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diff --git a/20946-h/20946-h.htm b/20946-h/20946-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c3dda7d --- /dev/null +++ b/20946-h/20946-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,14157 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745, Volume I., by Mrs. Thomson. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i16 {display: block; margin-left: 16em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745., by +Mrs. Thomson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745. + Volume I. + +Author: Mrs. Thomson + +Release Date: March 31, 2007 [EBook #20946] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES *** + + + + +Produced by Susan Skinner, Ted Garvin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1>MEMOIRS<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">OF</span><br /> +<br /> +THE JACOBITES<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 75%;">OF 1715 AND 1745.</span></h1> + +<p class='center'><span class="smcap">By MRS. THOMSON,</span><br /> +<br /> +AUTHOR OF<br /> +<br /> +"MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF HENRY THE EIGHTH,"<br /> +"MEMOIRS OF SARAH, DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH," <span class="smcap">ETC</span>.<br /> +</p> + +<h2>VOLUME I.</h2> + +<p class='center'> +LONDON:<br /> +RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,<br /> +Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty.<br /> +1845.<br /> +</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class='center'> +LONDON:<br /> +Printed by <span class="smcap">S. & J. Bentley, Wilson</span>, and <span class="smcap">Fley</span>,<br /> +Bangor House, Shoe Lane.<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>In completing two volumes of a work which has +been for some years in contemplation, it may be +remarked that it is the only collective Biography +of the Jacobites that has yet been given to the +Public. Meagre accounts, scattered anecdotes, and +fragments of memoir, have hitherto rather tantalized +than satisfied those who have been interested in the +events of 1715 and 1745. The works of Home, of +Mr. Chambers, and the collections of Bishop Forbes, +all excellent, are necessarily too much mingled up +with the current of public affairs to comprise any +considerable portion of biographical detail. Certain +lives of some of the sufferers in the cause of the +Stuarts, printed soon after the contests in behalf +of those Princes, are little more than narratives of +their trials and executions; they were intended merely +as ephemeral productions to gratify a curious public, +and merit no long existence. It would have been, +indeed, for many years, scarcely prudent, and certainly +not expedient, to proffer any information concerning +the objects of royal indignation, except that +which the newspapers afforded: nor was it perfectly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span> +safe, for a considerable time after the turbulent times +in which the sufferers lived, to palliate their offences, +or to express any deep concern for their fate. That +there was much to be admired in those whose memories +were thus, in some measure, consigned to oblivion, +except in the hearts of their descendants; +much which deserved to be explained in their motives; +much which claimed to be upheld in their self-sacrifices, +the following pages will show. Whatever +leaning the Author may have had to the unfortunate +cause of the Stuarts, it has not, however, +been her intention only to pourtray the bright ornaments +of the party. She has endeavoured to show +that it was composed, as well as most other political +combinations, of materials differing in value—some +pure, some base, some noble, some mean and vacillating.</p> + +<p>As far as human weakness and prejudice can permit, +the Author has aimed at a strict scrutiny of +conduct and motives. In the colouring given to +these, she has conscientiously sought to be impartial: +for the facts stated, she has given the authorities.</p> + +<p>It now remains for the Author publicly to acknowledge +the resources from which she has derived some +materials which have never before been given to +the Public, and for which she has to thank, in several +instances, not only the kindness of friends, but +the liberality of strangers.</p> + +<p>A very interesting collection of letters, many of +them written in the Earl of Mar's own hand, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span> +others dictated by him, is interwoven with the biography +of that nobleman. These letters were written, +in fact, for the information of the whole body of +Jacobites, to whom they were transmitted through +the agent of that party, Captain Henry Straiton, +residing in Edinburgh. They form almost a diary +of Lord Mar's proceedings at Perth. They are continued +up to within a few hours of the evacuation of +that city by the Jacobite army. For these curious +and characteristic letters, pourtraying as they do, in +lively colours, the difficulties of the General in his +council and his camp, she is indebted to the friendship +and mediation of the Honourable Lord Cockburn, +and to the liberality of James Gibson Craig, +Esq.</p> + +<p>To the Right Honourable the Earl of Newburgh, the +descendant and representative of the Radcliffe family, +her sincere and respectful acknowledgments are due +for his Lordship's readily imparting to her several +interesting particulars of the Earl of Derwentwater +and his family. She owes a similar debt of gratitude +to the Viscount Strathallan, for his Lordship's +communication to her respecting the House of Drummond. +To the Honourable Mrs. Bellamy, the descendant +of Viscount Kenmure, she has also to offer +similar acknowledgments, for information respecting +her unfortunate ancestor; and for an original +letter of his Lordship; and she must also beg to +express her obligations to William Constable Maxwell, +Esq., and to Mrs. Constable Maxwell, of Ter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>regles, +the descendants of the Earl of Nithisdale, for +their courteous and prompt assistance. To James +Craik, Esq., of Arbigland, Dumfriesshire, she is indebted +for a correspondence which continues, as it +were, an account of that family during the later part +of the year 1745. To Sir Fitzroy Grafton Maclean, +Bart., she owes the account of his clan and family, +which has been printed for private circulation. She +is also grateful to a descendant of the family of +Lochiel, Miss Mary Anne Cameron, for some interesting +particulars of the burning of Achnacarry, +the seat of her ancestors.</p> + +<p>In some of these instances the information derived +has not been considerable, owing to the total +wreck of fortune, the destruction of houses, and the +loss of papers, which followed the ruthless steps of +the conquering army of the Duke of Cumberland. +Most of the hereditary memorials of those Highland +families who engaged in both rebellions, perished; +and their representatives are strangely destitute of +letters, papers, and memorials of every kind. The +practice of burying family archives and deeds which +prevailed during the troubles, was adopted but with +partial advantage, by those who anticipated the worst +result of the contest.</p> + +<p>In recalling with pleasure the number of those to +whom the Author owes sincere gratitude for kindness +and aid in her undertaking, the name of Charles +Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq. renews the remembrance of +that store of antiquarian information from which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> +others, far more worthy to enjoy it than herself, +have owed obligations. The Author has also most +gratefully to acknowledge the very kind and valuable +assistance of Archibald Macdonald, Esq., of the Register +Office, Edinburgh, to whom she is indebted +for several original letters; and of Robert Chambers, +Esq., to whose liberality she is indebted for +several of her manuscript sources, as well as some +valuable advice on the subject of her work. To Dr. +Irvine, Librarian of the Advocate's Library, Edinburgh, +the Author offers, with the most lively pleasure, +her sincere acknowledgments for a ready and +persevering assistance in aid of her undertaking. +Again, she begs to repeat her sense of deep obligation +to Mr. Keats, of the British Museum, the +literary pilot of many years' historical research.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">London,</span><br /> +<i>October 27, 1845.</i><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + + +<p>The history of the Jacobites properly begins with +the brave and conscientious men who followed James +the Second to France, or fought and bled for him +in the United Kingdom. Of the few nobles whom +that Monarch had distinguished by his friendship +when Duke of York, or graced with his favours +when King, three only in Scotland remained attached +openly to his interests: these were the Duke of Gordon, +the Lord Balcarras, and Claverhouse of Dundee, +who may be regarded as the parents of the Jacobite +party in Scotland. "The other nobles of the late +King's party," remarks a great historian,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> "waited +for events, in hopes and in fears, from the Old Government +and the New, intriguing with both, and +depended upon by neither."</p> + +<p>Upon the death of Dundee, a troop of officers who +had fought under the standard of that great General, +and who had imbibed his lofty opinions and learned +to imitate his dauntless valour, capitulated, and were +suffered to leave the country and retire to France. +Their number amounted to a hundred and fifty: +they were all of honourable birth, and glorying in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> +their political principles. At first these exiles were +pensioned by the French Government, but, upon the +close of the civil war, those pensions ceased. Finding +themselves a burden upon King James, they formed +themselves into a body-guard, which was afterwards +incorporated with the French army. It may fairly be +presumed that this remnant of Dundee's army, four +of whom only returned to Scotland, were instrumental +during their abode in France in maintaining +a communication between the Court of St. Germains +and their disheartened countrymen who had remained +in their Highland homes. Abroad, they supported +their military character as soldiers who had fought +under Dundee: they were always the foremost in the +battle and the last to retreat, and were distinguished +by a superiority in order and discipline, no less than +by their energy and courage.</p> + +<p>There can be no doubt but that the majority of +the great landholders in England, as well as the +Highland chiefs, continued, through the reign of +William and Mary, disposed to high Tory views; +and that had not the popular cry of the Church +being in danger aided the designs of the Whigs, the +Highflyers, or rigid Tories, would not have remained +in quiescence during that critical period, which resembled +the settling of a rushing current of waters +into a frothing and bubbling pool, rather than the +calm tenour of a gently-flowing stream. Throughout +the distractions of his reign, it was the wise policy +of William the Third to balance parties; to bestow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> +great posts upon moderate men; to employ alternately +persons of different opinions, and by frequent +changes in his Ministry, to conciliate the good-will +of both factions;—and this was all that that able +Monarch could effect, until time should extinguish +political animosity.</p> + +<p>Queen Mary, educated in Tory principles, and +taught by her maternal uncle, the Earl of Rochester, +to consider every opposition to the Sovereign's +will as rebellion, was scarcely regarded in +the light of an enemy to the doctrine of passive +obedience and non-resistance, notwithstanding her +unfilial conduct;<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> and it is remarkable that, during +her life, great favour was shown at Court to the +Highland partisans of James the Second; distinctions +were as much avoided as it was possible; and +the personal prepossessions of the Queen were supposed +to be on the side of the High Church Tories.</p> + +<p>During the reign of Anne, notwithstanding the coalition +of Godolphin, Marlborough, and other leaders +of the moderate Tories with the Whigs, and the +reputation and glory which their combined abilities +and characters obtained, a conviction was still prevalent +that the heart of the Queen was disposed to +the restoration of the ancient race, and that her days +would not close before a design to secure the succession +to her nephew would be matured, and the +Act of Succession, which was chiefly the offspring of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> +Whig policy, should be set aside. There was, doubtless, +not only in the mind of Anne, but in that +of her sagacious predecessor, an apprehension that +after the death of the last of their dynasty, the succession +would again be fiercely disputed. Impressed +with this conviction, it was a favourite scheme of +William to invite the child, who afterwards, under +the name of the Chevalier St. George, was the hero, +in dumb show, it must be acknowledged, of the Insurrection +of 1715, to receive his education in England +under his kingly care; to be bred up a Protestant; +and to make that education the earnest +of his future succession. The proposal was rejected +by James the Second, to the great prejudice of his +son's interests, and to the misfortune, it may be +presumed, of the British nation. For one can +scarcely suppose a more perfect combination of all +the qualities calculated to form a popular Monarch, +in this country, than the natural abilities of the +Stuart race, perfected under the able guidance of so +reflective a ruler—so accomplished a general—so +consummate a statesman, as William. The education +which that Monarch had planned for the young +Duke of Gloucester shows how enlarged and practical +were his views of the acquirements necessary +for a Sovereign: it presents a scheme of tuition +which, if it may be deemed not wholly adapted to +the present day, was on the most comprehensive and +liberal scale. But James, acting, at all events, with +the consistency of a sincere believer, returned, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> +Dalrymple expresses it, "slowly and sadly to bury +the remembrance of his greatness in the convent of +La Trappe;" and all future attempts on the part +of his posterity to recover the throne of their ancestors +were frustrated by the hollowness of French +professions of friendship.</p> + +<p>The tranquil demeanour of the Jacobite party +during the reign of Anne may seem surprising, +when we consider the avowed favour and protection +which were held out by Louis the Fourteenth +to the royal exiles of St. Germain. During the +lifetime of James, who considered that he had exchanged +the hope of an earthly for that of a heavenly +Crown, there was little to wonder at in this +inactivity and apparent resignation. Had it not +been for the influence of an enthusiastic, high-minded, +and fascinating woman, the very mention of the cause +would probably have died away in the priest-thronged +saloons of St. Germains. To Mary of Modena the +credit is due—if credit on such account is to be assigned—for +maintaining in the friends of her consort, +for instilling in the breast of her son, a desire of +restoration;—that word, in fact, might be found, to +speak metaphorically, written in her heart. To her +personal qualities, to her still youthful attractions, +to her pure mind, and blameless career of conjugal +duty—to the noble, maternal ambition which no +worthy judge of human motives could refuse a tribute +of pity and admiration—to her disregard of low +and unworthy instruments to advance her means, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> +in the case of Lovat, even the warmest partisans of +the Revolution were forced to do justice. The disinterested +and sagacious Godolphin is said to have +done more: he is supposed to have cherished such +a respectful enthusiasm for the young mother who +thus supported the claims of her son, as might have +become the chivalric Surrey. Whatever were the +fact, during the existence of Anne, the payment of +a dowry to Mary of Modena, the favourable understanding +between her son, as he grew up to man's +estate, and the English Court, the small reward +offered for his apprehension, the conniving at the +daily enlistment of men in his service, and the indulgence +shown to those who openly spoke and +preached against the Revolution, were certain indications +and ample proofs that had the Queen's life +been prolonged, some effectual steps would have been +taken to efface from her memory the recollection of +her early failure of duty to King James, and to +satisfy the reproaches of her narrow, though conscientious +mind. That such was the fact, the declaration +or manifesto of the Chevalier, dated from +Plombières, August 2, 1714, and printed in French, +English, and Latin, attests; and the assertion was +confirmed by a letter from the Duke of Lorrain to +the English Government. This favourable disposition +on the part of Anne proves that she gave no +credence to the report of the supposititious birth of +the Prince; although, in her youthful days, and when +irritated against her step-mother, she had entered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span> +into the Court gossip on that subject, with all the +eagerness of a weak and credulous mind.</p> + +<p>Nourished in secret by these hopes, the Jacobites in +England constituted a far more important party than +our historians are generally willing to allow. The +famous work entitled, "English Advice to the Freeholders +of Great Britain," supposed to be written by +Bishop Atterbury, was extensively circulated throughout +the country: it tended to promote an opposition cry +of "the Church in danger!" by insinuating that the +Whigs projected the abolition of Episcopacy. It was +received with great enthusiasm; and was responded to +with fervour by the University of Oxford, which was +inflamed with a zeal for the restoration of the Stuarts; +and which displayed much of the same ardour, and +held forth the same arguments that had stimulated that +seat of learning in the days of Charles the First. To +these sentiments, the foreign birth, the foreign language, +and, above all, the foreign principles of the King +added considerable disgust: nor can it be a matter +of surprise that such should be the case. It appears, +nevertheless, extraordinary that the opposition to so +strange an engrafting of a foreign ruler should not +have been received with greater public manifestations +of dislike than the unorganized turbulence of Oxford +under-graduates, or the ephemeral fury of a London +populace.</p> + +<p>In Scotland a very different state of public feeling +prevailed. In England men of commerce were swayed +in their political opinions by the good of trade, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> +nothing was so likely to injure as a disputed succession. +The country gentlemen were, more or less, under +the influence of party pamphlets, and were liable +to have their political prejudices smoothed down by +collision with their neighbours. Excepting in the +northern counties, the dread of Popery prevailed also +universally. The remembrance of the bigotry and +tyranny of James the Second had not faded away +from the remembrance of those whose fathers or +grandfathers could remember its details. In the Highlands +of Scotland the memory of that Monarch was, +on the other hand, worshipped as a friend of that +noble country, as the Stuart peculiarly their own, +as the royal exile, whose health and return, under +various disguises, they had pledged annually at their +hunting-matches, and to whose youthful son they +transferred an allegiance which they held sacred as +their religion.</p> + +<p>Nor had James the Second earned the devotion of +the Highland chieftains without some degree of merit +on his own part. The most incapable and unworthy +of rulers, he had yet some fine and popular qualities as +a man; he was not devoid of a considerable share of +ability although it was misapplied. His letters to +his son, his account of his own life, show that one +who could act most erroneously and criminally, did, +nevertheless, often think and feel rightly. His obstinate +adherence to his own faith may be lamented +by politicians; it may be sneered at by the worldly; +but it must be approved by all who are themselves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span> +staunch supporters of that mode of faith which +they conscientiously adopt. In private society James +had the power of attaching his dependents; and perhaps +from a deeper source than that which gave attraction +to the conversation of his good-natured, dissolute +brother. His melancholy and touching reply +to Sir Charles Littleton, who expressed to him his +shame that his son was with the Prince of Orange:—"Alas! +Sir Charles! why ashamed? Are not my +daughters with him?" was an instance of that readiness +and delicacy which are qualities peculiarly appropriate +to royalty. His exclamation at the battle +of La Hogue, when he beheld the English sailors +scrambling up the sides of the French ships from their +boats—"None but my brave English could do this!" +was one trait of a character neither devoid of sensibility, +nor destitute of certain emotions which appear +incompatible with the royal patron of Judge Jeffries, +and with the enemy of Monmouth.</p> + +<p>During his residence, when Duke of York, at Holyrood, +accompanied by Anne Hyde, when Duchess of +York, James became extremely popular in Edinburgh; +in the Highlands his hold of the affections of +the chieftains had a deeper origin. The oppressor +of the English had endeavoured to become the +emancipator of the chieftains. The rigour of the +feudal system, which was carried to its utmost extent +in the Highlands, although softened by the patriarchal +character of the chiefs, was revolting to the chieftains +or landholders under the yoke of some feudal noble<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span>man +or chief; and they became ambitious of becoming +direct holders from the Crown. It was a scheme of +James the Second to abolish this system of infeudation, +by buying up the superiorities,—a plan, the completion +of which was attempted by William the Third, +but defeated by the avarice and dishonesty of those +who managed the transaction. The chieftains, however, +never forgot the obligation which they owed to +James:<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> they refused all offers of emolument or promotion +from his successor; and they adhered to the +exiled King with a loyalty which was never shaken, +and which broke forth conspicuously in the Insurrection +of 1715. "The Highlanders," says Dalrymple, +"carried in their bosoms the high point of honour +without its follies."</p> + +<p>Without entering into the various reasons which +strengthened this sentiment of gratitude and allegiance; +without commenting upon the partly patriarchal +nature of the clan system, and the firm compact +which was cemented between every member of +that family by a common relationship of blood; it is +sufficient to remark, that to a people so retired, in many +parts insulated, in all, apart from daily intelligence, +far away from communication with any whose free +disquisitions might possibly stake their opinions, it +was not surprising that the loyalty to James should +continue unalloyed during two successive reigns. It +burned, indeed, with a steady though covered flame. +The Insurrection of 1715, which seems, in the pages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span> +of history, to break forth unexpectedly, was long in +being organized. From Anne's first Session of Parliament +until the completion of the Union, Scotland +was in a state of ferment, and violent party divisions +racked civil society. In 1707, the famous Colonel +Hooke was sent to the northern parts of Scotland +from France, to sound the nobility and chieftains +with respect to their sentiments, to ascertain the +amount of their forces, and to inquire what quantity +of ammunition and other warlike stores should be necessary +to be sent from France. A full account of +affairs was compiled, and was signed by fifteen noblemen +and gentlemen, amongst whom the Duke of +Athole, who aspired, according to Lockhart, to be +another General Monk, was foremost in promoting the +restoration of the youthful son of James the Second. +This mission was followed by the unsuccessful attempt +at invasion on the part of James, in 1708; when, according +to some representations, there was a far more +reasonable prospect of success than at any later period. +The nobility and gentry were, at that time, well prepared +to receive the royal adventurer; the regular +army was wholly unfit, either in numbers or ammunition, +to oppose the forces which they would have raised. +The very Guards, it is supposed, would have done duty +on the person of James Stuart the night that he landed. +The equivalent money sent to Scotland to reward the +promoters of the Union, was still in the country, and +a considerable part of it was in the Castle of Edinburgh; +and a Dutch fleet had recently run aground<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span> +on the coast of Angus, and had left there a vast +quantity of powder, shot, and cannon, and a large +sum of money, which might have been secured. England +was, at this time, distracted with jealousies and +factions; and although the great Marlborough was +then in the vigour of his youth, ready to defend his +country, as well as to extend her dominions, there +were suspicions that the General was not wholly adverse +to the claims of James Stuart.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>How far these expectations might have been realised, +it is difficult to say. The French newspapers +had proclaimed the preparations for invasion, and +Louis the Fourteenth had taken leave of James, wishing +him a prosperous voyage, and expressing, as the +highest compliment, "the hope that he should never +see him again," when a slight, accidental indisposition +disturbed the whole arrangement. The royal youth +was taken ill with the measles; upon which the +French troops which had embarked at Dunkirk disembarked. +A fatal delay was occasioned; and the +French fleet, after an ineffectual voyage, went +"sneakingly home," "doing," as one of the most +active Jacobites remarks, "much harm to the King, +his country, and themselves."</p> + +<p>Such was the fate of the attempt, in 1708, to place +James Stuart on the throne of his ancestors; and it will +readily be believed that the ill-starred endeavour did +not add to the probable success of any future enterprise. +Scarcely had the accession of George the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span> +First, an event which a certain historian denominates +"a surprising turn of Providence," taken place, than +the removal of Lord Bolingbroke from office announced +to the Tory party that they had lost their best friend +at Court. Upon this intelligence reaching the Highlands, +many of the Jacobites took up arms; but this +hasty demonstration of good will to their cause was instantly +suppressed. The Chevalier was, nevertheless, +proclaimed King in the night time, and three noblemen, +the Duke of Gordon, the Marquis of Huntley, +and Lord Drummond, were kept prisoners in their own +houses. In the middle of November, the Chevalier's +Declaration, asserting his right and title to the Crown +of England, was sent by a French mail to many persons +of rank in this country. For some months the +country was in a state of ferment, such as, perhaps, +had never been witnessed since the days of the Great +Rebellion. The Jacobites were centered in Oxford, +but Bristol was also another of their strongholds; +the course of justice was impeded there by riots; and +every effort was made, both there and elsewhere, to +influence the elections, which were carried on with a +degree of venom and fury, exasperated by the cry of +"the Church in danger!"</p> + +<p>In February, 1715, the Duke of Argyle, Commander-in-Chief +of his Majesty's forces in Scotland, +received information that a vessel containing arms +and ammunition had landed in the Isle of Sky, and +that five strangers had disembarked there, and had +instantly dispersed themselves throughout the coun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span>try. +This was the first positive indication of the +combination, which already comprised most of the +ancient and respected names in Scotland. This confederacy, +as it may be called, had existed ever since +the peace of Utrecht, under the form of the Jacobite +Association. In 1710, the formation of the October +Club had shewed plainly the bias of the country +gentlemen, who, according to a judge of men's motives +who was rarely satisfied, "did adhere firmly to +their principles and engagements, acting the part of +honest countrymen and dutiful subjects."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>About the month of May, the report of James +Stuart's intended invasion of Scotland, and particulars +of the preparations made for it in England, +Scotland, and France, became public. Measures +were, of course, instantly taken to guard the +coasts of England and Scotland, and to augment +land forces. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended +in England, and in Scotland. An Act, passed in +1701, for preventing wrong imprisonments, and +against undue delay in trials, was also suspended +from the twenty-third of July, 1715, until the +twenty-fourth of the ensuing January. A fleet, under +the command of Sir George Byng, was ordered +to cruise in the Downs; and the most active and +vigilant measures were taken in order to put the +nation into a position of defence. The former intended +invasion of 1708 was not forgotten, and it acted +like a warning voice to the English Ministry. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span> +Whig Association was framed among persons of rank +and influence; and in Edinburgh a body of volunteers +was formed, who might daily be seen exercising +in the Great Hall of the College.</p> + +<p>Meantime the Jacobites were increasing in strength. +During the last six years collections had been +made in the continental nations, purporting to be +for a "gentleman in distress," and the amount was +said to have exceeded twelve millions.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> Of this sum, +one hundred thousand pounds was entrusted to the +Earl of Mar.</p> + +<p>The whole scheme of the insurrection was matured, +and the Chevalier had been proclaimed King in different +towns in Scotland, when the death of Louis +the Fourteenth cast such a damp over the spirits +of the party, that there ensued a consultation as to +the expediency of their separating and returning to +their homes. In this emergency, unhappily for the +brave and ardent men whom he had assembled at +Braemar, the influence of the Earl of Mar, and the +arguments which his sanguine spirit suggested, prevailed; +and the assembled chiefs parted, only to meet +again at their appointed places of rendezvous.</p> + +<p>The scheme of the Insurrection of 1715 embraced +three different movements. In the north, the Earl of +Mar was to possess himself of all the rich coasts of +Fife, and also to maintain, in the name of James the +Third, the northern counties, which, with few exceptions, +were soon under the control of the insur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span>gents. +An attempt was made upon the southern +parts of Scotland, by sending Brigadier Mackintosh, +with a strong detachment of men, to cross the Firth +of Forth, and to land in the Lothians, there expecting +to be joined by friends on the borders and from +England. In the west, a rising of the south-country +Scots, under the command of Lord Kenmure, was +projected; whilst in Northumberland the English +Jacobites, headed by Mr. Forster, with a commission +of General from Lord Mar, and aided by the Earl +of Derwentwater, was to give the signal and incentive +to the adherents of James in the sister Kingdom, as +well as to co-operate with the Scottish forces under +the commands of Brigadier Mackintosh and Viscount +Kenmure. An attack upon Edinburgh was also concerted.</p> + +<p>Such is the outline of a plan of an insurrection +to the effect of which the Earl of Mar declared the +Jacobites had been looking for six and twenty years. +How immature it was in its conception—how deficient +in energy and union was its execution—how +unworthy was its chief instrument—how fatal to the +good and great were its results—and, by a singular +fortune, how those who least merited their safety +escaped, whilst the gallant and honest champions of +the cause suffered, will be fully detailed in the following +pages. Let it be remembered that the task +of compiling these Memoirs has been undertaken with +no party spirit, nor with any wish to detract from +the deep obligations which we owe to those who pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[Pg xxv]</a></span>served +us from inroads on our constitution, and oppression +in our religious opinions. It has been, +however, begun with a sincere wish to do justice +to the disinterested and the good; and, as the task +has proceeded, and increased information on the subject +has been gained, it has been continued with a +conviction that, whatever may be the nature or +merits of the abstract principles on which it was +undertaken, the Insurrection of 1715 forms an episode +in the history of our country as creditable to +many of the ill-fated actors in its tragic scenes, as +any that have been detailed in the pages of that +history.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">London,</span><br /> +<i>October 28, 1845.</i><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[Pg xxvi]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[Pg xxvii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">TO</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 75%;">THE FIRST VOLUME.</span></h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#JOHN_ERSKINE_EARL_OF_MAR">John Erskine, Earl of Mar</a> (with a Portrait)</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#JAMES_EARL_OF_DERWENTWATER">James Radcliffe, Earl of Derwentwater</a> (with a Portrait)</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_MASTER_OF_SINCLAIR">The Master of Sinclair</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CAMERON_OF_LOCHIEL247">Cameron of Lochiel</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES.</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="JOHN_ERSKINE_EARL_OF_MAR" id="JOHN_ERSKINE_EARL_OF_MAR"></a>JOHN ERSKINE, EARL OF MAR.</h2> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 488px;"> +<img src="images/ill-2.jpg" width="488" height="600" alt="JOHN ERSKINE, EARL OF MAR" title="" /> +<table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left' style="font-size: x-small;"><i>W. Hassell, pinx<sup>t</sup>.</i></td><td align='right' style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cook, sculp<sup>t</sup>.</i></td></tr> +</table> +<span class="caption">JOHN ERSKINE,<br />EARL OF MAR</span> +</div> + +<p>"The title of Mar," observes Lord Hailes, "is one +of the Earldoms whose origin is lost in its antiquity." +It existed before our records, and before the era of +general history: hence, the Earls of Mar claimed +always to be called first in the Scottish Parliament +in the roll of Earls, as having no rival in the antiquity +of their honours.</p> + +<p>From the time of Malcolm Canmore, in the year +1065, until the fourteenth century, the family of +De Mar enjoyed this Earldom; but on the death of +Thomas, the thirteenth Earl of Mar, in 1377, the +direct male line of this race ended. The Earldom +then devolved upon the female representatives of the +house of De Mar; and thence, as in most similar +instances in Scotland, it became the subject of contention, +fraud, and violence.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + +<p>Isabel, Countess of Mar and Garioch, the last of +the De Mar family, was won in marriage by a singular +and determined species of courtship, formerly +common in Scotland; the influence of terror. The +heiress of the castle of Kildrummie, and a widow, her +first husband, Sir Malcolm Drummond, having died +in 1403, her wealth and rank attracted the regards +of Alexander Stewart, the natural son of Robert Earl +of Buchan, of royal blood. Without waiting for the +ordinary mode of persuasion to establish an interest +in his favour, this wild, rapacious man appeared in +the Highlands at the head of a band of plunderers, +and planting himself before the castle of Kildrummie, +stormed it, and effected a marriage between himself +and the Countess of Mar. Alexander Stewart, in +cooler moments, however, perceived the danger of +this bold measure, and resolved to establish his right +to the Countess and to her estates by another process. +One morning, during the month of September +1404, he presented himself at the Castle gate of Kildrummie, +and formally surrendered to the Countess +the castle, its furniture, and the title-deeds kept +within its chests; thus returning them to her to do +with them as she pleased. The Countess, on the +other hand, holding the keys in her hand, and declaring +herself to be of "mature advice," chose +the said Alexander for her husband, and gave him +the castle, the Earldom of Mar, with all the other +family estates in her possession. She afterwards +conferred these gifts by a charter, signed and sealed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +in the open fields, in the presence of the Bishop of +Ross, and of her whole tenantry, in order to show +that these acts were produced by no unlawful coercion +on the part of her husband. The said honours and estates +were also to descend to any children born in that +marriage. Some of her kindred listened resentfully +to the account of these proceedings of Isabel of Mar.</p> + +<p>The next heir to the Earldom, after the death of +Isabel, was Janet, grand-daughter of Gratney, eleventh +Earl of Mar. This lady had married Sir Thomas +Erskine, the proprietor of the Barony of Erskine, on the +Clyde, the property of the family during many ages; +and she expected, on the death of the Countess of Mar, +to succeed to the honours which had descended to her +by the female line. By a series of unjust and rapacious +acts on the part of the Crown, not only did +Robert, Lord Erskine, her son, fail in securing his +rights, but her descendants had the vexation of seeing +their just honours and rights revert to the King, +James the Third, who bestowed them first upon his +brother, the accomplished and unfortunate John Earl +of Mar, who was bled to death in one of the houses +of the Canongate, in Edinburgh; and afterwards, +upon Cochrane, the favourite of James the Third. +The Earldom of Mar was then conferred on Alexander +Stewart, the third son of King James; and +after his death, upon James Stewart, Prior of St. +Andrews, who had a charter from his sister, Queen +Mary, entitling him to enjoy the long contested +honour. But he soon relinquished the title, to as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>sume +that of Moray, which had also been bestowed +upon him by the Queen: and in 1565 Mary repaired +the injustice committed by her predecessors, +and restored John Lord Erskine to the Earldom of +Mar.</p> + +<p>The house of Erskine, on whom these honours now +descended, has the same traditional origin as that of +most of the other Scottish families of note. In the +days of Malcolm the Second, a Scottish man having +killed with his own hand Enrique, a Danish general, +presented the head of the enemy to his Sovereign, and, +holding in his hand the bloody dagger with which the +deed had been performed, exclaimed, in Gaelic, "Eris +Skyne," alluding to the head and the dagger; upon +which the surname of Erskine was imposed on him. +The armorial bearing of a hand holding a dagger, +was added as a further distinction, together with the +motto, <i>Je pense plus</i>, in allusion to the declaration of +the chieftain that he intended to perform even greater +actions than that which procured him the name which +has since been so celebrated in Scottish history. The +crest and motto are still borne by the family.</p> + +<p>This anecdote has, however, been rejected for the +more probable conjecture that the family of Erskine +derived its appellation from the estate of Erskine on +the Clyde:<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> yet it is not impossible but that tradition +may, in most cases, have a deeper source than we are +willing to allow to it. "There are few points in +ancient history," observes a modern writer, "on which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +more judgment is required than in the amount of +weight due to <i>tradition</i>. In general it will be found +that the tradition subsisting in the families themselves +has a true basis to rest upon, however much it may +be overloaded with collateral matter which obscures +it."<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>But that which ennobled most truly the first Earl +of Mar, of the house of Erskine, was his own probity, +loyalty, and patriotism. Destined originally to the +church, John, properly sixth Earl of Mar, carried +into public life those virtues which would have +adorned the career of a private individual. In the +melancholy interest of Queen Mary's eventful life, +it is consolatory to reflect on the integrity and +moderation of this exemplary nobleman. Too good +and too sensitive for his times, he died of a broken +heart, the result of that inward and incurable +sorrow which the generous and the honest experience, +when their hopes and designs are baffled by +the selfish policy of their own party. "He was, +perhaps," says Robertson, "the only person in the +kingdom who could have enjoyed the office of Regent +without envy, and have left it without loss of reputation."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>From the restoration of John Earl of Mar to his +family honours, until the reign of Charles the First, +the prosperity of this loyal and favoured family increased, +interrupted indeed by some vicissitudes of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +fortune, but by no serious reverses, until that period +which, during the commotions of the Great Rebellion, +reduced many of our proudest nobility to comparative +poverty.</p> + +<p>Among other important trusts enjoyed by the +family of Erskine, the government of the Castle of +Edinburgh, and the custody of the principal forts in +the kingdom, attested the confidence of their Sovereigns. +To these was added by Mary Queen of +Scots, the command of the Castle of Stirling, and the +still more important charge of her infant son. To +these marks of confidence numerous grants of lands +and high appointments succeeded,—obligations which +were repaid with a fidelity which impoverished the +family of Erskine; and which produced, towards the +close of the seventeenth century, a marked decline in +their fortunes, and decay of their local influence.</p> + +<p>John, ninth Earl of Mar, the grandfather of the +Jacobite Earl, suffered severely for his loyalty in +joining the association at Cumbernauld, in favour of +Charles the First. He afterwards raised forces at Brae-Mar +for the King's service, for which he was heavily +fined by the Parliament, and his estates were sequestrated. +During all this season of adversity he lived in +a cottage at the gate of his house at Alloa, until the +Restoration relieved him from the sequestration.</p> + +<p>His son Charles, who raised the first regiment of +Scottish Fusileers, and was constituted their Colonel, +began life as a determined Royalist; but disapproving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +of the measures of James the Second, he had prepared +to go abroad when the Prince of Orange landed in England. +He appears afterwards to have pursued somewhat +of the same wavering course as that of which +his son has been accused, and, joining the disaffected +party against William, he was arrested, but afterwards +released. The heavy incumbrances upon his estates, +contracted during the civil wars, were such as to +oblige him to sell a great portion of his lands, and to +part with the ancient Barony of Erskine, the first +possession of the family. This necessity may almost +be considered as an ill omen for the future welfare of +a family; which never seems to be so utterly brought +low by fortune, as when compelled to consign to +strangers that from which the first sense of importance +and stability has been derived.</p> + +<p>Under these circumstances, certainly not favourable +to independence of character, John, eleventh Earl of +Mar of the name of Erskine, and afterwards Lieutenant-general +to the Chevalier St. George, was born at +Alloa, in Clackmannan, where his father resided. He +was a younger son of a numerous family, five brothers, +older than himself, having died in infancy. His mother, +the Lady Mary Maule, eldest daughter of George +Earl of Panmure, gave birth to eight sons, and a +daughter. Of the sons, the Earl of Mar and his +brothers, James Erskine of the Grange, afterwards +the husband of the famous and unfortunate Lady +Grange; and Henry, killed at the battle of Almanza<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +in 1707, alone attained the age of manhood. The only +sister of Lord Mar, Lady Jean, was married to Sir +Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn, in Stirlingshire.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar succeeded to the possession and +management of estates, heavily encumbered, in +1696.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> His qualities of mind and person, at this +early period of his life, were not eminently pleasing. +His countenance, though strongly marked, had none +of the attributes of intellectual strength. In person +he is said to have been deformed, although his portrait +by Kneller was skilfully contrived to hide that +defect; his complexion was fair: he was short in +stature. In his early youth the Earl is declared by +historians who were adverse to the Stuarts, to have +been initiated into every species of licentious dissipation, +by Neville Payne: and the young nobleman is +characterized as "the scandal of his name."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Although +his ancestors had been devotedly attached to +the interests of the exiled family, yet, it was to be +shewn how far Mar preferred those interests to his +own, or upon what principles he eventually adopted +the cause of hereditary monarchy, which had already +brought so much inconvenience, and so many losses to +his father and grandfather.</p> + +<p>The first political prepossessions of the young Earl +must certainly have been those of the Cavaliers; such +was the name by which the party continued to be +called who still desired the restoration of James the +Second, and fervidly believed in the fruition of their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +hopes. His father had indeed, to use the words of +Lockhart of Carnwath, "embarked with the Revolution;" +but had given tokens of his deep contrition for +that act, so inconsistent with his hereditary allegiance. +But the unformed opinions of the young are far more +easily swayed by events which are passing before their +eyes than by the cool reasonings of the closet; and the +inclinations of the Earl of Mar's childhood were likely +soon to be effaced by the state of public affairs. The +later occurrences of the reign of William the Third were +calculated not only to repress the spirit of Jacobitism, +but to shame even the most enthusiastic of its partisans +out of a scheme which the sagacity of William +had defeated, and which his wisdom had taught him +to forgive. It was in the year 1696, just as the Earl +of Mar succeeded to his title, that the projected invasion +of the kingdom, and the scheme of assassinating +the King, were defeated:—that William, hastening to +the House of Commons, gave to the nation an account +of the whole conspiracy. The House of Commons, +without rising from their seats, then "declared that +William was their rightful king, and that they would +defend him with their lives." It was at this important +æra that James the Second, after long waiting at Calais, +and casting thence many a wishful look towards +England, returned to St. Germains, "to thank God +that he had lost his country, because it had saved his +soul."<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> The hopes of the Cavaliers were thus wholly +extinguished: and to these circumstances were the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +first observations of the youthful Earl of Mar doubtless +directed.</p> + +<p>His guardians, seemingly desirous of retrieving the +affairs of the family, had endeavoured to imbue his +mind with Revolution principles;<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> and the famous +association which acknowledged the title of William +to the throne of England, framed about this time, +was signed by many who became in after life the +friends of the Earl of Mar. This was precisely the +period when that political profligacy, too justly +charged upon the leading men in this country, and +which induced them, under the impression that the +exiled family would be eventually restored, to correspond +with the Court of St. Germains, was tranquillized, +although not eradicated by the great policy +and forbearance of William.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> That single reply of +William's to Charnock, who had trafficked between +France and England with these negotiations, and who +offered to disclose to the King the names of those who +had employed him;—these few words, "I do not wish +to hear them,"<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> did more to soothe discontents, and to +repress the violence of faction, than the subsequent +executions in the reign of George the First.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar, left as he was at the early age of +fourteen to his own guidance, very soon displayed a +remarkable prudence in his pecuniary affairs, and a +desire to repair by good management the fortunes of his +family,—a point which he accomplished, to a certain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +extent. His dawning character shewed him to be +shrewd and wary, but possessing no extended views, +and disposed to rest his hopes of elevation and distinction +upon petty intrigues, rather than to look +upon probity and exertion as the true basis of greatness. +His great talent consisted in the management +of his designs, "in which," remarks one who knew him +well, "it was hard to find him out when he desired to +be incognito; and thus he shewed himself to be a man +of good sense, but bad morals."<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>On the 8th of September, 1696, the Earl of Mar +took his seat in the Scottish Parliament, protesting, as +his forefathers had done, against any Scottish Earl +being called before him in the Roll. He became a +frequent, but indifferent speaker in Parliament; but +his continual activity, and the address which he soon +acquired as the fruit of experience, together with the +position which he held, as one generally understood to +be well affected to the new order of things, yet of sufficient +importance to be gained over to the other side, +soon made him an object for party spirit to assail.</p> + +<p>During the reign of William, the Earl of Mar continued +constant to the side to which he had declared +himself to belong. His pecuniary embarrassments, acting +upon a restless, ambitious temper, rendered it difficult +to a man weak in principle to retain independence +of character: and it must be avowed, that there are +few temptations to depart from the road of integrity +more urgent than the desire to raise an ancient name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +to its original splendour. No encumbrances are so +likely to drag their victim away from integrity as +those by which rank is clogged with poverty.</p> + +<p>In April, 1697, Lord Mar was chosen a privy +councillor; and shortly afterwards invested with the +Order of the Thistle; and the command of a company +of foot bestowed upon him. On the death of William +his fortune was rather improved than deteriorated, +although he continued to attach himself to the +Revolution Party, who, it was generally understood, +were very far from being acceptable to the Queen. +"At her accession," declares a Jacobite writer, "the +Presbyterians looked upon themselves as undone; +despair appeared in their countenances, which were +more upon the melancholic and dejected than usual." +The management of Scottish affairs was, nevertheless, +entirely in the hands of the advocates of the Revolution; +and one of their greatest supporters, the +Duke of Queensbury, was appointed High Commissioner +of the Scottish Parliament, notwithstanding +the representations of some of the most powerful +nobility in Scotland.</p> + +<p>To the party of this celebrated politician the Earl +of Mar attached himself, with a tenacity for which +those who recollected the hereditary politics of the +Erskine family, could find no motives but self-interest. +James, Duke of Queensbury, was, it is true, the son +of one of the most active partisans of the Stuart +family, to whom the house of Queensbury owed both +its ducal rank and princely fortune. Possessed of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +good abilities, but devoid of application, and with the +disadvantage to a public man of being of an easy, +indolent temper, this celebrated promoter of the union +between Scotland and England, had acquired, by +courtesy, and by a long administration of affairs, a +singular influence over his countrymen. His character +has been written with a pen that could scarcely +find sufficient invectives for those politicians who, in +the opinion of the writer, were the ruin of their country. +The Duke of Queensbury falls under the heaviest +censures. "To outward appearance," says Lockhart, +"he was of a gentle and good disposition, but +inwardly a very devil, standing at nothing to advance +his own interest and designs. Though his hypocrisy +and dissimulation served him very much, yet he became +so well known, that no man, except such as +were his nearest friends, and <i>socii criminis</i>, gave him +any trust; and so little regard had he to his promises +and vows, that it was observed and notorious, +that if he was at any pains to convince you of his +friendship, and by swearing and imprecating curses +on himself and family to assure you of his sincerity, +then, to be sure, he was doing you underhand all the +mischief in his power."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<p>These characteristics must be viewed as proceeding +from the pen of a partisan; nor can we wonder at the +contrariety of opinion which prevails respecting any +public man who proposes a great and startling measure. +Honours, places, and a pension were showered down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +upon this most fortunate of ministers; and his career +is remarkable as having been cheered by the favour +of four sovereigns of very different tempers. In his +early youth, after his return from his travels, the +Duke of Queensbury was appointed a Privy Councillor +of Scotland by Charles the Second. He held the same +post under James the Second, but resigned it in 1688. +The reserved and doubting William of Orange placed +him near his person, making him a Lord of the Bedchamber, +and captain of his Dutch guard; eventually +he became Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, and—to +abridge a list of numerous employments and honours—Lord +High Commissioner of Scotland. So far had +Queensbury's fortunes begun with the Stuarts and +continued under the House of Orange. It appeared +unlikely that the successor of William—she who in her +first speech announced that her heart was "wholly +English," to mark the distinction between herself and +the foreigner who had sat on the throne before her,—would +adopt as her own representative in Scotland +the favourite of William; yet she continued Queensbury +in that high station which it was believed +none could fill so adequately in the disturbed and +refractory kingdom of Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>During the early years of Queen Anne's reign, and +in the season of his own comparative prosperity, the +young Earl of Mar entered into his first marriage, at +Twickenham, with Lady Margaret Hay, daughter of +John Earl of Kinnoul. The wife whom he thus se<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>lected +was the daughter of a house originally adverse +to the principles of the Revolution. William Earl of +Kinnoul, in the time of James the Second, had remained +at St. Germains with that monarch. But +the same change which had manifested the political +course of Lord Mar, had been apparent in the father +of Lady Margaret Hay. The Earl of Kinnoul was +afterwards one of the Commissioners for the Union, +and supported that treaty in Parliament; yet, when +the Rebellion of 1715 commenced, this nobleman was +one of the suspected persons who were summoned to +surrender themselves, and was committed a prisoner +to Edinburgh Castle. His daughter, the Countess of +Mar, was happily spared from witnessing the turmoils +of that period. Married in her seventeenth year, she +lived only four years with a husband whose character +was but partially developed, when, in 1707, she died +at the age of twenty-one, having given birth to two +sons. She was buried at the family seat at Alloa +Castle, an ancient fortress, built in the year 1300, one +turret of which still remaining rises ninety feet from +the ground. Seven years intervened before Lord Mar +supplied the place of his lost wife by another union.</p> + +<p>His days were, indeed, consumed in public affairs, +varied by the improvement of his Scottish estates, +embellishing the tower of Alloa by laying out beautiful +gardens in that wilderness style of planting +which the Earl first introduced into Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +had the reward of seeing his efforts succeed, the gardens +of Alloa being much eulogized and visited. +This was by no means Lord Mar's only recreation; +architecture was his delight, and he introduced into +London the celebrated Gibbs, who, out of gratitude, +eventually bequeathed a large portion of his fortune +to the children of the Earl.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> It is refreshing to view +this busy and versatile politician in this light before +we plunge into the depths of those intricate politics +which form the principal features of his life.</p> + +<p>It was during the year 1703 that a political asso<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>ciation +or club was framed consisting of the chief +nobility and gentlemen of fortune and afterwards +known by the name of the <i>Squadrone Volante</i>. They +acquired distinguished popularity and influence by the +patriotic character of the measures which they introduced +into the Scottish Parliament; and by their +professions of being free from any court interest, +they gained the confidence of the country. They +were firm friends of the Revolution party, great +sticklers to the Protestant succession, forming a <i>separate +band</i> distinct from the Whigs, yet opposed to +the Cavaliers, or, as they were afterwards called, +Jacobites. The power of the Squadrone was, in a +great measure, the result of those jarring counsels in +the Scottish Parliament, which only coalesced upon +one theme,—independence of England—interference +of "foreign" or English counsels, as they were termed. +This combination was headed by the Duke of Montrose, +the Marquis of Tweedale, and several other +Scottish noblemen, to whom adhered thirty commoners.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> + +<p>During the existence of this association, the celebrated +"Queensbury affair," as it was usually called, +involved the temporary disgrace of the Duke of +Queensbury, and first brought to view those convenient +doctrines of expediency which afterwards +formed so marked a feature in the character of Lord +Mar.</p> + +<p>The "sham plot," as it is called by Jacobite writers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +was a supposed intended invasion of Great Britain, +disclosed to the Duke of Queensbury by Simon Fraser +of Beaufort, afterwards Lord Lovat; whose very name +seems to have suggested to his contemporaries, as it +has since done to posterity, the combination of all +that is subtle, treacherous, and base, with all that is +dangerous, desperate, and remorseless in conduct.</p> + +<p>This tool of the court of St. Germains came over +from France, in company with John Murray, who was +sent to watch his proceedings, and also to aid his +object in procuring the promises of the most distinguished +Highland chieftains to the furtherance of +the projected invasion of England. The assistance of +Captain Murray was conjoined on this occasion, the +fidelity of that gentleman having been ascertained by +the court of St. Germains; whilst there existed not a +human being who did not instinctively distrust Beaufort: +to Mary of Modena, who far more ardently desired +the restoration of the Stuarts than her consort +James, he was peculiarly obnoxious.</p> + +<p>The exiled Queen's fears proved well founded, for +no sooner had Beaufort landed in England, than he +formed the scheme of converting this secret enterprise +into a means of obtaining reward and protection from +the Duke of Argyle, whose mediation with the Duke +of Queensbury he required for private reasons; he +therefore notified his arrival to Argyle, who had been +his early and hereditary friend, offering at the same +time to make great disclosures, if he had previous +assurances of remuneration.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> + +<p>Such is the account of most impartial writers, and +more especially of those who lean to the Whig party: +but, by the Jacobites, the very existence of a conspiracy +to invade England at this time was denied, +and the whole affair was declared to be a scheme of +the Duke of Queensbury's to undermine the reputation +of the Cavaliers, and "to find a pretence to vent +his wrath, and execute his malice against those who +thwarted his arbitrary designs," for the completion of +a treaty of union between Scotland and England, +which had been in contemplation ever since the days +of William the Third.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<p>After much deliberation the Duke of Queensbury +was induced to have several communications with +Fraser of Beaufort, and to listen to the information +which he gave, all of which the Duke transmitted to +Queen Anne, although he concealed the name of his +informant. In consequence of Fraser's disclosures, +several persons coming from France to England were +apprehended on suspicion of being engaged in the +Pretender's service, and an universal alarm was +spread, as well as a distrust of the motives and proceedings +of Queensbury, who thus acted upon the +intelligence of an avowed spy, and noted outlaw, like +Fraser. A temporary loss of Queensbury's political +sway in Scotland was the result, and a consequent +increase of power to the Squadrone Volante.</p> + +<p>It was at this juncture that the Earl of Mar came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +forward as the advocate of the Duke of Queensbury's +measures, and the opponent of the Squadrone Volante, +who had now completely fixed upon themselves that +name, from their pretending to act by themselves, and +to cast the balance of contending parties in Parliament. +The opposition of Lord Mar to the Squadrone +was peculiarly acceptable to the Tories, or Cavaliers, +who had recently applied to that faction to assist +them in the defence of their country against the +Union, but who had been greeted with an indignant +and resolute refusal.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar therefore appeared as the champion +of the Cavaliers, and for the first time won their +confidence and approbation. "He headed," writes +the bitter and yet truthful Lockhart, "such of the +Duke of Queensbury's friends as opposed the Marquis +of Tweedale and his party's designs; and that with +such art and dissimulation, that he gained the favour +of all the Tories, and was by them esteemed an +honest man, and well inclined to the royal family. +Certain it is, he vowed and protested as much many +a time; but no sooner was the Marquis of Tweedale +and his party dispossessed, than he returned as a dog +to the vomit, and promoted all the court of England's +measures with the greatest zeal imaginable."<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> The +three parties in the Scottish Parliament, according to +the same authority, consisted of the Cavaliers,—that +remnant of the Jacobite party which remained vigorous, +more especially in the Highlands, since the days<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +of Dundee,—of the Squadrone, "or <i>outer</i> court party," +and of the present court party, consisting of true +blue Presbyterians and Revolutioners.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> With the +interests of the latter party the Earl of Mar was undoubtedly +engaged.</p> + +<p>Scotland was at this time, and continued for several +years, racked with dissensions regarding the Treaty +of Union. No one can form an adequate idea of the +heartburnings, feuds, parties, and tumults, by which +that great measure was preceded, and followed, without +looking into the contemporary writers, whose aim it +ever is to heighten the picture of passing events; +whereas the calm historian subdues it into one general +effect of keeping.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar took a prominent part in seconding +the treaty; no man's commencement of a career +could be more opposed to its termination than that +of this politician of easy virtue. The Duke of +Queensbury was for some time so hated in Scotland +as scarcely to venture to appear there, but contented +himself with sending the Duke of Argyle as commissioner, +and "using him as the monkey did the +cat in pulling out the hot roasted chesnut." But +when he was, after an interval, reinstated in power, +Lord Mar was again his devoted ally. The influence +of the Duke over every mind with which he came +into collision was, indeed, almost irresistible. "I +cannot but wonder," remarks the indignant Lockhart, +"at the influence he had over all men of sense,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +quality, and estate; men that had, at least many of +them, no dependance on him, yet were so deluded +as to serve his ambitious designs, contrary to the +acknowledged dictates of their own conscience."<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> + +<p>In 1706, in the beginning of the session of Parliament, +the Earl of Mar presented the draught of an +Act for appointing Commissioners, to treat of an +Union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England. +Thus was he the instrument of first presenting to the +Scotch that measure so revolting to their prejudices, +so singularly distasteful to a proud and independent +people. It is impossible to judge how far Lord Mar +was convinced of the expediency of the Treaty, or +whether he was, in secret, one of those who feigned +an affection for the measure, whilst, in their hearts, +they wished for the preponderance of the votes against +it. The Treaty of Union was espoused by those in +whose opinions Lord Mar had been nurtured,—and +originally, according to De Foe, it had been mooted +by William the Third, who declared that this Island +would never be easy without an union. "I have +done all I can in that affair," he once observed; +"but I do not see a temper in either nation that +looks like it: it may be done, but not yet."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> + +<p>The Treaty, retarded by many interests, clashing +between nations, but, more especially, by the burning +recollections of massacred countrymen in the blood-stained +valley of Glencoe, was now brought into discussion +just when the Earl of Mar was at that age<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +when a thirst for gain, or an ambition to rise is unquenched, +in general, by disappointment. Differing +in one respect from many Cavaliers, in being of a +family strictly Protestant, Lord Mar had not the +inducement which operated upon the Catholics, in +their undiminished, ardent desire to restore the young +Prince of Wales to the throne. Differing, again, in +another respect from many of the Jacobites, Lord +Mar had not the tie of a personal knowledge of the +exiled King to fix his fidelity; or, what was considered +far more likely to have sealed his, or any adherent +allegiance, he had enjoyed no opportunities +of cultivating the favour of the enthusiastic, bigoted, +and yet intelligent Mary of Modena, whose exertions +for her family kept alive the spirit of Jacobitism +during the decline of her royal devotee and the childhood +of her son. Lord Mar seems to have been +reared entirely in Scotland, and he might perhaps +come under the description given by the eloquent +Lord Belhaven of a Whig in Scotland:—"A true, +blue Presbyterian, who, without considering time +or power, will venture all for the Kirk, but something +less for the State;"<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> but that his subsequent +conduct contradicts this supposition.</p> + +<p>The Treaty struggled on through a powerful and +memorable opposition. It is a curious instance of +Scottish pride, that one of the objections made to the +Commissioners appointed to treat of the Union, was, +that there were six or eight newly-raised families<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +amongst them, and but few of the great and ancient +names of Hamilton, Graham, Murray, Erskine, and +many others.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> Never was there so much domestic +misery and humiliation, abroad, for poor Scotland, as +during the progress of this Treaty. The fame of +Marlborough, and the fortunes of Godolphin, were +now at their zenith; they were considered as the +great arbiters of Scottish affairs,—the Queen being +only applied to for the sake of form. These two +great statesmen treated the Scottish noblemen to +whom the Cavaliers entrusted the success of their +representations, with a lofty insolence, which galled +the proud Highlanders, and went to their very hearts.</p> + +<p>"I myself," writes the author of Memoirs of Scotland, +"out of curiosity, went sometimes to their levées, +where I saw the Commissioners, the Duke of Queensbury, +the Chancellor, the Secretary, Lord Mar, and +other great men of Scotland, hang on near an hour; +and when admitted, treated with no more civility +than one gentleman pays another's valet-de-chambre; +and for which the Scots have none to blame but +themselves, for had they valued themselves as they +ought to have done, and not so meanly and sneakingly +prostituted their honour and country to the +will and pleasure of the English Ministry, they would +never have presumed to usurp such a dominion over +Scotland, as openly and avowedly to consult upon +and determine in Scots' affairs."<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p><p>At home, the spirit of party ran to an extent which +cannot be called insane, because the interests at stake +were those dearest to a high-spirited people. "Factions," +exclaimed Lord Belhaven, "in Parliament, are +now become independent, and have got footing in +councils, in parliaments, in treaties, in armies, in +incorporations, in families, among kindred; yea, man +and wife are not free from them."<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> "Hannibal, +my Lord," he cried, in one of what Lockhart calls +his long premeditated harangues, "Hannibal is at +our gates; Hannibal is come the length of this +table; he is at the foot of this throne: he will demolish +the throne; if we take not notice, he will +seize upon these regalia; he'll take them as our +<i>spolia opima</i>, and whip us out of this House, never +to return again."</p> + +<p>In order to understand the effect of the Act of +Union upon the hopes of the Jacobite party, it is +necessary to take into consideration the following +facts. The Act of the English Parliament, by which +the Crown had been settled on Queen Mary and her +sister, extended only to the Princess Anne and her +issue. After the death of the Duke of Gloucester, +and about the end of the reign of William the +Third, another settlement was made, by which the +Crown was settled on the House of Hanover; but +no similar Act was passed in Scotland. And at the +beginning of Queen Anne's reign, and until after the +Union, the Scottish Parliament were legally possessed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +of a power to introduce again the exiled family into +Great Britain.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<p>During the course of the negotiations for the +Treaty of Union, the Earl of Mar formed an alliance +with the celebrated Duke of Hamilton. In the consideration +of public affairs at this period, it may not +appear a digression to give some insight into the +character of one who headed the chief party in the +Scottish Parliament, and with whom the Earl of Mar +was, at this period of his life, in frequent intercourse.</p> + +<p>James Duke of Hamilton was at this period nearly +fifty years of age. His youth had been passed in the +gay court of Charles the Second, as one of the Gentlemen +of the Bedchamber of that monarch,—an office +which he only relinquished to become Ambassador +Extraordinary to France, where he remained long +enough to serve in two campaigns under Louis the +Fourteenth. Upon the death of Charles the Second, +Louis recommended the young nobleman, then termed +Earl of Arran, strongly and essentially to James the +Second, who made him Master of his Wardrobe, and +appointed him to other offices.</p> + +<p>Under these circumstances it is not surprising that +in the honest and warm feelings of the Duke of +Hamilton, affection for the Stuarts should form a +principal feature. He had the courage to adhere +firmly to James the Second, amid the general obloquy, +and to accompany the monarch on his abdication to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +his embarkation at Rochester. "I can distinguish," +he said, at a meeting of the Scottish nobility in London, +over which his father, the Duke of Hamilton +presided, "between the King's popery and his person. +I dislike the one, but have sworn to do allegiance to +the other, which makes it impossible to withhold +that which I cannot forbear believing is the King +my master's right: for his present absence in France +can no more affect my duty, than his longer absence +from us has done all this while."</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding these professions, upon the unfortunate +conclusion of the affair of Darien, the Earl of +Arran, after twice encountering imprisonment upon +account of the Stuarts, esteemed it his duty to his +country to take the oaths to King William, in order +to qualify himself to sit in Parliament.</p> + +<p>The character of the Duke of Hamilton presents a +favourable specimen of the well-principled and well-intentioned +Scotchman, with the acknowledged virtues +and obvious defects of the national character. +He was disinterested in great matters, refusing many +opportunities of worldly advantage, and bearing for +the first eight years of his public career, a retirement +which is always more galling to an ambitious temper +than actual danger; yet, it was supposed, and not +without reason, that, whilst his heart was with the +Cavaliers, or country party, the considerations of his +great estate in England occasioned a lukewarmness +in his political conduct, and broke down his opposition +to the Union. Wary and cautious, he could thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +sacrifice his present hopes of a distinction which his +talents would have readily attained, to his adherence +to a lost cause; but his resolution failed when the +sacrifice of what many might deem inferior interests, +was required.</p> + +<p>The Duke soon formed a considerable party in the +Parliament; and his empire over the affections of his +countrymen grew daily. To those to whom he confided, +the Duke was gracious and unbending; but +a suspicion of an insult recalled the native haughtiness +attributable to his house.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> "Frank, honest, +and good-natured," as he was esteemed by Swift, and +displaying on his dark, coarse countenance, the characteristics +of good sense and energy, the Duke was +a bitter and vindictive foe<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>—characteristics of his +age, and of a nation undoubtedly prone to wreak a +singular and remorseless revenge on all who offend +the hereditary pride, or militate against the prejudices +of its people.</p> + +<p>Endowed with these qualities, the whole career of +James Duke of Hamilton was a struggle between his +love for his country, and his consideration for what he +esteemed its truest interests, and his desire to support +the claims of the royal family of Stuart. His political +career has been criticised by writers of every +faction; but it must be judged of as having taken +place in times of peculiar difficulty, and a due credit +should be given to the motives of one who displayed, +during the greater portion of his life, forbearance and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +consistency. "Had not his loyalty been so unalterable," +writes Lockhart, "and that he would never engage +in King William's and his Government's service, +and his love to his country induced him to oppose +that King and England's injustice and encroachments +on it, no doubt he had made as great a figure in the +world as any other whatsoever, and that either in a +civil or military capacity."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> "The Duke of Hamilton's +love for his country," observes a contemptuous, +anonymous assailant, "made him leave London, and +follow King James, who had enslaved it. His love +to his country had engaged him in several plots +to restore that prince, and with him, tyranny and +idolatry, poverty and slavery."<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> Upon the odious +principle of always seeking out for the lowest and the +most selfish motive that can actuate the conduct of +men,—a principle which is thought by weak and bad +minds to display knowledge of the world, but which, +in fact, more often betrays ignorance,—another part +of his conduct was misjudged. The reluctance of the +Duke of Hamilton, in 1704, to nominate a successor +to the throne of England, before framing the treaty +touching "the Commerce of Scotland and other Concerns," +was ascribed by many to the remote hope +of succeeding to the Crown, since, in case of the exclusion +of the Princess Sophia and her descendants, +his family was the next in succession, of the Protestant +Faith. Such was one of the reasons assigned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +for the wise endeavour which this nobleman exerted +to prevent an invasion of the kingdom by James +Stuart during the reign of Anne, and such the motive +adduced for his advice to the Chevalier to maintain +terms of amity with his royal sister. It was the +cause calumniously assigned of his supposed decline in +attachment to the exiled family.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> + +<p>But, notwithstanding the inference thus deduced, +the Duke of Hamilton continued to enjoy, in no ordinary +degree, popular applause and the favour of +Queen Anne, until his tragical death in 1712 occurring +just before the Rebellion of 1715, spared him the +perplexity of deciding on which side he should embark +in that perilous and ill-omened insurrection.</p> + +<p>This celebrated statesman,—one who never entered +into a new measure, nor formed a project, ("though in +doing thereof," says Lockhart, "he was too cautious") +that he did not prosecute his designs with a courage +that nothing could daunt,—now determined to win over +the Earl of Mar from the Duke of Queensbury. The +Duke of Hamilton was the more induced to the +attempt, from the frequent protestations made by the +Earl of Mar of his love for the exiled family; and he +applied himself to the task of gaining this now important +ally with all the skill which experience and +shrewdness could supply. Hamilton was considered +invincible in such undertakings, and was master of a +penetration which no one could withstand. "Never +was," writes Lockhart, "a man so qualified to be the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +head of a party as himself; for he could, with the +greatest dexterity, apply himself to, and sift through, +the inclinations of different parties, and so cunningly +manage them, that he gained some of all to his." +But the Duke met in Lord Mar with one equally +skilled in diving into motives, and in bending the +will of others to his own projects. In the encounter +of these two minds, the Duke is said to have been +worsted and disarmed; and the Earl of Mar, by his +insinuations, is suspected to have materially influenced +the conduct of that great leader of party. "I have +good reason to suppose," says Lockhart, "that his +Grace's appearing with less zeal and forwardness in +this ensuing than in former Parliaments, is attributable +to some agreement passed between them +two."<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> + +<p>For the effect of his newly-acquired influence over +the Duke of Hamilton, and for his other services in +promoting the Union, the Earl of Mar was amply +rewarded. During the Parliament of 1705, he was +constituted one of the Commissioners of that Treaty, +his name being third on the list. In 1706, he +was appointed one of the Secretaries of State for +Scotland; and afterwards, upon the loss of that +office, in consequence of the Union between the +two countries, he was compensated by being made +Keeper of the Signet, with the addition of a pension.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> +Those who were the promoters of the Treaty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +must have required some consolation for the general +opprobrium into which the measure brought the +Commissioners. The indignant populace converted +the name of "Treaters" into Traitors: the Parliament +Close resounded with "very free language," +denouncing the "Traitors." That picturesque enclosure, +since destroyed by fire, was crowded by a +vehement multitude, who rushed into the outer Parliament +House to denounce the Duke of Queensbury +and his party, and to cheer the Duke of Hamilton, +whom they followed to his residence in Holyrood +House, exhorting him to stand by his country, and +assuring him of support. The tumults were, indeed, +soon quelled by military force; but the deliberations +of Parliament were carried on at the risk of +summary vengeance upon the "Traitors:" and the +eloquence of members was uttered between walls +which were guarded, during the whole session, by all +the military force that Edinburgh could command. +The Duke of Queensbury was obliged to walk "as if +he had been led to the gallows,"<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> through two lanes of +musqueteers, from the Parliament House to the Cross, +where his coach stood; no coaches, nor any person +who was not a member, being allowed to enter the +Parliament Close towards evening: and he was +conveyed in his carriage to the Abbey, surrounded +both by horse and foot guards.