cannot
+    exagerate as to my impatience to see him, after all our mutual
+    misfortunes and adventures, and I am sure he will be glad to know
+    and see me more happy in a wife than I can be otherwayes, in most
+    respects.
+
+    "I hope soon to have the satisfaction of seeing you at Rome, when I
+    believe I shall soon convince you that if you and your lord have in
+    the world many false friends, I am and ever shall be a true one to
+    you both.
+
+                                                           JAMES R."
+
+
+LETTER FROM THE PRINCESS CLEMENTINA TO THE COUNTESS OF MAR.
+
+                                           "Montefiasconi, 23rd. Sept.
+
+   [162]"Je vien de recevoire, votre chere letre par Mr. Clepen, et vous
+   sui bien oblige, de l'attention que vous ave eu, de mervoyer dutee,
+   lequell ne sauroit que etre bon venant de vous; vous me marquez
+   avoire de la peine a ecrire le fransoi, mai votre esprit vous,
+   laprendera bientot. Le Roi me charge de vous faire, se compliment et
+   soy et aussi persuadez, de l'estime que j'auray toujour pour votre
+   merite.
+
+                                                        "CLEMENTINE R.
+
+    "J'ambrase de tous mon coeure la charman petite, J'espere dan peu de
+    le pouvoire faire personnellement, et a vous de meme. Nous nous
+    porton tres bien; l'aire d'icy est foie bonne."
+
+A subsequent letter is addressed "A ma cousine La Duchesse de Mar"--and
+subscribed "votre affectionee cousine, Clementine;" yet notwithstanding
+these professions of confidence and affection, the seeds of distrust
+were, it seems, soon sown between James and the Earl and Countess of
+Mar. At first the suggestions to their disadvantage were repelled,
+"There has been enough pains," writes James, "taken from Rome within
+these few days to do you ill offices with me, but I can assure you with
+truth they have made no impression upon me, nor will they produce any
+other effect than to make me, if possible, kinder to you. But when I see
+you I shall say more on this head, for 'tis fitt you should know your
+false from your true friends; _and among the last you shall ever find
+me_.[163]
+
+                                                          "JAMES R."
+
+An order, dated the ninth of October, 1719, that all such boxes "as are
+in the Duchesse of Mar's custody should be first naled by her, and then
+delivered with their keyes to Sir William Ellis," written in the
+Chevalier's own hand, shews either that Lady Mar was on the eve of her
+departure from Italy, or that a breach of confidence had taken
+place.[164]
+
+Lord Mar, with impaired health, and writhing under the rejection of his
+offers, returned to Italy. There, had he adhered to a resolution which
+he had formed, of not interfering in public affairs, he might still have
+closed his days in tranquillity.
+
+Notwithstanding the apparent continuance of the Chevalier's regard, he
+never forgot the treaty between Lord Stair and the Earl of Mar. The
+whole of this intrigue, discreditable as it was, has been reprobated by
+all who have touched upon this portion of Lord Mar's history. His
+accepting the loan of a thousand pounds from Stair, an old friend, for
+the purpose of ensuring Lady Mar's journey, has been censured, I think,
+with too great severity. But, although it be desirable to set to rights
+matters of fact, yet, it is always unsatisfactory to begin the defence
+of a bad cause. There is no evidence to show that Lord Mar ever received
+a pension: he was not thought worth conciliating; but that circumstance,
+in this case, and after a display of his willingness to receive all that
+could be granted, assists very little in his vindication, and rather
+adds to the degradation of one whom no party could trust.
+
+Soon after Lord Mar's return to Rome, the seeds of disunion between
+James and his young and high-spirited wife began to disturb the minds of
+all who were really well wishers to the Stuarts.
+
+Maria Clementina, reported by Horace Walpole to have been "lively,
+insinuating, agreeable, and enterprising," had encountered, soon after
+her marriage with James, the too frequent fate of many who were
+sacrificed to royal marriages. She had quickly perceived that her
+influence was inferior to that of the Prince's favourites: she was
+shortly made aware of his infidelities: she became jealous, without
+affection; and her disappointment in her consort was that of a proud,
+resentful woman, to whom submission to circumstances was a lesson too
+galling to be learned.
+
+The Prince, after the fashion of his forefathers, was governed by
+favourites: like Charles the First, he had his Buckingham and his
+Strafford; and his miniature Court was rent with factions. But the
+Chevalier had neither the purity of Charles the First, nor the charm of
+character which gilded over the vices of Charles the Second. His
+household was an epitome of the worst passions; and his melancholy
+aspect, his want of dignity and spirit, his bigotry and even his
+unpopular virtue of economy, cast a gloom over that turbulent region. It
+was bitterly, but perhaps truly said of him, "that he had all the
+superstition of a capuchin, but none of the religion of a Prince."[165]
+Like most of his immediate family, his character deteriorated as he grew
+older. He did not rise under the pressure of adversity; and his timid,
+irresolute nature was crushed by the effects of his cruel situation.
+
+Colonel John Hay, of Cromlix, the brother of the Earl of Mar's first
+wife, and of George, seventh Earl of Kinnoul, succeeded in obtaining
+mastery over his subdued nature. The lady of Colonel Hay, Margery, the
+third daughter of Viscount Stormont, was said, also, to have possessed
+her own share of influence over the mind of the Chevalier. Of the real
+existence of any criminal attachment between the Prince and Mrs. Hay,
+there is, however, considerable doubt; and it has been generally
+regarded as one of those amours raised for a purpose, during the
+continuance of a fierce contention for power.
+
+Clementina had also her favourites; and a certain Mrs. Sheldon, who had
+had the charge of Prince Charles Edward, had acquired her confidence.
+This choice was peculiarly infelicitous.
+
+Mrs. Sheldon was reported to be about as unworthy a favourite as the
+unhappy Princess could have selected. According to Colonel Hay, she was
+the mistress of General Dillon, one of the most ardent adherents of the
+Stuarts, and the spy of the Earl of Mar.[166] For four or five years,
+nevertheless, after Prince Charles's birth, she continued to be his
+governess, and to sway the feelings of his mother, in the same manner as
+confidants and dependants usually direct the angry passions of their
+mistresses into the most dangerous channels.
+
+During the height of Colonel Hay's favour, the confidence of the
+Chevalier in Lord Mar visibly declined, as appears in the following
+letter to one of his adherents in Scotland.
+
+"I have always been unwilling to mention Marr, but I find myself
+indispensably engaged at present to let my Scots friends know that I
+have withdrawn my confidence entirely from him, as I shall be obliged to
+doe from all who may be any ways influenced by him. This conduct is
+founded on the most urgent, strongest, and most urging necessity, in
+which my regard to my faithfull subjects and servants have the greatest
+share.
+
+"What is here said of Marr, is not with a view of its being made
+publick, there being no occasion for that, since, many years ago, he put
+himself under such engagements, that he could not serve me in a publick
+capacity, neither has he been publickly employed by me."
+
+To this it was answered, by the confidential friend to whom the remarks
+were addressed, "It is some time agoe since your friends here had doubts
+of the Earl of Marr; and thence it was that I was directed to mention
+him in the manner I did in my last two letters, it being matter of no
+small moment to us to know in whom wee might confide thorowly, and of
+whom beware,--especially when a person of his figure was the
+object."[167]
+
+Affairs were in this state; the Chevalier distrustful of Lord Mar, and
+devoted to his rival, Colonel Hay; the Princess heading an opposite
+faction, nominally commanded by Mrs. Sheldon, but secretly instigated by
+Lord Mar; when, in 1722, the conspiracy of Atterbury was discovered by
+the British Government.
+
+The Earl of Mar was at that time in Paris, and Lord Carteret who was at
+the head of affairs in England, remembering the Earl's former
+negotiations with Lord Stair, dispatched a gentleman to Mar, with
+instructions to sound that nobleman as to his knowledge of the plot.
+Lord Mar happening to be in Colonel Dillon's company when the messenger
+reached Paris, and soon divining after one interview the nature of the
+embassy, it was agreed between him and Dillon that they would do James's
+cause a service by leading the British Government off the right scent.
+They therefore drew up, in conjunction, an answer to Lord Carteret. What
+was the nature of that reply,[168] does not appear; but its result was
+such as to cast upon Lord Mar a degree of odium far greater than that
+which he had incurred in Lord Stair's business. He was accused by
+Atterbury with having, on that occasion, written such a letter as had
+been the cause of his banishment; with having betrayed the secrets of
+the Chevalier St. George to the British Government; and of several other
+charges of "base and treacherous practises, discovered by the Bishop of
+Rochester, that the like had scarce been heard of, and seem'd to be what
+no man, endued with common sense, or the least drop of noble blood,
+could perpetrate; and that the King's friends were at a loss in not
+knowing what credit to give to such reports, tho' they apprehended the
+worst, from the directions he had lately given of having no
+correspondence with Mar or his adherents, from whom he had withdrawn all
+confidence."
+
+Shortly after this declaration the Chevalier declared Colonel Hay to be
+his Secretary, and created the favourite Earl of Inverness; between whom
+and the Earl of Mar an antipathy, which had now become open hostility,
+prevailed. "The Duke of Mar," wrote the Earl of Inverness to Lockhart,
+"has declared himself my mortal enemy, only because I spoke truth to
+him, and could not, in my conscience, enter into his measures nor
+approve his conduct, tho' I always shunned saying any thing to his
+disadvantage, but to the King alone, from whom I thought I was obliged
+to conceal nothing."[169]
+
+With respect to the treachery towards Atterbury, the justification of
+Lord Mar rests upon the testimony of Colonel Dillon, and other persons
+who saw the Earl's letter to Carteret. It is also certain that James
+accorded his approval to Mar's conduct in that affair. No positive
+intention of mischief can be made out against Mar; but his habit of
+rarely acting a straightforward part, his insatiable love of
+interference, and his mistaking cunning for policy, brought upon him the
+mournful indignation of the exiled Atterbury, and fixed upon him a grave
+imputation which it were almost impossible to wipe away.
+
+Another charge brought by Atterbury against Lord Mar, was his advising
+James to barter his pretensions to the Crown for a pension. But this
+accusation is refuted by the two letters, of which vouchers are given in
+the Lockhart Papers, on which the allegation is founded. These letters
+were written from Geneva to the Prince and to Colonel Dillon.[170]
+
+Lastly, Lord Mar stood charged with a scheme, discovered to Atterbury
+by Lord Inverness, for the restoration of the Stuarts, which, under
+pretence of replacing them on the throne, would for ever have rendered
+that restoration impracticable. From this allegation Lord Mar justified
+himself by referring to the scheme itself, which he was declared to have
+laid before the Regent of France with the intent to ruin James. Of this
+scheme, the two main features were, first to re-establish the ancient
+independence of Scotland and Ireland: secondly, that a certain number of
+French troops should remain in England, and that five thousand Scots,
+and as many Irish troops, should be sent to France and kept in pay by
+the French King, for a certain number of years. There is certainly a
+great deal of Mar's double policy, his being all things to all men, in
+such a scheme. He declared, however, and proved that he acquainted James
+with his plan in confidence, and that Colonel Hay sent a copy of it to
+the Bishop of Rochester. Little as one can approve of Mar's conduct, it
+is manifest that, by a deeply-laid intrigue, it was resolved for ever to
+uproot him from the confidence of James.
+
+But the public career of Lord Mar had now drawn to its ignoble close.
+That he had his partisans, who repelled the charges against him by
+counter allegations, Lord Inverness soon found; and he began to think
+that "the less noise that was made about Mar," the better.[171]
+
+During the year 1725, James further evinced his distrust of Lord Mar, by
+dismissing Mr. Sheldon, his supposed spy, and placing Mr. James Murray,
+a Protestant, as preceptor to the young Prince.
+
+The retirement of the Princess Clementina into a convent, followed this
+last step. The correspondence of the royal couple, their recriminations,
+furnished, for some months, conversation for the continental courts, and
+even for St. James's, until the dismissal of Colonel Hay and his wife
+appeased the resolute daughter of the Sobieski, and produced an apparent
+reconciliation.
+
+From the close of this altercation, and after the disgrace of Colonel
+Hay, the name of Lord Mar occurs no more in the history of the period.
+He resided at Paris until 1729, when, falling into ill health, he
+repaired to Aix la Chapelle, where he died in May 1732.
+
+His wife survived him twenty-nine years, only to be the victim of mental
+disease, and, as it has been said, of cruelty and neglect. She became
+insane, and was placed under the charge of her sister, Lady Mary W.
+Montague, who, it has been reported, from avarice, stinted her
+unfortunate sister of even the common necessaries of life, and
+appropriated the allowance to herself. But this statement has been
+disproved.[172]
+
+The latter years of Lord Mar were passed neither in idleness, nor wholly
+in the intrigues of the Court at Albano. His amusement was to draw plans
+and designs for the improvement of Scotland, which he had loved "not
+wisely," but to which his warmest affections are said to have ever
+recurred. In 1728 he composed a paper, in which he suggested building
+bridges on the north and south sides of the city of Edinburgh: he
+planned, also, the formation of a navigable canal between the Forth and
+the Clyde. His beloved Alloa was sold by the Commissioners of the
+forfeited estates to his brother, Lord Grange, who, in 1739, conveyed it
+to Lord Erskine, his nephew. Lord Mar's children were enriched by the
+gratitude of Gibbs, the architect, who bequeathed to the offspring of
+his early patron the greatest part of his fortune.
+
+The Earl of Mar was succeeded by his son, Thomas Lord Erskine, who was
+deprived of the famed title of Mar by his father's attainder. Lord
+Erskine was appointed by Government, Commissary of Stores at Gibraltar.
+His marriage with Lady Charlotte Hope being without issue, the title was
+restored to the descendant of Lord Grange, and consequently to the
+children of the unfortunate Lady Grange, whose sufferings, from the
+effects of party spirit, seem to belong more properly to the page of
+romance, than to the graver details of history.
+
+The conduct of John Erskine, Earl of Mar, has afforded a subject of
+comment to two men of very different character, John Lockhart of
+Carnwath, and the Master of Sinclair. Neither of the portraits drawn by
+these master-hands are favourable; and they were, in both instances,
+written under the influence of strong, yet transient impressions of
+disappointment and suspicion. The mind naturally seeks for some safer
+steersman to guide opinion than the intemperate though honest Jacobite,
+Lockhart, or the sarcastic and slippery friend, Sinclair. The worst
+peculiarity in the career of Mar was, that no one trusted him; towards
+the latter portion of his life he had even lost the power of deceiving:
+it had become impossible to him to act without mingling the poison of
+deception with intentions which might have been honest, and even
+benevolent. The habits of a long life of intrigue had warped his very
+nature. When we behold him fleeing from the coasts of Scotland, leaving
+behind him the trusting hearts that would have bled for him, we fancy
+that no moral degradation can be more complete. We view him soliciting
+to be a pensioner of England, and we acknowledge that it was even
+possible to sink still more deeply into infamy.
+
+With principles of action utterly unsound, it is surprising how much
+influence Lord Mar acquired over all with whom he came into collision.
+He was sanguine in disposition, and, if we may judge by his letters,
+buoyant in his spirits; his disposition was conciliatory, his manners
+were apparently confiding. At the bottom of that gay courtesy there
+doubtless was a heart warped by policy, but not inherently unkind. He
+attached to him the lowly. Lockhart speaks of the love of two of his
+kinsmen to him:--his tenantry, during his exile, contributed to supply
+his wants, by a subscription. These are the few redeeming
+characteristics of one made up of inconsistencies. He conferred, it must
+be allowed, but little credit on a party which could number among its
+adherents the brave Earl Marischal, the benevolent and honourable
+Derwentwater, and the disinterested Nithisdale. When we contrast the
+petty and selfish policy of the Earl of Mar with the integrity and
+fidelity of those who fought in the same cause, and over whom he was
+commander, his character sinks low in the estimate, and acts like a foil
+to the purity and brightness of his fellow sufferers in the strife.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] See Wood's Peerage of Scotland.
+
+[8] Histories of Noble British Families by Henry Drummond, Esq. Preface
+to Part I.
+
+[9] Robertson's History of Scotland, ii. 32.
+
+[10] Wood's Peerage. The year of his birth is not stated.
+
+[11] Cunningham's History of Great Britain, i. 326.
+
+[12] Dalrymple's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 100.
+
+[13] Chambers's Biography, art. Erskine.
+
+[14] See Dr. Coxe's MSS. in the British Museum, vol. iii.
+
+[15] Dalrymple's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 98.
+
+[16] Lockhart's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 114.
+
+[17] Lockhart, vol. i. p. 45.
+
+[18] Granger, vol. ii. p. 31. Somerville's Queen Anne, p. 184.
+
+[19] Of Alloa the following account is given. "Alloa House, situated in
+the immediate neighbourhood of the town, in the midst of a fine park,
+the seat of the Earl of Mar, and the subject of a fine Scottish song, is
+a place worthy of visit. The principal part of the building was
+destroyed some years ago by fire, and with it the only certain original
+portrait of Queen Mary existing in the kingdom. The original tower, a
+building of the thirteenth century, the walls of which are eleven feet
+thick, and ninety feet high, alone remains. In it James the Sixth and
+his eldest son, Henry, were successively educated under the care of the
+Mar family. The cradle of the former, and his little nursery-chair,
+besides Prince Henry's golfs, were preserved in the tower till a recent
+period, when they fell into the possession of Lady Frances Erskine,
+daughter of the late venerable Earl of Mar, who, we understand, now
+preserves them, with the care and veneration due to such valuable
+heirlooms, in her house in Edinburgh. The country in every direction
+round Alloa is extremely level and beautiful, interspersed with numerous
+fine seats, and abounding in delightful little old-established
+bower-like villages. Among the latter we would particularize one called
+the Bridge of Allan as everything which a village ought to be--soft,
+sunny, and warm--a confusion of straw-roofed cottages, and rich massy
+trees; possessed of a bridge and a mill, together with kail-yards,
+bee-skeps, colleys, callants, old inns with entertainment for man and
+horse, carts with their poles pointing up to the sky, venerable dames in
+drugget knitting their stockings in the sun, and young ones in gingham
+and dimity tripping along with milk-pails on their heads.
+
+"Besides all these characteristics as a village, the Bridge of Allan
+boasts of a row of neat little villas for the temporary accommodation of
+a number of fashionables who flock to it in the summer, on account of a
+neighbouring mineral well."--_Chambers's Picture of Scotland._
+
+[20] Wood's Peerage.
+
+[21] Somerville's Queen Anne, p. 167.
+
+[22] Somerville, p. 177. Memoirs of Scotland, London, 1714. Defoe's
+History of the Union, p. 64.
+
+[23] Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 114.
+
+[24] Lockhart.
+
+[25] Lockhart, p. 116.
+
+[26] Daniel De Foe on the Union, p. 64.
+
+[27] De Foe, p. 322.
+
+[28] Lockhart. Letter to one English Lord concerning the Treaty, 1702,
+vol. i. p. 272.
+
+[29] Memoirs, p. 74. De Foe, p. 321.
+
+[30] Memoirs, p. 74. De Foe, p. 371.
+
+[31] Introduction to De Foe's History of the Union, p. 16.
+
+[32] Memoirs of Scotland, p. 31.
+
+[33] Mackay.
+
+[34] Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 54.
+
+[35] Memoirs of North Britain, p. 113.
+
+[36] Wood's Peerage, vol. i. pp. 714, 717; also Mackay's Memoirs, p.
+178.
+
+[37] Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 115.
+
+[38] Wood's Peerage, art. Erskine of Mar.
+
+[39] Memoirs of Scotland, p. 224.
+
+[40] Memoirs of Scotland, p. 340.
+
+[41] Cunningham's Hist. Great Britain, p. 257.
+
+[42] Ibid. p. 61.
+
+[43] Swift's Works, edited by Sir W. Scott, pp. 14, 72.
+
+[44] The motto on Queen Anne's coronation medal.
+
+[45] Cunningham, p. 71.
+
+[46] Memoirs of Scotland. Cunningham, p. 157.
+
+[47] Swift's Letters, vol. ii. p. 488; also p. 487, note by Sir W.
+Scott.
+
+[48] Wood's Peerage. Swift's Letters, p. 475. See note.
+
+[49] Mackay's Characters, p. 94.
+
+[50] Swift added, in his own hand, to this eulogium, this remark: "He
+was little better than a conceited talker in company."
+
+[51] The following letter shows that the Duke anticipated the result of
+the duel.
+
+                                                London, Nov. 14, 1712.
+
+    My dear Son,
+
+    I have been doing all I could to recover your mother's right to her
+    estate, which I hope shall be yours. I command you to be dutiful
+    towards her, as I hope she will be just and kind to you; and I
+    recommend it particularly to you, if ever you enjoy the estate of
+    Hamilton, and what may, I hope, justly belong to you, (considering
+    how long I have lived with a small competence, which has made me run
+    in debt,) I hope God will put it into your head to do justice to my
+    honour, and pay my just debts. There will be enough to satisfy all,
+    and give your brothers and sisters such provisions as the state of
+    your condition and their quality in Scotland will admit of.
+
+    I pray God preserve you, and the family in your person. My humble
+    duty to my mother, and my blessing to your sisters. If it please God
+    I live, you shall find me share with you what I do possess, and ever
+    prove your affectionate and kind father, whilst
+
+                                                           HAMILTON.
+
+    I again upon my blessing charge you, that you let the world see you
+    do your part in satisfying my just debts.
+
+    Addressed thus: "To my dear Son the Marquis of Chilsdale."
+
+    _Memoirs of the Life and Family of James Duke of Hamilton._
+
+[52] The Lady Elizabeth Gerrard, the sister of Lady Mohun, and Duchess
+of Hamilton, is said to have been "a lady of great wit and beauty, and
+all the fine accomplishments that adorn her sex." Through her the great
+estates in Lancashire and Staffordshire came into the family of
+Hamilton.
+
+[53] Wood's Peerage; also "Life of the Duke of Hamilton," a scarce
+tract, p. 102.
+
+[54] Coxe MSS. 9128. Plut. cxxxviii. H. British Museum.
+
+[55] Ibid. See a Letter in French, dated April 5, 1714, p. 1.
+
+[56] Coxe MSS.
+
+[57] Lord Mahon's Hist. England, vol. i. p. 139. See also a scarce
+little book to be met with in the Advocate's Library in Edinburgh
+(Atterbury's Correspondence, with marginal notes by Lord Hailes): "By
+what accident these Letters have been preserved," says the noble Editor,
+"I know not: by what means they are now brought to light, I am not at
+liberty to explain."
+
+[58] See the Letter before quoted.
+
+[59] Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 440.
+
+[60] Lockhart of Carnwath, vol. i. p. 446; also "Notices of Lady
+Grange," by Dr. Mackay.
+
+[61] See "Notices of Lady Grange," by K. Mackay, M.D., 3rd edition.
+Glasgow, 1819.
+
+[62] Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 441.
+
+[63] Lord Mahon, vol. i. p. 152.
+
+[64] "A Collection of Original Letters relating to the Rebellion of
+1715." Edinburgh, 1730.
+
+[65] Introductory Anecdotes to Lord Wharncliffe's Edition of Lady M.
+Wortley's Letters, p. 26.
+
+[66] Reay, p. 135.
+
+[67] Reay, p. 152.
+
+[68] Reay, p. 171.
+
+[69] This commission was long doubted, and was even denied by the
+Chevalier. It is, nevertheless, signed by his Secretary, and is among
+the valuable papers which, belonging to Mr. Gibson Craig of Edinburgh,
+have been liberally placed at the service of the author.
+
+[70] Caledonian Mercury, 1722.
+
+[71] Lord Mahon, p. 147.
+
+[72] Lord Mahon; from the Master of Sinclair's MS.
+
+[73] Burke's Peerage.
+
+[74] Buchan's History of the Keith Family.
+
+[75] Buchan's History of the Keith Family; also Scottish Peerage.
+
+[76] See Patten's List of Chieftains.
+
+[77] Secret History of Colonel Hooke's Negotiations, pp. 26, 110.
+
+[78] Patten, p. 232.
+
+[79] Buchan's History of the Keith Family, p. 153.
+
+[80] Colonel Hooke's Negotiations.
+
+[81] See "Genealogie of the Most Noble and Ancient House of Drummond, by
+the First Viscount Strathallan," Appendix. For this curious and
+elaborate work I am indebted to the Rev. Arthur Drummond.
+
+[82] MS. Account of Several Clans, by Mrs. Grant, of Laggan.
+
+[83] Brown's Highlands, vol. i. p. 131.
+
+[84] The Rev. Robert Patten, from whose animated narrative many other
+writers have implicitly copied, was a man of indifferent character, who
+accompanied Mr. Forster, in the insurrection in Northumberland, as his
+chaplain. He afterwards turned king's evidence, and appeared against
+those whom he had served. For this act of treachery his pension was
+raised (as I find by the Caledonian Mercury for 1722) from 50_l._ to
+80_l._ a-year. He dedicates his History of the Rebellion to Generals
+Carpenter and Wills.
+
+[85] Patten, p. 151.
+
+[86] Mar Papers.
+
+[87] Reay, p. 191.
+
+[88] Reay, p. 191.
+
+[89] It seems to have been the custom of that period to write in the
+third person when in memoirs and statements. Lord Lovat's manifesto is
+in the same style.
+
+[90] Patten, p. 257.
+
+[91] A copy from the original, for which I am indebted to Mr. Gibson
+Craig, is given for the confirmation of Lord Mar's assertion:--
+
+    "James the Eighth, by the grace of God King of Scotland, England,
+    France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c., to our right trusty
+    and well-beloved Cousin and Counsellor, John Earl of Mar, &c. We
+    reposing especial trust & confidence in your loyalty, courage,
+    experience, and good conduct, doe by these * * constitute and
+    appoint you to be our General and Commander in Cheif of all our
+    forces, both by sea and land, in our antient kingdom of Scotland.
+    Whereupon you are to take upon you the said command of General and
+    Commander in Cheif, and the better to support you in the said
+    authority, our will and pleasure is, that you act in consert with
+    and by our * * * * We doe likeways hereby empower you to grant
+    commissions in our name to all officers, both by sea and land, to
+    place and displace the same as you shall think fitt and necessary
+    for our service, to assemble our said forces, raise the militia,
+    issue out orders for all suspected persons, and seizing of all forts
+    and castles, and putting garrisons into them, and to take up in any
+    part of our dominions, what money, horses, arms, and ammunition and
+    provisions you shall think necessary for arming, mounting, and
+    subsisting the said forces under your command, and to give recepts
+    for the same, which we hereby promise to pay. By this our
+    Commission, we likeways here empower you to make warr upon our
+    enemies, and upon all such as shall adhere to the present government
+    and usurper of our dominions. Leaving entirely to your prudence and
+    conduct to begin the necessary acts of hostility when and where you
+    think most advantageous conducing to our restoration; and we doe
+    hereby command all, and require all officers and souldiers, both by
+    sea and land, and all our subjects, to acknowledge and obey you as
+    our General and Commander as Cheif of our army; and you to obey such
+    furder orders and directions as you shall from time to time receive
+    from us. In pursuance of the great power and trust we have reposed
+    in you.
+
+    "Given at our Court at Bar le duc, the seventh day of September,
+    1715, and in the fourteenth year of our reign.
+
+        "By His Majestie's command,
+            Sic Subscribitur,
+                THOMAS HIGGINS."
+
+
+[92] Patten, p. 256.
+
+[93] Note in Reay. From the _Weekly Journal_, Feb. 4th, 1715-16.
+
+[94] Reay, p. 193.
+
+[95] Brown's Highlands, vol. i. p. 129.
+
+[96] Mar Papers. In these there is a copy of this Manifesto; but since
+it has been printed in Reay's History of the Rebellion, and others, I do
+not think it necessary to insert it here.
+
+[97] The Chevalier's agent there.
+
+[98] The orthography of this letter is copied from the original, with
+the exception of the abbreviations usual at that period.
+
+[99] Erskine.
+
+[100] Reay, p. 221.
+
+[101] Mar Papers.
+
+[102] Mar Papers, communicated by Mr. Gibson Craig.
+
+[103] Reay, pp. 236, 237.
+
+[104] The Earl of Mar's Journal, as printed at Paris. At the end of
+Patten's History of the Rebellion, and addressed by Lord Mar to Colonel
+Balfour, p. 259.
+
+[105] Reay, p. 197.
+
+[106] Earl of Mar's Journal.
+
+[107] Earl of Mar's Journal.
+
+[108] Reay, p. 308.
+
+[109] Brown's Highlands.
+
+[110] Mar Papers.
+
+[111] Reay, p. 309.
+
+[112] From the MS. letter in the possession of Archibald Macdonald, Esq.
+
+[113] The agent of the Jacobites in Edinburgh.
+
+[114] Mar Papers, in the possession of Gibson Craig, Esq.
+
+[115] King.
+
+[116] Duke of Ormond.
+
+[117] Paris.
+
+[118] Lady Nairn.
+
+[119] The Chevalier.
+
+[120] The Dutch auxiliaries, to the amount of 6000, demanded by the
+English government, as accorded by treaty, arrived, to the number of
+3000, in the Thames, on the 16th of November, expressly to assist in
+suppressing the rebellion, and proceeded to Scotland on the 25th. They
+were afterwards followed by 3000 more, who, being obliged to put in at
+Harwich, marched on by land. Reay, p. 327.
+
+[121] The King.
+
+[122] Lord Grange.
+
+[123] The following note is annexed to this letter. It is in the
+hand-writing of Bishop Keith:--"Son of Sir Wm. Douglass, colonel of a
+regiment, and who had come over with the Prince of Orange to England,
+and was made Knight and Colonel by the said Prince, as says my Lady
+Bruce. The story Wm. Erskine, brother to the Earl of Buchan, told me, as
+the King and he were travelling through France at this period, they saw
+the Chevalier's picture set up in some of the post-houses, and they were
+told this was done by the desire of the English Ambassador, who had
+promised a reward to those who should stop and apprehend the person whom
+the picture resembled."
+
+[124] A concealment in the House of Kineil, near Borrostowness.
+
+[125] The younger brother of the Marquis of Tullibardine, but assuming
+the forfeited title as head of the house.
+
+[126] Henry Straiton.
+
+[127] I have had the advantage of seeing an original crayon portrait of
+the Chevalier, in the possession of Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq., of
+Edinburgh; also, a miniature painted at Rome, belonging to Mr. Sharpe.
+In the miniature the eyes are darker, and have more animation than in
+the crayon drawing. The portrait lately placed at Hampton Court gives a
+much more pleasing impression of James Stuart than either of these
+likenesses: the countenance is animated and benevolent.
+
+[128] "A True Account of the Proceedings at Perth," by a Rebel, supposed
+to be the Master of Sinclair.
+
+[129] That portion of the letter only which refers to the Chevalier
+appears to have been printed. I have given the entire letter from which
+the account was taken. A portion of this letter is published in Brown's
+History of the Highlands, vol. iv. p. 332.
+
+[130] Reay, p. 352.
+
+[131] MS. Letter in the possession of Alexander Macdonald, Esq., of the
+Register Office, Edinburgh.
+
+[132] Mar Papers.
+
+[133] Thomas Bruce, afterwards Earl of Kincardine.
+
+[134] The loss of the ship from France.
+
+[135] An allusion to the Marquis of Huntley and Lord Seaforth.
+
+[136] Mar Papers.
+
+[137] Reay, p. 364.
+
+[138] Flying Post, or the Post Master, for January 28 and 31, 1716.
+
+[139] Evening Post, Feb. 2, 1716.
+
+[140] Auchterarder.