</p> + +<p>On the 1st of May, 1707, the Articles of Union +were ratified by the Parliament of England. That<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +day has been set down by the opponents of the measure +as one never to be forgotten by Scotland,—the +loss of their independence and sovereignty. Superstition +marked every stage of the measure as happening +upon some date adverse to the Stuarts. On +the fourth of November the first Article of the Union +was approved; on a fourth of November was William +of Orange born. On the eighth of January the Peerage +was renounced; on an eighth of January was the +warrant for the Murder at Glencoe signed. The ratification +of the Article of Union was on the sixteenth +of January. On a sixteenth of January was the sentence +of Charles the First pronounced. The dissolution +of the Scottish Parliament took place upon the twenty-fifth +of March, according to the Old Style, New Year's +Day: that concession might therefore be esteemed a +New-year's Gift to the English.</p> + +<p>Finally,—The Equivalent, or Compensation Money, +that is, "the price of Scotland," came to Edinburgh +on the fifth of August, the day on which the Earl of +Gowrie designed to murder James the Sixth.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p> + +<p>The discontents and tumults which attended the +progress of the Union ran throughout the whole country, +and pervaded all ranks of people. Yet it is +remarkable, that the nobility of Scotland should have +been the first to fail in their opposition to the measure; +and that the middle ranks, together with the +lowest of the people, should have been foremost to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +withstand what they considered as insulting to the +independence of their country. The very name and +antiquity of their kingdom was dear to them, although +there remained, after the removal of James the First +into England, little more than "a vain shadow of a +name, a yoke of slavery, and image of a kingdom."<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> +It was in vain that the Duke of Hamilton had called, +in the beginning of the debates on this measure, upon +the families of "Bruce, Campbell, Douglas," not to +desert their country: the opposition to the Union was +bought over, with many exceptions, with a price;—twenty +thousand pounds being sent over to the Lords +Commissioners to employ in this manner, twelve thousand +pounds of which were, however, returned to the +English Treasury, there being no more who would +accept the bribe. The Earl of Mar and the Earl of +Seafield had privately secured their own reward, +having bargained "for greater matters than could be +agreed upon while the kingdom of Scotland stood in +safety."<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + +<p>Amidst the resentment of the Scotch for their insulted +dignity, it is amusing to find that this Union +of the two countries could be deemed derogatory to +English dignity; yet Dean Swift, among others, considered +it in that light. "Swift's hatred to the Scottish +nation," observes Sir Walter Scott, "led him to +look upon that Union with great resentment, as a +measure degrading to England. The Scottish them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>selves +hardly detested the idea more than he did; and +that is saying as much as possible."<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<p>Swift vented his wrath in the verses beginning with +these lines:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The Queen has lately lost a part<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of her entirely-English heart,<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">For want of which, by way of botch,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">She piec'd it up again with Scotch.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Blest Revolution! which creates<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Divided hearts, united states!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">See how the double nation lies<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like a rich coat with skirts of frize:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As if a man in making posies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Should bundle thistles up with roses!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>That the conduct of Lord Mar throughout this +Treaty was regarded with avowed suspicion, the +following anecdote tends to confirm: Lord Godolphin, +at that time First Lord of the Treasury, wishing to +tamper with one of a combination against the Queensbury +faction, sent to offer that individual a place if +he would discover to him how the combination was +formed, and in what manner it might be broken. +But the gentleman whose fidelity he thus assailed, was +true to his engagements; and returned an indignant +answer, desiring the Lord Treasurer's agent "not to +think that he was treating with such men as Mar and +Seafield."<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p> + +<p>At this time the Earl of Mar was said to be in the +full enjoyment of Lord Godolphin's confidence, and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +have been one of those whom the treasurer consulted, +in settling the government of Scotland. The rumour +was not conducive to his comfort or well-being in his +native country; and the Earl appears to have passed +much more time in intrigues in London than among +the gardens of Alloa.</p> + +<p>It was not long before the effects of the general +discontent were manifested in the desire of the majority +of the Scottish nation to restore the descendant +of their ancient kings to the throne, and even the +Cameronians and Presbyterians were willing to pass +over the objection of his being a Papist. "God may +convert the Prince," they said, "or he may have Protestant +children, but the Union never can be good."<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> +The middle orders openly expressed their anxiety to +welcome a Prince to their shores, whom they regarded +as a deliverer: the nobility and gentry, though more +cautious, yet were equally desirous to see the honour of +their nation, in their own sense of it, restored. Episcopalians, +Cavaliers, and Revolutionists, were unanimous, +or, to use the Scots' proverb, "were all one +man's bairns." This state of public feeling was +soon communicated to St. Germains, and Colonel +Hooke, famous for his negotiations, was, according to +the writer of the Memoirs, "pitched upon by the +French King, and palmed upon the court of St. Germains, +and dispatched to sound the intentions of the +principal Scottish nobility." This agent arrived in +Scotland in the month of March, 1707. The paper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +containing assurances of aid to James Stuart was +signed by sixteen noblemen and gentlemen; but the +Earl of Mar was, at that time, engaged in a very +different undertaking, and was in close amity with Sunderland, +Godolphin, and the heads of the Whig party.</p> + +<p>The spring of 1708 discovered the designs of +Louis, and the news of great preparations at Dunkirk +spread consternation in England. At this juncture, +the first in which the son of James the Second +was called upon to play a part in that drama of which +he was the ill-starred hero, the usual fate of his race +befel him. He came to Dunkirk hastily, and in private, +intending to pass over alone to the Firth of Forth. +He was attacked by the measles; at a still more critical +moment of his melancholy life, he was the victim +of ague: both of them ignoble diseases, which seem to +have little concern with the affairs of royalty. The +delay of the Prince's illness, although shortened by the +peremptory commands of the French King to proceed, +was fatal, for the English fleet had time to make preparations. +A storm drove the French fleet northwards; +in the tempest the unfortunate adventurer +passed the Firth of Forth and Aberdeen; and although +the fleet retraced its course to the Isle of May, it was +only to flee back to France, daunted as the French admirals +were by the proximity of Sir George Byng and +the English fleet, who chased the enemy along the +coasts of Fife and Angus. It was shortly after this +event that the Pretender, upon whose head a price of +a hundred thousand pounds was set by the English<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +Government, first assumed the title of Chevalier of +St. George, in order to spare himself the expense of +field equipage in the campaign in Flanders.</p> + +<p>The conduct of the Earl of Mar, in relation to +conspiracy, has been alluded to rather than declared +by historians. He is supposed not to have been, in +secret, unfavourable to the undertaking. He was, +nevertheless, active in giving to the Earl of Sunderland +the names of the disaffected with whom he was +generally supposed to be too well acquainted. Many +of those who were suspected were brought to London, +and were in some instances committed to prison, in +others confined to their own houses. On this occasion +the advice of the great Marlborough was followed, +and the guilty were not proceeded against with more +severity than was necessary for the Queen's safety. +The same generous policy was in after times remembered, +in mournful contrast with a very different +spirit.</p> + +<p>It was the ill-fortune of Mar to give satisfaction +to none of those who had looked on the course +of public affairs during the recent transactions; +nor was it ever his good fortune to inspire confidence +in his motives. Some notion may be formed of +the thraldom of party in Scotland by the following +anecdote:—</p> + +<p>In 1711-12 the Queen conferred upon the Duke of +Hamilton a patent for an English dukedom; but this, +according to a vote of the House of Lords, did not +entitle him to sit as a British Peer. Indignant at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +being thought incapable of receiving a grace which +the King might confer on the meanest commoner, the +Scotch Peers took the first opportunity of walking out +of the House in a body, and refusing to vote or sit in +that House. In addition to the affront implied by +their incapacity of becoming British Peers, it was +more than hinted that it would not be advisable for +the independence of the House if the King could +confer the privileges of British Peers upon a set of +nobles whose poverty rendered them dependent on +the Crown.</p> + +<p>Just when this offensive vote of the House was the +theme of general conversation, Dean Swift encountered +the Earl of Mar at Lord Masham's. "I was +arguing with him, (Lord Mar)," he writes, "about the +stubbornness and folly of his countrymen; they are +so angry about the affair of the Duke of Hamilton, +whom the Queen has made a Duke of England, and +the Lords will not admit him. He swears he would +vote for us, but dare not, because all Scotland would +detest him if he did; he should never be chosen again, +nor be able to live there."<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar continued to be one of the Representative +Peers for Scotland, having been chosen in +1707, and rechosen at the general elections in 1708, +1710, and 1713.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p> + +<p>Upon the death of the Duke of Queensbury in +1711, the office of Secretary of State for Scotland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +became vacant, and the Duke of Hamilton and the +Earl of Mar were rival expectants for the high and +important post. Government hesitated for some time +before filling up the post, being disposed rather to +abolish it than to offend any party by its disposal, +and deeming it as an useless expense to the Government; +nor was it filled up for a considerable time.</p> + +<p>The tragical death of one who, with some failings, +deserved the affection and respect of his country, procured +eventually to the Earl of Mar the chief management +of public affairs in Scotland. Whilst on the +eve of embarking as Ambassador Extraordinary to +France, upon the conclusion of the peace of Utrecht, +the Duke of Hamilton fell in a duel with his brother-in-law, +Lord Mohun,—a man whose course of life had +been stained with blood, but whose crimes had met +with a singular impunity.</p> + +<p>The character of Lord Mohun seems rather to have +belonged to the reign of Charles the Second, than +to the sober period of William and Anne. The +representative of a very ancient family, he had the +misfortune of coming to his title when young, while +his estate was impoverished. "His quality introduced +him into the best company," says a contemporary +writer, "but his wants very often led him +into bad." He ran a course of notorious and low +dissipation, and was twice tried for murder before he +was twenty. His first offence was the cruel and almost +unprovoked murder of William Mountford, an +accomplished actor, whom Mohun stabbed whilst off<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +his guard. The second was the death of Mr. Charles +Coote. For these crimes Lord Mohun had been +tried by his peers, and, strange to say, acquitted. On +his last acquittal he spoke gracefully before the Peers, +expressing great contrition for the disgrace which he +had brought upon his order, and promising to efface +it by a better course of life. For some time this able +but depraved nobleman kept to his resolution, and +studied the constitution of his country.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> He became +a bold and eloquent speaker in the House on the side +of the Whigs; and he had attained a considerable +popularity, when the affair with the Duke of Hamilton +finished his career before the age of thirty.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<p>A family dispute, exasperated by the different sides +taken by these two noblemen in Parliament, was the +cause of an event which deprived the Jacobite party +of one of their most valuable and most moderate +leaders; for had the counsels of the Duke of Hamilton +prevailed, the Chevalier would never have undertaken +the futile invasion of 1708, nor perhaps have engaged +in the succeeding attempt in 1715. Upon the +fortunes of the Earl of Mar, the death of the Duke so +far operated that it was not until all fear of offending +the powerful and popular Hamilton was ended by +his tragical death, that the appointment of Secretary +was conferred upon his rival. The Whigs were calumniously +suspected of having had some unfair share<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +in the death of the Duke,—an event which took place +in the following manner.</p> + +<p>Certain offensive words spoken by Lord Mohun in +the chambers of a Master in Chancery, and addressed +to the Duke of Hamilton, brought a long-standing +enmity into open hostility. On the part of Lord +Mohun, General Macartney was sent to convey a +challenge to the Duke, and the place of meeting, +time, and other preliminaries were settled by Macartney +and the Duke over a bottle of claret, at the +Rose Tavern, in Covent Garden. The hour of eight +on the following day was fixed for the encounter, and +on the fatal morning the Duke drove to the lodgings +of his friend, Colonel Hamilton, who acted as his +second, in Charing Cross, and hurried him away. It +was afterwards deposed, that on setting out, the Colonel, +in his haste, forgot his sword; upon which the +Duke stopped the carriage, and taking his keys from +his pocket, desired his servant to go to a certain +closet in his house, and to bring his mourning-sword, +which was accordingly done. This was regarded as +a fatal omen in those days, in which, as Addison +describes, a belief in such indications existed.</p> + +<p>The Duke then drove on to that part of Hyde +Park leading to Kensington, opposite the Lodge, and +getting out, walked to and fro upon the grass between +the two ponds. Lord Mohun, in the mean +time, set out from Long Acre with his friend, General +Macartney, who seems to have been a worthy second +of the titled bravo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + +<p>Lord Mohun having taken the precaution of ordering +some burnt wine to be prepared for him upon his +return from the rencounter, proceeded to the place +of appointment, where the Duke awaited him. "I +must ask your Lordship," said Lord Mohun, "one +favour, which is, that these gentlemen may have nothing +to do with our quarrel." "My Lord," answered +the Duke, "I leave them to themselves." The +parties then threw off their cloaks, and all engaged; +the seconds, it appears, fighting with as much fury +as their principals. The park-keepers coming up, +found Colonel Hamilton and General Macartney +struggling together; the General holding the Colonel's +sword in his left hand, the Colonel pulling at the +blade of the General's sword. One of the keepers +went up to the principals; he found Lord Mohun in +a position between sitting and lying, bending towards +the Duke, who was on his knees, leaning almost +across Lord Mohun, both holding each other's sword +fast, both striving and struggling with the fury of +remorseless hatred. This awful scene was soon +closed for ever, as far as Mohun was concerned. He +expired shortly afterwards, having received four +wounds, each of which was likely to be mortal. The +Duke was raised and supported by Colonel Hamilton +and one of the keepers; but after walking about +thirty yards, exclaimed that "he could walk no +farther," sank down upon the grass, and expired. +His lifeless remains, mangled with wounds which +showed the relentless fury of the encounter, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +conveyed to St. James's Square, the same morning, +while the Duchess was still asleep.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> + +<p>Lord Mohun, meanwhile, was carried, by order of +General Macartney, to the hackney-coach in which +he had arrived, and his body conveyed to his house +in Marlborough Street, where, it was afterwards reported, +that being flung upon the best bed, his Lady, +one of the nieces of Charles Gerrard, Earl of Macclesfield, +expressed great anger at the soiling of her new +coverlid, on which the bleeding corpse was deposited.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p><p>General Macartney escaped. It appeared on oath +that he had made a thrust at the Duke, as he was +struggling with Mohun; and it being generally believed +that it was by that wound that the Duke died, +an address was presented to her Majesty by the +Scottish Peers, begging that she would write to all +the kings and states in alliance with her, not to +shelter Macartney from justice.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p> + +<p>A deep and general grief was shown for the death +of the Duke of Hamilton. In Scotland mourning +was worn, and the churches were hung with black. +It was in vain that the Duchess offered a reward of +three hundred pounds for the apprehension of Macartney; +the murderer had fled beyond seas.</p> + +<p>The Cavaliers lost, in Hamilton, an ornament to +their party, from the strict honour and fidelity of his +known character. But the crisis which the unfortunate +Duke had in vain endeavoured to avert was +now at hand, and the death of Queen Anne brought +with it all those consequences which a long series of +cabals, during the later disturbed years of the +Queen's existence, had been gradually ripening into +importance.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar had openly espoused the High-church +party in the case of Sacheverel; and he had +on that account, as well as from the doubt generally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +entertained of his fidelity, little reason to expect +from the House of Hanover a continuance in office. +No sooner had the Queen expired, than those whom +Lord Mar had long, in secret, been regarding with +interest, expressed openly their disappointment at the +result of the last reign.</p> + +<p>"The accession of George the First," remarks Dr. +Coxe, "was a new era in the history of that Government +which was established at the Revolution. Under +William and Anne the Stuart family can scarcely be +considered as absolutely excluded from the throne; +for all parties, except the extreme Whigs, looked forward +to the possibility of the Stuarts returning to +the throne. But, in fact, the Revolution was not +completed till the actual establishment of the Brunswick +line, which cut off all hopes of a return without +a new revolution."<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p> + +<p>When the news of Queen Anne's dangerous condition +reached the Chevalier de St. George, he was +at Luneville; but he repaired instantly to Barleduc, +where he held a council. As he entered the council-chamber, +he was heard to exclaim, "If that Princess +dies, I am lost."<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> There was no doubt that a correspondence +with the exiled family had been carried +on with great alacrity, during the last few years of +Queen Anne's reign, with the cognizance of the Sovereign;<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> +and that large sums were spent by Mary of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +Modena, and by her son, in procuring intelligence of +all that was going on in the English Court.</p> + +<p>Immediately after the Queen's death, Atterbury, +Bishop of Rochester, proposed to Lord Bolingbroke +to proclaim James at Charing Cross, and offered, himself, +to head the procession in lawn sleeves. But +Bolingbroke shrank from the enterprise; and, with +an exclamation of passion, Atterbury exclaimed,—"There +is the best cause in Europe lost for want of +spirit." The boldness of the proposition, and the +ardent temper from which it originated, recall, with +regret, the remembrance of one who, as Lord Hailes +in his notes on Atterbury's Correspondence has remarked, +was "incapable of dark conspiracies."<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p> + +<p>The Chevalier was then residing at Barleduc, with +a suite of sixty persons; some of whom boasted of +having taken part in the conspiracies against William +the Third, and were proud of having compassed the +death of that Sovereign. From time to time, Englishmen +of distinction travelled from Paris to Barleduc, +under pretext of seeing the country, but in +fact to proffer a secret allegiance to the Prince. The +individual to whom these attentions were addressed, +is described by an anonymous emissary of the English +Court, as leading a regular life,—hunting when the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +weather permitted, and hearing mass every day with +great precision and devotion. "Il est fort maigre," +adds the same writer, "assez grand; son teint est +brun, son humeur et sa personne ne sont pas désagréables." +In another place, it is added, "Il paroit +manquer de jugement et de résolution:" an opinion, +unhappily, too correct.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> On the question being put +by Bolingbroke to the Duke of Berwick, whether the +Prince was a bigot, the answer was in the negative. +"Then," said Bolingbroke, "we shall have no objection +to place him on the throne." This anecdote, +which was told by the Chevalier himself to Brigadier +Nugent, probably gave countenance to the rumour +spread in England, that James was likely to renounce +the Catholic faith, and conform to the English +Church.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar and his brother, Lord Grange, +were now the two most considerable men in Scotland. +Lord Grange had been made Lord of Session in 1707, +and afterwards Lord Justice Clerk, during the three +last years of Queen Anne's reign. His character +presents traits even more repulsive and more dangerous +than the time-serving and duplicity of the Earl of +Mar. Lord Grange was one of those men whom the +honest adherents to either party would, doubtless, +gladly have turned over to the other side. His abilities, +if we judge of the high appointments which he +held, must have been eminent; but he was devoid of +all principle, and was capable, if the melancholy and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> +extraordinary history of his unhappy wife be true, of +the darkest schemes.</p> + +<p>It would be difficult to reconcile, in any other man, +the discrepancy of Lord Grange's real opinions and +of his subsequent efforts to restore the House of +Stuart; but, in a brother of the Earl of Mar, the +difficulty ceases, and all hopes of consistency, or rather +of its origin, sincerity, vanish. Lord Grange is +declared to have been a "true blue republican, and, +if he had any religion, at bottom a Presbyterian;" +yet he was deeply involved in transactions with the +Chevalier and his friends.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> + +<p>Lord Grange was united to a lady violent in temper, +of a dauntless spirit, and a determined Hanoverian. +Their marriage had been enforced by the laws +of honour, and was ill-omened from the first; therefore, +where respect has ceased, affection soon languishes +and expires. The daughter of Cheisly of Dalry, a man +of uncontrolled passions, who shot Sir George Lockhart, +one of the Lords of Session, for having decided +a law-suit against him, Mrs. Erskine of Grange, +commonly called Lady Grange, inherited the determined +will of her father. It was said that she had +compelled Lord Grange to do her justice by marrying +her, and "had desired him to remember, by +way of threat, that she was Cheisly's daughter." For +this menace she suffered in a way which could only +be effected in a country like Scotland at that period,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +and among a people held in the thraldom of the +clans. Her singular history belongs to a later period +in the annals of those events in which so much +domestic happiness was blasted, never to be recovered.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p> + +<p>With his brother, Lord Mar was in constant correspondence, +during his own residence in London; and +although Lord Grange was skilful enough to conceal +his machinations, and to retain his seat on the bench +as a Scottish judge, there is very little reason to +doubt his secret co-operation in the subsequent movements +of the Earl.</p> + +<p>Acting as if "he thought that all things were +governed by fate or fortune,"<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> George the First remained +a long time to settle his own affairs in Hanover, +before coming to England. This delay was +employed by the Earl of Mar, in an endeavour to +extenuate the tenor of his political conduct of late +years in the eyes of the Sovereign, and in placing +before the King the merit of his services and his +claims to favour. The letter which he addressed to +George the First, when in Holland, was printed by +Tonson, during the year 1715, with prefatory remarks +by Sir Richard Steele, whose comments upon +this production of a man who, scarcely a year after it +was written, set up the standard of the Pretender at +Braemar, are expressed in these terms:</p> + +<p>"It gives me a lively sense of the hardships of +civil war, wherein all the sacred and most intimate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +obligations between man and man are to be torn +asunder, when I cannot, without pain, represent to +myself the behaviour of Lord Mar, with whom I had +not even the honour of any further commerce than +the pleasure of passing some agreeable hours in his +company: I say, when even such little incidents +make it irksome to be in a state of war with those +with whom we have lived in any degree of familiarity, +how terrible must the image be of rending the ties of +blood, the sanctity of affinity and intermarriage, and +the bringing men who, perhaps in a few months +before, were to each other the dearest of all mankind, +to meet on terms of giving death to each other at the +same time that they had rather embrace!" Thus +premising, and declaring that he could with difficulty +efface from his mind all remains of good will and pity +to Lord Mar, Sir Richard Steele subjoins a document, +fatal to the reputation of Lord Mar—the +following letter, which Lord Mar addressed to the +King, in explanation of his conduct.</p> + + +<h4>LORD MAR TO THE KING.</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"Having the happiness to be your Majesty's +subject, and also the honour of being of your servants, +as one of your Secretaries of State, I beg leave by +this to kiss your Majesty's hand, and congratulate +your happy accession to the Throne; which I should +have done myself the honour of doing sooner, had I +not hoped to have had the honour of doing it per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>sonally +ere now. I am afraid I may have had the +misfortune to be misrepresented to your Majesty, and +my reason for thinking so is, because I was the only +one of the late Queen's servants whom your Ministers +here did not visit, which I mentioned to Mr. Harley +and the Earl of Clarendon, when they went from +hence to wait on your Majesty; and your Ministers +carrying so to me was the occasion of my receiving +such orders as deprived me of the honour and satisfaction +of waiting on them and being known to them. +I suppose I had been misrepresented to them by some +here upon account of party, or to ingratiate themselves +by aspersing others, as one party here too often +occasion; but I hope your Majesty will be so just as +not to give credit to such misrepresentations.</p> + +<p>"The part I acted in bringing about and making +of the Union when the succession to the Crown was +settled for Scotland on your Majesty's family, when +I had the honour to serve as Secretary of State +for that kingdom, doth, I hope, put my sincerity and +faithfulness to your Majesty out of dispute. My +family had had the honour for a great tract of years to +be faithful servants to the Crown, and have had the +care of the King's children (when King of Scotland) +entrusted to them. A predecessor of mine was honoured +with the care of your Majesty's grandmother, +when young; and she was pleased afterwards to +express some concern for our family, in letters I now +have under her own hand.</p> + +<p>"I have had the honour to serve her late Majesty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +in one capacity or other ever since her accession to the +Crown. I was happy in a good mistress, and she was +pleased to have some confidence in me and regard +for my services. And since your Majesty's happy +accession to the Crown, I hope you will find that I +have not been wanting in my duty in being instrumental +in keeping things quiet and peaceable in the +country to which I belong and have some interest +in.</p> + +<p>"Your Majesty shall ever find me as faithful and +dutiful a subject and servant as ever any of my +family have been to the Crown, or as I have been to +my late mistress the Queen. And I beg your Majesty +may be so good not to believe any misrepresentations +of me, which nothing but party hatred and +my zeal for the interest of the Crown doth occasion; +and I hope I may presume to lay claim to your royal +favour or protection. As your accession to the Crown +hath been quiet and peaceable, may your Majesty's +reign be long and prosperous; and that your people +may soon have the happiness and satisfaction of your +presence amongst them, is the earnest and fervent +wish of him who is, with the humblest duty and +respect, Sir, your Majesty's most faithful, most dutiful +and most obedient subject and servant,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +<span class="smcap">Mar</span>."</p> +<p>"Whitehall, August thirtieth, 1714, o. s."<br /> +</p></div> + +<p>This disgraceful letter was ineffectual. The Monarch, +"whose views and affections were, according +to Lord Chesterfield, singly confined to the narrow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +compass of his Electorate," and for "whom England +was too big," acted with a promptness and decision +which gave no time for the workings of faction. An +immediate change of ministry was announced by +Kryenberg, the Hanoverian resident, at the first +Privy Council; and among other changes, Lord Townshend +was appointed in the place of Lord Bolingbroke. +Well might Bolingbroke exclaim, "The grief of my +soul is this; I see plainly that the Tory party is +gone."<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> + +<p>For many months Lord Mar continued to maintain +such a demeanour as might blind those of +the opposite party to his real intentions. It seems, +indeed, certain that at first he hoped to ensure a +continuance in office by exerting his influence in +Scotland to procure the good conduct of the clans: +he was successful in obtaining even from some of +those Highland chieftains who were afterwards the +most deeply implicated in the Rebellion, an address +declaring that they were "ready to concur with his +Lordship in faithfully serving King George." "Your +Lordship," states that memorial, "has an estate and +interest in the Highlands, and is so well known to +bear good will to your neighbours, that in order to +prevent any ill impression which malicious and designing +people may at this juncture labour to give of +us, we must beg leave to address your Lordship, and +entreat you to assure the Government, in our names, +and in that of the rest of our clans, who, by distance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +of the place, could not be present at the signing of +our letter, of our loyalty to his sacred Majesty, King +George."<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> This address was signed by Maclean of +that Ilk, Macdonald of Glengary, Mackenzie of Fraserdale, +Cameron of Lochiel, and by several other chiefs +of clans, who afterwards fought under the banners of +the Earl of Mar. It furnishes a proof of the great +influence which the Earl possessed in his own country, +but he had not the courage to present it to the King. +His Majesty, on the contrary, on hearing of this address +was highly offended, believing that it had been +drawn up at St. Germains in order to insult him, and +his refusal to receive it was accompanied by an order +to Lord Mar to give up the seals.</p> + +<p>The Earl lingered, nevertheless, for some time in +London, where he had now some attractions which +to a less ambitious mind might have operated in +favour of prudence. In the preceding year, July, +1714, he had married, at Acton in Middlesex, the +Lady Frances Pierrepoint, the second daughter of +Evelyn, first Duke of Kingston, and the sister of +Lady Mary Wortley. The Countess of Mar was, at +the time of her marriage, thirty-three years of age, +being born in 1681. She does not appear to have +been endowed with the rare qualities of her sister's +mind; but that she was attached to her husband, her +long exile from England on his account, sufficiently +proves. Her married life was embittered by his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +career, and her latter days darkened by the direst of +all maladies, mental aberration.</p> + +<p>It is singular that so recently before his final +effort, Lord Mar should have connected himself with +a Whig family. The Marquis of Dorchester, who was +created, by George the First, Duke of Kingston, was +a member of the Kit Cat Club, and received early +proofs of the good will of the Hanoverian Sovereign. +It is true that Lady Mary Wortley augured ill of the +match between her sister and Lord Mar, detesting as +she did the Jacobite party, and believing that her +sister was "drawn in by the persuasion of an officious +female friend," Lord Mar's relation. But there +is no reason to conclude that the Duke of Kingston in +any way objected to a match apparently so dissonant +with his political bias.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p> + +<p>Whilst Lord Mar remained near the court, the discoveries +made by the Earl of Stair in France, communicated +the first surmise of an intended invasion +of England. Several seizures of suspected people +warned one who was deep in the intrigues of St. +Germain, not long to delay the open prosecution of +his schemes. The melancholy instance of Mr. Harvey, +who was apprehended while he was hawking at Combe, +in Surrey, alarmed the Jacobite party. Mr. Harvey +being shown a paper written in his own hand, convicting +him of guilt, stabbed himself, but not fatally, +with a pruning-knife which he had used in his garden.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +Upon some hope of his confessing being hinted, it was +answered that his Majesty and the Council knew more +of it than he did. The celebrated John Anstis, the +heraldic writer, was also apprehended, and warrants +were issued for the seizure of other suspected persons.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding his strong family interest, the +Earl of Mar could scarcely consider himself secure +under the present state both of the country and the +metropolis. The events of the last year had succeeded +each other with an appalling rapidity. The +flight of Bolingbroke had scarcely ceased to be the +theme of comment, before the general elections excited +all the ill blood and fanaticism which such +struggles at any critical era of our history have +always produced. Riots, which have been hastily +touched upon in the histories of the period, but +which the minute descriptions of memoirs of that +period show to have been attended with an unusual +display of violence and brutality on both sides, +broke out upon every anniversary which could recall +the Stuarts to recollection. On St. George's day, in +compliment to the Chevalier, who, according to an +observer of those eventful days, "had assumed the +name of that far-famed Cappadocian Knight, though +every one knew he has nothing of the valour, courage, +and other bright qualities of the saint," a +tumult was raised in London, and among other outrages, +passengers through the streets of the City were +beaten if they would not cry "God bless the late Queen +and the High Church!" Sacheverel and Bolingbroke<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +were pledged in bumpers by a mob, who burnt, at the +same time, King William in effigy.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> A similar contagion +spread throughout the country; Oxford took +the lead in acts of destruction; her streets were filled +with parties of Whigs and Tories, both of them infuriated, +until their mad rage vented itself in acts of +murder, under the pretence, on the one hand, of a +dread of popery, on the other, on a similar plea of religious +zeal. A Presbyterian meetinghouse was pulled +down, and cries of "An Ormond!" "A Bolingbroke!" +"Down with the Roundheads!" "No Hanover!" "A +new Restoration!" accompanied the conflagration. On +the same day similar exclamations were again heard +in the streets of London; and all windows not illuminated +were broken to pieces. The tenth of June, +the anniversary of the Chevalier's birthday, was the +signal for a still more decisive manifestation. On +that day three Scottish magistrates went boldly to the +Cross at Dundee, and there drank the Pretender's +health, by the name of King James the Eighth, +for which they were immediately apprehended and +tried.</p> + +<p>The impeachment of Lord Oxford still further exasperated +the country, which rang with the cry, "No +George, but a Stuart." The peaceable accession of +the first monarch of the Brunswick line has been +greatly insisted upon by historians; but that stillness +was ominous; it was the stillness of the air +before a storm; and was only indicative of irreso<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>lution, +not of a diminished dislike to the sway of +a foreigner.</p> + +<p>It is supposed that an intercepted letter which the +Duke de Berwick, the half-brother of the Chevalier, +addressed to a person of distinction in England, first +gave the intelligence of an intended invasion.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> The +burden of that letter was to encourage the riots +and tumults, and to keep up the spirits of the people +with a promise of prompt assistance. The impeachment +of Viscount Bolingbroke and of the Duke of +Ormond followed shortly afterwards; and although +these noblemen provided for their own safety by +flight, they were degraded as outlaws, and in the +order in Council were styled, according to the usual +form of law, "James Butler, yeoman," and "Henry +Bolingbroke, labourer," and the arms of Ormond were +taken from Windsor Chapel, and torn in pieces by the +Earl Marshal.</p> + +<p>The English fleet, under the command of Sir George +Byng, was stationed in the Downs, in case of a surprise. +Portsmouth was put in a state of defence; +and, during the month of July, the inhabitants of +London beheld once more a sight such as had never +been witnessed by its citizens since the days of the +Great Rebellion. In Hyde Park the troops of the +household were encamped, according to the arrangements +of General Cadogan, who had marked out a +camp. The forces were commanded by the Duke of +Argyle. In Westminster the Earl of Clare reviewed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +the militia, and the trained bands were directed to be +in readiness for orders. At the same time fourteen +colonels of the Guards, and other inferior officers +were cashiered by the King's orders, on suspicion of +being in James Stuart's interest; so deep a root had +this cause, which many have pretended to treat as a +visionary scheme of self-interest, taken in the affections +even of the British army.</p> + +<p>A proclamation ordering all Papists and reputed +Papists to depart from the cities of London and Westminster, +was the next act of the Government. All +persons of the Roman Catholic persuasion were to be +disarmed and their horses sold; a declaration against +transubstantiation was to be administered to them, +and the oath of abjuration to non-jurors.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> After +such mandates, it seems idle to talk of the tyranny +of Henry the Eighth.</p> + +<p>There is no doubt but that the greatest alarm and +consternation reigned at St. James's. The stocks fell, +but owing to the vigilance of the Ministry, information +was obtained of the whole scheme of the invasion, +in a manner which to this day has never been satisfactorily +explained.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar must have trembled, as he still +lingered in the metropolis. It is probable that he +waited there in order to receive those contributions +from abroad which were necessary to carry on his +plans. He was provided at last with no less a sum +than a hundred thousand pounds; and also furnished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +with a commission dated the seventh of September, +1715 appointing him Lieutenant General and Commander +in Chief of the forces raised for the Chevalier +in Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> Large sums were already collected +from Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and France, +to the amount, it has been stated, of twelve millions. +It has been well remarked by Sir Walter Scott, in +his notes on the Master of Sinclair's MS., that "when +the Stuarts had the means, they wanted a leader (as +in 1715); when (as in 1745) they had a leader, they +wanted the means."</p> + +<p>With the eye of suspicion fixed upon him, his plans +matured, his friends in the north prepared, the Earl +of Mar had the hardihood, under such circumstances, +to appear at the court of King George. A few weeks +before the Habeas Corpus Act had been suspended; +but the Earl trusted either to good fortune, or to his +own well-known arts of insinuation. He braved all +possibility of detection, and determined to carry on +the game of deep dissimulation to the last moment.</p> + +<p>On the first of August, 1715, the Earl of Mar +attended the levee of King George. One can easily +suppose how cold, if not disdainful, must have been +his reception; but it is not easy to divine with what +secret emotions, the subject on the eve of an insurrection +could have offered his obeisance to the Mon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>arch. +Grave in expression, with a heavy German +countenance, hating all show, and husbanding his +time, so as to avoid all needless conversation; without +an idea of cultivating the fine arts, of encouraging +literature, or of even learning to speak English, +George the First must have presented to his +English subjects the reverse of all that is attractive. +A decided respectability of character might have redeemed +the ungainly picture; but, although esteemed +a man of honour, and evincing liberal and even benevolent +tendencies, the Monarch displayed not only an +unblushing and scandalous profligacy, but a love for +coarse and unworthy society. His court is said to +have been modelled upon that of Louis the Fifteenth; +but it was modelled upon the grossest and lowest principles +only, and had none of the elegance even of that +wretched King's depraved circles; and public decency +was as much outraged by the three yachts which +were prepared to carry over King George's mistresses +and their suite,<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> when he visited Hanover, as by the +empire of Madame de Pompadour. It must, independent +of every other consideration, have been galling +to Englishmen to behold, seated on their throne, +a German, fifty-four years of age, who from that very +circumstance, was little likely ever to boast, like Queen +Anne, "of an English heart." "A hard fate," observes +a writer of great impartiality, "that the enthronement +of a stranger should have been the only +means to secure our liberties and laws!"<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p><p>A week after he had been received at the levee of +King George, the Earl embarked at Gravesend in a +collier, attended by two servants, and accompanied +by General Hamilton and Captain Hay. They were +all disguised, and escaping detection, arrived on the +third day afterwards at Newcastle. It has been even +said, that in order the better to conceal his rank, +the Earl of Mar wrought for his passage.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> From +Newcastle Lord Mar proceeded northward in another +vessel; and landing at Elie, in Fifeshire, went first +to Crief, where he remained a few days. He then +proceeded to Dupplin, in the county of Perth, the +seat of his brother-in-law, the Earl of Kinnoul, and +thence, on the eighteenth of August, crossing the +river Perth, he proceeded to his own Castle of Kildrummie, +in the Braes of Mar. He was accompanied +by forty horse.</p> + +<p>On the day after the arrival of the Earl at Kildrummie, +he despatched letters to the principal Jacobites, +inviting them to attend a grand hunting-match +in Braemar on the twenty-seventh of August. This +summons was couched in this form, for fear of a +more explicit declaration being intercepted, revealing +the design; but the great chiefs who were thus +collected together were aware that "hunting" was +but the watchword.</p> + +<p>A gallant band of high-spirited chieftains answered +the call. It is consolatory to turn to those +who, unaffected by the intrigues of a Court, came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +heartily, and with a disinterested love, to the cause +of which the Earl of Mar was the unworthy leader.</p> + +<p>First in rank, was the Marquis of Huntly, eldest +son of George, the first Duke of Gordon, and of that +daring Duchess of Gordon, a daughter of the house +of Howard, who, in 1711, had presented to the +Dean and Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh a silver +medal, with the head of the Chevalier on one side, +and on the other the British Islands, with the word +"Reddite." The learned body to whom the Duchess +had proposed this dangerous gift, at first hesitated +to receive it: after a debate, however, among their +members, it was agreed that the donation should be +accepted, and a vote was passed to return thanks to +the Duchess. The Advocates then waited in a body +upon the Duchess, and expressed their hopes that her +Grace would soon have occasion to present the Faculty +with a second medal on the <i>Restoration</i>.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> The Duke +of Gordon, notwithstanding his having been brought +up a Roman Catholic, was neutral in the troubles of +the Rebellion of 1715, but his son took a force of +three thousand men into the field,—the clan siding +with the young Marquis rather than with their +chief. The Marquis of Huntly was, probably for that +reason, spared in the subsequent proceedings against +the Jacobites, his participation in their schemes being +punished only by a brief imprisonment.</p> + +<p>William Marquis of Tullibardine, one of the most +constant friends to the House of Stuart, the Earl of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +Nithisdale, and the Earl Marischal, also appeared at +the time appointed. It was the fortune of the Marquis +of Tullibardine, like that of the Marquis of +Huntly, afterwards to appear in the field unsanctioned +by his father, the Duke of Athol, who +either was, or appeared to be, in favour of Government, +whilst his son headed the clan to the number +of six thousand. Lord Nairn, the younger brother +of the Marquis, also joined in the undertaking. Of +these distinguished Jacobites, separate lives will hereafter +be given in this work: it therefore becomes +unnecessary any further to expatiate upon them here. +Of some, whose biography does not present features +sufficiently marked to constitute a distinct narrative, +some traits may here be given.</p> + +<p>Charles Earl of Traquair, who hastened to Braemar, +was one of those Scottish nobles who claimed +kindred with royalty. He was descended from Sir +James Stewart, commonly called the Black Knight +of Lorn, and from Jane, daughter of John Earl of +Somerset, and widow of King James the First. One +of Lord Traquair's ancestors, the first Earl, had levied +a regiment of horse, in order to release Charles +the First from his imprisonment in the Isle of Wight; +but, marching at the head of it at the battle of Preston, +he and his son, Lord Seatoun, were taken prisoners +and conveyed to Warwick Castle, where they +languished four years in imprisonment, with the knowledge +that their estates had been sequestered.</p> + +<p>Connected with the family of Seatoun, on his mo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>ther's +side, the Earl of Traquair had married the +sister of Lord Nithisdale, being thus nearly related +to two of those chiefs who gladly obeyed the summons +of Lord Mar to the hunting-field. The Earl +of Traquair appears to have escaped all the penalties +which followed the Rebellion of 1715, perhaps because +he does not appear to have taken any of his +tenantry into the field.</p> + +<p>Less prudent, or less fortunate, William Mackenzie, +Earl of Seaforth, joined the standard of James Stuart +with a body of three thousand men. He was attainted +when the struggle was over, and his estates, +both in Scotland and England, forfeited. He escaped +to the Continent; but, in 1719, again landed +with the Spaniards at Kintail; and was wounded +at the battle of Glenshiels, but being carried off by +his followers, again fled to the Continent, with the +Marquis of Tullibardine and the Earl Marischal. +Lord Seaforth was one of those to whom the royal +mercy was shown. George the First reversed his +attainder, and George the Second granted him arrears +of the feu duties due to the Crown out of +the forfeited estates. The title has been eventually +restored.</p> + +<p>James Livingstone, Earl of Linlithgow, was amongst +the many who experienced less clemency than the +Earl of Traquair. He had been chosen one of the +sixteen representative peers of Scotland, on the death +of the Duke of Hamilton; and enjoyed the possession +of considerable family estates, which were eventually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +forfeited to the Crown. He led a band of three +hundred clansmen to the field.</p> + +<p>Perhaps one of the most sturdy adherents of the +Chevalier St. George was James Maule, fourth Earl +of Panmure. In his youth this nobleman had served +as a volunteer at the siege of Luxembourg, where he +had signalized his courage. In 1686, he succeeded +his brother, and added to the honours of a peerage +those of a character already established for bravery. +To these distinctions was added that of being a Privy +Councillor to James the Second; but he was removed +upon his opposing the abrogation of the penal laws +against Popery. Whilst thus protesting against +what might then be deemed objectionable innovations, +Lord Panmure was a firm adherent of James, +and vigorously supported his interests in the convention +of estates in 1689.</p> + +<p>The accession of William and Mary drove this true +Jacobite from the Scottish Parliament. He never +appeared in that assembly after that event, having +refused to take the oaths. Of course he disapproved +of the Union; and the next step which he took was +to join the standard of the Chevalier.</p> + +<p>After that decisive proceeding, the course of this +unfortunate nobleman's life was one of misfortune, in +which his high spirit was sustained by a constancy of +no ordinary character. At the battle of Sherriff +Muir, the brave Panmure was taken prisoner, but +was rescued by his brother Harry, who, like himself, +had engaged in the rebellion. Panmure escaped to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +France: he was attainted of high treason,—his +estates, which amounted to 3456<i>l.</i> per annum, and +were the largest of the confiscated properties, were +forfeited, as well as his hereditary honours. Twice +were offers made to him by the English Government +to restore his rank and possessions, if he would +take the oath of allegiance to the House of Hanover; +but Panmure refused the proffered boon, and preferred +sharing the fortunes of him whom he looked upon as +his legitimate Prince. When he joined the Jacobites at +Braemar, Lord Panmure was no longer a young, rash +man: he was in the sixty-fifth year of his age. His +wife, the daughter of William Duke of Hamilton, was, +after his attainder, provided for by act of Parliament +in the same manner as if she had been a widow. His +brother, Harry Maule, of Kellie, a man of considerable +accomplishments, was so fortunate as to be enabled +to return to his native country, and died in +Edinburgh in 1734. But Lord Panmure, like most +of the other brave and honest men who preferred +their allegiance to their interest, finished his days in +exile, and died at Paris, in 1723.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p> + +<p>Kenneth Lord Duffus was another of those noblemen +who had already established a character for personal +bravery. He was a person of great skill in +maritime affairs, and was promoted by Queen Anne +to the command of the Advice ship of war, with +which, in 1711, this gallant Highlander engaged +eight French privateers, and after a desperate resist<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>ance +of some hours, he was taken prisoner, after +receiving five balls in his body.</p> + +<p>He was, however, released in time to engage in the +Rebellion of 1715; and though it does not appear +that he took any followers to fight beneath the Chevalier's +standard, he was included in the Act of +Attainder. The intelligence was communicated to +Lord Duffus when he was in Sweden. He resolved +immediately to surrender himself to the British Government, +and declared his intention to the British +Minister at Stockholm, who notified it to Lord Townshend, +Secretary of State. Notwithstanding this +manly determination, Lord Duffus was arrested on +his way to England, at Hamburgh, and was detained +there until the time specified for surrendering had +expired. He thence proceeded to London, where he +was confined more than a year in the Tower, but +released in 1717, without being brought to trial. +Lord Duffus died, according to some accounts, in +the Russian service; to others, in that of France. He +married a Swedish lady, and attained to the rank +of Admiral.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p> + +<p>Such were some of those Jacobite chieftains whose +history has sunk into obscurity, partly from the difficulty +of obtaining information concerning their career, +after the contest was at an end. Amongst those who +met Lord Mar in the hunting-field, but who afterwards +became neutral,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> although most of his clan joined in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +the Rebellion, was the Earl of Errol, one of a family +whose fame for valour was dated from the time of the +Danish invasion. The origin of the House of Errol +is curious, and marks the simplicity of the times. +An aged countryman, named Hay, and his sons, +had arrested the progress of the ruthless conquerors +in a defile near Lanearty in Perthshire. The old +man was rewarded by Kenneth the Third with as +much land in the Carse of Gowrie as a falcon from a +man's hand flew over until she lighted. The bird flew +over a space of six miles, which was thence called +Errol, and which is still in possession of the family; +and the old man and his sons were raised from the +rank of plebeians by the assignment of a coat of arms, +on which were three escutcheons, gules, to denote +that the father and the two sons had been the shields +of Scotland. The family grew in wealth and estimation, +and the office of Hereditary High Constable +of Scotland was added to their other honours.</p> + +<p>The Countess of Errol, the mother of the High +Constable, and sister of the Earl of Perth, had already +taken a decided part in the affairs of the Jacobite +party. When Colonel Hooke had been sent over in +1707 to Scotland, she had met him at the sea-coast, +and had there placed in the hands of that emissary +several letters from her son, expressing his earnest +intention to support the cause of the Chevalier. The +Earl of Errol had also received Hooke at his castle, +and had entertained him there several days, and employed +that time in initiating Hooke into the various<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +characteristics and views of the Jacobite nobility in +Scotland. He was thus deeply pledged to aid the undertaking +at that time (the year 1707); and in a letter +to the Chevalier, the Earl expressed his hopes that +he might have the happiness of seeing his Majesty, +"a happiness for which," he adds, "we have long +sighed, to be delivered from oppression." The Countess +of Errol also addressed a letter to the mother of +James Stuart, as the Queen of England, declaring +that the delays which the Scotch had suffered had +not "diminished their zeal, although they had prolonged +their miseries and misfortunes."<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> Whether, +upon the rising in 1715, the views of Lord Errol were +altered, or that female influence had been lessened by +some circumstance, does not exactly appear. He +kept himself neutral in the subsequent outbreak, +notwithstanding his appearance at Braemar, and +although his clan were for the most part against the +Government.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> The Earl of Errol died, unmarried, in +1717: his adherence to his Jacobite principles were +not, therefore, put to the test in 1745.</p> + +<p>To these noblemen were united Seaton, Viscount +of Kingston, whose estates were forfeited to the +Crown; Livingstone Viscount of Kilsyth, one of +the representative peers, who died an exile at Rome +in 1733; Lord Balfour of Burleigh; Lord Ogilvy, +afterwards Earl of Airly, and Forbes, Lord Pitsligo. +This last-mentioned nobleman was a man of a grave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +and prudent character, whose example drew many +of his neighbours to embark in an enterprise in +which so discreet a person risked his honours and +estate. He was the author of essays, moral and +philosophical; and either from respect to his merits, +or from some less worthy cause, his defection in +1715 passed with impunity. But, in 1745, the +aged nobleman again appeared in the field, infirm +as he was: and one of the most pleasing traits in +Charles Edward's noble, yet faulty character was his +walking at the head of his forces, having given up +his carriage for the use of this tried adherent of his +father. Attainder and forfeiture followed this last +attempt, but the sentence was reversed by the Court +of Session, from a misnomer in the attainder; and +the venerable Lord Forbes, surviving many who had +set out on the same course with him, had the comfort +of breathing his last in his native country. He +died at Auchiries in Aberdeenshire, in 1762.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p> + +<p>Several of these noblemen had been long contemplating +the possibility of James's return to Scotland. +Like the Earl of Errol, they had been dissatisfied with +the prudence of the Duke of Hamilton, whose policy +it had been to postpone the risk of a precarious undertaking, +and whose foresight was acknowledged when +it was too late. Lord John Drummond, Lord Kilsyth, +and Lord Linlithgow, had been all deeply concerned +in the schemes and speculations which had +been formed in 1707, on the subject of the Resto<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>ration; +but the zeal of Lord Kilsyth had been +doubted, from his intimacy with the Duke of Hamilton, +who was then objectionable to the violent +Jacobite leaders.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> + +<p>These chieftains were not unworthy to come into +the same field with Tullibardine, Nithisdale, Marischal, +and their brave associates. A still nobler band of +associates was formed in the different members of the +house of Drummond, a family who could boast of +being derived from "the ancient nobility of the +kingdom of Hungary:" and from the daughters of +whose house Charles the Second was lineally descended +in the ninth and sixth degree. Well may it be +called "the splendid family of Drummond," even if +we regard only its proud antiquity, or the singular +"faithfulness of the family, or the accomplishments +and virtues which characterised many of its members." +Nothing can be finer than the manner in which the +claims of birth are placed before us, in the address +of William Drummond of Hawthornden to "John +Earle of Perthe," in his manuscript "Historie of the +Familie of Perthe:"</p> + +<p>"Though, as Glaucus sayes to Diomed (in Homer),</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i16">'Like the race of leaves<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The race of man is, that deserves no question: nor receaves<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His being any other breath; the wind in autumn strowes<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The earth with old leaves; then the spring the woods with new endowes,'<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>"yet I have ever thought the knowledge of kindred +and genealogies of the ancient families of a country a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +matter so far from contempt, that it deserveth highest +praise. Herein consisteth a part of the knowledge of +a man's own selfe. It is a great spurr to vertue to look +back on the worth of our line. In this is the memory +of the dead preserved with the living, being more +firm and honourable than any epitaph. The living +know that band which tyeth them to others. By this +man is distinguished from the reasonless creatures, +and the noble of men from the base sort. For it often +falleth out (though we cannot tell how) for the most +part, that generositie followeth good birth and parentage."<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> +The two members of the Drummond family +who attended Lord Mar in his famous hunting-field +were James Earl of Perth, and William Drummond, +Viscount Strathallan.</p> + +<p>The Earls of Southesk and Carnwath, the Viscounts +Kenmure and Stormont, and the Lord Rollo, complete +the list of Scottish peers who were present on this +memorable occasion. But perhaps the more remarkable +feature of the hunting-match was the arrival of +twenty-six gentlemen of influence in the Highlands, +men of sway and importance, of which it is impossible, +without a knowledge of Highland manners, to +form an adequate notion. The constitution of the +clans is thus pourtrayed by one who knew it well.</p> + +<p>"In every narrow vale where a blue stream bent +its narrow course, some hunter of superior prowess, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +some herdsman whom wealth had led to wealth and +power to power, was the founder of a little community +who ever after looked up to the head of the family +as their leader and their chief. Those chains of mountains +which formed the boundings of their separate +districts had then their ascents covered with forests, +which were the scene of their hunting-excursions: +when their eagerness in pursuit of game led them to +penetrate into the districts claimed by the chief of +the neighbouring valleys, a rash encounter was the +usual consequence, which laid the foundation of future +hostilities."<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p> + +<p>These petty wars gave room for a display of valour +in the chiefs, and led to a mutual dependence from +the followers. Alliances offensive and defensive were +formed among the clans, and intermarriages were +contracted between the confederated clans, who governed +their followers by a kind of polity not ill regulated. +The chief had the power of life and death +over his large family, but it was a power seldom used. +A chieftain might be cruel to his enemies, but never +to his friends. Nor were those paternal rulers by any +means so despotic as they have been represented to +be; of all monarchs their power was the most limited, +being allowed to take no step without permission of +their friends, or the elders of their tribe, including +the most distant branches of their family. The +kind and conciliatory system adopted towards their +clansmen accounts for the warm attachment and fi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>delity +displayed towards their chiefs; and these sentiments +were heightened to enthusiasm by the songs and +traditions of the bards, in which the exploits of their +heroes were perpetuated. Still there is nothing, as +it has been justly said, so remarkable in the political +history of any country, as the succession of the Highland +chiefs, and the long and uninterrupted sway +which they held over their followers.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> The system +of clanship gives all the romantic interest which the +Rebellions of 1715 and 1745 inspire;—it perfects a +picture which would only otherwise be a factious +contention for power; it was annihilated only after +the last of the Stuarts had fled for ever from the mountains +of Scotland.</p> + +<p>It was at the head of the clans that the Earl of Mar +frequently placed himself, at the battle of Sherriff +Muir: he now welcomed their chieftains to the field. +Among these were General Hamilton, General Gordon, +Glengary, Campbell of Glendarvel, and the lairds of +Auchterhouse and Aldebar.</p> + +<p>So great an assembly of those whom the Chevalier +afterwards not inaptly termed "little kings," was by +no means unusual at that period. It was the custom +among the lords and chieftains in the Highlands to +invite their neighbours and vassals to a general rendezvous +to chase the deer upon the mountains, and +after the diversion was over, to entertain the persons +of note in the castle hall. This expedient would, +therefore, have excited but little attention, had it not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +been for several years the practice of the Jacobites to +hold these hunting-parties annually, in order to maintain +the spirit of the association, which had been +carried on since the peace of Utrecht.</p> + +<p>The halls of Kildrummie received the noblemen +and chieftains that day beneath its roof, and the +Earl of Mar addressed his guests in a long, premeditated +harangue. He is described as having little pretension +to eloquence; but his hearers were probably +not very fastidious judges, and from the influence +which the Earl acquired over those whom he led on +to the contest, it may be inferred that he understood +well how to address himself to the passions of a Highland +audience.</p> + +<p>At first the Earl was heard with distrust,—at least +if we may credit the account of one on whom, perhaps, +too great a reliance has been placed.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p> + +<p>"It is true, that at first," says Mr. Patten, "he +gained little or no credit among them, they suspecting +some piece of policy in him to ensnare them; but +some were weak enough to suck in the poison, and +particularly some of those who were with him at +his house, called Brae-Mar. These, listening to him, +embraced his project, and, as is reported, engaged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +by oath to stand by him and one another, and +to bring over their friends and dependants to do the +like."<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p> + +<p>The Earl began his harangue by expressing a +deep regret for having promoted the Union, which +had delivered his countrymen into the hands of the +English, whose power to enslave them was far too +great, and whose intentions to do so still further +were manifest from the proceedings of the Elector +of Hanover ever since he ascended the throne. That +Prince regarded, according to Lord Mar, neither the +welfare of his people, nor their religion, but solely +left the management of affairs to a set of men who +made encroachments in Church and State. Many +persons, he said, were now resolved to consult their +own safety, and determined to defend their liberties +and properties, and to establish on the throne of these +realms the Chevalier St. George, who had the only +undoubted right to the Crown, who would hear their +grievances, and redress their wrongs. He then incited +his hearers to take arms for the Chevalier, +under the title of King James the Seventh; and +told them, that for his part, he was determined to +set up his standard and to summon all the fencible +men of his own tenants, and with them to hazard his +life in the cause. To this declaration he added the +assurance, that a general rising in England and assistance +from France would aid their undertaking; +that thousands were in league and covenant with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +him to establish the Chevalier and depose King +George.</p> + +<p>To these inducements were added others. Letters +from the Chevalier were read to the assembly, promising +to come over in person; with assurances that +ships, arms, and ammunition would be dispatched to +their aid.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> + +<p>The proposals of Lord Mar were unfolded with +such address, and his popularity was at that time so +great, that one might have supposed an immediate +assent to his schemes would have followed. On the +contrary some degree of persuasion was required: the +Highlanders are slow to promise, but sure to fulfil. +The very chieftains who hung back from a too ready +consent, never deserted the cause which they once +undertook. The universal fidelity to the part which +they espoused was violated in no instance during the +first Rebellion.</p> + +<p>At length the assembled chiefs swore an oath to +stand by the Earl of Mar, and to bring their friends +and dependants to do the same. However, no second +meeting was at that time determined upon: every +man went back to his own estate, to take measures +for appearing in arms after again hearing from the +Earl of Mar, who remained among his own people +with few attendants. But the Jacobites were not idle +during that interval. They employed themselves in +collecting their servants and kindred, but with the +utmost secrecy, until everything was ready to break<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +out. Nor were they long kept in suspense. On the +third of September, another meeting at Abbone, in +Aberdeenshire, was held, and there the Earl directed +his adherents to collect their men without loss of +time. He returned to Braemar, and continued for +several days gathering the people together, until they +amounted, according to Reay, to two thousand horse; +although some have said that there were only sixty +followers at that time assembled.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p> + +<p>On the sixth of September, the standard of the +Pretender was set up at Braemar, by the Earl of Mar, +in the presence of the assembled forces. The superstitious +Highlanders remarked with dismay, that, as +the standard was erected, the ball on the top of it +fell off; and they regarded this accident as an ill +omen. "The event," says a quaint Scottish writer, +"has proven that it was no less."<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p> + +<p>This grave accordance in the verification of the +omen, was a feature of the times and country. +"When a clan went upon any expedition," observes +Dr. Brown in his valuable work upon the Highlands, +"they were much addicted to omens. If they met +an armed man they believed that good was portended. +If they observed a deer, fox, hare, or any four-footed +beast of game, and did not succeed in killing it, they +prognosticated evil. If a woman, barefooted, crossed +the road before them, they seized her, and drew blood +from her forehead." This mixture of fear of visionary +evils, and courage in opposing real ones, of cre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>dulity +and distrust, strength and weakness, presents +a singular view of the Highland character. It had, +however, in many respects, no inconsiderable influence +upon the contests of 1715 and 1745.</p> + +<p>From Braemar the Earl proceeded to Kirk Michael, +a small town, where he proclaimed the Chevalier, +and set up his standard. He then marched to +Moulin in Perthshire, where he rested some time, +collecting his forces.</p> + +<p>It is a remarkable fact, that up to this period the +Earl of Mar was acting without a commission from the +Chevalier. The disposition which is too predominant +in society, and which leads men always to add the +bitterness of invective to the mortification of failure, +has attributed to the Earl of Mar, relatively to this +commission, a line of conduct from which it is agreeable +to be able to clear his memory. It was not +very long after the meeting in Braemar, that Lord +Mar discovered that there was what he called "a +devil" in his camp, in the person of the Master of +Sinclair, whose manuscript strictures upon the unfortunate +and incompetent leader of the Jacobites +have contributed to blacken his memory.</p> + +<p>According to the Master of Sinclair, the Earl of +Mar produced at the meeting a forged commission; +but this statement is not only contradicted by Lord +Mar's own account, but completely invalidated by the +fact that the commission is in existence, among various +other curious documents and letters, many of +which place the character of Lord Mar in a much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +fairer light than that in which it has hitherto been +viewed. The Earl of Mar, in a justification of his +conduct, printed at Paris, and added to Patten's History +of the Rebellion, gives the following account of +the affair:</p> + +<p>"It was near a month after the Earl of Mar<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> set +up the Standard before he could produce a commission, +and it is no small proof of the people's zeal for +their country that so great a number followed his +advice and obeyed his orders before he could produce +one. It must, though, be owned, and it is the less to be +wondered at, that his authority being thus precarious, +some were not so punctual in joining him, and others +performed not so effectually the service they were sent +upon, which, had they done, not only Scotland, but +even part of England, had been reduced to the Chevalier's +obedience, before the Government had been in +a condition to make head against us."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p> + +<p>The commission was, however, at that time written, +although it had not been sent over to Scotland. It is +dated the seventh of September, 1715, and is superscribed +James R.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> The Earl of Mar was doubtless +aware that such an instrument was in preparation.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p><p>When the Earl had first arrived in Scotland, he +found, as he himself alleges, the people far more eager +to take arms than his instructions allowed him to permit; +but before actual steps were commenced, that +ardour was cooled by two circumstances: first, by the +Chevalier's not landing in England, as the Jacobites<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +had confidently hoped; and, secondly, by the Duke of +Berwick's not coming to Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> The vigorous +measures adopted by Government made, therefore, a +far greater impression on the public mind than could +have been expected had the Earl of Mar been boldly +seconded by him who was most of all interested in the +event of the contest. The Lord Advocate summoned +all the principal Jacobites to appear at Edinburgh +within specified periods, in order to give bail to Government +for their allegiance. "Many," says Lord +Mar, "seemed inclined to comply." Yet the number +of those who did comply with the summons was inconsiderable; +the rest, including the most honoured +names in Scotland, rushed into the insurrection. +The different heads of noble houses dispersed, and each +in the district in which he had most power, and in +the principal towns proclaimed the Chevalier King. +The Fiery Cross was sent throughout the country, +with blood at one end, and fire at the other; and it was +afterwards asserted by some of the rebels who were +tried at Liverpool, that they were forced into the +service of the Chevalier, the person who bore that +cross assuring them that, unless they hastened to +Mar's camp, they were to perish by blood and fire.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> + +<p>Intelligence of the death of Louis the Fourteenth, +which had happened during the preceding August, +reached Scotland at this time, and cast an universal +gloom over his party. It was even disputed whether the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +Jacobite leaders should not disperse until news of the +Chevalier's landing should reassure them, or the certainty +of a rising in England should give vigour to +their proceedings. At this critical moment Lord Mar +published a declaration which has been printed in +most of the histories of the period, exhorting all +those who were well-affected to the good cause to put +themselves under arms, and summoning his confederates +to the Tower of Braemar, on the eleventh +of September, promising them, in the name of the +King, their pay from the moment of setting out.</p> + +<p>"Now is the time," said the Earl, "for all good +men to show their zeal for his Majesty's service, whose +cause is so deeply concerned, and the relief of our +native country from oppression and a foreign yoke +too heavy for us and our posterity to bear.</p> + +<p>"In so honourable, good, and just a cause," he +added, "we cannot doubt of the assistance, direction, +and blessing of Almighty God, who has so often +rescued the royal family of Stuart, and our country +from sinking under oppression.</p> + +<p>"Your punctual observance of these orders is expected, +for the doing of all which, this shall be to you, +and all you employ in the execution of them, a sufficient +warrant."</p> + +<p>In a very different tone was a letter, written +the same night by the Earl to his baillie of Kildrummie: +from this epistle, so characteristic of the +politic Earl of Mar, it was manifest that his own +followers were more tardy in the field than those of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +the other chieftains of the Highlands. The means +taken to intimidate and compel them are strongly +characteristic of the state of society in Scotland at +that period.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The reluctance of his clan must have +been a subject of deep mortification to Lord Mar, +when, in one evening, the summons of the Fiery Cross, +paraded round Loch Tay, a distance of thirty-two +miles, could assemble five hundred men, at the bidding +of the Laird of Glenlyon, to join the Earl of +Mar.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p> + +<p>A few days after the assembling of the forces, the +Earl of Mar, assisted by his Jacobite friends, published +a manifesto, asserting the right of James the +Eighth, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, &c., +and pointing to the relief of the kingdom from oppression +and grievances.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p> + +<p>Whilst the adherents of James were thus assembling +in the North, a brave but unsuccessful attempt +was made to surprise the castle of Edinburgh. Ninety +chosen men, under the command of Lord Drummond, +were engaged in this undertaking, of which the design +was, to seize the citadel and to place it under the command +of Lord Drummond; then the artillery within +the castle was to be employed in firing their rounds +by way of signal to different posts, in concert. Fires +were to be lighted up on the hills as a signal to Lord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +Mar to march and take possession of the city. The +failure of this design was owing to the disclosure +of one Dr. Arthur, a physician in Edinburgh, to his +wife, who gave information of the whole plan to +the Lord Justice Clerk, to whom she sent an unsigned +letter the evening she had gained from her +unwilling husband intelligence of the scheme. This +failure, the first of those adverse events which disheartened +the spirits of the Jacobites, was, however, +less deplored than it would have been, had not the +progress of the Earl of Mar's exertions borne the most +flattering aspect. In September, the Earl marched to +Logaret, where his forces still increased, and thence +into the beautiful region around Dunkeld; here he was +joined, with fourteen hundred men, by the Marquis of +Tullibardine, and by five hundred Campbells from the +Breadalbane territory, headed, not by their chief, but +by Campbell of Glenderule, Campbell of Glenlyon, +and John Campbell, the Earl's chamberlain. Enforced +also by the addition of two hundred Highlanders +from different quarters, the Earl of Mar +resolved to make the town of Perth his head-quarters.</p> + +<p>This was a wise resolution: the situation of that +fine city presented the most important advantages to +the General of the Jacobite forces. Seated on the +river Tay, and near the sea-coast, it gave the Earl +the control of the East Lowlands, of the rich counties +of Angus, the Carse of Gowrie, Mearns, Murray, +Aberdeen, and Banff, and also of the Shire of Fife. +It also cut off the communication between the north<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +and the south of Scotland, so that the friends of +Government could neither act nor fly from the enemy. +Thus all the usual posts were stopped. The revenues +of the public fell into the hands of the insurgents +who gave receipts for them in the name of James the +Eighth, and the landowners in the counties subject to +the Earl were taxed at whatever rate he chose to +impose. Perth continued to be the head-quarters of +the Lieutenant General until a few days before this +disastrous contest was finally closed.</p> + +<p>At the first general review at Perth, the forces of +Lord Mar amounted only to five thousand men; but +a few weeks afterwards, by the accession of his +friends in the north, they were increased to the number +of twelve thousand, both horse and foot, of well +appointed men. That Lord Mar's hopes were high, +and, at this period, not without reason of, at any rate, +a partial success, the following letter addressed by him +to Captain Henry Straiton,<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> at Edinburgh, is a proof. +It relates, in the first instance, to the insurrection in +Northumberland, under the guidance of Mr. Forster, +a gentleman of suspected zeal and little discretion, to +whom Lord Mar unwisely trusted the conduct of the +gallant but ill-fated bands who fell at Preston:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"From the Camp of Perth, October 12th, 1715."<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"It was yesterday afternoon as I got yours +of the ninth, which you may be sure was very ac<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>ceptable, +and also the others you sent me. Tom +Forster tells me in his of the sixth, that they had +taken the field that day with a hundred and sixty +horse; that he had sent to the gentelmen of Lancaster +who he expected to join him, and also the gentilmen +from the scots side, that he expected two thousand +foot from my camp and five hundred horse, that the +town of Newcastle had promist to open their gates +to them, and that they intended to take possession +of Tinmouth.</p> + +<p>"They have been better than their word in coming +together so soon, and I would fain hope it has been +occasioned by some consort with our friends further +south, who are to join them, and that the Duke of +Ormond is in England before this time, as I have +reason to believe he is.</p> + +<p>"My letters by M<sup>r</sup>. E——ne<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> had not then reached +those on the boarder, but when they do, I hope it will +put the project of shooting themselves up in Tinmouth +out of their thoughts; what good could they do there? +I have wrote so fully by M<sup>r</sup>. E——ne upon the subject +of the way of their disposeing of themselves, that I +need say little of it now. You certainly know of the +detachment of two thousand foot, lying these severall +dayes on the coast of Fife, to get over, if possible; +but now that there's five men of warr in the Firth, +I'm afraid it is not; however, they are stile about it, +and will do what they can: but for finding horse that +way, you will easily see is impracticable, unless the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +passage were open, and I hope our friends on the +boarder will not want horse from us. I was very +fond of the project of getting the passage of the whole +armie opened, when I wrote by Mr. E——ne; but since +that time, beside that of more men of warr comeing +into the Firth, there's another thing I know since, +which makes me alter my thoughts about it, at least +of doing it soon, were it in my power. Mr. Ogilvie +of Boin arrived here from France on the sixth, as +perhaps you have heard, with my new commission, +of which I send you a copie inclosed, and letters from +Lord Bolingbroke; but I know you have accounts of +a latter date at Edinb. so I need say the less of them. +Lord Bolingbroke tels me, that in all probability, the +King wou'd land very quickly in the north of Scotland; +so until we be so happie that he comes to us, +or at least we hear from him again, which by those +letters I expect every day, I judge it were not prudent +for me to pass the armie at Leith or Queensferry, +were it in my power, for that wou'd be leaveing +the enimie bewint the King and us, and he might +have difficulty in passing over to us, and being in +danger of the enimie; but this of passing the whole +armie at any of these places seems not likely to be +in our power.</p> + +<p>"Lord Huntly and Earl Marishall are come up to +us with their people in very good order, but Lord +Seafort is not, being deteaned by forceing Earl Sutherland +to submitt before he left that country, which +he has done by this time, and will be with us soon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +I make his not being come up the reason of our lying +still here, but that of our expecting the King or one +from him, is the true one; and I think we must do, +until that happen, so as long as we loose no credit +by it. I thought it was necessary to let you know +this, the better to advise our friends in the South +what meassurs to take; which they had best determine +by the success of our detachment getting over to +them,—what expectation they have of friends in +England joining them, and what is to be expexted +about Edinburgh. If they should be prest in England, +which I hope will not be the case, and could do +nothing at Edinbrugh, they can march throw the +south and west of Scotland to Dumbartonshire, where +before they can be, Generall Gordon's armie or a considerable +detachment of it, will be before they can +reach it, which they will aply join and be saif til +we meet them. Glengarry is actually marcht from +Auchalator that way alreddy. I have taken care to +have detachments at all the places on the coasts, +where I judge the King can land, so I hope all is +safe for him when he comes on it; and so many of the +cruisers being in the Frith make the coast pretty +clear, which is one good our detachment in Fife has +done, should they do no more. We have this day +sent two gentelmen to France (I hope) a safe way +with a letter to the Regent from the noblemen and +gentelmen here, which we had resolved on before +Boin arrived; but should the King be come off before it +arrives in France it can do no hurt and may do good.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I have wrote to Lord Bolingbroke (who is to remain +in France to negotiate the King's affairs there during +his absence,) a full account of things here; and if +the King be come off, which I hope in God he is, he is +to lay it before the Queen, to whom I have likewise +wrote. I'm exceeding sorry for the loss of honest +Keith's son, but these gentelmen will have it yet payd +home to them.</p> + +<p>"As to your going to the South, or staying at Edinbrugh, +I scarce know what to say. I wish you could +be in both places; but since that cannot be, I leave it +to yourself to do which you think will be of most use +to the service. If you go South I beg you may settle +a correspondence 'twixt Edin<sup>b</sup> and this, and acquaint +me with it.</p> + +<p>"I heard to-day that my letters to our friends in +the West, desireing they might go immediately South +to join Lord Kenmore, came safe to hand, so I hope +they will be with him soon. I have sent you +some of the manifestos which were printed at Aberdeen, +and are finely done: I wish they may come to +you saif. I also send you encloset a letter to Sir Rich. +Steele, which I leave open for you to read and take +a copie of. Pray seal it and get it put into the post-house; +and I wish you could get it printed at Edinburgh, +tho' let me not seen it; and if you send a +copie to any of your correspondants at London and +Newcastle, to get if printed there it would do no hurt. +I'm endeavouring to get a correspondence settled by +barks from the point of Fife to Newcastle, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +may be of use to us, especially if the communications +twixt us and Ed<sup>r</sup> should be stopt."</p></div> + +<p>On the very day of the Earl's arrival at Perth, +Mr. James Murray, second son of Lord Stormont +arrived from St. Germains, bringing assurances of +support, and letters from the Chevalier, who had +appointed him Secretary of State for the affairs of +Scotland. Mr. Murray is said also to have presented +the Earl of Mar with a patent, creating him Duke of +Mar, Marquis of Stirling and Earl of Alloway: "And +though," observes an historian, "there was little more +said about it, yet the relation seems justified by this, +that in some of the papers printed at Perth, he is +styled the Duke of Mar."<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p> + +<p>Extensive preparations were also declared to be +in progress for the invasion of England. Twelve +large ships were actually at that time at anchor in +Havre, St. Malos, and other places. These vessels, +with several frigates of good force, were loaded with +ammunition, and manned with generals, officers, and +soldiers. A particular account of the "Pretender's +Magazine" is extant. But these preparations were +all frustrated by the remonstrances of the Earl of +Stair at the Court of the Regent of France. Admiral +Byng was sent with a squadron to cruise on the +coast of France, and the ships ready to sail for the +enterprise against England were obliged, by command +of the Regent, in order not to implicate the French<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +Government, to declare that they were thus employed +without the sanction or knowledge of the Regent. +Thus, even whilst Mr. Murray was raising the sanguine +hopes of the Jacobites to the highest pitch, their +evil star had again prevailed. They were, indeed, +singularly unhappy in those in whom they placed +confidence. Their schemes perpetually got wind: +whether it were owing to the irresolution of some of +their partisans, or to the great participation which +the female sex took in the affairs of the Chevalier's +party, it is difficult to determine.</p> + +<p>The Jacobite ladies were as fearless as they were +persevering. The Duchess of Gordon, whose present +of a medal to the Faculty of Advocates denoted her +principles, and whose son, the second Duke of Gordon +suffered a brief imprisonment on account of his share +in the insurrection, was one of the most approved +channels of communication between the two parties. +She generally resided in Edinburgh, where she occupied +herself as a mediator between some of the Presbyterians +and the friends of James. Colonel Hooke +mentions her as one of the depositories of all that +was going on during his mission.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar, in his letters, refers repeatedly to +different ladies with approval of their zeal and courage, +and mentions one of his fair confederates in the north +of Scotland, through whose hands many of his letters +were sent to different chieftains; but these channels +may not, in all cases, have been so secure as the +Earl conceived.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> +<p>The proceedings of the English Government were, +meantime, marked with energy and judgment. The +various movements of the insurgent party were met +in every direction by a systematic resistance, the details +of which have been minutely detailed by historians, +and belong not to a narrative which is chiefly of +a personal nature.</p> + +<p>On the fourteenth of September, the Duke of Argyle, +Commander in Chief of his Majesty's Forces in +Scotland, and General of the army, arrived in Edinburgh. +The interest of this able and powerful nobleman +in the Western Highlands, his zeal for the +Protestant succession, were sufficient reasons for his +appointment to this important office. The following +original letter from George the Second, then Prince +of Wales, gives an insight into the views which were +entertained by George the First upon the mode of +conducting the warfare in Scotland. It is among +various other papers in the Mar Correspondence.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"St. James's, 7th October, 1715." +</p> + +<p>"I have learned, my dear Duke, by your two last +expresses, the embaras you are in through the want +of regular troupes. We have used such efforts that +the King has consented last Wednesday to detach to +you four batallions from Ireland, to reinforce your +camp. Orders have been given to cause those marche +who are nearest, and to cause them embarque as +they come up, without waiting for their conjunction. +It appeares yet by the departure of the Duke of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +Ormond, from Paris, that the malcontents continue +in their wicked design of raiseing up troubles in this +kingdom here, which is the cause that hinders me +from sending you Campbell yet, untill that I see +if he will not be necessary for his post, where I think +that it is best every body should be fixed. As soon +as all appearance of Rebellion is ended here, I shall +dispatch you him, if you shall have need of him there. +With respect to the orders you demand, it would be +very difficult to give you them positive, not knowing +the situation of your affairs, as you may judge yourself. +The King remits himself entirely to your +judgment, and to your conduct. All that I can say +to you is not to hazard an action without a probable +appearance of carrying it,—rather to shune an engadgment, +and to yeild to them the ground, than to +expose the affairs of the King to such ill consequences +as would follow from a defeat. In case that my Lord +Mar march into England before that you receive +your reinforcement, I think you would do very well +to allow him at least with your cavalery, and to +harass him untill that we march to meet him. This +last reasoneing is my own properly, but which you +will judge yourself, if practicable or not. Farewell, +my dear Duke; be assured of my esteem, and my +sincere friendship."</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +(Signed) "<span class="smcap">George P</span>."<br /> +</p></div> + +<p>The Earl of Mar now began to fortify Perth, and +brought up fourteen pieces of cannon for that pur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>pose +from Dundee and Dunotter Castle. His time +and thoughts were at this time occupied in concerting +and encouraging the movements of the southern insurrection +conducted by Viscount Kenmure. There +can be no better means of showing the state of the +Earl's hopes and feelings at this time, than by giving +them in his own words.</p> + + +<h4>TO VISCOUNT KENMURE.</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"My Lord,</p> + +<p>"I wish your Lordship and Mr. Forster may +have gott my letters, which I took all the care I +could to send safe. I wrote last by a lady on the +twenty-third, and she is so discreet and dextrous, +that I make little doubt of its going right. I have +since had two from an indisposed friend of ours on +your side the water, and with them one of the +twenty-second from Brigadier Mackintosh to him, +where he tells of his being joined by your Lordship +and five hundred horse with you,—Lords Withrington +and Derwentwater, Mr. Forester, and about +six hundred English gentlemen. Your Lordship +may be sure this was very agreeable news to me, +and now, with the blessing of God, if we do not +mismanage, I think our game can scarce fail. By +Brigadier Mackintosh's letter, it seems the English +are all for your going to England in a body to put +into execution a certain design, and our countrymen +are for first having the Pass of Stirling opened, and +our armies joined. I apprehended there would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +difference about this before I saw that letter, as your +Lordship would easily see by what the lady carried. +It is indeed a difficult point to know or advise +which of the two is the best for the King's affairs; +and we on this side Forth being so ignorant of your +situation on the other side, and also of the condition +of England, that I could not take it upon me to +determine in it, or to give any positive orders what +your Lordship should do; but after stating the advantages +of both, and what might happen according +as the enemy should act, I left it to be advised and +determined among yourselves on that side, who could +not but know a great deal more, as you should judge +it best for the King's interest in generall.</p> + +<p>"I know our indisposed friend, for whose judgment +I have a very great regard, advised coming to Dalkeith, +and we have a report from Fife last night that +you have done so.</p> + +<p>"I long impatiently to know what resolution your +Lordship and the noblemen and gentlemen with you +have come to. It is of great consequence and deserves +to be well weighed. If you are now come to +Dalkeith, I will adventure to tell my thoughts in it, +which I was not quite so clear in before when you +were at a greater distance from it. That place was a +far way from the other, where I judge the secret +design was to be put in execution; and I am afraid +before you can get there they'll have so strengthened +the place, and filled it with troops, that the +design would prove impracticable with the small +army you have,—and it might prove, too, (especially<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +if the Dutch troops come to England,) that you could +not penetrate farther into that country with safety, +and retiring back into Scotland would have many +inconveniences.</p> + +<p>"Dalkeith is but a short way from Stirling, where +we on this side must pass (I mean near it), and I +hope we shall attempt it very soon; and when we do, +your being in the rear of the enemy could not but +very much incommode them, and be of great advantage +to us. The Duke of Argyle would be so +hemmed in at Stirling by your being on the one +hand of him and our being on the other, that I +scarce see what I can do but to intrench myself, +and by that our passage over Forth and joining of +you might be very easy; nor do I see how the Duke +of Argyle in those circumstances can subsist long +there. Were we once past Forth and joined on the +south side, we should soon make our way good to +England, and then should be much more able to put +in execution the project of our English friends, without +being in any danger of returning back to Scotland. +It would be of great consequence to have +possession of Edinburgh, but I hear just now that +the Duke of Argyle has sent two regiments of +dragoons, so tho' perhaps that may prevent your +getting possession of that town, yet I scarce believe that +they will be able with all the detachments that the +Duke of Argyle dare adventure to send from Stirling +to make any attempt against you at Dalkeith, which +is so strong a place naturally; and should the enemy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +return again from Stirling, you might either follow +them in their rear without danger, or take possession +of Edinburgh. Were once Lord Seaforth come up to +us and General Gordon with the clans which I expect +every day, I shall not be long of leaving this place, +and I shall likewise be able to send more foot over +the water, as I sent the last, if you want them, and +your being at Dalkeith, they could easily join you. +Should most of the Dutch troops come to Scotland, +as is probable they will, it would be very hard for us +here to pass Forth without your assistance, which +would be a great loss and a grateing thing. I hear +to-day from about Stirling that Sir William Blacish +is upon the head of several thousands in the North +of England, but your Lordship and our English friends +will know the truth of this better: be it as it will, +I do not think it alters the case much. The main +and principal thing is for us to get soon joined all in +one body, then I am sure we should be more considerable +than all the force the Government, with the +six thousand Dutch, can bring against us, and when +once the British troops see so considerable a force +together, asserting their King's and their country's +cause, I cannot believe they will, but rather join us, +and restore their country to peace and liberty.</p> + +<p>"These, my Lord, are my humble thoughts, but +they are with submission to your Lordship's and +the King's friends with you who are equally concerned +with us, and I know equally zealous, and you +all certainly know a great deal more than me here.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I beg your Lordship may make my compliments +to our countrymen, with you, and to those noblemen +and gentlemen of England who have so handsomely +and generously joined you. I long impatiently to be +with you, and with all the haste I can.</p> + +<p>"I send copies of this three different ways, that +one or other of them may certainly come to your +hands.</p> + +<p>"I also send by one of them, if not two, a power +for your Lordship to raise money for the use of your +armie, which my commission for the King fully empowers +me to do and give.</p> + +<p>"I wish this may come to your hand, and I long +to hear from your Lordship, which it being necessary +I should soon, I am, with all respect, my Lord, your +Lordship's most obedient humble servant,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +"MAR."<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>It was the intention of Lord Mar to remain at +Perth until all the Jacobite clans should have joined +his army; but having gained the intelligence that +some arms for the use of the Earl of Sutherland were +put on board a vessel at Leith, to be taken northwards, +he determined to take possession of them. +The master of the vessel had dropped anchor at Brunt +Island, for the purpose of seeing his wife, who was +there: Lord Mar sent a detachment to surprise the +harbour, which succeeded in carrying off the spoil, +back to Perth. A report was at the same time raised<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +in Stirling: that the Earl was marching to Alloa, the +Duke of Argyle forthwith ordered out the picquets of +horse and foot, and, also, all the troops to be ready to +march out to sustain them, if required. But the +Jacobite army did not appear; and the report of +their advance to Stirling was believed to be a false +alarm, contrived by Mar in order to draw off the +attention of the Duke of Argyle from the expedition +to Brunt Island.</p> + +<p>The insurgents were now masters of the eastern +coasts of Scotland from Brunt Island to the Murray +Frith, an extent of above one hundred and sixty miles +along the shore. On the western side, the Isle of Skye, +Lewis, and all the Hebrides were their own, besides +the estates of the Earl of Seaforth, Donald Mac Donald, +and others of the clans. So that from the +mouth of the river Lochie to Faro-Head, all the coast +of Lochaber and Ross, even to the north-west point of +Scotland, was theirs: theirs, in short, was all the +kingdom of Scotland north of the Forth, except the +remote counties of Caithness, Strathnaver and Sutherland +beyond Inverness, and that part of Argyleshire +which runs north-west into Lorn, and up to Lochaber, +where Fort William continued in possession of the +Government.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar had resolved to impose an assessment +upon the large extent of country under his sway, +to raise money for the use of his army. It was of +course an unpopular, though doubtless a necessary +measure. The sum of twenty shillings sterling was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +to be paid by each landholder upon every hundred +pounds Scots of valued rent; and, if not paid by a +certain day, the tax was to be doubled. In levying +this assessment, the friends of the Government were +far more severely treated than those of the Chevalier; +and the Presbyterian Ministers, who had dared to +raise their voices in their churches against the Pretender, +as they called the Chevalier, were commanded +to be silent on that subject; their houses were plundered, +and many of them were driven by tyranny +from their homes.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p> + +<p>The northern clans were now on their march to +join the camp at Perth. First came the famous Laird +of Mackintosh, better known as Brigadier Mackintosh, +chief of that numerous clan in Invernesshire. His regiment, +composed of five hundred men, whom he had persuaded +to join in the insurrection, was considered the +best that the Earl of Mar could boast. The Marquis +of Huntley, with five hundred horse and two thousand +foot, next arrived; and the Earl Marischal shortly +afterwards brought a thousand men to the camp. +But Lord Seaforth, afraid lest in his absence the Earl +of Sutherland should invade his country, was still +absent; and the anxiety of the Earl of Mar for his +arrival is expressed in more than one of his letters. +The whole strength of the army amounted to sixteen +thousand seven hundred men; this number was afterwards +diminished by the detachment sent southwards +by the Earl, and by the number of three thousand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +who were dispersed in garrisons. But it was no common +force that was now encamped at Perth.</p> + +<p>At this critical moment where was the individual +for whom these great and gallant spirits had ventured +their all, the hills so dear to them, their +homes, the welfare of their families, to say nothing of +that which Highlanders least consider, their personal +safety? At this moment, the ill-advised and irresolute +James Stuart, was absent. What could have +been his counsels? who were his advisers? of what +materials was he made? why did he ever come? are +questions to which the indignant mind can scarcely +frame a reply. The fact, indeed, seems to be that +his heart was never really in the undertaking; that +he for whom the tragedy was performed, was the only +actor in it who did not feel his part; it was reserved +for a nobler and a warmer nature to experience the +ardour of hope, and the bitter mortifications of disappointment.</p> + +<p>It was not until the middle of October that the +Earl of Mar took any personal share in the contest +between the Jacobite army and that of the Government. +Hitherto he had remained at Perth, acting +with an ill-timed caution, and apparently bestowing +far more attention upon the ill-fated insurrection in +Northumberland, aided by the low country Scots +under Lord Kenmure, than upon the proximate dangers +of his own army. The detachment of a body +of troops under Brigadier Mackintosh, sent in order +to assist the Lowlanders, who were marching back<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +into Scotland, accompanied by the forces under Mr. +Forster and the Earl of Derwentwater, was the immediate +cause of the two armies coming to an engagement. +The Earl of Mar in his narrative thus +explains his plans and their failure.</p> + +<p>The detachment under Brigadier Mackintosh having +been sent, "occasioned," Lord Mar says, "the Duke +of Argyle's leaving Stirling, and going with a part of +his army to Edinburgh. Now, had the Scots and +English horse, who were then in the south of Scotland, +come and joined the fifteen hundred foot, (under +Brigadier Mackintosh) as was expected; had the +Highland clans performed, as they promised, the service +they were sent upon in Argyleshire, and marched +towards Glasgow, as the Earl of Mar marched towards +Sterling, he had then given a good account of the Government's +army, the troops from Ireland not having +yet joined them, nor could they have joined them +afterwards. But all this failing by some cross accidents, +Lord Argyle returned with that part of his +army to Scotland, and the Earl of Mar could not +then, with the men he then had, advance further +than Dumblane, and for want of provisions there, +was soon after obliged to return to Perth."</p> + +<p>"But immediately after that we had got provisions, +and that the clans and Lord Seaforth had joined us, +we marched again towards the enemy; and notwithstanding +the many difficulties the Earl of Mar +had upon that occasion with some of our own people, +he gave the enemy battle: and, as you saw in our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +printed account of it, had not our left wing given +way, which was occasioned by mistake of orders and +scarcity of experienced officers, that being composed +of as good men, and marched as cheerfully up to the +field of battle as the other, our victory had been +complete. And as it was, the enemy, who was advanced +on this side the river, was forced to retire +back to Sterling."<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p> + +<p>Such is the Earl of Mar's comment upon the +battle of Sherriff Muir, of which the friends of Government +gave a very different representation.</p> + +<p>The Earl had, it is evident, no disposition to risk +a general engagement before the Chevalier arrived in +Scotland. He had sent two gentlemen to the Prince +to learn his determination, and had resolved to remain +at Perth until their return. During his continuance +in that city he employed himself not only in throwing +up entrenchments round the town, but in publishing +addresses to the people, to keep up the spirits of the +Jacobites. Since the Earl was never scrupulous as to +the means of which he availed himself, we may not +venture to reject the declaration of an historian of no +good will to the cause, that he ordered "false news" +to be printed and circulated; and published that +which he hoped would happen, as having already +taken place. "The detachment," he related, "had +passed the Forth, had been joined by the army in the +South, were masters of Newcastle, and carried all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +before them; and their friends in and about London +had taken arms in such numbers, that King +George had made a shift to retire." These falsehoods +were printed by Freebairn, formerly the King's +printer at Edinburgh, whom the Earl had established +at Perth, and provided with the implements brought +by the army from Aberdeen.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p> + +<p>In the beginning of November, the Earl of Seaforth +arrived at Perth, and the Mac Invans, the Maccraws, +the Chisholmes of Strath-Glass, and others, completed +all the forces that Lord Mar expected to join him. +Truly might the Earl say, "that no nation in such +circumstances, and so destitute of all kind of succour +from abroad, ever made so brave a struggle for restoring +their prince and country to their just rights."<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> +But the usual fate of the Stuarts involved their devoted +adherents in ruin: or rather, let us not call +that fate, which may be better described by the word +incapacity in the leaders of their cause.</p> + +<p>The want of ammunition, which was to have +been supplied from abroad, was now severely felt. +"I must here add one thing," says Lord Mar, +"which, however incredible the thing may appear, +is, to our cost, but too true: and that is, that from +the time the Earl of Mar set up the Chevalier's +standard to this day, we never received from abroad +the least supply of arms and ammunition of any kind; +though it was notorious in itself, and well known, +that this was what from the first we mainly wanted;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +and, as such, it was insisted upon by the Earl of Mar, +in all the letters he writ, and by all the messengers +he sent to the other side."<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p> + +<p>On the ninth of November it was determined, at a +great council of war, to march straight to Dumblane +with the ultimate view of following the Brigadier +Mackintosh into England, with the main body of the +army, amounting to nine thousand men, whilst a detachment +of three thousand should, if possible, gain +possession of Stirling.</p> + +<p>The engagement which ensued, and which was +called the battle of Sherriff Muir, was fought on a +Sunday; after both armies had been under arms all +night. No tent was pitched for the Duke of Argyle's +men, either by officer or soldier, on that cold November +evening. Each officer was at his post, nor +could they much complain whilst their General sat +on straw, in a sheepcote, at the foot of the hill, +called Sherriff Muir, which overlooks Dumblane, on +the right of his army. In the dead of the night, +the Duke, by his spies, learned where the enemy +were; for, although on account of the hills and broken +ground, they could not be seen, they were not at two +miles' distance. This was at Kinback; at break +of day, the army of Argyle was completely formed, +and the General rode up to the top of the hill to reconnoitre +the foe.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar, meantime, had given orders for +his army to form to the left of the road that leads to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +Dumblane, and whilst they were forming in front of +the town of Dumblane, they discovered the enemy on +the height of the west end of the Sherriff Muir. A +council of war was then held, and it was resolved, +<i>nemine contradicente</i>, to fight.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar's forces had also been ready for +combat during the whole of the night. To the Highlanders +the want of shelter was of little consequence. +It was usual to them, before they lay down on the +moor to dip their plaids in water, by which the cloth +was made impervious to the wind; and to choose, as +a favourite and luxurious resting-place, some spot +underneath a cover of overhanging heath. So late as +the year 1745, they could not be prevailed on to use +seats.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> It was therefore with unimpaired vigour that +they rushed on to the combat.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar placed himself at the head of the +clans: perhaps a finer, a more singular, a more painful +sight can rarely have been witnessed than the +rush of this great body of Highlanders to the encounter. +It was delayed by the Earl of Mar's despatching +his aide-de-camp, Colonel Clephan, to Lord +Drummond, and to General Gordon, with orders to +march and attack immediately. On their return, +pulling off his hat, he waved it with an huzza, and +advanced in front of the enemy's formed battalions. +Then was heard the <i>slogan</i> or war-cry, each clan having +its own distinctive watch-word, to which every +clansman responded, whether his ear caught the sound<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +in the dead of night, or in the confusion of the combat. +Distinguished by particular badges, and by the peculiar +arrangement and colours of the tartans, these +devoted men followed the Earl of Mar towards the +foe.</p> + +<p>But the action cannot be described in a manner +better adapted to this narrative, than in the words +of Lord Mar himself, in his letter on the very day +of the engagement, to Colonel Balfour, whom he had +left in command of the garrison at Perth. It is +dated Ardoch, November 13th, 1715.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"Ardoch, Nov. 13th, 1715." +</p> + +<p>"I thought you would be anxious to know the +fate of this day. We attacked the enemy on the end +of the Sherriff Muir, at twelve of the clock this day, +on our right and centre; carried the day entirely; +pursued them down to a little hill on the south of +Dumblane; and there I got most of our horse and a +pretty good number of our foot, and brought them +again into some order. We knew not then what was +become of our left, so we returned to the field of +battle. We discerned a body of the enemy on the +north of us, consisting mostly of the Grey Dragoons, +and some of the Black. We also discovered a body +of their foot farther north upon the field where +we were in the morning; and east of that, a body as +we thought of our own foot, and I still believe it +was so. I formed the horse and foot with me in a +line on the north side of the hill, where we had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +engaged and kept our front towards the enemy to +the north of us, who seem'd at first as if they intended +to march towards us; but upon our forming +and marching towards them, they halted and marched +back to Dumblane. Our baggage and train-horses +had all run away in the beginning of the action. +But we got some horses and brought off most of the +train to this place where we quarter to-night about +Ardock, whither we march'd in very good order: +and had our left and second line behaved as our +right and the rest of the first line did, our victory +had been compleat: but another day is coming for +that, and I hope ere long too.</p> + +<p>"I send you a list of the officers' names who are +prisoners here, besides those who are dangerously +wounded and could not come along, whose words of +honour were taken. Two of these are the Earl of +Forfar, who I'm afraid will die, and Captain Urquhart, +of Burn's Yard, who is very ill wounded. +We have also a good number of private men prisoners; +but the number I do not exactly know.</p> + +<p>"We have lost, to our regret, the Earl of Strathmore +and the Captain of Clan Ranald. Some are +missing, but the fate we are not sure of.</p> + +<p>"The Earl of Panmure, Drummond of Logie, and +Lieutenant Colonel Maclean are wounded.</p> + +<p>"This is all that I have to say now, but that I am,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +"Yours, &c. <span class="smcap">Mar.</span>"<br /> +</p> + +<p>"P.S. We have taken a great many of the enemy's +arms."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> + +<p>Lord Mar, on this occasion, showed a degree of +personal bravery worthy of the great name which he +bore. He had placed himself on the right, and, as he +was giving orders to the Macdonalds to charge that +battalion of the enemy opposite to them, he encountered +a very close fire. "The horse on which my +Lord was," writes an eye-witness on the Jacobite side, +"was wounded, for he fell down with him upon +the fire, and got away, and my Lord immediately +mounted another horse: he exposed his person but +too much, and showed a great deal of bravery, as did +the other lords about him."<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p> + +<p>The army of the Duke of Argyle lay on their arms +all night, expecting that the next day the battle +would be resumed; but, on Monday the fourteenth of +November, the Duke went out with the piquet guard +to the field to view the enemy, but found them +gone: and leaving the piquet guard on the place, he +returned to Dumblane, and thence to Stirling, carrying +off with him fourteen of the enemy's colours +and standards, and among them the royal standard +called the Restoration, besides several pieces of artillery, +and many prisoners, some of them men of +rank and influence.</p> + +<p>Both sides claimed the victory of Sherriff Muir as +their own; but, however it may be argued, it is +certain that with only three thousand effective troops, +Argyle had contrived "to break the heart of the +rebellion," and to subdue an army such as could +never again be reassembled. Between six and eig<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>ht +hundred of the Jacobites are stated to have fallen on +the field,<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> and several, among whom was the brave +Earl of Panmure and Colonel Maclean, were among +the wounded. Lord Mar, nevertheless, celebrated +the engagement as if it had been a victory.</p> + +<p>Thanksgiving-sermons were ordered to be preached +at Perth, and a Te Deum sung in the church; and +ringing of bells, and other demonstrations deceived +the hearts of those who knew little of the real injury +done to the cause, or amused others whose nearest +interests had not suffered in the Sherriff Muir. A +paper was also circulated containing a report of the +battle, of course highly favourable to the Earl of +Mar's part in what he called his victory. The +following is the statement which he sent to the +Chevalier.</p> + + +<h4>THE EARL OF MAR TO THE CHEVALIER.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"Nov. 24, 1715. +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"It was but yesterday that I had accounts of +your being at sea, and I thought myself obliged to +do all in my power to let you know the state of affairs +in this island before you land in it, so that you may +not be disapointed upon your comeing.</p> + +<p>"I had the certain account yesterday of those who +had appear'd in arms besouth Forth, and in the north +of England, all being made prisoners at Preston in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +Lancashire, which I'm affraid will putt a stop to any +more riseings in that country at this time.</p> + +<p>"Your Majesty's army, which I have the honour to +command, fought the enime on the Shirreff-Muir, +near Dumblain, the thirteenth of this moneth. Our +left behav'd scandalously and ran away, but our right +routed the enimies left and most of their body.</p> + +<p>"Their right follow'd and pursued our left, which +made me not adventure to prosecute and push our +advantage on our right so far as otherwayes wee +might have done, however wee keept the field of +battle, and the enimie retir'd to Dumblain.</p> + +<p>"The armie had lyen without cover the night +before, and wee had no provisions there, which +oblidg'd me to march the armie back two milles +that night, which was the nearest place where I +could get any quarters. Next day I found the armie +reduced to a small number, more by the Highlanders +going home than by any loss wee sustained, which +was but very small. So that and want of provisions +oblidg'd me yet to retire, first to Auchterarder, and +then here to Perth. I have been doing all I can +ever since to get the armie together again, and I +hope considerable numbers may come in a little time; +but now that our friends in England are defeated, +there will be troops sent down from thence to reinforce +the Duke of Argyle, which will make him so +strong, that wee shall not be able to face him, and I +am affraid wee shall have much difficultie in makeing +a stand any where, save in the Highlands, where wee<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +shall not be able to subsist.</p> + +<p>"This Sir, is a melancholy account, but what in +duty I was oblidg'd to let you know, if possibly I +can, before you land; and for that end I have endeavour'd +to send boats out about those places where I +judg'd it most probable you would come.</p> + +<p>"Ther's another copie of this upon the West Coast, +and I wish to God one or other of them may find +you if your Majesty be upon the coast.</p> + +<p>"By the strength you have with you, your Majesty +will be best able to judge if you will be in a condition, +when join'd with us, to make a stand against +the enimie. I cannot say what our numbers will be +against that time, or where wee shall be, for that will +depend on the enimie, and the motions they make; +but unless your Majesty have troops with you, which +I'm affraid you have not, I see not how wee can +oppose them even for this winter, when they have +got the Dutch troops to England, and will power in +more troops from thence upon us every day.</p> + +<p>"Your Majestie's coming would certainly give new +life to your friends, and make them do all in their +power for your service; but how far they would be +able to resist such a formed body of regular troops as +will be against them, I must leave your Majestie to +judge.</p> + +<p>"I have sent accounts from time to time to Lord +Bolingbroke, but I have not heard once from any of +your Majestie's servants since Mr. Ogilvie of Boin +came to Scotland, nor none of the five messengers <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>I +sent to France are return'd, which has been an infinite +loss to us. I sent another, which is the sixt, +to France, some days ago, with the account of our +victory, who I suppose is sail'd ere now.</p> + +<p>"May all happiness attend your Majestie, and +grant you may be safe, whatever come of us. If it do +not please God to bless your kingdoms at this time with +your being settled on your throne, I make no doubt +of its doing at another time; and I hope there will +never be wanting of your own subjects to assert your +cause, and may they have better fortune than wee +are like to have. I ask but of Heaven that I may +have the happiness to see your Majestie before I die, +provided your person be safe; and I shall not repine +at all that fortune has or can do to me.</p> + +<p>"Your Majestie may find many more capable, but +never a more faithful servant than him who is with +all duty and esteem, Sir, your Majestie's most dutiful, +most faithfull and most obedient subject and servant,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +"<span class="smcap">Mar.</span>"<br /> +</p> + +<p>"From the Camp of Perth, Nov. 24, 1715."</p></div> + + +<p>A fortnight previously the Earl of Mar had addressed +the following curious letter to Captain Henry +Straiton,<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> at Edinburgh, to whom many of Lord +Mar's epistles are written. The allusion to Margaret +Miller refers to Lady Nairn, the sister-in-law of the +Marquis of Tullibardine, and wife of Lord Nairn, +who, in compliance with a Scottish custom, took his +wife's title, she being Lady Nairn in her own right<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>. +The allusion to "a dose" which will require the air +of a foreign country to aid it, seems to offer some +notion of the Earl's subsequent flight.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"Novemb. 8th, 1715. +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"I had yours of the fourth this forenoon, which +was very wellcome. And I hope we shall soon see +the certainty of what the accounts makes us expect of +these folks' arivall. I sent of a pacquet yesterday +with an answer to Margaret Miller's of the second, +and in it I sent a copie of my last to Mr. H——n, +which was dated the second and third, of which I +sent him copies two different wayes, so I hope he'll +get one of them at least. They were pressing them +to go into England; and now that they are actually +gone their, and in so good a way, I am easie as to +that. I hope God will direct and assist them.</p> + +<p>"I thought to have marcht from this to-day. +The foot are mostly gone, and I march with the horse +to-morrow morning. Our generall revew is to be at +Auchterardor on Thursday morning, and then to +march forward immediately. It is of great use to +hear often from you, and to have accounts of our +friends in the north of England, and what is doing +in England beside; so I know you'll write as often +as you can find occasions. I fancie I may hear to-day +from our friends in the north of England, for I +hope they had some days ago a way of sending +directly. It seems the Duke of Argyll's absence +from London is not like to do his own court of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +interest there much good. I hope our manifesto's +being disperced at London, will have good effect; +and I long to see what the prints call the Pretender's +declaration, and the declaration of the +people of England. The run upon the bank, I hope, +will not lessen. The public credit must not be once +ruined to make it raise again, and I hope that time +may be sooner than we think of. We have rainy +weather, but that is an inconveniencie to the enimie as +well as to us. My humble service to Margaret Miller: +I thank her for the information she gives me, of one +about me giving intelligence; but other friends may +be easie about it, for I am sure there is nothing in it; +and I know what made them belive, which I confess +had colour enough. I wish she would get the Doctrix +to send a new dose to the patient she knows of, for +there was a little too much of one of the ingredients +in the last, which toke away the effect of the whole. +It is the ingredient that has the postponeing quality +in it; and the patient's greatest distemper is the +apprehentions he has of a perfect cure being long of +comeing, and that it is not to be til he get the air +of another country. The dose must be carefully made +up, and no appearance of its comeing from any other +hand but the Doctrix' own. Ther's some copies herewith +sent of a paper printed on this side the water, of +which I hear severall are at Stirling. The other +two papers I got to-day are given to revise, and are +to be printed soon. I send you a copie of a letter +was wrote t'other day, and sent to the Cameronians<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +in the west. I wish you could send this one to some +of them in the south. This is all I will trouble you +with; but I hope both to get from you and give you +good news soon, and I ever am, with all sincerity and +truth, yrs. &c.</p> + +<p>"Perhaps Capt. R——n will not be found to have +done so much hurt as was thought he designed; but +this is not to bid trust him yet."</p></div> + +<p>By two manuscript letters among the Mar papers, +it appears, however, that the account soon afterwards +published by Lord Mar was not so full of artifice and +untruths as his enemies represented. "He kept the +field of battle until it was dark," says one writer, in a +letter dated from Perth (November the 19th, 1715); +"and nothing but want of provisions prevented us +from going forward the next day. We hear the +Whigs give various accounts of the battle, to cover +the victory; but the numbers of the slain on their +part being eleven or twelve hundred, and ours not +above fifty or sixty, and our keeping the field when +they left it, makes the victory incontestable. Your +friends that I know here mind you often, and they +and I would be glad to have the opportunity to drink +a bottle with you beyond the Forth."</p> + +<p>Another eye-witness gives a still more detailed account.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> +"I have yours of the seventeenth, with the +paper inclosed, wherein that gentleman has taken the +liberty to insert many falsehoods relative to the la<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>te +action, a true and impartial account of which I here +send you, which is but too modest on our side, and +many things omitted that will be afterwards made +publick, particularly their murdering Strathmoir, after +he had asked quarters, and the treatment they gave +to Panmuir and several others, who, I hope, will be +living witnesses against them. The enclosed is so +full that I have little to say, only that we have not +lost a hundred men in the action, and none of note, +except Strathmoir, and the Captain of Clan Ronald."</p> + +<p>The cruel spirit of party destroyed the generous +characteristics of the soldier, during the excitement of +the combat: but how can we palliate the conduct of +one of the King's generals, Lord Isla, after the fierceness +of the encounter was over? The letter referred +to discloses particulars which were hushed +up, or merely glanced at, in the partial annals of +the time.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"So soon as they saw us coming down upon them, +they marched off in great haste towards Dumblain, +and left several of our people they had taken, among +which was Lord Panmuir, who offered to give his parole, +not knowing what had passed upon the eighth; +but he was told by the person he sent to Lord Isla, +that he could not take a parole from a rebel, and they +were in such haste that they lost him in a little house, +with several others near the field, where we found them +when we advanced and brought him along with +us to Ardoch, two miles furder, where we st<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>ayed all +night and next day, until that we heard the enemy +were marched off to Stirling. He is now pretty well +and in no danger. Earl Loudoun passed him as he +lay in the field, without taking any notice of him, and +he was wounded there by the dragoons after he had +surrendered to them; but I hope there will be one +other day of reckoning for these things. My Lord +Mar sent off two or three people to take care of Lord +Forfar when he heard he was wounded, and one of +them waited of him to Stirling. He expressed a good +dale of consern that he should have been ingadged +against his countrymen, and sent a breslet off his +arm to Lord Mar, so that we all wish he may live. A +good pairt of our baggage and the provisions we had, +were distroyed by our own people who went of from +our left. We are now getting provisions and every +thing ready as soon as possible; and I am hopefull we +will be in a condition in a very few days to pass forth +without oposition.</p> + +<p>"We have got accounts this day of a victorie obtained +by our friends in the south, the particulars of +which we long for. I have sent you some copies of +the printed account of the action to give our friends.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +"So adieu."<br /> +</p></div> + +<p>Notwithstanding the humane attentions shewn by +the Earl to Lord Forfar, that brave and generous +nobleman died of his wounds. After lingering more +than three weeks, he expired at Stirling on the eighth +of December. He was wounded in sixteen different<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +places, but a shot which he received in his knee seems +to have been the most fatal injury. The conduct of +the Earl appears in strong contrast with that of the +Earl of Isla; but we must remember that each party +had its own chroniclers. It is, nevertheless, a result +of observation, more easily stated than explained, that +through the whole of the two contests, both in 1715 +and 1745, the generous and somewhat chivalric bearing +of the Jacobites was acknowledged; whilst a +spirit of cruel persecution marked the conduct of +some of the chief officers on the opposite side. The +Duke of Argyle indeed, in his own person, presented +an exception to this remark, which chiefly applies to +those secondary to him in command and influence.</p> + +<p>The conduct of Lord Mar, in retreating to Perth +after the affair of Sherriff Muir, has been severely +censured. But, as Sir Walter Scott has observed, +he met with that obloquy which generally follows +the leader of an unsuccessful enterprise. According +to Lord Mar's own account (and it has been corroborated +by others), his retiring to Perth was unavoidable. +The Highlanders, brave as they were, +had a custom of returning home after a battle; and +many of them went off when the engagement was +ended. The Earl of Mar was not, therefore, in +a condition to pursue the advantage which he had +gained, but was forced to await at Perth the arrival +of the Chevalier, or of the Duke of Berwick; on the +notification of which, the Highlanders would have +rallied to his standard. No supplies had been sen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>t; +the gentlemen of the army, as well as the men, had +been long absent from their homes, and were living +at their own expense; and therefore were impatient +for leave of absence. To add to the general discouraging +aspect of affairs, the fatal result of the +English insurrection, under the command of Mr. +Forster, was communicated at this time.</p> + +<p>At first the result of the battle of Preston was +represented to the Jacobites at Perth in a very different +light to that in which the defeat of the English +Jacobites afterwards appeared. The following is an +extract of a letter from Lord Mar, dated the twentieth +of November. "This day we hear from good hands +that they (the English Jacobites) have had a victory, +for which we have had rejoicings, and I hope in God +they are in a good way by this time. Let me hear +from you often, I beg it of you, and I'll long for the +particulars of that affair.</p> + +<p>"I am doing all I can to get us again in a condition +to march from home. It will not be so soon as I +wish, which is no small mortification to me, but our +friends; you may depend on it, that it shall be as +soon as I can, and no time shall be lost. It is +wonderfull that neither the King nor the Duke of +Ormond comes, nor that I have not accounts from +them. Now that there is so considerable a party +appearing in England, I hope they will put it off no +longer. I hope all your friends in England are well +in particular, but pray let me have an account of it.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> +<p>"Lord Tullibardin and Lord George are well; they +are gone again to Atholl to bring back their men, +who went off that they might retrieve their honour, +as I doubt not but they will. It is a great pity if +poor Strathmore and Clanronald, and I'm afraid +honest Auchterhouse, is killed, for we can get no +account of him.</p> + +<p>"I wish our prisoners may be as civilly treated as +theirs are with us. They are all sent to Dundee (the +officers I mean), where they have the liberty of the +town, and wear their swords. My compliments to +our sick friend, who I am sorry is still so; but he +has had a good second and secretary.</p> + +<p>"Pray let us have some good news now, and I am +with all truth and esteem,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +Yours, &c."<br /> +</p> + +<p>"Perth, November 20, 1715."</p> + +<p>"Lord Panmure recovers pritty well. The enimie +give out that he gave his parole when he was prisoner, +but it was not so, he off'red it them but they +wou'd not take it from a rebel as they call'd him, +and neither did Strewan; so they were both resqued."</p> + +<p>These letters place Lord Mar in a somewhat more +estimable light than the usual statements have done. +The truth is, that we ought never to judge of a man's +actions before we have had an insight into his real +motives and circumstances at the time. Few individuals +had greater difficulties to contend with than +Lord Mar.</p> + +<p>Harassed by cabals among the adherents of the +Chevalier; unable to account for the continue<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>d reserve +and absence of that Prince; and weakened greatly +both by the secession of the clan of Fraser, who had +joined the Insurgents with Mackenzie of Fraserdale, +but who now went away, and joined him whom they +considered as their real chieftain, the infamous Simon +Fraser, of Beaufort, Lord Lovat; the Earl began to +listen to those who talked of capitulating with +the enemy. He found, indeed, that he was forced to +comply with the wishes of the chieftains, some of +whom were making private treaties for themselves. +It must have been a bitter humiliation to Lord Mar +to have sent a message to his former rival in politics, +the Duke of Argyle, "to know if he had power to +treat with him;" but the measure appears from +the following letter to have been unavoidable. It was +written after the news of the defeat at Preston had +reached Perth. It bespeaks some degree of compassion +and consideration for a man whose councils +were distracted by dissensions, and who was embarrassed +beyond measure by the absence of the +Chevalier, to whose arrival he looked anxiously to +give some hopes of revival to a sinking cause. The +Master of Sinclair, to whom Lord Mar refers as a +"devil," and who, since the disaster at Preston was +known, "appeared in his own colours," was the +eldest son of Henry, eighth Baron Sinclair, a devoted +adherent of the House of Stuart, and one of +those who had withdrawn from the Convention of +1689 when the resolution to expel James the Second +was adopted. John, Master of Sinclair, was afterwa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>rds +attainted, and never assumed the title of his +father, although pardoned in 1726.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"November 27th, 1715. +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"I had yours of the twenty-second, the twenty-fifth, +and also spoke with the person you mention +in it; I suppose he wou'd see you, as he returned. +The disaster of our friends in England is very unlucky, +both to affairs there and here. Since we +knew of it here a <i>devil</i>, who I suspected for some +time to be lurking amongst us, has appeared openly +in his own colours. I forsaw this a-comeing some +days ago. I have endeavoured to keep people from +breaking amongst themselves, and was forced to go +into the first step of it; but I hope we shall be +able to have the manadgement of it, and prevent +its doing any hurt, but to confounde in time comeing +the designs of those who were the promoters +of it. It was by the advise of all your friends +what I have done, so let not our folks be alarmed +when they hear of it from I——g. It is odd +where the K——<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> can be all this time, since, by +all appearance and all the accounts we have, he has +left France long ago; but that must quickly appear, +and I hope to get things staved off til it does. But +without his comeing what can be done? Tho' I hope +that will not be the case. It is odd that others write +of Col. H——y and Doctor Abor—y, both at Parise, +and that they do not write themselves, tho' I'm to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>ld +to-day that there's a letter from them to me at Edinburgh, +which I long for. We are told of troops comeing +from Englande, both English and Dutch. I doubt +if they'll ventur to quitt with both, and I would fain +hope that none of them will come soon. God grant +that the K—— be safe. If he go to England, as we +are told he designed, I doubt not but he knows of +support there. I confess there's a great deal lost by +his long delay, but that certainly was not in his power +to help, else it wou'd not have been so. If he still +come here, I hope we will yet be able to make a stand +for him this winter, but I thought I was obledged to +let him know the true situation before he land, +which I have done to the best of my pow'r, and +lodged letters for him in the places where I thought +it most likely he wou'd come, so that he may not be +dissapointed by expecting to find things better than +they are. He has been so long by the way that it +wou'd seme he is not comeing to England, but that +he is comeing round about Ireland to Scotland; and +neither he nor D—— O——d<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> be in England. It wou'd +seem that they will not stir there, which would make +it a very hard task here; but I hope Providence will +protect him, and yet settle him on his throne.</p> + +<p>"I find it will be sometime before I can stirr from +hence, and if the enemy get not reinforcments, I +judge they will not stirr either; but as soon as they +get them they certainly will, and I'm afraid we shall +be oblidged to take the hills, which is a could quart<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>er +now. I wish you knew a great many particulars I +have to tell you, but it is not safe writing them; +there are some people with us who it had been good +for the King they had stay'd at home, where they +want not a little to be, and will leave us at last, but +we must make the best of them, tho' there be but ill +stuff to make it of as the saying is. Never had man +so plaguie a life as I have had o' late; but I'll do the +best I can to go threw it, and not be unworthy of the +trust reposed in me. My service to Mr. Hall, and I +hope he'll make my compliments to his correspondent +at P——se,<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> who he mentions in his to me; but its odd +that I have heard from none there myself ever sine +B——n came, especially since other letters come through. +I must own I have not had many encouragements, +but that should be nothing if I had encouragements +for others. Should it please God that the King's +affairs should not succeed, but that people capitulated, +I do not purpose to be a Scots or Englishman if they +would let me, and all that I wou'd ask for myself is +liberty to go abroad, for in that case I wou'd rather +live in Siberia than Britain. If the King does not +come soon, I find people will not hold out long; but if +he does, there are honest men enough to stand by him +and not see him perish. Pray let me hear from you +as often as you can, and when you write to Mrs. +Miller<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> make my compliments to her. I wish some +of our men here had her spirit. I hope you are now +perfectly recover'd, but pray take care that you f<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>all +not ill again. Adieu.</p> + +<p>"Pray cause give the enclosed to my brother as +soon as it comes to your handes. I beg you may apprise +our friends at London and Parise of what has +been done hear to-day; the sending to Argle at Stirling +a message about articles of treaty, as appears from +other papers, which I tel you I was forced to go +into;—that they may not be surprised at it and think +we have given all over, which might have very bad +consequences in both places. Do this by the first +post. All will come right again if the King come +soon to Britain."</p></div> + +<p>The answer returned by the Duke of Argyle to +Lord Mar's overture was this: that "he had no sufficient +powers to treat with the Earl of Mar and his +Council as a body, but that he would write to Court +about it."</p> + +<p>To this reply, which was sent with much courtesy +by the Duke, a rejoinder was made, "That when the +Duke should let the Earl of Mar and his Council +know that he had sufficient power, then they would +make their proposition." The proposal was sent up +to St. James's, but no further notice was taken of it, +nor were the powers of the Duke of Argyle extended +to enable him to come to any terms with Lord Mar. +But although the negotiation thus died away, the +weakness it betrayed among the Jacobite party was +highly prejudicial to their cause.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> +<p>James, during all the recent events, had been engaged +in making several attempts to leave St. Maloes. +He had gone openly on board ships which were laden +with arms and ammunition for his use, but had withdrawn +when he found that his embarkation was +known. He therefore changed his plans, and crossing +to Normandy, resolved to embark at Dunkirk. +Having lurked for several days, disguised as a mariner, +on the coast of Brittany, he went privately to Dunkirk, +where he embarked, attended by the Marquis +of Tynemouth, the eldest son of the Duke of Berwick, +Lieutenant Cameron, and several other persons, on +board a French ship, which, according to some accounts, +"was laden with brandy, and furnished with a good +pass-port." Thus at length having ventured on the +ocean, the Prince set sail towards Norway; but +changed his direction, and steered towards Peterhead, +in Aberdeenshire. During all this time, the +Earl of Mar suffered from the utmost anxiety and +perplexity for one who was unworthy of the exertions +made for his restoration. This is evident from +the following letter, dated November the thirtieth, +to Captain Straiton:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The accounts of that person's<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> way of going on, +and the danger he is in, confound me; but I hope +Providence has not preserved him all this while to +destroy him at last. I am doing all I can to make +it safe; and perhaps what we thought our misfortune, +(the men going home after Sheriff Muir,) may prove<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +our happiness, they being where that person is to +come, and I send troops there immediately."</p> + +<p>"I knew before I got yours that the Dutch troops +were coming here.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> Those by sea may come soon, +but those by land cannot be here a long time. They +will now power in all the troups from England on us; +but I hope we may hold it this winter in spite of +them, tho' we shall have hard quarters in the Highlands. +In case of what Mr. H——ll writes me prove +true, and happen, for fear of accidents after it does, +were it not fitt that you should write to France to +send some ships to cruise up and down the north-west +coast to save the person Mr. H——ll writes of, +if things should not prove right? and our friends in +France can either send them from thence or Spain, +round Ireland? I hear of but two little ships of +warr on that coast; and the ships I would have sent +may pass as marchant ships tradeing and putting in +by accident therabouts, which they often do. Pray +think of this, and write of it soon to France, as I +intend to do to-night by an express I am sending; +and were it not fitt you should write of it too to some +trusty friend at London? But it must be done with +the utmost caution, for fear of disheartning the English. +Tho' the safty of that person is of such consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +that all ways is to be taken for it, and all +accidents guarded against.</p> + +<p>"I wrote to you the twenty-seventh, and in it +I gave you account of an affair which happened +amongst us, which obliged us to send a message to +the Duke of Argyll. I hope this came safe to your +hand. His answer was very civil, and our return +was in the words following, viz: 'We are obliged to +the Duke of Argyll for his civility; that, since he +has no powers to treat with us, we can say no more +now; but if at any time he shall have them, and +let us know it, we shall give our answer.'</p> + +<p>"I hope this affair has been so manadgd that all the +spirit of division amongst us is crusht; and pray +take care to informe our friends at London and Parise +about it, that it may not alarme them. I am affraid +of its alarmeing the Regent, and keeping him from +doing anything for the King; for which reason I send +an express to Lord Bolingbroke to-night. I suppose +it will be ten or twelve dayes at least before the +Duke of Argyll will have a return, and we may +know much before that time. If they agree to a +treaty, it is still in our own power; and if not, I +hope people will stand together for their own sake.</p> + +<p>"You speak in your two last as if you were opresst +about our divisions. All I shall trouble you further +in relation to this,—there are odd people amongst us, +and those of whom it should not have been expected; +they had instild their spirit so farr into many, that +there was no steming the tide but by going into it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +or else breaking amongst ourselves, and, like them, +make a seperat peace; but now those wise folk are +ashamed of themselves, and are disclaimed by those +who they said comissioned them. I do all I can +to make others forgett this behaveour of those people, +and I hope we shall be as unite as ever. If the King +come, I am sure we shall; and if God is not pleased +to bless us with his presence, whatever we do shall +be in consert.</p> + +<p>"I beg to hear often from you, and particularly +what you can learn of the motion of the enimie and +their designs.</p> + +<p>"I send a reinforcement to-night to Bruntisland of +a hundred men, and there was fifty in it before.</p> + +<p>"Lord Seaforth went north some time ago, and +severall of Lord Huntly's people; so I hope they togither +will be able to keep Lord Sutherland from +doing much mischife, and e'er long to reduce him and +all the King's enimies there. We are not yet in so +much apprehention of them as Mr. H——ll seems +to be. I am mightily pleased you are so much recovered, +which I know by your hand-writeing; but +I can scarce conceave how you get yourself keept free +of our enimies,—may you do long so, and</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +"I am sincearly yours, &c. Adieu."<br /> +</p></div> + +<p>On the first of December, the Earl having still heard +no tidings of the Chevalier, and being ignorant of +his real movements, again writes in all the uncertainty, +and with the circumspection of one who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +knows not whether his letter will be received. He +seems always to have sent duplicates of his letters.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"I am in the utmost pain about the K——,<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> and +I have done all in my power to make him safe, but I +hope Providence will protect him. I sent one for +France this morning, and I hope he may sail in a day +or two, but let that not keep you from writeing there +too. I would fain hope that the Regent has altered +his measurs, and is comeing into the K——'s intrest, +else I do not see how it had been possible for him to +get thro' France: if so, I have good hopes, and I wish +he may come to us; but if not, and that England do +nothing, I wish he were safe again where he formerly +was, for we shall never be able alone to do his bussiness, +and he will be in the utmost danger after starveing +a winter in the Highlands. Lord Huntley is +still very much out of humour and nothing can make +him yet believe that the K——'s a-comeing. He intends +to go north, under the pretext of reduceing +Lord Sutherland, and his leaving us at this time +I think might have very bad effects, which makes +me do all I can to keep him. The Master of +Sinclair is a very bad instrument about him, and +has been most to blaim of any body for all the +differences amongst us. I am plagued out of my +life with them, but must do the best I can. I expect +now to hear every day of the K——'s landing; +but should he be any time of comeing, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> Duke +of Argyll get his powers and send us word of it +before he come, our old work will begin again, and I +am sure I shall be deserted by a great many. Some +people seem so farr from being pleased with the news +of the K——'s comeing, that they are visiblie sorry +for it; and I wish to God these people had never been +with us for they will be our undoing! and what a +plague brought them out, since they could not hold it +out for so short a time? I shall be blamed, I know, +over all Europe for what I am entirely innocent of. It +will be my own ruin beside, but if that could advance +the K——'s affairs I am contented. In time I shall +be justified when my parte in all this affair comes +to be knowen, and I bless God I have witnesses +enough who have seen all; and if accidents do not +happen them, my papers will show it to conviction, +for I have been pretty exact in keeping copies and a +journall.</p> + +<p>"Since I have wrote so fully to you, I do not write +to Mr. H——ll, for which I hope he'll forgive +me.<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p> + +<p>"I am anxious to know if my brother got my note +that was inclosed to you in that of the twenty-seventh, +which was to caution him in a thing that +I was affraid his over great concern for me might +make him do, and which would vex me extreamly if +he did.</p> + +<p>"I long to hear from you again, as I suppose you +will from me; and as soon as I know of what you'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>ll +expect to hear of from me, you shall.</p> +<p style="text-align: right;">Adieu."</p></div> + +<p>In a few days afterwards Lord Mar had gained more +precise intelligence of the Prince's movements; on the +delay at St. Maloes he puts the favourable construction +of the vessel's having been wind-bound, as will be +seen by the following letter. The dissensions in his +counsels, aided, as he hints, by the influence which the +Master of Sinclair exercised over the Marquis of +Huntley, were, still, not among the least of his difficulties.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"December 6th, 1715. +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"Last night one of the messengers I had sent to +France returned, and there came with him to Montrose, +Mr. Charles Fleeming and General Eclin; but +they are not yet come here, nor some money that +came along with them. I have a letter from the +King, the fifteenth of November, <span class="smcap">N. S.</span> from St. Malos; +severall from Lord Bolingbroke, the last of which +was the twenty-seventh, and he belived the King +then to be saild, and he had been wind bound there +three weeks; but he did not sail, as I understand +from the messenger til the eighteenth inst., he having +seen a letter from Col. Hay at St. Maloes, to +Mr. Arbuthnot, two dayes after he sailed. God send +him safe to us, for which I have done all in my +power! It is in the hands of Providence, and I +hope God will protect him. It is not to be known +where he is to land, and indeed it cannot be kno<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>wn +certainly. Even this has not quite cured all the +whims amongst us. Lord grant a safe landing, and +I hope that will. The Duke of Ormond is gone to +England, and I believe he has some troops with him +and arms and ammunition.</p> + +<p>"I hear from Fife to-day that there landed at Leith +on Sunday last four hundred of the Dutch troops. I +hope that's all that are comeing by sea. I have the +King's Declaration, which is to be reprinted here, +and shall be dispers'd in a few days. The less that it +be spoke that the King is to land soon, I believe the +better, until he actually does, for that but make +the Government more alert. Were he but once +landed, I have reason to belive that there will be +a new face of affairs seen abroad as well as at home +in the King's favour, which is all I dare yet adventure +to trust of it to paper; but I hope in God +were the King once with us all will be well.</p> + +<p>"There are more officers comeing to us from abroad +different wayes, so it's likely they may be dropping in +every day. The Duke of Berwick stays behind for a +very good reason, and is to follow. The King has +been pleased to confer new honours on me, but I do +not think it fitt to take it on me til he comes, and if +it pleases not God he come to us safe, I am indifferent +what becomes of all I ever had, and this may go with +the rest. It is goodness in him, and more than I +askt or deserve. I will long to hear from you; and +tho' I desire you not to let the news I write you be +much talkt of, yet I suppose it will be no secret, f<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>or +I am obliged to communicate what I get to so many +that it cannot possible be keept, and yet I cannot help +this. Tho' Lord Huntley said little to me to-day +upon my shewing him my letters, yet I know it from +good hands he is not a bitt in better humour and +that he will now positively go north; which I suppose +he'll write of to me to-morrow, for 'tis seldom now +he'll either see me or let me see him, tho' I take all +the ways I can to please and humour him, but all +will not do: however, I hope will not have many followers. +Master of Sinclair is gone this day to see +his father upon a sharp letter he had from him yesterday +about his behaviour. Some others are ashamed +of the part they acted, but if the King come not soon +all of them will relapse again. The clans stand firm, +and I hope will to the last.</p> + +<p>"Pray try to get notice of what private letters +from London say upon our proposeing terms, and +let me know as soon as you can. Adieu."</p></div> + +<p>It is curious to trace the revival of the Earl's +hopes, and the increase of his confidence. The following +letter contains, among other circumstances, a +reference to the supposed attempt of the Earl of Stair, +in France, to assassinate James.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"December 10th, 1715. +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"Yesterday I had yours of the fourth and fifth, +for which I thank you. I wrote to you on the eighth, +which I hope you got safe, and in it I told you of o<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>ne +of the messengers I had sent to France being returned, +and with him General Eclin and Mr. Charles Fleming, +and some money: since that Doctor Abercromby is +returned and Lord Edward Drummond is come with +him and brought some more money. They come off +the same day with the others, and landed the same +day at Aberdeen the others did at Montrose. They +only brought duplicates of the dispatches I had by the +others, and a letter to me from the Q—— with a +pacquet from her to the K——, by which you may +be sure he is sail'd, and we hourly expect to hear +of his landing. Since those people came, those +amongst us who had been uneasy, are now comeing +to be in good humour again, particularly Lord +Huntley; and I have agreed to his going north +with some of his horse to get all his people there together +to suppress those about Inverness, and also to +have them in readiness against the K. comes. Pray +God send him safe and soon, and then I do not despair +of things going right still. Our whole prisoners +almost, I mean the private men, are like to +take on since they heard of the K——g's being certainly +a-comeing; and since they saw the two enclosed papers, +they say that were he once come, there will be +news of their armie and all those prisoners. Even +those who do not lift with us, pray openly for the +K——, and that God may keep him out of the hands +of his enimies.</p> + +<p>"The two enclosed are sent about to a great many +places: it is better to delay dispersing the K<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>——'s +declaration til he arrive, since I hope that is near.</p> + +<p>"I admear we hear no certain accounts of the +Duke of Ormond, for the fifteenth inst. the K—— and +Q—— too write to me that he was saild a second time +for England.</p> + +<p>"Pray God it may be well with him, and if he do +not, then I wish he may come here with all my heart.</p> + +<p>"We have heard nothing as yet of the Duke of +Argyle's return from London, and I imagine we shall +hear nothing from him upon it, when he does get it +and I hope he shall never be askt for it more by us. +The Duke of Atholl will himself send his men against +Crafourd.</p> + +<p>"I believe I forgot to tell you in my last that Colonel +Hay mist very narrowly being murdered in France, +takeing him for the K—— (being in one of his cheases), +by Lord Stair's gang, and in their pockets Lord +Stair's orders were found to go to such a place, and +there obey what orders they should receive from Count +Douglass<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> (Lightly), let them be never so desperate. +This is something so horrid that I want words to +express it. I tell it you just as those from Fra<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>nce +tell me. The fellow was imprisoned by the government +there and reclaimed by Lord Stair. Lord Clairmont +was actually reclaimed by the Regent before +they come away; so his being brought to England +after, may work something. I have just now a +packet of news sent me by A. M., for which I thank +you. Notwithstanding this great new General's being +come, I see not how they can do anything at Stirling +till the Dutch join them, and that cannot be yet for +some time; pray Heavens the K—— come before them! +I know by other accounts as well as yours, from +abroad, that they are not above four thousand complete +and some of these are lost. Our Highlanders +have got in their heads a mighty contempt for them, +which may do good. This goes by the Hole,<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> from +when your packet yesterday was sent me. I have +nothing further to add now, but I hope soon to send +you agreable news. Pray give my service to I. H. +and desire him to make my compliments to his landlady +and tel her, I hope she is now right with her +son, which I am exceeding glad of. Adieu."</p></div> + +<p>At length, on the twenty-second of December, +James landed at Peterhead, after a voyage of seven +days. His arrival dispelled many doubts of his personal +courage, since, after all his deliberations, he +adopted by no means the least hazardous course by +traversing the British ocean, which was beset by +British men-of-war. He had sailed from Dunkirk i<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>n +the small vessel in which he had embarked, and +which was followed by two other vessels, containing +his domestics, and stores for the use of his army. +His immediate attendants were disguised as French +officers, and his retinue as seamen. It had been the +Chevalier's original intention to have landed in the +Frith of Tay; but observing a sail which he suspected +to be unfriendly, he altered his course, and +landed at Peterhead, where the property of the Earl +Marischal was situated. The ship in which the +Chevalier sailed was, however, near enough to the +shore to be able, by signals, to make signs to his +friends of his approach. At Perth the intelligence +was received with the utmost joy, and produced a +most favourable effect, even among the prisoners of +war, which Lord Mar describes in the following +letter. Up to the twenty-eighth of the month he +had not seen the Prince:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"The 28th December. +</p> + +<p>"Yours of the twenty-second I have got just now +by the Hole, and I sent one that way to you yesterday +from our friend here, in which you have the +joyfull news of the King's safe arival, which I hope in +God will effectually sement what you recomend to us. +Our friend went yesterday morning to meett his master, +who I hope will be here with us again Friday; I +pray God turn the hearts of his enemies, both for the +sake of him and their poor country! It will be a +monstruous crime never to be forgiven, if they now +draw their swords against him, since he has been p<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>leased +to give them a most gratious indemnity for all that is +past, without exception. All will now soon be dispersed +in the North that opose him. Sutherland's +men are deserting him, and the Frasers are all +gone home. I make no doubt but that we are masters +of Inverness, and so consequently the whole North before +this time. I make no doubt but that the King's +presence will forward everything: it has already had +great effects here: and those that were for separate +measurs have reason to be ashamed, and I hope they +will make amends by their future behaveor. We +have sent over some of the declarations, and ane other +paket of them is gone this night. Now is the time +for every body to bestir themselves, and that all +resort here to their master. I ame persuaded you'l +not be idle. Those that made a pretext of the King's +not being landed, are now left unexcusable; and if +those kind of folks now sit still and look any more +on, they ought to be worse treated than our worst +enemies. I beg of you to send us what accounts you +can learn on your side, and what they are now to do +upon this news. I hope in God we shall now be soon +ready to give them a meeting! It will be of consequence +for us to hear often from your side, and we +have little other accounts than from you. I have +sent yours by ane express this day to our friend, and +I hope to hear from you soon in return to the last +that went on Munday. The K—— lay on Saturday +night at the Earl of Marischall's house; he had a +very good and safe passage, and has given them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +fair slip, for I supose they did never rekon on his +comeing the near way. I hear there is a great resort +to him, since he landed, of all ranks.