+
+[141] Reay, p. 364.
+
+[142] Mar Correspondence.
+
+[143] Probably Wigton.
+
+[144] Brown's Highlands, vol. iv. p. 337.
+
+[145] Patten, p. 248.
+
+[146] Reay, p. 367.
+
+[147] Lord Mar's Journal.
+
+[148] A copy is given of the Prince's letter in Dr. Brown's work on the
+Highlands, vol. iv. p. 340. It is a sort of expostulation with the Duke,
+but mildly and sensibly expressed. "I fear," he said, alluding to the
+British people, "they will find yet more than I the smart of preferring
+a foreign yoke to the obedience they owe me."
+
+[149] Bolingbroke's Letter to Sir William Wyndham.
+
+[150] Letter to Sir Wm. Wyndham, p. 139.
+
+[151] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 17.
+
+[152] Ibid.
+
+[153] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 64.
+
+[154] Coxe's Papers in the British Museum, MS. 9129. Plut. cxxxviii. II.
+
+[155] I find that the biographers of Lord Mar, in the short lives given
+of him, (see Chambers's Scottish Biography, Georgian Era, &c.) have
+overlooked this correspondence. The letter from Sir Luke Schwaub, in
+French, with a translation, and the answer of Lord Carteret, in the Coxe
+Papers, although not exactly relevant to my subject, are interesting. "A
+thousands thanks," writes the generous Lord Carteret, in reply to
+Schwaub, "for your private letter, which affords me the means of
+obviating any calumny against the memory of a person who will always be
+dear to me." [That is, Lord Sunderland.] "I have shown it to the King,
+who is entirely satisfied with it." The anxiety on the part of
+Government to secure the papers of Lord Sunderland, was extreme, and
+affords a collateral proof of this connivance. The mysterious documents
+were seized by order of the King, and inspected by Lord Townshend, and
+not a trace of the correspondence was left when the papers were restored
+to the family. The seizure occasioned a suit between the executors of
+the Earl of Sunderland and the two Secretaries of State.--_Coxe MSS._
+
+[156] Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 252.
+
+[157] Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 565.
+
+[158] Hardwicke Papers, p. 586.
+
+[159] Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 600.
+
+[160] Chambers, art. _Erskine_.
+
+[161] From original letters, for which I am indebted to Alexander
+Macdonald, Esq., of the Register Office, Edinburgh.
+
+[162] The spelling is preserved as in the original.
+
+[163] These words were written in the Chevalier's own hand.
+
+[164] Letters in the possession of A. Macdonald, Esq.
+
+[165] Bolingbroke.
+
+[166] Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. p. 221.
+
+[167] Lockhart Papers.
+
+[168] See various papers in the State Paper Office. Collections for
+1722.
+
+[169] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 149.
+
+[170] Id. p. 183.
+
+[171] Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 198.
+
+[172] Mr. C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe was good enough to inform me that he had
+seen some letters on this subject, which exculpated Lady Mary W.
+Montague. The correspondence was destroyed, but it conveyed to the mind
+of that accomplished and erudite gentleman, who saw it, the impression
+that the charge against Lady Mary Wortley was groundless.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES, EARL OF DERWENTWATER.
+
+
+In the vale of Hexham, on the summit of a steep hill, clothed with wood,
+and washed at its base by a rivulet, called the Devil's Water, stand the
+ruins of Dilstone Castle. A bridge of a single arch forms the approach
+to the castle or mansion; the stream, then mingling its rapid waters
+with those of the Tyne, rushes over rocks into a deep dell embowered
+with trees, above a hundred feet in height, and casting a deep gloom
+over the sounding waters beneath their branches.
+
+Through the arch of the bridge, a mill, an object ever associated with
+peace and plenty, is seen; and, beyond it, the eye rests upon the bare,
+dilapidated walls of the castle. Its halls, its stairs, its painted
+chambers, may still be traced; its broken towers command a view of
+romantic beauty; but all around it is desolate and ruined, like the once
+proud and honoured family who dwelt beneath its roof.
+
+This was once the favourite abode of the Ratcliffes, or Radcliffes,
+supposed to be a branch of the Radcliffes in Lancashire,[173] from whom
+were, it is said, descended the Earls of Sussex,[174] who became the
+owners of Dilstone in the days of Queen Elizabeth.
+
+During several generations after the Conquest, a family of the name of
+Devilstone was in possession of Dilstone, until the time of Henry the
+Third. The estates then passed to many different owners; the Tynedales,
+the Crafters, the Claxtons, were successively the masters of the castle;
+and it was not, according to some accounts,[175] until the tenth year of
+Queen Elizabeth's reign, that it first owned for its lord one of that
+unfortunate race to whom it finally belonged, until escheated to the
+Crown. But certain historians have asserted that, so early as the reign
+of Henry the Sixth, Dilstone was the seat of Sir Nicholas
+Radcliffe.[176] At this period, too, other estates were added to those
+already enjoyed by the Radcliffes. Sir Nicholas married the heiress of
+Sir John De Derwentwater, to whom had belonged, for several centuries,
+the manors of Castlerigg and Keswick, and who, since the time of Edward
+the First, had enjoyed great consideration in the county of Cumberland.
+This alliance with the Derwentwater family, although it brought to the
+Radcliffe the possession of a territory, which, for its beauty and
+value, monarchs might envy, did not for many years, entice them to a
+removal to the mansion of Castlerigg. That old dwelling-place, a gloomy
+fortress, among "storm-shaken mountains and howling wildernesses," was
+far less commodious than the castle at Dilstone, then in great fame from
+the flourishing monastery which reared its head in the Vale of Hexham.
+Castlerigg, being, eventually, abandoned by the Radcliffes, went utterly
+to decay; the materials of the old manor-house are supposed to have been
+employed in forming a new residence on Lord's Island, in Keswick Lake;
+and the estate was divided into tenancies, which, in process of time,
+were infranchised. The ancient demesne of the De Derwentwaters has now
+passed into the hands of the Trustees of Greenwich Hospital, and the
+oaks of the park which skirts the lake have of late years supplied much
+valuable timber.
+
+The family of Radcliffe continued, during several centuries after the
+intermarriage with the De Derwentwaters, to increase in wealth and
+importance. It was not, however, ennobled until the reign of James the
+Second, in 1688, when, in consequence of the eldest son of Sir Francis
+Radcliffe having married during his father's life time the Lady Mary
+Tudor, a natural daughter of Charles the Second, by Mistress Mary Davis,
+Sir Francis was created Earl of Derwentwater, Baron Dilstone, and
+Viscount Langley.[177] "This alliance to the royal blood," says the
+biographer of Charles Radcliffe, "gave them a title to match with the
+noblest families in the kingdom, and was likewise the occasion of that
+strict attachment which the several branches of the Derwentwater family
+have inviolably preserved for the line of Stuarts ever since."[178]
+There was also another reason for this act of royal favour on the one
+hand, and for this devotion on the other: Sir George Radcliffe, we find
+by the Macpherson papers, was Governor of James the Second when he was
+Duke of York, and during the troubles of the Great Rebellion; and, under
+his care, the young prince remained some time in the city of
+Oxford.[179]
+
+Whatsoever may be thought of the effect of this connection with royalty,
+in ennobling an ancient and loyal race, the marriage produced a lasting
+influence on the fortunes of the family. That they were proud of the
+alliance appears from the circumstance that the children of that
+marriage used to wear the prince's feather, that plume which has, since
+the days of Edward the Black Prince, distinguished the heir apparent to
+royalty. But the consanguinity in blood to the Stuarts produced another,
+and a far more serious result. The sons of the Lady Mary Tudor and of
+Francis, second Earl of Derwentwater, were educated, like brothers, with
+the son of the abdicated monarch. James Radcliffe, who was born about
+the year 1692, and who afterwards became Earl of Derwentwater, passed
+his childhood at St. Germains with his royal namesake, James Stuart. The
+brother of the Earl, Charles, was also brought up in France; both of
+these youths, whose fate was afterwards so tragical, were reared in the
+faith of the Church of Rome, and under the tuition of the Roman Catholic
+clergy. They thus grew up, without perhaps hearing, certainly without
+entertaining, a doubt of those rights which they died to assert. "The
+late Earl of Derwentwater," writes the biographer of Charles Radclyffe,
+"and his brother Charles were so strongly attached to the Pretender's
+party, that their advice or consent was not so much as asked in those
+consultations that were held among the disaffected previous to the
+Rebellion; neither did the party think it necessary, because they were
+always sure of them whenever they should come to action."
+
+In 1705, Francis, Earl of Derwentwater, died; and during a season of
+domestic tranquillity, whilst as yet the Jacobites were full of hopes
+that the succession would be restored to the Stuart line, his son James
+succeeded to the Earldom, and to the vast estates which had accumulated
+to give dignity and influence to rank. Besides the castle of Dilstone
+and Castlerigg, which Leland, who visited Cumberland in 1539, describes
+as still being the "head place of the Radcliffes," many other valuable
+properties, had been gradually added to the patrimonial possessions.
+
+It was the disposition of Lord Derwentwater to employ the advantages of
+wealth and birth to the benefit of others. He returned to England,
+English in heart, and became the true model of an English nobleman. "He
+was a man," said a contemporary writer, "formed by nature to be beloved;
+for he was of so universal a beneficence, that he seemed to live for
+others."[180] Residing among his own people, among them he spent his
+estate, and passed his days in deeds of kindness, and in acts of
+charity, which regarding no differences of faith as obstacles to the
+course of that heavenly virtue, were extended alike by this unfortunate
+nobleman to Protestant and to Roman Catholic. In his days, Dilstone was
+the scene of an open-hearted hospitality, "which," observes the renegade
+Jacobite who has chronicled the events of the period, "few in that
+country do, and none can, come up to." That castle-hall, now ruined and
+for ever deserted, was thronged by the distressed, who, whether the poor
+denizens of the place or the wanderer by the way side, found there
+relief, and went away consoled. The owner of the castle gave bread to
+thousands, who long remembered his virtues, and mourned his fate. He
+conciliated the good will of his equals, and disarmed the animosity of
+those who differed from him in opinion. Beloved, trusted, almost
+reverenced in the prime of youth, James Earl of Derwentwater held, at
+the period of the first Rebellion, the enviable position of one whose
+station was remembered only in conjunction with the higher dignity of
+virtue. To the solid qualities of integrity, he added a sweetness and
+courtesy of manner which must have lent to even homely features their
+usual charm.[181] Blessing and blest, he thus dwelt amid the romantic
+scenery of the Vale of Hexham.
+
+Lord Derwentwater married Anna Maria, one of the five daughters of Sir
+John Webb, Baronet of Odstock in Wiltshire. An ancestor of Sir John Webb
+had first acquired the title in the reign of Charles the First for "his
+family having both shed their blood in the King's cause, and
+contributed, as far as they were able, with their purses, in his
+defence," as is expressed in their patent.[182]
+
+During the reign of Queen Anne, Lord Derwentwater took no part in the
+various intrigues which were carried on by the Jacobite party. He lived
+peaceably at Dilstone, where his name was long honoured after the
+tragical events which hurried him into an early grave had occurred. But
+this tranquil demeanour does not argue, as it has been supposed, that
+the early playmate of James had become indifferent to the cause of the
+Stuarts. The friends of the exiled family founded their hopes of its
+restoration on the well-known partiality of Queen Anne for her brother,
+and on the circumstance of her having seen the last of her children
+consigned to the tomb. There seems no reason to doubt but that, had Anne
+lived longer, she would have taken measures, in unison with the wishes
+of the bulk of the nobility, and in conjunction with her confidential
+ministers, to have placed the Chevalier St. George the next in
+succession. In this hope, the wishes of the most respectable portion of
+the Jacobite nobility were tranquillized.[183]
+
+The sudden decease of Queen Anne disconcerted the hopes of those who had
+been thus waiting for the course of events; and the immediate change of
+ministry depriving those who were favourable to the house of Stuart of
+power, the succession of George the First was secured, under the aspect,
+for a few weeks, of the most perfect national repose. It has been well
+explained, that, unless some circumstances connected with the birth and
+education of the Chevalier had favoured the interests of Hanover, a very
+different result would have appeared. The notion so diligently spread
+abroad, of a supposititious birth--the foreign education of the young
+Prince--above all, the pains which had been taken to inculcate in his
+heart a devotion to the faith of both his parents, were considerations
+which strongly favoured the accession of the Elector of Hanover.[184]
+
+A year passed away, and that tranquillity was succeeded by an
+ill-concerted, immature enterprise, headed by a man of every talent
+except the right sort; and chilled, rather than aided, by the presence
+of that melancholy exile who presented himself for the first and last
+time, to sadden by the gloom of his aspect, and the inertness of his
+measures, the hearts that yearned to welcome him back to Britain.
+
+It was towards the latter end of August, in 1715, in the shire of Perth,
+that the people first began to assemble themselves in a body, until they
+marched to a small market town, named Kirk Michael, where the Chevalier
+was first proclaimed, and his standard set up.[185] Meantime several
+noblemen and gentlemen, both in England and in Scotland, influenced by
+the Earl of Mar, began to collect their servants and dependants from
+different places, and under various pretexts, for their proceedings.
+There were also measures concerted in London by the Chevalier's friends;
+and among the more active of the partisans, was a certain Captain Robert
+Talbot, an Irish officer, who, upon being acquainted with the projected
+insurrection, took shipping and sailed for Newcastle-upon-Tyne. By this
+agent, the resolutions which had been adopted by the Jacobites in London
+were conveyed to their friends in the north of England. This was part of
+the scheme of the Jacobites; London was the centre of all their
+conferences, and from the metropolis intelligence was secretly conveyed
+in various directions: measures were concerted; the parties who were to
+engage were furnished with means to act, and brought together; letters
+were carried by private hands to various confederates, and debates and
+correspondence were carried on some months before the Rebellion actually
+broke out.
+
+The plot was managed with care and address. The common conveyance of
+letters was dangerous, and the office of delivering them was undertaken
+by gentlemen of Jacobite principles, who rode from place to place as
+travellers, pretending merely that they were viewing the country, and
+making inquiries to gratify curiosity: these travellers were all Irish
+and Papists.
+
+Another class of agents, consisting of Mr. Clifton, a brother of Sir
+Gervase Clifton, and of Mr. Beaumont, both gentlemen of Nottinghamshire,
+and attended by Mr. Buxton, a clergyman of Derbyshire, rode like
+gentlemen, with servants, but were armed with swords and pistols. These
+emissaries also continued moving from place to place, and kept up a
+constant intercourse between the disaffected parties, until all things
+were ready for action.
+
+Under these circumstances, Government took a decided step, which, as it
+turned out, brought the whole concerted plot into action sooner than the
+confederates had originally intended. Means were taken for the
+apprehension of several suspected Jacobites. Towards the end of
+September, Lord Derwentwater, among others, received notice that there
+was a warrant issued by the Secretary of State to apprehend him, and
+that messengers were actually arrived at Durham in order to seize his
+person.[186]
+
+On receiving this information, Lord Derwentwater, who had at that time
+taken no ostensible part in the consultations of the Jacobites, and who,
+as it was thought by many who knew him intimately, was undecided whether
+to join the insurgents or not, adopted the line of conduct most suitable
+to innocence. He repaired to the house of a neighbouring justice of the
+peace, whose name has not been given at length and boldly placed himself
+in his hands. He demanded what were the grounds of his accusation.
+Unhappily the magistrate's loyalty was not unimpeachable. Had this
+gentleman been zealously affected to the Government, or had he been a
+true friend to Lord Derwentwater, he would either have persuaded that
+nobleman to surrender to the messengers of Government, or he would have
+detained him, and thus prevented the rash outbreak which afterwards
+ensued. Such is the opinion of one who knew all the parties concerned in
+the insurrection well. Such is the statement of Mr. Robert Patten,
+himself a Jacobite, and chaplain to Mr. Forster. He afterwards turned
+King's evidence, and received for that treachery, or, as he is pleased
+to call it, penitence, a suitable remuneration.[187]
+
+Lord Derwentwater unfortunately adopted a course which could but have
+one termination. He concealed himself from those who were employed to
+apprehend him. Clear from any direct imputation, had he then given
+himself up, he would have been released; and he might have been deterred
+from a participation in the disastrous scenes which ensued. He had now
+two children, a son and a daughter. He had many valuable considerations
+to forfeit for the one abstract principle of indefeasible right to the
+throne. Few men had more to venture. Many of the Jacobites went into the
+field with tarnished characters, and with ruined fortunes: they might
+gain,--they could not lose by the perilous undertaking. Amid the bands
+of high-born and highly principled men who co-operated in both the
+Rebellions, adventurers would appear, whose previous lives shed
+dishonour upon any cause; but the irreproachable, the prosperous, the
+beloved, could desire little more for themselves than what they already
+possessed: they ventured their rich and glorious barks upon the
+current; and let those who sully every motive with suspicion, say that
+there was no virtue, no patriotism, in the Jacobite party.
+
+By his own descendant, Lord Derwentwater is believed to have hesitated
+upon the verge of his fate, but to have been urged into it by his
+brother Charles. Young and ardent, courageous even to rashness, the
+first to offer himself where an enterprise was the most hazardous,
+seeming to set no value upon his life where glory was to be obtained,
+the darling of his party, and, to sum up the whole, only twenty-two
+years of age, Mr. Radcliffe rashly drew his brother into a confederacy,
+so agreeable to his own ambitious and fearless spirit. But there was
+another individual on whom the responsibility of that luckless movement
+in the North must chiefly rest. This was Mr. Thomas Forster the younger,
+of Etherston in the county of Northumberland, and member for the county.
+During the first thirty years of his life, this gentleman had scarcely
+been known beyond the precincts of his paternal estate. He became a
+member of Parliament, and was drawn into the vortex of party without
+talents to adorn or judgment to guide his conduct. Although a
+Protestant, Mr. Forster soon made his house the place of rendezvous for
+all the non-jurors and disaffected people of the county in which he
+lived; and he became involved in the dangers of their schemes, almost
+before he was aware of the perils which he was about to encounter. The
+party of the Jacobites was composed of very dissimilar materials. Whilst
+some adopted its projects to retrieve character, or to attain, as they
+vainly hoped, fortune, whilst others were actuated by genuine motives,
+there were many who mingled in the mazes of the intricate politics of
+that day from vanity, and the love of being at the head of faction: such
+was Forster; and his career was unsatisfactory and inglorious as his
+character was weak.
+
+A warrant for Mr. Forster's apprehension having been sent forth, he was,
+like Lord Derwentwater, obliged to fly from place to place, until he
+arrived at the house of Mr. Fenwick, at Bywell. Lord Derwentwater,
+meantime, had been secreted under the roof of a man named Lambert, in a
+cottage, where he had remained in safety. His horses had been seized by
+one of the neighbouring magistrates, and had been detained in custody
+for several weeks, pursuant to an order in council; yet, when he had
+need of them they were returned. "I afterwards asked that lord," Mr.
+Patten relates, "how he came so quietly by his horses from the justice's
+possession, whom the believing neighbourhood esteemed a most rigid Whig.
+I was answered thus, by that lord's repeating a saying of Oliver
+Cromwell's, 'that he could gain his ends with an ass-load of gold,' and
+left me to make the application."[188]
+
+Mr. Fenwick, of Bywell, was a secret, though not an avowed Jacobite; and
+it was soon agreed that at his house should be collected all those who
+were favourable to the cause. A meeting of the party was accordingly
+held: it was decided that finding there was now no longer any safety in
+shifting from place to place, and that since, in a few days they might
+all be hurried up to London, and secured in prisons, where they might be
+separately examined, and induced to betray each other;--it was now time
+to appear boldly in arms, and to show the loyalty of the confederates to
+King James.
+
+In pursuance of this resolution, the place and hour of meeting were
+appointed the very next morning; the sixth of October was named, and all
+were to assemble at Greenrig. Here those who rode from Bywell were met
+by Mr. Forster, with a party of twenty gentlemen. The meeting might have
+recalled the days of the Cavaliers: the winding of the river Tyne in the
+valley; the rural village of Bywell; on the rising ground to the right a
+ruin, once the fortress of the vale, and held in former times by the
+Baliols, presented a scene of tranquil beauty, which some who met that
+day were destined never to look upon again.
+
+The low situation of Greenrig was deemed inconvenient for the purpose of
+the insurgents, and the party ascended a hill called the Waterfalls,
+from which they could see the distant country. This spot is thus
+described: "As you look upon Bywell from the most pleasing point of
+view, the landskip lies in the following order:--from the road near the
+front of the river, the ruined piers of a bridge become the front
+objects; behind which, in a regular cascade, the whole river falls over
+a wear, extended from bank to bank, in height above eight feet
+perpendicular; a mill on the right hand, a salmon lock on the left: the
+tower and the two churches stretch along the banks of the upper basin of
+the river, with a fine curvature; the solemn ruins of the ancient castle
+of the Baliols lift their towers above the trees on the right, and make
+an agreeable contrast with the adjoining mansion-house. The whole
+background appears covered with wood."[189]
+
+On this height Mr. Forster and his party paused; but they had not been
+long there before they saw the Earl of Derwentwater, who came that
+morning from Dilstone, advancing. He was attended by several friends and
+by all his servants, some mounted on his coach-horses, and all well
+armed. As they marched through Corbridge, this gallant troop drew their
+swords. They were reinforced by several other gentlemen at the house of
+Mr. Errington, where they stopped; and they then advanced to the spot
+where their friends awaited their approach. They now mustered sixty
+horse, mostly composed of gentlemen and their attendants. After a short
+council it was decided that they should proceed towards the river
+Coquet, to Plainfield: here they were joined by several stragglers: they
+marched that evening to Rothbury a small market-town, where they
+remained all night, and continued their march on the following morning,
+the seventh of October, to Warkworth Castle.
+
+In thus assembling his friends and his tenantry, Lord Derwentwater was
+not blameless of undue influence and oppression. The instances, indeed,
+of threats and absolute compulsion being used to augment the forces of
+the Jacobites, and to draw unwilling dependants into participation, are
+very numerous; they may be collected from various petitions, borne out
+by evidence, among the State Papers for 1715 and 1716. It is true that
+such excuses were certain to be alleged by many persons unjustly; but,
+where the charges were substantiated, we must with pain confess that the
+virtues of the Earl of Derwentwater, as well as those of other
+Jacobites, are sullied by a violent exercise of power over their
+tenantry. One man, named George Gibson, afterwards, in memorialising
+Lord Townshend from Newgate, affirms that upon his refusal to carry a
+message from Lord Derwentwater to Mr. Forster, two days before the
+insurrection, and returning to his own house instead, he was one night
+dragged out of bed by seven or eight men, and hurried off to serve in
+the said insurrection without a single servant of his own attending him.
+It was proved also, by King's evidence, that the unfortunate man did all
+in his power to escape from Kelso, and really made the attempt; but it
+was defeated, for he was ever an object of suspicion to the Earl of
+Derwentwater and Mr. Forster, whose watchfulness kept him among the
+rebel troops.[190] Party may do much to blunt the feelings; yet there
+was too much of what was good in the character of Lord Derwentwater for
+him, in the solitude of his own prison, not to remember in after days
+the heavy responsibilities which even by one act of this nature he had
+incurred, in compelling a man to act against his will and conscience.
+
+Warkworth was probably chosen as a resting-place for the insurgents, on
+account of its strength. Situated only three-quarters of a mile from the
+sea, on the river Coquet, over which is thrown a bridge, guarded by a
+lofty tower, the Castle of Warkworth, which guards the town, commands a
+view both varied with objects of interest and importance.
+
+From a lofty turret of the castle a great extent of land and ocean is to
+be seen. The great Tower of the Percys, from which this turret rises, is
+decorated with the lion of Brabant, and is seated on the brink of a
+cliff above the town. From this lofty structure the eye, stretching
+along the coast, may discern the castles of Dunstanbrough and
+Bamborough: the Fern Islands, dotted upon the face of the waters, the
+Port of Alemouth, and, at a little distance, the mouth of the river
+Coquet, with its island and ruined monastery. To the north, a richly
+cultivated country extends as far as Alnwick; to the south lies a plain,
+interspersed with villages and woods; the shore, to which it inclines,
+is indented with many ports and creeks; the smoke rising from many
+scattered hamlets, and the spires of churches enliven the smiling
+prospect.
+
+In this secure station the rebels remained for two days; and here Mr.
+Forster assumed the rank of General of the Forces in the North, a title
+which had been bestowed on him by the Earl of Mar. On the day after his
+arrival at Warkworth, Mr. Forster sent Mr. Buxton, who was chaplain to
+the troops to desire Mr. Ton, the parish clergyman, to pray for the
+Chevalier as King; and, in the Litany, for Mary, the Queen Mother, and
+to omit the petition for King George, the Prince and Princess of Wales,
+&c. Mr. Ton declining to make this alteration, Mr. Buxton took
+possession of the reading-desk, and performed the service, whilst the
+deposed clergyman took flight, and, hastening to Newcastle, gave notice
+there of what had occurred. This was the first place where the Chevalier
+was prayed for in England; and Mr. Buxton's sermon, observes our
+historian, "gave mighty encouragement to his hearers, being full of
+exhortations, flourishing arguments, and cunning insinuations to be
+hearty in the cause." These incentives were aided by a "comely
+personage," and considerable eloquence and erudition.
+
+On the following day, after proclaiming James King of England with all
+due formality and with the sound of trumpet, Mr. Forster attending the
+ceremony in disguise, the troops marched to Morpeth, their numbers
+increasing as they went. At Felton Bridge, they were joined by seventy
+horse, composed of gentlemen from the borders; and by the time they
+reached Morpeth, their number had augmented to three hundred: these were
+all horse-soldiers: Mr. Forster refused the foot as auxiliaries,
+otherwise the increase would have been considerable. The reason assigned
+for this rejection was the impossibility of supplying the men with arms;
+but the fairest assurances were given to the friends of the cause that
+arms and ammunition would soon be procured, and regiments listed
+forthwith.
+
+The spirits of the Jacobite army were now high; their hopes were raised
+by the daily increase of their party. Newcastle was their next object,
+and thither they prepared to march, having first proclaimed the
+Chevalier,--Mr. Buxton taking upon himself the office of herald.
+Newcastle was, however, on her defence: the city gates were closed
+against the troops, and they turned towards Hexham, and thence marched
+to a moor near Dilstone Castle, and here they halted for some days. This
+was a feint, as they intended, it is thought, to have surprised the town
+of Newcastle. But the news they received from that place were far from
+encouraging. The gentry in the neighbourhood had rallied for its
+defence; and Lord Scarborough, the lord-lieutenant of the county, had
+entered the town with a body of men. Still there was a powerful High
+Church party, who, as the Jacobites hoped, would declare for the
+Chevalier. It was from Newcastle that Lord Derwentwater had been
+apprised, in the first instance, that there were messengers sent to
+apprehend him. The insurgents therefore, continued near Hexham, where
+they seized on all the horses and arms they could, read prayers in the
+churches for King James, and proclaimed him in the market-place.
+
+The Earl of Derwentwater had appointed his brother to the command of his
+troop, whilst Captain Shaftoe was under Mr. Radcliffe. This, in some
+respects, was an unfortunate step: the young and brave commander had
+never even seen an army before: he was inexperienced, and ignorant of
+all military discipline: what he wanted in knowledge, he is said,
+however, to have made up for by the influence he acquired over his men,
+and by the power he had of inciting them to great exploits.[191]
+
+Whilst the rebel forces lay at Hexham, they received the intelligence
+that Lord Kenmure, the Earls of Nithisdale, of Carnwath, and Wintoun,
+had risen in Nithisdale, and had marched thence to England to join the
+troops in Northumberland, and had even advanced as far as Rothbury. On
+the nineteenth of October, Mr. Forster joined the Scottish army at
+Rothbury, and afterwards marched with an increasing force to Kelso. Here
+prayers were read in the great kirk by Mr. Buxton; "and I," relates Mr.
+Patten, "preached on these words, Deut. xxi. 17,--the latter part of the
+verse: 'The right of the first-born is his.'" The service of the Church
+of England was then read for the first time on that side of the
+Tweed.[192]
+
+William Gordon, Viscount Kenmure, had the command of the Jacobite army
+until they had crossed the Tweed. Like the Earl of Derwentwater, this
+unfortunate nobleman is declared to have shewn reluctance to take up
+arms. On having been solicited by the Earl of Mar to command the forces,
+and assured that he would join him, he at first refused the offer, but
+had finally acceded, and had set up the standard of the Chevalier at
+Moffat, in Annandale. The standard was made, for this occasion, by Lady
+Kenmure, the sister of Robert, sixth Earl of Carnwath. It was very
+handsome; one side being blue, with the arms of Scotland wrought in
+gold; on the other side a thistle,--the words so often uttered during
+the Rebellion, and re-echoed in many a Scottish heart, "No Union," were
+wrought underneath the thistle. Above it were the words NEMO ME IMPUNE
+LACESSIT; white pendants were attached to the standard, on which were
+inscribed--"For our Wronged King and Oppressed Country!" "For our Lives
+and Liberties!"
+
+But the nobleman who had taken this prominent part in the Rebellion of
+1715, although possessed of extraordinary knowledge in politics and
+civil affairs, was an utter stranger to all military business. His mild
+temper and his unoffending character inspired compassion for his
+subsequent fate, but unfitted him for the office of command: his
+gentler qualities were united, nevertheless, to a resolute and lofty
+mind. The fate of this nobleman, like that of his most distinguished
+friends, was a brief tragedy.
+
+Lord Kenmure had a troop of gentlemen with him, the command of which he
+gave to the Hon. Bazil Hamilton of Beldoun, and a nephew of the Duke of
+Hamilton.
+
+Among other characters who were conspicuous on this occasion, was the
+celebrated Brigadier Mackintosh. The sixth regiment, named after the
+Brigadier as chief of the clan, was commanded by a kinsman. The
+Brigadier had served in Germany, and had there gained his military rank.
+Descended from the ancient house of Fife, the chieftain had increased
+his influence by marrying, while a minor, the heiress of Clanchattan, in
+right of whom he became chieftain of that clan, comprising many others.
+His motto, "Touch not the cat without a glove," and the coat-of-arms
+supported by two wild cats, with a cat for the crest, were not
+inappropriate. No suspicion had been entertained of Mackintosh's
+adherence to the Chevalier, with whom he became acquainted abroad, until
+he actually joined the party.
+
+The Earl of Carnwath, Lord Nairn, Lord Charles Murray, and the Earl of
+Wintoun, commanded the other Scottish regiments, which were generally
+better armed than those of the English. The Earl of Derwentwater, and
+the Lords Widdrington had the two principal English regiments, of which
+there were four.[193]
+
+On the twenty-fifth of October, the united army of Scots and English
+left Kelso, and marched to Jedburgh. On their march, some of the Scots,
+taking umbrage, left the army under the guidance of the Earl of Wintoun;
+and although that nobleman afterwards returned with his troop, above
+four hundred Highlanders deserted, and returned to their country.
+
+During the progress of the insurgent forces, there is little reason to
+conclude that Lord Derwentwater took a very active or important part in
+the various consultations which were held, always with great disunion,
+and with a melancholy want of judgment, between the General, Mr.
+Forster, and his military council. The amiable nobleman appears to have
+assigned to his less discreet brother the entire guidance of his troop.