</p> + +<p>"The Duke of Athol<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> sent a pairty of two hundered +of his men yesterday morning, under the comand +of his brother Lord Edward, and his son Lord James, +to Dunkeld to have surprised our garison there, which +consisted of about one hundred men of the clans; but +it seems the garison had notice of it some hours before +they came, and gave them such a warm reception, +that they retired in great haste with the loss of +two men killed by our out-sentinels and five or sixe +wounded. I belive his Grace's men had no good +will to the work, and were brought their against +their inclinations. They had nott then gott the account +there of the King's arival, els I belive they +had not atempted it. I wish our garison were now +at Brunt Island, but I hope that loss soon be made +up. I hope you'll omitte no occasion in letting us +hear from you. Adieu.</p> + +<p>"The above is writte to H. S.,<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> but it will serve +you both to forward it to him. I got the money and +the cloas safe. I expect to hear from you soon. I +have yours of the twenty-third. I have sent over a +paket to be dispersed, and some ane other way. +Your letters are longer be the way than they need so +order it. Fall on some proper way to gett the enclos<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>ed +delivered by some person, but be not seen in +it yourself. If ane answer can be got, send it."</p></div> + +<p>The Chevalier slept in the town of Peterhead on +the first night of his landing, but on the second he +was received at Newburgh, a seat of the Earl Marischal; +and the adherents who welcomed him as their +Prince, had there an opportunity of forming a judgment +of one whom they had hitherto known only by +the flattering representations of those who had visited +the young adventurer, at his little Court in Lorraine.</p> + +<p>In person, James is reported by the Master of Sinclair +to have been "tall and thin, seeming to incline +to be lean rather than to fill as he grows in years." +His countenance, to judge by the most authentic +portraits<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> of this Prince, had none of the meditative +character of that of Charles the First, whom the Chevalier +was popularly said to resemble: neither had it +the sweetness which is expressed by every feature +of that unhappy Monarch, nor had his countenance +the pensiveness which wins upon the beholder who +gazes upon the portraits of Charles. The eyes of the +Chevalier were light-hazel, his face was pale and long, +and in the fullness of the lips he resembled his mother<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>, +Mary of Modena. To this physiognomy, on which +it is said a smile was rarely seen to play, were +added, according to the account of a contemporary, +from whose narrative we will borrow a further +description, "a speech grave, and not very clearly +expressive of his thoughts, nor over much to the purpose; +his words were few, and his behaviour and +temper seemed always composed.</p> + +<p>"What he was in his diversions we know not; here +was no room for such things. It was no time for +mirth. Neither can I say I ever saw him smile. +Those who speak so positively of his being like King +James the Seventh, must excuse me for saying that +it seems to say they either never saw this person or +never saw King James the Seventh; and yet I must +not conceal that when we saw the man whom they called +our King, we found ourselves not at all animated +by his presence; and if he was disappointed in us, we +were tenfold more so in him. We saw nothing in +him that looked like spirit. He never appeared with +cheerfulness and vigour to animate us: our men +began to despise him; some asked if he could speak. +His countenance looked extremely heavy. He cared +not to come abroad among us soldiers, or to see us +handle our arms to do our exercise. Some said the +circumstances he found us in dejected him. I am +sure the figure he made dejected us; and had he sent +us but five thousand men of good troops, and never +himself come, we had done other things than we have +done. At the approach of that crisis when he was to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +defend his pretensions, and either lose his life or gain +a Crown, I think, as his affairs were situated, no man +can say that his appearing grave and composed was +a token of his want of thought, but rather of a significant +anxiety grounded on the prospect of his inevitable +ruin, which he could not be so void of sense +as not to see plainly before him,—at least, when he +came to see how inconsistent his measures were—how +unsteady the resolution of his guides, and how impossible +it was to make them agree with one another."<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>It was at Glammis Castle, the seat of the Earl of +Strathmore, that the Earl of Mar drew up a flattering +account of the Prince, which he caused to be +printed and diligently circulated.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> The whole is +here given, as affording an insight into all that was +going on:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have had three of yours since I left Perth, +but I wonder I have no letters from London. I mett +the King at Fetteresso on Tuesday se'night, where we +stayed til Friday; from thence we came to Brichan, +then to Kinnaird, and yesterday here. The King +designed to have gone to Dundee to-day, but ther's +such a fall of snow that he is forced to put it off +til to-morrow, if it be practicable then; and from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +thence he designs to go to Scoon. There was no +haste in his being there sooner, for nothing can be +done in this season, else he had not been so long by +the way. People every where as we have come along, +are excessively fond to see him and express that duty +they ought. Without any compliment to him, and +to do him nothing but justice, set aside his being a +prince, he is realie the finest gentelman I ever knew. +He has a very good presence, and resembles King +Charles a great dele. His presence, tho', is not the +best of him; he has fine partes, and dispatches all +his buissiness himself with the greatest exactness. I +never saw any body write so finely. He is afable to +a great degree w<sup>t</sup>out looseing that majestie that he +ought to have, and has the sweetest temper in the +world. In a word, he is even fitted to make us a +happie people, were his subjects worthie of him. To +have him peaceablie settled on his thron is what +these kingdomes do not deserve; but he deserves it so +much, that I hope ther's a good fate attending him. +I am sure ther's nothing wanting to make the rest of +his subjects as fond of him as we are, but thus knowing +as we now have the happiness to do. And it +will be odd if his presence amongst us, after his running +so many hazards to compass it, do not turn the +hearts of even the most obstinat. It is not fit to tel +all the particulars, but I assure you, since he arived, +he has left nothing undone that well could be to gain +every body, and I hope God will touch their hearts. +His Majestie is very sensible of the service you ha<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>ve +done him and he desires you may continue, for which +he hopes he may yet be able to reward you. He +wrote to France as soon's he landed, and sent it with +the shipe he came in, which we hope got safe there +long ago. It is not often that we can have opportunity +of writeing or sending there, and the Queen +and others will be mighty impatient to hear frequently; +therefore his Majestie expects you should +write there frequently, and give them all the accounts +you can. I have reason to hope we shall very quickly +see a new face on affairs abroad in the King's favour, +which is all I dare comitt to paper. The Government +will nott certainly send all the strength against us +they can, but e'er long, perhaps, they may have ocasion +for their troups else where.</p> + +<p>"I belive one wou'd speak to you lately of a kind of +comisary of the Dutch, that may be spoke to, which +by no means ought to be neglected, and he being on +your side the watter, it is left to you, and you must +not stick at offering such a reward as he himself can +desire, which I shall see made good: there should no +time be lost in this, and I'll be glad to know soon if +there be any hopes that way.</p> + +<p>"Tho' the way of sending letters betwixt us be now +much more difficult than ever, yet you must write as +often as you possiblie can get any probable way of +sending of them safe; and pray give us all the +accounts you can. I have ordred some of the King's +declarations for England to be sent you, and when +they come to your hands you wou'd get some way of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +sending them to London and other places of England. +Send the enclosed for my wife under a cover, as you +used to do; by my not hearing from her, I am affraid +my last has not come to her hands. When any comes +from her for me, pray take care that you send them a +safe way. We long to know what effects the news +of the King's arivall had at London, Stirling, and +Edinburgh. I suppose you still hear from Kate +Bruce. I do not understand what she means by +going to the country, which she mentions in her letter +to you.</p> + +<p>"I see in one of the prints that Lawrance is come off +from London, so by this time he must certainly be in +Scotland; pray let me know what you hear of him. +If he be come, I suppose he'll understand himself so +well as our prisoner, that he will immediately give +himself up to us again.</p> + +<p>"The King wears paper caps under his wige, which +I know you also do; they cannot be had at Perth, so I +wish you could send some on, for his own are near out.</p> + +<p>"We are in want of paper for printing; is there no +way to send us some from your side?</p> + +<p>"Pray, send my wife one of the Scots and one of +the English declarations at the same time my letter +goes, but under another cover. Adieu.</p> + +<p>"Since writeing I have yours of the thirty-first and +first, for which I thank you, and am just going to +read them to my master."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> + +<p>Little dependance can be placed on the entire accuracy +of either of these varying descriptions,—the +one penned by a disappointed, and perhaps wavering, +adherent, the other by a man whose personal interests +were irrevocably involved with those of James. We +must trust to other sources to enable us to form a +due estimate of the merits of this ill-starred Prince.</p> + +<p>James Stuart was at this time in his twenty-seventh +year. From his very cradle he had been, as it might +seem to the superstitious, marked by fate for a destiny +peculiarly severe. His real birth was long disputed, +without the shadow of a reason, except what +was suggested by a base court intrigue. This slur +upon his legitimacy, which was afterwards virtually +wiped away by the British Parliament, was nevertheless +the greatest obstacle to his accession, there being +nothing so difficult to obliterate as a popular impression +of that nature.</p> + +<p>Educated within the narrow precincts of the exiled +court, James owed the good that was within him to +a disposition naturally humane, placable, and just, +as well as to the communion with a mother, the fidelity +of whose attachment to her exiled consort bespoke +a finer quality of mind than that which Nature had +bestowed on the object of her devotion. By this +mother James must doubtless have been embued with +a desire for recovering those dominions and that +power for which Mary of Modena, like Henrietta +Maria, sighed in vain, as the inheritance of her son; +but the stimulus was applied to a disposition with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +which a private life was far more consonant than the +cares of sovereignty. Rising as he does to respectability, +when we contrast the good nature and mild +good sense of the Chevalier with the bigotry of James +the Second,—or view his career, blameless with some +exceptions, in contrast with the licentiousness of +Charles the Second, there were still no high hopes +to be entertained of the young Prince; his character +had little energy, and consequently little interest: he +was affable, just, free from bigotry although firm +in his faith, and capable of great application to business; +but he wanted ardour. From his negative +qualities, the pitying world were disposed to judge +him favourably. "He began the world," says +Lockhart, "with the general esteem of mankind; but +he sank year by year in public estimation: his Court +subsequently displayed the worst features of the +Stuart propensities, an intense love of prerogative; +and his mind, never strong, became weaker and weaker +under the dominion of favourites."</p> + +<p>The ship in which James had sailed returned to +France immediately to give the news of his safe arrival, +and at the same time Lieutenant Cameron, +the son of Cameron of Lochiel, was dispatched to +Perth to apprise the Earl of Mar of the event. Upon +the spur of the moment the Earl, accompanied by the +Earl Marischal and General Hamilton, and attended +by twenty or thirty persons of quality, on horseback, +set out with a guard of horse to attend him whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +they considered as their rightful Sovereign. The +cavalcade met the Chevalier at Fetteresso, the principal +seat of the Earl Marischal. "Here," says Reay, +"the Chevalier dressed, and discovered himself," and +they all kissed his hand, and owned him as their +King, causing him to be proclaimed at the gates of +the house. At Fetteresso the Prince was detained +during some days by that inconvenient malady the +ague. Meantime, the declaration which he had prepared, +and which was dated from Commercy, was disseminated, +and was dropped in some loyal towns by +his adherents in the night-time, there being danger +in promulgating it openly.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p> + +<p>On the second of January, 1715-16, the Chevalier +proceeded to Brechin, and thence to Kinnaird; +and on Thursday to Glammis Castle, the seat of the +Earl of Strathmore. On the sixth of January he +made his public entry into Dundee on horseback, +at an early hour. Three hundred followers attended +him, and the Earl of Mar rode on his right +hand, the Earl Marischal on his left. At the suggestion +of his friends, the Prince shewed himself in +the market-place of Dundee for nearly an hour and +a half, the people kissing his hands. The following +extract from a letter among the Mar Papers affords a +more minute and graphic account of the Chevalier's +demeanour than is to be found in the usual histories +of the day.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p>"I hear the Pretender went this day from Glams +to Dundee, and comes to Scoon to-morrow; and I am +shourly informed that your old friend Willie Callender +went to Glams on Wensday and kissed the +Pretender's hand, of whom he makes great speeches, +and says he is one of the finest gentlemen ever he +saw in his life. Its weell that his landing is keept +up from the army, for he has gained so much the +good will of all ranks of people in this country that +have seen him, that if it was made publick it's thought +it might have ill effects among them. He is very +affable and oblidging to all, and great crowds of the +common people flok to him. When he toke horse +this morning from Glams, there was about a thousand +country people at the gate, who they say, gave him +many blessings: he has tuched several of the ivil, +as he did some this morning. He is of a very pleasant +temper, and has intirely gained the hearts of all +thro' the places he has passed. He aplyes himself +very closs to business, and they say might very weell +be a Secretarie of State. He has declared Lord Marischall +one of his bedchamber. The toun of Aberdeen +made him ane address, as did all the other touns as +he passed; and I hear he is, at the request of the +episcopal clergy in this country, to apoint a day of +thanksgiving for his safe arival, and likeways a +proclamation, to which will be referred his declaration, +with something new, which shall be sent to you +with first ocasion. There came a battalion of Bredalbins +men to Perth on Tuesday, and ane other of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>Sir Donald M<sup>c</sup>Donalds this day; and they are now +daily getting in more men.</p> + +<p>"This is all the intelligence I can give you, and I +hope to hear from you again soon, and lett me know +what certain number are now come over, and what +more designed. Deliver the enclosed and tell him +these papers could not be gott him just now, but shall +per next. I ame affraid poor W. Maxewell wild be +dead before you get this, of a fever and a flux: he is +given over this two days. Write soon."</p></div> + +<p>After the display at Dundee, the Chevalier rode to +the house of Stewart of Grandutly, in the neighbourhood, +where he dined and passed the day. On the +following day he proceeded along the Carse of Gowrie +to Castle Lyon, a seat of the Earl of Strathmore, +where he dined, and went thence to Fingask, the seat +of Sir David Threipland. On the eighth of January +he took up his abode in the royal palace of Scoon, +where he intended to remain until after his coronation.</p> + +<p>For this event preparations were actually made +by the Earl of Mar, whose sanguine spirit appears +to have been somewhat revived by the presence +of the Chevalier. The addition of a new dignity +to his own ancestral honours had marked the +favour and confidence of James. Before the arrival +of the Chevalier in Scotland, the Earl of Mar had +been informed that a patent of dukedom was made +out for him; on which he thus expressed himself in a +letter, written before the Chevalier's landing, full<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> of +gratitude and professions.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p> + +<p>"Your Majesty has done me more honour than I +deserve. The new dignity you have been pleased to +confer on me is what I was not looking for; and +coming from your Majesty's hands is what gives it +the value. The patent is not yet come, but tho' it +had, I think I ought not to make use of it till your +Majesty's arrival."</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar had now had an opportunity of +throwing himself at the feet of the King, which, as he +expressed, "is the thing in the world he had longed +most for." But still, the difficulties in his path +seemed to be rendered more insurmountable than ever +by the arrival of James.</p> + +<p>In the first place, the landing of the Chevalier +evidently sealed the doom of those gallant and unfortunate +noblemen who had been taken prisoners at +Preston; and rendered all hopes of mercy futile. +The sixteenth of January, which witnessed the forming +of the Chevalier's council at Perth, was the day +on which the unfortunate Derwentwater, Nithisdale, +Kenmure, Wintoun, and Widdrington, petitioned for +two days' delay to prepare for their trials. Their +doom was hurried on in the general panic; and in the +addresses from both Houses of Parliament to King +George, it was declared by the members of those +assemblies "that the landing of the Pretender in this +kingdom had greatly encreased their indignation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +against him and his adherents."</p> + +<p>It is impossible that the Earl of Mar could have +heard, without deep commiseration, and perhaps +remorse, of the peril in which those ill-fated adherents +of James were placed, although he may not have +anticipated the full severity of the law. In one of +his subsequent letters he remarks: "By the news I see +the Parliament is to have no mercie on our Preston +folks: but I hope God will send them salvation in +time." One of his greatest sources of anxiety had +been respecting the movements of the Duke of Ormond, +upon whose making a diversion in favour of +James, in England, Mar had counted. The news +that Ormond, after having been seen on the coast +of England, had returned, disheartened, was brought +by the Chevalier, who heard of it at St. Maloes. +The only chance of success, the last hope, were centered +in this resource. The failure of this expectation +was fatal, as Lord Mar conceived, to the cause, +and on it he grounded his own subsequent withdrawal +from England.</p> + +<p>The entrance of the Chevalier into Perth, on the +ninth of January, was attended with far less enthusiasm +than the previous portion of his progress. His +reception was comparatively cold. On asking to see +their "little kings" (the chieftains) with their armies, +the Highlanders, diminished in numbers by the secession +of the Marquis of Huntley and the absence +of Lord Seaforth and others, were marched before +him. James could not help admiring their bearing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>; +but the small amount of troops in the camp +filled him with a dejection which he could not conceal. +When, a few days afterwards, the unfortunate +Prince addressed his council for the first time, he +said, with mournful truth, these words. "For me it +will be no new thing if I am unfortunate: my whole +life, even from my cradle, has been a constant series +of misfortunes." This sentiment of ill-presage was +re-echoed in the address of the Episcopal clergymen.</p> + +<p>"Your Majesty has been trained up," said these +divines, at Fetteresso, "in the School of the Cross, +in which the Divine grace inspires the mind with +true wisdom and virtue, and guards it against those +false blandishments by which prosperity corrupts the +heart." And as this school has sent forth the most +illustrious princes,—Moses, Joseph, and David, it was +hoped that a similar benefit would accrue to the +character of the Prince whom the Episcopal Clergy +thus welcomed to their country.</p> + +<p>Meantime the project of crowning the Chevalier at +Scone amused the minds of the people, and continued +to be the subject of diligent preparation by +the Earl of Mar. Unhappily a ship laden with +money and other aids, had been lost on its passage +from France, close to the Tay, for want of a pilot.<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> +The difficulties which were augmented by this misfortune, +are alluded to in the following extract from +one of Lord Mar's letters.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"January 15th, 1715-16. +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"I wrote to you yesterday by one that used +to come here from Mr. Hall, which I hope will come +safe to your hands. At night I had yours of the +fourteenth, and this night that of the tenth. The +caps do pritty well, and I have orders to thank you +for them. I send you one of his own; if you can get +such paper t'is well, and if not, the other is what +he likes best of any that you sent; so let some of +either one or other come when you have an occasion.</p> + +<p>"I am sorry Mr. Brewer<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> is ill, for his presence +here wou'd be of great use; and as soon as he is +able I wish he wou'd come, which I am ordered to +tel you, and also that you may endeavour to get +a copie of the coronation of King Charles the First +and Second, which certainly are to be had in Edinburgh. +Willie Wilson had them, and perhaps some +of his friends may have got copies of them from him, +which may be had.</p> + +<p>"I spoke to one some time ago about makeing a +crown in pices at Edinburgh and bringing it over +here to be put togither, who, I believe, talkt to you +of it. That man was here some days ago, but went +away before I knew it is wisht that such a thing +could yet be done, which is left to your care.</p> + +<p>"In case there be occasion for it here, as I wish +there may, bulion gold is what I'm afraid will be +wanting, but it will not take much. Had not the +misfortune I wrote to you of hapn'd to Sir J. Erskine<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> +there had been no want of that. We have got<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +no farther account of that affair, tho' we have people +about it; but if they do not succeed this night or +to-morrow when the spring tide is, it is lost for ever. +There is more by the way tho', and I hope will have +better fate. I have ordered more papers to be sent +you, and certainly you have more of them before +now. It is mighty well taken what that lady (the +letters from London say) has ordered, as to those you +sent her, which you are desired to let her have; and +I do not doubt she will do the same as to those concerning +E——d. Adieu."</p></div> + +<p>By the next letter it appears that the good opinion +entertained by Lord Mar of the Chevalier was real; +since the whole of the epistle has the tone of being a +natural effusion of feeling, and is a simple statement +of what actually took place, and not the letter of a +diplomatist.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"I have seen a letter from Mr. S——g, who had +spoke with you on the subject I formerly wrote to you +of, concerning that fo—f—y of the D——h to a gentleman +with us, Mr. S——q's friend, and upon it our +master has thought fit to write the enclosed to him, +and orders me to tell you that you must cause give +him an hundred guineas at the delivery of the letter. +The letter is left open for your perusal, and I wish it +may have effect, as perhaps it may. There's no time +to be lost in it, and I'll long to know what passes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> in +it, and what hopes you have of him. I sent you +credit for five hundred pounds, which I hope you got +safe; but if by any accident it should not come to +your hands, Mr. S——q there, is a certain goldsmith +that will advance what there is occasion for this way. +I send you enclosed a letter, which may be of use +in an affair I wrote of in my last.</p> + +<p>"We have got severall deserters since the K. +came and last night nine came in with their clothes +and arms, and says many more will follow soon, +which I wish we may see. They say, too, that the +two regiments of dragoons are marcht from Glasgow +for England, and that two are to go from Stirling to +replace them. Were they designing to march against +Scoon, sure they would not do this, nor is it possible +they can do anything in this weather; but if they, +notwithstanding, attempt it, perhaps they may find +frost in it.</p> + +<p>"As I am writing I have received yours of the +thirteenth. I read it to the K——g, and delivered him +the enclosed letter from Mr. Holmes, which was very +well taken, as you will see by the enclosed return, +which you'll take care to forward safely; and pray do +me the favour to make my compliments there.</p> + +<p>"Perhaps you'll hear things of the two northern +powers<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> that will look odd to your other friends, as +no wonder; but all will come right again—the time +they had taken being out in a few days. There's on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>e +sent some days ago to assist them, so I hope things +will be soon right there, tho' they have done much to +spoil them, and each of them makes an excuse of +one another as they have done from the begining. +The K——, you will see by all the enclosed, is not +spareing of his pains. You must fall on the right way +of having them all delivered.</p> + +<p>"That to Seaforth he writes upon the great professions +he made when in France; he is such a fellow +that I'm afraid it will do little good.</p> + +<p>"I have nothing else material to say just now, +but I cannot give over without telling a thing which +I'm sure will please you—that the longer one knows +the King the better he's liked, and the more good +qualities are found in him; that of good-nature is +very eminent, and so much good sense that he might +be a first minister to any king in Europe, had he +not been born a king himself. He has allowed Neil +Campbell to go to Edinburgh t'other day on his +parole, he being ill, and it was with so much good +nature that was evident in his doing of it, that it +charmed me. I wish you could get notice how Neil +represents it or expresses himself when he gets there; +for I wrote it at length to the gentleman who wrote +to me about him. Adieu.</p> + +<p>"If people from S——q be designing to come to us, +they should either do it soon or give us assurances of +doing it soon as we are in view of each other; and +these assurances must be such that we can depend on, +for our conduct must in a great measure be regulated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> +by what we expect that way.</p> + +<p>"It were highly necessary that methods and measures +were concerted for the right way of doing this, +which you should let such of them as you know are +so trusted know, and it is absolutely necessary that +they either send one to me about this, or let me know +it certainly some other way, that we may not be +drawing different ways when we are designing the +same thing.</p> + +<p>"We have no return of the last message which was +sent to the good man of the house you wrote of, and +t'is above eight days ago. I believe he designs right, +tho' t'is odd."</p></div> + +<p>The enthusiasm which was at first displayed towards +the Chevalier was soon cooled, not only by his +grave and discouraging aspect, but by his fearless and +impolitic display of his religious faith. He never +allowed any Protestant even to say grace for him, but +employed his own confessor "to repeat the Pater +nosters and Ave Marias:" and he also shewed an +invincible objection to the usual coronation oath,—a +circumstance which deferred the ceremony of +coronation,—Bishop Mosse declaring that he would +not consent to crown him unless that oath were taken. +This sincerity of disposition—for it cannot be called +by a more severe name—especially diminished the +affections of the Chevalier's female episcopal friends, +who had excited their male relations to bear arms in +his favour. But the circumstance which weighed the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +most heavily against James, was the order which he +published, on hearing that the Duke of Argyle was +making preparations to march against him, for burning +the towns and villages, and destroying the corn +and forage, between Dumblane and Perth. This act +of destruction, from the effects of which the desolate +village of Auchterarder has never recovered, was determined +on, in order that the enemy might be incommoded +as much as possible upon their march; it +added to the miseries of a people already impoverished +by the taxes and contributions which the +Jacobites had levied. It appears, however, from a +letter of James's, since discovered, or perhaps, only +suppressed at the time, to have been an act which he +bitterly regretted, and the order for which he signed +most unwillingly. He was desirous of making every +reparation in his power for the ravages which were +committed in his name.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></p> + +<p>On the ninth of January a council of war was held +by the Duke of Argyle at Stirling, where, by a singular +coincidence, the council sat in the same room in +which James the Second, then Duke of York, had, in +1680, been entertained by the Earl of Argyle, to +whom he had proposed the repeal of the sanguinary +laws against Papists. The refusal of Argyle to concur +in that measure, the consequences of his conduct, +and his subsequent death, are circumstances +which, doubtless, arose to the remembrance of his +descendant, as he discussed, in that apartment, t<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>he +march towards Perth.</p> + +<p>The country between Stirling and Perth was +covered with a deep snow; the weather was one continual +storm; it was therefore impossible for the +army of Argyle to proceed until the roads were +cleared,—a process which required some time to effect. +It is asserted, nevertheless, by an historian, that upon +Colonel Ghest being sent with two hundred dragoons +to reconnoitre the road leading to Perth, that the +greatest panic prevailed in that town: immediate +preparations were made for defence, and nothing was +to be seen except planting of guns, marking out +breastworks and trenches, and digging up stones, +and laying them with sand to prevent the effects of a +bombardment.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> The Earl of Mar, nevertheless, does +not appear, if we may accredit his own words, to have +even then despaired of a favourable issue. The following +letter betrays no fear, but speaks of some +minor inconvenience, which is far from being of a +melancholy description. The difficulty of procuring +the right sort of ribbon for the decoration of the +Garter, is altogether a new feature among the adversities +of royal personages. It seems strange that +James should not have provided himself, before quitting +France, with all that was necessary to preserve +the external semblance of majesty.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"January 20th, 1715-16. +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"I wrote to you the eighteenth, and sent severall +others enclosed, which I hope will come safe to you. +The inclosed, markt D. F., is from the King to Davie +Floid at London, which he desires you may take care +to gett conveid to him safly and soon, it being of +consequence. The other is for my wife, which I beg +you may forward as usewall.</p> + +<p>"We are told that ther's some foot come to Dumblain, +and that ther's more expected there. And they +still talk as if they designed to march their whole +armie against us nixt week. Perhaps they intend it, +but with this weather I see not how 'tis in their +power. If they do tho', upon their expecting we are +to abandon Perth upon their aproach, as I'm told +they believe, they will find themselves mistaken, +for all here are resolved to stand it to the last, and +perhaps we will not wait their comeing the lenth, but +meet them by the way. We might have left it +indeed, some time ago; but that time is past, and the +King's being with us alters the case in every respect. +After all, I cannot get myself to belive that they will +actually come to us in haste, and if they do they may +mistake their reckning. Sure I am, it were impossible +for us to march to them in this snow, and our +folks are as good at that as they. The snow puts me +in mind of the children of Israel's pillar of smoke +and pillar of fire; and to say truth, ther's something +in the weather very odd and singular; I never saw<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +such.</p> + +<p>"My cloathes are almost all worn out, haveing left +some at the battle: I know not if you could get me +any made and sent from Edinburgh; but if you could, +I should be glad of it. Ther's one Bird was my tayler +and I belive has my measur, or some old cloathes +of mine, that he could make them by. Perhaps he's +a whig tho', and will not do it. I would have them +deep blew, laced with gold, but not on the seams. I +have but one starr and no riban, but 'tis no great +matter for that, a better man than I is in the same +case; he has only one scrub, one which he got made +since he came, and no right riban. I believe ther's +neither of that kind of blew nor green riban to be got +at Edinburgh; but if you could get some tolorablie +like it, you send some of both. Wine is like to be a +more sensible want. We got a little Burgundy for +the King, but it is out; and tho' we know of a little +more, I'm affraid we shall scarce get it brought here; +and he does not like clarit, but what you'l think odd, +he likes ale tolorably well. I hope they will send us +some from France, but with this wind nothing can +come from thence. George Hamilton saild on Saturday +last, and I belive is there long e'er now, which I +heartily wish he may, and I hope you shall soon see +the effects of his going with what he caried with +him.</p> + +<p>"I am affraid Macintosh's men in England may be +in hard circumstances for want of money. The King +has ordred some for them, which is this daye give<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>n +to a friend of theirs who was sent to me from the +North, who sayes he knows how to get it remitted to +them.</p> + +<p>"By the news I see the Parliament is to have no +mercie on our Preston folks, but I hope God will send +them salvation in time.</p> + +<p>"I wish you would send us the newspapers oftner +for we get them but seldome; the soonest way of +sending them is by A. W. at Kirkaldy, who will find +some way of sending them to us, notwithstanding of +their garisons in Fife.</p> + +<p>"I'm affraid what I wrote to you of formerly to be +in danger will never be recovered, for it could not at +this time, tho' it was try'd; and I fear shall not the +next either, tho' we are to do all we can about it, and +it was too much to go that way.</p> + +<p>"We have heard nothing further as yet from the +goodman of the house, as you call him, which I am +surprized at. I can say no more now, so Adieu."</p></div> + +<p>If we may believe the public prints of the day, +dissensions now arose between the Chevalier and the +Earl of Mar: the former blaming his general for +having urged him to come over, when he had so +small a force to appear in his favour; the latter, recriminating +that the failure of aid from the Continent +had discouraged the Chevalier's friends. The +Earl of Mar was severely blamed, to quote from the +same source, for having deceived the Chevalier in +making him believe that the forces in Scotland we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>re +more considerable than they really were, and for +giving his Scottish friends reason to suppose that the +Chevalier would bring over foreign auxiliaries. That +the former part of these allegations against Mar was +untrue, is shewn by the letter which has been given, +explaining to the Prince the state of affairs; and +rather discouraging him from his attempt.<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> That +the whole report was groundless, was manifested by +the favour and confidence which James long continued +to extend to the Earl after his exile abroad.</p> + +<p>For some time, the Earl of Mar and his party +contrived to keep up their hopes. The season was +indeed in some respects their friend, since it necessarily +impeded the movements of Argyle's army +against them. The winter of 1715-16 was one of +the most severe that had been felt for many years, +not only in Scotland, but abroad. In France and +Spain the cold was so excessive, and the snow so +deep, that the country people could not go to the +market towns to buy provisions, whilst the plains +were infested with bears and wolves, emboldened by +the desolation, and ranging over the country in great +numbers.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p> + +<p>Whilst the intense frost lasted, the three thousand +Highlanders who were encamped at Perth were able +to defy the English army, although now supplied +with artillery and ammunition from Berwick. Their +security was furthermore increased by a heavy fal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>l +of snow succeeding a partial thaw, and followed by +a frost, which rendered the roads more impracticable +than ever, especially for the foot-soldiers. This +circumstance had even occasioned some deliberation +whether it would not be advisable for the Duke of +Argyle to defer his march to Perth until the winter +should be ended. Until the middle of January, it +was the full intention of the Highlanders, and also +that of the Earl of Mar, to stand the event of a +battle, let the enemy's force be what it might. That +they purposed thus to maintain their ancient character +for valour, was, even as those most adverse +to them allow, the prevalent report. It is borne +out by the Earl of Mar's correspondence. On the +twenty-third of January he thus writes to Captain +Straiton:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"The 23rd January. +</p> + +<p>"I have yours of the seventeenth and the twentieth +both togather last night, and a paket from H. +in the last. I wrote to you on Saturday the old way, +and sent you a paket enclosed, which I belive is of +consequence, so I hope it's come safe, and that H. +has gott it. He has had two or three sent him from +this of late, different ways, and one goes of this day +by the near way he sometimes uses. We hear from +all hands of the preparations against us, but we resolve +to stand it, cost what it will, and if they come +out we will certainly give them battle, lett their +number be never so great. It must now be plain to +all that will allow themselves to see, that nothi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>ng +less is designed by the present managers than the +intire ruin and destruction of this poor country, and +of every honest man in it; and if this will not be an +awakened people, I know nothing that will. Since +this then is plainly the case, there can be no choise +in dying honourably in the field for so just a cause, +or leving to see the ruin and intire destruction of our +country, our King, and our friends and relations. +For my part, I shall prefer the first with all cheerfulness, +and never desire to live to be a witness to the +latter, which certainly will be the case if it please +God our King should be defeat."</p></div> + +<p>The next paragraph of this letter speaks mournfully +of disappointment in those on whose aid the +Earl had counted.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"It must be a strange infatuation that has gott +amongst people, especially those that always pretended +to be friends to our cause, many of whom told before +the King came that they wad certainly joyn him +when he landed, and made his not being with us +the only objection, and now when he is come they +make some other shift;—I must say such people are +worse than our greatest enemies; and if any misfortune +should befal the King or his cause, (which God +forbid!) I think they that pretended to be our friends +have very much to count for, and are more the cause +of it than any others, since no doubt the ashourances +that many gave to joyn us when the King landed +was a chief motive for his comming to us. I ho<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>pe in +God we shall be able to opose them tho' their numbers +should be greater, and to their shame and confusion +be it if they come against us. I hope very +soon the King will have such assistance as will defeat +all their designs, and that his affairs will take +a sudden turn in other pairts."</p></div> + +<p>The most serious defection from the Jacobite +cause was the submission of the Marquis of Huntley +and the Earl of Seaforth to the victorious arms of +the Earl of Sutherland, aided by Lord Lovat, in +Invernesshire. Seaforth had collected, on the Moor +of Gilliechrist, twelve hundred men, the remnant of +those whom he had been able to save from Sherriff +Muir; but finding that Lord Sutherland had resolved +to force him into an engagement, he owned King +George as his lawful Sovereign, and promised to lay +down his arms. This had occurred early in December, +and, according to Lord Mar, before the Earl of Seaforth, +in those remote regions, could have heard of +the Chevalier's landing. Mar therefore regarded it +as a temporary cessation on the part of Seaforth and +Huntley, for a given period, of hostilities against the +Government.</p> + +<p>As far as related to Lord Seaforth, the belief of +Lord Mar was correct. At the end of the days +agreed upon for the cessation of arms, Seaforth drew +his people together, the influence of clanship enabling +him to summon them at will, like a king; and again +appeared in arms. This was the consequence of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +news that James had landed having reached Inverness. +But Seaforth could not retrieve the cause of +James in the North, nor repair the effects of even +a temporary submission. Eventually he returned to +the party which he had espoused, and escaped to +France. The Marquis of Huntley made his own +terms with the Government.</p> + +<p>At this critical juncture, unanimity still prevailed, +according to Lord Mar, among the assembled chieftains +at Perth. "I do assure you," he writes, "that +since the arms came here, there has not been a +quarrel of any kind happened among us—not even +among the Highland men, which is very extraordinary; +and you may depend upon it there is the +greatest unanimity here just now, and all fully resolved +to stand to it, let what will come. I pray +God preserve our King from the wicked and hellish +designs of his enemies! I hope we will be apprized +of their motions, so as to be in readiness to receive +them."</p> + +<p>These expressions were written, but the letter +which contained them was not sent, on the twenty-third +of January. The postscript, written in a hurried +hand, shows that the camp at Perth was not +unprepared for the coming attack.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Since writing of the inclosed, I have two from +which I gott last night with the paket; and ane +account of that detachment of horse comming out, +who we hear came the lenth of Acterardie,<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> u<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>pon +which account the whole army here were ordred to +be in a readyness to march this morning, and we +have no account they are returned: we hear it was +to vew the roads, and to try if it was practicable +to march their army, which they will find very hard +to doe while this weather holds. The account you +gave in yours of their motions and that detachment +was very distinct. The K. read it himself,—it came +prety quick. I entreat you fail not to lett us have +what accounts you can learn, for what comes from +you are among the best we can gett.</p> + +<p>"The K. ordered a review of the whole army here +this morning, and they are all to hold themselves +ready at one half ane hour's advertisment. Lett me +hear from you soon. Adieu."</p></div> + +<p>Again, on the twenty-fourth of January:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"What is above should have gone this morning, +but was delyed. Six hundered of the clans are gone +out this night to reinforce the garison of Braco and +Crief. I hear they have orders to destroy the corn-yards +and barns about Achterardir and Black Ford, +which we hear were revewed by the enemy yesterday. +The King signed thir orders, I can ashour you, most +unwillingly; and caused put it in the order that +every thing should be made good to the poor people, +with a gratuity; and if any of them pleased to come +to Perth, they should be maintained and all care +taken of them. This you may take for truth, for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>no +doubt they will make a great noise about it.</p> + +<p>"We have just now got ane account of a ship being +come into Montross, but we know not yett what she +brings. Adieu,—writte soon. I am in haste."</p> + +<p> +"Eleven att night."<br /> +</p></div> + +<p>On the twenty-fourth of January, the Duke of +Argyle marched to Dumblane, with two hundred +horse, to reconnoitre the roads. The report that the +enemy was approaching, was quickly conveyed to +Perth; and now was the order to burn and destroy +the village of Auchterarder, the contents of the +houses, all stores of corn and forage, mournfully and +promptly executed. It was supposed by this, that +the march of Argyle's forces would be impeded; but +it produced no other inconvenience to that army than +obliging them to lie one night in the open air; whilst +the unpopularity it brought on James and his advisers, +was long the subject of comment to their +enemies. It is consolatory to those who wish to judge +favourably of James to find this declaration in Lord +Mar's correspondence.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The King was forced, sore against his will, to +give these burning orders, as all of us were, could we +have helped it; but this extraordinary man[oe]uvre of +the enemy made it absolutely necessary. A finger +must be cut off to save the whole body. I have +ordered some copies of a proclamation to be sent you. +There is about two of the places burnt, and there's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> +another ordred about the rest. Adieu.</p> + +<p>"It was not amiss that this proclamation were +sent to London."</p></div> + +<p>In pursuance of the cruel and impolitic commands +to which Lord Mar refers, three thousand Highlanders +were sent forth to the act of destruction. Auchterarder, +Crieff, Blackford, Denning and Muthel, were +mercilessly burned; and the wretched inhabitants +turned out at that inclement season to destitution +without a roof to shelter them. Many decrepid +people and children perished in the flames.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> Had +James sought, in truth, to prepare a way for the Government +in the hearts of the people, he could not +have adopted a more suitable means. In the Duke +of Argyle, he had a generous and humane adversary +to deal with,—one whose forbearance laid him under +the imputation of a want of zeal for the cause of +the Government, and rendered him no favourite at +the English Court. The fashion at the Court of St. +James's, according to a letter in the Mar Papers, +was, to rail against the Duke, and even George the +First and those about him joined in the unjust and +ungrateful abuse.</p> + +<p>Even so late as Sunday, the twenty-ninth of +January, when Argyle's troops left Stirling and +advanced to Braco Castle, Lord Mar appears to have +been in ignorance of their actual movements. Perhaps, +like the busy world of London politicians, he +regarded the project of an attempt upon Perth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> in +such weather as impracticable. Such was the opinion +at St. James's. "Argyle's friends here," writes +one near the Court, "speak of the march and the +attempt at present as madness." And another individual +writes, that "one half of their people must +die of cold, and the other be knocked o' the head. +So it seems Argyle is dragg'd to this matter. We +cannot perceive, by all the letters that come up, any +particular certainty as to Lord Mar's number and +his designs. The Court are positive he will not +stand; and they, as well as Ridpeath, assert strongly +that the Pretender is gone already as far as Glammis. +The Jacobites fancy that if he went thither, it +was to meet and assemble these officers that were +landed."<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a></p> + +<p>Whilst in this state of perplexity Lord Mar thus +writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"Jan. 29th. +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"I have keept the man that brought yours of +the nineteenth and twentieth, from A. W., on Saturday, +till now, that I might have a sure and speedy +way of writeing to you when anything of consequence +happened, which we were expecting every minut last +night. I wrote one to you when I belived the +enemie's front to be at Auchterarder, and despatcht +it; but late at night getting intelligence of that party +of the enemie who were marching towards Aucterarder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> +haveing marcht back without comeing the +lenth of that place to Dumblain, if not to Stirling, +without halting by the way, I stopt my letter and +kepp it till they actually march, and then perhaps I +may yet send it to you, there being some other things +in it necessary for you to know upon that emergance +which is needless other wayes.</p> + +<p>"In it I told you of my haveing received yours of +the eighteenth on Sunday, and last night those of the +fifteenth and twenty-first both togither.</p> + +<p>"By all appearance the enemie resolve to march +against us, as one might say, whether it be possible +or not. They sent a party of horse and foot to Dumblain +on Sunday, which came near to Auchterarder +yesterday, I belive to try if the thing was practicable, +but they returned to Dumblain as above. We shall be +forced to burn and distroy a good deal of the country +to prevent their marching, which goes very, <i>very</i> much +against the King's mind, as it does mine and more of +us; but ther's an absolat necessity for it, and I believe +it will be put in execution this night or to-morrow +morning, which grieves me. Could it be helpt? this +way of their makeing warr in this, I may say, impracticable +season, must have extraordinary methods +to oppose it. And I hope in God, any that +suffers now, it shall soon be in the King's power to +make them a large reparation. After all, when they +have no cover left them, I see not how it is possible +for them to march. We are like to be froze in the +house; and how they can endure the cold for one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> +night in the fields, I cannot conceive; and then the +roads are so, that but one can go abreast, as their +party did yesterday; and ther's no going off the road +for horse and scarce for foot, without being lost in the +snow; but if, after all, they do march, we must do +our best, and I hope God will preserve and yet prosper +the King, who is the best prince I belive in the +world.</p> + +<p>"As for news in the kingdome of Fife, I suppose +you wou'd hear that a party of the M<sup>c</sup>Grigors some +dayes ago from Faulkland attacquet a party of Swise +and militia from Leslie and beat them, takeing thirty-two +prisoners, wherof eleven horse, as I hear. I have +not time to say more, so adieu."</p> + +<p> +"January 29th, 1715-16."<br /> +</p></div> + +<p>Again, in another letter on the same day, the Earl +still seems to consider the game as not then lost. It +is amusing to find how, in the carrying on of his +projects, he availed himself of the aid of ladies, +and how troubled he sometimes found himself with +"busie women." Whilst this letter was being +penned, Argyle was employing the country people +around Auchterarder in clearing the roads of snow: +and on the following day, he had advanced towards +Tullibardine, within eight miles of Perth. On that +very Sunday, Lord Mar thus writes: it is evident he +had at this time formed no plan of retreat.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"Sunday, 11 o'clock forenoon, Janū 29th, 1715-16. +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"Since I wrote to you I have got yours of the +twenty-second, one of the twenty-third, and two of +the twenty-fifth; the last of which, tho' the first +wrote, I got not til this morning. I wou'd have +wrote to you these two dayes by post, but we have +had so many alarms of the enimie's marching towards +us, that I had not time, as I have very little to say +anything just now, for I expect ivery minut to hear +of their being marcht from Dumblain, where a considerable +number of them have been these two dayes +this way.</p> + +<p>"The enclosed you must take care to send by the +first post which is opened again on purpose for you to +read, but I'm affraid you will not understand it all. +As to that paper you sent me which came from England, +there can be nothing said to it from hence just +now, only that they are to do the best they can; and +I hope shortly that country shall have sent them where +withall to enable them to make a better figur than +they have hitherto done. We are not in a condition +here to give them any help just now. Ther's one +Mrs. Lawson, who seems to be a diligent body, that +complains a little that you do not allow her to see +you often enough, which I take to be the complaint of +an over busie woman, than which ther's nothing more +uneasie; but just now such people must be humoured, +and she has really been usefull. Before this goes +'tis very likely I may have occassion to inclose one I +formerly wrote to you upon a certain occasion, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> +did not then send as I told you in another, the thing +not then hapning, but we expect it every minut. +Deserters of all kinds come in to us pritty fast, +foreigners as well as subjects; and if they but give +them time, I am perswaded great numbers will.</p> + +<p>"'Tis now five o'clock and we have no accounts of +any of the enimie being come further than Dodoch, +where a partie of them came last night, so I'll +detain the messenger. This goes by no stranger. Perhaps +they may find the roads impracticable, and by the +burning that they can advance no further,—at which, +indeed, I shall not be much surprised; and if so, may +be forced to delay their extraordinary march til more +human weather for making warr. The King was +forced, sore against his will, to give these burning +orders,—as all of us were, could wee have helpt it; +but this extrodinar manuver of the enimie made it +absolutly necessary: a fingor must be cut of to save +the whole body. I have ordered some copies of a +proclamation to be sent you, there is about two of +the places burnt, and ther's another order about the +rest. Adieu.</p> + +<p>"It were not amiss that this proclamation was +sent to London. The little young letter enclosed is +for Lady Wigton, which pray cause deliver."</p></div> + +<p>On Tuesday, the last day of January, the Duke of +Argyle passed the river Eru, and took possession of +Tullibardine. It has been stated by several historians +that the Jacobites fled from Perth on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> +same day; but the following letter from Lord Mar, +dated the first of February, shows that the flight +could not have taken place until the following day. +This curious letter, which was written at the early +hour of six in the morning, is unfinished. It is the +last in the series of that correspondence which has +formed of itself a narrative of Lord Mar's life, from +his first taking upon himself the office of General +and Commander-in-Chief, to the hour when he +virtually resigned that command. In the midst of +pressing danger his sanguine nature seems not to +have deserted him: his love of the underplots of +life, the influence of "Kate Bruce," and the arrangements +for a coronation, were as much in his thoughts +as in the more hopeful days before Sherriff Muir +and Preston.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"Wednesday, about six forenoon,<br /> +<span style="margin-right: 2em;">ffebruary 1st, 1716.</span> +</p> + +<p>"On Monday evening I gave you the trouble of +a greatly long letter, mostly on indifferent subjects, +and sent it off yesterday to A. W. If I was too +tedious upon what concerned a woman and a Prince, +it was with a good intent, and to make matters +plain. By what I hear from R. B., and the Hole, +that Argyle's forces were yesterday forenoon at Stirling, +and so was the regiments of dragoons there and +St. Ninian's, for accounts of motions there and thereabouts, +on both sydes of the river,—you may expect +it best sent from R. B., the Hole, and a gr<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>ave +gentleman.</p> + +<p>"By yesternight's post I sent of M<sup>c</sup>Quart's letter; +and indeed, in most or all letters I write to that +quarter for ten weeks past, I alwayes requested that +whatever was to be done might be quickly done. I +lykeways sent to London between fyve or six, several +honest hands, to put off the proclamation declaration +about burning, and that paper of which I some days +ago sent you two copies. And now I begin to think +I have been in the wrong to Mr. S——g, in the +short character I gave you of him, at least, if it be +true that I am told, that he is not only author of that +paper I sent you the two copies of, but has got a +very great number of them printed; and tho' I may +be an insufficient judge, I must acknowledge I am +very well pleased with the paper, for I think it full +of plain truths; and besydes other dispersings, I did +indeed yesterday cause putt in fiftein copies of it in +the Lords of Session's boxes.</p> + +<p>"The litle letter to my good Lady W.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> I caused +carefully to be delivered. I wish all women had +some share of her good, sweet, easie temper, for, as +you will observe, over-busied women are most uneasie; +and I have had much experience of it within +these four months past in many instances, and with +more persons than one or two. The only inconvenience +I had by Kate Bruce lodging in the same +house with me was, it brought in too many women +upon me, and some of these brought in others, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>nd +to this minute I cannot with descretion get quit of +them.</p> + +<p>"A good time ago you were pleased to tell me +you could not well conceive how I got myself keept +free, but if you now knew what a multitude knows +where I lodge, you would wonder more; and indeed +it is no litle admiration to myself: but as soon as +I have so much strenth, and can fynd a convenient +place (which is not easie), I will change my quarters, +if it were for no other reason than to be quit of +useless people of both sexes, that interrupt me from +busieness, or trouble with impertinent questions. And +whyle I am accuseing others of indescretion, I wish I +am not so myself in so much insisting upon and +troubling you with such matters.</p> + +<p>"At Perth I have gott a collection of all papers +relating to the coronation of King Charles the First +and Second, and shall send them whenever you think +fitt; but I suppose it may be convenient to lett the +present hurrie a little over before I send them to +you.</p> + +<p>"How the great Generalls can imploy their hors +to great purpose in the deep snow, or how men and +hors will long hold out in such weather, is what I +do not understand. I hope a shorter time than they +imagine will destroy, even without the help of an +enemy,—at least, make many, both men and hors, +inserviceable."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> + +<p>Much had been going on in the meantime, to +which Lord Mar, perhaps from the fear of spreading +a panic, does not even allude to his correspondent in +Edinburgh. When it became known in Perth that +Argyle had left Stirling, the advisers of the Chevalier +were dismayed and distracted by contending counsels. +But the mass of the army expressed a very different +sentiment, rejoicing that the opportunity of a rencontre +with the enemy was so near: congratulations +were heard passing from officers to their brother +officers, and the soldiers, as they drank, pledged their +cups to the good day near at hand. The council, +meantime, sat all night: the irresolution of that body, +towards morning, was disclosed to the impatient soldiery: +the indignation of the brave men, and more +especially of the Highlanders, burst forth upon the +disclosure of what had passed in the council. The +gentlemen volunteers resented the pusillanimity of +their leaders: and one of them was heard to propose +that the clans should take the Chevalier out of the +hands of those who counselled him to retreat, and +added that he would find ten thousand gentlemen in +Scotland that would risk their lives for him. A +friend of Mar, after remonstrating with these malcontents, +asked "What they wished their officers to +do?" "Do!" was the reply; "what did you call +on us to take arms for? was it to run away? What +did the King come hither for? was it to see his +people butchered by hangmen and not strike a note +for their lives? Let us die like men, and not liv<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>e +dogs."<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></p> + +<p>On the thirtieth of January the Chevalier himself +opened another council in the evening, and in a few +words proposed a retreat. Lord Mar then addressed +the meeting, and advocated the measure with a degree +of ingenuity and eloquence which, at that moment, +we are disposed rather to condemn than applaud; +yet, his reasons for abandoning Perth were such, +as in cool reflection were not devoid of justice, and +they might be founded upon a humane consideration +for the brave adherents of a lost cause. He stated, +first, as the cause of his proposal, the failure of the +Duke of Ormond's invasion of England. Secondly, +the accession of foreign troops to the Duke of Argyle's +force. Lastly, the reduced number of the Chevalier's +troops, which then amounted to four thousand, only +two thousand three hundred of which were properly +armed. Even in that weak condition the Chevalier +would, according to Lord Mar's subsequent statement, +gladly have maintained Perth, or ventured a +battle; but when the enemy with an army of eight +thousand men were actually advanced near to the +place, it was found impracticable to defend Perth, +the town being little more at that time than an open +village; and the river Tay on one side, and the fosse +on the other, being both frozen over, it would have +been easy to enter the town at any quarter. Added to +this, the mills had been long stopped by the frost, so +that there were not above two days' provision in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +town. There were no coals to be procured: the +enemy had possession of the coal mines in Fife, and +wood was scarce. The Earl also contended that the +Highlanders, however able in attack, were not accustomed +to the defence of towns.</p> + +<p>Reasons equally cogent were employed against going +out to fight the enemy, and a retreat northwards +was at length proposed. But it was no easy task +to bring the brave spirits who had hailed the approach +of Argyle, to accord in sentiments which might +spring from discretion, but which ill agreed with the +Highland notions of honour. The council, after a +stormy debate, was broken up in confusion, and adjourned +until the next morning.</p> + +<p>Some hours afterwards, a few, who were favourable +to the abandonment of Perth, were summoned +privately by Lord Mar; and it was then agreed not +to fight, but to retreat. For a time this determination +was concealed from the bulk of the army, but +it gained wind; and on the evening of the thirty-first +of January, eight hundred of the Highlanders indignantly +left Perth, and retired beyond Dunkeld, to +their homes. That very night, also, the Chevalier, +who had far less of the Scottish Stuart within him +than of that modified and inferior variety exemplified +in the British line of the family, disappeared from +the town, and repaired to Scone. He supped and +slept in the house of the Provost Hay; and on the +following morning, at an early hour, was ready for +retreat. To do the Chevalier justice, there was,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> +according to Lord Mar's journal, much difficulty in +persuading him to this step: it was found necessary +to convince him that it had become a duty to retire +from the pursuit of the Government, which, as long +as he was in the country, would never cease to persecute +his followers, who could not make any terms +of capitulation so long as he remained. He was +obliged, at last, to consent: "And, I dare say," +adds Lord Mar, "no consent he ever gave was so +uneasy to him as this was."<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> Of that point it +would be satisfactory to be well assured.</p> + +<p>On the first of February, four hours after the unfinished +letter of Lord Mar was written, the Jacobites +abandoned Perth, and crossing the frozen stream of +the Tay, took their route to Dundee. They went +forth in such precipitation, that they left their cannon +behind them,—a proof that they never hoped to +oppose again the victorious arms of Argyle. About +noon the Chevalier, accompanied by Lord Mar, followed +his people towards the North. He is said to +have been disconsolate,—and, shedding tears, to have +complained "that instead of bringing him a crown, +they had brought him to his grave." This murmur +and these tears having been reported to Prince Eugene, +of Savoy, that General remarked "that weeping +was not the way to conquer kingdoms."<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></p> + +<p>The Jacobites marched direct for Dundee, along +the Carse of Gowrie. The Duke of Argyle's forces +entered Perth only two hours after the Highland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> +army had entirely cleared the Tay, which, happily for +their retreat, was frozen over with ice of an extraordinary +thickness. At Dundee the Chevalier rested +one night only; but leaving it on the second of +February, was again succeeded by Argyle and his +squadrons, who arrived there on the following day.</p> + +<p>The unfortunate Prince pursued his way to Montrose. +His route along the sea-coast gave credence +to a report which had now gained ground, of his intention +of embarking for France. The loudest murmurs +again ran through the Highland forces, worthy +of a noble leader, and the sight of some French +vessels lying near the shore confirmed the general +suspicion. This was, nevertheless, somewhat allayed +by an order to the clans to march that evening at +eight o'clock to Aberdeen, where, in accordance with +the crooked policy and deceptive plan of Lord Mar, +it was represented that large supplies of troops and +arms would meet them from France. But a very +different scheme was in agitation among those who +governed the feeble James, and perhaps, with right +motives, guided him to his safety.</p> + +<p>A small ship lay in the harbour of Montrose, for +the purpose, originally, of carrying over an envoy +from James to some foreign court. This vessel was +now pitched upon to transport the Chevalier; the +size being limited, she could accommodate but few +passengers: and therefore, to avoid confusion, the +Chevalier "himself thought fit to name who should +attend him." "The Earl of Mar, who was the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> +named, made difficulty, and begged he might be left +behind; but the Chevalier being positive for his +going, and telling him that, in a great measure, +there were the same reasons for his going as for his +own,—that his friends could more easily get terms +without him than with him,—and that, as things now +stood, he could be of no more use to them in their +own country, he submitted."<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></p> + +<p>The Chevalier then chose the Marquis of Drummond +to accompany him: this nobleman was lame +from a fall from his horse, and was not in a condition +to follow the army. He, as well as the Earl of +Mar, the Lord Tullibardine, and the Lord Linlithgow +had a bill of attainder passed against them. +The Chevalier on that account was desirous of taking +these other Lords with him; but both were absent: +Lord Tullibardine was at Brechin with a part of the +foot, and Lord Linlithgow at Berire with the horse. +He ordered the Earl Marischal, General Sheldon, and +Colonel Clephan to accompany him.</p> + +<p>After these arrangements the Chevalier issued several +orders which reflect the utmost credit upon his +disposition. After appointing General Gordon Commander-in-chief, +with all necessary powers, he wrote +a paper containing his reasons for leaving the kingdom, +and, delivering it to the General, gave him at +the same time all the money in his possession, except +a small sum which he reserved for his expenses and +those of his suite; and desired, that after the army +had been paid, the residue should be given to the im<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>poverished +and houseless inhabitants of Auchterarder. +He then dictated a letter to the Duke of Argyle, in +which he dwelt at some length upon his distress at +being obliged "among the manifold mortifications +which he had had in this unfortunate expedition," to +burn the villages. The letter, which was never +delivered to the Duke of Argyle, is in the possession +of the Fingask family.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a></p> + +<p>Having completed these arrangements, the Chevalier +prepared to take leave for ever of the Scottish +shores. The hour had now arrived which was appointed +for the march of the troops, and the Chevalier's +horses were brought before the door of the +house in which he lodged: the guard which usually +attended him whilst he mounted, were in readiness, +and all was prepared as if he were resolved to march +with the clans to Aberdeen. But meantime, the +Chevalier had slipped out of his temporary abode +on foot, accompanied only by one servant; and going +to the Earl of Mar's lodgings, he went thence, attended +by the Earl, through a bye-way to the water +side, where a boat awaited him and carried him +and the Earl of Mar to a French ship of ninety +tons, the Marie Therese, of St. Malo. About +a quarter of an hour afterwards two other boats +carried the Earl of Melfort and Lord Drummond,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> +with General Sheldon and ten other gentlemen, on +board the same ship: they then hoisted sail and +put to sea; and notwithstanding that several of the +King's ships were cruizing on the coast, they sailed +in safety, and after a passage of seven days, arrived +at Waldam, near Gravelines, in French Flanders.</p> + +<p>The Chevalier sailed at nine o'clock. Some hours +afterwards, Earl Marischal and Colonel Clephan +arrived at the shore, but they could get no boat to +convey them, for fear of the men-of-war that were +cruizing near. The Marie Therese, nevertheless, +got out of reach of these vessels before daylight.</p> + +<p>With what reflections Lord Mar left his native +country a prey to the power of an irritated Government, +cannot readily be conceived. That he +left it at such a moment, is a fact which for ever +stamps his memory with degradation. The deserted +adherents of James, being in no condition to make a +stand against the Duke of Argyle, betook themselves +to holes and caves, mostly in the remote parts of the +Highlands, where many lurked until they could safely +appear; but such as were most obnoxious took the +first opportunity of ships to carry them into foreign +countries; and vessels were, to this end, provided +by the Chevalier with such success, that many +escaped from the pursuit of justice.</p> + +<p>James, accompanied by the Earl of Mar, proceeded +to his former residence at St. Germains, where, in +spite of the wishes of the French Government that +he should repair to his old asylum in Lorraine, h<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>e +wished to remain. In Paris, the Chevalier met two +of his most distinguished adherents,—the faithless +Bolingbroke, and the popular Duke of Ormond. +Although aware of the unsoundness of Bolingbroke's +loyalty, James received him cordially. "No Italian," +says Bolingbroke, "ever embraced the man he was +going to stab with a greater show of affection and +confidence."</p> + +<p>For some time the Chevalier lingered in Paris, +hoping to see the Regent. "His trunks were +packed, his chaise was ordered at five that afternoon," +writes Lord Bolingbroke, "and I wrote word +to Paris that he was gone. Instead of taking post for +Lorraine, he went to the little house in the Bois de +Boulogne, where his female ministers resided; and +there he continued lurking for some days, pleasing +himself with the air of mystery and business, while +the only real business which he should have had at +heart he neglected."<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a></p> + +<p>Avignon was now fixed on as the retreat of the +Chevalier; and thither, after some delay, he retired, +to an existence politically forgotten by the Continental +powers, until the war with Spain and the +consequent declaration of the Spanish King in his +favour recalled him to importance.</p> + +<p>Lord Mar, meantime, occupied himself in fruitless +endeavours to excite, once more, the struggle which +had just ended so fatally. As far as France was +concerned, all those schemes upon which Mar suc<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>cessively +built were futile: no aid could ever be +expected during the Regency. "My hopes," said +Bolingbroke, speaking of the Jacobite cause, "sunk +as he [Louis the Fourteenth] declined, and died when +he expired. The event of things has sufficiently +shown that all those which were entertained by the +Duke [of Ormond], and the Jacobite party under +the Regency, were the grossest delusions imaginable."<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a></p> + +<p>Some of the remaining years of Lord Mar's life +were, nevertheless, devoted to chimerical projects +for which he received in return little but disappointment, +ingratitude, and humiliation. One of his +schemes was to engage Charles the Twelfth of Sweden +on the side of the Chevalier. In a letter to +Captain Straiton, the Chevalier's agent in Edinburgh, +he signified that if five or six thousand bolls of meal +could be purchased by the King's friends and sent +to Sweden, where there was then a great scarcity, +it would be of service to his master in conciliating +the good will of Charles. This proposal was communicated +by Mar's desire to Lockhart of Carnwath, +to Lord Balmerino, and to the Bishop of Edinburgh. +But it was the sanguine disposition of Mar which +alone could lead him to suppose such a scheme practicable. +It was, in the first place, found impossible +to raise so large a sum from men, many of them +exiles, or involved in difficulties from the expenses +of the recent insurrection. It was also deemed folly +to conceive that so large a quantity of Scotch meal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> +as necessary could be exported without exciting +the suspicion of Government.</p> + +<p>The next plan which Lord Mar contrived was not +so fully unfolded as the project of which Charles the +Twelfth was to be the object. He wrote to Edinburgh +soon after the failure of the first scheme, to +this effect: that a certain foreign prince had entered +into a design for the restoration of James: that it +"would look odd if his friends at home did not +assist him;" and he wished they would fall on some +means to have in readiness such a sum as they could +afford to venture in his cause when a fair opportunity +occurred. The hint was taken up seriously by the +zealous Lockhart of Carnwath, and assurances were +sent from "several persons of honour, that they +would be in a condition to answer his Majesty's call." +Among these, the Earl of Eglintoun offered three +thousand guineas; and the others "would have given +a good round sum." The conduct of the English Government +to the Duke of Argyle, who had been superseded +as Commander-in-Chief in Scotland, and +the strong personal friendship between Lockhart and +the Duke, emboldened Mar to hope that a negotiation +might be entered into with Argyle, and that he might +be persuaded to join in their schemes. At the same +time, Lord Mar enjoined the strictest secrecy in all +these affairs, and with reason, for the letters of the +exiled Jacobites abounded in false hopes and plans; +many of their correspondents at home had not +the discretion to conceal their delight, whe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>n the +sanguine expectations of their party prevailed over +despair.</p> + +<p>The agent employed by Lockhart to treat with the +Duke of Argyle was Colonel John Middleton. By +him Lockhart was, however, assured that his Grace +would neither directly nor indirectly treat with Mar +for "he believed him his mortal enemy, and had no +opinion of his honour; and," added Middleton, "I +cannot think Mar does, more seriously now than before, +desire to see Argyle in the King's measures, +lest he eclipsed him." It was therefore resolved by +Lockhart, that the correspondence between the Chevalier +and Argyle should be contrived without Mar's +cognizance. A letter was written to James, and was +forwarded by Captain Straiton, enclosed, to the Earl +of Mar, who was, in another epistle from Lockhart, +"entreated not to be offended that the contents of the +letter were not communicated to him, because he was +bound to impart the same alone to the King."</p> + +<p>This letter, containing a proposal so important to the +interests of James, is supposed never to have reached +the Chevalier. Mar, distrustful and offended, is suspected +of having broken it open, and given it his own +answer in a letter to the Duke of Argyle, which +tended to affront and repel the Duke rather than to +invite him to allegiance. When, some time afterwards, +Lockhart's son spoke on the subject to the +Chevalier at home, and represented what a fair opportunity +had been lost, the Prince replied, "that he +did not remember ever to have heard of it b<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>efore."<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> +Whether Mar was misjudged or not must be a matter +of doubt, but this anecdote proves how little respect +was entertained for his good faith, or even for his +possessing the common sentiments of gentlemanly +propriety, when the suspicion of breaking open a +letter which had been entrusted to him was attached +to his conduct.</p> + +<p>In consequence of the difficulty of bringing any +scheme to bear, from the want of a head, Lockhart +had contrived a plan of having trustees in Scotland +to conduct it, to be empowered by James to act +during his absence, and in his behalf. This plan +had the usual obstacles to encounter among a set of +factious partisans, who were only united when the +common danger pressed and common services were +required, but discordant and selfish in the calmer days +of suspense. Mar, perhaps, with greater wisdom than +he was allowed to display, did not advance the +scheme; his reluctance to promote it was ascribed +to his love of power in Scotland; but since the plan +was resented by Tullibardine, Seaforth, and Penmure,<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> +as infringing upon their dignity, there is as +good reason for believing that it was the suggestion +of an intriguing ambition on the part of the proposer, +as that Mar resisted it on selfish grounds. The notion +was excellent, but the difficulty was to find +men of sufficient fidelity, honesty, and prudence to +exercise functions so delicate.</p> + +<p>The spirit of Jacobitism seems scarcely, at this +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>period to have been checked in the bosoms of the +resolute people who had suffered so much; and the +Netherbow and the High Street of Edinburgh still +resounded at times with the firing of musquetry, directed +against a harmless rabble of boys who betrayed +the popular feeling by the white roses in their hats.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> +Nor was the lingering enthusiasm for the Jacobite +cause confined to the lower classes in either country. +It is almost incredible that men of Whig principles, +who held high offices in the Government, should, at +various times, have engaged in correspondence with +the agents of James; yet such is the fact.</p> + +<p>Among those who were involved in these dangerous +negotiations, Charles Earl of Sunderland, the son-in-law +of Marlborough, and at that time Prime Minister +of George the First, was one with whom Lord Mar +treated. Among the Sunderland Papers is to be +found a singular letter from the Earl of Mar to the +Earl of Sunderland, urging that nobleman to assist in +inducing his royal master to accede to a proposal +from which he might himself derive a suitable advantage. +"We find," says Dr. Coxe, "unequivocal +proofs that Lord Sunderland, who was considered at +the head of the new administration formed in 1717, +was in secret correspondence with the Pretender and +his principal agents."<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p> + +<p>The letter referred to from Lord Mar, on which Dr. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>Coxe has inscribed the word "curious," began with +professions of respect and confidence on the part of his +Lordship, to whom it was quite as easy to address +those expressions to a man of one party as of the other. +It contained also a promise of secrecy, and an exaction +of a similar observance on the part of Lord Sunderland. +He then alluded to the misfortunes into which +the British nation was thrown by the disputed succession, +and the violence of party spirit in consequence. +The subtle politician next touched on the subject +of George the First, whom he delicately terms, "your +master."</p> + +<p>"Whatever good opinion you may have of <i>your +master</i>, and the way that things are ordered there at +present, does not alter the case much; his health is +not so good as to promise a long life, and he is not +to live always even if it were good, nor will things +continue there as they are, any longer than he lives +at most."</p> + +<p>He then suggests that the Earl would have it in +his power to prevent the dangers resulting from a +disputed succession, "which can only be prevented +by restoring the rightful and lineal heir."</p> + +<p>"I can assure your Lordship," he continues, "my +master has so many good qualities, that he will make +the nation happie, and wants but to be known to be +beloved; and I dare promise in his name, that there +is not any thing you could ask of him, reasonable, +for yourself and your friends, but he would agree +to. My master is young, in perfect good health,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +and as likely to live as any who has pretensions to +his crown, and he is now about marrying, which, in +all appearance, will perpetuate rightfull successors to +him of his own body, who will ever have more friends +in those kingdoms, as well as abroad, than to allow +the house of Hanover to continue in possession of +their right without continual disturbance."</p> + +<p>The Earl then suggests that George the First +should secure to himself the possession of "his old +and just inheritance, and by the assistance of '<i>his +master</i>,' and those who would join, acquire such new +ones on the Continent as would make his family more +considerable than any of its neighbours.</p> + +<p>"Britain and Ireland will have reason to bless +your master for so good and Christian an action; +and Europe no less for the repose it would have by +it: and your master would live the remainder of his +life in all the tranquillity and splendour that could +be required, and end his days with the character of +good and just."</p> + +<p>Lord Mar was at this time on the borders of +France, where he proposed to wait until he received +Lord Sunderland's reply, in hopes that the Minister +of George the First might be induced to give him a +meeting, either in France or Flanders. "If you +approve not of what I have said," he adds, "let it +be buried on your side, as, upon my honour, it shall +be on mine." "I am afraid," he adds in a postscript, +"you know not my hand; but I have no other way +of assuring you of this being no counterfeit t<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>han by +writing it myself, and putting my seal to it."</p> + +<p>The following remarks on this letter are interesting; +they were penned by Dr. Coxe:</p> + +<p>"Singular as this overture, made at such a period, +may appear, we have strong proofs that it was not +discouraged by Sunderland; for he not only procured +a pension for the exiled nobleman, but even flattered +the Jacobites with hopes that he was inclined to favour +their cause. This we find by intelligence given +at a subsequent period by the Jacobite spies."</p> + +<p>The following addition to the above-stated remark +of Dr. Coxe is even yet more astonishing:</p> + +<p>"On the death of Lord Sunderland the secret of +this correspondence became by some means known to +the Regent Duke of Orleans, and he hastened to make +so important a communication to the King of England. +The letter written on this occasion by the +British agent at Paris, Sir Luke Schwaub, and the +reply of his friend Lord Carteret, then Secretary of +State, are highly curious, because they prove, not +only the correspondence, but the fact that it was +known and approved by the King."<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p><p>How near were the unfortunate Stuarts to +that throne which they were destined never to +ascend!</p> + +<p>Upon the disgrace of Bolingbroke, and on his return +to England, the Seals had been offered by James +Stuart to Lord Mar, who refused them on the ostensible +ground that he "could not speak French." The +actual reason was perhaps to be sought for in a far +deeper motive.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p> + +<p>In 1714 the celebrated Lord Stair had been sent as +Ambassador to France, chiefly to watch over the proceedings +of the Jacobites, and to cement a friendship +with the Duke of Orleans, on whom King George +could not rely. The brilliant and spirited manner +in which Lord Stair executed this commission, the +splendour by which his embassy was distinguished, +and his own personal qualities, courtesy, shrewdness, +and diligence, contributed mainly to the diminution +of the Jacobite influence, which declined under his +exertions. It was from Lord Stair's address that +Bolingbroke, or, as Stair calls him in his correspondence, +Mr. York, was confirmed in his disgust to the +Jacobite cause.</p> + +<p>Between Lord Stair and the Earl of Mar an early +acquaintance had existed. Agreeably to the fash<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>ion +of the period, which led Queen Anne and the Duchess +of Marlborough to assume the names of Morley and +Freeman, Lord Stair and Lord Mar, in the early days +of their confidence, had adopted the familiar names of +Captain Brown, and Joe Murray.</p> + +<p>Lord Mar had remained in Paris until October +1717; he then went into Italy with the Duke of Ormond; +but previous to his departure he called on +Lord Stair, and remained in the house of the Ambassador +for four or five hours. He appears to have +declared to Lord Stair that he then looked upon the +affairs of his master as desperate. "He flung out," +as Lord Stair wrote, "several things, as I thought, +with a design to try whether there was any hopes of +treating." Lord Stair, not liking to give an old +friend false hopes, declined "dipping into particulars;" +adding at the same time, in his account of +the interview, "he would not have dealt so with +me: but in conversation of that kind there is always +something curious to be learned."</p> + +<p>They parted without explanation, and Lord Mar +proceeded to Rome. The correspondence between +these two noblemen ceased for nearly two years.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> +During that interval, James had married the Princess +Clementina Maria, a daughter of Prince Sobieski, +elder son of John King of Poland. The marriage +could scarcely have been solemnized, since it took +place early in May 1719, before we find Lord Mar +at Geneva, on his way from Italy, resuming his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> +negotiations with Lord Stair.</p> + + +<h4>LORD MAR TO LORD STAIR.</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"May 6th, 1719. +</p> + +<p>"Good Captain Brown will not, I hope, take amiss +his old acquaintance Jo. Murraye's writing to him at +this time; and when he knows the occasion, I am +persuaded he will forgive him, and comply, as far as +he can, with what he is to ask him. My health is +not so good just now nor for some time past, as you +would wish it; and I am advised to drink the waters +of Bourbon for it, as being the likest to those of +the Bath of any this side the sea, of which I formerly +found so much good. The hot climate where I +have been for some time past, by no means agrees +with my health; and I am persuaded that where +some of our company is gone will still do worse +with me.</p> + +<p>"The affair in which it might be thought my +Captain would employ me being now, I suppose, +over for this bout, there needs be, I should think, no +objection to what I should ask.</p> + +<p>"I am come part of the way already; but I would +not go much further, without acquainting you with +it. And now I beg that on the consideration of the +health of an old friend, you will give me allowance or +furlo to go to the waters of Bourbon, and to continue +there so long as I may have occasion for them during +the two seasons this year; and I promise to you I +shall do nothing in any way, the time of my being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> +there, but as you would have me; so that this allowance +can be of no prejudice to the service. If you +cannot give me the furlo yourself, I imagine your +Colonel will not refuse it, if you will be so good as to +ask it for me.</p> + +<p>"But because the first season of the waters is +going fast away, I should be glad you could do it +without waiting to hear from your Colonel about it, +who, I should think, will not take it amiss when you +acquaint him with your having ventured to do so. +Do not, I beg of you, think there is any fetch in this, +or anything but what I have told you, which, upon +honour, is nothing but truth, and all the truth.</p> + +<p>"I hope there will be no occasion of your mentioning +your having had this trouble from me to any, +unless it be to your Colonel and one or two about +him, and the person, it is like, you must speak to +where you are. There is one with me, an old school +acquaintance of yours too, Mr. Stuart of Invernethy, +whom you have seen dance very merrily over a sword; +and if the allowance is granted me, I hope it will not +be refused to him, for whom I promise as I do for +myself.</p> + +<p>"When I have done with the waters, I hope there +will be no objection to my returning to Italy again, if +I have a mind; but I judged it fit to mention this to +you.</p> + +<p>"The person who delivers you this, will get conveyed +to me what you will be so good to write."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p> + +<p>Whilst he was thus in treaty with his former friend, +Lord Mar was stopped on his way to St. Prix, near +Geneva, by the orders of the Hanoverian Minister: +his papers were seized and sealed up; and among +them, a copy of that which was written to Lord +Stair as Captain Brown. Lord Mar, who had borne +an assumed name, disclosed his real rank, and wrote +to Lord Stair for assistance,—again urging permission +to go to the waters of Bourbon, or, if not allowed +to go into France, the liberty to return to Italy, +"where," he said, "I may end my days in quiet; +and those, probably, will not be many in that climate." +Whilst awaiting the reply of Lord Stair, the +Earl was treated with respect by the authorities of +Geneva; and "had only to wish that he had a little +more liberty for taking air and exercise." He expected +that Lord Stair's answer could not arrive in +less than a fortnight: in the meantime, he adds, "I +shall be obliged, on account of my health, to ask the +Government here a little more tether."<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a></p> + +<p>His indulgent friend, Lord Stair, was, meantime, +urging his cause by every means in his power. "I +wish Lord Mar," he wrote to the English Ministry, +"was at liberty upon his parole to the town of +Geneva, or he had permission to go to the waters +of Bourbon. I should be glad to know what pension +you would allow him till he be restored?"</p> + +<p>Lady Mar was now in Rome, whither she had +followed her husband soon after his leaving Scotland. +Her jointure, it appears, was stopped by the Commissi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>oners, +and she was unable, without that supply, +to travel from Rome to Geneva. She was, probably, +aware of Lord Mar's intention to leave the Chevalier's +service, for the Earl had written a long letter, explanatory +of his situation and intentions, to her +father the Duke of Kingston. "I have offered him +for Lady Mar's journey," says Lord Stair, "credit +upon me for a thousand pounds." Yet notwithstanding +this liberality, Lord Mar now began to be extremely +uneasy at Geneva, and to fear that the Government +meant "merely to expose him." In vain, +for some time, did Stair plead for him, with Secretary +Craggs and Lord Stanhope. They were evidently, +from Lord Stair's replies to their objections, afraid +to have any dealings with him. "As to Lord Mar," +writes Stair, "the things that shock you, shock me; +but our business is to break the Pretender's party +by detaching him from it, which we shall effectually +do by letting him live in quiet at Geneva or elsewhere, +and by giving him a pension. Whatever his +Lordship's intentions may be, it is very certain, in +a few months, that the Jacobites will pull his throat +out,—you know them well enough not to doubt of +it. The Pretender," he adds, "looks upon Mar as +lost, and has had no manner of confidence in him ever +since Lady Mar came into Italy. They looked upon +her as a spy, and that she had corrupted her husband. +This, you may depend on it, is true." Little +more than a week afterwards, Lord Stair informed +his friends that "Lord Mar was <i>outré</i> at t<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>he usage +he had met with. He says our Ministers may be +great and able men, but that they are not skilful at +making proselytes, or keeping friends when they have +them. I am pretty much of his mind."</p> + +<p>It was, doubtless, as Lord Stair declared, the full +determination of Lord Mar at that time to leave +the Chevalier's interests. "The Pretender, I know," +said Stair, "wrote him the kindest letter imaginable +since his [the Pretender's] return into Italy from +Spain, with the warmest invitations to return to his +post."</p> + +<p>The letters which Lord Stair had received, in +the course of this negotiation, from Lord Mar, were +instantly sent to Hanover. They were in some instances +written in his own hand, but without signature, +and in the third person. In the first which +he wrote to Lord Stair, Mar announced that he had +quitted the service of James, and was desirous of +making peace with King George upon the promise of +a pardon, and the restoration of his estates.</p> + +<p>"You are to consider," says Lord Stair, writing to +the Secretary of State at home concerning this proposal, +"whether it will be worth the while to receive +him. In my humble opinion the taking him on +will be the greatest blow that can be given to the +Pretender's interest, and the greatest discredit to it. +And it may be made of use to show to the world that +nobody but a Papist can hope to continue in favour +with the Pretender. I wish," adds the Ambassador, +"you may think as I do. I own all his fault<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>s +and misfortunes cannot make me forget the long and +intimate friendship and familiarity that has been +between him and me." It is consoling to find any +politician acting upon such good old-fashioned maxims, +the result of honest feeling.</p> + +<p>Lady Mar having now joined her husband, Lord +Mar resolved to make his escape from Geneva. Lord +Stair advised him against it; but adds, in his letters +to his friends at home, "I could hardly imagine that +a man of his temper, and in his circumstances, will +refuse his liberty when he sees he has nothing but +ill usage and neglect to expect from us."<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a></p> + +<p>Thus ended this negotiation, the main conditions +of which were, provided Lord Mar kept himself free +from any plots against the Government, an offer of +the family estate to his son; and, in the interim, till +an act of Parliament could be obtained to that effect, +a pension of two thousand pounds sterling, over and +above one thousand five hundred pounds paid of +jointure to his wife and daughter.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p> + +<p>It was the fortune of Lord Mar on this, as on +many other occasions, to reap the ignominy of having +accepted this pension, without ever receiving the +profits of his debasement.</p> + +<p>During the absence of Lord Mar at Geneva, his +Countess, who remained in Rome, received the following +letters from the Chevalier and his Princess, Maria +Clementina: these epistles show how desirous the +Chevalier still was to retain Lord Mar in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> +interests.<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"Montefiascony, Sept. 9, 1719. +</p> + +<p>"The Duke of Mar's late misfortunes and my own +situation for some months past, hath occasioned my +being much in the dark as to his present circumstances, +which touche me too nearly not to desire you +will inform me particularly of them. The last letter +I had from him was in the begining of May, from +Genua, in which he mentioned to me his ill state of +health, and something of your comeing to meet him +at Bourbon waters; but the season for them now +advanceing, or rather passeing, I reckon that whether +he had gone thither or not, he will soon be here on +ye receipt of the note I sent you t'other day for him, +and by consequence that what measures he may have +taken with you about your meeting him will be +altered on sight of that. I thought it necessary to +inform you of these particulars to prevent any +thoughts you might have of a journey so expensive +and now useless: for as to his liberty, I make no +doubt but that it will immediately follow the certainty +of my return to this country. I should think +it not prudent to write any politicks to him now, not +knowing what fate my letters might meet with; but +there is no secret in your sayeing all that is kind from +me to him. If you cannot exagerate as to my impatience +to see him, after all our mutual misfortunes +and adventures, and I am sure he will be gla<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>d to +know and see me more happy in a wife than I can be +otherwayes, in most respects.</p> + +<p>"I hope soon to have the satisfaction of seeing you +at Rome, when I believe I shall soon convince you +that if you and your lord have in the world +many false friends, I am and ever shall be a true +one to you both.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +<span class="smcap">James R.</span>"<br /> +</p></div> + + +<h4>LETTER FROM THE PRINCESS CLEMENTINA TO +THE COUNTESS OF MAR.</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"Montefiasconi, 23rd. Sept. +</p><p> +<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> +"Je vien de recevoire, votre chère letre par +Mr. Clepen, et vous sui bien obligé, de l'attention +que vous avé eu, de mervoyer dutée, lequell ne sauroit +que étre bon venant de vous; vous me marquez +avoire de la peine á ecrire le fransoi, mai votre esprit +vous, laprendera bientot. Le Roi me charge de vous +faire, se compliment et soy et aussi persuadez, de l'estime +que j'auray toujour pour votre merite.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +"<span class="smcap">Clementine R.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>"J'ambrase de tous mon coeure la charman petite, +J'espere dan peu de le pouvoire faire personnellement, +et a vous de même. Nous nous porton très bien; +l'aire d'icy est foie bonne."</p></div> + +<p>A subsequent letter is addressed "A ma cousine La +Duchesse de Mar"—and subscribed "votre affectionée +cousine, Clementine;" yet notwithstanding these professions +of confidence and affection, the seeds of distrust<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> +were, it seems, soon sown between James and +the Earl and Countess of Mar. At first the suggestions +to their disadvantage were repelled, "There has +been enough pains," writes James, "taken from Rome +within these few days to do you ill offices with me, +but I can assure you with truth they have made no +impression upon me, nor will they produce any other +effect than to make me, if possible, kinder to you. +But when I see you I shall say more on this head, for +'tis fitt you should know your false from your true +friends; <i>and among the last you shall ever find me</i>.<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +"<span class="smcap">James R.</span>"<br /> +</p> + +<p>An order, dated the ninth of October, 1719, that all +such boxes "as are in the Duchesse of Mar's custody +should be first naled by her, and then delivered with +their keyes to Sir William Ellis," written in the Chevalier's +own hand, shews either that Lady Mar was +on the eve of her departure from Italy, or that a +breach of confidence had taken place.<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p> + +<p>Lord Mar, with impaired health, and writhing +under the rejection of his offers, returned to Italy. +There, had he adhered to a resolution which he had +formed, of not interfering in public affairs, he might +still have closed his days in tranquillity.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the apparent continuance of the +Chevalier's regard, he never forgot the treaty +between Lord Stair and the Earl of Mar. The wh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>ole +of this intrigue, discreditable as it was, has been +reprobated by all who have touched upon this +portion of Lord Mar's history. His accepting +the loan of a thousand pounds from Stair, an +old friend, for the purpose of ensuring Lady +Mar's journey, has been censured, I think, with too +great severity. But, although it be desirable to set +to rights matters of fact, yet, it is always unsatisfactory +to begin the defence of a bad cause. There +is no evidence to show that Lord Mar ever received +a pension: he was not thought worth conciliating; +but that circumstance, in this case, and after a display +of his willingness to receive all that could be +granted, assists very little in his vindication, and +rather adds to the degradation of one whom no party +could trust.</p> + +<p>Soon after Lord Mar's return to Rome, the seeds +of disunion between James and his young and high-spirited +wife began to disturb the minds of all who +were really well wishers to the Stuarts.</p> + +<p>Maria Clementina, reported by Horace Walpole to +have been "lively, insinuating, agreeable, and enterprising," +had encountered, soon after her marriage +with James, the too frequent fate of many who were +sacrificed to royal marriages. She had quickly perceived +that her influence was inferior to that of the +Prince's favourites: she was shortly made aware of +his infidelities: she became jealous, without affection; +and her disappointment in her consort was +that of a proud, resentful woman, to whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> submission +to circumstances was a lesson too galling +to be learned.</p> + +<p>The Prince, after the fashion of his forefathers, +was governed by favourites: like Charles the First, +he had his Buckingham and his Strafford; and his +miniature Court was rent with factions. But the +Chevalier had neither the purity of Charles the First, +nor the charm of character which gilded over the +vices of Charles the Second. His household was an +epitome of the worst passions; and his melancholy +aspect, his want of dignity and spirit, his bigotry and +even his unpopular virtue of economy, cast a gloom +over that turbulent region. It was bitterly, but +perhaps truly said of him, "that he had all the superstition +of a capuchin, but none of the religion of +a Prince."<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> Like most of his immediate family, +his character deteriorated as he grew older. He did +not rise under the pressure of adversity; and his +timid, irresolute nature was crushed by the effects of +his cruel situation.</p> + +<p>Colonel John Hay, of Cromlix, the brother of the +Earl of Mar's first wife, and of George, seventh Earl +of Kinnoul, succeeded in obtaining mastery over his +subdued nature. The lady of Colonel Hay, Margery, +the third daughter of Viscount Stormont, was said, +also, to have possessed her own share of influence +over the mind of the Chevalier. Of the real existence +of any criminal attachment between the Prince and +Mrs. Hay, there is, however, considerable doubt;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> +and it has been generally regarded as one of those +amours raised for a purpose, during the continuance +of a fierce contention for power.</p> + +<p>Clementina had also her favourites; and a certain +Mrs. Sheldon, who had had the charge of Prince +Charles Edward, had acquired her confidence. This +choice was peculiarly infelicitous.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Sheldon was reported to be about as unworthy +a favourite as the unhappy Princess could +have selected. According to Colonel Hay, she was +the mistress of General Dillon, one of the most ardent +adherents of the Stuarts, and the spy of the Earl +of Mar.<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> For four or five years, nevertheless, after +Prince Charles's birth, she continued to be his governess, +and to sway the feelings of his mother, in the +same manner as confidants and dependants usually +direct the angry passions of their mistresses into the +most dangerous channels.</p> + +<p>During the height of Colonel Hay's favour, the +confidence of the Chevalier in Lord Mar visibly declined, +as appears in the following letter to one of his +adherents in Scotland.</p> + +<p>"I have always been unwilling to mention Marr, +but I find myself indispensably engaged at present +to let my Scots friends know that I have withdrawn +my confidence entirely from him, as I shall be obliged +to doe from all who may be any ways influenced by +him. This conduct is founded on the most urgent, +strongest, and most urging necessity, in which m<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>y +regard to my faithfull subjects and servants have the +greatest share.</p> + +<p>"What is here said of Marr, is not with a view +of its being made publick, there being no occasion for +that, since, many years ago, he put himself under +such engagements, that he could not serve me in a +publick capacity, neither has he been publickly employed +by me."</p> + +<p>To this it was answered, by the confidential friend +to whom the remarks were addressed, "It is some +time agoe since your friends here had doubts of the +Earl of Marr; and thence it was that I was directed +to mention him in the manner I did in my last two +letters, it being matter of no small moment to us +to know in whom wee might confide thorowly, and +of whom beware,—especially when a person of his +figure was the object."<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p> + +<p>Affairs were in this state; the Chevalier distrustful +of Lord Mar, and devoted to his rival, Colonel Hay; +the Princess heading an opposite faction, nominally +commanded by Mrs. Sheldon, but secretly instigated +by Lord Mar; when, in 1722, the conspiracy of Atterbury +was discovered by the British Government.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar was at that time in Paris, and +Lord Carteret who was at the head of affairs in England, +remembering the Earl's former negotiations with +Lord Stair, dispatched a gentleman to Mar, with +instructions to sound that nobleman as to his knowledge +of the plot. Lord Mar happening to be in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> +Colonel Dillon's company when the messenger reached +Paris, and soon divining after one interview the +nature of the embassy, it was agreed between him and +Dillon that they would do James's cause a service by +leading the British Government off the right scent. +They therefore drew up, in conjunction, an answer to +Lord Carteret. What was the nature of that reply,<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> +does not appear; but its result was such as to cast +upon Lord Mar a degree of odium far greater than +that which he had incurred in Lord Stair's business. +He was accused by Atterbury with having, on that +occasion, written such a letter as had been the cause +of his banishment; with having betrayed the secrets +of the Chevalier St. George to the British Government; +and of several other charges of "base and treacherous +practises, discovered by the Bishop of Rochester, +that the like had scarce been heard of, and seem'd to +be what no man, endued with common sense, or the +least drop of noble blood, could perpetrate; and that +the King's friends were at a loss in not knowing what +credit to give to such reports, tho' they apprehended +the worst, from the directions he had lately given of +having no correspondence with Mar or his adherents, +from whom he had withdrawn all confidence."</p> + +<p>Shortly after this declaration the Chevalier declared +Colonel Hay to be his Secretary, and created +the favourite Earl of Inverness; between whom and +the Earl of Mar an antipathy, which had now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> +become open hostility, prevailed. "The Duke of +Mar," wrote the Earl of Inverness to Lockhart, +"has declared himself my mortal enemy, only because +I spoke truth to him, and could not, in my conscience, +enter into his measures nor approve his conduct, tho' +I always shunned saying any thing to his disadvantage, +but to the King alone, from whom I thought I +was obliged to conceal nothing."<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p> + +<p>With respect to the treachery towards Atterbury, +the justification of Lord Mar rests upon the testimony +of Colonel Dillon, and other persons who saw the +Earl's letter to Carteret. It is also certain that +James accorded his approval to Mar's conduct in +that affair. No positive intention of mischief can +be made out against Mar; but his habit of rarely +acting a straightforward part, his insatiable love of +interference, and his mistaking cunning for policy, +brought upon him the mournful indignation of the +exiled Atterbury, and fixed upon him a grave imputation +which it were almost impossible to wipe +away.</p> + +<p>Another charge brought by Atterbury against +Lord Mar, was his advising James to barter his +pretensions to the Crown for a pension. But this +accusation is refuted by the two letters, of which +vouchers are given in the Lockhart Papers, on which +the allegation is founded. These letters were written +from Geneva to the Prince and to Colonel Dillon.<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a></p> + +<p>Lastly, Lord Mar stood charged with a scheme, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>discovered to Atterbury by Lord Inverness, for the +restoration of the Stuarts, which, under pretence of +replacing them on the throne, would for ever have +rendered that restoration impracticable. From this +allegation Lord Mar justified himself by referring to +the scheme itself, which he was declared to have laid +before the Regent of France with the intent to ruin +James. Of this scheme, the two main features were, +first to re-establish the ancient independence of Scotland +and Ireland: secondly, that a certain number +of French troops should remain in England, and that +five thousand Scots, and as many Irish troops, should +be sent to France and kept in pay by the French +King, for a certain number of years. There is certainly +a great deal of Mar's double policy, his +being all things to all men, in such a scheme. He +declared, however, and proved that he acquainted +James with his plan in confidence, and that Colonel +Hay sent a copy of it to the Bishop of Rochester. +Little as one can approve of Mar's conduct, it is +manifest that, by a deeply-laid intrigue, it was resolved +for ever to uproot him from the confidence +of James.</p> + +<p>But the public career of Lord Mar had now drawn +to its ignoble close. That he had his partisans, who +repelled the charges against him by counter allegations, +Lord Inverness soon found; and he began to +think that "the less noise that was made about Mar," +the better.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p><p>During the year 1725, James further evinced his +distrust of Lord Mar, by dismissing Mr. Sheldon, +his supposed spy, and placing Mr. James Murray, a +Protestant, as preceptor to the young Prince.</p> + +<p>The retirement of the Princess Clementina into a +convent, followed this last step. The correspondence +of the royal couple, their recriminations, furnished, +for some months, conversation for the continental +courts, and even for St. James's, until the +dismissal of Colonel Hay and his wife appeased the +resolute daughter of the Sobieski, and produced an +apparent reconciliation.</p> + +<p>From the close of this altercation, and after the +disgrace of Colonel Hay, the name of Lord Mar occurs +no more in the history of the period. He resided +at Paris until 1729, when, falling into ill health, +he repaired to Aix la Chapelle, where he died in May +1732.</p> + +<p>His wife survived him twenty-nine years, only to +be the victim of mental disease, and, as it has +been said, of cruelty and neglect. She became insane, +and was placed under the charge of her sister, +Lady Mary W. Montague, who, it has been reported, +from avarice, stinted her unfortunate sister of even +the common necessaries of life, and appropriated the +allowance to herself. But this statement has been +disproved.<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p><p>The latter years of Lord Mar were passed neither +in idleness, nor wholly in the intrigues of the Court +at Albano. His amusement was to draw plans and +designs for the improvement of Scotland, which he +had loved "not wisely," but to which his warmest +affections are said to have ever recurred. In 1728 +he composed a paper, in which he suggested building +bridges on the north and south sides of the city of +Edinburgh: he planned, also, the formation of a navigable +canal between the Forth and the Clyde. His +beloved Alloa was sold by the Commissioners of the +forfeited estates to his brother, Lord Grange, who, +in 1739, conveyed it to Lord Erskine, his nephew. +Lord Mar's children were enriched by the gratitude +of Gibbs, the architect, who bequeathed to the offspring +of his early patron the greatest part of his +fortune.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Mar was succeeded by his son, Thomas +Lord Erskine, who was deprived of the famed title of +Mar by his father's attainder. Lord Erskine was +appointed by Government, Commissary of Stores at +Gibraltar. His marriage with Lady Charlotte Hope +being without issue, the title was restored to the descendant +of Lord Grange, and consequently to the +children of the unfortunate Lady Grange, whose +sufferings, from the effects of party spirit, seem to belong +more properly to the page of romance, than to +the graver details of history.</p> + +<p>The conduct of John Erskine, Earl of Mar, has +afforded a subject of comment to two men of very +different character, John Lockhart of Carnwath, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>and +the Master of Sinclair. Neither of the portraits +drawn by these master-hands are favourable; and +they were, in both instances, written under the influence +of strong, yet transient impressions of disappointment +and suspicion. The mind naturally +seeks for some safer steersman to guide opinion than +the intemperate though honest Jacobite, Lockhart, +or the sarcastic and slippery friend, Sinclair. The +worst peculiarity in the career of Mar was, that no +one trusted him; towards the latter portion of his +life he had even lost the power of deceiving: it had +become impossible to him to act without mingling +the poison of deception with intentions which might +have been honest, and even benevolent. The habits +of a long life of intrigue had warped his very nature. +When we behold him fleeing from the coasts of Scotland, +leaving behind him the trusting hearts that +would have bled for him, we fancy that no moral +degradation can be more complete. We view him +soliciting to be a pensioner of England, and we acknowledge +that it was even possible to sink still +more deeply into infamy.</p> + +<p>With principles of action utterly unsound, it is +surprising how much influence Lord Mar acquired +over all with whom he came into collision. He was +sanguine in disposition, and, if we may judge by +his letters, buoyant in his spirits; his disposition +was conciliatory, his manners were apparently confiding. +At the bottom of that gay courtesy there +doubtless was a heart warped by policy, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>but not inherently +unkind. He attached to him the lowly. Lockhart +speaks of the love of two of his kinsmen to him:—his +tenantry, during his exile, contributed to supply +his wants, by a subscription. These are the few +redeeming characteristics of one made up of inconsistencies. +He conferred, it must be allowed, but +little credit on a party which could number among +its adherents the brave Earl Marischal, the benevolent +and honourable Derwentwater, and the disinterested +Nithisdale. When we contrast the petty and selfish +policy of the Earl of Mar with the integrity and fidelity +of those who fought in the same cause, and over +whom he was commander, his character sinks low in +the estimate, and acts like a foil to the purity and +brightness of his fellow sufferers in the strife.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="JAMES_EARL_OF_DERWENTWATER" id="JAMES_EARL_OF_DERWENTWATER"></a>JAMES, EARL OF DERWENTWATER.</h2> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 480px;"> +<img src="images/ill-1.jpg" width="480" height="600" alt="JAMES RADCLIFFE, EARL OF DERWENTWATER." title="" /> +<table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left' style="font-size: x-small;"><i>G. Kneller, pinx<sup>t</sup>.</i></td><td align='right' style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cook, sculp<sup>t</sup>.</i></td></tr> +</table> +<span class="caption">JAMES RADCLIFFE,<br />EARL OF DERWENTWATER.</span> +</div> + +<p>In the vale of Hexham, on the summit of a steep +hill, clothed with wood, and washed at its base by a +rivulet, called the Devil's Water, stand the ruins of +Dilstone Castle. A bridge of a single arch forms the +approach to the castle or mansion; the stream, then +mingling its rapid waters with those of the Tyne, +rushes over rocks into a deep dell embowered with +trees, above a hundred feet in height, and casting a +deep gloom over the sounding waters beneath their +branches.</p> + +<p>Through the arch of the bridge, a mill, an object +ever associated with peace and plenty, is seen; and, +beyond it, the eye rests upon the bare, dilapidated +walls of the castle. Its halls, its stairs, its painted +chambers, may still be traced; its broken towers +command a view of romantic beauty; but all around +it is desolate and ruined, like the once proud and +honoured family who dwelt beneath its roof.</p> + +<p>This was once the favourite abode of the Ratcliffes, +or Radcliffes, supposed to be a branch of the Radcliffes +in Lancashire,<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> from whom were, it is said, +descended the Earls of Sussex,<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> who became <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>the +owners of Dilstone in the days of Queen Elizabeth.</p> + +<p>During several generations after the Conquest, a +family of the name of Devilstone was in possession of +Dilstone, until the time of Henry the Third. The +estates then passed to many different owners; the +Tynedales, the Crafters, the Claxtons, were successively +the masters of the castle; and it was not, according +to some accounts,<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> until the tenth year of +Queen Elizabeth's reign, that it first owned for its +lord one of that unfortunate race to whom it finally +belonged, until escheated to the Crown. But certain +historians have asserted that, so early as the reign of +Henry the Sixth, Dilstone was the seat of Sir Nicholas +Radcliffe.<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> At this period, too, other estates were +added to those already enjoyed by the Radcliffes. Sir +Nicholas married the heiress of Sir John De Derwentwater, +to whom had belonged, for several centuries, +the manors of Castlerigg and Keswick, and who, since +the time of Edward the First, had enjoyed great consideration +in the county of Cumberland. This alliance +with the Derwentwater family, although it +brought to the Radcliffe the possession of a territory, +which, for its beauty and value, monarchs might envy, +did not for many years, entice them to a removal to +the mansion of Castlerigg. That old dwelling-place, a +gloomy fortress, among "storm-shaken mountains and +howling wildernesses," was far less commodious tha<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>n +the castle at Dilstone, then in great fame from the +flourishing monastery which reared its head in the +Vale of Hexham. Castlerigg, being, eventually, abandoned +by the Radcliffes, went utterly to decay; the +materials of the old manor-house are supposed to have +been employed in forming a new residence on Lord's +Island, in Keswick Lake; and the estate was divided +into tenancies, which, in process of time, were infranchised. +The ancient demesne of the De Derwentwaters +has now passed into the hands of the Trustees +of Greenwich Hospital, and the oaks of the park which +skirts the lake have of late years supplied much valuable +timber.</p> + +<p>The family of Radcliffe continued, during several +centuries after the intermarriage with the De Derwentwaters, +to increase in wealth and importance. It +was not, however, ennobled until the reign of James +the Second, in 1688, when, in consequence of the +eldest son of Sir Francis Radcliffe having married +during his father's life time the Lady Mary Tudor, a +natural daughter of Charles the Second, by Mistress +Mary Davis, Sir Francis was created Earl of Derwentwater, +Baron Dilstone, and Viscount Langley.<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> +"This alliance to the royal blood," says the biographer +of Charles Radcliffe, "gave them a title to +match with the noblest families in the kingdom, +and was likewise the occasion of that strict attachment +which the several branches of the Derwentwater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> +family have inviolably preserved for the line of Stuarts +ever since."<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> There was also another reason for this +act of royal favour on the one hand, and for this devotion +on the other: Sir George Radcliffe, we find by +the Macpherson papers, was Governor of James the +Second when he was Duke of York, and during the +troubles of the Great Rebellion; and, under his care, +the young prince remained some time in the city of +Oxford.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p> + +<p>Whatsoever may be thought of the effect of this +connection with royalty, in ennobling an ancient and +loyal race, the marriage produced a lasting influence +on the fortunes of the family. That they were proud +of the alliance appears from the circumstance that +the children of that marriage used to wear the +prince's feather, that plume which has, since the +days of Edward the Black Prince, distinguished the +heir apparent to royalty. But the consanguinity in +blood to the Stuarts produced another, and a far more +serious result. The sons of the Lady Mary Tudor +and of Francis, second Earl of Derwentwater, were +educated, like brothers, with the son of the abdicated +monarch. James Radcliffe, who was born about the +year 1692, and who afterwards became Earl of Derwentwater, +passed his childhood at St. Germains with +his royal namesake, James Stuart. The brother of +the Earl, Charles, was also brought up in France<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>; +both of these youths, whose fate was afterwards so +tragical, were reared in the faith of the Church of +Rome, and under the tuition of the Roman Catholic +clergy. They thus grew up, without perhaps hearing, +certainly without entertaining, a doubt of those +rights which they died to assert. "The late Earl +of Derwentwater," writes the biographer of Charles +Radclyffe, "and his brother Charles were so strongly +attached to the Pretender's party, that their advice +or consent was not so much as asked in those consultations +that were held among the disaffected previous +to the Rebellion; neither did the party think +it necessary, because they were always sure of them +whenever they should come to action."</p> + +<p>In 1705, Francis, Earl of Derwentwater, died; and +during a season of domestic tranquillity, whilst as yet +the Jacobites were full of hopes that the succession +would be restored to the Stuart line, his son James +succeeded to the Earldom, and to the vast estates +which had accumulated to give dignity and influence +to rank. Besides the castle of Dilstone and Castlerigg, +which Leland, who visited Cumberland in 1539, +describes as still being the "head place of the Radcliffes," +many other valuable properties, had been gradually +added to the patrimonial possessions.</p> + +<p>It was the disposition of Lord Derwentwater to +employ the advantages of wealth and birth to the +benefit of others. He returned to England, English +in heart, and became the true model of an English +nobleman. "He was a man," said a contemporary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> +writer, "formed by nature to be beloved; for he +was of so universal a beneficence, that he seemed +to live for others."<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> Residing among his own +people, among them he spent his estate, and passed +his days in deeds of kindness, and in acts of charity, +which regarding no differences of faith as obstacles +to the course of that heavenly virtue, were extended +alike by this unfortunate nobleman to Protestant and +to Roman Catholic. In his days, Dilstone was the +scene of an open-hearted hospitality, "which," observes +the renegade Jacobite who has chronicled the +events of the period, "few in that country do, and +none can, come up to." That castle-hall, now ruined +and for ever deserted, was thronged by the distressed, +who, whether the poor denizens of the place or the +wanderer by the way side, found there relief, and +went away consoled. The owner of the castle gave +bread to thousands, who long remembered his virtues, +and mourned his fate. He conciliated the good +will of his equals, and disarmed the animosity of +those who differed from him in opinion. Beloved, +trusted, almost reverenced in the prime of youth, +James Earl of Derwentwater held, at the period of +the first Rebellion, the enviable position of one whose +station was remembered only in conjunction with +the higher dignity of virtue. To the solid qualities +of integrity, he added a sweetness and courtesy of +manner which must have lent to even homely features +their usual charm.<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> Blessing and blest, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> +thus dwelt amid the romantic scenery of the Vale of +Hexham.</p> + +<p>Lord Derwentwater married Anna Maria, one of +the five daughters of Sir John Webb, Baronet of Odstock +in Wiltshire. An ancestor of Sir John Webb +had first acquired the title in the reign of Charles the +First for "his family having both shed their blood in +the King's cause, and contributed, as far as they were +able, with their purses, in his defence," as is expressed +in their patent.<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a></p> + +<p>During the reign of Queen Anne, Lord Derwentwater +took no part in the various intrigues which +were carried on by the Jacobite party. He lived +peaceably at Dilstone, where his name was long +honoured after the tragical events which hurried him +into an early grave had occurred. But this tranquil +demeanour does not argue, as it has been supposed, +that the early playmate of James had become +indifferent to the cause of the Stuarts. The +friends of the exiled family founded their hopes of +its restoration on the well-known partiality of Queen +Anne for her brother, and on the circumstance of +her having seen the last of her children consigned to +the tomb. There seems no reason to doubt but that, +had Anne lived longer, she would have taken measures, +in unison with the wishes of the bulk of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> +nobility, and in conjunction with her confidential +ministers, to have placed the Chevalier St. George +the next in succession. In this hope, the wishes of +the most respectable portion of the Jacobite nobility +were tranquillized.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a></p> + +<p>The sudden decease of Queen Anne disconcerted +the hopes of those who had been thus waiting for +the course of events; and the immediate change of +ministry depriving those who were favourable to the +house of Stuart of power, the succession of George the +First was secured, under the aspect, for a few weeks, +of the most perfect national repose. It has been well +explained, that, unless some circumstances connected +with the birth and education of the Chevalier had +favoured the interests of Hanover, a very different +result would have appeared. The notion so diligently +spread abroad, of a supposititious birth—the foreign +education of the young Prince—above all, the pains +which had been taken to inculcate in his heart a +devotion to the faith of both his parents, were considerations +which strongly favoured the accession of the +Elector of Hanover.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p> + +<p>A year passed away, and that tranquillity was +succeeded by an ill-concerted, immature enterprise, +headed by a man of every talent except the right +sort; and chilled, rather than aided, by the presence +of that melancholy exile who presented himself for +the first and last time, to sadden by the gloom of his +aspect, and the inertness of his measures, the hearts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> +that yearned to welcome him back to Britain.</p> + +<p>It was towards the latter end of August, in 1715, +in the shire of Perth, that the people first began to +assemble themselves in a body, until they marched +to a small market town, named Kirk Michael, where +the Chevalier was first proclaimed, and his standard +set up.<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> Meantime several noblemen and gentlemen, +both in England and in Scotland, influenced by +the Earl of Mar, began to collect their servants and +dependants from different places, and under various +pretexts, for their proceedings. There were also +measures concerted in London by the Chevalier's +friends; and among the more active of the partisans, +was a certain Captain Robert Talbot, an Irish officer, +who, upon being acquainted with the projected insurrection, +took shipping and sailed for Newcastle-upon-Tyne. +By this agent, the resolutions which had +been adopted by the Jacobites in London were conveyed +to their friends in the north of England. This +was part of the scheme of the Jacobites; London was +the centre of all their conferences, and from the metropolis +intelligence was secretly conveyed in various +directions: measures were concerted; the parties who +were to engage were furnished with means to act, +and brought together; letters were carried by private +hands to various confederates, and debates and correspondence +were carried on some months before the +Rebellion actually broke out.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p><p>The plot was managed with care and address. The +common conveyance of letters was dangerous, and the +office of delivering them was undertaken by gentlemen +of Jacobite principles, who rode from place to place +as travellers, pretending merely that they were viewing +the country, and making inquiries to gratify +curiosity: these travellers were all Irish and Papists.</p> + +<p>Another class of agents, consisting of Mr. Clifton, +a brother of Sir Gervase Clifton, and of Mr. Beaumont, +both gentlemen of Nottinghamshire, and attended +by Mr. Buxton, a clergyman of Derbyshire, +rode like gentlemen, with servants, but were armed +with swords and pistols. These emissaries also continued +moving from place to place, and kept up a +constant intercourse between the disaffected parties, +until all things were ready for action.</p> + +<p>Under these circumstances, Government took a decided +step, which, as it turned out, brought the whole +concerted plot into action sooner than the confederates +had originally intended. Means were taken for the +apprehension of several suspected Jacobites. Towards +the end of September, Lord Derwentwater, among +others, received notice that there was a warrant issued +by the Secretary of State to apprehend him, and that +messengers were actually arrived at Durham in order +to seize his person.<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p><p>On receiving this information, Lord Derwentwater, +who had at that time taken no ostensible part in the +consultations of the Jacobites, and who, as it was +thought by many who knew him intimately, was undecided +whether to join the insurgents or not, adopted +the line of conduct most suitable to innocence. He +repaired to the house of a neighbouring justice of the +peace, whose name has not been given at length and +boldly placed himself in his hands. He demanded +what were the grounds of his accusation. Unhappily +the magistrate's loyalty was not unimpeachable. Had +this gentleman been zealously affected to the Government, +or had he been a true friend to Lord Derwentwater, +he would either have persuaded that nobleman +to surrender to the messengers of Government, or he +would have detained him, and thus prevented the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> +rash outbreak which afterwards ensued. Such is the +opinion of one who knew all the parties concerned in +the insurrection well. Such is the statement of Mr. +Robert Patten, himself a Jacobite, and chaplain to +Mr. Forster. He afterwards turned King's evidence, +and received for that treachery, or, as he is pleased to +call it, penitence, a suitable remuneration.<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a></p> + +<p>Lord Derwentwater unfortunately adopted a course +which could but have one termination. He concealed +himself from those who were employed to apprehend +him. Clear from any direct imputation, +had he then given himself up, he would have been +released; and he might have been deterred from a +participation in the disastrous scenes which ensued. +He had now two children, a son and a daughter. +He had many valuable considerations to forfeit for +the one abstract principle of indefeasible right to +the throne. Few men had more to venture. Many +of the Jacobites went into the field with tarnished +characters, and with ruined fortunes: they might +gain,—they could not lose by the perilous undertaking. +Amid the bands of high-born and highly +principled men who co-operated in both the Rebellions, +adventurers would appear, whose previous lives +shed dishonour upon any cause; but the irreproachable, +the prosperous, the beloved, could desire little +more for themselves than what they already possessed: +they ventured their rich and glorious barks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> +upon the current; and let those who sully every +motive with suspicion, say that there was no virtue, +no patriotism, in the Jacobite party.</p> + +<p>By his own descendant, Lord Derwentwater is believed +to have hesitated upon the verge of his fate, +but to have been urged into it by his brother Charles. +Young and ardent, courageous even to rashness, the +first to offer himself where an enterprise was the +most hazardous, seeming to set no value upon his life +where glory was to be obtained, the darling of his +party, and, to sum up the whole, only twenty-two +years of age, Mr. Radcliffe rashly drew his brother +into a confederacy, so agreeable to his own ambitious +and fearless spirit. But there was another individual +on whom the responsibility of that luckless +movement in the North must chiefly rest. This was +Mr. Thomas Forster the younger, of Etherston in the +county of Northumberland, and member for the +county. During the first thirty years of his life, this +gentleman had scarcely been known beyond the precincts +of his paternal estate. He became a member +of Parliament, and was drawn into the vortex of +party without talents to adorn or judgment to guide +his conduct. Although a Protestant, Mr. Forster +soon made his house the place of rendezvous for +all the non-jurors and disaffected people of the county +in which he lived; and he became involved in the +dangers of their schemes, almost before he was aware +of the perils which he was about to encounter. The +party of the Jacobites was composed of very dissim<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>ilar +materials. Whilst some adopted its projects +to retrieve character, or to attain, as they vainly +hoped, fortune, whilst others were actuated by genuine +motives, there were many who mingled in the +mazes of the intricate politics of that day from +vanity, and the love of being at the head of faction: +such was Forster; and his career was unsatisfactory +and inglorious as his character was weak.</p> + +<p>A warrant for Mr. Forster's apprehension having +been sent forth, he was, like Lord Derwentwater, +obliged to fly from place to place, until he arrived at +the house of Mr. Fenwick, at Bywell. Lord Derwentwater, +meantime, had been secreted under the +roof of a man named Lambert, in a cottage, where +he had remained in safety. His horses had been +seized by one of the neighbouring magistrates, and +had been detained in custody for several weeks, pursuant +to an order in council; yet, when he had need +of them they were returned. "I afterwards asked +that lord," Mr. Patten relates, "how he came so +quietly by his horses from the justice's possession, +whom the believing neighbourhood esteemed a most +rigid Whig. I was answered thus, by that lord's +repeating a saying of Oliver Cromwell's, 'that he +could gain his ends with an ass-load of gold,' and +left me to make the application."<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p> + +<p>Mr. Fenwick, of Bywell, was a secret, though not +an avowed Jacobite; and it was soon agreed that at +his house should be collected all those who were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> +favourable to the cause. A meeting of the party +was accordingly held: it was decided that finding +there was now no longer any safety in shifting from +place to place, and that since, in a few days they +might all be hurried up to London, and secured in +prisons, where they might be separately examined, +and induced to betray each other;—it was now +time to appear boldly in arms, and to show the +loyalty of the confederates to King James.</p> + +<p>In pursuance of this resolution, the place and hour +of meeting were appointed the very next morning; +the sixth of October was named, and all were to +assemble at Greenrig. Here those who rode from +Bywell were met by Mr. Forster, with a party of +twenty gentlemen. The meeting might have recalled +the days of the Cavaliers: the winding of the +river Tyne in the valley; the rural village of Bywell; +on the rising ground to the right a ruin, once the +fortress of the vale, and held in former times by +the Baliols, presented a scene of tranquil beauty, +which some who met that day were destined never +to look upon again.</p> + +<p>The low situation of Greenrig was deemed inconvenient +for the purpose of the insurgents, and the +party ascended a hill called the Waterfalls, from +which they could see the distant country. This +spot is thus described: "As you look upon Bywell +from the most pleasing point of view, the landskip +lies in the following order:—from the road near +the front of the river, the ruined piers of a br<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>idge +become the front objects; behind which, in a regular +cascade, the whole river falls over a wear, extended +from bank to bank, in height above eight feet perpendicular; +a mill on the right hand, a salmon lock +on the left: the tower and the two churches stretch +along the banks of the upper basin of the river, +with a fine curvature; the solemn ruins of the ancient +castle of the Baliols lift their towers above the +trees on the right, and make an agreeable contrast +with the adjoining mansion-house. The whole background +appears covered with wood."<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p> + +<p>On this height Mr. Forster and his party paused; +but they had not been long there before they saw the +Earl of Derwentwater, who came that morning from +Dilstone, advancing. He was attended by several +friends and by all his servants, some mounted on his +coach-horses, and all well armed. As they marched +through Corbridge, this gallant troop drew their +swords. They were reinforced by several other gentlemen +at the house of Mr. Errington, where they +stopped; and they then advanced to the spot where +their friends awaited their approach. They now +mustered sixty horse, mostly composed of gentlemen +and their attendants. After a short council it was +decided that they should proceed towards the river +Coquet, to Plainfield: here they were joined by several +stragglers: they marched that evening to Rothbury +a small market-town, where they remained all +night, and continued their march on the foll<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>owing +morning, the seventh of October, to Warkworth +Castle.</p> + +<p>In thus assembling his friends and his tenantry, +Lord Derwentwater was not blameless of undue influence +and oppression. The instances, indeed, of +threats and absolute compulsion being used to augment +the forces of the Jacobites, and to draw unwilling +dependants into participation, are very numerous; +they may be collected from various petitions, +borne out by evidence, among the State +Papers for 1715 and 1716. It is true that such +excuses were certain to be alleged by many persons +unjustly; but, where the charges were substantiated, +we must with pain confess that the virtues +of the Earl of Derwentwater, as well as those of +other Jacobites, are sullied by a violent exercise of +power over their tenantry. One man, named George +Gibson, afterwards, in memorialising Lord Townshend +from Newgate, affirms that upon his refusal to +carry a message from Lord Derwentwater to Mr. +Forster, two days before the insurrection, and returning +to his own house instead, he was one night +dragged out of bed by seven or eight men, and +hurried off to serve in the said insurrection without +a single servant of his own attending him. It +was proved also, by King's evidence, that the unfortunate +man did all in his power to escape from +Kelso, and really made the attempt; but it was +defeated, for he was ever an object of suspicion +to the Earl of Derwentwater and Mr. Forster, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>se +watchfulness kept him among the rebel troops.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> +Party may do much to blunt the feelings; yet there +was too much of what was good in the character of +Lord Derwentwater for him, in the solitude of his +own prison, not to remember in after days the heavy +responsibilities which even by one act of this nature +he had incurred, in compelling a man to act against +his will and conscience.</p> + +<p>Warkworth was probably chosen as a resting-place +for the insurgents, on account of its strength. Situated +only three-quarters of a mile from the sea, on +the river Coquet, over which is thrown a bridge, +guarded by a lofty tower, the Castle of Warkworth, +which guards the town, commands a view both +varied with objects of interest and importance.</p> + +<p>From a lofty turret of the castle a great extent +of land and ocean is to be seen. The great Tower +of the Percys, from which this turret rises, is decorated +with the lion of Brabant, and is seated on +the brink of a cliff above the town. From this +lofty structure the eye, stretching along the coast, +may discern the castles of Dunstanbrough and Bamborough: +the Fern Islands, dotted upon the face +of the waters, the Port of Alemouth, and, at a +little distance, the mouth of the river Coquet, with +its island and ruined monastery. To the north, a +richly cultivated country extends as far as Alnwick; +to the south lies a plain, interspersed with villages +and woods; the shore, to which it inclines, is indent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>ed +with many ports and creeks; the smoke rising +from many scattered hamlets, and the spires of +churches enliven the smiling prospect.</p> + +<p>In this secure station the rebels remained for two +days; and here Mr. Forster assumed the rank of +General of the Forces in the North, a title which had +been bestowed on him by the Earl of Mar. On the +day after his arrival at Warkworth, Mr. Forster sent +Mr. Buxton, who was chaplain to the troops to +desire Mr. Ton, the parish clergyman, to pray for the +Chevalier as King; and, in the Litany, for Mary, the +Queen Mother, and to omit the petition for King +George, the Prince and Princess of Wales, &c. Mr. +Ton declining to make this alteration, Mr. Buxton +took possession of the reading-desk, and performed +the service, whilst the deposed clergyman took flight, +and, hastening to Newcastle, gave notice there of +what had occurred. This was the first place where +the Chevalier was prayed for in England; and Mr. +Buxton's sermon, observes our historian, "gave +mighty encouragement to his hearers, being full of +exhortations, flourishing arguments, and cunning insinuations +to be hearty in the cause." These incentives +were aided by a "comely personage," and +considerable eloquence and erudition.</p> + +<p>On the following day, after proclaiming James +King of England with all due formality and with +the sound of trumpet, Mr. Forster attending the +ceremony in disguise, the troops marched to Morpeth, +their numbers increasing as they went. At<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> +Felton Bridge, they were joined by seventy horse, +composed of gentlemen from the borders; and by the +time they reached Morpeth, their number had augmented +to three hundred: these were all horse-soldiers: +Mr. Forster refused the foot as auxiliaries, +otherwise the increase would have been considerable. +The reason assigned for this rejection was the impossibility +of supplying the men with arms; but the +fairest assurances were given to the friends of the +cause that arms and ammunition would soon be procured, +and regiments listed forthwith.</p> + +<p>The spirits of the Jacobite army were now high; +their hopes were raised by the daily increase of their +party. Newcastle was their next object, and thither +they prepared to march, having first proclaimed the +Chevalier,—Mr. Buxton taking upon himself the office +of herald. Newcastle was, however, on her defence: +the city gates were closed against the troops, and +they turned towards Hexham, and thence marched to +a moor near Dilstone Castle, and here they halted +for some days. This was a feint, as they intended, +it is thought, to have surprised the town of Newcastle. +But the news they received from that place +were far from encouraging. The gentry in the +neighbourhood had rallied for its defence; and Lord +Scarborough, the lord-lieutenant of the county, had +entered the town with a body of men. Still there +was a powerful High Church party, who, as the Jacobites +hoped, would declare for the Chevalier. It was +from Newcastle that Lord Derwentwater had been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> +apprised, in the first instance, that there were messengers +sent to apprehend him. The insurgents +therefore, continued near Hexham, where they seized +on all the horses and arms they could, read prayers +in the churches for King James, and proclaimed him +in the market-place.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Derwentwater had appointed his brother +to the command of his troop, whilst Captain +Shaftoe was under Mr. Radcliffe. This, in some +respects, was an unfortunate step: the young and +brave commander had never even seen an army +before: he was inexperienced, and ignorant of all +military discipline: what he wanted in knowledge, +he is said, however, to have made up for by the influence +he acquired over his men, and by the power +he had of inciting them to great exploits.<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a></p> + +<p>Whilst the rebel forces lay at Hexham, they received +the intelligence that Lord Kenmure, the Earls +of Nithisdale, of Carnwath, and Wintoun, had risen +in Nithisdale, and had marched thence to England +to join the troops in Northumberland, and had even +advanced as far as Rothbury. On the nineteenth +of October, Mr. Forster joined the Scottish army at +Rothbury, and afterwards marched with an increasing +force to Kelso. Here prayers were read in the +great kirk by Mr. Buxton; "and I," relates Mr. +Patten, "preached on these words, Deut. xxi. 17,—the +latter part of the verse: 'The right of the first-born +is his.'" The service of the Church of England<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> +was then read for the first time on that side of the +Tweed.<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p> + +<p>William Gordon, Viscount Kenmure, had the command +of the Jacobite army until they had crossed the +Tweed. Like the Earl of Derwentwater, this unfortunate +nobleman is declared to have shewn reluctance to +take up arms. On having been solicited by the Earl +of Mar to command the forces, and assured that he +would join him, he at first refused the offer, but had +finally acceded, and had set up the standard of the +Chevalier at Moffat, in Annandale. The standard +was made, for this occasion, by Lady Kenmure, the +sister of Robert, sixth Earl of Carnwath. It was very +handsome; one side being blue, with the arms of Scotland +wrought in gold; on the other side a thistle,—the +words so often uttered during the Rebellion, and +re-echoed in many a Scottish heart, "No Union," +were wrought underneath the thistle. Above it +were the words <span style="font-size: 50%;">NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT</span>; white +pendants were attached to the standard, on which +were inscribed—"For our Wronged King and Oppressed +Country!" "For our Lives and Liberties!"</p> + +<p>But the nobleman who had taken this prominent +part in the Rebellion of 1715, although possessed +of extraordinary knowledge in politics and civil +affairs, was an utter stranger to all military business. +His mild temper and his unoffending character +inspired compassion for his subsequent fate, +but unfitted him for the office of command: <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>his +gentler qualities were united, nevertheless, to a resolute +and lofty mind. The fate of this nobleman, +like that of his most distinguished friends, was a +brief tragedy.</p> + +<p>Lord Kenmure had a troop of gentlemen with him, +the command of which he gave to the Hon. Bazil +Hamilton of Beldoun, and a nephew of the Duke +of Hamilton.</p> + +<p>Among other characters who were conspicuous on +this occasion, was the celebrated Brigadier Mackintosh. +The sixth regiment, named after the Brigadier +as chief of the clan, was commanded by a kinsman. +The Brigadier had served in Germany, and had there +gained his military rank. Descended from the ancient +house of Fife, the chieftain had increased his +influence by marrying, while a minor, the heiress of +Clanchattan, in right of whom he became chieftain of +that clan, comprising many others. His motto, +"Touch not the cat without a glove," and the coat-of-arms +supported by two wild cats, with a cat for +the crest, were not inappropriate. No suspicion had +been entertained of Mackintosh's adherence to the +Chevalier, with whom he became acquainted abroad, +until he actually joined the party.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Carnwath, Lord Nairn, Lord Charles +Murray, and the Earl of Wintoun, commanded the +other Scottish regiments, which were generally better +armed than those of the English. The Earl of Derwentwater, +and the Lords Widdrington had the two +principal English regiments, of which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> there were +four.<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a></p> + +<p>On the twenty-fifth of October, the united army +of Scots and English left Kelso, and marched to Jedburgh. +On their march, some of the Scots, taking +umbrage, left the army under the guidance of the +Earl of Wintoun; and although that nobleman afterwards +returned with his troop, above four hundred +Highlanders deserted, and returned to their country.</p> + +<p>During the progress of the insurgent forces, there is +little reason to conclude that Lord Derwentwater took +a very active or important part in the various consultations +which were held, always with great disunion, +and with a melancholy want of judgment, between the +General, Mr. Forster, and his military council. The +amiable nobleman appears to have assigned to his +less discreet brother the entire guidance of his troop. +"His temper and disposition," as he expresses it in +his defence, "disposed him to peace. He was totally +inexperienced in martial affairs; that he entered +upon the undertaking without any previous concert +with its chief promoters,—without any preparation +of men, horses, and arms, or other warlike accoutrements," +was at once an instance of his imprudence +and a mitigation of his error.<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> There was, indeed, +no doubt but that Lord Derwentwater might have +brought many hundreds of his followers to the field, +even from one portion of his estate only; for he possessed +the extensive lead mines on Alstone Moor,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> +where a large body of men were daily employed, and +received from him their sole means of support.<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p> + +<p>But whether or not this unfortunate nobleman +failed in energy or in zeal; whether he entered with +his whole heart into the cause of James Stuart; or +whether, with the conscientious scruples of a gentle +nature, he shrank from involving in the risk of +this insurrection the majority of his humble dependants, +he acted throughout the whole of this +brief campaign with the consideration for others +so characteristic of his mind. He truly affirmed on +his trial, that no one could charge him with any +cruel, severe, or harsh action during his continuance +in arms: and his conduct in the last +extremity corresponded to his previous forbearance. +Such dispositions appear to have been cherished, +indeed, by the rest of the Jacobite party. The merciful +temper of the Chevalier, and his known aversion +to destructive measures, may have had its influence +over those who asserted his claims. There was something +like the spirit of the cavalier of the Great Rebellion +in Mr. Forster's reply to some of his officers, who +wished to put down or burn a Presbyterian meetinghouse +at Penrith: "It is by clemency, and not by +cruelty, that we are to prevail."<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a></p> + +<p>After the insurgent troops had marched from place +to place for some time, it was decided that the English +regiments should recross the border; and after +many disputes and much loss of time, they reso<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>lved +on a march into Lancashire, a country abounding +at that time in Roman Catholic gentry, and strongly +Jacobite.<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> This decision, like most of the other +military movements of the unfortunate Jacobites, +was the work of a strong party in the camp, and +was founded upon the alleged authority of private +letters, which gave the assurance of a general +insurrection taking place on the appearance of the +insurgent force. The unlucky change of plans +superseded a meditated attack upon the town of +Dumfries. "Nothing," observes Mr. Patten, "could +be a greater token of a complete infatuation,—that +Heaven confounded all their devices, and that their +destruction was to be of their own working, than +their omitting such an opportunity." After a rapid +march from Langholm in the west of Scotland, across +the borders, and through Penrith, Appleby, and Kendal, +to Kirby Lonsdale, the combined force entered +the county of Lancaster; and having entered Lancaster +without opposition, they resolved to proceed to +Preston. It is now that the last disastrous events of +Lord Derwentwater's brief career brought to light his +excellent qualities, his pure and amiable motives of +action. It is not possible to read the account of the +battle of Preston, in which he was engaged, without a +deep regret for the personal misfortunes of one so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> +young, so well intentioned, and so esteemed, as this +ill-fated nobleman.</p> + +<p>The forces of the Jacobites amounted, after being +joined by a party of volunteers under the Lords +Rothes and Torpichen, and since their separation from +the Highlanders, to about two thousand men. The +foot was commanded by Brigadier Mackintosh; and +six hundred Northumbrian and Dumfriesshire horsemen, +by Lord Kenmure and Mr. Forster.<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></p> + +<p>On the ninth instant the march to Preston was +commenced; the cavalry troops reached that town on +the same evening; but the day proving rainy, and the +roads heavy, the foot regiments were left at a small +market-town called Garstang, half-way between Manchester +and Preston. Two troops of Stanhope's dragoons, +formerly quartered at Preston, having retired +as the rebels approached, the spirits of the Jacobite +officers and the ardour of their men were greatly +encouraged. On the following day, Thursday the +tenth of November, the Chevalier was proclaimed at +Preston, and here the rebels were joined by many +country gentlemen, their tenants and servants: this +was the first accession to the party since their entrance +into Lancashire. The new allies were chiefly Roman +Catholics, a circumstance which aroused the instinctive +dread of the Scottish volunteers to persons of +that persuasion. The High Church party hung back +from joining the cause. The Roman Catholics began, +according to the historian of the Rebellion of 171<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>5, +"to show their blind side," being never right hearty +for their cause until they are "mellow," as they call +it "over a bottle or two."<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></p> + +<p>The town of Preston seated on the river Ribble, +was a place from which an enemy might, in the year +1715, have been easily repulsed. About a mile and +a half from the town, a bridge over the river offered +an admirable stand for a besieged garrison; it might +have been so easily barricadoed, that it would have +been impracticable to pass that way if the commonest +precautions had been adopted. The river in this +part was not fordable for a considerable distance on +either side of the bridge, and it could have been easily +rendered impassable. From the Ribble bridge to the +town, the road ran between two steep banks; and this +way, or lane, was then so narrow, that in several +places two men could not ride abreast. It was here +that Oliver Cromwell had met with a famous resistance +from the King's forces in 1648, large mill-stones +having been rolled down upon him from the +rising grounds, so that the republican general was +in considerable danger, and he only escaped with life +by making his horse plunge into a quicksand.</p> + +<p>This lane formed a curious natural outwork; and +might easily have been barricadoed, but the deficiencies +of Mr. Forster's generalship were fatal to so +simple and obvious a plan of defence. He confined +his exertions to the town, barricadoed the streets, and +posted men in the bye-lanes and houses. The Jacobite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> +troops formed four main barriers: one in the +churchyard, commanded by Brigadier Mackintosh. +This barrier was to be supported by four noblemen, +who, at the head of the volunteer horse, (as in +many instances in the army of Charles the First,) +composed of gentlemen solely, was planted in the +churchyard of Old St. Wilfred, as the parish-church +of Preston was then called: their leaders +were the Earl of Derwentwater, Lord Kenmure, the +Earl of Nithisdale, and the Earl of Wintoun,—a +truehearted band as ever braved the terrors of an +encounter with their countrymen. At a little distance +from the churchyard and at the extremity of +a lane leading into the fields, Lord Charles Murray +defended another post. The third was at a windmill, +and that Colonel Mackintosh was appointed to +command. The fourth was in the town.</p> + +<p>Lord Derwentwater and his brothers were the objects, +even before the action began, of universal approbation. +Whatever may have been the real or supposed +reluctance of the former to engage in the cause, +it vanished as he came into action. There he stood, +having stripped off his clothes to his waistcoat, encouraging +the men, giving them money to induce them +to cast up the trenches, and animating them to a +vigorous defence. His brother addressed the soldiers +also, and displayed all the ardour of his fearless spirit. +"No man of distinction," wrote a Scottish prisoner in +the Marshalsea to his friend in the North, "behaved +himself better than the Earl of Derwentwater. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> +kept himself most with the Scots, abundantly exposing +himself."<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> But all this was in vain, if we dare to +call any manifestations of heroic devotion in vain.</p> + +<p>With singular incapacity, Mr. Forster had failed +in procuring the necessary intelligence of the movements +of the enemy. He had been assured by the +Lancashire gentlemen, that General Wills, who headed +the King's forces, could not come within forty miles +of Preston without their knowledge. On Saturday, +the twelfth of November, after he had ordered the +forces to march toward Manchester, the intelligence +reached him that General Wills had advanced as far +as Wigan to attack the rebels. Even at this crisis +affairs might have been retrieved: a body of the +Jacobites was, indeed, sent forward to defend the +Ribble bridge, whilst Mr. Forster went on with a +party of horse to reconnoitre. He soon saw the +enemy's dragoons; but instead of disputing the +bridge, or allowing Colonel Farquharson, belonging to +Mackintosh's battalion, to keep the pass, he ordered +a retreat to the town. Then all was confusion, +slaughter, disgrace. General Wills advanced; he remembered +the disaster of Oliver Cromwell; he looked +carefully around him, and caused the hedges and +fields to be viewed; but no enemy appeared to dispute +his progress. The dragoons advanced towards +the town; at first, their General conjectured that it +must have been abandoned. When he discovered his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> +mistake, he ordered his troops to pass through a gate +which leads into the fields at the back of the town, +and immediately disposed his forces so as to prevent +either a sally or a retreat.