+"His temper and disposition," as he expresses it in his defence,
+"disposed him to peace. He was totally inexperienced in martial affairs;
+that he entered upon the undertaking without any previous concert with
+its chief promoters,--without any preparation of men, horses, and arms,
+or other warlike accoutrements," was at once an instance of his
+imprudence and a mitigation of his error.[194] There was, indeed, no
+doubt but that Lord Derwentwater might have brought many hundreds of his
+followers to the field, even from one portion of his estate only; for he
+possessed the extensive lead mines on Alstone Moor, where a large body
+of men were daily employed, and received from him their sole means of
+support.[195]
+
+But whether or not this unfortunate nobleman failed in energy or in
+zeal; whether he entered with his whole heart into the cause of James
+Stuart; or whether, with the conscientious scruples of a gentle nature,
+he shrank from involving in the risk of this insurrection the majority
+of his humble dependants, he acted throughout the whole of this brief
+campaign with the consideration for others so characteristic of his
+mind. He truly affirmed on his trial, that no one could charge him with
+any cruel, severe, or harsh action during his continuance in arms: and
+his conduct in the last extremity corresponded to his previous
+forbearance. Such dispositions appear to have been cherished, indeed, by
+the rest of the Jacobite party. The merciful temper of the Chevalier,
+and his known aversion to destructive measures, may have had its
+influence over those who asserted his claims. There was something like
+the spirit of the cavalier of the Great Rebellion in Mr. Forster's reply
+to some of his officers, who wished to put down or burn a Presbyterian
+meetinghouse at Penrith: "It is by clemency, and not by cruelty, that we
+are to prevail."[196]
+
+After the insurgent troops had marched from place to place for some
+time, it was decided that the English regiments should recross the
+border; and after many disputes and much loss of time, they resolved on
+a march into Lancashire, a country abounding at that time in Roman
+Catholic gentry, and strongly Jacobite.[197] This decision, like most of
+the other military movements of the unfortunate Jacobites, was the work
+of a strong party in the camp, and was founded upon the alleged
+authority of private letters, which gave the assurance of a general
+insurrection taking place on the appearance of the insurgent force. The
+unlucky change of plans superseded a meditated attack upon the town of
+Dumfries. "Nothing," observes Mr. Patten, "could be a greater token of a
+complete infatuation,--that Heaven confounded all their devices, and
+that their destruction was to be of their own working, than their
+omitting such an opportunity." After a rapid march from Langholm in the
+west of Scotland, across the borders, and through Penrith, Appleby, and
+Kendal, to Kirby Lonsdale, the combined force entered the county of
+Lancaster; and having entered Lancaster without opposition, they
+resolved to proceed to Preston. It is now that the last disastrous
+events of Lord Derwentwater's brief career brought to light his
+excellent qualities, his pure and amiable motives of action. It is not
+possible to read the account of the battle of Preston, in which he was
+engaged, without a deep regret for the personal misfortunes of one so
+young, so well intentioned, and so esteemed, as this ill-fated nobleman.
+
+The forces of the Jacobites amounted, after being joined by a party of
+volunteers under the Lords Rothes and Torpichen, and since their
+separation from the Highlanders, to about two thousand men. The foot was
+commanded by Brigadier Mackintosh; and six hundred Northumbrian and
+Dumfriesshire horsemen, by Lord Kenmure and Mr. Forster.[198]
+
+On the ninth instant the march to Preston was commenced; the cavalry
+troops reached that town on the same evening; but the day proving rainy,
+and the roads heavy, the foot regiments were left at a small market-town
+called Garstang, half-way between Manchester and Preston. Two troops of
+Stanhope's dragoons, formerly quartered at Preston, having retired as
+the rebels approached, the spirits of the Jacobite officers and the
+ardour of their men were greatly encouraged. On the following day,
+Thursday the tenth of November, the Chevalier was proclaimed at Preston,
+and here the rebels were joined by many country gentlemen, their tenants
+and servants: this was the first accession to the party since their
+entrance into Lancashire. The new allies were chiefly Roman Catholics, a
+circumstance which aroused the instinctive dread of the Scottish
+volunteers to persons of that persuasion. The High Church party hung
+back from joining the cause. The Roman Catholics began, according to
+the historian of the Rebellion of 1715, "to show their blind side,"
+being never right hearty for their cause until they are "mellow," as
+they call it "over a bottle or two."[199]
+
+The town of Preston seated on the river Ribble, was a place from which
+an enemy might, in the year 1715, have been easily repulsed. About a
+mile and a half from the town, a bridge over the river offered an
+admirable stand for a besieged garrison; it might have been so easily
+barricadoed, that it would have been impracticable to pass that way if
+the commonest precautions had been adopted. The river in this part was
+not fordable for a considerable distance on either side of the bridge,
+and it could have been easily rendered impassable. From the Ribble
+bridge to the town, the road ran between two steep banks; and this way,
+or lane, was then so narrow, that in several places two men could not
+ride abreast. It was here that Oliver Cromwell had met with a famous
+resistance from the King's forces in 1648, large mill-stones having been
+rolled down upon him from the rising grounds, so that the republican
+general was in considerable danger, and he only escaped with life by
+making his horse plunge into a quicksand.
+
+This lane formed a curious natural outwork; and might easily have been
+barricadoed, but the deficiencies of Mr. Forster's generalship were
+fatal to so simple and obvious a plan of defence. He confined his
+exertions to the town, barricadoed the streets, and posted men in the
+bye-lanes and houses. The Jacobite troops formed four main barriers: one
+in the churchyard, commanded by Brigadier Mackintosh. This barrier was
+to be supported by four noblemen, who, at the head of the volunteer
+horse, (as in many instances in the army of Charles the First,) composed
+of gentlemen solely, was planted in the churchyard of Old St. Wilfred,
+as the parish-church of Preston was then called: their leaders were the
+Earl of Derwentwater, Lord Kenmure, the Earl of Nithisdale, and the Earl
+of Wintoun,--a truehearted band as ever braved the terrors of an
+encounter with their countrymen. At a little distance from the
+churchyard and at the extremity of a lane leading into the fields, Lord
+Charles Murray defended another post. The third was at a windmill, and
+that Colonel Mackintosh was appointed to command. The fourth was in the
+town.
+
+Lord Derwentwater and his brothers were the objects, even before the
+action began, of universal approbation. Whatever may have been the real
+or supposed reluctance of the former to engage in the cause, it vanished
+as he came into action. There he stood, having stripped off his clothes
+to his waistcoat, encouraging the men, giving them money to induce them
+to cast up the trenches, and animating them to a vigorous defence. His
+brother addressed the soldiers also, and displayed all the ardour of his
+fearless spirit. "No man of distinction," wrote a Scottish prisoner in
+the Marshalsea to his friend in the North, "behaved himself better than
+the Earl of Derwentwater. He kept himself most with the Scots,
+abundantly exposing himself."[200] But all this was in vain, if we dare
+to call any manifestations of heroic devotion in vain.
+
+With singular incapacity, Mr. Forster had failed in procuring the
+necessary intelligence of the movements of the enemy. He had been
+assured by the Lancashire gentlemen, that General Wills, who headed the
+King's forces, could not come within forty miles of Preston without
+their knowledge. On Saturday, the twelfth of November, after he had
+ordered the forces to march toward Manchester, the intelligence reached
+him that General Wills had advanced as far as Wigan to attack the
+rebels. Even at this crisis affairs might have been retrieved: a body of
+the Jacobites was, indeed, sent forward to defend the Ribble bridge,
+whilst Mr. Forster went on with a party of horse to reconnoitre. He soon
+saw the enemy's dragoons; but instead of disputing the bridge, or
+allowing Colonel Farquharson, belonging to Mackintosh's battalion, to
+keep the pass, he ordered a retreat to the town. Then all was confusion,
+slaughter, disgrace. General Wills advanced; he remembered the disaster
+of Oliver Cromwell; he looked carefully around him, and caused the
+hedges and fields to be viewed; but no enemy appeared to dispute his
+progress. The dragoons advanced towards the town; at first, their
+General conjectured that it must have been abandoned. When he
+discovered his mistake, he ordered his troops to pass through a gate
+which leads into the fields at the back of the town, and immediately
+disposed his forces so as to prevent either a sally or a retreat.
+
+The insurgents, meantime, were prepared to receive him. The ancient
+church of St. Wilfred, which has since 1814 been replaced by a modern
+structure, and endowed with another name, that of St. John, must have
+been shaken to its foundations with the explosion of the cannon, as it
+was discharged beneath its ancient walls. The besieged formed four main
+barriers; one a little below the church, commanded by Brigadier
+Mackintosh: the Earl of Derwentwater and his gallant volunteers were
+commanded to support that barrier in particular, and here the first
+attack was made; but it met with so fierce a reception, and such a fire
+upon the assailants, that the dragoons were obliged to retreat to the
+entrance of the town. Of this repulse Lord Derwentwater and his youthful
+brother gained the chief credit. The scene that followed is a detail of
+fruitless gallantry, and of an agonised but ill-concerted resistance.
+The fatality which attended the Stuart cause, and which rendered the
+bloodshed of its gallant champions unavailing to promote it, was here
+conspicuous. That fatality was doubtless resolvable into a want of
+common sense, in entrusting the command of the forces into incompetent
+hands. All night, indeed, the Jacobite forces met their opponents with
+a determined resistance, that made up, in some measure, for inequality
+of numbers: the besieged were in many instances sheltered from the
+enemy's shot, and they had also the advantage on their side of cannon,
+with which General Wills was not supplied. In the course of that night
+of horrors, whilst the brave were carried away, mangled or dying, Lord
+Charles Murray, who was attacked late in the evening, wanted a
+reinforcement of men. He sent Mr. Patten to the Earl of Derwentwater to
+ask for aid; it was granted; Mr. Patten passing in safety on account of
+his black coat, upon which neither party would fire, conducted a troop
+of fifty volunteers to Lord Charles, who maintained his post, and
+obliged the enemy to retire with loss. Had it not been for another of
+Mr. Forster's fatal blunders, the insurgents would still have remained
+in possession of the town of Preston, which has always, from its
+commanding situation, been deemed, in all the civil commotions of the
+kingdom, as a military post of great importance.
+
+All Saturday night, the platoons of the King's forces were incessantly
+playing upon the insurgents from two principal houses which the
+besiegers had taken, but few persons of importance were killed. Several
+houses were set on fire by both parties, but the wind was still,
+otherwise the inhabitants and the Jacobite troops must have perished in
+the flames. Towards morning the information arrived in the town through
+some of the King's soldiers who had been made prisoners, that General
+Carpenter, with three regiments of dragoons was marching towards
+Preston, and that he had arrived at Clithero. This intelligence spread
+great consternation among the Jacobites; and a capitulation began to be
+mentioned among them; yet it is probable they would still have held out,
+had not one of the avenues into Preston, by an inexcusable oversight of
+the Jacobite General, been left unguarded.
+
+It was discovered by some of the King's men that the street leading to
+Wigan had not been barricadoed. This weak point was thereupon attacked
+by Lord Forrester, at the head of that brave and old regiment, called
+Preston's regiment. The assailants marched into a straight passage
+behind the houses: then Lord Forrester came into the open street, and
+faced Mackintosh's barrier; there were many shots fired at him, and he
+was wounded; yet he went back, and lead his men fearlessly into the
+street, where many of that regiment fell a sacrifice to this dauntless
+assault. It prevailed; and from that time the fate of the heroes of the
+churchyard of Preston, of Derwentwater and his noble comrades was
+determined. But, during that appalling conflict, whilst the blood of the
+valiant was tinging the streets of Preston, where was the General, who
+should have shared the dangers with his officers? "I had almost forgot
+to tell you," writes the plain-spoken Scottish soldier above referred
+to, "that in the hottest time of our little action, which was about
+eleven on Saturday night, Lord Charles Murray's men falling short of
+ammunition, Robertson of Guy, and another gentleman, were sent to the
+General, Mr. Forster, for a recruit. When they got access, they found
+him lying in his naked bed, with a sack-posset, and some confections by
+him; which I humbly judge was not a very becoming posture at that time
+for a General. He took all along particular care of himself."[201]
+
+Towards morning Mr. Forster in conjunction with Lord Widdrington and
+Colonel Oxburgh, proposed a capitulation. It was considered, that by
+submission, terms of mercy might be procured by the insurgent troops.
+Those who thus argued had had no experience of the temper of those to
+whom they trusted, or they would have willingly died sword in hand
+rather than have confided in such slender hopes of clemency. The Earl of
+Derwentwater was among those who counselled the surrender. From his
+general character, the reasons which he assigned afterwards in his
+defence, for such advice, have ever been credited. When the fury of the
+action was over, the amiable nobleman perceived that it was his duty to
+coincide in a step by which the lives of his countrymen might be spared:
+he trusted to the mediation of Colonel Oxburgh, who offered to go to the
+King's forces, and to request a cessation of arms; and who also
+promised, by his personal influence, to obtain fair terms of
+capitulation. As a guarantee for the suspension of hostilities, Lord
+Derwentwater volunteered to become one of the hostages until the
+morning, should General Wills require it. It appears that his offer was
+accepted, and that while the Earl was in the camp of General Wills, he
+received assurances of King George's being a prince of known
+clemency,--a virtue which was said to form a distinguishing mark in his
+character.[202] But Mr. Radcliffe, young and ardent, opposed the
+capitulation with the vehemence natural to his character. During the
+whole of the action, he had been in the midst of the fire, and had
+displayed the utmost intrepidity; and now he declared, that "he would
+rather die with his sword in his hand, like a man of honour, than be
+dragged like a felon to the gallows, there to be hanged like a dog." He
+was, of course, obliged to submit to the majority.[203] The common
+soldiers joined in his declamations. "Never," writes the Scottish
+soldier, "was a handful of men more ready to fight than those at
+Preston." It was with difficulty that the gallant Highlanders could be
+restrained from sallying forth, with their claymores, at all hazards,
+upon the enemy. They chafed under the disappointment and humiliation of
+that day; but all was to little purpose. Perhaps no power of words could
+express the bitter feelings of that hour better than the homely phrases
+of an eye-witness of the scene.
+
+"On Sunday, to our surprise, about three in the afternoon," writes the
+Highlander from his prison, "we saw a drum of the enemy beating a
+chamade in the street. In an instant we were all called from our posts
+to the Market-place: the horsemen were ordered to mount. This made us
+believe the parley had been proposed by General Wills, and that we were
+to break out and attack them sword in hand,--at least, break through
+them at that end of the town; but we soon found it was proposed by Mr.
+Forster, and that there was a cessation till nine next morning, and a
+capitulation to be made. This was very choaking to us all, but there was
+no helping of it; for no sooner had we left our posts, than they made
+themselves master of them, and of our cannon."[204]
+
+Whilst the chamade was beating, Colonel Cotton, sent by General Wills,
+rode up the street, and alighted at the sign of the Mitre: the firing
+meantime had not ceased from several of the houses: the common soldiers
+were ignorant of the real state of the case, and believed that General
+Wills had sent to offer honourable terms, not knowing that the offer of
+a capitulation had proceeded from their own party.
+
+Still there were obstacles to the capitulation raised by the Scottish
+party, who were represented by Brigadier Mackintosh. "He could not," he
+replied, when urged for his consent, "answer for the Scotch, for they
+were people of desperate fortunes, and he had been a soldier himself,
+and knew what it was to be a prisoner at discretion." When this demur
+was stated to General Wills, "Go back to your people again," was his
+answer to those who stated it: "I will attack the town, and I will not
+spare a man of you." At the subsequent trial of the rebels General Wills
+was able, with truth, to deny the charge of having given his unhappy
+prisoners any hopes, to induce them to sign the capitulation. "All the
+terms he offered them," such was his assertion, "was, that he would save
+their lives from the soldiers till further orders, if they surrendered
+at discretion: (the meaning of which was, that by the rules of war it
+was in his power to cut them all to pieces, but he would give them their
+lives till further orders;) and if they did not comply, he would renew
+the attack, and not spare a man."[205]
+
+No sooner had the news of the capitulation been bruited about the
+streets, than it was received with a sorrow and indignation almost past
+description. Had the unlucky and pusillanimous Mr. Forster appeared at
+that moment, he "would certainly," as Mr. Patten relates, "have been cut
+to pieces." Even in his chamber, the General was attacked by his own
+Secretary, Mr. Murray, and a pistol which was aimed at him only averted
+by Mr. Patten's hand. The truth is, even Forster's fidelity has been
+doubted; and subsequently, the mild treatment which he received during
+his imprisonment, and his escape from prison, have been construed, with
+what justice it is difficult to say, into a confirmation of this charge.
+
+On the morning after the surrender, the rebels were all made prisoners
+and disarmed, soon after daybreak. That day, so fatal to the Jacobites
+of 1715, witnessed also the battle of Sherriff Muir under Lord Mar, and
+the retaking of the town of Inverness by Lovat. It must have aggravated
+the regrets of those who then laid down their arms, to see the
+townspeople of Preston plundered, in despite of every hope to the
+contrary, by the King's forces, as they dislodged the dejected Jacobites
+from their quarters. But these irregularities were soon checked.
+
+At last the sound of trumpets and the beating of drums were heard: the
+two Generals were entering the town in form. They rode into the
+Market-place, around which the Highlanders were drawn up with their
+arms. The lords and gentlemen among the rebels were first secured, and
+placed severally under guard in separate rooms at the inn. Then the poor
+Highlanders laid down their arms where they stood, and were marched off
+to the church, under a sufficient guard. Here the thrifty Scots amused
+themselves by making garments of the linings of the pews, which they
+ripped off from the seats.
+
+Seven noblemen, besides one thousand four hundred and ninety others,
+including gentlemen and officers, were taken at Preston.[206] Generally
+speaking, they were treated well by the military: "The dragoons were
+civil to us," writes the Highlander, "their officers choosing rather to
+want beds themselves than we should."[207] At Wigan the prisoners were
+allowed to commune together, under the inspection of sentinels; and a
+warm altercation occurred between Lord Widdrington and Brigadier
+Mackintosh, in the presence of Lord Derwentwater, who took little notice
+of the Brigadier, but turning to another gentleman, said: "You see what
+we have brought ourselves to by giving credit to our highborn Tories--to
+such men as Fenwick, Tate, Green, and Allgood. If you outlive
+misfortune, and return to live in the North, I desire you never to be
+seen in converse with such rogues in disguise, who promised to join us,
+and animated us to rise with them." The gentleman promised that he would
+observe his Lordship's counsels. "Ah!" said Lord Derwentwater, "I know
+you to be of an easy temper."[208]
+
+The prisoners were now carried on towards London by easy marches, Mr.
+Patten accompanying his patron, Mr. Forster. As they went, the undaunted
+Highlanders called out to the country people who came to gaze at them,
+"Where are all your high-church Tories? If they would not fight with us,
+let them come and rescue us." This indiscretion redoubled the vigilance
+of the watch put upon the rebels. From Daventry to London, Mr. Forster
+and Mr. Patten were greeted by the common people with encomiums upon a
+warming-pan, in allusion to the supposed birth of the Pretender. When
+the prisoners arrived at Barnet, messengers came to meet them, and to
+pinion their arms with cords,--"More for distinction," adds the
+subservient Mr. Patten, "than for any pain that attended." Yet the
+indignity must have been cruelly galling to the highborn and gallant men
+who were thus mercilessly paraded to their doom amid the cries of the
+populace.
+
+At Highgate a strong detachment of horse-soldiers and dragoons received
+the prisoners from Lumley's Horse, which had hitherto guarded them; and
+now they were separated into pairs, a foot-soldier holding the bridle of
+each horse; and in this manner the Jacobite peers, Lord Derwentwater
+among the rest, were conducted to London through "a hedge of a mob," as
+the Highland soldier declares, hired, as he hints, at Lord Pelham's
+charge, to muster that day. Cries of "Long live King George!" and "Down
+with the Pretender!" greeted the ear as they passed on to their several
+destinations. A Quaker, fixing his eyes on Mr. Patten, and seeing his
+black dress, remarked, "Friend, thou hast been the trumpeter of
+rebellion to those men,--thou must answer for them." The moralizer was
+touched by a grenadier with the butt end of his musket, so that the
+"spirit fell into the ditch." But the Quaker was not rebuffed. "Friend,"
+he said to the soldier, "thou art, I fear, no true friend to King
+George."
+
+Even at the last, Mr. Forster had hopes, it is said, of being released
+by a Tory mob. The Jacobite noblemen had been, indeed, all along misled,
+or ignorant of the real inclinations of the mass of the people. The
+dread of what they term "popery" is a deep and engrossing passion in
+the hearts of the lower and even of the middle classes, and it formed an
+effectual barrier against the restoration of the Stuarts. The cause of
+those unfortunate Princes was never, in this country, as it was in
+Scotland, the cause of the people. The personal attachment of the
+Highlanders to the ancient race of Stuart, and their devotion to their
+clan, superseded their religious scruples;[209] but that was not the
+case in the South.
+
+The Earl of Derwentwater and his brother were consigned to different
+prisons,--the former to the Tower, the latter to Newgate; a very strict
+guard was set upon the Earl, and no one was allowed to see him or speak
+to him.[210]
+
+On the seventh of January, 1716, the case of the seven rebel lords[211]
+was brought before the House of Commons; and Mr. Lechmere moved that
+they should not be left to the ordinary method of prosecutions, but
+should be proceeded against by way of impeachment.[212] In a long and,
+as far as the report enables a reader to judge, able speech, he referred
+to the declaration of the Pretender, given under his sign manual and
+privy seal at Commercy, on the twenty-fifth of October, 1715. "This
+paper," Mr. Lechmere observed, "which he held in his hand, was
+sufficient to fire the thoughts of every gentleman there; and the House
+could do no more than to resent this so far as to make themselves the
+prosecutors of those who avowed the cause of the Pretender, and set
+themselves at the head of armies, in the heart of his Majesty's
+dominions." In conclusion, "he impeached James, Earl of Derwentwater, of
+high treason, which impeachment he undertook to make good."
+
+Six other members then severally impeached the other six Jacobite lords;
+and an impeachment was carried up to the Bar of the House of Lords, with
+an assurance "that articles to make good the charge against the Earl of
+Derwentwater and the other noblemen would shortly be exhibited."
+
+A committee of the House of Commons, with Mr. Lechmere as their
+chairman, was therefore formed; and the articles were framed, and read
+before the Bar of the House of Lords. On the tenth of January the
+Jacobite lords were summoned to hear the articles of impeachment: a few
+days were allowed to them to prepare their replies. On the following
+Saturday, the Earl of Derwentwater was brought by the Gentleman Usher of
+the Black Rod before the Bar, where he knelt, until told by the Lord
+Chancellor to rise. He then delivered his answer.
+
+Those who, in perusing the annals of these times, look for strength of
+character in the state prisoners who were now brought before the
+tribunal of the House of Lords, or for consistency in those principles
+which had led them into the field, will be painfully disappointed. In
+two instances alone was there displayed an undaunted demeanour, and a
+resolute adherence to the cause which they had avowed; and these were
+shewn in the subsequent rebellion, by the brave and admirable Lord
+Balmerino, and by the unfortunate Charles Radcliffe.
+
+The Earl of Derwentwater expressed, in his reply, the "deepest concern
+and affliction to a charge of so high and heinous a nature as that
+brought against him." He acknowledged with sorrow that he had been in
+arms, and did march through and invade several parts of the kingdom; and
+that he was thereby guilty of the offence whereof he was charged in the
+articles. "But," he continued, "if any one offence of that kind was ever
+attended with circumstances which might move compassion, the said Earl
+hopes he may be entitled to it." He then referred to his peaceable
+disposition, and pleaded his youth and inexperience; the absence of all
+malice, of all concerted conspiracy; his having made no warlike
+preparations. He pleaded also, that he could not be justly reproached
+with any cruel or harsh conduct while he bore arms: he specified his
+advice to those with him to submit at Preston, and to trust to the
+King's mercy. He adduced his anxiety to save the lives of his Majesty's
+subjects by avoiding further bloodshed, and brought in proof a letter
+which he had written to those of his own party, conjuring them to
+capitulate. Under such circumstances, the Earl implored the mediation
+both of their Lordships and of the Commons for mercy on his behalf,
+"which will lay him," so he declared in conclusion, "under the highest
+obligations of duty and affection to his Majesty, and perpetual
+gratitude to both Houses."
+
+The answer not appearing to the Lords to be sufficiently "express and
+clear," the Earl was then asked by the Chancellor, whether he meant to
+plead guilty to the articles of the impeachment. The Earl replied that
+he did, and that he submitted to the King's mercy. His answer and plea
+were entered accordingly, and the Earl then withdrew.[213]
+
+On Thursday, February the ninth, the Lords came from their own House
+into the hall erected in Westminster Hall, to pass sentence upon James,
+Earl of Derwentwater, and upon the five other noblemen who had pleaded
+guilty with him; the Earl of Wintoun, who had pleaded not guilty, being
+reserved for trial.
+
+The Lord High Steward who presided on this occasion was William Earl
+Cowper, Lord Chancellor, who, for the time of trial, was called "your
+Grace," and had the privilege of walking uncovered, his train borne,
+except whilst the commission was read by the Clerk of the Crown.
+
+The usual proclamation rang through the Court, and the Sergeant-at-Arms,
+saying "Oyez! Oyez! Oyez!" enforced silence. Then another proclamation
+was made, commanding the Lieutenant of the Tower to bring forth his
+prisoners to the Bar, and accordingly the six rebel lords were brought
+to the Bar by the Deputy-Governor of the Tower, having the axe carried
+before them by the Gentleman Jailer, who stood with it on the left hand
+of the prisoners, with the edge turned from him. The prisoners after
+kneeling before the Bar, bowed to his Grace the High Steward, and also
+to the Peers, whose sad privilege it is to try those of the same rank in
+the scale of society as themselves, and often, from extensive
+intermarriages, connected by ties of blood. The articles of impeachment
+against James Earl of Derwentwater were read, and the prisoner's reply.
+
+He was then asked if he pleaded guilty to the high treason in the said
+articles of impeachment. His Lordship replied, "I do." He was ordered to
+withdraw; but was called before the Bar the same day to receive
+judgment. Upon being asked by the Lord High Steward "Why judgment should
+not be passed upon him according to law?" the Earl repeated a few
+circumstances mentioned in his answer to the articles. His voice was
+scarcely articulate as he proceeded to say, "But the terrors of your
+Lordship's just sentence, which at once deprive me of my life and
+estate, and complete the misfortunes of my wife and innocent children,
+are so heavy upon my mind, I am scarcely able to allege what may
+extenuate my offence, if any thing may do it." He then again besought of
+their Lordships the mediation in his behalf.
+
+After the Lords Widdrington, Kenmure, Nithisdale, and Carnwath had been
+severally addressed, and had replied to the Court, proclamation for
+silence was again made, and judgment was given. It was prefaced by a
+long and elaborate address; which, however elegant, however
+explanatory, however just, it may be considered, was strongly tinctured
+by the adulatory spirit of the day, and was calculated to wound and to
+harden the offending prisoners, rather than to unfold with dignity the
+reasons for condemnation. In conclusion, since nothing could, in the
+narrowing view of party, be too dictatorial for the unfortunate
+Jacobites, they were exhorted not to rely any longer on the usual
+directors of their consciences, but to be assisted by some of the pious
+and learned divines of the Church of England. This was addressed to men
+who were, with two exceptions, of the Church of Rome, and whose chief
+reliance must naturally be upon those of their own persuasion.
+
+The terrible sentence of the law was then recorded. It was that usually
+given against the meanest offenders in like kind, the most ignominious
+and painful parts being remitted by the grace of the Crown to persons of
+quality. Judgment was, however, pronounced, according to the usual form
+for high treason.[214]
+
+The prisoners were then reconducted to the Tower; the Lord High Steward,
+standing up uncovered, broke the staff of office, and declared the
+present commission to be ended. The Peers returned to the House of
+Lords.
+
+Little is known of the dreary and solemn hours which intervened between
+the judgment and the execution of the sentence. But one brief
+expression, in an old newspaper, relative to the young and unhappy Earl
+of Derwentwater, speaks volumes: "The Earl of Derwentwater is so
+desponding, that two warders are obliged to sit up with him during the
+night."[215] He was visited in his prison by Thomas Townshend, Viscount
+Sydney, then Under Secretary of State for George the First;[216] one of
+the most amiable men, as well as refined and elegant scholars of the
+day, and a nobleman whose sensibility and delicacy of feeling, which
+prevented his taking a share in the more active parts of public
+business, must have caused an interview with the Earl of Derwentwater to
+have been deeply touching. The Duke of Roxburgh also visited the
+condemned nobleman; but no record is left of these communications. The
+Duke was at that time Keeper of the Privy Seal for Scotland, and
+Lord-Lieutenant of the counties of Roxburgh and Selkirk. He had recently
+distinguished himself at Sherriff Muir: he was at this time a young man
+of twenty-five years of age, and one whom all parties have commended.
+"Learned, without pedantry, he was, perhaps," says Lockhart of Carnwath,
+"the best accomplished young man of Europe." To these acquirements were
+added a singular charm of manner.[217] One can hardly suppose the visits
+of two such men not to have had their source from some motive of
+kindness.
+
+To the credit of the House of Lords, an address was voted to the King,
+petitioning that his Majesty would reprieve such of the rebel lords as
+deserved his mercy. The royal answer was couched in these terms: that
+"the King on this, and all occasions, would do what he thought
+consistent with the dignity of the Crown and the safety of his
+people."[218] It was unfortunate that, both at this time and in the
+Rebellion of 1745, there was no Queen Consort. A woman's heart would,
+one may trust, have pleaded for the young, gallant, and beloved
+Derwentwater. The English Court was, at that time, insulted by the
+audacious intrigues of foreign mistresses. These women had no interest
+in the King's real fame, nor in the national credit. Such was the case
+in the first Rebellion.[219] In 1745 Queen Caroline, the wife of George
+the Second, was dead.
+
+Accompanied by two courageous ladies, the young Countess of Derwentwater
+threw herself at the feet of the King, and implored mercy on her
+husband.[220] In the House of Commons, the First Lord of the Treasury
+declared, that he had been offered a bribe of sixty thousand pounds to
+save Lord Derwentwater. Sir Richard Steele spoke loudly in favour of the
+condemned lords, but the declaration of Walpole suppressed all hopes of
+mercy. "He was moved with indignation," he said, "to see that there
+should be such unworthy members of this great body as to open their
+mouths, without blushing, in favour of rebels and parricides." He
+adjourned the House until the first of March, it being understood that
+the peers would be executed in the mean time. It is some consolation to
+reflect that the Minister had, on this occasion, only a majority of
+seven.
+
+At this juncture, when all hope seemed lost, Mary, Dowager Countess of
+Derwentwater, proffered the following petition in behalf of her sons.
+One can hardly suppose how it could have been disregarded; but the
+Monarch had few sympathies with his people of England.
+
+    "The humble Petition of Mary Countess of Derwentwater, 1716, to the
+    King's most excellent Majesty, sheweth,
+
+    "That the Earl of Derwentwater and Charles Radcliffe (your
+    petitioner's two and only sons) having been unfortunately engaged
+    and surprised into a horrid and open Rebellion against your most
+    sacred Majesty, have surrendered themselves at Preston, and
+    submitted to your Majesty's great clemency and mercy.
+
+    "Their crimes are so enormous, that your petitioner can scarce hope
+    for a pardon; yet the greatness of their offence doth not make your
+    petitioner lay aside all hopes of mercy, when your petitioner and
+    they, who are both very young, throw themselves, absolute and
+    entirely, at your Majesty's feet for it; and as they have a just
+    abhorrence and a sincere and true repentance for what is past, so
+    they will give undoubted security and proof of their most dutiful
+    behaviour to your Majesty's Government for the future.