</p> + +<p>The insurgents, meantime, were prepared to receive +him. The ancient church of St. Wilfred, which has +since 1814 been replaced by a modern structure, and +endowed with another name, that of St. John, +must have been shaken to its foundations with the +explosion of the cannon, as it was discharged beneath +its ancient walls. The besieged formed four main +barriers; one a little below the church, commanded +by Brigadier Mackintosh: the Earl of Derwentwater +and his gallant volunteers were commanded to support +that barrier in particular, and here the first +attack was made; but it met with so fierce a reception, +and such a fire upon the assailants, that the +dragoons were obliged to retreat to the entrance of +the town. Of this repulse Lord Derwentwater and +his youthful brother gained the chief credit. The +scene that followed is a detail of fruitless gallantry, +and of an agonised but ill-concerted resistance. +The fatality which attended the Stuart cause, and +which rendered the bloodshed of its gallant champions +unavailing to promote it, was here conspicuous. +That fatality was doubtless resolvable into +a want of common sense, in entrusting the command +of the forces into incompetent hands. All night, +indeed, the Jacobite forces met their opponents with +a determined resistance, that made up, in some measu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>re, +for inequality of numbers: the besieged were in +many instances sheltered from the enemy's shot, and +they had also the advantage on their side of cannon, +with which General Wills was not supplied. In the +course of that night of horrors, whilst the brave were +carried away, mangled or dying, Lord Charles Murray, +who was attacked late in the evening, wanted +a reinforcement of men. He sent Mr. Patten to the +Earl of Derwentwater to ask for aid; it was granted; +Mr. Patten passing in safety on account of his black +coat, upon which neither party would fire, conducted +a troop of fifty volunteers to Lord Charles, who +maintained his post, and obliged the enemy to retire +with loss. Had it not been for another of Mr. +Forster's fatal blunders, the insurgents would still +have remained in possession of the town of Preston, +which has always, from its commanding situation, +been deemed, in all the civil commotions of the +kingdom, as a military post of great importance.</p> + +<p>All Saturday night, the platoons of the King's forces +were incessantly playing upon the insurgents from +two principal houses which the besiegers had taken, +but few persons of importance were killed. Several +houses were set on fire by both parties, but the wind +was still, otherwise the inhabitants and the Jacobite +troops must have perished in the flames. Towards +morning the information arrived in the town through +some of the King's soldiers who had been made prisoners, +that General Carpenter, with three regiments +of dragoons was marching towards Preston, an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>d that +he had arrived at Clithero. This intelligence spread +great consternation among the Jacobites; and a capitulation +began to be mentioned among them; yet it +is probable they would still have held out, had not +one of the avenues into Preston, by an inexcusable +oversight of the Jacobite General, been left unguarded.</p> + +<p>It was discovered by some of the King's men that +the street leading to Wigan had not been barricadoed. +This weak point was thereupon attacked by +Lord Forrester, at the head of that brave and old +regiment, called Preston's regiment. The assailants +marched into a straight passage behind the houses: +then Lord Forrester came into the open street, and +faced Mackintosh's barrier; there were many shots +fired at him, and he was wounded; yet he went back, +and lead his men fearlessly into the street, where +many of that regiment fell a sacrifice to this dauntless +assault. It prevailed; and from that time the +fate of the heroes of the churchyard of Preston, of +Derwentwater and his noble comrades was determined. +But, during that appalling conflict, whilst +the blood of the valiant was tinging the streets of +Preston, where was the General, who should have +shared the dangers with his officers? "I had almost +forgot to tell you," writes the plain-spoken Scottish +soldier above referred to, "that in the hottest time +of our little action, which was about eleven on +Saturday night, Lord Charles Murray's men falling +short of ammunition, Robertson of Guy, and another +gentleman, were sent to the General, Mr. Forster, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>for +a recruit. When they got access, they found him +lying in his naked bed, with a sack-posset, and some +confections by him; which I humbly judge was not a +very becoming posture at that time for a General. +He took all along particular care of himself."<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p> + +<p>Towards morning Mr. Forster in conjunction with +Lord Widdrington and Colonel Oxburgh, proposed a +capitulation. It was considered, that by submission, +terms of mercy might be procured by the insurgent +troops. Those who thus argued had had no experience +of the temper of those to whom they trusted, or they +would have willingly died sword in hand rather than +have confided in such slender hopes of clemency. The +Earl of Derwentwater was among those who counselled +the surrender. From his general character, the +reasons which he assigned afterwards in his defence, +for such advice, have ever been credited. When the +fury of the action was over, the amiable nobleman +perceived that it was his duty to coincide in a step +by which the lives of his countrymen might be +spared: he trusted to the mediation of Colonel Oxburgh, +who offered to go to the King's forces, and to +request a cessation of arms; and who also promised, +by his personal influence, to obtain fair terms of +capitulation. As a guarantee for the suspension of +hostilities, Lord Derwentwater volunteered to become +one of the hostages until the morning, should General +Wills require it. It appears that his offer was +accepted, and that while the Earl was in the ca<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>mp +of General Wills, he received assurances of King +George's being a prince of known clemency,—a +virtue which was said to form a distinguishing mark +in his character.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> But Mr. Radcliffe, young and +ardent, opposed the capitulation with the vehemence +natural to his character. During the whole of the +action, he had been in the midst of the fire, and +had displayed the utmost intrepidity; and now he +declared, that "he would rather die with his sword +in his hand, like a man of honour, than be dragged +like a felon to the gallows, there to be hanged like a +dog." He was, of course, obliged to submit to the +majority.<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> The common soldiers joined in his declamations. +"Never," writes the Scottish soldier, +"was a handful of men more ready to fight than +those at Preston." It was with difficulty that the +gallant Highlanders could be restrained from sallying +forth, with their claymores, at all hazards, upon +the enemy. They chafed under the disappointment +and humiliation of that day; but all was to little +purpose. Perhaps no power of words could express +the bitter feelings of that hour better than the +homely phrases of an eye-witness of the scene.</p> + +<p>"On Sunday, to our surprise, about three in the +afternoon," writes the Highlander from his prison, +"we saw a drum of the enemy beating a chamade +in the street. In an instant we were all called from +our posts to the Market-place: the horsemen were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> +ordered to mount. This made us believe the parley +had been proposed by General Wills, and that we +were to break out and attack them sword in hand,—at +least, break through them at that end of the town; +but we soon found it was proposed by Mr. Forster, +and that there was a cessation till nine next morning, +and a capitulation to be made. This was very choaking +to us all, but there was no helping of it; for no +sooner had we left our posts, than they made themselves +master of them, and of our cannon."<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a></p> + +<p>Whilst the chamade was beating, Colonel Cotton, +sent by General Wills, rode up the street, and +alighted at the sign of the Mitre: the firing meantime +had not ceased from several of the houses: the +common soldiers were ignorant of the real state of +the case, and believed that General Wills had sent +to offer honourable terms, not knowing that the offer +of a capitulation had proceeded from their own +party.</p> + +<p>Still there were obstacles to the capitulation raised +by the Scottish party, who were represented by Brigadier +Mackintosh. "He could not," he replied, +when urged for his consent, "answer for the Scotch, +for they were people of desperate fortunes, and he +had been a soldier himself, and knew what it was to +be a prisoner at discretion." When this demur was +stated to General Wills, "Go back to your people +again," was his answer to those who stated it: "I +will attack the town, and I will not spare a man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> +of you." At the subsequent trial of the rebels General +Wills was able, with truth, to deny the charge +of having given his unhappy prisoners any hopes, +to induce them to sign the capitulation. "All the +terms he offered them," such was his assertion, +"was, that he would save their lives from the soldiers +till further orders, if they surrendered at discretion: +(the meaning of which was, that by the +rules of war it was in his power to cut them all to +pieces, but he would give them their lives till further +orders;) and if they did not comply, he would renew +the attack, and not spare a man."<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></p> + +<p>No sooner had the news of the capitulation been +bruited about the streets, than it was received with +a sorrow and indignation almost past description. +Had the unlucky and pusillanimous Mr. Forster appeared +at that moment, he "would certainly," as +Mr. Patten relates, "have been cut to pieces." Even +in his chamber, the General was attacked by his +own Secretary, Mr. Murray, and a pistol which was +aimed at him only averted by Mr. Patten's hand. +The truth is, even Forster's fidelity has been doubted; +and subsequently, the mild treatment which he received +during his imprisonment, and his escape from +prison, have been construed, with what justice +it is difficult to say, into a confirmation of this +charge.</p> + +<p>On the morning after the surrender, the rebels +were all made prisoners and disarmed, soon aft<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>er +daybreak. That day, so fatal to the Jacobites of +1715, witnessed also the battle of Sherriff Muir +under Lord Mar, and the retaking of the town of +Inverness by Lovat. It must have aggravated the +regrets of those who then laid down their arms, to +see the townspeople of Preston plundered, in despite of +every hope to the contrary, by the King's forces, as +they dislodged the dejected Jacobites from their +quarters. But these irregularities were soon checked.</p> + +<p>At last the sound of trumpets and the beating of +drums were heard: the two Generals were entering +the town in form. They rode into the Market-place, +around which the Highlanders were drawn up with +their arms. The lords and gentlemen among the +rebels were first secured, and placed severally under +guard in separate rooms at the inn. Then the poor +Highlanders laid down their arms where they stood, +and were marched off to the church, under a sufficient +guard. Here the thrifty Scots amused themselves +by making garments of the linings of the pews, which +they ripped off from the seats.</p> + +<p>Seven noblemen, besides one thousand four hundred +and ninety others, including gentlemen and officers, +were taken at Preston.<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> Generally speaking, they +were treated well by the military: "The dragoons +were civil to us," writes the Highlander, "their +officers choosing rather to want beds themselves than +we should."<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> At Wigan the prisoners were allowed +to commune together, under the inspection of sentine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>ls; +and a warm altercation occurred between +Lord Widdrington and Brigadier Mackintosh, in the +presence of Lord Derwentwater, who took little +notice of the Brigadier, but turning to another gentleman, +said: "You see what we have brought ourselves +to by giving credit to our highborn Tories—to +such men as Fenwick, Tate, Green, and Allgood. +If you outlive misfortune, and return to live in the +North, I desire you never to be seen in converse with +such rogues in disguise, who promised to join us, and +animated us to rise with them." The gentleman +promised that he would observe his Lordship's counsels. +"Ah!" said Lord Derwentwater, "I know +you to be of an easy temper."<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a></p> + +<p>The prisoners were now carried on towards London +by easy marches, Mr. Patten accompanying his +patron, Mr. Forster. As they went, the undaunted +Highlanders called out to the country people who +came to gaze at them, "Where are all your high-church +Tories? If they would not fight with us, let +them come and rescue us." This indiscretion redoubled +the vigilance of the watch put upon the +rebels. From Daventry to London, Mr. Forster and +Mr. Patten were greeted by the common people with +encomiums upon a warming-pan, in allusion to the +supposed birth of the Pretender. When the prisoners +arrived at Barnet, messengers came to meet them, +and to pinion their arms with cords,—"More for distinction," +adds the subservient Mr. Patten, "than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> +for any pain that attended." Yet the indignity must +have been cruelly galling to the highborn and gallant +men who were thus mercilessly paraded to their +doom amid the cries of the populace.</p> + +<p>At Highgate a strong detachment of horse-soldiers +and dragoons received the prisoners from Lumley's +Horse, which had hitherto guarded them; and now +they were separated into pairs, a foot-soldier holding +the bridle of each horse; and in this manner the +Jacobite peers, Lord Derwentwater among the rest, +were conducted to London through "a hedge of a +mob," as the Highland soldier declares, hired, as he +hints, at Lord Pelham's charge, to muster that day. +Cries of "Long live King George!" and "Down +with the Pretender!" greeted the ear as they passed +on to their several destinations. A Quaker, fixing +his eyes on Mr. Patten, and seeing his black dress, +remarked, "Friend, thou hast been the trumpeter +of rebellion to those men,—thou must answer for +them." The moralizer was touched by a grenadier +with the butt end of his musket, so that the "spirit +fell into the ditch." But the Quaker was not rebuffed. +"Friend," he said to the soldier, "thou art, +I fear, no true friend to King George."</p> + +<p>Even at the last, Mr. Forster had hopes, it is said, +of being released by a Tory mob. The Jacobite noblemen +had been, indeed, all along misled, or ignorant +of the real inclinations of the mass of the people. +The dread of what they term "popery" is a deep +and engrossing passion in the hearts of the lo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>wer and +even of the middle classes, and it formed an effectual +barrier against the restoration of the Stuarts. +The cause of those unfortunate Princes was never, +in this country, as it was in Scotland, the cause of +the people. The personal attachment of the Highlanders +to the ancient race of Stuart, and their +devotion to their clan, superseded their religious +scruples;<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> but that was not the case in the South.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Derwentwater and his brother were +consigned to different prisons,—the former to the +Tower, the latter to Newgate; a very strict guard +was set upon the Earl, and no one was allowed to see +him or speak to him.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a></p> + +<p>On the seventh of January, 1716, the case of the +seven rebel lords<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> was brought before the House of +Commons; and Mr. Lechmere moved that they should +not be left to the ordinary method of prosecutions, +but should be proceeded against by way of impeachment.<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> +In a long and, as far as the report enables +a reader to judge, able speech, he referred to the +declaration of the Pretender, given under his sign +manual and privy seal at Commercy, on the twenty-fifth +of October, 1715. "This paper," Mr. Lechmere +observed, "which he held in his hand, was sufficient +to fire the thoughts of every gentleman there; +and the House could do no more than to resent this +so far as to make themselves the prosecutors of th<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>ose +who avowed the cause of the Pretender, and set themselves +at the head of armies, in the heart of his Majesty's +dominions." In conclusion, "he impeached +James, Earl of Derwentwater, of high treason, which +impeachment he undertook to make good."</p> + +<p>Six other members then severally impeached the +other six Jacobite lords; and an impeachment was +carried up to the Bar of the House of Lords, with an +assurance "that articles to make good the charge +against the Earl of Derwentwater and the other noblemen +would shortly be exhibited."</p> + +<p>A committee of the House of Commons, with Mr. +Lechmere as their chairman, was therefore formed; +and the articles were framed, and read before the Bar +of the House of Lords. On the tenth of January the +Jacobite lords were summoned to hear the articles of +impeachment: a few days were allowed to them to +prepare their replies. On the following Saturday, the +Earl of Derwentwater was brought by the Gentleman +Usher of the Black Rod before the Bar, where he +knelt, until told by the Lord Chancellor to rise. +He then delivered his answer.</p> + +<p>Those who, in perusing the annals of these times, +look for strength of character in the state prisoners +who were now brought before the tribunal of the +House of Lords, or for consistency in those principles +which had led them into the field, will be +painfully disappointed. In two instances alone was +there displayed an undaunted demeanour, and a resolute +adherence to the cause which they had avowed;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> +and these were shewn in the subsequent rebellion, +by the brave and admirable Lord Balmerino, and +by the unfortunate Charles Radcliffe.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Derwentwater expressed, in his reply, +the "deepest concern and affliction to a charge of so +high and heinous a nature as that brought against +him." He acknowledged with sorrow that he had been +in arms, and did march through and invade several +parts of the kingdom; and that he was thereby guilty +of the offence whereof he was charged in the articles. +"But," he continued, "if any one offence of that +kind was ever attended with circumstances which +might move compassion, the said Earl hopes he may +be entitled to it." He then referred to his peaceable +disposition, and pleaded his youth and inexperience; +the absence of all malice, of all concerted conspiracy; +his having made no warlike preparations. He pleaded +also, that he could not be justly reproached with any +cruel or harsh conduct while he bore arms: he specified +his advice to those with him to submit at Preston, +and to trust to the King's mercy. He adduced his +anxiety to save the lives of his Majesty's subjects by +avoiding further bloodshed, and brought in proof a +letter which he had written to those of his own party, +conjuring them to capitulate. Under such circumstances, +the Earl implored the mediation both of their +Lordships and of the Commons for mercy on his behalf, +"which will lay him," so he declared in conclusion, +"under the highest obligations of duty and affection +to his Majesty, and perpetual gratitude to both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> +Houses."</p> + +<p>The answer not appearing to the Lords to be sufficiently +"express and clear," the Earl was then +asked by the Chancellor, whether he meant to plead +guilty to the articles of the impeachment. The Earl +replied that he did, and that he submitted to the +King's mercy. His answer and plea were entered +accordingly, and the Earl then withdrew.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p> + +<p>On Thursday, February the ninth, the Lords came +from their own House into the hall erected in Westminster +Hall, to pass sentence upon James, Earl of +Derwentwater, and upon the five other noblemen who +had pleaded guilty with him; the Earl of Wintoun, +who had pleaded not guilty, being reserved for trial.</p> + +<p>The Lord High Steward who presided on this occasion +was William Earl Cowper, Lord Chancellor, +who, for the time of trial, was called "your Grace," +and had the privilege of walking uncovered, his train +borne, except whilst the commission was read by the +Clerk of the Crown.</p> + +<p>The usual proclamation rang through the Court, +and the Sergeant-at-Arms, saying "Oyez! Oyez! +Oyez!" enforced silence. Then another proclamation +was made, commanding the Lieutenant of the +Tower to bring forth his prisoners to the Bar, and accordingly +the six rebel lords were brought to the Bar +by the Deputy-Governor of the Tower, having the axe +carried before them by the Gentleman Jailer, who +stood with it on the left hand of the prisoners,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> with +the edge turned from him. The prisoners after +kneeling before the Bar, bowed to his Grace the High +Steward, and also to the Peers, whose sad privilege it +is to try those of the same rank in the scale of society +as themselves, and often, from extensive intermarriages, +connected by ties of blood. The articles of +impeachment against James Earl of Derwentwater +were read, and the prisoner's reply.</p> + +<p>He was then asked if he pleaded guilty to the high +treason in the said articles of impeachment. His +Lordship replied, "I do." He was ordered to withdraw; +but was called before the Bar the same day to +receive judgment. Upon being asked by the Lord +High Steward "Why judgment should not be passed +upon him according to law?" the Earl repeated a few +circumstances mentioned in his answer to the articles. +His voice was scarcely articulate as he proceeded to +say, "But the terrors of your Lordship's just sentence, +which at once deprive me of my life and estate, +and complete the misfortunes of my wife and innocent +children, are so heavy upon my mind, I am scarcely +able to allege what may extenuate my offence, if any +thing may do it." He then again besought of their +Lordships the mediation in his behalf.</p> + +<p>After the Lords Widdrington, Kenmure, Nithisdale, +and Carnwath had been severally addressed, and had +replied to the Court, proclamation for silence was +again made, and judgment was given. It was prefaced +by a long and elaborate address; which, however +elegant, however explanatory, however just, it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>may be +considered, was strongly tinctured by the adulatory +spirit of the day, and was calculated to wound and to +harden the offending prisoners, rather than to unfold +with dignity the reasons for condemnation. In conclusion, +since nothing could, in the narrowing view of +party, be too dictatorial for the unfortunate Jacobites, +they were exhorted not to rely any longer on the usual +directors of their consciences, but to be assisted by +some of the pious and learned divines of the Church of +England. This was addressed to men who were, with +two exceptions, of the Church of Rome, and whose +chief reliance must naturally be upon those of their +own persuasion.</p> + +<p>The terrible sentence of the law was then recorded. +It was that usually given against the meanest offenders +in like kind, the most ignominious and +painful parts being remitted by the grace of the +Crown to persons of quality. Judgment was, however, +pronounced, according to the usual form for +high treason.<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p> + +<p>The prisoners were then reconducted to the Tower; +the Lord High Steward, standing up uncovered, broke +the staff of office, and declared the present commission +to be ended. The Peers returned to the House of +Lords.</p> + +<p>Little is known of the dreary and solemn hours +which intervened between the judgment and the execution +of the sentence. But one brief expression, in +an old newspaper, relative to the young and u<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>nhappy +Earl of Derwentwater, speaks volumes: "The Earl of +Derwentwater is so desponding, that two warders are +obliged to sit up with him during the night."<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> He +was visited in his prison by Thomas Townshend, +Viscount Sydney, then Under Secretary of State for +George the First;<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> one of the most amiable men, as +well as refined and elegant scholars of the day, and a +nobleman whose sensibility and delicacy of feeling, +which prevented his taking a share in the more +active parts of public business, must have caused +an interview with the Earl of Derwentwater to have +been deeply touching. The Duke of Roxburgh also +visited the condemned nobleman; but no record is +left of these communications. The Duke was at that +time Keeper of the Privy Seal for Scotland, and +Lord-Lieutenant of the counties of Roxburgh and +Selkirk. He had recently distinguished himself at +Sherriff Muir: he was at this time a young man of +twenty-five years of age, and one whom all parties +have commended. "Learned, without pedantry, he +was, perhaps," says Lockhart of Carnwath, "the +best accomplished young man of Europe." To these +acquirements were added a singular charm of manner.<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> +One can hardly suppose the visits of two such +men not to have had their source from some motive of +kindness.</p> + +<p>To the credit of the House of Lords, an address was +voted to the King, petitioning that his Majesty wou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>ld +reprieve such of the rebel lords as deserved his +mercy. The royal answer was couched in these +terms: that "the King on this, and all occasions, +would do what he thought consistent with the dignity +of the Crown and the safety of his people."<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> It was +unfortunate that, both at this time and in the Rebellion +of 1745, there was no Queen Consort. A woman's +heart would, one may trust, have pleaded for +the young, gallant, and beloved Derwentwater. The +English Court was, at that time, insulted by the audacious +intrigues of foreign mistresses. These women +had no interest in the King's real fame, nor in the +national credit. Such was the case in the first Rebellion.<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> +In 1745 Queen Caroline, the wife of +George the Second, was dead.</p> + +<p>Accompanied by two courageous ladies, the young +Countess of Derwentwater threw herself at the feet +of the King, and implored mercy on her husband.<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> +In the House of Commons, the First Lord of the +Treasury declared, that he had been offered a bribe +of sixty thousand pounds to save Lord Derwentwater. +Sir Richard Steele spoke loudly in favour of the condemned +lords, but the declaration of Walpole suppressed +all hopes of mercy. "He was moved with +indignation," he said, "to see that there should be +such unworthy members of this great body as to +open their mouths, without blushing, in favour of +rebels and parricides." He adjourned the House<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> +until the first of March, it being understood that +the peers would be executed in the mean time. It +is some consolation to reflect that the Minister had, +on this occasion, only a majority of seven.</p> + +<p>At this juncture, when all hope seemed lost, Mary, +Dowager Countess of Derwentwater, proffered the +following petition in behalf of her sons. One can +hardly suppose how it could have been disregarded; +but the Monarch had few sympathies with his people +of England.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The humble Petition of Mary Countess of Derwentwater, +1716, to the King's most excellent Majesty, +sheweth,</p> + +<p>"That the Earl of Derwentwater and Charles Radcliffe +(your petitioner's two and only sons) having +been unfortunately engaged and surprised into a +horrid and open Rebellion against your most sacred +Majesty, have surrendered themselves at Preston, +and submitted to your Majesty's great clemency and +mercy.</p> + +<p>"Their crimes are so enormous, that your petitioner +can scarce hope for a pardon; yet the greatness of +their offence doth not make your petitioner lay aside +all hopes of mercy, when your petitioner and they, +who are both very young, throw themselves, absolute +and entirely, at your Majesty's feet for it; and as +they have a just abhorrence and a sincere and true +repentance for what is past, so they will give undoubted +security and proof of their most dutiful behaviou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>r +to your Majesty's Government for the future.</p> + +<p>"Wherefore your petitioner most humbly prays +that your Majesty will, out of your royal clemency +and boundless mercy and compassion, spare the lives +of your petitioner's sons, and grant them your most +gracious pardon.</p> + +<p>"And your petitioner shall ever, as in duty bound, +&c."<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a></p></div> + +<p>The petition was unavailing, and the unfortunate +young nobleman prepared to meet his doom.</p> + +<p>On the twenty-fourth of February, at ten o'clock, +the Earl of Derwentwater, with Lord Kenmure, was +carried in a hackney-coach from the Tower to the +Transport Office in Tower Hill, where there was a +room prepared for their reception, hung with black, +and a passage or gallery railed in, which led to the +place of execution. The scaffold was surrounded +with the Guards. Lord Derwentwater suffered first. +He was observed to turn very pale as he proceeded +through the gallery and ascended the steps; but +there was a modest composure observable in his demeanour. +He held a book in his hand, from which +he read prayers for some time; then, requesting leave +of the Sheriffs to read a paper to the people, he went +to the rails of the scaffold, and there delivered the +following touching and beautiful address, which, how +different soever may be the sentiments and opinions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> +with which it is perused, can hardly fail to impress +the reader as coming from a conscientious mind:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Being in a few minutes to appear before the +Tribunal of God, where, though most unworthy, I +hope for mercy, which I have not found from men +now in power, I have endeavoured to make my peace +with His Divine Majesty, by most humbly begging +pardon for all the sins of my life; and I doubt not +of a merciful forgiveness, through the merits of the +passion of my Saviour Jesus Christ; for which +end I earnestly desire the prayers of all good Christians.</p> + +<p>"After this, I am to ask pardon of those whom I +might have scandalized by pleading guilty at my +trial. Such as were permitted to come to me, told +me that, having been undeniably in arms, pleading +guilty was but the consequence of having submitted +to mercy, and many arguments were used to prove +there was nothing of moment in so doing,—among +others, the universal practice of signing leases, whereof +the preambles ran in the name of the persons in +possession.</p> + +<p>"But I am sensible that in this I have made bold +with my loyalty, having never owned any other but +King James the Third for my lawful King: him I +had an inclination to serve from my infancy, and +was moved thereto by a natural love I had to his +person, knowing him to be capable of making his +people happy; and though he had been born of a +different religion to mine, I should have done<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> for him +all that lay in my power, as my ancestors have done +for his predecessors, being thereto bound by the laws +of God and man.</p> + +<p>"Wherefore, if in this affair I have acted rashly, +it ought not to affect the innocent; I intended to +wrong nobody, but to serve my King and my country, +and that without self-interest,—hoping, by the +example I gave, to have induced others to their +duty; and God, who sees the secrets of my heart, +knows I speak the truth. Some means have been +proposed to me for saving my life, which I looked +upon as inconsistent with honour and innocence, and +therefore I rejected them; for, with God's assistance, +I shall prefer any death to the doing a base unworthy +action. I only wish now, that the laying +down my life might contribute to the service of my +King and country, and the re-establishment of the +ancient and fundamental constitution of these kingdoms; +without which, no lasting peace or true happiness +can attend them. Then I should, indeed, +part with my life even with pleasure; as it is, I can +only pray, that these blessings may be bestowed +upon my dear country; and since I can do no more, +I beseech God to accept of my life as a small sacrifice +to it.</p> + +<p>"I die a Roman Catholic: I am in perfect charity +with all the world (I thank God for it), even with +those of the present Government, who are most instrumental +in my death. I freely forgive all such +as ungenerously reported false things <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>of me; and +hope to be forgiven the trespasses of my youth by +the Father of Mercies, into whose hands I commend +my soul.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +<span class="smcap">J. Derwentwater.</span>"<br /> +</p> + +<p>P.S. "If that Prince who now governs had given +me my life, I should have thought myself obliged +never more to have taken up arms against him."</p></div> + +<p>After delivering this address, the unfortunate +nobleman thus spoke to the executioner: "You will +find something for you in my pocket [this was two +half-guineas], and I have given that gentleman +[pointing to a person who held his hat and wig] +somewhat more for you. Let me lie down once, to +see how the block fits me." This he did. Then, +kneeling down again, and uttering a short prayer +with the executioner, he arose, and undressed himself +for execution, the headsman assisting him. After +which, the Earl desired the executioner to take notice, +that "when he heard the words 'sweet Jesus!' +then he should do his office so soon as he pleased." +After which, his Lordship laid himself down on the +block, and said, "I forgive my enemies, and hope +that God will forgive me;" and then, turning his +head up towards the executioner, he exclaimed, +"After the third time I cry '<i>sweet Jesus!</i>' strike +then, and do what is most convenient to you."</p> + +<p>A solemn and appalling scene then ensued. +The voice of Lord Derwentwater was heard to exclaim, +and the watchful ear of the executioner caught<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> +these words: "<i>Sweet Jesus</i>, receive my spirit; <i>sweet +Jesus</i>, be merciful unto me; <i>sweet Jesus</i>"—he seemed +to be going on, when the sentence was broken and +the voice for ever hushed, the executioner severing +his Lordship's head from his body, which he did at +one stroke. Then the executioner took up the head, +and at the several quarters of the scaffold elevated +it with both his hands, crying with a loud voice, +"Behold the head of a traitor! God save King +George!" When he had done so, the friends of the +Earl not being provided with hearse or coffin, Sir +John Fryer, the Sheriff, ordered the body to be +wrapped in black baize, to be conveyed to a hackney +coach, and delivered to his friends, one of whom +had wrapped up his head in a handkerchief.<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a></p> + +<p>On the day of the execution, Mary, Countess of +Derwentwater, accompanied by another female, dressed +herself as a fishwoman, and in a cart drove under +Temple Bar, having previously bribed some people +to throw the head of her lord into her lap, as she +passed under the pinnacle on which it was placed.<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a></p> + +<p>Various accounts have been given of the interment +of the Earl of Derwentwater. He is generally believed +to have been buried in the church of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, +near the altar. But a popular tradition +has found credence, that he was buried at Dilstone. +This has arisen from the Jacobite ditty, called "De<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>rwentwater's +Good Night," or has probably given +origin to that lay, in which the Earl is made to +say:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Albeit that here in London town<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It is my fate to die,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O carry me to Northumberland,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In my father's grave to lie:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There chaunt my solemn requiem,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In Hexham's holy towers,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And let six maids of fair Tynedale,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Scatter my grave with flowers."<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>This is said to have been his last request, but to +have been refused, for fear of any popular tumult in +the North. Either a pretended burial in the church +of St. Giles took place, or the Earl's body was removed, +"for it was certainly," says Mr. Hogg, "carried +secretly to Dilstone, where it was deposited by +the side of the Earl's father, in his chapel." "A little +porch before the farm-house of Whitesmocks," adds +the same authority, "is pointed out as the exact spot +where the Earl's remains rested, avoiding Durham." +The coffin is said to have been opened during the +present century, and the body of the Earl recognized, +both by his appearance of youth, his features, and the +suture round his neck. It is seldom satisfactory to +state what has no other source than common report. +In the North, the aurora borealis is still said to be +called "Lord Derwentwater's lights," because, on the +night of his execution, it appeared remarkably vivid. +It is, any rate, pleasant to reflect, that one who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> +"gave bread to thousands" is remembered by this +beautiful appearance in the county which he loved, +and where his virtues are remembered and his errors +forgotten.</p> + +<p>His fate was hard. Let us not, contrary to nature, +call up motives of state policy to vindicate the death +of this brave and honourable man. The Earl of +Derwentwater was one upon whom clemency might +safely have been shown. Generous, liberal, sincere, a +prince might have relied upon his assurance that, had +mercy been shown to him, it would never have been +repaid by treachery. His youth and inexperience,—his +wife, his children,—should not have been forgotten: +nor should it have been forgotten, that the +principles of loyalty for which his life was forfeited, +have dictated some of the most important services +which have been rendered to the state, and have +secured the existence of an hereditary government.</p> + +<p>Of what the Earl of Derwentwater might have become, +in character, in intellect, his early fate has prevented +our judging. In person he was noble and +elegant; his portraits do not give the impression of +that beauty of feature which has been ascribed to him. +In character he was irreproachable. He was, in one +sense, one of those noblemen of whom it were well for +this country to have more: he lived among those +from whom he drew his fortunes—their benefactor +and their friend.</p> + +<p>The widowed Countess of Derwentwater died at +Brussels in August, 1723.<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> The descendan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>ts of the +Earl are now extinct, a son and daughter who survived +him having both died. His Lordship's brother +married a Scottish peeress, and is the ancestor of +the present Earl of Newburgh, the rightful representative +of the Earl of Derwentwater.</p> + +<p>"The domains of the Derwentwater family in Cumberland +are," says Lord Mahon, "among the very few +forfeitures of the Jacobites which have never been restored +by the clemency of the House of Hanover." In +1788, a clear rent of two thousand five hundred +pounds was, however, granted out of these estates to +the Newburgh family. "They were first," says the +same authority, "settled on Greenwich Hospital, but +have since been sold to Mr. Marshall, of Leeds."</p> + +<p>The deeds of the Derwentwater estates were preserved +in the following manner: "On the night +when Preston surrendered, Lord Derwentwater found +means," as Mr. Hogg relates, "to send messengers +to Capheaton, to prevent the family there from appearing +in arms. By his orders, the family papers were +removed to Capheaton, and they were laid between +two walls and a chimney. A slater employed about +the house discovered several chests with the Derwentwater +arms engraved on the lids. Being a +rigid Presbyterian, he informed old Sir Ambrose +Middleton, of Belsay, who being Deputy-Lieutenant +for the Duke of Somerset, searched Capheaton for +arms, and under that pretence broke open the walls, +and found the deeds, from the concealment of which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> +Greenwich Hospital had been put to some difficulties."</p> + +<p>Such was the fate of the last memorial of the unfortunate +Earl of Derwentwater. It is impossible to +help regretting that a name once so honoured should +have become extinct; and there appears to be an unaccountable +injustice in that oblivion, whilst most +of the Scottish forfeited titles have been restored.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_MASTER_OF_SINCLAIR" id="THE_MASTER_OF_SINCLAIR"></a>THE MASTER OF SINCLAIR.</h2> + + +<p>John Sinclair, called, in compliance with the custom +of Scotland in regard to the eldest sons of Barons, +the Master of Sinclair, was descended from the ancient +family of Saint Clare, in France, on whom lands +were bestowed by Alexander the Third of Scotland. +In early times, the titles of Earls of Orkney and +Caithness had been given to the first settlers of the +Saint Clares; and the possession of the islands of +Orkney and Shetland had been added to certain royal +donations, by a marriage with an heiress of the sirname +of Speire. One of the Sinclairs had even borne the dignity +of Prince of Orkney; but this distinction was +lost by an improvident member of the house of Sinclair, +called William the Waster; and the prosperity of +his descendants was due only to the favour of James +the Sixth, who created Henry Sinclair, of Dysart in +Fife, a Baron.</p> + +<p>The family continued in honour and estimation, +until the subject of this memoir, John, brought upon +it disgrace, and incurred to himself lasting self-reproach.</p> + +<p>The Master of Sinclair was the eldest son of Henry, +seventh Lord Sinclair, and the representative, therefore, +of an honourable family. But it was his fate to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> +forfeit his birthright, not so much by his adherence to +an ill-fated cause, as by the violence and brutality of +his own temper and conduct.</p> + +<p>He was, at an early age, engaged in the military +profession, and bore the commission of Captain-Lieutenant +in Preston's regiment under the great Marlborough. +At the battle of Wynendale, fought on the +twenty-eighth of September, 1708, the events which +stamped the future character of the Master of Sinclair's +destiny occurred.</p> + +<p>Two brothers of the name of Schaw, Scotchmen, of +an ancient race, and ancestors, collaterally, of the +present family of Shaw-Stewart of Renfrew, had commissions +also in Preston's regiment. These unfortunate +young men were of the chief family of the Schaws, or +Sauchie, who had flourished since the reign of Robert +the Second.</p> + +<p>By that singular coincidence which sometimes occurs, +and which seems to stamp certain races with +misfortune, the Schaws had already been nearly exterminated +in feudal times by the violence of a neighbouring +clan, the Montgomeries of Skellmorlie; and +had been preserved from total destruction by what +seemed to human comprehension to be the merest +chance. By one of the Montgomeries, the Tower of +Greenock was invaded and taken, and the Laird of +Schaw and four or five of his sons were put to death. +One child, then in his cradle, alone escaped, and +grew up to manhood, with the resolution to avenge +his father and his brothers rankling at his heart<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>. +Accordingly, he collected his friends and dependants, +and invested, during a period of repose and security, +the house of his enemy. Montgomery, finding his +castle attacked, stood forth on the battlements, and, +after demanding a parley with the besieger, "Are +you not," he cried out, "an ungrateful man to come +hither with bow and brand to take the life of the +man who made you young laird and auld laird in +the same day?" Young Schaw, struck by the argument, +drew off his forces, and left the castle of +Skellmorlie standing, and its inmates uninjured.</p> + +<p>The family of Schaw were zealous Whigs, the father +of the two young officers in Preston's regiment having +raised a regiment at the time of the Revolution, without +any other expense to the Government than that of +sergeants and drummers.</p> + +<p>The eldest brother, Sir John Schaw, had been an +active promoter of the Union; and, upon a threatened +invasion of the French, and a consequent alarm of the +Jacobites, Sir John had offered to join the army with +five or six hundred of his followers. This decided +political bias may, perhaps, in some measure, account +for the disposition to affront on the side of Sinclair, +and the quickness to resent on the other hand, +which was shown between the parties.</p> + +<p>During the battle of Wynendale, in the midst of the +fire, it appeared, in evidence afterwards taken, that +Ensign Hugh Schaw, the first of the victims to the +Master of Sinclair's wrath, was heard to call out to +the Master "to stand upright;" it was afterwards<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> +publicly stated by Ensign Hugh Schaw, that he had +done so upon seeing Sinclair bow himself down to +the ground for a considerable time. This alleged act +of cowardice on the part of Sinclair appears, however, +not to have really taken place; but it was +made the groundwork of a calumnious imputation. +It must, however, be acknowledged, that there was +nothing in the subsequent conduct of the Master of +Sinclair, as far as the battle of Sherriff Muir was concerned, +to raise his character as a man of personal +bravery.</p> + +<p>Upon hearing of this injurious report, Sinclair sent +a challenge to Ensign Schaw. It was dispatched +through the medium of a brother officer, to whom the +Ensign replied, at first, that he had just heard of +his brother George's being wounded before Lisle, and +that it was of far greater importance that he should +go to him than accept the Master of Sinclair's challenge; +besides, the young man added, that since his +last misfortune, probably a fatal duel, he had pledged +himself neither to receive nor to give a challenge. +Should a rencontre happen, he would defend himself as +he could; that, after all, he had said nothing but what +he could prove. Upon these words being repeated to +the Master of Sinclair, he fell into a violent passion, +and swore that he would not give Schaw fair play; +that his honour was concerned. The second whom he +had employed then threatened to take the challenge +to Colonel Preston; upon which the Master told him +"he was a rascal if he did it."</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p> +<p>On the following day, the Master met Ensign Schaw, +and taking a stick from underneath his coat, struck the +Ensign two blows over the head with it. They both +drew, and fought with such fury that the Master's +sword was broken, and that of the Ensign bent; upon +which Sinclair retired behind a sentinel, desiring +him "to keep off the Ensign, as his sword was broken." +Schaw then said, "You know I am more of a gentleman +than to pursue you when your sword is broken." +But the young soldier Schaw had at this time received +a mortal wound, of which he died; but not +until after the verdict of the court-martial ultimately +held on Sinclair.</p> + +<p>In the course of three days a second fatal rencontre +succeeded this deadly contest; and another brother, +Captain Alexander Schaw, fell a victim to the vindictive +and brutal notions at that period considered in +the army to constitute a code of honour.</p> + +<p>Captain Schaw was naturally indignant at the death +of his brother; he expressed his anger openly, and +said, that the Master of Sinclair had "paper in his +breast," against which his brother's sword was bent; +and that he had received the fatal wound after his +sword had thus become useless. The Master of Sinclair +having heard of these assertions, resolved to +avenge himself for these imputations cast upon him. +On the thirteenth of September, as Captain Schaw was +riding at the head of Major How's regiment, the sound +of his own name, repeated twice, announced the approach +of the hated Sinclair. Captain Schaw turned, +and inquired of the Master what he wanted. S<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>inclair +replied, by asking him to go to the front, as he +wanted to speak to him; to which Captain Schaw +rejoined, that he might speak to him there. "Yes," +returned Sinclair, "but if I fire at you here, I may +shoot some other body." Captain Schaw answered, +that he might fire at him if he pleased, he bore him +no ill-will. "If you will not go to the front," returned +Sinclair, "beg my pardon." This was refused, +some words of further aggravation ensued; then the +Master of Sinclair drew his pistol and fired at Schaw. +The Captain was also preparing to fire; his hand was +in the act of drawing his pistol when it was for ever +checked, whether employed for good or evil; the aim +of Sinclair was certain, and Schaw fell dead from +his horse. Sinclair, without waiting to inquire how +far mortal might be the wound he had inflicted, rode +away.</p> + +<p>Thus perished two young officers, described by their +brother, Sir John Schaw, as "very gallant gentlemen." +To complete the tragedy, a third, wounded at Lisle, +was brought to the camp at Wynendale, and expired +in the same room with his brother, Ensign Schaw, +partly of his wounds, partly of grief for his brother's +death; so that the offender, as the surviving brother +remarked, "was not wholly innocent even of his blood:" +yet both these rencontres, to adopt the mild term employed +by Sir Walter Scott, were viewed in a very +lenient manner by the officers of the court-martial +which afterwards sat upon the case, and even by Marlborough +himself. The Master of Sinclair speaks of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> +them in his narrative in terms which imply that +one, whose hands were so deeply dyed in crime, regarded +himself as an injured man; there can scarcely +be a better exemplification of the deceitfulness of the +heart than such a representation.</p> + +<p>On the seventeenth of October, 1708, a court-martial +upon the Master of Sinclair was held at Ronsales +by the command of the Duke of Marlborough. +Upon the first charge, that of challenging Ensign +Hugh Schaw (in breach of the twenty-eighth article +of war), Sinclair was acquitted, the court being of +opinion that the challenge was not proved.</p> + +<p>Of the second accusation, that of killing Captain +Alexander Schaw, the Master of Sinclair was found +guilty, and sentenced to suffer death. He was, however, +recommended to the mercy of the Duke of Marlborough, +in consideration of the provocation which he +had received,—the prisoner having declared that, not +only on that occasion, but upon several, and in different +regiments, Captain Schaw had defamed him; that he +was forced to do what he did, and that he had done it +with reluctance.</p> + +<p>The case was, however, afterwards referred to the +Attorney General and the Solicitor General, who gave it +their opinion that Sinclair was guilty of murder; for +had the trial taken place in England before a common +jury, the judge must have directed the jury to find +him guilty of murder, no provocation whatever being +sufficient to excuse malice, or to make the offence of +killing less than murder, when it is committed with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> +premeditation. How far the provocation was to be +considered as a ground of mercy, these legal functionaries +declined to judge.</p> + +<p>Upon the publication of this sentence, Sir John +Schaw addressed a petition to Queen Anne, praying +for justice on the murderer of his brothers, and appealing +to his Sovereign against the extraordinary recommendation +of the court to mercy. He also wrote +urgent letters to the Earl of Stair and the Duke of +Argyle, praying for their intercession with the Duke of +Marlborough that the murderer of his brothers might +be punished. He next wrote to the Duke of Marlborough +himself. The following letters show the +earnestness of the pleader, and prove the caution and +subtlety of the General. Some deep political motive +lay beneath the mercy shown to Sinclair, otherwise it +seems impossible to account for the conduct of so +great a disciplinarian as Marlborough in this affair.</p> + + +<h4>SIR JOHN SCHAW TO THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">May it pleas your Grace</span>,</p> + +<p>"Amongst the misfortunes that attend the murthers +of my two brothers, I thinck it's one to be +constrain'd to appear importunate with your Grace. +The case, by the depositions of the witnesses, being +in the opinion of the learn'd lawyers of the most +atrocius nature, and not pardonable by the law of the +country whereof we are subjects, and such as indispensable +requires my utmost applications for redress,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> +I cannot forbear the repeating of my submissive +prayers to your Grace for speedy justice. The blood +of my brothers, the tyes of nature, and the sentiments +of friendship, would render the least negligence on my +part inexcusable with the world and with my own +conscience.</p> + +<p>"I should deliver my petition personally, rather +than venture to give your Grace the trouble of letters, +were I not sufficiently assured of your Grace's +justice, and at the same time willing to gratifie my +wellwisshers desires in staying here. Hoping your +Grace wil, with a condescending compassion to my +present circumstances, favourably admit the bearer, +Capt. James Stuart, in Coll. M'Carty's regiment, who is +my faithfull friend and near relation, to deliver this +letter, and represent my case, that the whole matter +may be sett in a true light for a finall decision, in the +meantime, I remain, with a profound respect, my +Lord, Your Grace's most humble, etc."</p> + +<p> +"To the Duke of Marlborough, London, the 29th November, 1708."<br /> +</p></div> + + +<h4>THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH TO SIR JOHN SCHAW.<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a></h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p>"Captain Stewart has delivered me your letter of +the twenty-first of November; I had before, from the +Secretary at Warr, the opinion of the Attorney and +Sollicitor General upon the proceedings of the cou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>rt-martiall, +with the copie of the petition you had presented +to the Queen, but no positive directions from hir +Majesty, which I should have been very glad to have +received, being without it under very great uneasiness, +as Captain Steward will tell you; however, you may +be sure I shall have all the regard you can desire for +your just resentment against Mr. Sinclair, being truly, +Sir,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +<span style="margin-right: 4em;">"Your most humble servant,<br /></span> +<span style="margin-right: 2em;">(<i>Sic subscribitur</i>)<br /></span> +"<span class="smcap">Marlborough</span>."<br /> +</p> + +<p> +"Copie letter Duke of Marlborrough to Sir<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Schaw, dated at the Camp at<br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Melle, the 16th December, 1708."<br /></span> +</p></div> + +<p>After this correspondence, the unhappy brother of the +two young officers had every reason to conclude that +the delinquent would very soon be brought to justice. +He wrote to Mr. Cardonnel, secretary to the Duke of +Marlborough, in grateful terms for the kind intercession +employed for him. What was afterwards his astonishment +to find that Sinclair was allowed to serve in +the British army in the sieges of Lisle and Ghent, and +eventually received in the Prussian service! The +evident favour of the Duke is fully shown in the following +passage from the Master of Sinclair's narrative:</p> + +<p>"I was obliged to quit [the army] for two misfortunes +which happened in a very short time, one after +the other, notwithstanding of the court-marshall's recommending +me to the General, his Grace the Duke of +Marlborough's mercy, which was always looked on as +equal to a pardon, and which I can aver was never <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>refused +to any one but myself. Nor was his allowing me +to serve at the sieges of Lisle and Ghent precedented +on my giving my word of honour to return to arrest +after these sieges were over, which I did and continued +(prisoner) till his Grace the Duke of Marlborough +sent his repeated orders to make my escape, which I +disobeyed twice; but at last being encouraged by his +promise to recommend me to any prince that I pleased, +for these were his words, I went off, and procured his +recommendation to the King of Prussia, from whose +service, which I may say is of the strictest, I came back +to serve in the Low Countries, where I continued until +the end of the war, at which time her Majesty Queen +Anne having, as it is said, turned Tory, vouchsafed me +her pardon."</p> + +<p>These marks of indulgence to Sinclair fell heavily +upon the heart of him who still mourned two promising +brothers, sent to an untimely grave by brutal +revenge. The following letter from Sir John Schaw is +beautifully and touchingly expressed.<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> What effect it +produced upon the great but not faultless man to +whom it was addressed, can only be known by the impunity +with which Sinclair, his hands being imbued in +the blood of his countrymen, continued in the Prussian +army, and afterwards returned to Scotland.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is with very great regrate that I give your Grace +any further trouble on account of the melancholy story +of my two brothers, who had the misfortune to be murth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>ered +in the space of three dayes by Lieutenant Sinclair, +then in the regiment of Prestoun, in the year +1708. Your Grace was at the paines to be informed +of the whole case, and the murtherer, being a man of +quality, had many to intercede for him; your justice +did overcome all other considerations and indeed +nothing could be more worthie of the great character +your Grace has, and the glorious name you must leave +to posterity, than the punishment of so cruel and +bloodie a fact; but the criminal escaped, and the sentence +of death pronounced by the court-martial, and +confirmed by your Grace, was not executed; and I, +having done all I could to bring the murtherer of my +unfortunate brothers to condign punishment, was satisfied +to pursue him no further, tho' the atrocity of the +crime committed against the law of nations would have +affoarded me ground to have prosecuted him in any +country where he could have been found. But to my +surprize and sorrow, I have of late been informed that +Lieutenant Sinclair has added to the repeated murthers +the impudence of returning, an officer in a Prussian +regiment, to the army, where he was condemn'd, +as it were to affront justice, and glory in what he has +done. I am wel persuaded, that if his guilt had been +known to the King of Prussia or his Generals, his Majesty +would not have suffered so odious ane offender to +be entertained in his service. Nor can the Generals or +Ministers of Prussia have anything to plead, why a sentence +pronounced by a British court-martial against +one of hir Majesty's subjects, and confirmed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>by your excellency +her Generall should not now be executed. I +am confident your Grace will not sufferr publick justice +to be insulted in that affair, and I doe in the most +humble and earnest manner begg that your Grace +would cause apprehend the murtherer, that justice may +be done upon him for his barbarous and bloodie crimes. +I had about two years ago four brothers, of whom I +may without vanity say, they were very gallant gentlemen; +two were murthered by Lieutenant Sinclair; +the third died in the roome with one of these, partly +of his wounds received before Lille, and pairtly out of +griefe for his brothers' misfortunes, so that the offender +is not innocent even of his blood; the fourth was killed +at the battle of Mons. The blood of these that were +barbarously slain, call for vengeance; the law of God +and nature requires it. They had, and I in their name +have a claime, in a particular manner, to your Grace's +justice, they having been all four under your Grace's +command; forgive it to my natural affection, if I use +arguments with your Grace to do an act of justice when +the whole world, and I in particular, have such proofs +of the greatness of your minde and virtue, I shall only +add my most sincere and humble acknowledgement of +your Grace's justice and dispatch in the melancholie +affair, of which I shall ever retain the most gratefull +sense; and remain under the strictest tyes of dutie, +with the most profound respect, my Lord, your Grace's +most humble, most obedient, obliged, and faithful +servant," &c.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p> + +<p>With this letter, and some memorials of Sir John +Schaw's public service, end all known appeals for justice +on the murderer. But conscience avenged the crime. +Many years afterwards, when living in opulence upon +his patrimonial estate at Dysart in Fife, the Master received +from an humble individual a bitter, though involuntary +reproach. When preparing to cross the Frith, +he stopped at an inn in order to engage a running footman +to attend him. Detested by his neighbours, and +ever in dread of the Schaws, Sinclair preserved a +sort of incognito. A youth was presented for his approval. +The Master inquired of the young candidate +what proof he could give of his activity, on which this +remarkable reply was given: "Sir, I ran beside the +Master of Sinclair's horse when he rode post from the +English camp to escape the death for which he was +condemned for the murder of the two brothers." "The +Master," adds Sir Walter Scott, "much shocked, was +nearly taken ill on the spot."<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a></p> + +<p>During the insurrection of 1715, the Master of +Sinclair took at first an active part, and became the +commander of a company of Jacobite gentlemen of Fife. +He joined the Earl of Mar at Perth,<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> and was employed +in an expedition which gained some credit to +the Jacobites. Some arms having been brought out of +Edinburgh for the use of the Earl of Sutherland, and +being put on board a ship at Leith, the Earl of Mar +resolved to intercept these supplies. The wind being +contrary, the master of the vessel thus loaded had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> +dropped into Brunt Island, and had gone into the town +on that island to see his family. A party of four +hundred horse and as many foot was meantime detached +on the second of October, 1715, and arrived at +the island about midnight. They pressed all the boats +in the harbour, and boarded the vessel, carrying off +three hundred and six complete stand of arms, together +with a considerable number which they found in the +town. This expedition was skilfully contrived and +managed, the horse surrounding the town whilst the +foot ransacked it; and the invasion was made so +silently that the Duke of Argyle gained no tidings of +it.<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a></p> + +<p>After this exploit the Master of Sinclair returned +to the camp at Perth, there to promote, if not actually +to originate, divisions which were fatal to the +cause which he had espoused. Lord Mar, in his +letters, charges him, indeed, distinctly with being the +very source of the dissensions which soon sprang up +among the Jacobite chiefs.<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> The temper of Sinclair +could ill brook submission to the Earl of Mar, +whom, as a General, he soon ceased to respect; and +for whose difficult situation he had no relenting feelings. +"The Master," writes Sir Walter Scott, "who +was a man of strong sense, acute observation, and +some military experience, besides being of a haughty +and passionate temper, averse to deference and subordination, +soon placed himself in opposition to the +general, whom he seems to have at once d<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>etested and +despised."<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a></p> + +<p>The unfortunate result of the siege of Preston, soon +brought to light the discontents which the Master had +nourished among the followers of Mar. Parties had, +indeed, for some time agitated the camp. When the +disasters in England gave them a fresh impulse, and +Lord Mar feelingly, and perhaps not too severely, +described the influence of Sinclair when he bitterly +describes him as "a devil in the camp, known in his +true colours when calamity had befallen those with +whom he was in conjunction." It was henceforth in +vain that Mar, to use his own expression, "endeavoured +to keep people from breaking among themselves until +the long-expected arrival of the Chevalier should, it +was hoped, check the growing jealousies in the camp;" +a party arose, headed by Lord Huntley, Lord Seaforth, +and the Master of Sinclair, who soon obtained the name +of the Grumbler's Club, and who rendered themselves +odious to the sincere and zealous Jacobites.</p> + +<p>Lord Huntley appears from Lord Mar's representations, +"to have been completely under the influence +of the Master." "Lord Huntley," writes Lord +Mar, "is still very much out of humour, and nothing +can make him yet believe that the King is coming. +He intends to go north, under the pretext of reducing +Lord Sutherland, and his leaving us at this time, I +think, might have very bad effects, which makes me do +all I can to keep him. The Master of Sinclair is a +very bad instrument about him, and has been most t<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>o +blame for all the differences amongst us. I am plagued +out of my life with them, but must do the best I +can."<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a></p> + +<p>Lord Huntley, however, continued to manifest the +greatest disgust and suspicion of Lord Mar, often +refusing to see him, and, though still lingering at +Perth, threatening continually to leave the camp and +go northward.</p> + +<p>Lord Sinclair, meantime, having heard of these +factions, and being sincerely affected to the cause of +the Stuarts, wrote to his son "a sharp letter about +his behaviour," and a visit of explanation from the +Master instantly followed. During his absence there +was a revulsion of feeling among the Grumblers, and +some contrition was expressed by them for the part +that they had acted; but the fiend returned, and the +malcontents quietly relapsed.<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a></p> + +<p>The news of James's certain arrival silenced, for +a time, all complaints; but again they revived. Lord +Mar seems to have had some misgiving of this, when +he wrote, "Those that made a pretext of the King's +not being landed, are now left inexcusable, and if +those kind of folks now sit still and look any more +on, they ought to be worse treated than our worse +enemies." Yet it appears by a subsequent letter, +that the grievances of which the General complained +so bitterly, were not cured even by the presence of +the Chevalier; that those who had made a pretext<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> +of his absence to complain and despond, desponded +still, and that, in fact, the malady was so deep-seated +as to be incurable.</p> + +<p>It may be urged, in vindication of the Master, who +obviously aggravated the spirit of the Grumblers, +that the event proved that his apprehensions were +well founded. It was, indeed, natural for an experienced +officer who had served under Marlborough, +to view with dissatisfaction and suspicion the feeble +and tardy movements of Lord Mar. Yet a hearty +well-wisher to any cause would have abstained from +infusing distrust into those counsels which, whether +wise or foolish, were destined to guide the adherents +of the party. A man of honour will enter, heart and +soul, into what he undertakes, or not enter at all. +The conduct of Sinclair was that of a mean, morose +spirit; and it is but fair to conclude that his motives +for adopting the name of Jacobite were either those +of personal advancement, or arose out of an enforced +compliance with the wishes of his father.</p> + +<p>Whilst Sinclair was thus undermining the welfare +of the party to which he nominally belonged, his +determined enemy, Sir John Schaw, after assisting +the Duke of Argyle in defending Inverness against +the insurgent troops, was marching with Lord Isla +to rejoin the Duke of Argyle in his march towards +Perth. It so happened that Lord Isla and his friends +reached Sherriff Muir at the very moment when the +Government troops and the Jacobites were about to +join in battle. "Sir John," says Sir Walter Scott<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>, +"though he had no command, engaged as a volunteer; +and we may suppose his zeal for King George +was heightened by the recollection that the slayer +of his brothers fought under the opposite banners." +He behaved himself with distinguished courage, receiving +a wound on his arm, and another in his +side.<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> He was, at this time, the only surviving +brother out of four, his brother Thomas having been +slain at the siege of Mons a year after the death of +the others. A month before Sir John Schaw had +joined the Duke, Lady Schaw, the daughter of Sir +Hugh Dalrymple, and a woman of singular energy +and spirit, assembled the Greenock companies in arms, +and telling them that the Protestant religion, with +their laws, liberties, and lives, and all that was dear +to them as men and Christians, were in hazard by +that unnatural rebellion, exhorted them to conduct +themselves suitably to the occasion.</p> + +<p>The conduct of Sinclair at the battle of Sherriff +Muir was not inconsistent with his former life. He +remained, in that engagement, stationary, with the +Marquis of Huntley, at the head of the cavalry of +Fife and Aberdeen; hence the lines in the old song +on Sherriff Muir.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Huntly and Sinclair<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They baith play'd the Tinkler,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With consciences black as a craw, man."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p><p>Upon the return of the Jacobite army to Perth, +where they waited, as Scott remarks in a tone of +mournful reprobation of Mar, "until their own forces +should disperse, those of their enemy advance, and +the wintry storm so far subside as to permit the Duke +of Argyle to advance against them," Sinclair was the +chief promoter of a scheme formed by the Grumblers +for a timely submission to Government. Instigated +by their wishes, an attempt was made by Lord Mar +to procure, through the Duke of Argyle's mediation, +some terms with Government; but it failed, and those +who had embarked in the cause were obliged to provide, +as they best might, individually for their safety. +The whole tenour of Sinclair's conduct was such as to +draw down upon him the severest invectives of his party. +In one of the poems of the day he is thus described:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The master with the bully's face,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And with the coward heart,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who never fail'd, to his disgrace,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To act a coward's part,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Did join Dunbogue, the greatest rogue,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In all the shire of Fife,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who was the first the cause to leave,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By counsel from his wife."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The Master quitted the insurgent party at Perth, +and joined the Marquis of Huntley at Strathbogie; +thence he proceeded as a fugitive through Caithness +and Orkney, with a few friends, who, like himself, +were hopeless of pardon. After wandering in these +remote districts for some time, the Master and his +friends seized upon a small vessel and fled to the +Continent. The Marquis of Huntley, more fortunate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> +than his political ally, obtained his full pardon in +consideration of his having left the rebels in time.<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a></p> + +<p>The Master of Sinclair married, afterwards, the +widowed Countess of Southesk, whom he probably +met when on the Continent, since it appears that +the Countess, for some time subsequent to the death +of her husband, lived at Brussels. In referring to +this union, it may not be improper to give some +account of the family into connection with which it +brought the Master of Sinclair.</p> + +<p>James Carnegie, Earl of Southesk, the first husband +of the lady whom the Master of Sinclair married, +was descended from David Carnegie, an eminent +lawyer, who in 1616 was raised to the dignity of +Lord Carnegie of Kinnaird, and in 1623 was created, by +Charles the First, Earl of Southesk. Like most of those +families who had been elevated by the Stuarts to the +peerage, the house of Carnegie retained a strong sense +of their duty of allegiance to the Crown; and the first +Earl of Southesk suffered for his principles by imprisonment +and the extortion of a fine of three thousand +pounds from his estates in the time of Cromwell.</p> + +<p>James, the fifth Earl of Southesk, although nearly +allied by his mother's side to the Maitlands, Earls +of Lauderdale, had retained as great an affection for +the Stuarts as his ancestors had manifested. Of the +personal qualities of this nobleman little is generally +known, except that he has been designated, "Brave, +generous Southesk!"—of his fate, and of the subse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>quent +fortunes of his family, still less is to be ascertained. +Some few particulars which are to be derived +from the State Papers are discreditable to the memory +of this nobleman. Like several other Jacobite noblemen +who have been mentioned elsewhere, Lord Southesk +did not hesitate to summon his tenants to follow +him to the field in the most peremptory terms. His +commands fell heavily, in one instance, upon a poor +man who lived on the Earl's estate, and bore also +the name of James Carnegie. This unlucky man was +a natural son of Charles, the late Earl of Southesk, +and was therefore a brother of the present Earl James. +Like all dependants in those days, he seems to have +entertained a deep sense of his obligation to serve +and to obey the head of the family; and his obedience +was probably ensured by the tie of blood, however +unacknowledged as constituting a claim between him +and the Earl of Southesk. James Carnegie exercised +the profession of a surgeon in the neighbourhood of +Kinnaird, then the territory of Lord Southesk, and +was employed by the Earl, who appears to have +entertained considerable opinion of his skill. When +the Insurrection of 1715 broke out, it would have +been consistent with the character of a "brave and +generous man" to have left this humble practitioner +free to follow his own wishes, and not to have embroiled +him in the dangers of that disastrous undertaking. +A further claim upon the Earl's forbearance +was the personal defect of the poor surgeon, who was +lame, and short in stature. He was nevertheless orde<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>red +to meet Lord Southesk, at a certain place of +rendezvous, on a certain day. A compliance was +expected as a matter of course, for James Carnegie +was a yearly pensioner of his noble and powerful +brother, and refusal was ruin.<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> Nevertheless, the +surgeon ventured on this occasion to judge for himself. +He had, it appears, from his subsequent declaration, +been ever well affected to the reigning +Government and attached to the Revolution interest +and, by his disapprobation of the Insurrection of +1715, had given umbrage to his nearest relations. +Upon the command of Lord Southesk being issued +to follow him to the camp at Perth, Carnegie would +have fled and hidden himself but for the illness of +his wife; he afterwards took refuge in the house +of Lord Northesk, but his seclusion was of no avail. +The following letter from Lord Southesk, the original +of which is in the State Paper Office, affords a +curious insight into the despotism exercised by the +little kings of the Highlands over their subjects:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">James</span>,—</p> + +<p>"After what I both wrote and spoke to you, +I did not think you would have made any furder +difficultys of going to Perth with me. I know very +well your wife's circumstances are to be pityd; however, +since you have a pension from me, and served me +since you have had any business, there is nobod<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>y +of your employment in this country that I can put +any confidence in, whatever may happen to me. Therefore +I desire you may make no furder excuses; and +if you can't be ready to wait upon me from Kinnaird +upon Monday, I desire you may follow me upon +Teusday; if you do not, you will for ever disoblige</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +"<span class="smcap">Southesque.</span>"<br /> +<br /> +"Kinnaird, Sept. 17, 1715."<br /> +</p> + +<p>"I desire you may come and speak with me this +night, or to-morrow, at furdest."</p></div> + +<p>"The Case of James Carnegie," also in the State +Paper Office, furnishes a supplement to this peremptory +summons.</p> + +<p>"The Case of James Carnegie showeth, that though +he lived in a country and amongst men the most +notoriously disaffected of any in Scotland, he had, ever +since his appearance in the world, espoused the Revolution +interest, and given proofs of his affection to +it, as would appear more fully in a declaration from +the Presbytery of Brichen, in whose bounds he resided, +and from another from Mr. John Anderson, his +parish minister. That upon the first suspision of the +treasonable designs of the rebells, Mr. James Carnegy +would have set off and gone south, had not his wife's +dangerous state (thought to be dying) obliged him +to remain. That after the rebellion broke out, he +firmly withstood all solicitations to join it, his neighbours +and friends there threatening to burn house +and land. He being disappointed of going so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>uth, +attempted to retire to Ethie, Lord Northesk's house +in Forfarshire. He could not remain concealed, the +rebells being possessed of all the passes in the country. +Finding himself blocked up amongst his enemies, +to avoid the execution of the threatenings +against him, he was induced, to his shame and regret, +to go to Perth, but permitted none of his dependants +or tennents to accompany him, and went +with no arms but what gentlemen were in the habit +of wearing. In order to give no support to those +traiterous designs, he feigned illness at Coupar of +Angus, but they forced him to go."</p> + +<p>The issue of this affair was mournful. At the battle +of Sherriff Muir where the Earl of Southesk appeared +with three hundred men, the unfortunate nobleman +was supposed to be slain. His faithful, though reluctant +attendant, James Carnegie, was taken prisoner as +he was looking over the field of battle in order to find +the body of his lord. He was carried into prison at +Carlisle, whence considerable exertions were made for +his release, not only by his own representations, but +by the mediation of Sir James Stewart, the governor +of the castle. What was the result, whether the +blameless victim of the will of others was released, or +whether he sank among the many who could not sustain +the hardships of their fate, does not appear.<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a></p> + +<p>The Earl of Southesk, although it was reported he +had been killed, rallied his men, and retreated with +the Marquis of Tullibardine, the Earl Marischal and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> +several heads of clans to the mountains, to shelter +themselves from the pursuit of the Government troops. +Some of these chieftains afterwards made their escape +to Skye, Lewis, and other of the north-western islands, +till ships came to their relief and carried them abroad.<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> +What was the fate of the Earl of Southesk afterwards +is not known: neither what became of his descendant.<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> +He had married the Lady Margaret Stewart, +daughter of the Earl of Galloway, and by her, according +to some accounts, he had two sons; according to +a contemporary Scottish peerage, he had one child only. +His widow also went on the Continent, and the mention +of her name by her brother, the Earl of Galloway, +in a letter written at Clery in France,<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> without that +of her husband, in May 1730, appears to indicate that +she was then a widow, and not married again.<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a></p> + +<p>How long Lady Southesk lived, the wife of the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>Master of Sinclair, is dubious. He survived her, and +married afterwards, Emilia the daughter of Lord +George Murray, brother of the Duke of Atholl. This +intimate connection with one of the principal leaders +of the Rebellion of 1745, did not, however, induce the +Master to enter a second time into a course towards +which he had, perhaps in truth, no sincere good will.