+
+    "Wherefore your petitioner most humbly prays that your Majesty will,
+    out of your royal clemency and boundless mercy and compassion, spare
+    the lives of your petitioner's sons, and grant them your most
+    gracious pardon.
+
+    "And your petitioner shall ever, as in duty bound, &c."[221]
+
+The petition was unavailing, and the unfortunate young nobleman prepared
+to meet his doom.
+
+On the twenty-fourth of February, at ten o'clock, the Earl of
+Derwentwater, with Lord Kenmure, was carried in a hackney-coach from the
+Tower to the Transport Office in Tower Hill, where there was a room
+prepared for their reception, hung with black, and a passage or gallery
+railed in, which led to the place of execution. The scaffold was
+surrounded with the Guards. Lord Derwentwater suffered first. He was
+observed to turn very pale as he proceeded through the gallery and
+ascended the steps; but there was a modest composure observable in his
+demeanour. He held a book in his hand, from which he read prayers for
+some time; then, requesting leave of the Sheriffs to read a paper to the
+people, he went to the rails of the scaffold, and there delivered the
+following touching and beautiful address, which, how different soever
+may be the sentiments and opinions with which it is perused, can hardly
+fail to impress the reader as coming from a conscientious mind:--
+
+    "Being in a few minutes to appear before the Tribunal of God, where,
+    though most unworthy, I hope for mercy, which I have not found from
+    men now in power, I have endeavoured to make my peace with His
+    Divine Majesty, by most humbly begging pardon for all the sins of my
+    life; and I doubt not of a merciful forgiveness, through the merits
+    of the passion of my Saviour Jesus Christ; for which end I earnestly
+    desire the prayers of all good Christians.
+
+    "After this, I am to ask pardon of those whom I might have
+    scandalized by pleading guilty at my trial. Such as were permitted
+    to come to me, told me that, having been undeniably in arms,
+    pleading guilty was but the consequence of having submitted to
+    mercy, and many arguments were used to prove there was nothing of
+    moment in so doing,--among others, the universal practice of signing
+    leases, whereof the preambles ran in the name of the persons in
+    possession.
+
+    "But I am sensible that in this I have made bold with my loyalty,
+    having never owned any other but King James the Third for my lawful
+    King: him I had an inclination to serve from my infancy, and was
+    moved thereto by a natural love I had to his person, knowing him to
+    be capable of making his people happy; and though he had been born
+    of a different religion to mine, I should have done for him all
+    that lay in my power, as my ancestors have done for his
+    predecessors, being thereto bound by the laws of God and man.
+
+    "Wherefore, if in this affair I have acted rashly, it ought not to
+    affect the innocent; I intended to wrong nobody, but to serve my
+    King and my country, and that without self-interest,--hoping, by the
+    example I gave, to have induced others to their duty; and God, who
+    sees the secrets of my heart, knows I speak the truth. Some means
+    have been proposed to me for saving my life, which I looked upon as
+    inconsistent with honour and innocence, and therefore I rejected
+    them; for, with God's assistance, I shall prefer any death to the
+    doing a base unworthy action. I only wish now, that the laying down
+    my life might contribute to the service of my King and country, and
+    the re-establishment of the ancient and fundamental constitution of
+    these kingdoms; without which, no lasting peace or true happiness
+    can attend them. Then I should, indeed, part with my life even with
+    pleasure; as it is, I can only pray, that these blessings may be
+    bestowed upon my dear country; and since I can do no more, I beseech
+    God to accept of my life as a small sacrifice to it.
+
+    "I die a Roman Catholic: I am in perfect charity with all the world
+    (I thank God for it), even with those of the present Government, who
+    are most instrumental in my death. I freely forgive all such as
+    ungenerously reported false things of me; and hope to be forgiven
+    the trespasses of my youth by the Father of Mercies, into whose
+    hands I commend my soul.
+
+                                                     J. DERWENTWATER."
+
+    P.S. "If that Prince who now governs had given me my life, I should
+    have thought myself obliged never more to have taken up arms against
+    him."
+
+After delivering this address, the unfortunate nobleman thus spoke to
+the executioner: "You will find something for you in my pocket [this was
+two half-guineas], and I have given that gentleman [pointing to a person
+who held his hat and wig] somewhat more for you. Let me lie down once,
+to see how the block fits me." This he did. Then, kneeling down again,
+and uttering a short prayer with the executioner, he arose, and
+undressed himself for execution, the headsman assisting him. After
+which, the Earl desired the executioner to take notice, that "when he
+heard the words 'sweet Jesus!' then he should do his office so soon as
+he pleased." After which, his Lordship laid himself down on the block,
+and said, "I forgive my enemies, and hope that God will forgive me;" and
+then, turning his head up towards the executioner, he exclaimed, "After
+the third time I cry '_sweet Jesus!_' strike then, and do what is most
+convenient to you."
+
+A solemn and appalling scene then ensued. The voice of Lord Derwentwater
+was heard to exclaim, and the watchful ear of the executioner caught
+these words: "_Sweet Jesus_, receive my spirit; _sweet Jesus_, be
+merciful unto me; _sweet Jesus_"--he seemed to be going on, when the
+sentence was broken and the voice for ever hushed, the executioner
+severing his Lordship's head from his body, which he did at one stroke.
+Then the executioner took up the head, and at the several quarters of
+the scaffold elevated it with both his hands, crying with a loud voice,
+"Behold the head of a traitor! God save King George!" When he had done
+so, the friends of the Earl not being provided with hearse or coffin,
+Sir John Fryer, the Sheriff, ordered the body to be wrapped in black
+baize, to be conveyed to a hackney coach, and delivered to his friends,
+one of whom had wrapped up his head in a handkerchief.[222]
+
+On the day of the execution, Mary, Countess of Derwentwater, accompanied
+by another female, dressed herself as a fishwoman, and in a cart drove
+under Temple Bar, having previously bribed some people to throw the head
+of her lord into her lap, as she passed under the pinnacle on which it
+was placed.[223]
+
+Various accounts have been given of the interment of the Earl of
+Derwentwater. He is generally believed to have been buried in the church
+of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, near the altar. But a popular tradition has
+found credence, that he was buried at Dilstone. This has arisen from
+the Jacobite ditty, called "Derwentwater's Good Night," or has probably
+given origin to that lay, in which the Earl is made to say:--
+
+    "Albeit that here in London town
+      It is my fate to die,
+    O carry me to Northumberland,
+      In my father's grave to lie:
+    There chaunt my solemn requiem,
+      In Hexham's holy towers,
+    And let six maids of fair Tynedale,
+      Scatter my grave with flowers."[224]
+
+This is said to have been his last request, but to have been refused,
+for fear of any popular tumult in the North. Either a pretended burial
+in the church of St. Giles took place, or the Earl's body was removed,
+"for it was certainly," says Mr. Hogg, "carried secretly to Dilstone,
+where it was deposited by the side of the Earl's father, in his chapel."
+"A little porch before the farm-house of Whitesmocks," adds the same
+authority, "is pointed out as the exact spot where the Earl's remains
+rested, avoiding Durham." The coffin is said to have been opened during
+the present century, and the body of the Earl recognized, both by his
+appearance of youth, his features, and the suture round his neck. It is
+seldom satisfactory to state what has no other source than common
+report. In the North, the aurora borealis is still said to be called
+"Lord Derwentwater's lights," because, on the night of his execution, it
+appeared remarkably vivid. It is, any rate, pleasant to reflect, that
+one who "gave bread to thousands" is remembered by this beautiful
+appearance in the county which he loved, and where his virtues are
+remembered and his errors forgotten.
+
+His fate was hard. Let us not, contrary to nature, call up motives of
+state policy to vindicate the death of this brave and honourable man.
+The Earl of Derwentwater was one upon whom clemency might safely have
+been shown. Generous, liberal, sincere, a prince might have relied upon
+his assurance that, had mercy been shown to him, it would never have
+been repaid by treachery. His youth and inexperience,--his wife, his
+children,--should not have been forgotten: nor should it have been
+forgotten, that the principles of loyalty for which his life was
+forfeited, have dictated some of the most important services which have
+been rendered to the state, and have secured the existence of an
+hereditary government.
+
+Of what the Earl of Derwentwater might have become, in character, in
+intellect, his early fate has prevented our judging. In person he was
+noble and elegant; his portraits do not give the impression of that
+beauty of feature which has been ascribed to him. In character he was
+irreproachable. He was, in one sense, one of those noblemen of whom it
+were well for this country to have more: he lived among those from whom
+he drew his fortunes--their benefactor and their friend.
+
+The widowed Countess of Derwentwater died at Brussels in August,
+1723.[225] The descendants of the Earl are now extinct, a son and
+daughter who survived him having both died. His Lordship's brother
+married a Scottish peeress, and is the ancestor of the present Earl of
+Newburgh, the rightful representative of the Earl of Derwentwater.
+
+"The domains of the Derwentwater family in Cumberland are," says Lord
+Mahon, "among the very few forfeitures of the Jacobites which have never
+been restored by the clemency of the House of Hanover." In 1788, a clear
+rent of two thousand five hundred pounds was, however, granted out of
+these estates to the Newburgh family. "They were first," says the same
+authority, "settled on Greenwich Hospital, but have since been sold to
+Mr. Marshall, of Leeds."
+
+The deeds of the Derwentwater estates were preserved in the following
+manner: "On the night when Preston surrendered, Lord Derwentwater found
+means," as Mr. Hogg relates, "to send messengers to Capheaton, to
+prevent the family there from appearing in arms. By his orders, the
+family papers were removed to Capheaton, and they were laid between two
+walls and a chimney. A slater employed about the house discovered
+several chests with the Derwentwater arms engraved on the lids. Being a
+rigid Presbyterian, he informed old Sir Ambrose Middleton, of Belsay,
+who being Deputy-Lieutenant for the Duke of Somerset, searched Capheaton
+for arms, and under that pretence broke open the walls, and found the
+deeds, from the concealment of which Greenwich Hospital had been put to
+some difficulties."
+
+Such was the fate of the last memorial of the unfortunate Earl of
+Derwentwater. It is impossible to help regretting that a name once so
+honoured should have become extinct; and there appears to be an
+unaccountable injustice in that oblivion, whilst most of the Scottish
+forfeited titles have been restored.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[173] I write it Radcliffe, because the most careful historians and
+genealogists have given the preference to that mode of spelling the
+name.
+
+[174] The fact has been rather surmised than proved.
+
+[175] Hutchinson's View of Northumberland, vol. i. p. 171.
+
+[176] Lysons' Magna Britannia, vol. ii. p. 85.
+
+[177] Burke's Extinct Peerage, art. _Radcliffe_; also Wood's Peerage,
+309. It has been erroneously stated, that Francis Radclyffe himself, who
+married Mary Tudor, was first ennobled. It was his father, Sir Francis
+Radclyffe.
+
+[178] Life of Charles Radcliffe. "By a gentleman of the family, to
+prevent the public being imposed upon by any erroneous or partial
+accounts to the prejudice of this unfortunate gentleman." London, 1746.
+
+[179] Macpherson Papers, vol. ii.
+
+[180] Patten's Hist. Rebellion, p. 47.
+
+[181] In personal appearance the Earl is declared to have been
+distinguished for grace and comeliness. Neither the prints of this
+nobleman, nor an original picture in the possession of the Earl of
+Newburgh, at Hassop in Derbyshire, give the impression that the Earl was
+handsome. Yet he obtained the appellation of "handsome Derwentwater."
+
+[182] Kimber's Baronetage, vol. i. p. 517.
+
+[183] Encyclopaedia Metropolitana.
+
+[184] Id. Annals of George I.
+
+[185] Patten, p. 3.
+
+[186] The following is a copy of the warrant, and affords a specimen,
+which may be novel to some readers, of the form in which such affairs
+are couched. The original is still preserved by the present Earl of
+Newburgh, the descendant of Charles Radcliffe. I am indebted to the
+courtesy of the Earl of Newburgh for permission to copy this document,
+and also for several particulars concerning the family of Radcliffe,
+which I have interwoven with this biography:--
+
+    "_James Stanhope, Esq., one of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy
+               Council, and Principal Secretary of State._
+
+    "These are in his Majesty's name, to authorise and require you,
+    taking a constable to your assistance, forthwith to make strict and
+    diligent search in such places as you shall have notice, for the
+    Right Honourable James, Earl of Derwentwater; and him having found,
+    you are to seize and apprehend for suspicion of Treason, and to
+    bring him, together with his papers, before me to be examined
+    concerning the Premisses, and to be further dealt with according to
+    law: for the due execution whereof, all Mayors, Sheriffs, Justices
+    of the Peace, Constables, and all his Majesty's officers, Civil and
+    Military, and loving subjects whom it may concern, are to be aiding
+    and assisting to you as there shall be occasion. And for so doing,
+    this shall be your warrant.
+
+    "Given at Whitehall the two-and-twentieth day of September, 1715.
+
+                                                     "JAMES STANHOPE."
+
+    "To Richard Shorman, John Hutching, and John
+        Turner, three of his Majesty's Messengers
+        in Ordinary."
+
+[187] His pension was raised for his services from fifty to eighty
+pounds per annum.--See Caledonian Mercury, 1722.
+
+[188] Patten, p. 19.
+
+[189] Hutchinson's History of Northumberland, vol. i. p. 131.
+
+[190] State Papers. Domestic, No. 4, 1716.
+
+[191] Life of Charles Radcliffe, p. 15.
+
+[192] Patten, p. 31.
+
+[193] Patten. Smollett.
+
+[194] Parliamentary History, 2 Geo. I. vol. vii. p. 269.
+
+[195] Patten, p. 47.
+
+[196] Id. p. 65.
+
+[197] An instance of this spirit is related by Lord Sunderland in the
+case of a Mr. Crisp, a Lancashire gentleman, who acted with such zeal
+for the Government during the Rebellion, that he was never able to live
+in his native country afterwards.--Lord Mahon's History of England since
+the Peace of Utrecht, vol. i. p. 253.
+
+[198] Lord Mahon, vol. i. p. 248.
+
+[199] Patten, p. 79.
+
+[200] Letter from a Scots Prisoner.--See Weekly Journal, or British
+Gazette, for 1716.
+
+[201] Weekly Journal, p. 354.
+
+[202] Parliamentary History, p. 269.
+
+[203] Life of Charles Radcliffe, p. 23.
+
+[204] Patten.
+
+[205] Patten, p. 96.
+
+[206] Patten, p. 103.
+
+[207] Weekly Journal.
+
+[208] Patten.
+
+[209] Patten.
+
+[210] Caledonian Mercury for 1716.
+
+[211] Earls of Derwentwater, Nithisdale, Carnwath, and Wintoun; Viscount
+Kenmure, and Lords Widdrington and Nairn.
+
+[212] State Trials, vol. xv. p. 762.
+
+[213] Parliamentary History, vol. vii. p. 269.
+
+[214] State Trials.
+
+[215] Caledonian Mercury for 1716.
+
+[216] Beatson's Political Index.
+
+[217] Douglas's Peerage of Scotland.
+
+[218] State Trials, vol. xv. p. 802.
+
+[219] Lord Mahon's History, vol. i. p. 291.
+
+[220] Id.
+
+[221] State Papers, 1716, No. 4; now, for the first time, printed.
+
+[222] Or rather, a piece of red cloth, which is still preserved at
+Hassop, the seat of the Earl of Newburgh, the marks of blood being still
+visible.
+
+[223] From a tradition current in the descendants of this family.
+
+[224] Hogg's Jacobite Relics, vol. i. p. 31.
+
+[225] See Caledonian Mercury, 1723.
+
+
+
+
+THE MASTER OF SINCLAIR.
+
+
+John Sinclair, called, in compliance with the custom of Scotland in
+regard to the eldest sons of Barons, the Master of Sinclair, was
+descended from the ancient family of Saint Clare, in France, on whom
+lands were bestowed by Alexander the Third of Scotland. In early times,
+the titles of Earls of Orkney and Caithness had been given to the first
+settlers of the Saint Clares; and the possession of the islands of
+Orkney and Shetland had been added to certain royal donations, by a
+marriage with an heiress of the sirname of Speire. One of the Sinclairs
+had even borne the dignity of Prince of Orkney; but this distinction was
+lost by an improvident member of the house of Sinclair, called William
+the Waster; and the prosperity of his descendants was due only to the
+favour of James the Sixth, who created Henry Sinclair, of Dysart in
+Fife, a Baron.
+
+The family continued in honour and estimation, until the subject of this
+memoir, John, brought upon it disgrace, and incurred to himself lasting
+self-reproach.
+
+The Master of Sinclair was the eldest son of Henry, seventh Lord
+Sinclair, and the representative, therefore, of an honourable family.
+But it was his fate to forfeit his birthright, not so much by his
+adherence to an ill-fated cause, as by the violence and brutality of his
+own temper and conduct.
+
+He was, at an early age, engaged in the military profession, and bore
+the commission of Captain-Lieutenant in Preston's regiment under the
+great Marlborough. At the battle of Wynendale, fought on the
+twenty-eighth of September, 1708, the events which stamped the future
+character of the Master of Sinclair's destiny occurred.
+
+Two brothers of the name of Schaw, Scotchmen, of an ancient race, and
+ancestors, collaterally, of the present family of Shaw-Stewart of
+Renfrew, had commissions also in Preston's regiment. These unfortunate
+young men were of the chief family of the Schaws, or Sauchie, who had
+flourished since the reign of Robert the Second.
+
+By that singular coincidence which sometimes occurs, and which seems to
+stamp certain races with misfortune, the Schaws had already been nearly
+exterminated in feudal times by the violence of a neighbouring clan, the
+Montgomeries of Skellmorlie; and had been preserved from total
+destruction by what seemed to human comprehension to be the merest
+chance. By one of the Montgomeries, the Tower of Greenock was invaded
+and taken, and the Laird of Schaw and four or five of his sons were put
+to death. One child, then in his cradle, alone escaped, and grew up to
+manhood, with the resolution to avenge his father and his brothers
+rankling at his heart. Accordingly, he collected his friends and
+dependants, and invested, during a period of repose and security, the
+house of his enemy. Montgomery, finding his castle attacked, stood forth
+on the battlements, and, after demanding a parley with the besieger,
+"Are you not," he cried out, "an ungrateful man to come hither with bow
+and brand to take the life of the man who made you young laird and auld
+laird in the same day?" Young Schaw, struck by the argument, drew off
+his forces, and left the castle of Skellmorlie standing, and its inmates
+uninjured.
+
+The family of Schaw were zealous Whigs, the father of the two young
+officers in Preston's regiment having raised a regiment at the time of
+the Revolution, without any other expense to the Government than that of
+sergeants and drummers.
+
+The eldest brother, Sir John Schaw, had been an active promoter of the
+Union; and, upon a threatened invasion of the French, and a consequent
+alarm of the Jacobites, Sir John had offered to join the army with five
+or six hundred of his followers. This decided political bias may,
+perhaps, in some measure, account for the disposition to affront on the
+side of Sinclair, and the quickness to resent on the other hand, which
+was shown between the parties.
+
+During the battle of Wynendale, in the midst of the fire, it appeared,
+in evidence afterwards taken, that Ensign Hugh Schaw, the first of the
+victims to the Master of Sinclair's wrath, was heard to call out to the
+Master "to stand upright;" it was afterwards publicly stated by Ensign
+Hugh Schaw, that he had done so upon seeing Sinclair bow himself down to
+the ground for a considerable time. This alleged act of cowardice on the
+part of Sinclair appears, however, not to have really taken place; but
+it was made the groundwork of a calumnious imputation. It must, however,
+be acknowledged, that there was nothing in the subsequent conduct of the
+Master of Sinclair, as far as the battle of Sherriff Muir was concerned,
+to raise his character as a man of personal bravery.
+
+Upon hearing of this injurious report, Sinclair sent a challenge to
+Ensign Schaw. It was dispatched through the medium of a brother officer,
+to whom the Ensign replied, at first, that he had just heard of his
+brother George's being wounded before Lisle, and that it was of far
+greater importance that he should go to him than accept the Master of
+Sinclair's challenge; besides, the young man added, that since his last
+misfortune, probably a fatal duel, he had pledged himself neither to
+receive nor to give a challenge. Should a rencontre happen, he would
+defend himself as he could; that, after all, he had said nothing but
+what he could prove. Upon these words being repeated to the Master of
+Sinclair, he fell into a violent passion, and swore that he would not
+give Schaw fair play; that his honour was concerned. The second whom he
+had employed then threatened to take the challenge to Colonel Preston;
+upon which the Master told him "he was a rascal if he did it."
+
+On the following day, the Master met Ensign Schaw, and taking a stick
+from underneath his coat, struck the Ensign two blows over the head with
+it. They both drew, and fought with such fury that the Master's sword
+was broken, and that of the Ensign bent; upon which Sinclair retired
+behind a sentinel, desiring him "to keep off the Ensign, as his sword
+was broken." Schaw then said, "You know I am more of a gentleman than to
+pursue you when your sword is broken." But the young soldier Schaw had
+at this time received a mortal wound, of which he died; but not until
+after the verdict of the court-martial ultimately held on Sinclair.
+
+In the course of three days a second fatal rencontre succeeded this
+deadly contest; and another brother, Captain Alexander Schaw, fell a
+victim to the vindictive and brutal notions at that period considered in
+the army to constitute a code of honour.
+
+Captain Schaw was naturally indignant at the death of his brother; he
+expressed his anger openly, and said, that the Master of Sinclair had
+"paper in his breast," against which his brother's sword was bent; and
+that he had received the fatal wound after his sword had thus become
+useless. The Master of Sinclair having heard of these assertions,
+resolved to avenge himself for these imputations cast upon him. On the
+thirteenth of September, as Captain Schaw was riding at the head of
+Major How's regiment, the sound of his own name, repeated twice,
+announced the approach of the hated Sinclair. Captain Schaw turned, and
+inquired of the Master what he wanted. Sinclair replied, by asking him
+to go to the front, as he wanted to speak to him; to which Captain Schaw
+rejoined, that he might speak to him there. "Yes," returned Sinclair,
+"but if I fire at you here, I may shoot some other body." Captain Schaw
+answered, that he might fire at him if he pleased, he bore him no
+ill-will. "If you will not go to the front," returned Sinclair, "beg my
+pardon." This was refused, some words of further aggravation ensued;
+then the Master of Sinclair drew his pistol and fired at Schaw. The
+Captain was also preparing to fire; his hand was in the act of drawing
+his pistol when it was for ever checked, whether employed for good or
+evil; the aim of Sinclair was certain, and Schaw fell dead from his
+horse. Sinclair, without waiting to inquire how far mortal might be the
+wound he had inflicted, rode away.
+
+Thus perished two young officers, described by their brother, Sir John
+Schaw, as "very gallant gentlemen." To complete the tragedy, a third,
+wounded at Lisle, was brought to the camp at Wynendale, and expired in
+the same room with his brother, Ensign Schaw, partly of his wounds,
+partly of grief for his brother's death; so that the offender, as the
+surviving brother remarked, "was not wholly innocent even of his blood:"
+yet both these rencontres, to adopt the mild term employed by Sir Walter
+Scott, were viewed in a very lenient manner by the officers of the
+court-martial which afterwards sat upon the case, and even by
+Marlborough himself. The Master of Sinclair speaks of them in his
+narrative in terms which imply that one, whose hands were so deeply dyed
+in crime, regarded himself as an injured man; there can scarcely be a
+better exemplification of the deceitfulness of the heart than such a
+representation.
+
+On the seventeenth of October, 1708, a court-martial upon the Master of
+Sinclair was held at Ronsales by the command of the Duke of Marlborough.
+Upon the first charge, that of challenging Ensign Hugh Schaw (in breach
+of the twenty-eighth article of war), Sinclair was acquitted, the court
+being of opinion that the challenge was not proved.
+
+Of the second accusation, that of killing Captain Alexander Schaw, the
+Master of Sinclair was found guilty, and sentenced to suffer death. He
+was, however, recommended to the mercy of the Duke of Marlborough, in
+consideration of the provocation which he had received,--the prisoner
+having declared that, not only on that occasion, but upon several, and
+in different regiments, Captain Schaw had defamed him; that he was
+forced to do what he did, and that he had done it with reluctance.
+
+The case was, however, afterwards referred to the Attorney General and
+the Solicitor General, who gave it their opinion that Sinclair was
+guilty of murder; for had the trial taken place in England before a
+common jury, the judge must have directed the jury to find him guilty of
+murder, no provocation whatever being sufficient to excuse malice, or to
+make the offence of killing less than murder, when it is committed with
+premeditation. How far the provocation was to be considered as a ground
+of mercy, these legal functionaries declined to judge.
+
+Upon the publication of this sentence, Sir John Schaw addressed a
+petition to Queen Anne, praying for justice on the murderer of his
+brothers, and appealing to his Sovereign against the extraordinary
+recommendation of the court to mercy. He also wrote urgent letters to
+the Earl of Stair and the Duke of Argyle, praying for their intercession
+with the Duke of Marlborough that the murderer of his brothers might be
+punished. He next wrote to the Duke of Marlborough himself. The
+following letters show the earnestness of the pleader, and prove the
+caution and subtlety of the General. Some deep political motive lay
+beneath the mercy shown to Sinclair, otherwise it seems impossible to
+account for the conduct of so great a disciplinarian as Marlborough in
+this affair.
+
+
+SIR JOHN SCHAW TO THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.
+
+    "May it pleas your Grace,
+
+    "Amongst the misfortunes that attend the murthers of my two
+    brothers, I thinck it's one to be constrain'd to appear importunate
+    with your Grace. The case, by the depositions of the witnesses,
+    being in the opinion of the learn'd lawyers of the most atrocius
+    nature, and not pardonable by the law of the country whereof we are
+    subjects, and such as indispensable requires my utmost applications
+    for redress, I cannot forbear the repeating of my submissive prayers
+    to your Grace for speedy justice. The blood of my brothers, the tyes
+    of nature, and the sentiments of friendship, would render the least
+    negligence on my part inexcusable with the world and with my own
+    conscience.
+
+    "I should deliver my petition personally, rather than venture to
+    give your Grace the trouble of letters, were I not sufficiently
+    assured of your Grace's justice, and at the same time willing to
+    gratifie my wellwisshers desires in staying here. Hoping your Grace
+    wil, with a condescending compassion to my present circumstances,
+    favourably admit the bearer, Capt. James Stuart, in Coll. M'Carty's
+    regiment, who is my faithfull friend and near relation, to deliver
+    this letter, and represent my case, that the whole matter may be
+    sett in a true light for a finall decision, in the meantime, I
+    remain, with a profound respect, my Lord, Your Grace's most humble,
+    etc."
+
+    "To the Duke of Marlborough, London, the 29th November, 1708."
+
+
+THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH TO SIR JOHN SCHAW.[226]
+
+    "Sir,
+
+    "Captain Stewart has delivered me your letter of the twenty-first of
+    November; I had before, from the Secretary at Warr, the opinion of
+    the Attorney and Sollicitor General upon the proceedings of the
+    court-martiall, with the copie of the petition you had presented to
+    the Queen, but no positive directions from hir Majesty, which I
+    should have been very glad to have received, being without it under
+    very great uneasiness, as Captain Steward will tell you; however,
+    you may be sure I shall have all the regard you can desire for your
+    just resentment against Mr. Sinclair, being truly, Sir,
+
+    "Your most humble servant,
+        (_Sic subscribitur_)
+            "MARLBOROUGH."
+
+    "Copie letter Duke of Marlborrough to Sir
+        John Schaw, dated at the Camp at
+        Melle, the 16th December, 1708."
+
+After this correspondence, the unhappy brother of the two young officers
+had every reason to conclude that the delinquent would very soon be
+brought to justice. He wrote to Mr. Cardonnel, secretary to the Duke of
+Marlborough, in grateful terms for the kind intercession employed for
+him. What was afterwards his astonishment to find that Sinclair was
+allowed to serve in the British army in the sieges of Lisle and Ghent,
+and eventually received in the Prussian service! The evident favour of
+the Duke is fully shown in the following passage from the Master of
+Sinclair's narrative:
+
+"I was obliged to quit [the army] for two misfortunes which happened in
+a very short time, one after the other, notwithstanding of the
+court-marshall's recommending me to the General, his Grace the Duke of
+Marlborough's mercy, which was always looked on as equal to a pardon,
+and which I can aver was never refused to any one but myself. Nor was
+his allowing me to serve at the sieges of Lisle and Ghent precedented on
+my giving my word of honour to return to arrest after these sieges were
+over, which I did and continued (prisoner) till his Grace the Duke of
+Marlborough sent his repeated orders to make my escape, which I
+disobeyed twice; but at last being encouraged by his promise to
+recommend me to any prince that I pleased, for these were his words, I
+went off, and procured his recommendation to the King of Prussia, from
+whose service, which I may say is of the strictest, I came back to serve
+in the Low Countries, where I continued until the end of the war, at
+which time her Majesty Queen Anne having, as it is said, turned Tory,
+vouchsafed me her pardon."
+
+These marks of indulgence to Sinclair fell heavily upon the heart of him
+who still mourned two promising brothers, sent to an untimely grave by
+brutal revenge. The following letter from Sir John Schaw is beautifully
+and touchingly expressed.[227] What effect it produced upon the great
+but not faultless man to whom it was addressed, can only be known by the
+impunity with which Sinclair, his hands being imbued in the blood of his
+countrymen, continued in the Prussian army, and afterwards returned to
+Scotland.
+
+    "It is with very great regrate that I give your Grace any further
+    trouble on account of the melancholy story of my two brothers, who
+    had the misfortune to be murthered in the space of three dayes by
+    Lieutenant Sinclair, then in the regiment of Prestoun, in the year
+    1708. Your Grace was at the paines to be informed of the whole case,
+    and the murtherer, being a man of quality, had many to intercede for
+    him; your justice did overcome all other considerations and indeed
+    nothing could be more worthie of the great character your Grace has,
+    and the glorious name you must leave to posterity, than the
+    punishment of so cruel and bloodie a fact; but the criminal escaped,
+    and the sentence of death pronounced by the court-martial, and
+    confirmed by your Grace, was not executed; and I, having done all I
+    could to bring the murtherer of my unfortunate brothers to condign
+    punishment, was satisfied to pursue him no further, tho' the
+    atrocity of the crime committed against the law of nations would
+    have affoarded me ground to have prosecuted him in any country where
+    he could have been found. But to my surprize and sorrow, I have of
+    late been informed that Lieutenant Sinclair has added to the
+    repeated murthers the impudence of returning, an officer in a
+    Prussian regiment, to the army, where he was condemn'd, as it were
+    to affront justice, and glory in what he has done. I am wel
+    persuaded, that if his guilt had been known to the King of Prussia
+    or his Generals, his Majesty would not have suffered so odious ane
+    offender to be entertained in his service. Nor can the Generals or
+    Ministers of Prussia have anything to plead, why a sentence
+    pronounced by a British court-martial against one of hir Majesty's
+    subjects, and confirmed by your excellency her Generall should not
+    now be executed. I am confident your Grace will not sufferr publick
+    justice to be insulted in that affair, and I doe in the most humble
+    and earnest manner begg that your Grace would cause apprehend the
+    murtherer, that justice may be done upon him for his barbarous and
+    bloodie crimes. I had about two years ago four brothers, of whom I
+    may without vanity say, they were very gallant gentlemen; two were
+    murthered by Lieutenant Sinclair; the third died in the roome with
+    one of these, partly of his wounds received before Lille, and
+    pairtly out of griefe for his brothers' misfortunes, so that the
+    offender is not innocent even of his blood; the fourth was killed at
+    the battle of Mons. The blood of these that were barbarously slain,
+    call for vengeance; the law of God and nature requires it. They had,
+    and I in their name have a claime, in a particular manner, to your
+    Grace's justice, they having been all four under your Grace's
+    command; forgive it to my natural affection, if I use arguments with
+    your Grace to do an act of justice when the whole world, and I in
+    particular, have such proofs of the greatness of your minde and
+    virtue, I shall only add my most sincere and humble acknowledgement
+    of your Grace's justice and dispatch in the melancholie affair, of
+    which I shall ever retain the most gratefull sense; and remain under
+    the strictest tyes of dutie, with the most profound respect, my
+    Lord, your Grace's most humble, most obedient, obliged, and faithful
+    servant," &c.
+
+With this letter, and some memorials of Sir John Schaw's public service,
+end all known appeals for justice on the murderer. But conscience
+avenged the crime. Many years afterwards, when living in opulence upon
+his patrimonial estate at Dysart in Fife, the Master received from an
+humble individual a bitter, though involuntary reproach. When preparing
+to cross the Frith, he stopped at an inn in order to engage a running
+footman to attend him. Detested by his neighbours, and ever in dread of
+the Schaws, Sinclair preserved a sort of incognito. A youth was
+presented for his approval. The Master inquired of the young candidate
+what proof he could give of his activity, on which this remarkable reply
+was given: "Sir, I ran beside the Master of Sinclair's horse when he
+rode post from the English camp to escape the death for which he was
+condemned for the murder of the two brothers." "The Master," adds Sir
+Walter Scott, "much shocked, was nearly taken ill on the spot."[228]
+
+During the insurrection of 1715, the Master of Sinclair took at first an
+active part, and became the commander of a company of Jacobite gentlemen
+of Fife. He joined the Earl of Mar at Perth,[229] and was employed in an
+expedition which gained some credit to the Jacobites. Some arms having
+been brought out of Edinburgh for the use of the Earl of Sutherland, and
+being put on board a ship at Leith, the Earl of Mar resolved to
+intercept these supplies. The wind being contrary, the master of the
+vessel thus loaded had dropped into Brunt Island, and had gone into the
+town on that island to see his family. A party of four hundred horse and
+as many foot was meantime detached on the second of October, 1715, and
+arrived at the island about midnight. They pressed all the boats in the
+harbour, and boarded the vessel, carrying off three hundred and six
+complete stand of arms, together with a considerable number which they
+found in the town. This expedition was skilfully contrived and managed,
+the horse surrounding the town whilst the foot ransacked it; and the
+invasion was made so silently that the Duke of Argyle gained no tidings
+of it.[230]
+
+After this exploit the Master of Sinclair returned to the camp at Perth,
+there to promote, if not actually to originate, divisions which were
+fatal to the cause which he had espoused. Lord Mar, in his letters,
+charges him, indeed, distinctly with being the very source of the
+dissensions which soon sprang up among the Jacobite chiefs.[231] The
+temper of Sinclair could ill brook submission to the Earl of Mar, whom,
+as a General, he soon ceased to respect; and for whose difficult
+situation he had no relenting feelings. "The Master," writes Sir Walter
+Scott, "who was a man of strong sense, acute observation, and some
+military experience, besides being of a haughty and passionate temper,
+averse to deference and subordination, soon placed himself in opposition
+to the general, whom he seems to have at once detested and
+despised."[232]
+
+The unfortunate result of the siege of Preston, soon brought to light
+the discontents which the Master had nourished among the followers of
+Mar. Parties had, indeed, for some time agitated the camp. When the
+disasters in England gave them a fresh impulse, and Lord Mar feelingly,
+and perhaps not too severely, described the influence of Sinclair when
+he bitterly describes him as "a devil in the camp, known in his true
+colours when calamity had befallen those with whom he was in
+conjunction." It was henceforth in vain that Mar, to use his own
+expression, "endeavoured to keep people from breaking among themselves
+until the long-expected arrival of the Chevalier should, it was hoped,
+check the growing jealousies in the camp;" a party arose, headed by Lord
+Huntley, Lord Seaforth, and the Master of Sinclair, who soon obtained
+the name of the Grumbler's Club, and who rendered themselves odious to
+the sincere and zealous Jacobites.
+
+Lord Huntley appears from Lord Mar's representations, "to have been
+completely under the influence of the Master." "Lord Huntley," writes
+Lord Mar, "is still very much out of humour, and nothing can make him
+yet believe that the King is coming. He intends to go north, under the
+pretext of reducing Lord Sutherland, and his leaving us at this time, I
+think, might have very bad effects, which makes me do all I can to keep
+him. The Master of Sinclair is a very bad instrument about him, and has
+been most to blame for all the differences amongst us. I am plagued out
+of my life with them, but must do the best I can."[233]
+
+Lord Huntley, however, continued to manifest the greatest disgust and
+suspicion of Lord Mar, often refusing to see him, and, though still
+lingering at Perth, threatening continually to leave the camp and go
+northward.
+
+Lord Sinclair, meantime, having heard of these factions, and being
+sincerely affected to the cause of the Stuarts, wrote to his son "a
+sharp letter about his behaviour," and a visit of explanation from the
+Master instantly followed. During his absence there was a revulsion of
+feeling among the Grumblers, and some contrition was expressed by them
+for the part that they had acted; but the fiend returned, and the
+malcontents quietly relapsed.[234]
+
+The news of James's certain arrival silenced, for a time, all
+complaints; but again they revived. Lord Mar seems to have had some
+misgiving of this, when he wrote, "Those that made a pretext of the
+King's not being landed, are now left inexcusable, and if those kind of
+folks now sit still and look any more on, they ought to be worse treated
+than our worse enemies." Yet it appears by a subsequent letter, that the
+grievances of which the General complained so bitterly, were not cured
+even by the presence of the Chevalier; that those who had made a
+pretext of his absence to complain and despond, desponded still, and
+that, in fact, the malady was so deep-seated as to be incurable.
+
+It may be urged, in vindication of the Master, who obviously aggravated
+the spirit of the Grumblers, that the event proved that his
+apprehensions were well founded. It was, indeed, natural for an
+experienced officer who had served under Marlborough, to view with
+dissatisfaction and suspicion the feeble and tardy movements of Lord
+Mar. Yet a hearty well-wisher to any cause would have abstained from
+infusing distrust into those counsels which, whether wise or foolish,
+were destined to guide the adherents of the party. A man of honour will
+enter, heart and soul, into what he undertakes, or not enter at all. The
+conduct of Sinclair was that of a mean, morose spirit; and it is but
+fair to conclude that his motives for adopting the name of Jacobite were
+either those of personal advancement, or arose out of an enforced
+compliance with the wishes of his father.
+
+Whilst Sinclair was thus undermining the welfare of the party to which
+he nominally belonged, his determined enemy, Sir John Schaw, after
+assisting the Duke of Argyle in defending Inverness against the
+insurgent troops, was marching with Lord Isla to rejoin the Duke of
+Argyle in his march towards Perth. It so happened that Lord Isla and his
+friends reached Sherriff Muir at the very moment when the Government
+troops and the Jacobites were about to join in battle. "Sir John," says
+Sir Walter Scott, "though he had no command, engaged as a volunteer; and
+we may suppose his zeal for King George was heightened by the
+recollection that the slayer of his brothers fought under the opposite
+banners." He behaved himself with distinguished courage, receiving a
+wound on his arm, and another in his side.[235] He was, at this time,
+the only surviving brother out of four, his brother Thomas having been
+slain at the siege of Mons a year after the death of the others. A month
+before Sir John Schaw had joined the Duke, Lady Schaw, the daughter of
+Sir Hugh Dalrymple, and a woman of singular energy and spirit, assembled
+the Greenock companies in arms, and telling them that the Protestant
+religion, with their laws, liberties, and lives, and all that was dear
+to them as men and Christians, were in hazard by that unnatural
+rebellion, exhorted them to conduct themselves suitably to the occasion.
+
+The conduct of Sinclair at the battle of Sherriff Muir was not
+inconsistent with his former life. He remained, in that engagement,
+stationary, with the Marquis of Huntley, at the head of the cavalry of
+Fife and Aberdeen; hence the lines in the old song on Sherriff Muir.
+
+        "Huntly and Sinclair
+        They baith play'd the Tinkler,
+    With consciences black as a craw, man."
+
+
+
+
+Upon the return of the Jacobite army to Perth, where they waited, as
+Scott remarks in a tone of mournful reprobation of Mar, "until their own
+forces should disperse, those of their enemy advance, and the wintry
+storm so far subside as to permit the Duke of Argyle to advance against
+them," Sinclair was the chief promoter of a scheme formed by the
+Grumblers for a timely submission to Government. Instigated by their
+wishes, an attempt was made by Lord Mar to procure, through the Duke of
+Argyle's mediation, some terms with Government; but it failed, and those
+who had embarked in the cause were obliged to provide, as they best
+might, individually for their safety. The whole tenour of Sinclair's
+conduct was such as to draw down upon him the severest invectives of his
+party. In one of the poems of the day he is thus described:
+
+    "The master with the bully's face,
+      And with the coward heart,
+    Who never fail'd, to his disgrace,
+      To act a coward's part,
+    Did join Dunbogue, the greatest rogue,
+      In all the shire of Fife,
+    Who was the first the cause to leave,
+      By counsel from his wife."
+
+The Master quitted the insurgent party at Perth, and joined the Marquis
+of Huntley at Strathbogie; thence he proceeded as a fugitive through
+Caithness and Orkney, with a few friends, who, like himself, were
+hopeless of pardon. After wandering in these remote districts for some
+time, the Master and his friends seized upon a small vessel and fled to
+the Continent. The Marquis of Huntley, more fortunate than his
+political ally, obtained his full pardon in consideration of his having
+left the rebels in time.[236]
+
+The Master of Sinclair married, afterwards, the widowed Countess of
+Southesk, whom he probably met when on the Continent, since it appears
+that the Countess, for some time subsequent to the death of her husband,
+lived at Brussels. In referring to this union, it may not be improper to
+give some account of the family into connection with which it brought
+the Master of Sinclair.
+
+James Carnegie, Earl of Southesk, the first husband of the lady whom the
+Master of Sinclair married, was descended from David Carnegie, an
+eminent lawyer, who in 1616 was raised to the dignity of Lord Carnegie
+of Kinnaird, and in 1623 was created, by Charles the First, Earl of
+Southesk. Like most of those families who had been elevated by the
+Stuarts to the peerage, the house of Carnegie retained a strong sense of
+their duty of allegiance to the Crown; and the first Earl of Southesk
+suffered for his principles by imprisonment and the extortion of a fine
+of three thousand pounds from his estates in the time of Cromwell.
+
+James, the fifth Earl of Southesk, although nearly allied by his
+mother's side to the Maitlands, Earls of Lauderdale, had retained as
+great an affection for the Stuarts as his ancestors had manifested. Of
+the personal qualities of this nobleman little is generally known,
+except that he has been designated, "Brave, generous Southesk!"--of his
+fate, and of the subsequent fortunes of his family, still less is to be
+ascertained. Some few particulars which are to be derived from the State
+Papers are discreditable to the memory of this nobleman. Like several
+other Jacobite noblemen who have been mentioned elsewhere, Lord Southesk
+did not hesitate to summon his tenants to follow him to the field in the
+most peremptory terms. His commands fell heavily, in one instance, upon
+a poor man who lived on the Earl's estate, and bore also the name of
+James Carnegie. This unlucky man was a natural son of Charles, the late
+Earl of Southesk, and was therefore a brother of the present Earl James.
+Like all dependants in those days, he seems to have entertained a deep
+sense of his obligation to serve and to obey the head of the family; and
+his obedience was probably ensured by the tie of blood, however
+unacknowledged as constituting a claim between him and the Earl of
+Southesk. James Carnegie exercised the profession of a surgeon in the
+neighbourhood of Kinnaird, then the territory of Lord Southesk, and was
+employed by the Earl, who appears to have entertained considerable
+opinion of his skill. When the Insurrection of 1715 broke out, it would
+have been consistent with the character of a "brave and generous man" to
+have left this humble practitioner free to follow his own wishes, and
+not to have embroiled him in the dangers of that disastrous undertaking.
+A further claim upon the Earl's forbearance was the personal defect of
+the poor surgeon, who was lame, and short in stature. He was
+nevertheless ordered to meet Lord Southesk, at a certain place of
+rendezvous, on a certain day. A compliance was expected as a matter of
+course, for James Carnegie was a yearly pensioner of his noble and
+powerful brother, and refusal was ruin.[237] Nevertheless, the surgeon
+ventured on this occasion to judge for himself. He had, it appears, from
+his subsequent declaration, been ever well affected to the reigning
+Government and attached to the Revolution interest and, by his
+disapprobation of the Insurrection of 1715, had given umbrage to his
+nearest relations. Upon the command of Lord Southesk being issued to
+follow him to the camp at Perth, Carnegie would have fled and hidden
+himself but for the illness of his wife; he afterwards took refuge in
+the house of Lord Northesk, but his seclusion was of no avail. The
+following letter from Lord Southesk, the original of which is in the
+State Paper Office, affords a curious insight into the despotism
+exercised by the little kings of the Highlands over their subjects:--
+
+    "James,--
+
+    "After what I both wrote and spoke to you, I did not think you would
+    have made any furder difficultys of going to Perth with me. I know
+    very well your wife's circumstances are to be pityd; however, since
+    you have a pension from me, and served me since you have had any
+    business, there is nobody of your employment in this country that I
+    can put any confidence in, whatever may happen to me. Therefore I
+    desire you may make no furder excuses; and if you can't be ready to
+    wait upon me from Kinnaird upon Monday, I desire you may follow me
+    upon Teusday; if you do not, you will for ever disoblige
+
+                                                         "SOUTHESQUE."
+
+    "Kinnaird, Sept. 17, 1715."
+
+    "I desire you may come and speak with me this night, or to-morrow,
+    at furdest."
+
+"The Case of James Carnegie," also in the State Paper Office, furnishes
+a supplement to this peremptory summons.
+
+"The Case of James Carnegie showeth, that though he lived in a country
+and amongst men the most notoriously disaffected of any in Scotland, he
+had, ever since his appearance in the world, espoused the Revolution
+interest, and given proofs of his affection to it, as would appear more
+fully in a declaration from the Presbytery of Brichen, in whose bounds
+he resided, and from another from Mr. John Anderson, his parish
+minister. That upon the first suspision of the treasonable designs of
+the rebells, Mr. James Carnegy would have set off and gone south, had
+not his wife's dangerous state (thought to be dying) obliged him to
+remain. That after the rebellion broke out, he firmly withstood all
+solicitations to join it, his neighbours and friends there threatening
+to burn house and land. He being disappointed of going south, attempted
+to retire to Ethie, Lord Northesk's house in Forfarshire. He could not
+remain concealed, the rebells being possessed of all the passes in the
+country. Finding himself blocked up amongst his enemies, to avoid the
+execution of the threatenings against him, he was induced, to his shame
+and regret, to go to Perth, but permitted none of his dependants or
+tennents to accompany him, and went with no arms but what gentlemen were
+in the habit of wearing. In order to give no support to those traiterous
+designs, he feigned illness at Coupar of Angus, but they forced him to
+go."
+
+The issue of this affair was mournful. At the battle of Sherriff Muir
+where the Earl of Southesk appeared with three hundred men, the
+unfortunate nobleman was supposed to be slain. His faithful, though
+reluctant attendant, James Carnegie, was taken prisoner as he was
+looking over the field of battle in order to find the body of his lord.
+He was carried into prison at Carlisle, whence considerable exertions
+were made for his release, not only by his own representations, but by
+the mediation of Sir James Stewart, the governor of the castle. What was
+the result, whether the blameless victim of the will of others was
+released, or whether he sank among the many who could not sustain the
+hardships of their fate, does not appear.[238]
+
+The Earl of Southesk, although it was reported he had been killed,
+rallied his men, and retreated with the Marquis of Tullibardine, the
+Earl Marischal and several heads of clans to the mountains, to shelter
+themselves from the pursuit of the Government troops. Some of these
+chieftains afterwards made their escape to Skye, Lewis, and other of the
+north-western islands, till ships came to their relief and carried them
+abroad.[239] What was the fate of the Earl of Southesk afterwards is not
+known: neither what became of his descendant.[240] He had married the
+Lady Margaret Stewart, daughter of the Earl of Galloway, and by her,
+according to some accounts, he had two sons; according to a contemporary
+Scottish peerage, he had one child only. His widow also went on the
+Continent, and the mention of her name by her brother, the Earl of
+Galloway, in a letter written at Clery in France,[241] without that of
+her husband, in May 1730, appears to indicate that she was then a widow,
+and not married again.[242]
+
+How long Lady Southesk lived, the wife of the Master of Sinclair, is
+dubious. He survived her, and married afterwards, Emilia the daughter of
+Lord George Murray, brother of the Duke of Atholl. This intimate
+connection with one of the principal leaders of the Rebellion of 1745,
+did not, however, induce the Master to enter a second time into a course
+towards which he had, perhaps in truth, no sincere good will.
+
+Upon his flight to the Continent, the Master of Sinclair was outlawed,
+and attainted in blood for his share in the Insurrection of 1715. His
+father being still alive, and not having taken an active part, his
+estates escaped forfeiture, and Lord Sinclair endeavoured so to dispose
+of them as to prevent their becoming the property of the Crown. It was
+necessary, on this account, that Lord Sinclair should disinherit his
+eldest son; and "as it would," says Sir Walter Scott, "have been highly
+impolitic to have alleged his forfeiture for treason as a cause of the
+deed, the slaughter of the Schaws was given as a reason for his
+exheredation." The following is a clause of the deed by which the end
+was to be accomplished:
+
+"This new diposition of the family estate is explained and qualified by
+the second deed, being a back bond running in the names of the said
+James and William Sinclairs, which set forth that their father had been
+induced to grant a disposition of his estate in their favour, and to
+pass over their elder brother, to prevent all inconvenience and hazard
+whatsoever which the rents of the said Lord Sinclair, his heritable
+estate, or his moveables, might be liable to, if they were settled in
+the said Master's person, '_on accompt of the said Master of Sinclair
+his present circumstances, by means of an unfortunate quarrel that some
+years ago fell out between the said Master and two sons of the deceased
+Sir John Schaw of Greenock_; therefore," the deed proceeds to state, "it
+was reasonable that they, James and William Sinclair, should grant a
+back bond of settlement, binding themselves to manage the property, when
+they should respectively succeed to it by advice of friends, overseers,
+and managers,--viz. Sir John Erskine of Alva, Bart., Sir William Baird
+of New Baith, Bart., Mr. John Paterson, eldest lawful son to the
+deceased Archbishop of Glasgow, their brother-in-law--Sir John Cockburn
+of that Ilk, Bart., and Mr. Mathew Sinclair of Hermiston, their uncles.
+The said James and William Sinclair, as they should respectively succeed
+to the estate, were obliged to make certain necessary expenditure to the
+family for behoof of the Master; and the said James and William Sinclair
+became also bound, in case the Master, their brother, should become free
+of his present inconveniences, or should have a family of lawful
+children, then, and in that case to convey the estate to the said
+Master, or to his said children, at the sight of his trustees."[243]
+
+In the year 1726, the Master of Sinclair received pardon, as far as his
+life was concerned, but the forfeiture of his estates was not taken off,
+nor certain other incapacities reversed. He then returned to the family
+estate of Dysart in Fife, of which he was, by his father's disposition
+of affairs, the actual proprietor; and although the rents of the
+property were levied in his brother's name, they were applied and
+received by the Master. General James Sinclair, the second brother of
+the Master, was then the nominal owner only of the estates. But although
+thus returning to his patrimonial inheritance, the Master never
+recovered the good will of his former friends, nor the blessings of
+security, and of a calm and honoured old age. He seldom visited
+Edinburgh, living in seclusion and never going from home without being
+well guarded and attended for fear of the Jacobites, or of his enemies
+the Schaws. Under these circumstances it seems to have been a relief to
+his bitter and mortified spirit to have vented itself, in like manner
+with Lord Lovat, in composing memoirs of his own life. "These memoirs,"
+says Sir Walter Scott, who long had a copy of them in his possession,
+"are written[244] with talent, and peculiar satirical energy: so much
+so indeed, that they have been hitherto deemed unfit for publication.
+The circumstances attending the slaughter of the Schaws argue a fierce
+and vindictive temper, and the frame of mind which Sinclair displays as
+an author exhibits the same character. They are, however, very curious,
+and it is to be hoped will one day be made public, as a valuable
+addition to the catalogue of royal and noble authors. It is singular
+that the author seems to have written himself into a tolerably good
+style, for the language of the Memoirs, which at first is scarcely
+grammatical, becomes as he advances disengaged, correct, and
+spirited."[245]
+
+On the whole, it must be acknowledged that qualities more repulsive and
+a career more culpable, have darkened no narrative connected with the
+Jacobites so unpleasantly as the biography of the Master of Sinclair. A
+disgrace to every party, he appears to have joined the adherents of the
+Stuarts, only in order to disturb their councils, and to vilify their
+memory with personal invective. He has extorted no compassion for the
+errors and crimes of his earlier years by the courage and magnanimity of
+a later period: his character stands forth, unredeemed by a single trait
+of heroism, in all the darkness of violence and revenge.
+
+The Barony of Sinclair, lost to the family in consequence of the
+attainder of the Master of Sinclair, was not assumed either by him,
+after his pardon in 1726, nor by his brother General James Sinclair. At
+the death of General Sinclair in 1762, the title reverted to Charles
+Sinclair, Esq., of Herdmanstown, a cousin, and after him to his son
+Andrew, who also allowed his claim to the Barony to lie dormant. It was,
+however, revived at his death in 1776, by his only son Charles, who is
+the present Lord Sinclair.[246]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[226] See Proceedings of the Court Martial held upon John, Master of
+Sinclair, with Correspondence, p. 27. 1828. Printed by Ballantyne and
+Company. Presented to the Roxburgh Club by Sir Walter Scott.
+
+[227] It is printed in the interesting little collection before referred
+to, p. 35.
+
+[228] Life of the Master of Sinclair, p. ix.
+
+[229] His name is not among those who were assembled on the
+hunting-field of Braemar.
+
+[230] Reay, p. 234.
+
+[231] See Lord Mar's Life and Letters.
+
+[232] Life of the Master of Sinclair, page v.
+
+[233] See Lord Mar's Life, from the Mar Papers.
+
+[234] Mar Papers.
+
+[235] Reay's History of the Rebellion, p. 218.
+
+[236] Reay, p. 387.
+
+[237] See the certificate of the Justices of Forfar, in the State Paper
+Office, respecting the case of James Carnegie. Dated, Montrose, the
+first of October, 1716.
+
+[238] See Papers in the State Paper Office for 1715 and 1716.
+
+[239] Reay, p. 372.
+
+[240] The title has remained in abeyance ever since. A mystery hangs
+over the fate of this family.
+
+[241] See Letter.
+
+[242] The letter from Lord Garlies, in which Lady Southesk is mentioned,
+is to be seen in the Murray MS. in the Advocate's Library at Edinburgh.
+It is addressed to the eccentric and imprudent Sir Alexander Murray of
+Stanhope. These papers were found on a floor of a room in Herriot's
+Hospital, and were rescued from destruction by Dr. Irvine of the
+Advocate's Library. After some remarks of no moment, Lord Garlies,
+afterwards the Earl of Galloway, observes--
+
+    "But now I hope that yours and all honest men's misfortunes are to
+    have a turn, and since my cheif has had the good fortune to gett a
+    young prince, I pray God his and all honest men's misfortunes may be
+    at an end; and I hope before my young cheif dies, he shall have the
+    name of Charles the Third. I beg of you to let me hear from you, and
+    when I may expect to have the happinesse of seeing you in this
+    countrey, which is what I both long mightily for, and expect as soon
+    as you can conveniently. Besides, it will be a mighty obligation
+    added to the many you have already done me, who am, dear Sandy,
+
+    "yours entirely whylst
+                                                            "GARLIES."
+
+    "May 12, 1730."
+
+    "Sister Southesque and my spouse make their compliments to you."
+
+[243] Life of Master of Sinclair, page viii.
+
+[244] The manuscript from which the life of the Master of Sinclair was
+taken, was found by Sir Walter Scott among the papers of his mother, who
+was distantly related to the family of Greenock. The proceedings of the
+court-martial were attested by the subscription of John Cunningham,
+probably a clerk of the court.
+
+[245] The MS. Memoirs of the Master of Sinclair are at present in the
+possession of the Countess of Rosslyn.
+
+[246] Burke's Peerage.
+
+
+
+
+CAMERON OF LOCHIEL.[247]
+
+
+The clan Cameron, from whom were descended the chieftains who took an
+active part in the Jacobite cause, had its seat in Lochaber, of which
+one of their ancestors had originally received a grant from Robert
+Bruce. They sprang, according to some accounts, from the same source as
+that of the clan Chattan: they became, nevertheless, in the course of
+the fourteenth century, an independent state. In a manuscript history of
+the clan Cameron, they have been traced so far back as to the year 404;
+and their origin in Scotland ascribed to the arrival of a younger son of
+the royal family of Denmark, their progenitors acquiring the name of
+Cameron from his crooked nose.
+
+The clan consisted of three septs; but the family of Lochiel were
+acknowledged as the chief, and, according to the singular system of
+clanship, the Camerons freely gave up their wills to that of their
+head. The history of this family, whilst it shows by what decision of
+character and intrepidity of conduct this superiority was maintained,
+presents little else than a tissue of successive feuds between the clan
+and its neighbours, until, during the seventeenth century, the events of
+history brought forth qualities of still greater importance to
+distinguish the house of Lochiel. From henceforth the disputes with the
+clan Chattan, and the long-standing feuds with the Mackintoshes, merged
+into obscurity compared with the more stirring interests into which the
+chieftains were now, fatally for their prosperity, intermingled.
+
+The celebrated Sir Ewan Dhu of Lochiel, one of the finest specimens of
+the Highland chieftains on record, had passed a long life in the service
+of the Stuart family, for whom, even as a boy, he had manifested a sort
+of intuitive affection. This cherished sentiment had repelled the
+efforts of his kinsman, the Marquis of Argyle, to mould his youthful
+mind to the precepts of the Puritans and Covenanters. Sir Ewan Dhu
+combined a commanding personal appearance with a suitable majesty of
+deportment, and with a shrewd, dauntless, honourable, generous mind. His
+very sirname had an influence upon the good will of his superstitious
+and devoted followers. It denoted that he was dark, both in hair and
+complexion; and so many brave achievements had been performed by
+chieftains of the clan Cameron, who were of this complexion, that it had
+been foretold by gifted seers, that never should a fair Lochiel prove
+fortunate. Endowed with this singular hold upon the confidence of his
+people, Ewan Dhu eclipsed all his predecessors in the virtues of his
+heart and the strength of his understanding. His vigilance, his energy,
+and firmness were the qualities which had distinguished him as a
+military leader when, in the close of his days, the hopes and designs of
+the modern Jacobites began to engage the attention of the Highland
+chiefs.
+
+The career of Ewan Dhu Cameron had been one of singular prosperity. At
+the age of eighteen, he had broken loose from the trammels of Argyle's
+control, and joined the standard of the Marquis of Montrose. He had
+contrived to keep his estate clear, even after the event of that
+unsuccessful cause, from Cromwell's troops. He next repaired to the
+royal standard raised in the Highlands by the Earl of Glencairne, and
+won the applause of Charles the Second, then in exile at Chantilly, for
+his courage and success. The middle period of his life was consumed in
+efforts, not only to abet the cause of Charles the Second, but to
+restore peace to his impoverished and harassed country. Yet he long
+resisted persuasions to submit and swear allegiance to Cromwell, and at
+length boldly avowed, that rather than take the oath for an usurper, he
+would live as an outlaw. His generous and humane conduct to the English
+prisoners whom he had captured during the various skirmishes had,
+however, procured him friends in the English army. "No oath," wrote
+General Monk, "shall be required of Lochiel to Cromwell, but his word to
+live in peace." His word was given, and, until after the restoration,
+Lochiel and his followers, bearing their arms as before, remained in
+repose.
+
+At Killicrankie, however, the warrior appeared again on the field,
+fighting, under the unfortunate Viscount Dundee, for James the Second.
+As the battle began, the enemy in General Mackay's regiment raised a
+shout. "Gentlemen," cried the shrewd Lochiel, addressing the
+Highlanders, "the day is our own. I am the oldest commander in the army,
+and I have always observed that so dull and heavy a noise as that which
+you have heard is an evil omen." The words ran throughout the
+Highlanders; elated by the prediction, they rushed on the foe, fighting
+like furies, and in half an hour the battle was ended.
+
+Although Sir Ewan Dhu was thus engaged on the side of James, his second
+son was a captain in the Scottish fusileers, and served under Mackay in
+the ranks of Government. As General Mackay observed the Highland army
+drawn up on the face of a hill, west of the Pass, he turned to young
+Cameron and said, "There is your father and his wild savages; how would
+you like to be with him?" "It signifies little," replied the Cameron,
+"what I would like; but I would have you be prepared, or perhaps my
+father and his wild savages may be nearer to you before night than you
+may dream of." Upon the death of Dundee, Sir Ewan Dhu, disgusted by the
+deficiencies of the commander who succeeded him, retired to Lochaber,
+and left the command of his clansmen to his eldest son, John Cameron,
+who, with his son Donald, form the subjects of this memoir.
+
+Sir Ewan Dhu lived until the year 1719, enjoying the security which his
+exploits had procured for him; and maintaining, by his own dignified
+deportment, the credit of a family long upheld by a previous succession
+of able and honourable chieftains. The state and liberality of the
+Camerons were not supported, nevertheless, by a lavish expenditure;
+their means were limited: "Yet," says Mrs. Grant of Laggan in her MS.
+account of the clan, "perhaps even our own frugal country did not afford
+an instance of a family, who lived in so respectable a manner, and
+showed such liberal and dignified hospitality upon so small an income,"
+as that of Lochiel.
+
+The part which Sir Ewan Dhu had taken in the action at Killicrankie
+would, it was naturally supposed, draw down upon him the vengeance of
+those who visited with massacre the neighbouring valley of Glencoe. The
+forbearance of Government can only be accounted for by the supposition
+that King William, with his usual penetration, decreed it safer to
+conciliate, than to attempt to crush a clan which was connected by
+marriage with the most powerful of the Highland chieftains.
+
+No arts could, however, win the allegiance of the Camerons from those
+whom they considered as their rightful sovereigns. Towards the end of
+William's reign, the young chieftain John was sent privately to France,
+where his early notions of loyalty were confirmed, and his attachment
+to the court of James enhanced, by the influence of the Duke of Berwick,
+who formed with him a sincere and durable friendship.
+
+The character of the chieftain was softened in the young Lochiel. He was
+intelligent, frank, and conciliating in his manners, and had associated
+more generally with the world than was usually the case with the
+chieftains of those days. Among the circles with whom the young Lochiel
+mingled, Barclay Urie, the well known apologist of the Quakers, was also
+accustomed to appear. An attachment was thenceforth formed between John
+Cameron and the daughter of Barclay, and a matrimonial alliance was soon
+afterwards decided upon between the daughter of that gentleman and the
+young chieftain.
+
+The choice was considered a singular one on the part of the young man.
+It was the customary plan to intermarry with some of the neighbouring
+clans; nor was it permitted for the chieftain to make a choice without
+having first ascertained how far the clan were agreeable to his wishes.