</p> + +<p>Upon his flight to the Continent, the Master of Sinclair +was outlawed, and attainted in blood for his +share in the Insurrection of 1715. His father being +still alive, and not having taken an active part, his estates +escaped forfeiture, and Lord Sinclair endeavoured +so to dispose of them as to prevent their becoming +the property of the Crown. It was necessary, on this +account, that Lord Sinclair should disinherit his eldest +son; and "as it would," says Sir Walter Scott, "have +been highly impolitic to have alleged his forfeiture +for treason as a cause of the deed, the slaughter +of the Schaws was given as a reason for his exheredation." +The following is a clause of the deed by +which the end was to be accomplished:</p> + +<p>"This new diposition of the family estate is explained +and qualified by the second deed, being a back +bond running in the names of the said James and +William Sinclairs, which set forth that their f<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>ather +had been induced to grant a disposition of his estate in +their favour, and to pass over their elder brother, to +prevent all inconvenience and hazard whatsoever +which the rents of the said Lord Sinclair, his heritable +estate, or his moveables, might be liable to, if they +were settled in the said Master's person, '<i>on accompt of +the said Master of Sinclair his present circumstances, +by means of an unfortunate quarrel that some years +ago fell out between the said Master and two sons of the +deceased Sir John Schaw of Greenock</i>; therefore," the +deed proceeds to state, "it was reasonable that they, +James and William Sinclair, should grant a back bond +of settlement, binding themselves to manage the property, +when they should respectively succeed to it by +advice of friends, overseers, and managers,—viz. Sir +John Erskine of Alva, Bart., Sir William Baird of +New Baith, Bart., Mr. John Paterson, eldest lawful son +to the deceased Archbishop of Glasgow, their brother-in-law—Sir +John Cockburn of that Ilk, Bart., and Mr. +Mathew Sinclair of Hermiston, their uncles. The +said James and William Sinclair, as they should +respectively succeed to the estate, were obliged to +make certain necessary expenditure to the family for +behoof of the Master; and the said James and William +Sinclair became also bound, in case the Master, +their brother, should become free of his present +inconveniences, or should have a family of lawful children, +then, and in that case to convey the estate to +the said Master, or to his said children, at t<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>he sight of +his trustees."<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a></p> + +<p>In the year 1726, the Master of Sinclair received +pardon, as far as his life was concerned, but the forfeiture +of his estates was not taken off, nor certain +other incapacities reversed. He then returned to the +family estate of Dysart in Fife, of which he was, by +his father's disposition of affairs, the actual proprietor; +and although the rents of the property were levied in +his brother's name, they were applied and received by +the Master. General James Sinclair, the second +brother of the Master, was then the nominal owner +only of the estates. But although thus returning to +his patrimonial inheritance, the Master never recovered +the good will of his former friends, nor the blessings of +security, and of a calm and honoured old age. He +seldom visited Edinburgh, living in seclusion and never +going from home without being well guarded and attended +for fear of the Jacobites, or of his enemies the +Schaws. Under these circumstances it seems to have +been a relief to his bitter and mortified spirit to have +vented itself, in like manner with Lord Lovat, in composing +memoirs of his own life. "These memoirs," +says Sir Walter Scott, who long had a copy of them in +his possession, "are written<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> with talent, and peculiar +satirical energy: so much so indeed, that they have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> +hitherto deemed unfit for publication. The circumstances +attending the slaughter of the Schaws argue +a fierce and vindictive temper, and the frame of mind +which Sinclair displays as an author exhibits the same +character. They are, however, very curious, and it is +to be hoped will one day be made public, as a valuable +addition to the catalogue of royal and noble authors. +It is singular that the author seems to have written +himself into a tolerably good style, for the language +of the Memoirs, which at first is scarcely grammatical, +becomes as he advances disengaged, correct, and +spirited."<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a></p> + +<p>On the whole, it must be acknowledged that qualities +more repulsive and a career more culpable, have +darkened no narrative connected with the Jacobites so +unpleasantly as the biography of the Master of Sinclair. +A disgrace to every party, he appears to have joined +the adherents of the Stuarts, only in order to disturb +their councils, and to vilify their memory with personal +invective. He has extorted no compassion for +the errors and crimes of his earlier years by the courage +and magnanimity of a later period: his character stands +forth, unredeemed by a single trait of heroism, in all +the darkness of violence and revenge.</p> + +<p>The Barony of Sinclair, lost to the family in consequence +of the attainder of the Master of Sinclair, was +not assumed either by him, after his pardon in 1726, +nor by his brother General James Sinclair. At the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> +death of General Sinclair in 1762, the title reverted to +Charles Sinclair, Esq., of Herdmanstown, a cousin, and +after him to his son Andrew, who also allowed his claim +to the Barony to lie dormant. It was, however, revived +at his death in 1776, by his only son Charles, who is +the present Lord Sinclair.<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CAMERON_OF_LOCHIEL247" id="CAMERON_OF_LOCHIEL247"></a>CAMERON OF LOCHIEL.<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a></h2> + + +<p>The clan Cameron, from whom were descended the +chieftains who took an active part in the Jacobite +cause, had its seat in Lochaber, of which one of their +ancestors had originally received a grant from Robert +Bruce. They sprang, according to some accounts, from +the same source as that of the clan Chattan: they became, +nevertheless, in the course of the fourteenth +century, an independent state. In a manuscript +history of the clan Cameron, they have been traced +so far back as to the year 404; and their origin in +Scotland ascribed to the arrival of a younger son of +the royal family of Denmark, their progenitors acquiring +the name of Cameron from his crooked nose.</p> + +<p>The clan consisted of three septs; but the family +of Lochiel were acknowledged as the chief, and, +according to the singular system of clanship, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> +Camerons freely gave up their wills to that of their +head. The history of this family, whilst it shows by +what decision of character and intrepidity of conduct +this superiority was maintained, presents little else +than a tissue of successive feuds between the clan +and its neighbours, until, during the seventeenth century, +the events of history brought forth qualities of +still greater importance to distinguish the house of +Lochiel. From henceforth the disputes with the +clan Chattan, and the long-standing feuds with the +Mackintoshes, merged into obscurity compared with +the more stirring interests into which the chieftains +were now, fatally for their prosperity, intermingled.</p> + +<p>The celebrated Sir Ewan Dhu of Lochiel, one of +the finest specimens of the Highland chieftains on +record, had passed a long life in the service of the +Stuart family, for whom, even as a boy, he had manifested +a sort of intuitive affection. This cherished +sentiment had repelled the efforts of his kinsman, the +Marquis of Argyle, to mould his youthful mind to the +precepts of the Puritans and Covenanters. Sir Ewan +Dhu combined a commanding personal appearance with +a suitable majesty of deportment, and with a shrewd, +dauntless, honourable, generous mind. His very sirname +had an influence upon the good will of his superstitious +and devoted followers. It denoted that he +was dark, both in hair and complexion; and so many +brave achievements had been performed by chieftains +of the clan Cameron, who were of this complexion, +that it had been foretold by gifted seers, that nev<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>er +should a fair Lochiel prove fortunate. Endowed with +this singular hold upon the confidence of his people, +Ewan Dhu eclipsed all his predecessors in the virtues +of his heart and the strength of his understanding. +His vigilance, his energy, and firmness were the qualities +which had distinguished him as a military +leader when, in the close of his days, the hopes and +designs of the modern Jacobites began to engage the +attention of the Highland chiefs.</p> + +<p>The career of Ewan Dhu Cameron had been one of +singular prosperity. At the age of eighteen, he had +broken loose from the trammels of Argyle's control, +and joined the standard of the Marquis of Montrose. +He had contrived to keep his estate clear, even after +the event of that unsuccessful cause, from Cromwell's +troops. He next repaired to the royal standard +raised in the Highlands by the Earl of Glencairne, +and won the applause of Charles the Second, then in +exile at Chantilly, for his courage and success. The +middle period of his life was consumed in efforts, not +only to abet the cause of Charles the Second, but to +restore peace to his impoverished and harassed country. +Yet he long resisted persuasions to submit and +swear allegiance to Cromwell, and at length boldly +avowed, that rather than take the oath for an +usurper, he would live as an outlaw. His generous +and humane conduct to the English prisoners whom +he had captured during the various skirmishes had, +however, procured him friends in the English army. +"No oath," wrote General Monk, "shall be requir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>ed +of Lochiel to Cromwell, but his word to live in +peace." His word was given, and, until after the +restoration, Lochiel and his followers, bearing their +arms as before, remained in repose.</p> + +<p>At Killicrankie, however, the warrior appeared +again on the field, fighting, under the unfortunate +Viscount Dundee, for James the Second. As the +battle began, the enemy in General Mackay's regiment +raised a shout. "Gentlemen," cried the shrewd +Lochiel, addressing the Highlanders, "the day is our +own. I am the oldest commander in the army, and I +have always observed that so dull and heavy a noise +as that which you have heard is an evil omen." The +words ran throughout the Highlanders; elated by +the prediction, they rushed on the foe, fighting like +furies, and in half an hour the battle was ended.</p> + +<p>Although Sir Ewan Dhu was thus engaged on the +side of James, his second son was a captain in the +Scottish fusileers, and served under Mackay in the +ranks of Government. As General Mackay observed +the Highland army drawn up on the face of a hill, +west of the Pass, he turned to young Cameron and +said, "There is your father and his wild savages; how +would you like to be with him?" "It signifies little," +replied the Cameron, "what I would like; but I would +have you be prepared, or perhaps my father and his +wild savages may be nearer to you before night than +you may dream of." Upon the death of Dundee, +Sir Ewan Dhu, disgusted by the deficiencies of the +commander who succeeded him, retired to Lochaber,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> +and left the command of his clansmen to his eldest +son, John Cameron, who, with his son Donald, form +the subjects of this memoir.</p> + +<p>Sir Ewan Dhu lived until the year 1719, enjoying +the security which his exploits had procured for him; +and maintaining, by his own dignified deportment, +the credit of a family long upheld by a previous succession +of able and honourable chieftains. The state +and liberality of the Camerons were not supported, +nevertheless, by a lavish expenditure; their means +were limited: "Yet," says Mrs. Grant of Laggan in +her MS. account of the clan, "perhaps even our own +frugal country did not afford an instance of a family, +who lived in so respectable a manner, and showed +such liberal and dignified hospitality upon so small an +income," as that of Lochiel.</p> + +<p>The part which Sir Ewan Dhu had taken in the +action at Killicrankie would, it was naturally supposed, +draw down upon him the vengeance of those +who visited with massacre the neighbouring valley of +Glencoe. The forbearance of Government can only +be accounted for by the supposition that King William, +with his usual penetration, decreed it safer to +conciliate, than to attempt to crush a clan which was +connected by marriage with the most powerful of the +Highland chieftains.</p> + +<p>No arts could, however, win the allegiance of the +Camerons from those whom they considered as their +rightful sovereigns. Towards the end of William's +reign, the young chieftain John was sent privately<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> +to France, where his early notions of loyalty were +confirmed, and his attachment to the court of James +enhanced, by the influence of the Duke of Berwick, +who formed with him a sincere and durable friendship.</p> + +<p>The character of the chieftain was softened in the +young Lochiel. He was intelligent, frank, and conciliating +in his manners, and had associated more +generally with the world than was usually the case +with the chieftains of those days. Among the circles +with whom the young Lochiel mingled, Barclay +Urie, the well known apologist of the Quakers, was +also accustomed to appear. An attachment was +thenceforth formed between John Cameron and the +daughter of Barclay, and a matrimonial alliance was +soon afterwards decided upon between the daughter +of that gentleman and the young chieftain.</p> + +<p>The choice was considered a singular one on the +part of the young man. It was the customary plan to +intermarry with some of the neighbouring clans; nor +was it permitted for the chieftain to make a choice +without having first ascertained how far the clan were +agreeable to his wishes. This usage proceeded, in +part, from the notion of consanguinity between every +member of a clan, even of the lowest degree, to his +chieftain, and the affability and courtesy with which +the head was in the habit of treating those over whom +he ruled. The clans were even known to carry their +interference with the affairs of their chief so far as to +disapprove of the choice of their abodes, or to select +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>a site for a new residence.<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a></p> + +<p>The sway which Sir Ewan Dhu had acquired over +his followers was such that he dispensed with the +ordinary practice, and, without the consent of the +clans, agreed to receive the young Quakeress as his +daughter. The marriage was completed, and eventually +received the full approbation of the whole clan +Cameron.</p> + +<p>Meantime, great efforts had been made on the part +of the English Government to detach Sir Ewan Dhu +from his faith to James the Second. But the monarch +who could attempt so hopeless a task as the +endeavour to cause a Highlander to break his oath of +fidelity, very faintly comprehended the national character, +then existing in all its strength and all its weakness,—in +its horror of petty crimes and its co-operation +of great outrages,—in its small meannesses and lofty +generous traits,—in its abhorrence of a broken vow +or of treachery to a leader. The temptation offered +was indeed considerable. Sir Ewan Dhu was to have +a pension of three hundred a-year, to be perpetuated +to his son, whom the Government were particularly +anxious to entice back to Scotland. The old chieftain +was also to be appointed Governor of Fort William.<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> +But the emissaries of William the Third could not +have chosen a worse period than that in which to +treat with the brave and wary Cameron. The massacre +of Glencoe was fresh in the remembrance of the +people, and the stratagem, the fiendish snares w<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>hich +had been prepared to betray the unsuspecting Macdonalds +to their destruction, were also recalled with +the deep curses of a wronged and slaughtered people. +The game of cards, the night before the massacre, +between the villain Campbell, and the two sons of +Glencoe,—the proffered and accepted hospitality of the +chieftain, whose hand was grasped in seeming friendliness +by the man who had resolved to exterminate +him and his family, were cherished recollections—cherished +by the determined spirit of hate and revenge +which contemplated future retribution.</p> + +<p>Sir Ewan Dhu therefore rejected these dazzling +offers; he neither recalled his son from France, nor +accepted the command offered to him, but busied +himself in schemes which eventually swayed the destinies +of the Camerons.</p> + +<p>Not many miles from Achnacarry, the seat of +Lochiel, rose, on the border of Loch Oich, the castle +of Alaster Dhu, or Dusk Alexander, of Glengarry. +The territories of this chieftain were contiguous to +those of Lochiel; and his character, which was of acknowledged +valour, wisdom, and magnanimity, formed +a still stronger bond of union than their relative position. +Glengarry was the head of a very powerful +clan, called Macdonnells, in contradistinction to the +Macdonalds of the Isles, whose claim to superiority +they always resisted; declaring, by the voice of their +bards and family historians, that the house of Antrim, +from whom the Macdonalds of the Isles were desce<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span>nded, +owed its origin to the Macdonnells of Glengarry.</p> + +<p>The clan Glengarry was now at its height of +power under the heroic Alaster Dhu, its chieftain, +whose immediate predecessor had risen to be a Lord +of Session, at a time when that office brought no +little power and influence to its possessors: he had +gained both wealth and credit in his high seat; and, +upon retiring, had visited Italy, had brought back a +taste for architecture to his native country, and the +castle of Invergarrie, part of the walls of which remain +undemolished, rose as a memento of his architectural +taste.</p> + +<p>The Lord of Session had cherished sentiments of +loyalty for the exiled family; these were transmitted +to Alaster Dhu. The gallant Lochiel and the chief +of Glengarry were therefore disposed to smother in +their feelings of loyalty the feuds which too often +raged between clans nearly approximate. They +therefore formed a compact to promote, in every way, +the interest of the royal exiles; and in this vain attempt +at restoration which ensued, the fate of their +clansmen was sealed.<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> That of the Camerons is yet +to be told; a slight digression respecting their gallant +allies may here be excused.</p> + +<p>When the feudal system which subsisted between +the Highland chieftains and their clansmen was dissolved, +it became the plan of many of the landholders +to rid themselves of their poor tenantry, and to substitute +in their place labourers and farmers from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> +south of Scotland. The helpless population of the +glens and hill-sides were thus sent to wander, poor +and ignorant of anything but their own homes, and +speaking no language but their mother tongue, and +wholly unskilled in any practical wisdom. Some emigrated, +but many were pressed into service on board +the emigrant ships, although the commanders of +those vessels could not, in some instances, prevail +upon themselves to tear the Highlanders away from +their wives and families.</p> + +<p>To remedy this melancholy state of affairs, and to +employ the banished mountaineers, it was proposed +about the year 1794, to embody some of the sufferers, +the Macdonnells of Glengarry in particular, into a +Catholic corps, under their young chieftain, Alexander +Macdonnell, and employ them in the service of the +English Government. This scheme, after many difficulties, +was accomplished. At first, it worked well +for the relief of the destitute clan; but, in 1802, in +spite of their acknowledged good conduct, the Glengarry +regiment was disbanded.</p> + +<p>The friend of the unfortunate, who had originally +proposed the consolidation of the corps, was Dr. Macdonald, +who had been afterwards appointed chaplain +to the regiment. He now projected another scheme +for the maintenance of the clan Glengarry; and, after +some opposition, his plan was effected. It was to +convey the whole of the Macdonnells, with their wives +and families, to a district in Upper Canada, where the +clan, at this moment, is permanently established.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> +The place in which they live bears the name of their +native glen, and the farms they possess are called by +the loved appellations of their former tenements: and, +when the American war tried the fidelity of the emigrants, +the clan gave a proof of their loyalty by enrolling +themselves into a corps, under the old name of +the Glengarry Fencibles.<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a></p> + +<p>In the battle of Killicrankie, Glengarry had led +his forces to fight for James the Second; and after +that engagement, in which Glengarry had had a +brother killed, he had become very obnoxious to the +Government, and had found it necessary to retire for +some time, whilst his more favoured friend Lochiel +tranquilly occupied his own house of Achnacarrie, a +place wholly undefended. The retreat in which Glengarry +hid himself was a small wooded island in Lochacaig; +and in this seclusion a man[oe]uvre was planned, +highly characteristic of the subtlety, and yet daring +of the Highland chieftains who were engaged in it. +It shows, also, the state of the national feeling towards +the English Government, at a time when comparative +quiet appeared to be established in the +Highlands.</p> + +<p>Attached to certain regiments which were then +lying at Fort William, there were a number of young +volunteers, men of good family, who had a soldier's +pay, if they wished it, and were considered as pupils +in the art of war, "at liberty to retire if they chose, +and eligible, being often persons of family, to fil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>l the +vacancies which war or disease occasioned among the +subalterns."<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> This regiment was now about to occupy +the garrisons, and on their way to the Tyendrum +or Black Mount, the officers engaged in conversation, +little dreading an assault in a country inhabited only +by a few herdsmen, and considered by them as wholly +subdued. But they were deceived in their sense of +safety. Among the heath and bushes in a narrow +pass, circumscribed, on the one side, by a steep mountain, +and on the other by a small lake, which skirted +the path, for road there was not, lay in ambush two +hundred well-armed and light-footed Highlanders. +The youths, or volunteers, were in the rear of the +regiment; as they marched fearlessly through the +deep solitude of this wild district, the Highlanders +sprang forwards from their ambuscade; and before the +young soldiers could recover their surprise or have +recourse to their arms, eight or ten young men of +family were seized on and hurried away. With these +were mingled others, among these volunteers of less +importance, who were carried away in the confusion +by mistake. A few shots were fired by the soldiery, +but without any effect, for the Highlanders had +disappeared. This sudden attack excited the utmost +consternation among the officers of the regiment, nor +could they discover the object of this aggression; nor +did they know either how to pursue the assailants, +or in what terms to report to Government so ignominious +a loss. They marched, therefore, silently to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> +Dumbarton without attempting to pursue an enemy +whose aim it might be to lure them into some fastness, +there to encounter a foe too powerful, from the +nature of the country, to be resisted. On arriving at +Dumbarton the mystery was explained. There the +commander of the corps found a letter, stating that +"certain chiefs of clans had no objection to King +William's ruling in England, considering that nation +as at liberty to choose its own rulers; but that they +never could, consistently with what they had sworn +on their arms, take an oath to any other sovereign +while the family of St. Germains remained in existence. +They were," the writers continued, "unwilling +either to perjure themselves, or to hold their lands in +daily fear, and subject to the petty instruments of +power. They were willing to live peaceably under +the present rule, but were resolved neither to violate +the dictates of conscience, nor to have their possessions +disturbed. In the meantime, to prevent encroachments +upon their lands, and to prevent the +necessity of rushing into hostilities with the Government, +they had taken hostages to ensure their safety, +and with these they would never part until Sir Ewan +Dhu and Alaster Dhu had obtained assurances that +they should never be disturbed for their principles +whilst they lived peaceably on their estates."</p> + +<p>This declaration was accompanied by a powerful +remonstrance upon the folly and danger of exasperating +clans powerful from their union, and from the +inaccessibility of the country which they inhabited.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> +The tenderness of conscience, the fidelity to an exiled +monarch, were made, the writers urged, a plea for +every species of oppression and petty tyranny. The +late massacre of Glencoe justified, they said, the +measures of precaution they were taking; and, finally +they threatened, should their petition be refused to +take refuge in France, carrying with them their +young hostages, there to proclaim the impolicy and +injustice of the English Government. This address +was dispatched, not to the Privy Council, but to the +relations and friends of the young prisoners, who +were interested in procuring a favourable reception +for its negotiation; and the chiefs who subscribed to +this address reasonably expected that the fear of +their power, exaggerated in the sister kingdom, where +a total ignorance of the manners and character of the +Scottish mountaineers existed, would prevail to lend +force to their arguments. This negotiation was never +made public; it proved, however, effectual, as far as +the comfort of some of the parties engaged in it were +concerned.</p> + +<p>By the influence of the rising party, who, espousing +the interests of the Princess Anne, were gaining +ground in the country during the decline of William, +Sir Ewan Dhu and Glengarry, who were jointly considered +as the promoters of this affair, remained unpunished +for a man[oe]uvre on which public opinion in +England was not inclined to pass a very severe <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>judgment, +after the recent massacre of Glencoe.<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> Some +secret negotiations placed everything on a secure +footing; and, during the reign of Queen Anne; the +two chieftains lived in tranquillity, their mutual +regard continuing undiminished during their lives, +and becoming the subject, after their deaths, of the +lays composed in their honour by their native bards.</p> + +<p>During his latter days, Sir Ewan Dhu had the consolation +of seeing his son happy in the choice of a +wife. Beautiful and good, the young Quakeress soon +established herself in the good opinions of all those +who were acquainted with her; and there seems every +reason to conclude that she inherited the virtues, +without the peculiarities of her father, Robert Barclay +of Urey. That eminent man was descended +from a Norman family which traced its ancestry to +Thomas de Berkley, whose descendants established +themselves in Scotland. By his mother's side, Barclay +was allied to the house of Huntley; and by his +connection with the heiress of the mother's family, a +considerable estate in Aberdeenshire was added to +the honours of antiquity. Unhappily for the lovers +of the old Norman appellations, the name of de Berkley +was changed, in the fifteenth century, into that of +Barclay. One of Robert Barclay's sons, who became +a mercer in Cheapside, had the rare fortune of entertaining +three successive monarchs when they visited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> +the City on the Lord Mayor's Day,—George the First, +George the Second, and George the Third; whose +heart, as it is well known, was touched by the beauty +of one of the fair descendants of Robert Barclay.</p> + +<p>Previously to the marriage between Lochiel and +the young Quakeress, the family into which he entered +had been impoverished, and the estate of Mathers, +from which the Barclays derived their name, sold to +defray debt.</p> + +<p>The career of Robert Barclay was singular. He +was first converted to Popery during his residence in +Paris, when he was fifteen; and he changed that +faith for the simple persuasion of the Quakers when +he had attained his nineteenth year. He adopted +the tenets of the Friends at a period when it required +much courage to adhere to a sect who were vilified +and ridiculed, not only in England but in Scotland. +It was to refute these attacks against the Quakers +that Barclay wrote the book entitled, "Truth cleared +of Calumnies." His ability and sincerity have never +been doubted; but some distrust of his reason may be +forgiven, when we find the Quaker, a grave and happily +married man, walking through the streets of +Aberdeen, clothed in sackcloth and ashes, under the +notion that he was commanded by the Lord to call the +people unto repentance; he appealed to witnesses to +prove the "agony of his spirit," and how he "had +besought the Lord with tears, that this cup might +pass away from him."</p> + +<p>This singular act of humiliation was contrasted by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> +frequent visits to the Court of Charles the Second, +and to Elizabeth of Bohemia. To the house of Stuart, +Barclay was ever fondly attached. His father had +suffered in the civil wars; and the doctrines of non-resistance +and passive obedience, avowed by the +Quakers, were favourable to the Stuart dynasty. +The last visit which Barclay paid to London was +rendered memorable by the abdication of James the +Second. As he was standing beside that monarch, +near a window, the King looked out, and remarked +that "the wind was fair for the Prince of Orange to +come over." "It is hard," replied Barclay, "that +no expedient can be found to satisfy the people." +James answered, that "he would do anything becoming +a gentleman, except parting with liberty of +conscience, which he would never do while he lived." +Barclay only survived that eventful period two +years. His children, singular as it may seem, were +all living fifty years after their father's death.</p> + +<p>To the daughter of this inflexible and courageous +man was Cameron of Lochiel united. During the +first years of their marriage, even before the death +of Sir Ewan Dhu, they lived peacefully in the home +of their ancestors; and whilst Anne reigned, that +happy tranquillity was undisturbed. The name of +Anne was long cherished in the Highlands on account +of the rare intervals of peace and plenty which her +rule, and as it was thought, her pious prayers, +afforded to a ravaged and oppressed country. Seven +years' famine, during the reign of William, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> +charged upon the monarch's head: plenteous crops +and peaceful abundance were ascribed to the merits +of Queen Anne.<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> Meantime, the gentle and happy +Lady of Lochiel won all hearts: she was distinguished, +as tradition reports, for prudence, activity +and affability. "One great defect," adds Mrs. Grant, +"she had, however, which was more felt as such in the +Highlands than it would have been in any other place. +She did not, as a certain resolute countrywoman of +hers was advised to do, 'bring forth men-children +only;' on the contrary, daughters in succession, a thing +scarce pardonable in one who was looked up to and +valued in a great measure as being the supposed mother +of a future chief. In old times women could only +exist while they were defended by the warriour and +supported by the hunter. When this dire necessity +in some measure ceas'd, the mode of thinking to +which it gave rise continued. And after the period +of youth and beauty were past, woman was only consider'd +as having given birth to man. John +Locheil's mind was above this illiberal prejudice: he +loudly welcomed his daughters and caress'd their +mother on their appearrance as much as if every one +of them had been a young hero in embryo. His +friends and neighbours us'd on these occassions to +ask in a sneering manner, "What has the lady got?" +To which he invariably answered, "A lady indeed:" +this answer had a more pointed significance there +than with us. For in the Highlands no one is call'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>d +a lady but a person named to the proprietors of an +estate. All others, however rich or high-born, are +only <i>gentlewomen</i>. How the prediction intentionally +included in the chief's answer was fulfill'd, will hereafter +appear.</p> + +<p>"Besides the family title, every Highland chieftain +has a patronymic deriv'd from the most eminent of +their ancestors, probably the founder of the family, +and certainly the first who confer'd distinction on it. +Thus Argyle is the son of Colin, Breadalbane the son +of Archibald, &c.; and the chief of the Camerons +was always stil'd son of Donald Dhu, Black Donald, +whatever his name or complexion may be, as well as +the appellation deriv'd from it, because it would +appear hereditary in the family, and at length it +became a tradition or prophesy among the clan that +a fair Lochiel should never prosper."</p> + +<p>At length, after the birth of twelve daughters, a +son and heir made his appearance. But the satisfaction +of the clans was dashed by hearing that the ill-starred +little laird was fair, like his sisters. The +prophecy that a fair Lochiel should never prosper, +was recalled with dismay; and, unhappily, the fears +of superstition were too mournfully realized by fact. +The young Cameron was named Donald: his birth +was followed by the appearance of two other boys,—Archibald, +afterwards the ill-fated Dr. Cameron, and +John, who was called Fassefern, from an estate. +"The proud prediction of their father," continues +Mrs. Grant, "was soon amply fulfilled with rega<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>rd +to the daughters of this extraordinary family." +"Their history," she adds, "unites the extravagance +of romance with the sober reality of truth."</p> + +<p>The twelve daughters of Lochiel were admirably +educated, and the fame of their modest virtues soon +extended through the Highlands. The great point +in matrimonial alliances in those rude regions was to +obtain a wife well born, and well allied; and little +fortune was ever expected with the daughter of a +chief. Ancestry was the great point with a Highlander, +for he believed that defects of mind, as well +as of person, were hereditary. All, therefore, sought +the daughters of Lochiel, as coming of an untainted +race. The elder ones were married early, and +seemed, as Mrs. Grant expresses it, by the solicitude +to obtain them, as ever to increase, like the Sibyl's +leaves, in value, as they lessened in number. Of the +daughters, one, the youngest and the fairest, was +actually married to Cameron of Glendinning, in the +twelfth year of her age. She became a widow, and +afterwards married Maclean of Kingasleet, so that +she was successively the wife of two heads of +houses. Another, Jean Cameron, who was the least +comely of her family, but possessed of a commanding +figure and powerful understanding, was married to +Clunie, the Chief of the Clan Macpherson. She is +said to have been celebrated in the pathetic poem, +entitled "Lochaber no More," the poet, who laments +his departure from Lochaber, and his farewell to his +Jean, having been an offic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>er in one of the regiments +stationed at Fort William.</p> + +<p>By the marriage of his twelve daughters with the +heads of houses, the political importance of Lochiel +was considerably enhanced, and a confederacy, containing +many noted families who were bound together +by opinion and kindred, formed a strong +opposition to the reigning Government. The sons-in-law +of Lochiel were the following chiefs: Cameron +of Dungallan, Barclay of Urie, Grant of Glenmoriston, +Macpherson of Clunie, Campbell of Barcaldine, +Campbell of Auchalader, Campbell of Auchlyne, +Maclean of Lochbuy, Macgregor of Bohowdie, Wright +of Loss, Maclean of Ardgour, and Cameron of Glendinning. +All the daughters became the mothers of +families; "and these numerous descendants, still," +observes Mrs. Grant, "cherish the bonds of affinity, +now so widely diffused, and still boast their descent +from these female worthies."<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a></p> + +<p>Among most of the influential chieftains who +espoused the daughters of Lochiel, was the celebrated +Macpherson of Clunie, who afterwards took a very +important part in the Rebellions of 1715 and 1745. +The career of Clunie affords a melancholy, but rare, +instance of indecision, if not of double dealing, in the +Jacobites. Before the battle of Culloden, anxious to +retrieve his affairs and to ensure his safety, he took +the oaths to the English Government, and was appointed +to a company in Lord Loudon's Highlanders. +His clan, nevertheless, were eager to join <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>Charles Edward, +and urged him to lead them to his standard. +Clunie hesitated between the obligation to his oath, +and his secret devotion to the Stuarts. His defection +irritated the British Government: he became one of +those whose life was forfeited to the laws. After the +battle of Culloden he secreted himself, and lived for +nine years in a cave, at a short distance from the +site of his own house, which had been burned by the +King's troops. The cave was in front of a woody +precipice, the trees, &c., completely concealing the +entrance. It was dug out by his own people, who +worked at night, or when time had slackened the +rigour of the search. Upwards of one hundred persons +knew of this retreat, and one thousand pounds +were offered as a reward to any who would discover +it. Eighty men were stationed there to intimidate +the tenantry into a disclosure, but it was +all in vain; none could be found so base as to betray +their chief.<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a></p> + +<p>For two years Sir Hector Monro in vain remained +in Badenoch, for the purpose of discovering Clunie's +retreat. The Macphersons remained true to their +chieftain. At times he emerged from his dark recess, +to mingle for awhile in the hours of night with his +friends, when he was protected by the vigilance and +affection of his clansmen, unwearied in their work of +duty. At last, broken-spirited, and despairing of +that mercy which was accorded by the English Government +to so few of the insurgents, Clunie escaped<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> +to France, and there died, ten years after the fatal +events of 1745.<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> The estate of this unfortunate +chieftain was restored to his family, who claim to be +the ancient representatives of the clan Chattan; with +what justice it would be dangerous to declare, since +no risk could be more rashly encountered than that +which is incurred in discussing Highland prerogative.</p> + +<p>Surrounded by his powerful relatives and fair +daughters, Lochiel hailed with no very sanguine +spirit the coming troubles which quickly followed the +accession of the house of Hanover. Already was the +Jacobite association busily at work in the south of +Scotland; and it was impossible, from the temper of +the populace in both nations, not to augur, in a short +time, some serious popular outbreak. In the minds +of the Highland chieftains a hatred of English dominion, +and a desire of independence, constituted even a +more potent source of adherence of the Stuarts than +any personal feeling towards that line. Most of these +chiefs languished to see a king of their own nation +reign over them. To such a ruler they would, as +they considered, be viewed not as a secondary object. +Their interests had been neglected in the Treaty of +Darien,—a settlement which had inspired the landholders +of the Low Country with aversion to William.</p> + +<p>Expectations had also been raised, tending to the +belief that Anne, secretly well affected to her brother, +had made such provisions in her will as would ensur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>e +the descent of the Crown in the direct line; and nothing +could exceed the disgust and amazement of the +Highlanders when they beheld a foreigner seated on a +throne, from which, they well knew, it would be impossible +to dispossess him. "To restore," as Mrs. +Grant observes, "their ancient race of monarchs to +the separate Crown of Scotland, was their fondest +wish. This visionary project was never adopted by +the Jacobites at large, who were too well informed to +suppose it either practicable or eligible. But it +serv'd as an engine to excite the zeal of bards and +sennachies, who were still numerous in the Highlands, +and in whose poetry strong traces of this airy +project may still be found."</p> + +<p>Soon after the accession of George the First, certain +of the Highland chieftains dispatched a letter to +the Earl of Mar, desiring that nobleman to assure the +Government of their loyalty and submission. Among +the names subscribed are those of Lochiel, of his +friend Glengarry, and of Clunie. The address is said +to have been a stratagem of Mar's to gain time, and +to give him an opportunity of ripening his schemes.<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> +But it appears more probable that there was, at first, +a spirit of moderation and a desire for peace in the +chieftains, until they were afterwards stimulated by +the intrigues of the disappointed and baffled Earl of +Mar. Lochiel, as well as many others, had little to +gain, but much to lose, in any change of dynasty or +convulsion in the state. Prosperous, beloved, secure,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> +his fidelity to that which he believed to be the right +cause was honourable to the highest degree to his +character. That he was not sanguine in his hopes, is +more than probable. Before he went to the battle of +Sherriff Muir, he arranged his affairs so as to be prepared +for the worst result that might befal his family. +The frequent occurrence of feuds and civil wars in +Scotland had taught the higher classes the use of +stratagem and man[oe]uvre in these domestic disturbances. +It was not unusual for a son and a father +often to affect to take opposite sides, in order that the +estate, happen what might, should be preserved to the +family; and this was considered as consulting the general +good of the clan. Lochiel, although he did not +pursue this plan, yet left his affairs so arranged that, +in the most fatal results of the Rebellion of 1715, his +estate might be protected. His sons-in-law, powerful +and devoted to the same cause, were well qualified to +aid and to protect those members of the family who +were entrusted to their friendly guidance. John Cameron +was still styled "Cameron the younger, of Lochiel," +for the renowned Sir Ewan Dhu was living when Mar +summoned the chieftains to the hunting-field of Braemar. +The aged chieftain had, at this time, attained +his eighty-seventh year; it had been his glory, in +early life, to defend a pass near Braemar against +Cromwell's troops, until the royal army had retired; +and, in fact, to be the instrument of saving Glencairn's +troops, keeping himself clear of those cabals +which at that time fatally harassed the disorganize<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>d +Royalists. It was now his fate to send forth, under +the guidance of his son, his gallant Camerons, to the +number of eight hundred, to espouse the cause of the +Stuarts.<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> No jealousies disturbed the confidence reposed +on the one side, nor alienated affection on the +other. The affection of the Highlanders for their +children was one of the softened features in the national +character. It was usually repaid with a decree +of reverence, of filial piety, which, however other qualities +may have declined and died away in the Highland +character, have remained, like verdant plants +amid autumnal decay. The appalling spectacle of a +parent forsaken, or even neglected, by a child, is a +sight never known in the Highlands: nor is the sense +of duty lessened by absence from the mountains +where first the sentiment was felt. The Highland +soldier, far from his country, is accompanied by this +holy love, this inexhaustible stimulus to exertion, +which induces him to save with what may be unjustly +called a niggard hand his earnings, to support, in +their old age, those who have given him birth. "I +have been," says General Stewart, "a frequent witness +of these offerings of filial bounty, and the channel +through which they were communicated; and I have +generally found that a threat of informing their parents +of misconduct, has operated as a sufficient check +on young soldiers, who always received the intimation +with a sort of horror."<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a></p> + +<p>Blessed, doubtless, with the approval of his fath<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span>er, +Sir Ewan Dhu, Lochiel quitted his home. He left a +wife whom he loved, a parent whom he reverenced, +and whose span of life could not be long extended; he +left a numerous and prosperous family, upon a sense +of duty, a principle of loyalty, an adherence, so fixed +and so sure among the Highlanders, to his engagements. +The name of Cameron does not appear +among the chieftains who were assembled at Braemar; +but it appears probable that he attended the Earl of +Mar's summons, since he was cited, by the authority +of an act passed on the thirtieth of August, to appear +at Edinburgh, as well as a number of other disaffected +chieftains and noblemen, to give bail for his allegiance +to the Government. The summons was not answered +by a single individual, and the preparations for +the fatal insurrection continued in unabated activity.</p> + +<p>The details of the hopeless struggle contain no +especial mention of John Cameron of Lochiel; but, +from manuscript sources, we learn that, after the +battle of Sherriff Muir, he continued with the Jacobite +army, conducted by General Gordon, to whom James +Stuart had entrusted the command of that remnant of +his gallant and deserted adherents. The Jacobite +army having marched to Aberdeen, were there informed +by General Gordon of the flight of the Chevalier, +of that of Lord Mar, and of the other principal +leaders. A letter was then read to them from James, +declaring that the disappointments which he had met +with, especially from abroad, had obliged him to leave +the country. He thanked his subjects for their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>services, +and desired them to advise with General Gordon, +and to consult their own safety, either by keeping in a +body, or separating, and encouraged them to hear from +him again in a very short time. A singular scene +ensued. General Gordon and the chief officers of the +army, are said to have pretended surprise at this +disclosure, although they were previously in the +secret; but the indignation of the soldiers was +extreme.</p> + +<p>"We are basely betrayed," they cried out; "we +are all undone; we have neither King nor General +left!"</p> + +<p>Shortly after this crisis, the Jacobite army dispersed; +two hundred of them, amongst whom were +many chieftains, went towards Peterhead, intending to +embark, in vessels which they knew were waiting for +them, for France; but the main body of the army +marched westward, to Strathspey and Strath-dore +to the Hills of Badenoch, where they separated. The +foot-soldiers dispersed into the mountains, near Lochy, +and the horse went to Lochaber, agreeing to reassemble, +such was their undaunted fidelity and +courage, on receiving notice from the Chevalier.<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> +But such a summons never came, to arouse those +brave men from the repose of their glens and fortresses.</p> + +<p>Lochiel had entrusted the guidance of his clan +to his son, afterwards well known by the name of +"gentle Lochiel," and the faithful promoter of Char<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>les +Edward's ill-starred enterprise. Persuaded that the +safety and honour of his house were safe in the +hands of this promising young man, who had been +purposely kept in ignorance of the projected rising, +and had taken no part in it, Lochiel resolved to +consult his own safety, and to follow his royal master +to France. After wandering for some time near +Braemar, and in Badenoch, he escaped by means of +one of the French frigates which were cruising near +the coast of Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a></p> + +<p>In 1719 Sir Ewan Dhu expired, having witnessed +the rise and fall of that attempt to restore the Stuarts, +which was only succeeded by a more desperate and +melancholy undertaking. He lived to see his son an +exile, but he had the consolation of reflecting that +the honour of his clan, the great desideratum with a +chieftain, was yet unstained either by cowardice or +disloyalty.</p> + +<p>The Camerons do not appear to have had any +participation in the abortive attempt in 1718 to +revive the Stuart claim. Considered by the English +Government as a proscribed rebel, and deemed +of too much importance to be forgiven, Lochiel +passed henceforth most of his days in the melancholy +court of St. Germains, where he soon perceived +how little faith there was to be placed in +the energy and determination of James Stuart. +At times his weary exile was relieved by secret +visits to his own home at Achnacarry, where he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> +found his son, dutiful and amiable, holding his +possessions as in trust for his father. Lochiel was +enabled by the power and alliance of his sons-in-law +to remain in safety, as long as he pleased, during +these visits; yet he professed to renounce Scotland +until a change of Government should facilitate his +return as a chieftain to his clansmen. In every district +he found kindred ready to protect him, and +he derived much importance from the influence he +possessed through his children. His sons-in-law were +mostly the heads of clans, and they all looked up to +Lochiel with affectionate reverence. Had Lochiel +been a remorseless partisan of James, instead of a +true lover of his country, he might easily have +stimulated his kindred, and set into motion the +whole of that powerful connection of which he was +the centre. But he perceived too plainly the risk +of such a proceeding, and wisely declined involving +the peaceful and the prosperous in the dangers of +another contest. His moderate sentiments were confirmed +by the early wisdom of his son,—one of those +bright patterns of human excellence, gifted with +every charm which attends a noble and gallant +chieftain.</p> + +<p>During the early part of the Rebellion of 1745, +John of Lochiel remained in France; but, when the +battles of Falkirk and of Preston Pans raised the +hopes of his party, he came over to Scotland, and +landed on the coasts of Lochaber, a short time before +the fatal blow to the Stuart cause was given<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> +at Culloden. After taking a last look at his house, +and visiting, with what feelings can well be conceived, +the scenes of his childhood, the haunts of his +ancestry,—the house of Achnacarry, which was soon, +as he well might conjecture, to be the object of +vengeance to a foe more ruthless and brutal than +ever party spirit had infuriated in this country before,—Lochiel, +embarking in the vessel which had +brought him to Scotland, elate with hope, returned +to France. His exile was cheered by the friendship +of the Duke of Berwick, but his heart seems ever to +have been in Scotland. A few years afterwards he +came over again privately to Edinburgh, and there +his eventful life was closed.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> His estates were included, +after the year 1745, in the numerous forfeitures +which followed the Rebellion; but they were +eventually restored, and they have remained in possession +of the family. Intrepid and amiable as +John of Lochiel appears to have been, and perilous +as was his career, his character bears no comparison +in interest with that of one who was one of +the brightest ornaments of his party—his gallant +unfortunate son.</p> + +<p>Donald Cameron of Lochiel, had long exercised the +authority of a chieftain, before the Rebellion of 1745 +entailed upon him a participation in occupations still +more arduous. He had, in short, arrived at middle +age when he was called upon to support the claims +of Charles Edward.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p> +<p>To the virtues and intentions of this chieftain, +even his enemies have borne tribute. He was accomplished, +refined, and courteous; yet brave, firm, and +daring. The warlike tribes around him, unaccustomed +to such a combination of qualities, idolized +the gallant and the good Lochiel. His father, reposing +on his honour and prudence, relied with +security upon his son's management of the family +estates, and this confidence was never disturbed by +presumption on the one hand, nor by suspicion on the +other.</p> + +<p>Donald Cameron had imbibed the principles of his +father; and there is little doubt but that, during +the furtive visits of John Lochiel to Scotland, a +tacit understanding had been formed between them +to support the "good old cause," as they termed it, +whenever circumstances should permit. But Donald +Cameron, although "he loved his King well, loved +his country better;" nor could he be persuaded to +endanger the peace of that country by a rash enterprise, +which could never, as he justly thought, prosper +without foreign aid, and the hearty co-operation +of the English Jacobites. His own clansmen were, +he well knew, prepared for the contest, come when +it might; for the conversation of the small gentry +and of the retainers consisted, to borrow a description +from a contemporary writer, entirely of disquisitions +upon "martiall atchievements, deer huntings, +and even valuing themselves upon their wicked expeditions +and incursions upon their innocent lo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>w-country +neighbours. They have gott," adds the +same author,<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> "a notion and inviollable maxim +handed down to them from their forefathers, that +they, being the only ancient Scotsmen, that whole +nation belongs to them in property, and look on all +the low-country-men as a mixture of Danes, Saxons, +Normans, and English, who have by violence robbed +them of the best part of their country, while they +themselves are penned up in the most mountainous +and barren parts thereof to starve; therefore think +it no injustice to commit dayly depredations upon +them, making thereby conscience to interrupt their +illegal possession (as they call it) in case it should +prescribe into a right."<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a></p> + +<p>It would not have been difficult to have blown +such combustible materials into a flame; but Donald +Cameron adopted a different policy, and endeavoured +to allay the angry passions of the tribe over +which he ruled: nevertheless, his own conduct was +perfectly consistent with his principles; and such +was the notion entertained of his integrity and moderation, +that though he never took the oaths to the +reigning family, he was indulged in that tenderness +of conscience and permitted to remain in peace, even +though residing in the immediate neighbourhood of a +great military station.<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a></p> + +<p>Donald Cameron had indeed a more valuable stake<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> +in the country than houses or lands. He was married +in the year 1723 to the daughter of Sir James +Campbell of Auchinbreck, a lady of whom it is high +praise to say, that she was worthy of being the companion +of such a man.</p> + +<p>Thus situated, the nominal holder of an estate +which, though long maintained in the family, is said +never to have exceeded in value five hundred pounds +a-year, and less prejudiced against the English and +the ruling powers than his predecessors, Donald +Cameron felt, it is asserted, little desire to promote a +second invasion of the country by the Chevalier. +The slightest intimation of his father's wish to revive +that cause would have been sufficient to set the +whole family confederacy into motion; but the wisdom +of the younger Lochiel had been ripened by the +cautious and critical part which he had had to perform +in life; and that prudent disposition, enforced +by his father's circumspection, prevented any precipitate +measures.</p> + +<p>Of the favour and confidence of the Chevalier, +Donald Cameron was well assured. In 1729, the +following letter was addressed to him, under the +name of Mr. Johnstone, by James.<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"I am glad of this occasion to let you know how +well plessed I am to hear of the care you take to follow +your father's and uncle's example in their loyalty +to me; and I doubt not of your endeavours to m<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>aintain +the true spirit in the clan. Allan is now with +me, and I am always glad to have some of my brave +Highlanders about me, whom I value as they deserve. +You will deliver the enclosed to its address, and +doubt not of my particular regard for you, which I +am persuaded you will always deserve.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +(Signed) "<span class="smcap">James R.</span>"</p> +<p> +"April 11, 1727." +</p></div> + +<p>In addition to these instructions, Donald Cameron +received a letter from his uncle, Allan Cameron, (in +1729,) who attended the Chevalier during his residence +at Albano; from which it appears that a full +commission had been sent to Lochiel to treat with +"such of the King's friends in Scotland," as he +thought were safe to be trusted concerning his affairs. +It was also intimated that James had conceived a +high opinion of the good sense and prudence of +Lochiel, from his letters; and encouragement was +given to any future exertions. The uncle then instructed +his nephew how to answer the King's letter +in the following explicit manner. These directions +are tolerably minute:<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"I think it proper you should write to the King +by the first post after you receive his letter. I need +not advise you what to say in answer to such a +gracious letter from your King, only let it not be +very long. Declare your duty and readiness to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> +execute his Majesty's commands on all occasions, and +your sense of the honour he has been pleased to do +you in giving you such a commission. I am not to +chuse words for you, because I am sure you can express +yourself in a dutiful and discreet manner without +any help. You are to write, Sir, on a large +margin, and to end, Your most faithful and obedient +subject and servant; and to address to the King +and no more; which inclose to me sealed. I pray +send me a copy of it on a paper inclosed, with any +other thing that you do not think fit or needful the +King should see in your letter to me, because I will +shew your answer to this, wherein you may say that +you will be mindful of all I wrote to you, and what +else you think fit."</p></div> + +<p>To these instructions assurances were added, that +the elder Lochiel, who had, it seems, been in necessitous +circumstances after his attainder, and during +his exile, should be relieved at the Chevalier's expense; +"so that," adds the uncle, "your mind may +be pretty easy upon that point." Donald had, it +appears, expressed some discontent at the comparative +comfort in which some of the exiled Jacobites +lived, and the poverty of his father's circumstances, +which he had observed when in Paris a few years +previous to this correspondence. Allan Cameron +further advised his nephew to keep on good terms +with Glengarry and all other neighbours; to let "byganes, +be byganes," as long as such neighbours continue +firm to the "King's interests;" to avoid privat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>e +animosities, and yet to keep a watch over their +fidelity to the cause. "As to Lovat," adds the +uncle, "be on your guard, but not so as to lose him; +on the contrary, you may say that the King trusts a +great deal to the resolution he has taken to serve +him, and expects he will continue in that resolution. +But, dear nephew, you know very well that he must +give true and real proof of his sincerity by performance, +before he can be entirely reckoned on, after the +part he has acted. This I say to yourself, and therefore +you must deal with him very dexterously; and I +must leave it to your own judgment what lengths to +go with him, since you know he has always been a +man whose chief view was his own interest. It is +true, he wishes our family well; and I doubt not he +would wish the King restored, which is his interest, +if he has the grace to have a hand in it, after what +he has done. So, upon the whole, I know not what +advice to give you, as to letting him know that the +King wrote you such a letter as you have; but in +general, you are to make the best of him you can, +but still be on your guard; for it is not good to put +too much in his power before the time of executing a +good design. The King knows very well how useful +he can be if sincere, which I have represented as fully +as was necessary.</p> + +<p>"This letter is of such bulk, that I have inclosed +the King's letter under cover with another letter +addressed for your father, as I will not take leave of +you till next post. I add only, that I am entirely +yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;"> +(Signed)<br /> +"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span><span class="smcap">A. Cameron.</span>"<br /> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Eight years afterwards (in 1736), when inquiries +were made by the Chevalier concerning the temper of +the people, and the state of the clans, it was stated +that the most leading men among the clans were +Cameron of Lochiel and Sir Alexander Macdonald. +The Cameronians were, it was stated, well armed, +and regularly regimented among themselves, but "so +giddy and inconstant" that they could not be depended +on; only that they were strongly enraged +against the Government. "The leading men among +the loyalists were reported much diminished; nor was +it easy, from the necessity of concealing their sentiments, +since the last rising, to make any estimate of +the amount of those who would enter into any second +scheme."<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> Considering Cameron of Lochiel as thus +empowered to give information of the first movements +of James, the Jacobites in the Highlands were in +continual communication with Cameron; yet, perhaps +considering that those who engaged in the last insurrection, +being nearly superannuated, would rather +wish well to the cause than engage again, he still +kept the fervent spirits of that political party whom +he thus regarded in an equable state,—ready to act, +yet willing to wait for a favourable occasion. In +1740 Donald Cameron signed, nevertheless, the association +of seven carried by Drummond of Bochaldy +to Rome; but when the Court of France, after the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> +disaster at Dunkirk, withdrew its aid, he was one +of those who sent over Murray to dissuade Charles +from coming to Scotland, unless accompanied by a +body of foreign troops:—so true were his professions +of fidelity, and so finely was that fidelity tempered +with prudence. Holding these opinions, which were +amply verified by the result of the Rebellion of 1745, +when Donald Cameron received a letter from Prince +Charles, written at Borodale, and desiring to see him +immediately, it was in sorrow and perplexity that he +received the summons. He sent his brother, the +unfortunate Dr. Archibald Cameron, to urge the +Prince to return, and to assure him that he should +not join in the undertaking. But the Prince persisted +in the resolution he had formed of persevering +in his attempt, and gave to Dr. Cameron the same +reply that he had already given to others, and then, +addressing himself to Macdonald of Scothouse, who +had gone to the coast to pay his respects to the +Prince, he asked him if he could go to Lochiel and +endeavour to persuade him to do his duty. Young +Scothouse replied, he would comply with the Prince's +wishes, and immediately set out for Achnacarry. +Such a message from such a quarter could not be +resisted, and Lochiel prepared to accompany young +Scothouse to Borodale. Lochiel's reluctance to assent +was not, however, overcome: his mind misgave +him. He knew well the state of his country, and he +took this first step with an ominous foreboding of +the issue. He left his home, determined not to take<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> +arms. On his way to Borodale he called at the house +of his brother, John Cameron of Fassefern, who came +out and inquired what had brought him from home at +that early hour? Lochiel replied that the Prince had +arrived from France, and had sent to see him. Fassefern +inquired what troops the Prince had brought? +what money? what arms? Lochiel answered that the +Prince had brought neither money, nor arms, nor +troops, and that he was therefore resolved not to be +concerned in any attempt, and to dissuade Charles +from an insurrection. Fassefern approved of his +brother's decision, but recommended him not to proceed +to Borodale, but to communicate his resolution by +letter. "No," rejoined Lochiel; "it is my duty to go +to the Prince, and unfold to him my reasons, which +admit of no reply." "Brother," returned Fassefern, +"I know you better than you know yourself; if the +Prince once sets his eyes upon you, he will make you +do whatever he pleases."<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a></p> + +<p>Lochiel, nevertheless, proceeded to Borodale.</p> + +<p>The gallant chief found the Prince surrounded by +those who, like himself, had consented, unwillingly, to +join in the ill-starred enterprise. The personal courage +of Charles Edward has been doubted; but his determination +and fearlessness at this critical moment, +afford an ample contradiction of the charge. Whilst +on board the ship which brought him to Scotland, it +was represented to him that he must keep himself<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> +very retired, as the garrison at Inverlochie was not +far off, and as the Campbells in the neighbourhood +would be ready to take him. "I have no fear about +that at all," was his reply. "If I could get six stout +trusty fellows to join me," he said, on another occasion, +"I would rather skulk about the mountains of +Scotland than return to France."<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a></p> + +<p>The Prince was in this temper of mind when +Lochiel reached him. Upon his arrival at Borodale, +the Prince and he immediately retired to a long and +private conference.</p> + +<p>The conversation began, upon the part of Charles, +by complaints of the treatment which he had received +from the Ministers of France, "who had long," he +said, "amused him with vain hopes, and deceived +him with promises:" "their coldness in his cause," he +added, "but ill agreed with the confidence which he +had in his own claims, and with the enthusiasm +which the loyalty of his father's brave and faithful +subjects had inspired in him." Lochiel acknowledged +the engagements of the chiefs, but remarked that they +were not binding, since his Highness had come without +the stipulated aid; and, therefore, since there was +not the least prospect of success, he advised the +Prince to return to France, and reserve himself and +his faithful friends to some more favourable opportunity.<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a></p> + +<p>This counsel was extremely distasteful to Charles +Edward; already had the young and gallant Prince<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> +declared to one of the Macdonalds, who had urged the +same opinion, that he did not choose to owe the restoration +of his father's throne to foreigners, but to his +own friends, to whom he was now come to put it in +their power to have the glory of that event.<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> He +therefore refused to follow Lochiel's advice, asserting +that there could not be a more favourable moment +than the present, when all the British troops were +abroad, and kept at bay by Marshal Saxe. In Scotland, +he added, there were only a few regiments, +newly raised, and unused to service. These could +never stand before the brave Highlanders; and the +first advantage gained would encourage his father's +friends to declare themselves, and would ensure +foreign aid. He only wanted "the Highlanders to +begin the war."</p> + +<p>"Lochiel," to use the words of Mr. Home, "still +resisted, entreating Charles to be more temperate, and +consent to remain concealed where he was, till he +(Lochiel) and his other friends should meet together +and concert what was best to be done." Charles, +whose mind was wound up to the utmost pitch of +impatience, paid no regard to this proposal, but +answered, that he was determined to put all to the +hazard. "In a few days," said he, "with the few +friends that I have, I will erect the royal standard, +and proclaim to the people of Britain that Charles +Stuart is come over to claim the crown of his ancestors, +to win it, or to perish in the attempt: Lochie<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>l," +continued he, "who my father has often told me +was our firmest friend, may stay at home, and learn +from the newspapers the fate of his Prince; and so +shall every man over whom nature or fortune hath +given me any power." Such was the singular conversation +on the result of which depended peace or +war; for it is a point agreed among the Highlanders, +that if Lochiel had persisted in his refusal to take +arms, the other chiefs would not have joined the +standard without him, and the spark of rebellion +must have instantly expired.<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a></p> + +<p>To the details of this interview are added others, +which somewhat reflect upon the disinterestedness of +Lochiel. They rest, however, upon hearsay evidence; +and, since conversations repeated rarely bear exactly +their original signification, some caution must be +given before they are credited: yet, even if true, one +can scarcely condemn a man who is forced into an enterprise +from which he shrinks, screening himself +from all the consequences of defeat, and striving to +preserve an inheritance which he might justly regard +as a trust, rather than a property. It must also be +remembered that Donald Cameron was at this time +only nominally the proprietor of the patrimonial +estates. The following is the extract from Bishop +Forbes's diary, from which the information is supplied:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"Leith, Thursday, April 9, 1752. +</p> + +<p>"Alexander Macdonnell, the younger, of Glengary,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> +did me the honour to dine with me. In the course +of conversation, I told young Glengary, that I had +oftener than once, heard the Viscountess Dowager of +Strathallan tell, that Lochiel, junior, had refused to +raise a man, or to make any appearance, till the +Prince should give him security for the full value of +his estate, in the event of the attempt proving abortive. +To this young Glengary answered, that it was +fact, and that the Prince himself (after returning +from France) had frankly told him as much, assigning +this as the weighty reason why he (the Prince) had +shown so much zeal in providing young Lochiel (preferably +to all others) in a regiment. 'For,' said +the Prince, 'I must do the best I can, in my present +circumstances, to keep my word to Lochiel.' Young +Glengary told me, moreover, that Lochiel, junior, (the +above bargain with the Prince notwithstanding,) insisted +upon another condition before he would join in +the attempt, which was, that Glengary, senior, should +give it under his hand to raise his clan and join the +Prince. Accordingly Glengary, senior, when applied +to upon the subject, did actually give it under his +hand, that his clan should rise under his own second +son as colonel, and Mac Donell, of Lochgary, as +lieutenant-colonel. Then, indeed, young Lochiel was +gratified in all his demands, and did instantly raise +his clan.</p> + +<p>"Glengary, junior, likewise assured me that +Cluny Mac Pherson, junior, made the same agreement +with the Prince, before he would join the attempt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> +with his followers, as young Lochiel had done, viz. +to have security from the Prince for the full value of +his estate, lest the expedition should prove unsuccessful; +which the Prince accordingly consented unto, and +gave security to said Cluny Mac Pherson, junior, for +the full value of his estate. Young Glengary declared +that he had this from the young Cluny +Mac Pherson's own mouth, as a weighty reason +why he, Cluny, would not part with the money +which the Prince had committed to his care and +keeping."</p></div> + +<p>Lochiel, after these arrangements with the Prince, +returned to Achnacarry, in order to prepare for the +undertaking. A deep sadness pervaded his deportment +when he began thus to fulfil his promise to +the Prince; but having once embarked in the enterprise, +he exerted himself with as much zeal and +perseverance as if he had engaged in it with the +full approbation of his judgment. We cannot wonder +at his dejection, for his assent was the assent of all +the clans. It was a point agreed among the Highlanders, +that had Lochiel not proceeded to take arms, +the other chiefs would not have joined the standard +without him; and the "spark of rebellion," thus +writes Mr. Home, "must instantly have expired." +"Upon this," says an eye-witness of the Rebellion, +"depended the whole undertaking; for had Lochiel +stood out, the Prince must either have returned to +France on board the same frigate that brought him +to Scotland, or remained privately in the Highland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>s, +waiting for a landing of foreign troops. The event +has shown that he would have waited for a long +time."<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a></p> + +<p>From henceforth the career of Lochiel was one of +activity and of exertions which it must have been +almost melancholy to witness in one whose heart was +sorrowing and foreboding. He arranged his papers +and affairs as a man does before setting out on a +journey from which he was not to return,<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> and he +summoned his followers to give aid to a cause which +as Mrs. Grant remarks, "a vain waste of blood +adorned without strengthening."<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> He sent messengers +throughout Lochaber and the adjacent countries +in which the Camerons lived, requiring his +chieftains to prepare and to accompany their chief to +Glenfinnin. Before, however, the day appointed had +arrived, a party of the Camerons and the Macdonalds +of Keppoch had begun the war by attacking Captain +John Scott, at High Bridge, eight miles from Fort +William. The chief glory of this short but important +action is due to Macdonald of Keppoch; the affair was +over when Lochiel with a troop of Camerons arrived, +took charge of the prisoners, and carried them to his +house at Achnacarry.</p> + +<p>On the nineteenth of August (old style), Lochiel, +followed by seven hundred men, marched to Glenfinnin, +where Charles was anxiously awaiting h<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>is approach. +When the Prince landed from one of the +lakes in the glen, Lochiel was not to be seen; and +the adventurer, entering one of the hovels, waited +there two hours, until the sound of the bagpipes +announced the approach of the Camerons. These +brave men who were thus marching to their destiny +advanced in two lines of three men deep, whilst +between the lines were the prisoners taken at High +Bridge, unarmed, trophies of the first victory of the +Jacobites. The Camerons were reputed to be as +active and strong and as well skilled in the use of +arms as any of the clans of Scotland, and as little +addicted to pilfering as any Highlanders at that time +could be; for Lochiel had taken infinite pains to make +them honest, and had administered justice among +them with no little severity. "He thought," says a +writer of the time, "his authority sufficient to keep +his clan in subjection, and never troubled his head +whether they obeyed him out of love or from fear."<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> +Lochiel had not been able to prevail upon any of his +brothers-in-law to accompany him, although they +wished well to the undertaking, and, in some instances, +afterwards joined it. One member of his +family made, however, a conspicuous figure in the +vale of Glenfinnin.</p> + +<p>This was the celebrated Jenny Cameron, daughter +of Cameron of Glendessery, and a kinswoman of Lochiel. +She is reported to have been a widow, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> +upwards of forty, according to one account,—to another, +of fifty years of age. Her father, whose estate +did not exceed in value one hundred and fifty pounds +a year, had endeavoured to improve it by dealing in +cattle, a business frequently followed even by men of +good family in the Highlands. He had been some +time dead, and the estate had devolved upon his +grandson, a youth of weak intellect, to whom Miss +Cameron acted as curatrix or guardian. The young +man, although then of age, left all matters of business +entirely to his aunt; and she came, therefore, to the +standard of Prince Charles, as the representative of +her nephew.</p> + +<p>Her appearance, if we are to accredit contemporary +statements, must have been extremely singular. +Having collected a troop of two hundred and fifty +men, she marched at the head of it to the camp at +Glenfinnin. She was dressed in a sea-green riding-habit, +with a scarlet lappet, laced with gold; her hair +was tied behind in loose curls, and surmounted with a +velvet cap, and a scarlet feather. She rode a bay +gelding, with green furniture, richly trimmed with +gold; in her hand she carried a naked sword instead +of a riding-whip. Her countenance is described as +being agreeable, and her figure handsome;<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> her eyes +were fine, and her hair as black as jet. In conversation +she was full of intelligence and vivacity.<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> The +Prince, it is said, rode out of the lines to receive her, +and to welcome the addition to his army,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> and conducted +her to a tent with much ceremony. It was +reported that Mrs. Cameron continued in the camp +as the commander of her troop, and accompanied the +Prince into England. But this account is contradicted +by Bishop Forbes. "She was so far," he says, +"from accompanying the Prince's army, that she went +off with the rest of the spectators as soon as the +army marched; neither did she ever follow the camp, +nor was ever with the Prince but in public,<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> when he +had his Court in Edinburgh."<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a></p> + +<p>The Prince remained at Glenfinnin two days, and +was observed to be in high spirits. Here he was +presented by Major Macdonell with the first good +horse that he had mounted in Scotland. Charles +Edward then marched his little army to Lochiel, +which is about five miles from Glenfinnin, resting +first at Fassefern, the seat of Lochiel's brother, and +then proceeded to a village called Moidh, belonging +to Lochiel.</p> + +<p>From this time the fate of Lochiel was inevitably +bound up with that of the Prince. At the siege of +Edinburgh he distinguished himself at the head of +his Camerons in the following manner:—When the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> +deputies who were appointed by the town council to +request a further delay from Charles set out in a +hackney coach for Gray's Mill to prevail upon Lord +George Murray to second their application, as the +Netherbow Port was opened to let out their coach, +the Camerons, headed by Lochiel, rushed in and took +possession of the city. The brave chief afterwards +obtained from Prince Charles the guard of the city, +as he was more acquainted with Edinburgh than +the rest of the Highland chiefs; and his discipline +was so exact that the city guns, persons, and effects +were as secure under his care as in the time of peace. +There was indeed some pilfering in the country, but +not more than was to be expected in the neighbourhood +of an army of undisciplined Highlanders.</p> + +<p>Lochiel remained in Edinburgh while the Prince +continued there, and witnessed the brief splendour +of the young Chevalier's Court: it is thus described +by an eye-witness:<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a>—"The Prince's Court at Holyrood +soon became very brilliant. There were every +day, from morning till night, a vast affluence of well-dressed +people. Besides the gentlemen that had +joined or come upon business, or to pay their court, +there were a great number of ladies and gentlemen +that came either out of affection or curiosity, besides +the desire of seeing the Prince. There had not been +a Court in Scotland for a long time, and people came +from all quarters to see so many novelties. One +would have thought the King was already restored,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> +and in peaceable possession of all the dominions of +his ancestors, and that the Prince had only made a +trip to Scotland to show himself to the people and +receive their homage. Such was the splendour of +the Court, and such the satisfaction that appeared in +everybody's countenance."</p> + +<p>At the battle of Falkirk, Lochiel was slightly +wounded, as well as his brother Archibald.<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> Throughout +that engagement, as well as during the whole +of the unhappy contest of 1745-6, Lochiel distinguished +himself by his clemency, gallantry, and +good faith. An incident which happened after the +battle of Falkirk, shows the respect paid to the head +of the clan.</p> + +<p>While Charles Edward was standing at an open +window at his house in Falkirk, reading a list of +prisoners just presented by Lord Kilmarnock, a soldier +in the uniform of one of King George's regiments +made his appearance in the street below. He was +armed with a musket and bayonet, and wore a black +cockade in his hat, as it appeared, by way of defiance. +Upon perceiving this, Charles directed the +attention of Lord Kilmarnock, who was standing +near him, to the soldier. Lord Kilmarnock ran +down stairs immediately, went up to the soldier, +struck the hat off his head, and set his foot on the +black cockade. At that instant a Highlander came +running across the street, and laid hands on Lord +Kilmarnock, and pushed him back. Lord Kilma<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span>rnock +pulled out a pistol and presented it at the +Highlander's head: the Highlander drew out his dirk +and pointed it at Lord Kilmarnock's heart. After +remaining in this position a few seconds they were +separated: the man with the dirk took up the hat +and put it on the head of the soldier, who was +marched off in triumph by the Highlanders.