+This usage proceeded, in part, from the notion of consanguinity between
+every member of a clan, even of the lowest degree, to his chieftain, and
+the affability and courtesy with which the head was in the habit of
+treating those over whom he ruled. The clans were even known to carry
+their interference with the affairs of their chief so far as to
+disapprove of the choice of their abodes, or to select a site for a new
+residence.[248]
+
+The sway which Sir Ewan Dhu had acquired over his followers was such
+that he dispensed with the ordinary practice, and, without the consent
+of the clans, agreed to receive the young Quakeress as his daughter. The
+marriage was completed, and eventually received the full approbation of
+the whole clan Cameron.
+
+Meantime, great efforts had been made on the part of the English
+Government to detach Sir Ewan Dhu from his faith to James the Second.
+But the monarch who could attempt so hopeless a task as the endeavour to
+cause a Highlander to break his oath of fidelity, very faintly
+comprehended the national character, then existing in all its strength
+and all its weakness,--in its horror of petty crimes and its
+co-operation of great outrages,--in its small meannesses and lofty
+generous traits,--in its abhorrence of a broken vow or of treachery to a
+leader. The temptation offered was indeed considerable. Sir Ewan Dhu was
+to have a pension of three hundred a-year, to be perpetuated to his son,
+whom the Government were particularly anxious to entice back to
+Scotland. The old chieftain was also to be appointed Governor of Fort
+William.[249] But the emissaries of William the Third could not have
+chosen a worse period than that in which to treat with the brave and
+wary Cameron. The massacre of Glencoe was fresh in the remembrance of
+the people, and the stratagem, the fiendish snares which had been
+prepared to betray the unsuspecting Macdonalds to their destruction,
+were also recalled with the deep curses of a wronged and slaughtered
+people. The game of cards, the night before the massacre, between the
+villain Campbell, and the two sons of Glencoe,--the proffered and
+accepted hospitality of the chieftain, whose hand was grasped in seeming
+friendliness by the man who had resolved to exterminate him and his
+family, were cherished recollections--cherished by the determined spirit
+of hate and revenge which contemplated future retribution.
+
+Sir Ewan Dhu therefore rejected these dazzling offers; he neither
+recalled his son from France, nor accepted the command offered to him,
+but busied himself in schemes which eventually swayed the destinies of
+the Camerons.
+
+Not many miles from Achnacarry, the seat of Lochiel, rose, on the border
+of Loch Oich, the castle of Alaster Dhu, or Dusk Alexander, of
+Glengarry. The territories of this chieftain were contiguous to those of
+Lochiel; and his character, which was of acknowledged valour, wisdom,
+and magnanimity, formed a still stronger bond of union than their
+relative position. Glengarry was the head of a very powerful clan,
+called Macdonnells, in contradistinction to the Macdonalds of the Isles,
+whose claim to superiority they always resisted; declaring, by the voice
+of their bards and family historians, that the house of Antrim, from
+whom the Macdonalds of the Isles were descended, owed its origin to the
+Macdonnells of Glengarry.
+
+The clan Glengarry was now at its height of power under the heroic
+Alaster Dhu, its chieftain, whose immediate predecessor had risen to be
+a Lord of Session, at a time when that office brought no little power
+and influence to its possessors: he had gained both wealth and credit in
+his high seat; and, upon retiring, had visited Italy, had brought back a
+taste for architecture to his native country, and the castle of
+Invergarrie, part of the walls of which remain undemolished, rose as a
+memento of his architectural taste.
+
+The Lord of Session had cherished sentiments of loyalty for the exiled
+family; these were transmitted to Alaster Dhu. The gallant Lochiel and
+the chief of Glengarry were therefore disposed to smother in their
+feelings of loyalty the feuds which too often raged between clans nearly
+approximate. They therefore formed a compact to promote, in every way,
+the interest of the royal exiles; and in this vain attempt at
+restoration which ensued, the fate of their clansmen was sealed.[250]
+That of the Camerons is yet to be told; a slight digression respecting
+their gallant allies may here be excused.
+
+When the feudal system which subsisted between the Highland chieftains
+and their clansmen was dissolved, it became the plan of many of the
+landholders to rid themselves of their poor tenantry, and to substitute
+in their place labourers and farmers from the south of Scotland. The
+helpless population of the glens and hill-sides were thus sent to
+wander, poor and ignorant of anything but their own homes, and speaking
+no language but their mother tongue, and wholly unskilled in any
+practical wisdom. Some emigrated, but many were pressed into service on
+board the emigrant ships, although the commanders of those vessels could
+not, in some instances, prevail upon themselves to tear the Highlanders
+away from their wives and families.
+
+To remedy this melancholy state of affairs, and to employ the banished
+mountaineers, it was proposed about the year 1794, to embody some of the
+sufferers, the Macdonnells of Glengarry in particular, into a Catholic
+corps, under their young chieftain, Alexander Macdonnell, and employ
+them in the service of the English Government. This scheme, after many
+difficulties, was accomplished. At first, it worked well for the relief
+of the destitute clan; but, in 1802, in spite of their acknowledged good
+conduct, the Glengarry regiment was disbanded.
+
+The friend of the unfortunate, who had originally proposed the
+consolidation of the corps, was Dr. Macdonald, who had been afterwards
+appointed chaplain to the regiment. He now projected another scheme for
+the maintenance of the clan Glengarry; and, after some opposition, his
+plan was effected. It was to convey the whole of the Macdonnells, with
+their wives and families, to a district in Upper Canada, where the clan,
+at this moment, is permanently established. The place in which they live
+bears the name of their native glen, and the farms they possess are
+called by the loved appellations of their former tenements: and, when
+the American war tried the fidelity of the emigrants, the clan gave a
+proof of their loyalty by enrolling themselves into a corps, under the
+old name of the Glengarry Fencibles.[251]
+
+In the battle of Killicrankie, Glengarry had led his forces to fight for
+James the Second; and after that engagement, in which Glengarry had had
+a brother killed, he had become very obnoxious to the Government, and
+had found it necessary to retire for some time, whilst his more favoured
+friend Lochiel tranquilly occupied his own house of Achnacarrie, a place
+wholly undefended. The retreat in which Glengarry hid himself was a
+small wooded island in Lochacaig; and in this seclusion a manoeuvre
+was planned, highly characteristic of the subtlety, and yet daring of
+the Highland chieftains who were engaged in it. It shows, also, the
+state of the national feeling towards the English Government, at a time
+when comparative quiet appeared to be established in the Highlands.
+
+Attached to certain regiments which were then lying at Fort William,
+there were a number of young volunteers, men of good family, who had a
+soldier's pay, if they wished it, and were considered as pupils in the
+art of war, "at liberty to retire if they chose, and eligible, being
+often persons of family, to fill the vacancies which war or disease
+occasioned among the subalterns."[252] This regiment was now about to
+occupy the garrisons, and on their way to the Tyendrum or Black Mount,
+the officers engaged in conversation, little dreading an assault in a
+country inhabited only by a few herdsmen, and considered by them as
+wholly subdued. But they were deceived in their sense of safety. Among
+the heath and bushes in a narrow pass, circumscribed, on the one side,
+by a steep mountain, and on the other by a small lake, which skirted the
+path, for road there was not, lay in ambush two hundred well-armed and
+light-footed Highlanders. The youths, or volunteers, were in the rear of
+the regiment; as they marched fearlessly through the deep solitude of
+this wild district, the Highlanders sprang forwards from their
+ambuscade; and before the young soldiers could recover their surprise or
+have recourse to their arms, eight or ten young men of family were
+seized on and hurried away. With these were mingled others, among these
+volunteers of less importance, who were carried away in the confusion by
+mistake. A few shots were fired by the soldiery, but without any effect,
+for the Highlanders had disappeared. This sudden attack excited the
+utmost consternation among the officers of the regiment, nor could they
+discover the object of this aggression; nor did they know either how to
+pursue the assailants, or in what terms to report to Government so
+ignominious a loss. They marched, therefore, silently to Dumbarton
+without attempting to pursue an enemy whose aim it might be to lure
+them into some fastness, there to encounter a foe too powerful, from the
+nature of the country, to be resisted. On arriving at Dumbarton the
+mystery was explained. There the commander of the corps found a letter,
+stating that "certain chiefs of clans had no objection to King William's
+ruling in England, considering that nation as at liberty to choose its
+own rulers; but that they never could, consistently with what they had
+sworn on their arms, take an oath to any other sovereign while the
+family of St. Germains remained in existence. They were," the writers
+continued, "unwilling either to perjure themselves, or to hold their
+lands in daily fear, and subject to the petty instruments of power. They
+were willing to live peaceably under the present rule, but were resolved
+neither to violate the dictates of conscience, nor to have their
+possessions disturbed. In the meantime, to prevent encroachments upon
+their lands, and to prevent the necessity of rushing into hostilities
+with the Government, they had taken hostages to ensure their safety, and
+with these they would never part until Sir Ewan Dhu and Alaster Dhu had
+obtained assurances that they should never be disturbed for their
+principles whilst they lived peaceably on their estates."
+
+This declaration was accompanied by a powerful remonstrance upon the
+folly and danger of exasperating clans powerful from their union, and
+from the inaccessibility of the country which they inhabited. The
+tenderness of conscience, the fidelity to an exiled monarch, were made,
+the writers urged, a plea for every species of oppression and petty
+tyranny. The late massacre of Glencoe justified, they said, the measures
+of precaution they were taking; and, finally they threatened, should
+their petition be refused to take refuge in France, carrying with them
+their young hostages, there to proclaim the impolicy and injustice of
+the English Government. This address was dispatched, not to the Privy
+Council, but to the relations and friends of the young prisoners, who
+were interested in procuring a favourable reception for its negotiation;
+and the chiefs who subscribed to this address reasonably expected that
+the fear of their power, exaggerated in the sister kingdom, where a
+total ignorance of the manners and character of the Scottish
+mountaineers existed, would prevail to lend force to their arguments.
+This negotiation was never made public; it proved, however, effectual,
+as far as the comfort of some of the parties engaged in it were
+concerned.
+
+By the influence of the rising party, who, espousing the interests of
+the Princess Anne, were gaining ground in the country during the decline
+of William, Sir Ewan Dhu and Glengarry, who were jointly considered as
+the promoters of this affair, remained unpunished for a manoeuvre on
+which public opinion in England was not inclined to pass a very severe
+judgment, after the recent massacre of Glencoe.[253] Some secret
+negotiations placed everything on a secure footing; and, during the
+reign of Queen Anne; the two chieftains lived in tranquillity, their
+mutual regard continuing undiminished during their lives, and becoming
+the subject, after their deaths, of the lays composed in their honour by
+their native bards.
+
+During his latter days, Sir Ewan Dhu had the consolation of seeing his
+son happy in the choice of a wife. Beautiful and good, the young
+Quakeress soon established herself in the good opinions of all those who
+were acquainted with her; and there seems every reason to conclude that
+she inherited the virtues, without the peculiarities of her father,
+Robert Barclay of Urey. That eminent man was descended from a Norman
+family which traced its ancestry to Thomas de Berkley, whose descendants
+established themselves in Scotland. By his mother's side, Barclay was
+allied to the house of Huntley; and by his connection with the heiress
+of the mother's family, a considerable estate in Aberdeenshire was added
+to the honours of antiquity. Unhappily for the lovers of the old Norman
+appellations, the name of de Berkley was changed, in the fifteenth
+century, into that of Barclay. One of Robert Barclay's sons, who became
+a mercer in Cheapside, had the rare fortune of entertaining three
+successive monarchs when they visited the City on the Lord Mayor's
+Day,--George the First, George the Second, and George the Third; whose
+heart, as it is well known, was touched by the beauty of one of the fair
+descendants of Robert Barclay.
+
+Previously to the marriage between Lochiel and the young Quakeress, the
+family into which he entered had been impoverished, and the estate of
+Mathers, from which the Barclays derived their name, sold to defray
+debt.
+
+The career of Robert Barclay was singular. He was first converted to
+Popery during his residence in Paris, when he was fifteen; and he
+changed that faith for the simple persuasion of the Quakers when he had
+attained his nineteenth year. He adopted the tenets of the Friends at a
+period when it required much courage to adhere to a sect who were
+vilified and ridiculed, not only in England but in Scotland. It was to
+refute these attacks against the Quakers that Barclay wrote the book
+entitled, "Truth cleared of Calumnies." His ability and sincerity have
+never been doubted; but some distrust of his reason may be forgiven,
+when we find the Quaker, a grave and happily married man, walking
+through the streets of Aberdeen, clothed in sackcloth and ashes, under
+the notion that he was commanded by the Lord to call the people unto
+repentance; he appealed to witnesses to prove the "agony of his spirit,"
+and how he "had besought the Lord with tears, that this cup might pass
+away from him."
+
+This singular act of humiliation was contrasted by frequent visits to
+the Court of Charles the Second, and to Elizabeth of Bohemia. To the
+house of Stuart, Barclay was ever fondly attached. His father had
+suffered in the civil wars; and the doctrines of non-resistance and
+passive obedience, avowed by the Quakers, were favourable to the Stuart
+dynasty. The last visit which Barclay paid to London was rendered
+memorable by the abdication of James the Second. As he was standing
+beside that monarch, near a window, the King looked out, and remarked
+that "the wind was fair for the Prince of Orange to come over." "It is
+hard," replied Barclay, "that no expedient can be found to satisfy the
+people." James answered, that "he would do anything becoming a
+gentleman, except parting with liberty of conscience, which he would
+never do while he lived." Barclay only survived that eventful period two
+years. His children, singular as it may seem, were all living fifty
+years after their father's death.
+
+To the daughter of this inflexible and courageous man was Cameron of
+Lochiel united. During the first years of their marriage, even before
+the death of Sir Ewan Dhu, they lived peacefully in the home of their
+ancestors; and whilst Anne reigned, that happy tranquillity was
+undisturbed. The name of Anne was long cherished in the Highlands on
+account of the rare intervals of peace and plenty which her rule, and as
+it was thought, her pious prayers, afforded to a ravaged and oppressed
+country. Seven years' famine, during the reign of William, were charged
+upon the monarch's head: plenteous crops and peaceful abundance were
+ascribed to the merits of Queen Anne.[254] Meantime, the gentle and
+happy Lady of Lochiel won all hearts: she was distinguished, as
+tradition reports, for prudence, activity and affability. "One great
+defect," adds Mrs. Grant, "she had, however, which was more felt as such
+in the Highlands than it would have been in any other place. She did
+not, as a certain resolute countrywoman of hers was advised to do,
+'bring forth men-children only;' on the contrary, daughters in
+succession, a thing scarce pardonable in one who was looked up to and
+valued in a great measure as being the supposed mother of a future
+chief. In old times women could only exist while they were defended by
+the warriour and supported by the hunter. When this dire necessity in
+some measure ceas'd, the mode of thinking to which it gave rise
+continued. And after the period of youth and beauty were past, woman was
+only consider'd as having given birth to man. John Locheil's mind was
+above this illiberal prejudice: he loudly welcomed his daughters and
+caress'd their mother on their appearrance as much as if every one of
+them had been a young hero in embryo. His friends and neighbours us'd on
+these occassions to ask in a sneering manner, "What has the lady got?"
+To which he invariably answered, "A lady indeed:" this answer had a more
+pointed significance there than with us. For in the Highlands no one is
+call'd a lady but a person named to the proprietors of an estate. All
+others, however rich or high-born, are only _gentlewomen_. How the
+prediction intentionally included in the chief's answer was fulfill'd,
+will hereafter appear.
+
+"Besides the family title, every Highland chieftain has a patronymic
+deriv'd from the most eminent of their ancestors, probably the founder
+of the family, and certainly the first who confer'd distinction on it.
+Thus Argyle is the son of Colin, Breadalbane the son of Archibald, &c.;
+and the chief of the Camerons was always stil'd son of Donald Dhu, Black
+Donald, whatever his name or complexion may be, as well as the
+appellation deriv'd from it, because it would appear hereditary in the
+family, and at length it became a tradition or prophesy among the clan
+that a fair Lochiel should never prosper."
+
+At length, after the birth of twelve daughters, a son and heir made his
+appearance. But the satisfaction of the clans was dashed by hearing that
+the ill-starred little laird was fair, like his sisters. The prophecy
+that a fair Lochiel should never prosper, was recalled with dismay; and,
+unhappily, the fears of superstition were too mournfully realized by
+fact. The young Cameron was named Donald: his birth was followed by the
+appearance of two other boys,--Archibald, afterwards the ill-fated Dr.
+Cameron, and John, who was called Fassefern, from an estate. "The proud
+prediction of their father," continues Mrs. Grant, "was soon amply
+fulfilled with regard to the daughters of this extraordinary family."
+"Their history," she adds, "unites the extravagance of romance with the
+sober reality of truth."
+
+The twelve daughters of Lochiel were admirably educated, and the fame of
+their modest virtues soon extended through the Highlands. The great
+point in matrimonial alliances in those rude regions was to obtain a
+wife well born, and well allied; and little fortune was ever expected
+with the daughter of a chief. Ancestry was the great point with a
+Highlander, for he believed that defects of mind, as well as of person,
+were hereditary. All, therefore, sought the daughters of Lochiel, as
+coming of an untainted race. The elder ones were married early, and
+seemed, as Mrs. Grant expresses it, by the solicitude to obtain them, as
+ever to increase, like the Sibyl's leaves, in value, as they lessened in
+number. Of the daughters, one, the youngest and the fairest, was
+actually married to Cameron of Glendinning, in the twelfth year of her
+age. She became a widow, and afterwards married Maclean of Kingasleet,
+so that she was successively the wife of two heads of houses. Another,
+Jean Cameron, who was the least comely of her family, but possessed of a
+commanding figure and powerful understanding, was married to Clunie, the
+Chief of the Clan Macpherson. She is said to have been celebrated in the
+pathetic poem, entitled "Lochaber no More," the poet, who laments his
+departure from Lochaber, and his farewell to his Jean, having been an
+officer in one of the regiments stationed at Fort William.
+
+By the marriage of his twelve daughters with the heads of houses, the
+political importance of Lochiel was considerably enhanced, and a
+confederacy, containing many noted families who were bound together by
+opinion and kindred, formed a strong opposition to the reigning
+Government. The sons-in-law of Lochiel were the following chiefs:
+Cameron of Dungallan, Barclay of Urie, Grant of Glenmoriston, Macpherson
+of Clunie, Campbell of Barcaldine, Campbell of Auchalader, Campbell of
+Auchlyne, Maclean of Lochbuy, Macgregor of Bohowdie, Wright of Loss,
+Maclean of Ardgour, and Cameron of Glendinning. All the daughters became
+the mothers of families; "and these numerous descendants, still,"
+observes Mrs. Grant, "cherish the bonds of affinity, now so widely
+diffused, and still boast their descent from these female
+worthies."[255]
+
+Among most of the influential chieftains who espoused the daughters of
+Lochiel, was the celebrated Macpherson of Clunie, who afterwards took a
+very important part in the Rebellions of 1715 and 1745. The career of
+Clunie affords a melancholy, but rare, instance of indecision, if not of
+double dealing, in the Jacobites. Before the battle of Culloden, anxious
+to retrieve his affairs and to ensure his safety, he took the oaths to
+the English Government, and was appointed to a company in Lord Loudon's
+Highlanders. His clan, nevertheless, were eager to join Charles Edward,
+and urged him to lead them to his standard. Clunie hesitated between
+the obligation to his oath, and his secret devotion to the Stuarts. His
+defection irritated the British Government: he became one of those whose
+life was forfeited to the laws. After the battle of Culloden he secreted
+himself, and lived for nine years in a cave, at a short distance from
+the site of his own house, which had been burned by the King's troops.
+The cave was in front of a woody precipice, the trees, &c., completely
+concealing the entrance. It was dug out by his own people, who worked at
+night, or when time had slackened the rigour of the search. Upwards of
+one hundred persons knew of this retreat, and one thousand pounds were
+offered as a reward to any who would discover it. Eighty men were
+stationed there to intimidate the tenantry into a disclosure, but it was
+all in vain; none could be found so base as to betray their chief.[256]
+
+For two years Sir Hector Monro in vain remained in Badenoch, for the
+purpose of discovering Clunie's retreat. The Macphersons remained true
+to their chieftain. At times he emerged from his dark recess, to mingle
+for awhile in the hours of night with his friends, when he was protected
+by the vigilance and affection of his clansmen, unwearied in their work
+of duty. At last, broken-spirited, and despairing of that mercy which
+was accorded by the English Government to so few of the insurgents,
+Clunie escaped to France, and there died, ten years after the fatal
+events of 1745.[257] The estate of this unfortunate chieftain was
+restored to his family, who claim to be the ancient representatives of
+the clan Chattan; with what justice it would be dangerous to declare,
+since no risk could be more rashly encountered than that which is
+incurred in discussing Highland prerogative.
+
+Surrounded by his powerful relatives and fair daughters, Lochiel hailed
+with no very sanguine spirit the coming troubles which quickly followed
+the accession of the house of Hanover. Already was the Jacobite
+association busily at work in the south of Scotland; and it was
+impossible, from the temper of the populace in both nations, not to
+augur, in a short time, some serious popular outbreak. In the minds of
+the Highland chieftains a hatred of English dominion, and a desire of
+independence, constituted even a more potent source of adherence of the
+Stuarts than any personal feeling towards that line. Most of these
+chiefs languished to see a king of their own nation reign over them. To
+such a ruler they would, as they considered, be viewed not as a
+secondary object. Their interests had been neglected in the Treaty of
+Darien,--a settlement which had inspired the landholders of the Low
+Country with aversion to William.
+
+Expectations had also been raised, tending to the belief that Anne,
+secretly well affected to her brother, had made such provisions in her
+will as would ensure the descent of the Crown in the direct line; and
+nothing could exceed the disgust and amazement of the Highlanders when
+they beheld a foreigner seated on a throne, from which, they well knew,
+it would be impossible to dispossess him. "To restore," as Mrs. Grant
+observes, "their ancient race of monarchs to the separate Crown of
+Scotland, was their fondest wish. This visionary project was never
+adopted by the Jacobites at large, who were too well informed to suppose
+it either practicable or eligible. But it serv'd as an engine to excite
+the zeal of bards and sennachies, who were still numerous in the
+Highlands, and in whose poetry strong traces of this airy project may
+still be found."
+
+Soon after the accession of George the First, certain of the Highland
+chieftains dispatched a letter to the Earl of Mar, desiring that
+nobleman to assure the Government of their loyalty and submission. Among
+the names subscribed are those of Lochiel, of his friend Glengarry, and
+of Clunie. The address is said to have been a stratagem of Mar's to gain
+time, and to give him an opportunity of ripening his schemes.[258] But
+it appears more probable that there was, at first, a spirit of
+moderation and a desire for peace in the chieftains, until they were
+afterwards stimulated by the intrigues of the disappointed and baffled
+Earl of Mar. Lochiel, as well as many others, had little to gain, but
+much to lose, in any change of dynasty or convulsion in the state.
+Prosperous, beloved, secure, his fidelity to that which he believed to
+be the right cause was honourable to the highest degree to his
+character. That he was not sanguine in his hopes, is more than probable.
+Before he went to the battle of Sherriff Muir, he arranged his affairs
+so as to be prepared for the worst result that might befal his family.
+The frequent occurrence of feuds and civil wars in Scotland had taught
+the higher classes the use of stratagem and manoeuvre in these
+domestic disturbances. It was not unusual for a son and a father often
+to affect to take opposite sides, in order that the estate, happen what
+might, should be preserved to the family; and this was considered as
+consulting the general good of the clan. Lochiel, although he did not
+pursue this plan, yet left his affairs so arranged that, in the most
+fatal results of the Rebellion of 1715, his estate might be protected.
+His sons-in-law, powerful and devoted to the same cause, were well
+qualified to aid and to protect those members of the family who were
+entrusted to their friendly guidance. John Cameron was still styled
+"Cameron the younger, of Lochiel," for the renowned Sir Ewan Dhu was
+living when Mar summoned the chieftains to the hunting-field of Braemar.
+The aged chieftain had, at this time, attained his eighty-seventh year;
+it had been his glory, in early life, to defend a pass near Braemar
+against Cromwell's troops, until the royal army had retired; and, in
+fact, to be the instrument of saving Glencairn's troops, keeping himself
+clear of those cabals which at that time fatally harassed the
+disorganized Royalists. It was now his fate to send forth, under the
+guidance of his son, his gallant Camerons, to the number of eight
+hundred, to espouse the cause of the Stuarts.[259] No jealousies
+disturbed the confidence reposed on the one side, nor alienated
+affection on the other. The affection of the Highlanders for their
+children was one of the softened features in the national character. It
+was usually repaid with a decree of reverence, of filial piety, which,
+however other qualities may have declined and died away in the Highland
+character, have remained, like verdant plants amid autumnal decay. The
+appalling spectacle of a parent forsaken, or even neglected, by a child,
+is a sight never known in the Highlands: nor is the sense of duty
+lessened by absence from the mountains where first the sentiment was
+felt. The Highland soldier, far from his country, is accompanied by this
+holy love, this inexhaustible stimulus to exertion, which induces him to
+save with what may be unjustly called a niggard hand his earnings, to
+support, in their old age, those who have given him birth. "I have
+been," says General Stewart, "a frequent witness of these offerings of
+filial bounty, and the channel through which they were communicated; and
+I have generally found that a threat of informing their parents of
+misconduct, has operated as a sufficient check on young soldiers, who
+always received the intimation with a sort of horror."[260]
+
+Blessed, doubtless, with the approval of his father, Sir Ewan Dhu,
+Lochiel quitted his home. He left a wife whom he loved, a parent whom
+he reverenced, and whose span of life could not be long extended; he
+left a numerous and prosperous family, upon a sense of duty, a principle
+of loyalty, an adherence, so fixed and so sure among the Highlanders, to
+his engagements. The name of Cameron does not appear among the
+chieftains who were assembled at Braemar; but it appears probable that
+he attended the Earl of Mar's summons, since he was cited, by the
+authority of an act passed on the thirtieth of August, to appear at
+Edinburgh, as well as a number of other disaffected chieftains and
+noblemen, to give bail for his allegiance to the Government. The summons
+was not answered by a single individual, and the preparations for the
+fatal insurrection continued in unabated activity.
+
+The details of the hopeless struggle contain no especial mention of John
+Cameron of Lochiel; but, from manuscript sources, we learn that, after
+the battle of Sherriff Muir, he continued with the Jacobite army,
+conducted by General Gordon, to whom James Stuart had entrusted the
+command of that remnant of his gallant and deserted adherents. The
+Jacobite army having marched to Aberdeen, were there informed by General
+Gordon of the flight of the Chevalier, of that of Lord Mar, and of the
+other principal leaders. A letter was then read to them from James,
+declaring that the disappointments which he had met with, especially
+from abroad, had obliged him to leave the country. He thanked his
+subjects for their services, and desired them to advise with General
+Gordon, and to consult their own safety, either by keeping in a body,
+or separating, and encouraged them to hear from him again in a very
+short time. A singular scene ensued. General Gordon and the chief
+officers of the army, are said to have pretended surprise at this
+disclosure, although they were previously in the secret; but the
+indignation of the soldiers was extreme.
+
+"We are basely betrayed," they cried out; "we are all undone; we have
+neither King nor General left!"
+
+Shortly after this crisis, the Jacobite army dispersed; two hundred of
+them, amongst whom were many chieftains, went towards Peterhead,
+intending to embark, in vessels which they knew were waiting for them,
+for France; but the main body of the army marched westward, to
+Strathspey and Strath-dore to the Hills of Badenoch, where they
+separated. The foot-soldiers dispersed into the mountains, near Lochy,
+and the horse went to Lochaber, agreeing to reassemble, such was their
+undaunted fidelity and courage, on receiving notice from the
+Chevalier.[261] But such a summons never came, to arouse those brave men
+from the repose of their glens and fortresses.
+
+Lochiel had entrusted the guidance of his clan to his son, afterwards
+well known by the name of "gentle Lochiel," and the faithful promoter of
+Charles Edward's ill-starred enterprise. Persuaded that the safety and
+honour of his house were safe in the hands of this promising young man,
+who had been purposely kept in ignorance of the projected rising, and
+had taken no part in it, Lochiel resolved to consult his own safety, and
+to follow his royal master to France. After wandering for some time near
+Braemar, and in Badenoch, he escaped by means of one of the French
+frigates which were cruising near the coast of Scotland.[262]
+
+In 1719 Sir Ewan Dhu expired, having witnessed the rise and fall of that
+attempt to restore the Stuarts, which was only succeeded by a more
+desperate and melancholy undertaking. He lived to see his son an exile,
+but he had the consolation of reflecting that the honour of his clan,
+the great desideratum with a chieftain, was yet unstained either by
+cowardice or disloyalty.
+
+The Camerons do not appear to have had any participation in the abortive
+attempt in 1718 to revive the Stuart claim. Considered by the English
+Government as a proscribed rebel, and deemed of too much importance to
+be forgiven, Lochiel passed henceforth most of his days in the
+melancholy court of St. Germains, where he soon perceived how little
+faith there was to be placed in the energy and determination of James
+Stuart. At times his weary exile was relieved by secret visits to his
+own home at Achnacarry, where he found his son, dutiful and amiable,
+holding his possessions as in trust for his father. Lochiel was enabled
+by the power and alliance of his sons-in-law to remain in safety, as
+long as he pleased, during these visits; yet he professed to renounce
+Scotland until a change of Government should facilitate his return as a
+chieftain to his clansmen. In every district he found kindred ready to
+protect him, and he derived much importance from the influence he
+possessed through his children. His sons-in-law were mostly the heads of
+clans, and they all looked up to Lochiel with affectionate reverence.
+Had Lochiel been a remorseless partisan of James, instead of a true
+lover of his country, he might easily have stimulated his kindred, and
+set into motion the whole of that powerful connection of which he was
+the centre. But he perceived too plainly the risk of such a proceeding,
+and wisely declined involving the peaceful and the prosperous in the
+dangers of another contest. His moderate sentiments were confirmed by
+the early wisdom of his son,--one of those bright patterns of human
+excellence, gifted with every charm which attends a noble and gallant
+chieftain.
+
+During the early part of the Rebellion of 1745, John of Lochiel remained
+in France; but, when the battles of Falkirk and of Preston Pans raised
+the hopes of his party, he came over to Scotland, and landed on the
+coasts of Lochaber, a short time before the fatal blow to the Stuart
+cause was given at Culloden. After taking a last look at his house, and
+visiting, with what feelings can well be conceived, the scenes of his
+childhood, the haunts of his ancestry,--the house of Achnacarry, which
+was soon, as he well might conjecture, to be the object of vengeance to
+a foe more ruthless and brutal than ever party spirit had infuriated in
+this country before,--Lochiel, embarking in the vessel which had brought
+him to Scotland, elate with hope, returned to France. His exile was
+cheered by the friendship of the Duke of Berwick, but his heart seems
+ever to have been in Scotland. A few years afterwards he came over again
+privately to Edinburgh, and there his eventful life was closed.[263] His
+estates were included, after the year 1745, in the numerous forfeitures
+which followed the Rebellion; but they were eventually restored, and
+they have remained in possession of the family. Intrepid and amiable as
+John of Lochiel appears to have been, and perilous as was his career,
+his character bears no comparison in interest with that of one who was
+one of the brightest ornaments of his party--his gallant unfortunate
+son.