</p> + +<p>This little scene was explained to some of the bystanders +thus: The man in the King's uniform was a +Cameron, who, after the defeat of the Government +army, had joined his clan. He was received with +joy by the Camerons, who permitted him to wear +his uniform until others could be procured. The +Highlander who pointed the dirk at Lord Kilmarnock's +breast, was the soldier's brother; the crowd +who surrounded him were his kinsmen of the clan. +No one, it was their opinion, "could take that cockade +out of the soldier's cap, except Lochiel himself."<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> +Lochiel accompanied the Prince in his disastrous +expedition to Derby.</p> + +<p>At the end of February 1746, he was sent with +General Stapleton to besiege Fort William. He left +that enterprise when summoned by Charles Edward +to assemble around his standard on the field of +Culloden. On the eventful fourteenth of April, the +day before the battle, Lochiel joined the Prince's army: +that night, the Highlanders, who never pitched a +tent, lay among the furze and trees of Culloden Wood, +whilst their yo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span>ung leader slept beneath the roof of +Culloden House.</p> + +<p>The following extract from the Duke of Cumberland's +orderly-book shows how closely that able +general and detestable individual had studied the +habits of those whom it was his lot to conquer; and +mark also his contempt for the "Lowlanders and +arrant scum" who sometimes made up the lines behind +the Highlanders.<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right;"> +"Edinburgh, 12 Jan. 1745-6. Sunday Parole, Derby. +</p> + +<p>"Field-officer for the day: to-morrow Major Willson. +The manner of the Highlander's way of fighting, +which there is nothing so easy to resist, if officers and +men are not prepossessed with the lyes and accounts +which are told of them. They commonly +form their front rank of what they call their best +men, or true Highlanders, the number of which being +allways but few, when they form in battallions they +commonly form four deep, and these Highlanders +form the front of the four, the rest being Lowlanders +and arrant scum; when these battallions come within +a large musket-shott, or three-score yards, this front +rank gives their fire and immediately throw down +their firelocks and come down in a cluster with their +swords and targets, making a noise and endeavouring +to pearce the body, or battallions before them. Becoming +twelve or fourteen deep by the time they come up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> +to the people, they attack. The sure way to demolish +them is at three deep to fire by ranks diagonally to the +centre where they come, the rear rank first, and even +that rank not to fire till they are within ten or twelve +paces; but if the fire is given at a distance you probably +will be broke, for you never get time to load +a second cartridge; and if you give way, you may +give your foot for dead, for they being without a firelock, +or any load, no man with his arms, accoutrements, +&c. can escape them, and they give no quarters; +but if you will but observe the above directions, +the are the most despicable enemy that are."</p></div> + +<p>On the following day when the army, being drawn +up on Drumossie Moor, waited in vain till mid-day +for the approach of the enemy, Charles addressed his +generals and chiefs, and proposed to attack the Duke +of Cumberland's camp at Nairn that evening.</p> + +<p>His proposal was, unfortunately for his brave followers, +not seconded by the powerful voice of Lord +George Murray. Lochiel, who was not a man given +to much elocution, recommended delay, and urged that +the army would be at least fifteen hundred stronger +on the following day. The return of the army to +Culloden, fatigued and famished, between five and +six o'clock on the following morning, was the result +of that ill-advised attempt. At eight o'clock the +alarm was given at Culloden House by one of the +clan Cameron, that the Duke's army was in full +march towards them.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span></p> +<p>When the army was formed into two lines, Lochiel's +regiment was placed on the left, next to the +Athole Brigade. The Camerons, with the Maclaclans +and Macleans, the Mackintoshes, the Stuarts, attacked +sword in hand. Most of the chiefs who +commanded these five regiments were killed, and +Cameron of Lochiel, advancing at the head of his +regiment, was so near Burrel's regiment<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a> that he +had fired his pistol, and was drawing his sword +when he fell wounded with grape-shot in both ankles. +His two brothers, afterwards more unfortunate even +than himself, were on each side of him; they raised +him up, and bore him off the field in their arms. +The Camerons, at the field of Culloden, sustained +the greatness of their fame; nor have the imputations +which were cast upon other clans, perhaps had +a just foundation of truth. No reliance can be placed +upon the opinions of the English press at the time.<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a></p> + +<p>The blood of Cameron of Lochiel was sought, as +Mrs. Grant expresses it, with the "most venomous +perseverance." His own country, to which he was at +first removed, affording him no shelter,<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> he sheltered +himself in the Braes of Bannoch. He suffered long +from his wounds, until in June, his friend Clu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>nie +Macpherson brought from Edinburgh a physician, +Sir Stewart Threipland, who gave him the benefit of +his aid. Meantime the spirit of Lochiel remained +undaunted; and he who had entered into the insurrection +unwillingly, was almost the last to give +up the cause. A resolution was taken on the eighth +of May by the chieftains to raise each a body of +men, for the service of the Prince; and the rendezvous +was appointed at Achnacarry on the fifteenth +instant. We find a letter addressed by Lochiel on +May the twenty-fifth to the chiefs, accounting for his +not having met them according to promise, by the +risk of a surprise, and recommending them to keep +quiet until a promised succour from France. The letter +speaks the language of hope; but whether that +was the real feeling of the writer, or only intended to +keep up exertion, cannot be ascertained. In the postscript +Lochiel states his regret that many had given +up their arms without his knowledge. "I cannot," +he adds, "take upon me to direct in this particular, +but to give my opinion, and let every one judge for +himself."</p> + +<p>During May, Lochiel continued at Loch Arkeg, preparing +for a summer campaign, and corresponding with +Clunie Macpherson and with the treacherous Murray +of Broughton on the subject. He was, at this time, +in want of food and money. "I have scarcely a +sufficiency of meal," he writes, "to serve myself +and the gentlemen who are with me for four day<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>s, +and can get none to purchase in this country."<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a> +After the breaking up of the scheme of fresh cooperations +in May, and when Lochaber was occupied +by the Government troops, Lochiel became anxious +to retire to Badenoch. This district is one of the +wildest parts of the Highlands; though destitute +of wood, it afforded shelter in its rocky dens and in +the sides of its rugged hills. Not only did Lochiel +desire repose and safety, but he longed to be +beyond the reach of those heartrending accounts +which were ever brought to him of the sufferings +of his people, and of the dwellers in Lochaber. +The severities and cruelties of the military, licensed +by the Duke of Cumberland to every atrocity, to +use the simple language of Mr. Forbes, "bore very +hard upon him." One day<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a> when accounts were +brought to Lochiel, in Badenoch, that the poor people +in Lochaber had been so pillaged and harassed that +they had really no necessaries to keep in their lives, +Lochiel took out his purse and gave all the money +he could well spare to be distributed among such in +Lochaber. "And," said a friend who was with him, +"I remember nothing better than that Sir Stewart +Threipland at that time took out his purse and gave +five guineas, expressing himself in these words: "I +am sure that I have not so much for myself; but +then, if I be spared I know where to get more, +whereas these poor people know not where to get +the smallest assistance!""</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span></p> +<p>Meantime the news reached Lochiel of the total +destruction of his house at Achnacarrie. Previously +to the demolition of the house, the family had buried +or concealed many things in the earth. The English +soldiers, encamping round the smoking ruins, are +said, on tradition, to have actually boiled their kettles +at the foot of each of a fine avenue of plane-trees. +The avenue remains, and fissures can still be +traced running up the stem of each tree. Not a +memorial of the House of Achnacarrie remained. For +this, and other acts of wanton barbarity, the pretext +was that the Camerons, as well as other tribes, had +promised to surrender arms at a certain time, but +had broken their word. "His Royal Highness, the +Duke of Cumberland," to borrow from a contemporary +writer, "began with the rebels in a gentle, +paternal way, with soft admonitions, with a promise +of protection to all the common people that +would bring in their arms, and submit to mercy." +Since, however, some equivocated, and others broke +their word, the Duke was obliged to lay "the rod +on more heavy." Fire and sword were therefore +carried through the country of the Camerons; the +cattle were driven away; even the cotter's hut +escaped not: the homes of the poor were laid in +ashes: their sheep and pigs slaughtered: and the +wretched inmates of the huts, flying to the mountains, +were found there, some expiring, some actually dead of +hunger. The houses of the clergy were crowded with +the homeless and starving: whole di<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span>stricts were depopulated: +the Sabbath was outraged by acts of +destruction, which wounded, in the nicest point, the +feelings of the religious mountaineer; and the goods +of the rebels were publicly auctioned, without any +warrant of a civil court. During all these proceedings, +the "jovial Duke," as he was called, was +making merry at Fort Augustus in a manner which, +if possible, casts more odium on his memory even +than his atrocious and unpunished cruelties.<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a></p> + +<p>Achnacarrie was razed to the ground. A modern +structure, suitable in splendour to the truly noble +family who possess it, has arisen in its place; but +no erection can restore the house of Sir Ewan Dhu, +and the home of his "gentle" grandson, Donald +Cameron. As the plunderers ransacked the house, +they found a picture of Lochiel, and one which was +accounted a good likeness. This was given to the +soldiers, who were dispatched over Corryarie in +search of the wounded and unfortunate original. On +the top of that mountain the military encountered +Macpherson of Urie, who, being of a fair and pleasing +aspect, was mistaken by them for Lochiel.</p> + +<p>"Urie," writes Mrs. Grant, who had the story from +himself, "was a Jacobite, and had been <i>out</i>, as the +phrase was then. The soldiers seized him, and +assured him he was a d——d rebel, and that his title +was Lochiel. He, in turn, assured them that he was +neither d——d, nor a rebel, nor by any means <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>Lochiel. +When he understood, however, that they were in +search of Lochiel, and going in the very direction +where he lay concealed, he gave them reason finally +to suppose he was the person they sought. They +returned to Fort Augustus where the Duke of Cumberland +then lay, in great triumph with their prisoners; +Urie, as he expected, from the indulgence of +some who were about the Duke, was very soon set at +liberty."</p> + +<p>This temporary captivity of Urie had, however, +the effect of allowing Lochiel time to contrive means +of escape from the country. There was one, +however, dear to him as his own life, whose continuance +in Scotland ensured that of Lochiel. This +was Prince Charles, who evinced for Lochiel a regard, +and displayed a degree of confidence in his fidelity, +which were amply merited by the tried affection of +the chieftain. For nearly three months Lochiel remained +ignorant of the fate of Charles, until the +joyful tidings were brought of his being safe at Loch-Arkeg. +Lochiel was at Ben Aulder, a hill of great +circumference in Badenoch, when he received this +intelligence from one of his tenants named Macpherson, +who was sent by Cameron of Clunes to find out +Lochiel and Clunie, and to inform them that their +young master was safe.</p> + +<p>Upon the return of Macpherson to Cameron of +Clunes, the Prince, being informed where Lochiel +was, sent Lochgarry and Dr. Archibald Cameron +with a message to them. Since it was impossible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> +that Lochiel could go to the Prince on account of +his wounds, it was agreed between Lochiel and these +friends, that Charles should take refuge near Achnacarrie, +as the safest place for him to pass some +time; and Dr. Cameron and Lochgarry returned to +Charles to impart the details of this arrangement. +The attachment of Charles to Lochiel was shown in +a very forcible manner: when he was informed that +the chief was safe and recovering, he expressed the +greatest satisfaction, and fervently returned thanks +to God. The ejaculation of praise and thanksgiving +was reiterated three or four times.</p> + +<p>Charles now crossed Loch Arkeg, and took up his +abode in a fir-wood on the west side of the lake, to +await the arrival of Clunie, who had promised to meet +him there. The impatience of the Prince to behold +his friends Clunie and Lochiel was so great, that +he set out for Badenoch before Clunie could arrive.</p> + +<p>Lochiel had, during the months of June and +July, remained on Ben Aulder, under which name +is comprehended a great chase belonging to Clunie. +His dwelling was a miserable shieling at Mellamir, +which contained him and his friend Macpherson of +Breackachie, also his principal servant, Allan Cameron, +and two servants of Clunie. Here Clunie and +Lochiel, who were cousins-german, were chiefly supplied +with provisions by Macpherson of Breackachie, +who was married to a sister of Clunie. The secret +of their retreat was known to many persons; but the +fidelity of the Highlanders was such, that though<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> the +Earl of Loudon had a military post not many miles +from Ben Aulder, he had not the slightest knowledge +of the place of Lochiel's concealment. The +same high principle which guarded Prince Charles in +his wanderings, and resisted the temptation of a +large reward, protected Lochiel in his retirement.</p> + +<p>In this retreat he was found by the Prince, who +had missed Clunie, and had gradually made his way +through Badenoch to the Braes of Bannoch, accompanied +by five persons. When Lochiel from his hut +beheld a party approaching, all armed, he concluded +that a troop of militia were coming to seize him. +Lame as he was, it was in vain to think of retreating: +he held a short conference with his friends, and +then resolved to receive the supposed assailants with +a general discharge of fire-arms. He had twelve +firelocks and some small pistols in the botine or hut; +these were all made ready, the pieces levelled, and +planted; and Lochiel and his friends trusted to getting +the better of the searchers, whose number did +not exceed their own. Thus Charles Edward, after +the unparalleled dangers of his recent wanderings, ran +a risk of being killed by one of his most devoted adherents! +"But," observes Clunie, in relating this circumstance, +"the auspicious hand of God, and his providence, +so apparent at all times in the preservation +of his Royal Highness, prevented those within from +firing at the Prince and his four attendants, for they +came at last so near that they were known by those +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>within."<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a></p> + +<p>It was, indeed, no difficult matter to discern in the +person of Charles Edward the handsome and princely +youth who had presided over the Court at Holyrood. +He had discarded the old black kilt, philibeg, and +waistcoat which he had worn at Loch Arkeg, for a +coarse, brown, short coat: a new article of dress, +such as a pair of shoes and a new shirt, had lately +replenished his wardrobe. He had a long red beard, +and wore a pistol and dirk by his side, carrying +always a gun in his hand. Yet "the young Italian," +as the Whigs delighted to call him, had braved the +rigours of his fate, and thriven beneath the severities +of the Scottish climate. His spirits were good; his +frame, originally slender, had become robust: he had +fared in the rudest manner, and had acquired the +faculty of sleeping soundly, even with the dread of +a surprise ever before him.</p> + +<p>Lochiel, on the other hand, was lame, and had suffered +long from his close quarters, and from anxiety +and sorrow. Tradition has brought down to us the +accounts of the chief's personal beauty. Though fair, +he was not effeminate; his countenance was regular +and expressive. But those attributes which completed +the romance of Lochiel's character must have +been almost obliterated during these months of +trial, infirm health, and uncured wounds. His spirit +was not yet subdued. Eventually that noble heart +was broken by all that it had endured, but, at that +epoch of his eventful life, it still throbbed with hope.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span></p> +<p>When Lochiel perceived that it was Charles Edward +who approached, he made the best of his way, +though lame, to receive his Prince. "The joy at this +meeting," writes Clunie, "is much easier to be conceived +than described." Lochiel attempted to kneel. +"Oh no, my dear Lochiel!" cried the Prince; "we do +not know who may be looking from the top of yonder +hills; and if they see any such motions, they will conclude +that I am here." Lochiel then shewed him into +his habitation, and gave him the best welcome that he +could: the Prince, followed by his retinue, among +whom were the two outlaws, or "broken men," who +had succoured him, and whom he had retained in his +service, entered the hut.<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> A repast, almost amounting +to a feast in the eyes of these fugitives, was +prepared for them, having been brought by young +Breackachie. It consisted of a plentiful supply of +mutton; an anker of whiskey, containing twenty +Scots' pints; some good beef sausages, made the +year before; with plenty of butter and cheese, besides +a well-cured ham. The Prince pledged his +friends in a hearty dram, and frequently (perhaps, +as the event showed, too frequently) called for the +same inspiring toast again. When some minced collops +were dressed with butter, in a large saucepan +always carried about with them, by Clunie and +Lochiel, Charles Edward, partaking heartily of that +incomparable dish, exclaimed, "Now, gentlemen, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> +live like a prince." "Have you," he said to Lochiel, +"always lived so well here?" "Yes, sir," replied +the chief; "for three months, since I have been +here with my cousin Clunie, he has provided me so +well, that I have had plenty of such as you see. +I thank Heaven your Highness has been spared to +take a part!"</p> + +<p>On the arrival of Clunie two days afterwards, +the royal fugitive and his friend Lochiel removed +from Mellamur, and went two miles further into Ben +Aulder, until they reached a shiel called Uiskchiboa, +where the hut was peculiarly wretched and +smoky; "yet his Royal Highness," as Clunie related, +"put up with everything." Here they remained for +two or three nights, and then went to a habitation +still two miles further into Ben Aulder, for no less remote +retreat was thought secure. This retreat was +prepared by Clunie, and obtained the name of the +Cage. "It was," as he himself relates, "a great curiosity, +and can scarcely be described to perfection." +It is best to give the account of the edifice which he +had himself constructed, in Macpherson's own words. +"It was situated in the face of a very rough, high, +and rocky mountain, called Lettemilichk, still a part +of Ben Aulder, full of great stones and crevices, and +some scattered wood interspersed. The habitation +called the Cage, in the face of that mountain, was +within a small but thick wood. There were first +some rows of trees laid down, in order to level a floor +for the habitation; and, as the place was steep, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>this +raised the lower side to an equal height with the +other; and these trees, in the way of joists or planks, +were levelled with earth or gravel. There were betwixt +the trees, growing naturally on their own roots, +some stakes fixed in the earth, which, with the trees, +were interwoven with ropes, made of heath or birch-twigs, +up to the top of the Cage, it being of a round +or rather oval shape, and the whole thatched and covered +over with bog. This whole fabric hung, as it +were, by a large tree, which reclined from the one +end, all along the roof to the other, and which gave it +the name of the Cage; and by chance there happened +to be two stones, at a small distance from one another, +in the side next the precipice, resembling the pillars +of a chimney, where the fire was placed. The smoke +had its vent out here, all along the face of the rock, +which was so much of the same colour that one could +discover no difference in the clearest day. The Cage +was no larger than to contain six or seven persons, +four of whom were frequently employed playing at +cards, one idle looking on, one baking, and another +fixing bread and cooking."<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a></p> + +<p>Charles and Lochiel remained six or seven days +in this seclusion, which was one of several to which +Clunie was in the habit of retiring, never even informing +his wife or his most attached friends whither +he was going. But the deliverance of the Prince and +Lochiel was now at hand. Several small vessels had +arrived from France, and touched on the west coast,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> +expressly to carry away the Prince, but not being able +to find him out, they had returned. By the fidelity +of the Highlanders and the connection between every +member of the different clans, the Prince had been +able to keep up a continual communication with +persons on the coast, without discovery. This was +managed by some of his adherents skulking near the +shore; and though they knew not where Charles was, +yet they conveyed the intelligence to others, who imparted +it to persons in the interior, who again told +it to those who were acquainted with the obscure +place of his retreat. At last two French vessels, +l'Heureux and la Princesse de Conti, departed under +the command of Colonel Warren, from St. Malo, and +arrived at Lochnarmagh early in September. This +event was communicated to Cameron of Clunes, who, +on the other hand, learned where the Prince was +from a poor woman. A messenger was immediately +dispatched to the Cage, and he reached that place +on the thirteenth of September. Charles Edward +and Lochiel now prepared to bid Scotland a final +adieu. Notices were sent round by the Prince to +different friends who might choose to avail themselves +of this opportunity of escape; and it was intimated +to them that they might join him if they were inclined.</p> + +<p>The place of embarkation was Borodale, whence +Charles had first summoned Lochiel to support his +cause. The party travelled only by night, and were +six days on their road. They were joined by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> Glengary, +John Roy Stewart, Dr. Cameron, and a number +of other adherents. On the twentieth of September +they left Lochnarmagh, and had a fair passage to +the coast of France. The Prince had intended to +sail direct for Nantes, but he altered his course in +order to escape Admiral Lestoch's squadron; and +after being chased by two men-of-war, he landed at +Morlaix, in Lower Bretagne, in a thick fog, on the +twenty-ninth of September.</p> + +<p>Lochiel was accompanied in his flight to France by +his wife, the faithful and affectionate associate of his +exile. His eldest son was left in the charge of his +brother Cameron, of Fassefern. In Paris Lochiel +found his father, who was then eighty years of age; +and to this aged chief the Prince paid the well-merited +compliment of placing him in the same carriage +with himself and Lord Lewis Gordon, when +he first went to the Court of Louis the Fifteenth +in state. The Prince was followed on that occasion +by a number of his friends, both in coaches and +on horseback. Lord Ogilvy, Lord Elcho, and the +Prince's secretary Kelly, preceded the royal carriage: +the younger Lochiel and several gentlemen followed +on horseback. Amid this noble train of brave men, +the Prince appeared pre-eminent in the splendour of +his dress. A coat of rose-coloured velvet, lined with +silver tissue, presented a singular contrast to the +brown short coat in which some of his adherents had +formerly seen him. His waistcoat was of gold bro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>cade +with a spangled fringe, set out in scollops, and +the white cockade in his hat was studded with diamonds. +The order of St. Andrew and the George on +his breast were adorned with the same jewels: "he +glittered," as an eye-witness observed, "all over +like the star which they tell you appeared at his +nativity." But all this display, and the feigned +kindness of his reception, were but the prelude to a +heartless abandonment of his cause on the part of +Louis the Fifteenth.</p> + +<p>Lochiel was, eventually, provided for by the French +Monarch. He was made Colonel of a French regiment, +and having a peculiar faculty of attaching +others to him, he soon became beloved by those under +his command. The Prince showed him affectionate +respect; and, blessed in the society of his wife, +and in a daughter whom he called Donalda, Lochiel +might have passed the rest of his days in tranquil +submission to the course of events: but his heart +yearned for Scotland; he could not give up the +hopes of another expedition, which he desired to +undertake with any force that could be collected. +Cherishing this scheme, the coldness of the Court of +France, and the rashness of the Prince, gave great +sorrow to his harassed mind. Soon after his arrival +in Paris he opened a correspondence with the Chevalier +St. George, and represented to him that the +misfortunes which had befallen the cause were not +irretrievable, and that if ten regiments only cou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span>ld be +landed in Scotland before the depopulating system +adopted by the English Government had taken effect, +an insurrection might again be raised with good +grounds for the hope of success.</p> + +<p>Still hoping thus to return to his country, and +again to take arms in her service, as he deemed it, +it was long before Lochiel consented to accept the +command of the French regiment, "intending still," +as he said, "to share the fate of his people." "I told +his Royal Highness," he wrote to the Chevalier St. +George, "that Lord Ogilvy or others might incline +to make a figure in France, but my ambition was to +save the crown and serve my country, or perish +with it. His Royal Highness said, he was doing all +he could, but persisted in his resolution to procure +me a regiment. If it is obtained, I shall accept it +out of respect to the Prince; but I hope your Majesty +will approve of the resolution I have taken to +share in the fate of the people I have undone, and, +if they must be sacrificed, to fall along with them. +This is the only way I can free myself from the reproach +of their blood, and show the disinterested zeal +with which I have lived, and shall dye.</p> + +<p>"Your Majesty's most humble, most obedient, and +most faithful servant."<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a></p> + +<p>When Prince Charles, disheartened at the growing +indifference of the French Court to his interests, contemplated +leaving Paris, Lochiel objected to a propos<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span>al +which seemed to imply an abandonment of the +cause which he had pledged himself to support. His +representations to the Prince were ineffectual, for a +stronger influence had arisen to baffle the endeavours +of Charles's friends; and he was under the sway of +one who was, not inaptly, termed "his Delilah." +He left Paris and arrived at Avignon, to which +place Lochiel addressed to him a letter full of the +most cogent reasons why he should not leave Paris. +From his arguments it appears that the English Jacobites +had expressed their willingness to rise, had +the Prince either supplied them with arms or brought +them troops to support them.</p> + +<p>"For Heaven's sake, sir," wrote Lochiel,<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a> "be +pleased to consider these circumstances with the +attention that their importance deserves; and that +your honour, your essential interest, the preservation +of the royal cause, and the bleeding state of +your suffering friends, require of you. Let me beg +of your Royal Highness, in the most humble and +earnest manner, to reflect that your reputation must +suffer in the opinion of all mankind, if there should +be room to suppose that you had slighted or neglected +any possible means of retrieving your affairs."</p> + +<p>These remonstrances were at last so far effectual, +that Charles returned to Paris, and was only again +removed from that capital by force.</p> + +<p>The spirit of Lochiel was meantime broken by the +mournful tidings which reached him of the death of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> +friends on the scaffold, the cruelties enacted in Scotland, +and, more than all, of the Act which took effect +in August 1747, disarming the Highlanders and restraining +the use of the Highland garb. By this +statute it was made penal to wear the national +costume: a first offence was punished with six +months' imprisonment; a second, with transportation +for seven years. Such were the efforts made to +break the union of a fiery but faithful people, and +such the attempt to produce a complete revolution +in the national habits!</p> + +<p>Many were the projects which amused the exiled +Jacobites into hopes that ended in bitter disappointment, +and many the fleeting visions of a restoration +of the Stuarts. During one of these brief chimeras, +Lochiel and Clunie visited Charles at a retreat on +the Upper Rhine, whither he had retired after the +perfidious imprisonment at the Castle of Vincennes. +They found the Prince sunk in the lassitude which +succeeds a long course of exciting events, and of +smothered but not subdued misery. The visit yielded +to neither party satisfaction. Charles was deaf to +the remonstrances of Lochiel, and Lochiel beheld his +Prince wholly devoted to Miss Walkinshaw and her +daughter, afterwards Countess of Albany, and completely +under the influence of his mistress, who was +regarded by Lochiel and Clunie as a spy of Hanover.</p> + +<p>Lochiel left the Prince, and they never met again. +The health of the chief began to decline; his m<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>alady +was a mental one, and admitted of no cure but a +return to those vassals who had been so faithful and +so much attached to him, and to friends with whose +misfortunes he seems to have blamed himself. Of +the affection of the clansmen he received frequent +proofs. "The estates of Lochiel," says Mrs. Grant, +"were forfeited like others, and paid a moderate +rate to the Crown, such as they had formerly given +to their chief. The domain formerly occupied by +the Laird was taken on his behoof by his brother. +The tenants brought each a horse, cow, colt, or +heifer, as a free-will offering, till this ample grazing-farm +was as well stocked as formerly. Not content +with this, they sent a yearly tribute of affection to +their beloved chief, independent of the rents they +paid to the commissioners for the forfeited estates. +Lochiel's lady and her daughters once or twice made +a sorrowful pilgrimage among their friends and +tenants. These last received them with a tenderness +and respect which seemed augmented by the adversity +into which they were plunged."</p> + +<p>At last the suffering spirit was released. Lochiel +is conjectured to have died about the year 1760, and +is generally thought to have sunk under the pressure +of hopeless sorrow, or, to use the words of one who +spoke from tradition, "of a broken heart." His +daughter Donalda, who was about fourteen at the +time of his death, had attached herself so fondly +to her father, that after his decease she pined away, +and never recovered. She died soon after her fath<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span>er, +and the mother did not long survive her daughter. +Never, perhaps, did a brave and unfortunate man +sink to rest more honoured by society at large, more +admired and respected by his friends, more revered +by his vassals, than the gentle Lochiel. The beauty +of his character showed itself also in the close ties +of domestic life: and in some of these, more particularly +as a brother, his warm and constant affections +were destined to be severely wounded. He +felt deeply the banishment of his brother Cameron +of Fassefern; and still more severely the cruel fate +of another brother, Dr. Archibald Cameron. The +fate of that young man, who attended Charles Edward +in most of his wanderings, presents, indeed, +one of the saddest episodes of this melancholy period. +Dr. Cameron, after sharing the dangers which the +Prince ran, and following him to France, returned +to Scotland in 1749. Charles Edward had left a +large sum of money in the charge of Macpherson of +Clunie, upon leaving Scotland; and Dr. Cameron +was privy to the concealment of the money. He +visited Clunie, and obtained from him six thousand +louis-d'ors, for which, however, Clunie took Dr. Cameron's +receipt. In 1753, Dr. Cameron made another +visit, which is conjectured to have had a +similar object. The money was concealed near Loch +Arkeg, to the amount of twenty-two thousand louis-d'ors. +Some degree of obscurity rests upon this +transaction, which undoubtedly throws a degree of +discredit on the memory of Dr. Cameron. Among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> +the Stuart papers there is a letter from Mr. Ludovick +Cameron to Prince Charles, alluding to the +"misfortune" of his nephew, Dr. Cameron, in taking +away a good round sum of his Highness's money, +and clearing himself from the imputation. This +proves that there was no commission, as it has +been suggested,<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a> to Dr. Cameron, but that the transaction +was regarded in a disgraceful light, even by +the relative of the unfortunate young man.</p> + +<p>A severe retribution awaited the offender, who intended, +it is said, to enter into a mercantile concern +at Glasgow with the money thus procured. He was +taken prisoner in the house of Stewart of Glenbuckie, +by a party of soldiers from the garrison at Inversnaid. +He was carried to London, arraigned upon +the Act of Attainder in 1745, in which his name +was included, and sentenced to the death of a traitor. +His wife, who then resided at Lisle, hurried to London +to proffer fruitless petitions for mercy. Whatever +may have been Dr. Cameron's errors, his death +was worthy of the name he bore, and he sustained +his fate with calmness and resignation. Seven children +were left to deplore his loss. The Chevalier +St. George, kindly passing over his fault, wrote of +him in these terms. "I am a stranger to the motives +which carried poor Archibald Cameron into +Scotland; but whatever they may have been, his fate +gives me the more concern, as I own I could not +bring myself to believe that the English Gov<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>ernment +would carry their rigour so far." The French +Government settled a pension of one thousand five +hundred livres upon Mrs. Cameron, and an annual +allowance of two hundred livres to each of her sons, +who were in their service. The unfortunate Dr. +Cameron was buried in the Savoy in London. The +family of the man who betrayed him is said, in the +Highlands, to have been visited with a severe retribution, +having, ever since, had one of its members +an idiot. Such is the notion of retributive +justice in the Highlands.</p> + +<p>The death of this brother, and still more the +stain upon the honour of Dr. Cameron, must have +added greatly to the burden of sorrow which fell +so heavily upon Lochiel. His son was, however, +spared for some years, and was cherished by the +Scots as the representative of their ancient chiefs. +He was, it is true, what they called a "landless +laird," yet the clansmen paid him all the honours due +to the eldest son of Lochiel. He received a good education, +and was prevented by his friends from taking +any part in the various schemes set on foot at certain +intervals for the return of Charles. He married at +an early age. Government was at that time engaged +in levying men for the American war, and found it +convenient to use the influence of the clans for that +purpose; Lochiel was offered a company in General +Fraser's regiment, the seventy-first, provided he could +raise it among his clan. Poor and broken as they +were, the clansmen, true to their bond of fidelit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>y, +mustered around their landless laird; and Lochiel +marched at the head of his company to Glasgow, in +order to embark for America.</p> + +<p>It happened that whilst here, he was taken ill of +the measles, a disorder which prevented his marching. +It was therefore arranged that the first lieutenant +should take his place. When, on the point +of marching to Greenock in order to embark, the +clansmen discovered this, they laid down their arms, +declaring that they had not engaged with King +George, but with Lochiel; and they refused to move. +The chief hearing of this dilemma, ill as he was, +arose, dressed himself, and went down to his people. +He harangued them, and represented that unless they +went on board, their conduct would be imputed to +disaffection, and might injure, if not ruin his interests. +The men immediately took up their arms, +huzzaed their chief, and began to march. The result +is melancholy. Enfeebled by this effort, Lochiel +again took to his bed; the day on which he had made +this fatal exertion was a raw November morning. +He never recovered from that exposure, but died +in a few days afterwards.</p> + +<p>Most of the company of Camerons perished in the +contest which ensued. Thrice during the American +war was General Fraser's regiment renewed.<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a> Such +was the devotion of this gallant race of men to their +chief; and such were the services which those whose +fathers had fought at Culloden, devoted to the cause +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>of the English Monarch.</p> + +<p>Late in the eighteenth century, the estates of +Lochiel were restored to the grandson of Lochiel; and +the descendants of that race, in which so much +honour, such disinterested exertion, such kindness +and heroism existed, are again the Lords of Achnacarry.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.</h2> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Dalrymple.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Rapin. Dissertation on the Origin and Government of England, +vol. xiv. p. 423.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See Introduction to the Memoirs of Cameron of Lochiel, p. 22.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. i. p. 239.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. i. p. 324.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Reay, p. 187.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> See Wood's Peerage of Scotland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Histories of Noble British Families by Henry Drummond, Esq. +Preface to Part I.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Robertson's History of Scotland, ii. 32.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Wood's Peerage. The year of his birth is not stated.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Cunningham's History of Great Britain, i. 326.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Dalrymple's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Chambers's Biography, art. Erskine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See Dr. Coxe's MSS. in the British Museum, vol. iii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Dalrymple's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 98.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Lockhart's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 114.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. i. p. 45.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Granger, vol. ii. p. 31. Somerville's Queen Anne, p. 184.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Of Alloa the following account is given. "Alloa House, situated +in the immediate neighbourhood of the town, in the midst of a fine +park, the seat of the Earl of Mar, and the subject of a fine Scottish +song, is a place worthy of visit. The principal part of the building +was destroyed some years ago by fire, and with it the only certain +original portrait of Queen Mary existing in the kingdom. The original +tower, a building of the thirteenth century, the walls of which are +eleven feet thick, and ninety feet high, alone remains. In it James +the Sixth and his eldest son, Henry, were successively educated under +the care of the Mar family. The cradle of the former, and his little +nursery-chair, besides Prince Henry's golfs, were preserved in the tower +till a recent period, when they fell into the possession of Lady Frances +Erskine, daughter of the late venerable Earl of Mar, who, we understand, +now preserves them, with the care and veneration due to such valuable +heirlooms, in her house in Edinburgh. The country in every direction +round Alloa is extremely level and beautiful, interspersed with numerous +fine seats, and abounding in delightful little old-established bower-like +villages. Among the latter we would particularize one called the Bridge +of Allan as everything which a village ought to be—soft, sunny, and +warm—a confusion of straw-roofed cottages, and rich massy trees; possessed +of a bridge and a mill, together with kail-yards, bee-skeps, colleys, +callants, old inns with entertainment for man and horse, carts with their +poles pointing up to the sky, venerable dames in drugget knitting their +stockings in the sun, and young ones in gingham and dimity tripping +along with milk-pails on their heads. +</p><p> +"Besides all these characteristics as a village, the Bridge of Allan boasts +of a row of neat little villas for the temporary accommodation of a number +of fashionables who flock to it in the summer, on account of a neighbouring +mineral well."—<i>Chambers's Picture of Scotland.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Wood's Peerage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Somerville's Queen Anne, p. 167.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Somerville, p. 177. Memoirs of Scotland, London, 1714. Defoe's +History of the Union, p. 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 114.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Lockhart.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Lockhart, p. 116.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Daniel De Foe on the Union, p. 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> De Foe, p. 322.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Lockhart. Letter to one English Lord concerning the Treaty, 1702, +vol. i. p. 272.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Memoirs, p. 74. De Foe, p. 321.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Memoirs, p. 74. De Foe, p. 371.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Introduction to De Foe's History of the Union, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Memoirs of Scotland, p. 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Mackay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 54.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Memoirs of North Britain, p. 113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Wood's Peerage, vol. i. pp. 714, 717; also Mackay's Memoirs, p. 178.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Lockhart Papers, vol. i. p. 115.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Wood's Peerage, art. Erskine of Mar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Memoirs of Scotland, p. 224.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Memoirs of Scotland, p. 340.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Cunningham's Hist. Great Britain, p. 257.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Ibid. p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Swift's Works, edited by Sir W. Scott, pp. 14, 72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The motto on Queen Anne's coronation medal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Cunningham, p. 71.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Memoirs of Scotland. Cunningham, p. 157.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Swift's Letters, vol. ii. p. 488; also p. 487, note by Sir W. Scott.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Wood's Peerage. Swift's Letters, p. 475. See note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Mackay's Characters, p. 94.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Swift added, in his own hand, to this eulogium, this remark: "He +was little better than a conceited talker in company."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> The following letter shows that the Duke anticipated the result of +the duel. +</p><p style="text-align: right;"> +London, Nov. 14, 1712.<br /> +</p> +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">My dear Son</span>,</p> +<p> +I have been doing all I could to recover your mother's right to her +estate, which I hope shall be yours. I command you to be dutiful towards +her, as I hope she will be just and kind to you; and I recommend +it particularly to you, if ever you enjoy the estate of Hamilton, +and what may, I hope, justly belong to you, (considering how long I have +lived with a small competence, which has made me run in debt,) I hope +God will put it into your head to do justice to my honour, and pay my +just debts. There will be enough to satisfy all, and give your brothers +and sisters such provisions as the state of your condition and their quality +in Scotland will admit of. +</p><p> +I pray God preserve you, and the family in your person. My humble +duty to my mother, and my blessing to your sisters. If it please God I +live, you shall find me share with you what I do possess, and ever prove +your affectionate and kind father, whilst +</p><p style="text-align: right;"> +<span class="smcap">Hamilton</span>.<br /> +</p> +<p> +I again upon my blessing charge you, that you let the world see you +do your part in satisfying my just debts.</p></div> +<p> +Addressed thus: "To my dear Son the Marquis of Chilsdale." +</p><p> +<i>Memoirs of the Life and Family of James Duke of Hamilton.</i><br /> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The Lady Elizabeth Gerrard, the sister of Lady Mohun, and Duchess +of Hamilton, is said to have been "a lady of great wit and beauty, and +all the fine accomplishments that adorn her sex." Through her the +great estates in Lancashire and Staffordshire came into the family of +Hamilton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Wood's Peerage; also "Life of the Duke of Hamilton," a scarce +tract, p. 102.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Coxe MSS. 9128. Plut. cxxxviii. H. British Museum.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Ibid. See a Letter in French, dated April 5, 1714, p. 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Coxe MSS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Lord Mahon's Hist. England, vol. i. p. 139. See also a scarce little +book to be met with in the Advocate's Library in Edinburgh (Atterbury's +Correspondence, with marginal notes by Lord Hailes): "By what accident +these Letters have been preserved," says the noble Editor, "I +know not: by what means they are now brought to light, I am not at +liberty to explain."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> See the Letter before quoted.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 440.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Lockhart of Carnwath, vol. i. p. 446; also "Notices of Lady +Grange," by Dr. Mackay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> See "Notices of Lady Grange," by K. Mackay, M.D., 3rd edition. +Glasgow, 1819.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 441.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Lord Mahon, vol. i. p. 152.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> "A Collection of Original Letters relating to the Rebellion of 1715." +Edinburgh, 1730.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Introductory Anecdotes to Lord Wharncliffe's Edition of Lady M. +Wortley's Letters, p. 26.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Reay, p. 135.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Reay, p. 152.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Reay, p. 171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> This commission was long doubted, and was even denied by the +Chevalier. It is, nevertheless, signed by his Secretary, and is among +the valuable papers which, belonging to Mr. Gibson Craig of Edinburgh, +have been liberally placed at the service of the author.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Caledonian Mercury, 1722.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Lord Mahon, p. 147.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Lord Mahon; from the Master of Sinclair's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Burke's Peerage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Buchan's History of the Keith Family.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Buchan's History of the Keith Family; also Scottish Peerage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See Patten's List of Chieftains.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Secret History of Colonel Hooke's Negotiations, pp. 26, 110.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Patten, p. 232.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Buchan's History of the Keith Family, p. 153.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Colonel Hooke's Negotiations.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> See "Genealogie of the Most Noble and Ancient House of Drummond, +by the First Viscount Strathallan," Appendix. For this curious +and elaborate work I am indebted to the Rev. Arthur Drummond.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> MS. Account of Several Clans, by Mrs. Grant, of Laggan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Brown's Highlands, vol. i. p. 131.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> The Rev. Robert Patten, from whose animated narrative many +other writers have implicitly copied, was a man of indifferent character, +who accompanied Mr. Forster, in the insurrection in Northumberland, +as his chaplain. He afterwards turned king's evidence, and appeared +against those whom he had served. For this act of treachery his pension +was raised (as I find by the Caledonian Mercury for 1722) from 50<i>l.</i> to +80<i>l.</i> a-year. He dedicates his History of the Rebellion to Generals Carpenter +and Wills.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Patten, p. 151.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Reay, p. 191.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Reay, p. 191.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> It seems to have been the custom of that period to write in the third +person when in memoirs and statements. Lord Lovat's manifesto is in +the same style.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Patten, p. 257.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> A copy from the original, for which I am indebted to Mr. Gibson +Craig, is given for the confirmation of Lord Mar's assertion:— +</p><p> +"James the Eighth, by the grace of God King of Scotland, England, +France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c., to our right trusty +and well-beloved Cousin and Counsellor, John Earl of Mar, &c. We +reposing especial trust & confidence in your loyalty, courage, experience, +and good conduct, doe by these * * constitute and appoint +you to be our General and Commander in Cheif of all our forces, both +by sea and land, in our antient kingdom of Scotland. Whereupon you +are to take upon you the said command of General and Commander in +Cheif, and the better to support you in the said authority, our will and +pleasure is, that you act in consert with and by our * * * * +We doe likeways hereby empower you to grant commissions in our +name to all officers, both by sea and land, to place and displace the same +as you shall think fitt and necessary for our service, to assemble our said +forces, raise the militia, issue out orders for all suspected persons, and +seizing of all forts and castles, and putting garrisons into them, and +to take up in any part of our dominions, what money, horses, arms, and +ammunition and provisions you shall think necessary for arming, mounting, +and subsisting the said forces under your command, and to give +recepts for the same, which we hereby promise to pay. By this our +Commission, we likeways here empower you to make warr upon our +enemies, and upon all such as shall adhere to the present government +and usurper of our dominions. Leaving entirely to your prudence and +conduct to begin the necessary acts of hostility when and where you +think most advantageous conducing to our restoration; and we doe +hereby command all, and require all officers and souldiers, both by sea +and land, and all our subjects, to acknowledge and obey you as our +General and Commander as Cheif of our army; and you to obey such +furder orders and directions as you shall from time to time receive from +us. In pursuance of the great power and trust we have reposed in you. +</p><p> +"Given at our Court at Bar le duc, the seventh day of September, +1715, and in the fourteenth year of our reign. +</p><p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"By His Majestie's command,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Sic Subscribitur,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;" class="smcap">Thomas Higgins."</span><br /> +</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Patten, p. 256.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Note in Reay. From the <i>Weekly Journal</i>, Feb. 4th, 1715-16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Reay, p. 193.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Brown's Highlands, vol. i. p. 129.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Mar Papers. In these there is a copy of this Manifesto; but since +it has been printed in Reay's History of the Rebellion, and others, I +do not think it necessary to insert it here.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> The Chevalier's agent there.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> The orthography of this letter is copied from the original, with the +exception of the abbreviations usual at that period.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Erskine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Reay, p. 221.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Mar Papers, communicated by Mr. Gibson Craig.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Reay, pp. 236, 237.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> The Earl of Mar's Journal, as printed at Paris. At the end of +Patten's History of the Rebellion, and addressed by Lord Mar to Colonel +Balfour, p. 259.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Reay, p. 197.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Earl of Mar's Journal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Earl of Mar's Journal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Reay, p. 308.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Brown's Highlands.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Reay, p. 309.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> From the MS. letter in the possession of Archibald Macdonald, Esq.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> The agent of the Jacobites in Edinburgh.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Mar Papers, in the possession of Gibson Craig, Esq.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> King.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Duke of Ormond.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Paris.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Lady Nairn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> The Chevalier.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> The Dutch auxiliaries, to the amount of 6000, demanded by the +English government, as accorded by treaty, arrived, to the number of +3000, in the Thames, on the 16th of November, expressly to assist in +suppressing the rebellion, and proceeded to Scotland on the 25th. They +were afterwards followed by 3000 more, who, being obliged to put in at +Harwich, marched on by land. Reay, p. 327.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> The King.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Lord Grange.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> The following note is annexed to this letter. It is in the hand-writing +of Bishop Keith:—"Son of Sir Wm. Douglass, colonel of a regiment, +and who had come over with the Prince of Orange to England, +and was made Knight and Colonel by the said Prince, as says my +Lady Bruce. The story Wm. Erskine, brother to the Earl of Buchan, +told me, as the King and he were travelling through France at this +period, they saw the Chevalier's picture set up in some of the post-houses, +and they were told this was done by the desire of the English +Ambassador, who had promised a reward to those who should stop and +apprehend the person whom the picture resembled."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> A concealment in the House of Kineil, near Borrostowness.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> The younger brother of the Marquis of Tullibardine, but assuming +the forfeited title as head of the house.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Henry Straiton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> I have had the advantage of seeing an original crayon portrait of +the Chevalier, in the possession of Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq., of Edinburgh; +also, a miniature painted at Rome, belonging to Mr. Sharpe. +In the miniature the eyes are darker, and have more animation than in +the crayon drawing. The portrait lately placed at Hampton Court +gives a much more pleasing impression of James Stuart than either of +these likenesses: the countenance is animated and benevolent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> "A True Account of the Proceedings at Perth," by a Rebel, supposed +to be the Master of Sinclair.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> That portion of the letter only which refers to the Chevalier appears +to have been printed. I have given the entire letter from which the +account was taken. A portion of this letter is published in Brown's +History of the Highlands, vol. iv. p. 332.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Reay, p. 352.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> MS. Letter in the possession of Alexander Macdonald, Esq., of the +Register Office, Edinburgh.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Thomas Bruce, afterwards Earl of Kincardine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> The loss of the ship from France.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> An allusion to the Marquis of Huntley and Lord Seaforth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Reay, p. 364.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Flying Post, or the Post Master, for January 28 and 31, 1716.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Evening Post, Feb. 2, 1716.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Auchterarder.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Reay, p. 364.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Mar Correspondence.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Probably Wigton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Brown's Highlands, vol. iv. p. 337.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Patten, p. 248.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Reay, p. 367.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Lord Mar's Journal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> A copy is given of the Prince's letter in Dr. Brown's work on the +Highlands, vol. iv. p. 340. It is a sort of expostulation with the Duke, +but mildly and sensibly expressed. "I fear," he said, alluding to the +British people, "they will find yet more than I the smart of preferring a +foreign yoke to the obedience they owe me."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Bolingbroke's Letter to Sir William Wyndham.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Letter to Sir Wm. Wyndham, p. 139.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Coxe's Papers in the British Museum, MS. 9129. Plut. cxxxviii. +II.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> I find that the biographers of Lord Mar, in the short lives given +of him, (see Chambers's Scottish Biography, Georgian Era, &c.) have +overlooked this correspondence. The letter from Sir Luke Schwaub, in +French, with a translation, and the answer of Lord Carteret, in the Coxe +Papers, although not exactly relevant to my subject, are interesting. +"A thousands thanks," writes the generous Lord Carteret, in reply to +Schwaub, "for your private letter, which affords me the means of obviating +any calumny against the memory of a person who will always be +dear to me." [That is, Lord Sunderland.] "I have shown it to the King, +who is entirely satisfied with it." The anxiety on the part of Government +to secure the papers of Lord Sunderland, was extreme, and affords +a collateral proof of this connivance. The mysterious documents were +seized by order of the King, and inspected by Lord Townshend, and not +a trace of the correspondence was left when the papers were restored +to the family. The seizure occasioned a suit between the executors +of the Earl of Sunderland and the two Secretaries of State.—<i>Coxe MSS.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 252.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 565.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Hardwicke Papers, p. 586.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Hardwicke Papers, vol. ii. p. 600.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Chambers, art. <i>Erskine</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> From original letters, for which I am indebted to Alexander Macdonald, +Esq., of the Register Office, Edinburgh.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> The spelling is preserved as in the original.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> These words were written in the Chevalier's own hand.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Letters in the possession of A. Macdonald, Esq.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Bolingbroke.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. p. 221.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Lockhart Papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> See various papers in the State Paper Office. Collections for +1722.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 149.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Id. p. 183.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Lockhart, vol. ii. p. 198.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Mr. C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe was good enough to inform me that he +had seen some letters on this subject, which exculpated Lady Mary W. +Montague. The correspondence was destroyed, but it conveyed to the +mind of that accomplished and erudite gentleman, who saw it, the impression +that the charge against Lady Mary Wortley was groundless.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> I write it Radcliffe, because the most careful historians and genealogists +have given the preference to that mode of spelling the name.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> The fact has been rather surmised than proved.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Hutchinson's View of Northumberland, vol. i. p. 171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Lysons' Magna Britannia, vol. ii. p. 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Burke's Extinct Peerage, art. <i>Radcliffe</i>; also Wood's Peerage, 309. +It has been erroneously stated, that Francis Radclyffe himself, who married +Mary Tudor, was first ennobled. It was his father, Sir Francis +Radclyffe.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Life of Charles Radcliffe. "By a gentleman of the family, to prevent +the public being imposed upon by any erroneous or partial accounts +to the prejudice of this unfortunate gentleman." London, 1746.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Macpherson Papers, vol. ii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Patten's Hist. Rebellion, p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> In personal appearance the Earl is declared to have been distinguished +for grace and comeliness. Neither the prints of this nobleman, +nor an original picture in the possession of the Earl of Newburgh, at +Hassop in Derbyshire, give the impression that the Earl was handsome. +Yet he obtained the appellation of "handsome Derwentwater."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Kimber's Baronetage, vol. i. p. 517.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Encyclopædia Metropolitana.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Id. Annals of George I.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Patten, p. 3.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> The following is a copy of the warrant, and affords a specimen, +which may be novel to some readers, of the form in which such affairs +are couched. The original is still preserved by the present Earl of Newburgh, +the descendant of Charles Radcliffe. I am indebted to the courtesy +of the Earl of Newburgh for permission to copy this document, and also +for several particulars concerning the family of Radcliffe, which I have +interwoven with this biography:— +</p> +<div class="blockquot"><p class='center'> +"<i>James Stanhope, Esq., one of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy +Council, and Principal Secretary of State.</i> +</p> +<p> +"These are in his Majesty's name, to authorise and require you, +taking a constable to your assistance, forthwith to make strict and +diligent search in such places as you shall have notice, for the Right +Honourable James, Earl of Derwentwater; and him having found, you +are to seize and apprehend for suspicion of Treason, and to bring him, +together with his papers, before me to be examined concerning the +Premisses, and to be further dealt with according to law: for the due +execution whereof, all Mayors, Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, Constables, +and all his Majesty's officers, Civil and Military, and loving +subjects whom it may concern, are to be aiding and assisting to you as +there shall be occasion. And for so doing, this shall be your warrant. +</p><p> +"Given at Whitehall the two-and-twentieth day of September, 1715. +</p><p style="text-align: right;"> +"<span class="smcap">James Stanhope.</span>"<br /> +</p><p> +"To Richard Shorman, John Hutching, and John<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Turner, three of his Majesty's Messengers<br /></span> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Ordinary."<br /></span> +</p></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> His pension was raised for his services from fifty to eighty pounds +per annum.—See Caledonian Mercury, 1722.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Patten, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Hutchinson's History of Northumberland, vol. i. p. 131.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> State Papers. Domestic, No. 4, 1716.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Life of Charles Radcliffe, p. 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> Patten, p. 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Patten. Smollett.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Parliamentary History, 2 Geo. I. vol. vii. p. 269.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Patten, p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> Id. p. 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> An instance of this spirit is related by Lord Sunderland in the case +of a Mr. Crisp, a Lancashire gentleman, who acted with such zeal for the +Government during the Rebellion, that he was never able to live in his +native country afterwards.—Lord Mahon's History of England since the +Peace of Utrecht, vol. i. p. 253.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Lord Mahon, vol. i. p. 248.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Patten, p. 79.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> Letter from a Scots Prisoner.—See Weekly Journal, or British Gazette, +for 1716.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Weekly Journal, p. 354.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Parliamentary History, p. 269.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Life of Charles Radcliffe, p. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Patten.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Patten, p. 96.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Patten, p. 103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Weekly Journal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Patten.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Patten.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Caledonian Mercury for 1716.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Earls of Derwentwater, Nithisdale, Carnwath, and Wintoun; Viscount +Kenmure, and Lords Widdrington and Nairn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> State Trials, vol. xv. p. 762.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Parliamentary History, vol. vii. p. 269.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> State Trials.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Caledonian Mercury for 1716.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Beatson's Political Index.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Douglas's Peerage of Scotland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> State Trials, vol. xv. p. 802.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Lord Mahon's History, vol. i. p. 291.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Id.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> State Papers, 1716, No. 4; now, for the first time, printed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Or rather, a piece of red cloth, which is still preserved at Hassop, +the seat of the Earl of Newburgh, the marks of blood being still visible.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> From a tradition current in the descendants of this family.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Hogg's Jacobite Relics, vol. i. p. 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> See Caledonian Mercury, 1723.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> See Proceedings of the Court Martial held upon John, Master of +Sinclair, with Correspondence, p. 27. 1828. Printed by Ballantyne +and Company. Presented to the Roxburgh Club by Sir Walter Scott.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> It is printed in the interesting little collection before referred to, p. 35.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Life of the Master of Sinclair, p. ix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> His name is not among those who were assembled on the hunting-field +of Braemar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Reay, p. 234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> See Lord Mar's Life and Letters.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Life of the Master of Sinclair, page v.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> See Lord Mar's Life, from the Mar Papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Mar Papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Reay's History of the Rebellion, p. 218.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Reay, p. 387.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> See the certificate of the Justices of Forfar, in the State Paper +Office, respecting the case of James Carnegie. Dated, Montrose, the +first of October, 1716.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> See Papers in the State Paper Office for 1715 and 1716.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> Reay, p. 372.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> The title has remained in abeyance ever since. A mystery hangs +over the fate of this family.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> See Letter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> The letter from Lord Garlies, in which Lady Southesk is mentioned, +is to be seen in the Murray MS. in the Advocate's Library at Edinburgh. +It is addressed to the eccentric and imprudent Sir Alexander +Murray of Stanhope. These papers were found on a floor of a room in +Herriot's Hospital, and were rescued from destruction by Dr. Irvine +of the Advocate's Library. After some remarks of no moment, Lord +Garlies, afterwards the Earl of Galloway, observes— +</p> +<div class="blockquot"><p>"But now I hope that yours and all honest men's misfortunes are to +have a turn, and since my cheif has had the good fortune to gett a young +prince, I pray God his and all honest men's misfortunes may be at an +end; and I hope before my young cheif dies, he shall have the name of +Charles the Third. I beg of you to let me hear from you, and when I +may expect to have the happinesse of seeing you in this countrey, which +is what I both long mightily for, and expect as soon as you can conveniently. +Besides, it will be a mighty obligation added to the many +you have already done me, who am, dear Sandy, +</p><p> +"yours entirely whylst +</p><p style="text-align: right;"> +"<span class="smcap">Garlies.</span>" +</p><p> +"May 12, 1730."<br /> +</p> +<p> +"Sister Southesque and my spouse make their compliments to you."</p></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Life of Master of Sinclair, page viii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> The manuscript from which the life of the Master of Sinclair was +taken, was found by Sir Walter Scott among the papers of his mother, +who was distantly related to the family of Greenock. The proceedings +of the court-martial were attested by the subscription of John Cunningham, +probably a clerk of the court.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> The MS. Memoirs of the Master of Sinclair are at present in the +possession of the Countess of Rosslyn.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Burke's Peerage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> I am indebted to a MS. account of Cameron of Lochiel for the most +interesting facts in the following memoir. It was communicated to me +by R. Chambers, Esq., and was written by Mrs. Grant of Laggan. In +her letters unpublished, she declares the source of her information to +have been some papers in the possession of a Scotch clergyman, "which," +says Mrs. Grant, "it appears he did not give to John Home, who would +scarcely have asked the favour, keeping very shy of his old brethren."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Brown's History of the Highlands, part ii. p. 141.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Brown's Highlands.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> "The credit of this feat," writes Mrs. Grant, "rests merely on the +country tradition: and the silence concerning it, in the publications and +records of those times, is accounted for, first, by the shame which the commanders +of the party felt at being thus surprised and outwitted by an +inferior number of those whom they had been accustomed to style barbarians +and to treat as such."—<i>MS.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Sketches of the Highlands, vol. i. pp. 60, 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Brown's Highlands.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> Reay, p. 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> See Culloden Papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Stewart's Sketches, vol. i. p. 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Reay, p. 271.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Conjectured to be Lord Lovat.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> Appendix to the Memoirs of Sir Ewan Cameron of Lochiel, p. 177.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Appendix to Home's History of the Rebellion, No. II.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> See Appendix, No. II.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Home. Appendix. From the papers of Cameron of Fassefern, +Lochiel's nephew.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> In the year 1781, Fassefern repeated this conversation to Mr. +Home. History of the Rebellion, p. 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Forbes, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Home, p. 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Forbes, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Home, p. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Maxwell of Kirkconnel's Narrative, p. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> The beautiful poem of Campbell, entitled "Lochiel," is founded on +this circumstance.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Life of Jenny Cameron. London. Printed for C. Whitefield, in +White Friars, 1746.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> Life of Jenny Cameron.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Forbes, p. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> The poem entitled "Jeanie Cameron's Lament," is, with other +inedited Jacobite songs, likely soon to be given to the world, arranged to +true Scottish airs, and published in parts. These songs are collected by +a member of one of the most ancient Jacobite families. The accomplished +young lady who has engaged in this undertaking is Miss Charlotte +Maxwell, the sister of Sir William Maxwell, Bart., of Menteith, +Wigtonshire, and a descendant of the Earl of Nithisdale. The ballad of +Sherriff Muir, is among the first of the interesting collection.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> Forbes, p. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Maxwell of Kirkconnel, p. 45.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Maxwell, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Home, p. 164.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Dated, Edinburgh, 12th Jan. 1745-6. This extract, for which I am +indebted to Mr. Macdonald, who possesses the orderly-book, was considered +an extremely curious passage by Sir Walter Scott.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> Burrell's regiment was so broken, that not two men were left standing. +Home, Appendix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> In a letter among the papers of Mr. Murray of Abercairney, the imputations +upon the Highlanders are strongly and ably refuted. For obvious +reasons I have not given the extract, nor gone more closely into a +subject which belongs to the province of history.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> See Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> Home, Appendix, p. 373.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> See note 2 in Chambers's History of the Rebellion, p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> See History of the Rebellion, taken from the Scots' Magazine, p. +353.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> Cluny Macpherson's Narrative. Home, Appendix, p. 365.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Of one of these there is an interesting anecdote in the Tales of a +Grandfather, vol. iii. p. 295, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> Home's History of the Rebellion, Appendix, p. 146.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> Brown's History of the Highlands, Part II. App. <span class="smcap">cvii</span>. from the +Stuart Papers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> Brown's History of the Highlands. No. <span class="smcap">LXX</span>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> Chambers, p. 145.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> Mrs. Grant's MS.</p></div> +</div> + + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class='center'>LONDON:<br /> +Printed by <span class="smcap">S. & J. Bentley, Wilson, and Fley</span>,<br /> +Bangor House, Shoe Lane.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class='blockquot'><h3>Transcriber's Note.</h3> + +<p>The following errors in the original have been corrected.</p> + +<p>Page 24 - missing quote mark added: in Scots' affairs."[B]</p> + +<p>Page 36 - missing quote mark added: Scottish nobility."</p> + +<p>Page 47 - from Paris to Boisleduc changed to from Paris to Barleduc</p> + +<p>Page 54 - missing quote mark added: faithfully serving King George."</p> + +<p>Page 66 - few duties changed to feu duties</p> + +<p>Page 88 - disastrous contest changed to diastrous contest</p> + +<p>Page 94 - missing footnote marker added: Earl conceived.[101]</p> + +<p>Page 101 - extra comma removed from after harbour, which succeeded</p> + +<p>Page 111 - extra quote mark removed from before MAR.</p> + +<p>Page 126 - Footnote marker with no associated footnote after pardoned in 1726.</p> + +<p>Page 158 - at Fetterosso changed to at Fetteresso</p> + +<p>Page 163 - missing quotation mark added after Ave Marias:</p> + +<p>Page 183 - Porbably (in footnote) changed to Probably</p> + +<p>Page 258 - missing quotation mark added before we saw a drum</p> + +<p>Page 266 - against him." missing closing quote after him added</p> + +<p>Page 300 - missing quotation mark added after black as a craw, man.</p> + +<p>Page 309 - extra quotation mark removed from after their uncles.</p> + +<p>Page 310 - missing quotation mark added after his possession,</p> + +<p>Page 369 - missing quotation mark added after the smallest assistance!"</p> + +<p>Page 383 - In this rereat changed to In this retreat</p> + +<p>Page 387 - from the imputation. extra quotation mark removed from after imputation</p></div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and +1745., by Mrs. Thomson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE JACOBITES *** + +***** This file should be named 20946-h.htm or 20946-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/9/4/20946/ + +Produced by Susan Skinner, Ted Garvin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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