+
+Donald Cameron of Lochiel, had long exercised the authority of a
+chieftain, before the Rebellion of 1745 entailed upon him a
+participation in occupations still more arduous. He had, in short,
+arrived at middle age when he was called upon to support the claims of
+Charles Edward.
+
+To the virtues and intentions of this chieftain, even his enemies have
+borne tribute. He was accomplished, refined, and courteous; yet brave,
+firm, and daring. The warlike tribes around him, unaccustomed to such a
+combination of qualities, idolized the gallant and the good Lochiel. His
+father, reposing on his honour and prudence, relied with security upon
+his son's management of the family estates, and this confidence was
+never disturbed by presumption on the one hand, nor by suspicion on the
+other.
+
+Donald Cameron had imbibed the principles of his father; and there is
+little doubt but that, during the furtive visits of John Lochiel to
+Scotland, a tacit understanding had been formed between them to support
+the "good old cause," as they termed it, whenever circumstances should
+permit. But Donald Cameron, although "he loved his King well, loved his
+country better;" nor could he be persuaded to endanger the peace of that
+country by a rash enterprise, which could never, as he justly thought,
+prosper without foreign aid, and the hearty co-operation of the English
+Jacobites. His own clansmen were, he well knew, prepared for the
+contest, come when it might; for the conversation of the small gentry
+and of the retainers consisted, to borrow a description from a
+contemporary writer, entirely of disquisitions upon "martiall
+atchievements, deer huntings, and even valuing themselves upon their
+wicked expeditions and incursions upon their innocent low-country
+neighbours. They have gott," adds the same author,[264] "a notion and
+inviollable maxim handed down to them from their forefathers, that they,
+being the only ancient Scotsmen, that whole nation belongs to them in
+property, and look on all the low-country-men as a mixture of Danes,
+Saxons, Normans, and English, who have by violence robbed them of the
+best part of their country, while they themselves are penned up in the
+most mountainous and barren parts thereof to starve; therefore think it
+no injustice to commit dayly depredations upon them, making thereby
+conscience to interrupt their illegal possession (as they call it) in
+case it should prescribe into a right."[265]
+
+It would not have been difficult to have blown such combustible
+materials into a flame; but Donald Cameron adopted a different policy,
+and endeavoured to allay the angry passions of the tribe over which he
+ruled: nevertheless, his own conduct was perfectly consistent with his
+principles; and such was the notion entertained of his integrity and
+moderation, that though he never took the oaths to the reigning family,
+he was indulged in that tenderness of conscience and permitted to remain
+in peace, even though residing in the immediate neighbourhood of a great
+military station.[266]
+
+Donald Cameron had indeed a more valuable stake in the country than
+houses or lands. He was married in the year 1723 to the daughter of Sir
+James Campbell of Auchinbreck, a lady of whom it is high praise to say,
+that she was worthy of being the companion of such a man.
+
+Thus situated, the nominal holder of an estate which, though long
+maintained in the family, is said never to have exceeded in value five
+hundred pounds a-year, and less prejudiced against the English and the
+ruling powers than his predecessors, Donald Cameron felt, it is
+asserted, little desire to promote a second invasion of the country by
+the Chevalier. The slightest intimation of his father's wish to revive
+that cause would have been sufficient to set the whole family
+confederacy into motion; but the wisdom of the younger Lochiel had been
+ripened by the cautious and critical part which he had had to perform in
+life; and that prudent disposition, enforced by his father's
+circumspection, prevented any precipitate measures.
+
+Of the favour and confidence of the Chevalier, Donald Cameron was well
+assured. In 1729, the following letter was addressed to him, under the
+name of Mr. Johnstone, by James.[267]
+
+    "I am glad of this occasion to let you know how well plessed I am to
+    hear of the care you take to follow your father's and uncle's
+    example in their loyalty to me; and I doubt not of your endeavours
+    to maintain the true spirit in the clan. Allan is now with me, and
+    I am always glad to have some of my brave Highlanders about me, whom
+    I value as they deserve. You will deliver the enclosed to its
+    address, and doubt not of my particular regard for you, which I am
+    persuaded you will always deserve.
+
+            (Signed) "JAMES R."
+
+    "April 11, 1727."
+
+In addition to these instructions, Donald Cameron received a letter from
+his uncle, Allan Cameron, (in 1729,) who attended the Chevalier during
+his residence at Albano; from which it appears that a full commission
+had been sent to Lochiel to treat with "such of the King's friends in
+Scotland," as he thought were safe to be trusted concerning his affairs.
+It was also intimated that James had conceived a high opinion of the
+good sense and prudence of Lochiel, from his letters; and encouragement
+was given to any future exertions. The uncle then instructed his nephew
+how to answer the King's letter in the following explicit manner. These
+directions are tolerably minute:[268]
+
+    "I think it proper you should write to the King by the first post
+    after you receive his letter. I need not advise you what to say in
+    answer to such a gracious letter from your King, only let it not be
+    very long. Declare your duty and readiness to execute his Majesty's
+    commands on all occasions, and your sense of the honour he has been
+    pleased to do you in giving you such a commission. I am not to chuse
+    words for you, because I am sure you can express yourself in a
+    dutiful and discreet manner without any help. You are to write, Sir,
+    on a large margin, and to end, Your most faithful and obedient
+    subject and servant; and to address to the King and no more; which
+    inclose to me sealed. I pray send me a copy of it on a paper
+    inclosed, with any other thing that you do not think fit or needful
+    the King should see in your letter to me, because I will shew your
+    answer to this, wherein you may say that you will be mindful of all
+    I wrote to you, and what else you think fit."
+
+To these instructions assurances were added, that the elder Lochiel, who
+had, it seems, been in necessitous circumstances after his attainder,
+and during his exile, should be relieved at the Chevalier's expense; "so
+that," adds the uncle, "your mind may be pretty easy upon that point."
+Donald had, it appears, expressed some discontent at the comparative
+comfort in which some of the exiled Jacobites lived, and the poverty of
+his father's circumstances, which he had observed when in Paris a few
+years previous to this correspondence. Allan Cameron further advised his
+nephew to keep on good terms with Glengarry and all other neighbours; to
+let "byganes, be byganes," as long as such neighbours continue firm to
+the "King's interests;" to avoid private animosities, and yet to keep a
+watch over their fidelity to the cause. "As to Lovat," adds the uncle,
+"be on your guard, but not so as to lose him; on the contrary, you may
+say that the King trusts a great deal to the resolution he has taken to
+serve him, and expects he will continue in that resolution. But, dear
+nephew, you know very well that he must give true and real proof of his
+sincerity by performance, before he can be entirely reckoned on, after
+the part he has acted. This I say to yourself, and therefore you must
+deal with him very dexterously; and I must leave it to your own judgment
+what lengths to go with him, since you know he has always been a man
+whose chief view was his own interest. It is true, he wishes our family
+well; and I doubt not he would wish the King restored, which is his
+interest, if he has the grace to have a hand in it, after what he has
+done. So, upon the whole, I know not what advice to give you, as to
+letting him know that the King wrote you such a letter as you have; but
+in general, you are to make the best of him you can, but still be on
+your guard; for it is not good to put too much in his power before the
+time of executing a good design. The King knows very well how useful he
+can be if sincere, which I have represented as fully as was necessary.
+
+"This letter is of such bulk, that I have inclosed the King's letter
+under cover with another letter addressed for your father, as I will not
+take leave of you till next post. I add only, that I am entirely yours,
+
+            (Signed)    "A. CAMERON."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Eight years afterwards (in 1736), when inquiries were made by the
+Chevalier concerning the temper of the people, and the state of the
+clans, it was stated that the most leading men among the clans were
+Cameron of Lochiel and Sir Alexander Macdonald. The Cameronians were, it
+was stated, well armed, and regularly regimented among themselves, but
+"so giddy and inconstant" that they could not be depended on; only that
+they were strongly enraged against the Government. "The leading men
+among the loyalists were reported much diminished; nor was it easy, from
+the necessity of concealing their sentiments, since the last rising, to
+make any estimate of the amount of those who would enter into any second
+scheme."[269] Considering Cameron of Lochiel as thus empowered to give
+information of the first movements of James, the Jacobites in the
+Highlands were in continual communication with Cameron; yet, perhaps
+considering that those who engaged in the last insurrection, being
+nearly superannuated, would rather wish well to the cause than engage
+again, he still kept the fervent spirits of that political party whom he
+thus regarded in an equable state,--ready to act, yet willing to wait
+for a favourable occasion. In 1740 Donald Cameron signed, nevertheless,
+the association of seven carried by Drummond of Bochaldy to Rome; but
+when the Court of France, after the disaster at Dunkirk, withdrew its
+aid, he was one of those who sent over Murray to dissuade Charles from
+coming to Scotland, unless accompanied by a body of foreign troops:--so
+true were his professions of fidelity, and so finely was that fidelity
+tempered with prudence. Holding these opinions, which were amply
+verified by the result of the Rebellion of 1745, when Donald Cameron
+received a letter from Prince Charles, written at Borodale, and desiring
+to see him immediately, it was in sorrow and perplexity that he received
+the summons. He sent his brother, the unfortunate Dr. Archibald Cameron,
+to urge the Prince to return, and to assure him that he should not join
+in the undertaking. But the Prince persisted in the resolution he had
+formed of persevering in his attempt, and gave to Dr. Cameron the same
+reply that he had already given to others, and then, addressing himself
+to Macdonald of Scothouse, who had gone to the coast to pay his respects
+to the Prince, he asked him if he could go to Lochiel and endeavour to
+persuade him to do his duty. Young Scothouse replied, he would comply
+with the Prince's wishes, and immediately set out for Achnacarry. Such a
+message from such a quarter could not be resisted, and Lochiel prepared
+to accompany young Scothouse to Borodale. Lochiel's reluctance to assent
+was not, however, overcome: his mind misgave him. He knew well the state
+of his country, and he took this first step with an ominous foreboding
+of the issue. He left his home, determined not to take arms. On his way
+to Borodale he called at the house of his brother, John Cameron of
+Fassefern, who came out and inquired what had brought him from home at
+that early hour? Lochiel replied that the Prince had arrived from
+France, and had sent to see him. Fassefern inquired what troops the
+Prince had brought? what money? what arms? Lochiel answered that the
+Prince had brought neither money, nor arms, nor troops, and that he was
+therefore resolved not to be concerned in any attempt, and to dissuade
+Charles from an insurrection. Fassefern approved of his brother's
+decision, but recommended him not to proceed to Borodale, but to
+communicate his resolution by letter. "No," rejoined Lochiel; "it is my
+duty to go to the Prince, and unfold to him my reasons, which admit of
+no reply." "Brother," returned Fassefern, "I know you better than you
+know yourself; if the Prince once sets his eyes upon you, he will make
+you do whatever he pleases."[270]
+
+Lochiel, nevertheless, proceeded to Borodale.
+
+The gallant chief found the Prince surrounded by those who, like
+himself, had consented, unwillingly, to join in the ill-starred
+enterprise. The personal courage of Charles Edward has been doubted; but
+his determination and fearlessness at this critical moment, afford an
+ample contradiction of the charge. Whilst on board the ship which
+brought him to Scotland, it was represented to him that he must keep
+himself very retired, as the garrison at Inverlochie was not far off,
+and as the Campbells in the neighbourhood would be ready to take him. "I
+have no fear about that at all," was his reply. "If I could get six
+stout trusty fellows to join me," he said, on another occasion, "I would
+rather skulk about the mountains of Scotland than return to
+France."[271]
+
+The Prince was in this temper of mind when Lochiel reached him. Upon his
+arrival at Borodale, the Prince and he immediately retired to a long and
+private conference.
+
+The conversation began, upon the part of Charles, by complaints of the
+treatment which he had received from the Ministers of France, "who had
+long," he said, "amused him with vain hopes, and deceived him with
+promises:" "their coldness in his cause," he added, "but ill agreed with
+the confidence which he had in his own claims, and with the enthusiasm
+which the loyalty of his father's brave and faithful subjects had
+inspired in him." Lochiel acknowledged the engagements of the chiefs,
+but remarked that they were not binding, since his Highness had come
+without the stipulated aid; and, therefore, since there was not the
+least prospect of success, he advised the Prince to return to France,
+and reserve himself and his faithful friends to some more favourable
+opportunity.[272]
+
+This counsel was extremely distasteful to Charles Edward; already had
+the young and gallant Prince declared to one of the Macdonalds, who had
+urged the same opinion, that he did not choose to owe the restoration
+of his father's throne to foreigners, but to his own friends, to whom he
+was now come to put it in their power to have the glory of that
+event.[273] He therefore refused to follow Lochiel's advice, asserting
+that there could not be a more favourable moment than the present, when
+all the British troops were abroad, and kept at bay by Marshal Saxe. In
+Scotland, he added, there were only a few regiments, newly raised, and
+unused to service. These could never stand before the brave Highlanders;
+and the first advantage gained would encourage his father's friends to
+declare themselves, and would ensure foreign aid. He only wanted "the
+Highlanders to begin the war."
+
+"Lochiel," to use the words of Mr. Home, "still resisted, entreating
+Charles to be more temperate, and consent to remain concealed where he
+was, till he (Lochiel) and his other friends should meet together and
+concert what was best to be done." Charles, whose mind was wound up to
+the utmost pitch of impatience, paid no regard to this proposal, but
+answered, that he was determined to put all to the hazard. "In a few
+days," said he, "with the few friends that I have, I will erect the
+royal standard, and proclaim to the people of Britain that Charles
+Stuart is come over to claim the crown of his ancestors, to win it, or
+to perish in the attempt: Lochiel," continued he, "who my father has
+often told me was our firmest friend, may stay at home, and learn from
+the newspapers the fate of his Prince; and so shall every man over whom
+nature or fortune hath given me any power." Such was the singular
+conversation on the result of which depended peace or war; for it is a
+point agreed among the Highlanders, that if Lochiel had persisted in his
+refusal to take arms, the other chiefs would not have joined the
+standard without him, and the spark of rebellion must have instantly
+expired.[274]
+
+To the details of this interview are added others, which somewhat
+reflect upon the disinterestedness of Lochiel. They rest, however, upon
+hearsay evidence; and, since conversations repeated rarely bear exactly
+their original signification, some caution must be given before they are
+credited: yet, even if true, one can scarcely condemn a man who is
+forced into an enterprise from which he shrinks, screening himself from
+all the consequences of defeat, and striving to preserve an inheritance
+which he might justly regard as a trust, rather than a property. It must
+also be remembered that Donald Cameron was at this time only nominally
+the proprietor of the patrimonial estates. The following is the extract
+from Bishop Forbes's diary, from which the information is supplied:--
+
+                                      "Leith, Thursday, April 9, 1752.
+
+    "Alexander Macdonnell, the younger, of Glengary, did me the honour
+    to dine with me. In the course of conversation, I told young
+    Glengary, that I had oftener than once, heard the Viscountess
+    Dowager of Strathallan tell, that Lochiel, junior, had refused to
+    raise a man, or to make any appearance, till the Prince should give
+    him security for the full value of his estate, in the event of the
+    attempt proving abortive. To this young Glengary answered, that it
+    was fact, and that the Prince himself (after returning from France)
+    had frankly told him as much, assigning this as the weighty reason
+    why he (the Prince) had shown so much zeal in providing young
+    Lochiel (preferably to all others) in a regiment. 'For,' said the
+    Prince, 'I must do the best I can, in my present circumstances, to
+    keep my word to Lochiel.' Young Glengary told me, moreover, that
+    Lochiel, junior, (the above bargain with the Prince
+    notwithstanding,) insisted upon another condition before he would
+    join in the attempt, which was, that Glengary, senior, should give
+    it under his hand to raise his clan and join the Prince. Accordingly
+    Glengary, senior, when applied to upon the subject, did actually
+    give it under his hand, that his clan should rise under his own
+    second son as colonel, and Mac Donell, of Lochgary, as
+    lieutenant-colonel. Then, indeed, young Lochiel was gratified in all
+    his demands, and did instantly raise his clan.
+
+    "Glengary, junior, likewise assured me that Cluny Mac Pherson,
+    junior, made the same agreement with the Prince, before he would
+    join the attempt with his followers, as young Lochiel had done,
+    viz. to have security from the Prince for the full value of his
+    estate, lest the expedition should prove unsuccessful; which the
+    Prince accordingly consented unto, and gave security to said Cluny
+    Mac Pherson, junior, for the full value of his estate. Young
+    Glengary declared that he had this from the young Cluny Mac
+    Pherson's own mouth, as a weighty reason why he, Cluny, would not
+    part with the money which the Prince had committed to his care and
+    keeping."
+
+Lochiel, after these arrangements with the Prince, returned to
+Achnacarry, in order to prepare for the undertaking. A deep sadness
+pervaded his deportment when he began thus to fulfil his promise to the
+Prince; but having once embarked in the enterprise, he exerted himself
+with as much zeal and perseverance as if he had engaged in it with the
+full approbation of his judgment. We cannot wonder at his dejection, for
+his assent was the assent of all the clans. It was a point agreed among
+the Highlanders, that had Lochiel not proceeded to take arms, the other
+chiefs would not have joined the standard without him; and the "spark of
+rebellion," thus writes Mr. Home, "must instantly have expired." "Upon
+this," says an eye-witness of the Rebellion, "depended the whole
+undertaking; for had Lochiel stood out, the Prince must either have
+returned to France on board the same frigate that brought him to
+Scotland, or remained privately in the Highlands, waiting for a landing
+of foreign troops. The event has shown that he would have waited for a
+long time."[275]
+
+From henceforth the career of Lochiel was one of activity and of
+exertions which it must have been almost melancholy to witness in one
+whose heart was sorrowing and foreboding. He arranged his papers and
+affairs as a man does before setting out on a journey from which he was
+not to return,[276] and he summoned his followers to give aid to a cause
+which as Mrs. Grant remarks, "a vain waste of blood adorned without
+strengthening."[277] He sent messengers throughout Lochaber and the
+adjacent countries in which the Camerons lived, requiring his chieftains
+to prepare and to accompany their chief to Glenfinnin. Before, however,
+the day appointed had arrived, a party of the Camerons and the
+Macdonalds of Keppoch had begun the war by attacking Captain John Scott,
+at High Bridge, eight miles from Fort William. The chief glory of this
+short but important action is due to Macdonald of Keppoch; the affair
+was over when Lochiel with a troop of Camerons arrived, took charge of
+the prisoners, and carried them to his house at Achnacarry.
+
+On the nineteenth of August (old style), Lochiel, followed by seven
+hundred men, marched to Glenfinnin, where Charles was anxiously awaiting
+his approach. When the Prince landed from one of the lakes in the glen,
+Lochiel was not to be seen; and the adventurer, entering one of the
+hovels, waited there two hours, until the sound of the bagpipes
+announced the approach of the Camerons. These brave men who were thus
+marching to their destiny advanced in two lines of three men deep,
+whilst between the lines were the prisoners taken at High Bridge,
+unarmed, trophies of the first victory of the Jacobites. The Camerons
+were reputed to be as active and strong and as well skilled in the use
+of arms as any of the clans of Scotland, and as little addicted to
+pilfering as any Highlanders at that time could be; for Lochiel had
+taken infinite pains to make them honest, and had administered justice
+among them with no little severity. "He thought," says a writer of the
+time, "his authority sufficient to keep his clan in subjection, and
+never troubled his head whether they obeyed him out of love or from
+fear."[278] Lochiel had not been able to prevail upon any of his
+brothers-in-law to accompany him, although they wished well to the
+undertaking, and, in some instances, afterwards joined it. One member of
+his family made, however, a conspicuous figure in the vale of
+Glenfinnin.
+
+This was the celebrated Jenny Cameron, daughter of Cameron of
+Glendessery, and a kinswoman of Lochiel. She is reported to have been a
+widow, and upwards of forty, according to one account,--to another, of
+fifty years of age. Her father, whose estate did not exceed in value one
+hundred and fifty pounds a year, had endeavoured to improve it by
+dealing in cattle, a business frequently followed even by men of good
+family in the Highlands. He had been some time dead, and the estate had
+devolved upon his grandson, a youth of weak intellect, to whom Miss
+Cameron acted as curatrix or guardian. The young man, although then of
+age, left all matters of business entirely to his aunt; and she came,
+therefore, to the standard of Prince Charles, as the representative of
+her nephew.
+
+Her appearance, if we are to accredit contemporary statements, must have
+been extremely singular. Having collected a troop of two hundred and
+fifty men, she marched at the head of it to the camp at Glenfinnin. She
+was dressed in a sea-green riding-habit, with a scarlet lappet, laced
+with gold; her hair was tied behind in loose curls, and surmounted with
+a velvet cap, and a scarlet feather. She rode a bay gelding, with green
+furniture, richly trimmed with gold; in her hand she carried a naked
+sword instead of a riding-whip. Her countenance is described as being
+agreeable, and her figure handsome;[279] her eyes were fine, and her
+hair as black as jet. In conversation she was full of intelligence and
+vivacity.[280] The Prince, it is said, rode out of the lines to receive
+her, and to welcome the addition to his army, and conducted her to a
+tent with much ceremony. It was reported that Mrs. Cameron continued in
+the camp as the commander of her troop, and accompanied the Prince into
+England. But this account is contradicted by Bishop Forbes. "She was so
+far," he says, "from accompanying the Prince's army, that she went off
+with the rest of the spectators as soon as the army marched; neither did
+she ever follow the camp, nor was ever with the Prince but in
+public,[281] when he had his Court in Edinburgh."[282]
+
+The Prince remained at Glenfinnin two days, and was observed to be in
+high spirits. Here he was presented by Major Macdonell with the first
+good horse that he had mounted in Scotland. Charles Edward then marched
+his little army to Lochiel, which is about five miles from Glenfinnin,
+resting first at Fassefern, the seat of Lochiel's brother, and then
+proceeded to a village called Moidh, belonging to Lochiel.
+
+From this time the fate of Lochiel was inevitably bound up with that of
+the Prince. At the siege of Edinburgh he distinguished himself at the
+head of his Camerons in the following manner:--When the deputies who
+were appointed by the town council to request a further delay from
+Charles set out in a hackney coach for Gray's Mill to prevail upon Lord
+George Murray to second their application, as the Netherbow Port was
+opened to let out their coach, the Camerons, headed by Lochiel, rushed
+in and took possession of the city. The brave chief afterwards obtained
+from Prince Charles the guard of the city, as he was more acquainted
+with Edinburgh than the rest of the Highland chiefs; and his discipline
+was so exact that the city guns, persons, and effects were as secure
+under his care as in the time of peace. There was indeed some pilfering
+in the country, but not more than was to be expected in the
+neighbourhood of an army of undisciplined Highlanders.
+
+Lochiel remained in Edinburgh while the Prince continued there, and
+witnessed the brief splendour of the young Chevalier's Court: it is thus
+described by an eye-witness:[283]--"The Prince's Court at Holyrood soon
+became very brilliant. There were every day, from morning till night, a
+vast affluence of well-dressed people. Besides the gentlemen that had
+joined or come upon business, or to pay their court, there were a great
+number of ladies and gentlemen that came either out of affection or
+curiosity, besides the desire of seeing the Prince. There had not been a
+Court in Scotland for a long time, and people came from all quarters to
+see so many novelties. One would have thought the King was already
+restored, and in peaceable possession of all the dominions of his
+ancestors, and that the Prince had only made a trip to Scotland to show
+himself to the people and receive their homage. Such was the splendour
+of the Court, and such the satisfaction that appeared in everybody's
+countenance."
+
+At the battle of Falkirk, Lochiel was slightly wounded, as well as his
+brother Archibald.[284] Throughout that engagement, as well as during
+the whole of the unhappy contest of 1745-6, Lochiel distinguished
+himself by his clemency, gallantry, and good faith. An incident which
+happened after the battle of Falkirk, shows the respect paid to the head
+of the clan.
+
+While Charles Edward was standing at an open window at his house in
+Falkirk, reading a list of prisoners just presented by Lord Kilmarnock,
+a soldier in the uniform of one of King George's regiments made his
+appearance in the street below. He was armed with a musket and bayonet,
+and wore a black cockade in his hat, as it appeared, by way of defiance.
+Upon perceiving this, Charles directed the attention of Lord Kilmarnock,
+who was standing near him, to the soldier. Lord Kilmarnock ran down
+stairs immediately, went up to the soldier, struck the hat off his head,
+and set his foot on the black cockade. At that instant a Highlander came
+running across the street, and laid hands on Lord Kilmarnock, and pushed
+him back. Lord Kilmarnock pulled out a pistol and presented it at the
+Highlander's head: the Highlander drew out his dirk and pointed it at
+Lord Kilmarnock's heart. After remaining in this position a few seconds
+they were separated: the man with the dirk took up the hat and put it on
+the head of the soldier, who was marched off in triumph by the
+Highlanders.
+
+This little scene was explained to some of the bystanders thus: The man
+in the King's uniform was a Cameron, who, after the defeat of the
+Government army, had joined his clan. He was received with joy by the
+Camerons, who permitted him to wear his uniform until others could be
+procured. The Highlander who pointed the dirk at Lord Kilmarnock's
+breast, was the soldier's brother; the crowd who surrounded him were his
+kinsmen of the clan. No one, it was their opinion, "could take that
+cockade out of the soldier's cap, except Lochiel himself."[285] Lochiel
+accompanied the Prince in his disastrous expedition to Derby.
+
+At the end of February 1746, he was sent with General Stapleton to
+besiege Fort William. He left that enterprise when summoned by Charles
+Edward to assemble around his standard on the field of Culloden. On the
+eventful fourteenth of April, the day before the battle, Lochiel joined
+the Prince's army: that night, the Highlanders, who never pitched a
+tent, lay among the furze and trees of Culloden Wood, whilst their young
+leader slept beneath the roof of Culloden House.
+
+The following extract from the Duke of Cumberland's orderly-book shows
+how closely that able general and detestable individual had studied the
+habits of those whom it was his lot to conquer; and mark also his
+contempt for the "Lowlanders and arrant scum" who sometimes made up the
+lines behind the Highlanders.[286]
+
+                     "Edinburgh, 12 Jan. 1745-6. Sunday Parole, Derby.
+
+    "Field-officer for the day: to-morrow Major Willson. The manner of
+    the Highlander's way of fighting, which there is nothing so easy to
+    resist, if officers and men are not prepossessed with the lyes and
+    accounts which are told of them. They commonly form their front rank
+    of what they call their best men, or true Highlanders, the number of
+    which being allways but few, when they form in battallions they
+    commonly form four deep, and these Highlanders form the front of the
+    four, the rest being Lowlanders and arrant scum; when these
+    battallions come within a large musket-shott, or three-score yards,
+    this front rank gives their fire and immediately throw down their
+    firelocks and come down in a cluster with their swords and targets,
+    making a noise and endeavouring to pearce the body, or battallions
+    before them. Becoming twelve or fourteen deep by the time they come
+    up to the people, they attack. The sure way to demolish them is at
+    three deep to fire by ranks diagonally to the centre where they
+    come, the rear rank first, and even that rank not to fire till they
+    are within ten or twelve paces; but if the fire is given at a
+    distance you probably will be broke, for you never get time to load
+    a second cartridge; and if you give way, you may give your foot for
+    dead, for they being without a firelock, or any load, no man with
+    his arms, accoutrements, &c. can escape them, and they give no
+    quarters; but if you will but observe the above directions, the are
+    the most despicable enemy that are."
+
+On the following day when the army, being drawn up on Drumossie Moor,
+waited in vain till mid-day for the approach of the enemy, Charles
+addressed his generals and chiefs, and proposed to attack the Duke of
+Cumberland's camp at Nairn that evening.
+
+His proposal was, unfortunately for his brave followers, not seconded by
+the powerful voice of Lord George Murray. Lochiel, who was not a man
+given to much elocution, recommended delay, and urged that the army
+would be at least fifteen hundred stronger on the following day. The
+return of the army to Culloden, fatigued and famished, between five and
+six o'clock on the following morning, was the result of that ill-advised
+attempt. At eight o'clock the alarm was given at Culloden House by one
+of the clan Cameron, that the Duke's army was in full march towards
+them.
+
+When the army was formed into two lines, Lochiel's regiment was placed
+on the left, next to the Athole Brigade. The Camerons, with the
+Maclaclans and Macleans, the Mackintoshes, the Stuarts, attacked sword
+in hand. Most of the chiefs who commanded these five regiments were
+killed, and Cameron of Lochiel, advancing at the head of his regiment,
+was so near Burrel's regiment[287] that he had fired his pistol, and was
+drawing his sword when he fell wounded with grape-shot in both ankles.
+His two brothers, afterwards more unfortunate even than himself, were on
+each side of him; they raised him up, and bore him off the field in
+their arms. The Camerons, at the field of Culloden, sustained the
+greatness of their fame; nor have the imputations which were cast upon
+other clans, perhaps had a just foundation of truth. No reliance can be
+placed upon the opinions of the English press at the time.[288]
+
+The blood of Cameron of Lochiel was sought, as Mrs. Grant expresses it,
+with the "most venomous perseverance." His own country, to which he was
+at first removed, affording him no shelter,[289] he sheltered himself in
+the Braes of Bannoch. He suffered long from his wounds, until in June,
+his friend Clunie Macpherson brought from Edinburgh a physician, Sir
+Stewart Threipland, who gave him the benefit of his aid. Meantime the
+spirit of Lochiel remained undaunted; and he who had entered into the
+insurrection unwillingly, was almost the last to give up the cause. A
+resolution was taken on the eighth of May by the chieftains to raise
+each a body of men, for the service of the Prince; and the rendezvous
+was appointed at Achnacarry on the fifteenth instant. We find a letter
+addressed by Lochiel on May the twenty-fifth to the chiefs, accounting
+for his not having met them according to promise, by the risk of a
+surprise, and recommending them to keep quiet until a promised succour
+from France. The letter speaks the language of hope; but whether that
+was the real feeling of the writer, or only intended to keep up
+exertion, cannot be ascertained. In the postscript Lochiel states his
+regret that many had given up their arms without his knowledge. "I
+cannot," he adds, "take upon me to direct in this particular, but to
+give my opinion, and let every one judge for himself."
+
+During May, Lochiel continued at Loch Arkeg, preparing for a summer
+campaign, and corresponding with Clunie Macpherson and with the
+treacherous Murray of Broughton on the subject. He was, at this time, in
+want of food and money. "I have scarcely a sufficiency of meal," he
+writes, "to serve myself and the gentlemen who are with me for four
+days, and can get none to purchase in this country."[290] After the
+breaking up of the scheme of fresh cooperations in May, and when
+Lochaber was occupied by the Government troops, Lochiel became anxious
+to retire to Badenoch. This district is one of the wildest parts of the
+Highlands; though destitute of wood, it afforded shelter in its rocky
+dens and in the sides of its rugged hills. Not only did Lochiel desire
+repose and safety, but he longed to be beyond the reach of those
+heartrending accounts which were ever brought to him of the sufferings
+of his people, and of the dwellers in Lochaber. The severities and
+cruelties of the military, licensed by the Duke of Cumberland to every
+atrocity, to use the simple language of Mr. Forbes, "bore very hard upon
+him." One day[291] when accounts were brought to Lochiel, in Badenoch,
+that the poor people in Lochaber had been so pillaged and harassed that
+they had really no necessaries to keep in their lives, Lochiel took out
+his purse and gave all the money he could well spare to be distributed
+among such in Lochaber. "And," said a friend who was with him, "I
+remember nothing better than that Sir Stewart Threipland at that time
+took out his purse and gave five guineas, expressing himself in these
+words: "I am sure that I have not so much for myself; but then, if I be
+spared I know where to get more, whereas these poor people know not
+where to get the smallest assistance!""
+
+Meantime the news reached Lochiel of the total destruction of his house
+at Achnacarrie. Previously to the demolition of the house, the family
+had buried or concealed many things in the earth. The English soldiers,
+encamping round the smoking ruins, are said, on tradition, to have
+actually boiled their kettles at the foot of each of a fine avenue of
+plane-trees. The avenue remains, and fissures can still be traced
+running up the stem of each tree. Not a memorial of the House of
+Achnacarrie remained. For this, and other acts of wanton barbarity, the
+pretext was that the Camerons, as well as other tribes, had promised to
+surrender arms at a certain time, but had broken their word. "His Royal
+Highness, the Duke of Cumberland," to borrow from a contemporary writer,
+"began with the rebels in a gentle, paternal way, with soft admonitions,
+with a promise of protection to all the common people that would bring
+in their arms, and submit to mercy." Since, however, some equivocated,
+and others broke their word, the Duke was obliged to lay "the rod on
+more heavy." Fire and sword were therefore carried through the country
+of the Camerons; the cattle were driven away; even the cotter's hut
+escaped not: the homes of the poor were laid in ashes: their sheep and
+pigs slaughtered: and the wretched inmates of the huts, flying to the
+mountains, were found there, some expiring, some actually dead of
+hunger. The houses of the clergy were crowded with the homeless and
+starving: whole districts were depopulated: the Sabbath was outraged by
+acts of destruction, which wounded, in the nicest point, the feelings
+of the religious mountaineer; and the goods of the rebels were publicly
+auctioned, without any warrant of a civil court. During all these
+proceedings, the "jovial Duke," as he was called, was making merry at
+Fort Augustus in a manner which, if possible, casts more odium on his
+memory even than his atrocious and unpunished cruelties.[292]
+
+Achnacarrie was razed to the ground. A modern structure, suitable in
+splendour to the truly noble family who possess it, has arisen in its
+place; but no erection can restore the house of Sir Ewan Dhu, and the
+home of his "gentle" grandson, Donald Cameron. As the plunderers
+ransacked the house, they found a picture of Lochiel, and one which was
+accounted a good likeness. This was given to the soldiers, who were
+dispatched over Corryarie in search of the wounded and unfortunate
+original. On the top of that mountain the military encountered
+Macpherson of Urie, who, being of a fair and pleasing aspect, was
+mistaken by them for Lochiel.
+
+"Urie," writes Mrs. Grant, who had the story from himself, "was a
+Jacobite, and had been _out_, as the phrase was then. The soldiers
+seized him, and assured him he was a d----d rebel, and that his title
+was Lochiel. He, in turn, assured them that he was neither d----d, nor a
+rebel, nor by any means Lochiel. When he understood, however, that they
+were in search of Lochiel, and going in the very direction where he lay
+concealed, he gave them reason finally to suppose he was the person they
+sought. They returned to Fort Augustus where the Duke of Cumberland then
+lay, in great triumph with their prisoners; Urie, as he expected, from
+the indulgence of some who were about the Duke, was very soon set at
+liberty."
+
+This temporary captivity of Urie had, however, the effect of allowing
+Lochiel time to contrive means of escape from the country. There was
+one, however, dear to him as his own life, whose continuance in Scotland
+ensured that of Lochiel. This was Prince Charles, who evinced for
+Lochiel a regard, and displayed a degree of confidence in his fidelity,
+which were amply merited by the tried affection of the chieftain. For
+nearly three months Lochiel remained ignorant of the fate of Charles,
+until the joyful tidings were brought of his being safe at Loch-Arkeg.
+Lochiel was at Ben Aulder, a hill of great circumference in Badenoch,
+when he received this intelligence from one of his tenants named
+Macpherson, who was sent by Cameron of Clunes to find out Lochiel and
+Clunie, and to inform them that their young master was safe.
+
+Upon the return of Macpherson to Cameron of Clunes, the Prince, being
+informed where Lochiel was, sent Lochgarry and Dr. Archibald Cameron
+with a message to them. Since it was impossible that Lochiel could go to
+the Prince on account of his wounds, it was agreed between Lochiel and
+these friends, that Charles should take refuge near Achnacarrie, as the
+safest place for him to pass some time; and Dr. Cameron and Lochgarry
+returned to Charles to impart the details of this arrangement. The
+attachment of Charles to Lochiel was shown in a very forcible manner:
+when he was informed that the chief was safe and recovering, he
+expressed the greatest satisfaction, and fervently returned thanks to
+God. The ejaculation of praise and thanksgiving was reiterated three or
+four times.
+
+Charles now crossed Loch Arkeg, and took up his abode in a fir-wood on
+the west side of the lake, to await the arrival of Clunie, who had
+promised to meet him there. The impatience of the Prince to behold his
+friends Clunie and Lochiel was so great, that he set out for Badenoch
+before Clunie could arrive.
+
+Lochiel had, during the months of June and July, remained on Ben Aulder,
+under which name is comprehended a great chase belonging to Clunie. His
+dwelling was a miserable shieling at Mellamir, which contained him and
+his friend Macpherson of Breackachie, also his principal servant, Allan
+Cameron, and two servants of Clunie. Here Clunie and Lochiel, who were
+cousins-german, were chiefly supplied with provisions by Macpherson of
+Breackachie, who was married to a sister of Clunie. The secret of their
+retreat was known to many persons; but the fidelity of the Highlanders
+was such, that though the Earl of Loudon had a military post not many
+miles from Ben Aulder, he had not the slightest knowledge of the place
+of Lochiel's concealment. The same high principle which guarded Prince
+Charles in his wanderings, and resisted the temptation of a large
+reward, protected Lochiel in his retirement.
+
+In this retreat he was found by the Prince, who had missed Clunie, and
+had gradually made his way through Badenoch to the Braes of Bannoch,
+accompanied by five persons. When Lochiel from his hut beheld a party
+approaching, all armed, he concluded that a troop of militia were coming
+to seize him. Lame as he was, it was in vain to think of retreating: he
+held a short conference with his friends, and then resolved to receive
+the supposed assailants with a general discharge of fire-arms. He had
+twelve firelocks and some small pistols in the botine or hut; these were
+all made ready, the pieces levelled, and planted; and Lochiel and his
+friends trusted to getting the better of the searchers, whose number did
+not exceed their own. Thus Charles Edward, after the unparalleled
+dangers of his recent wanderings, ran a risk of being killed by one of
+his most devoted adherents! "But," observes Clunie, in relating this
+circumstance, "the auspicious hand of God, and his providence, so
+apparent at all times in the preservation of his Royal Highness,
+prevented those within from firing at the Prince and his four
+attendants, for they came at last so near that they were known by those
+within."[293]
+
+It was, indeed, no difficult matter to discern in the person of Charles
+Edward the handsome and princely youth who had presided over the Court
+at Holyrood. He had discarded the old black kilt, philibeg, and
+waistcoat which he had worn at Loch Arkeg, for a coarse, brown, short
+coat: a new article of dress, such as a pair of shoes and a new shirt,
+had lately replenished his wardrobe. He had a long red beard, and wore a
+pistol and dirk by his side, carrying always a gun in his hand. Yet "the
+young Italian," as the Whigs delighted to call him, had braved the
+rigours of his fate, and thriven beneath the severities of the Scottish
+climate. His spirits were good; his frame, originally slender, had
+become robust: he had fared in the rudest manner, and had acquired the
+faculty of sleeping soundly, even with the dread of a surprise ever
+before him.
+
+Lochiel, on the other hand, was lame, and had suffered long from his
+close quarters, and from anxiety and sorrow. Tradition has brought down
+to us the accounts of the chief's personal beauty. Though fair, he was
+not effeminate; his countenance was regular and expressive. But those
+attributes which completed the romance of Lochiel's character must have
+been almost obliterated during these months of trial, infirm health, and
+uncured wounds. His spirit was not yet subdued. Eventually that noble
+heart was broken by all that it had endured, but, at that epoch of his
+eventful life, it still throbbed with hope.
+
+When Lochiel perceived that it was Charles Edward who approached, he
+made the best of his way, though lame, to receive his Prince. "The joy
+at this meeting," writes Clunie, "is much easier to be conceived than
+described." Lochiel attempted to kneel. "Oh no, my dear Lochiel!" cried
+the Prince; "we do not know who may be looking from the top of yonder
+hills; and if they see any such motions, they will conclude that I am
+here." Lochiel then shewed him into his habitation, and gave him the
+best welcome that he could: the Prince, followed by his retinue, among
+whom were the two outlaws, or "broken men," who had succoured him, and
+whom he had retained in his service, entered the hut.[294] A repast,
+almost amounting to a feast in the eyes of these fugitives, was prepared
+for them, having been brought by young Breackachie. It consisted of a
+plentiful supply of mutton; an anker of whiskey, containing twenty
+Scots' pints; some good beef sausages, made the year before; with plenty
+of butter and cheese, besides a well-cured ham. The Prince pledged his
+friends in a hearty dram, and frequently (perhaps, as the event showed,
+too frequently) called for the same inspiring toast again. When some
+minced collops were dressed with butter, in a large saucepan always
+carried about with them, by Clunie and Lochiel, Charles Edward,
+partaking heartily of that incomparable dish, exclaimed, "Now,
+gentlemen, I live like a prince." "Have you," he said to Lochiel,
+"always lived so well here?" "Yes, sir," replied the chief; "for three
+months, since I have been here with my cousin Clunie, he has provided me
+so well, that I have had plenty of such as you see. I thank Heaven your
+Highness has been spared to take a part!"
+
+On the arrival of Clunie two days afterwards, the royal fugitive and his
+friend Lochiel removed from Mellamur, and went two miles further into
+Ben Aulder, until they reached a shiel called Uiskchiboa, where the hut
+was peculiarly wretched and smoky; "yet his Royal Highness," as Clunie
+related, "put up with everything." Here they remained for two or three
+nights, and then went to a habitation still two miles further into Ben
+Aulder, for no less remote retreat was thought secure. This retreat was
+prepared by Clunie, and obtained the name of the Cage. "It was," as he
+himself relates, "a great curiosity, and can scarcely be described to
+perfection." It is best to give the account of the edifice which he had
+himself constructed, in Macpherson's own words. "It was situated in the
+face of a very rough, high, and rocky mountain, called Lettemilichk,
+still a part of Ben Aulder, full of great stones and crevices, and some
+scattered wood interspersed. The habitation called the Cage, in the face
+of that mountain, was within a small but thick wood. There were first
+some rows of trees laid down, in order to level a floor for the
+habitation; and, as the place was steep, this raised the lower side to
+an equal height with the other; and these trees, in the way of joists
+or planks, were levelled with earth or gravel. There were betwixt the
+trees, growing naturally on their own roots, some stakes fixed in the
+earth, which, with the trees, were interwoven with ropes, made of heath
+or birch-twigs, up to the top of the Cage, it being of a round or rather
+oval shape, and the whole thatched and covered over with bog. This whole
+fabric hung, as it were, by a large tree, which reclined from the one
+end, all along the roof to the other, and which gave it the name of the
+Cage; and by chance there happened to be two stones, at a small distance
+from one another, in the side next the precipice, resembling the pillars
+of a chimney, where the fire was placed. The smoke had its vent out
+here, all along the face of the rock, which was so much of the same
+colour that one could discover no difference in the clearest day. The
+Cage was no larger than to contain six or seven persons, four of whom
+were frequently employed playing at cards, one idle looking on, one
+baking, and another fixing bread and cooking."[295]
+
+Charles and Lochiel remained six or seven days in this seclusion, which
+was one of several to which Clunie was in the habit of retiring, never
+even informing his wife or his most attached friends whither he was
+going. But the deliverance of the Prince and Lochiel was now at hand.
+Several small vessels had arrived from France, and touched on the west
+coast, expressly to carry away the Prince, but not being able to find
+him out, they had returned. By the fidelity of the Highlanders and the
+connection between every member of the different clans, the Prince had
+been able to keep up a continual communication with persons on the
+coast, without discovery. This was managed by some of his adherents
+skulking near the shore; and though they knew not where Charles was, yet
+they conveyed the intelligence to others, who imparted it to persons in
+the interior, who again told it to those who were acquainted with the
+obscure place of his retreat. At last two French vessels, l'Heureux and
+la Princesse de Conti, departed under the command of Colonel Warren,
+from St. Malo, and arrived at Lochnarmagh early in September. This event
+was communicated to Cameron of Clunes, who, on the other hand, learned
+where the Prince was from a poor woman. A messenger was immediately
+dispatched to the Cage, and he reached that place on the thirteenth of
+September. Charles Edward and Lochiel now prepared to bid Scotland a
+final adieu. Notices were sent round by the Prince to different friends
+who might choose to avail themselves of this opportunity of escape; and
+it was intimated to them that they might join him if they were inclined.
+
+The place of embarkation was Borodale, whence Charles had first summoned
+Lochiel to support his cause. The party travelled only by night, and
+were six days on their road. They were joined by Glengary, John Roy
+Stewart, Dr. Cameron, and a number of other adherents. On the twentieth
+of September they left Lochnarmagh, and had a fair passage to the coast
+of France. The Prince had intended to sail direct for Nantes, but he
+altered his course in order to escape Admiral Lestoch's squadron; and
+after being chased by two men-of-war, he landed at Morlaix, in Lower
+Bretagne, in a thick fog, on the twenty-ninth of September.
+
+Lochiel was accompanied in his flight to France by his wife, the
+faithful and affectionate associate of his exile. His eldest son was
+left in the charge of his brother Cameron, of Fassefern. In Paris
+Lochiel found his father, who was then eighty years of age; and to this
+aged chief the Prince paid the well-merited compliment of placing him in
+the same carriage with himself and Lord Lewis Gordon, when he first went
+to the Court of Louis the Fifteenth in state. The Prince was followed on
+that occasion by a number of his friends, both in coaches and on
+horseback. Lord Ogilvy, Lord Elcho, and the Prince's secretary Kelly,
+preceded the royal carriage: the younger Lochiel and several gentlemen
+followed on horseback. Amid this noble train of brave men, the Prince
+appeared pre-eminent in the splendour of his dress. A coat of
+rose-coloured velvet, lined with silver tissue, presented a singular
+contrast to the brown short coat in which some of his adherents had
+formerly seen him. His waistcoat was of gold brocade with a spangled
+fringe, set out in scollops, and the white cockade in his hat was
+studded with diamonds. The order of St. Andrew and the George on his
+breast were adorned with the same jewels: "he glittered," as an
+eye-witness observed, "all over like the star which they tell you
+appeared at his nativity." But all this display, and the feigned
+kindness of his reception, were but the prelude to a heartless
+abandonment of his cause on the part of Louis the Fifteenth.
+
+Lochiel was, eventually, provided for by the French Monarch. He was made
+Colonel of a French regiment, and having a peculiar faculty of attaching
+others to him, he soon became beloved by those under his command. The
+Prince showed him affectionate respect; and, blessed in the society of
+his wife, and in a daughter whom he called Donalda, Lochiel might have
+passed the rest of his days in tranquil submission to the course of
+events: but his heart yearned for Scotland; he could not give up the
+hopes of another expedition, which he desired to undertake with any
+force that could be collected. Cherishing this scheme, the coldness of
+the Court of France, and the rashness of the Prince, gave great sorrow
+to his harassed mind. Soon after his arrival in Paris he opened a
+correspondence with the Chevalier St. George, and represented to him
+that the misfortunes which had befallen the cause were not
+irretrievable, and that if ten regiments only could be landed in
+Scotland before the depopulating system adopted by the English
+Government had taken effect, an insurrection might again be raised with
+good grounds for the hope of success.
+
+Still hoping thus to return to his country, and again to take arms in
+her service, as he deemed it, it was long before Lochiel consented to
+accept the command of the French regiment, "intending still," as he
+said, "to share the fate of his people." "I told his Royal Highness," he
+wrote to the Chevalier St. George, "that Lord Ogilvy or others might
+incline to make a figure in France, but my ambition was to save the
+crown and serve my country, or perish with it. His Royal Highness said,
+he was doing all he could, but persisted in his resolution to procure me
+a regiment. If it is obtained, I shall accept it out of respect to the
+Prince; but I hope your Majesty will approve of the resolution I have
+taken to share in the fate of the people I have undone, and, if they
+must be sacrificed, to fall along with them. This is the only way I can
+free myself from the reproach of their blood, and show the disinterested
+zeal with which I have lived, and shall dye.
+
+"Your Majesty's most humble, most obedient, and most faithful
+servant."[296]
+
+When Prince Charles, disheartened at the growing indifference of the
+French Court to his interests, contemplated leaving Paris, Lochiel
+objected to a proposal which seemed to imply an abandonment of the
+cause which he had pledged himself to support. His representations to
+the Prince were ineffectual, for a stronger influence had arisen to
+baffle the endeavours of Charles's friends; and he was under the sway of
+one who was, not inaptly, termed "his Delilah." He left Paris and
+arrived at Avignon, to which place Lochiel addressed to him a letter
+full of the most cogent reasons why he should not leave Paris. From his
+arguments it appears that the English Jacobites had expressed their
+willingness to rise, had the Prince either supplied them with arms or
+brought them troops to support them.
+
+"For Heaven's sake, sir," wrote Lochiel,[297] "be pleased to consider
+these circumstances with the attention that their importance deserves;
+and that your honour, your essential interest, the preservation of the
+royal cause, and the bleeding state of your suffering friends, require
+of you. Let me beg of your Royal Highness, in the most humble and
+earnest manner, to reflect that your reputation must suffer in the
+opinion of all mankind, if there should be room to suppose that you had
+slighted or neglected any possible means of retrieving your affairs."
+
+These remonstrances were at last so far effectual, that Charles returned
+to Paris, and was only again removed from that capital by force.
+
+The spirit of Lochiel was meantime broken by the mournful tidings which
+reached him of the death of friends on the scaffold, the cruelties
+enacted in Scotland, and, more than all, of the Act which took effect
+in August 1747, disarming the Highlanders and restraining the use of the
+Highland garb. By this statute it was made penal to wear the national
+costume: a first offence was punished with six months' imprisonment; a
+second, with transportation for seven years. Such were the efforts made
+to break the union of a fiery but faithful people, and such the attempt
+to produce a complete revolution in the national habits!
+
+Many were the projects which amused the exiled Jacobites into hopes that
+ended in bitter disappointment, and many the fleeting visions of a
+restoration of the Stuarts. During one of these brief chimeras, Lochiel
+and Clunie visited Charles at a retreat on the Upper Rhine, whither he
+had retired after the perfidious imprisonment at the Castle of
+Vincennes. They found the Prince sunk in the lassitude which succeeds a
+long course of exciting events, and of smothered but not subdued misery.
+The visit yielded to neither party satisfaction. Charles was deaf to the
+remonstrances of Lochiel, and Lochiel beheld his Prince wholly devoted
+to Miss Walkinshaw and her daughter, afterwards Countess of Albany, and
+completely under the influence of his mistress, who was regarded by
+Lochiel and Clunie as a spy of Hanover.
+
+Lochiel left the Prince, and they never met again. The health of the
+chief began to decline; his malady was a mental one, and admitted of no
+cure but a return to those vassals who had been so faithful and so much
+attached to him, and to friends with whose misfortunes he seems to have
+blamed himself. Of the affection of the clansmen he received frequent
+proofs. "The estates of Lochiel," says Mrs. Grant, "were forfeited like
+others, and paid a moderate rate to the Crown, such as they had formerly
+given to their chief. The domain formerly occupied by the Laird was
+taken on his behoof by his brother. The tenants brought each a horse,
+cow, colt, or heifer, as a free-will offering, till this ample
+grazing-farm was as well stocked as formerly. Not content with this,
+they sent a yearly tribute of affection to their beloved chief,
+independent of the rents they paid to the commissioners for the
+forfeited estates. Lochiel's lady and her daughters once or twice made a
+sorrowful pilgrimage among their friends and tenants. These last
+received them with a tenderness and respect which seemed augmented by
+the adversity into which they were plunged."
+
+At last the suffering spirit was released. Lochiel is conjectured to
+have died about the year 1760, and is generally thought to have sunk
+under the pressure of hopeless sorrow, or, to use the words of one who
+spoke from tradition, "of a broken heart." His daughter Donalda, who was
+about fourteen at the time of his death, had attached herself so fondly
+to her father, that after his decease she pined away, and never
+recovered. She died soon after her father, and the mother did not long
+survive her daughter. Never, perhaps, did a brave and unfortunate man
+sink to rest more honoured by society at large, more admired and
+respected by his friends, more revered by his vassals, than the gentle
+Lochiel. The beauty of his character showed itself also in the close
+ties of domestic life: and in some of these, more particularly as a
+brother, his warm and constant affections were destined to be severely
+wounded. He felt deeply the banishment of his brother Cameron of
+Fassefern; and still more severely the cruel fate of another brother,
+Dr. Archibald Cameron. The fate of that young man, who attended Charles
+Edward in most of his wanderings, presents, indeed, one of the saddest
+episodes of this melancholy period. Dr. Cameron, after sharing the
+dangers which the Prince ran, and following him to France, returned to
+Scotland in 1749. Charles Edward had left a large sum of money in the
+charge of Macpherson of Clunie, upon leaving Scotland; and Dr. Cameron
+was privy to the concealment of the money. He visited Clunie, and
+obtained from him six thousand louis-d'ors, for which, however, Clunie
+took Dr. Cameron's receipt. In 1753, Dr. Cameron made another visit,
+which is conjectured to have had a similar object. The money was
+concealed near Loch Arkeg, to the amount of twenty-two thousand
+louis-d'ors. Some degree of obscurity rests upon this transaction, which
+undoubtedly throws a degree of discredit on the memory of Dr. Cameron.
+Among the Stuart papers there is a letter from Mr. Ludovick Cameron to
+Prince Charles, alluding to the "misfortune" of his nephew, Dr. Cameron,
+in taking away a good round sum of his Highness's money, and clearing
+himself from the imputation. This proves that there was no commission,
+as it has been suggested,[298] to Dr. Cameron, but that the transaction
+was regarded in a disgraceful light, even by the relative of the
+unfortunate young man.
+
+A severe retribution awaited the offender, who intended, it is said, to
+enter into a mercantile concern at Glasgow with the money thus procured.
+He was taken prisoner in the house of Stewart of Glenbuckie, by a party
+of soldiers from the garrison at Inversnaid. He was carried to London,
+arraigned upon the Act of Attainder in 1745, in which his name was
+included, and sentenced to the death of a traitor. His wife, who then
+resided at Lisle, hurried to London to proffer fruitless petitions for
+mercy. Whatever may have been Dr. Cameron's errors, his death was worthy
+of the name he bore, and he sustained his fate with calmness and
+resignation. Seven children were left to deplore his loss. The Chevalier
+St. George, kindly passing over his fault, wrote of him in these terms.
+"I am a stranger to the motives which carried poor Archibald Cameron
+into Scotland; but whatever they may have been, his fate gives me the
+more concern, as I own I could not bring myself to believe that the
+English Government would carry their rigour so far." The French
+Government settled a pension of one thousand five hundred livres upon
+Mrs. Cameron, and an annual allowance of two hundred livres to each of
+her sons, who were in their service. The unfortunate Dr. Cameron was
+buried in the Savoy in London. The family of the man who betrayed him is
+said, in the Highlands, to have been visited with a severe retribution,
+having, ever since, had one of its members an idiot. Such is the notion
+of retributive justice in the Highlands.
+
+The death of this brother, and still more the stain upon the honour of
+Dr. Cameron, must have added greatly to the burden of sorrow which fell
+so heavily upon Lochiel. His son was, however, spared for some years,
+and was cherished by the Scots as the representative of their ancient
+chiefs. He was, it is true, what they called a "landless laird," yet the
+clansmen paid him all the honours due to the eldest son of Lochiel. He
+received a good education, and was prevented by his friends from taking
+any part in the various schemes set on foot at certain intervals for the
+return of Charles. He married at an early age. Government was at that
+time engaged in levying men for the American war, and found it
+convenient to use the influence of the clans for that purpose; Lochiel
+was offered a company in General Fraser's regiment, the seventy-first,
+provided he could raise it among his clan. Poor and broken as they were,
+the clansmen, true to their bond of fidelity, mustered around their
+landless laird; and Lochiel marched at the head of his company to
+Glasgow, in order to embark for America.
+
+It happened that whilst here, he was taken ill of the measles, a
+disorder which prevented his marching. It was therefore arranged that
+the first lieutenant should take his place. When, on the point of
+marching to Greenock in order to embark, the clansmen discovered this,
+they laid down their arms, declaring that they had not engaged with King
+George, but with Lochiel; and they refused to move. The chief hearing of
+this dilemma, ill as he was, arose, dressed himself, and went down to
+his people. He harangued them, and represented that unless they went on
+board, their conduct would be imputed to disaffection, and might injure,
+if not ruin his interests. The men immediately took up their arms,
+huzzaed their chief, and began to march. The result is melancholy.
+Enfeebled by this effort, Lochiel again took to his bed; the day on
+which he had made this fatal exertion was a raw November morning. He
+never recovered from that exposure, but died in a few days afterwards.
+
+Most of the company of Camerons perished in the contest which ensued.
+Thrice during the American war was General Fraser's regiment
+renewed.[299] Such was the devotion of this gallant race of men to their
+chief; and such were the services which those whose fathers had fought
+at Culloden, devoted to the cause of the English Monarch.
+
+Late in the eighteenth century, the estates of Lochiel were restored to
+the grandson of Lochiel; and the descendants of that race, in which so
+much honour, such disinterested exertion, such kindness and heroism
+existed, are again the Lords of Achnacarry.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[247] I am indebted to a MS. account of Cameron of Lochiel for the most
+interesting facts in the following memoir. It was communicated to me by
+R. Chambers, Esq., and was written by Mrs. Grant of Laggan. In her
+letters unpublished, she declares the source of her information to have
+been some papers in the possession of a Scotch clergyman, "which," says
+Mrs. Grant, "it appears he did not give to John Home, who would scarcely
+have asked the favour, keeping very shy of his old brethren."
+
+[248] Brown's History of the Highlands, part ii. p. 141.
+
+[249] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[250] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[251] Brown's Highlands.
+
+[252] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[253] "The credit of this feat," writes Mrs. Grant, "rests merely on the
+country tradition: and the silence concerning it, in the publications
+and records of those times, is accounted for, first, by the shame which
+the commanders of the party felt at being thus surprised and outwitted
+by an inferior number of those whom they had been accustomed to style
+barbarians and to treat as such."--_MS._
+
+[254] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[255] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[256] Sketches of the Highlands, vol. i. pp. 60, 61.
+
+[257] Brown's Highlands.
+
+[258] Reay, p. 88.
+
+[259] See Culloden Papers.
+
+[260] Stewart's Sketches, vol. i. p. 86.
+
+[261] Reay, p. 271.
+
+[262] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[263] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[264] Conjectured to be Lord Lovat.
+
+[265] Appendix to the Memoirs of Sir Ewan Cameron of Lochiel, p. 177.
+
+[266] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[267] Appendix to Home's History of the Rebellion, No. II.
+
+[268] See Appendix, No. II.
+
+[269] Home. Appendix. From the papers of Cameron of Fassefern, Lochiel's
+nephew.
+
+[270] In the year 1781, Fassefern repeated this conversation to Mr.
+Home. History of the Rebellion, p. 7.
+
+[271] Forbes, p. 19.
+
+[272] Home, p. 5.
+
+[273] Forbes, p. 19.
+
+[274] Home, p. 6.
+
+[275] Maxwell of Kirkconnel's Narrative, p. 23.
+
+[276] The beautiful poem of Campbell, entitled "Lochiel," is founded on
+this circumstance.
+
+[277] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[278] Life of Jenny Cameron. London. Printed for C. Whitefield, in White
+Friars, 1746.
+
+[279] Life of Jenny Cameron.
+
+[280] Forbes, p. 23.
+
+[281] The poem entitled "Jeanie Cameron's Lament," is, with other
+inedited Jacobite songs, likely soon to be given to the world, arranged
+to true Scottish airs, and published in parts. These songs are collected
+by a member of one of the most ancient Jacobite families. The
+accomplished young lady who has engaged in this undertaking is Miss
+Charlotte Maxwell, the sister of Sir William Maxwell, Bart., of
+Menteith, Wigtonshire, and a descendant of the Earl of Nithisdale. The
+ballad of Sherriff Muir, is among the first of the interesting
+collection.
+
+[282] Forbes, p. 23.
+
+[283] Maxwell of Kirkconnel, p. 45.
+
+[284] Maxwell, p. 105.
+
+[285] Home, p. 164.
+
+[286] Dated, Edinburgh, 12th Jan. 1745-6. This extract, for which I am
+indebted to Mr. Macdonald, who possesses the orderly-book, was
+considered an extremely curious passage by Sir Walter Scott.
+
+[287] Burrell's regiment was so broken, that not two men were left
+standing. Home, Appendix.
+
+[288] In a letter among the papers of Mr. Murray of Abercairney, the
+imputations upon the Highlanders are strongly and ably refuted. For
+obvious reasons I have not given the extract, nor gone more closely into
+a subject which belongs to the province of history.
+
+[289] See Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+[290] Home, Appendix, p. 373.
+
+[291] See note 2 in Chambers's History of the Rebellion, p. 121.
+
+[292] See History of the Rebellion, taken from the Scots' Magazine, p.
+353.
+
+[293] Cluny Macpherson's Narrative. Home, Appendix, p. 365.
+
+[294] Of one of these there is an interesting anecdote in the Tales of a
+Grandfather, vol. iii. p. 295, note.
+
+[295] Home's History of the Rebellion, Appendix, p. 146.
+
+[296] Brown's History of the Highlands, Part II. App. CVII. from the
+Stuart Papers.
+
+[297] Brown's History of the Highlands. No. LXX.
+
+[298] Chambers, p. 145.
+
+[299] Mrs. Grant's MS.
+
+
+END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+LONDON:
+
+Printed by S. & J. BENTLEY, WILSON, AND FLEY,
+
+Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Note: The following errors in the original have been
+corrected.
+
+Page 24 - missing quote mark added: in Scots' affairs."[B]
+
+Page 36 - missing quote mark added: Scottish nobility."
+
+Page 47 - from Paris to Boisleduc changed to from Paris to Barleduc
+
+Page 54 - missing quote mark added: faithfully serving King George."
+
+Page 66 - few duties changed to feu duties
+
+Page 88 - disastrous contest changed to diastrous contest
+
+Page 94 - missing footnote marker added: Earl conceived.[101]
+
+Page 101 - extra comma removed from after harbour, which succeeded
+
+Page 111 - extra quote mark removed from before MAR.
+
+Page 126 - Footnote marker with no associated footnote after pardoned in
+1726.
+
+Page 158 - at Fetterosso changed to at Fetteresso
+
+Page 163 - missing quotation mark added after Ave Marias:
+
+Page 183 - Porbably (in footnote) changed to Probably
+
+Page 258 - missing quotation mark added before we saw a drum
+
+Page 266 - against him." missing closing quote after him added
+
+Page 300 - missing quotation mark added after black as a craw, man.
+
+Page 309 - extra quotation mark removed from after their uncles.
+
+Page 310 - missing quotation mark added after his possession,
+
+Page 369 - missing quotation mark added after the smallest assistance!"
+
+Page 383 - In this rereat changed to In this retreat
+
+Page 387 - from the imputation. extra quotation mark removed from after
+imputation
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and
+1745., by Mrs. Thomson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES ***
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