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+Project Gutenberg's Etext History of Friedrich II of Prussia V 19
+#25 in our series by Thomas Carlyle
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+History of Friedrich II of Prussia V 19
+
+by Thomas Carlyle
+
+March, 2000  [Etext #2119]
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Etext History of Friedrich II of Prussia V 19
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+Prepared by D.R. Thompson <drthom@ihug.co.nz>
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+
+
+
+BOOK XIX.
+
+FRIEDRICH LIKE TO BE OVERWHELMED IN
+THE SEVEN-YEARS WAR.
+
+1759-1760.
+
+
+Chapter I.
+
+PRELIMINARIES TO A FOURTH CAMPAIGN.
+
+The posting of the Five Armies this Winter--Five of them in
+Germany, not counting the Russians, who have vanished to Cimmeria
+over the horizon, for their months of rest--is something wonderful,
+and strikes the picturesque imagination. Such a Chain of Posts, for
+length, if for nothing else! From the centre of Bohemia eastward,
+Daun's Austrians are spread all round the western Silesian Border
+and the southeastern Saxon; waited on by Prussians, in more or less
+proximity. Next are the Reichsfolk; scattered over Thuringen and
+the Franconian Countries; fronting partly into Hessen and Duke
+Ferdinand's outskirts:--the main body of Duke Ferdinand is far to
+westward, in Munster Country, vigilant upon Contades, with the
+Rhine between. Contades and Soubise,--adjoining on the Reichsfolk
+are these Two French Armies: Soubise's, some 25,000, in Frankfurt-
+Ems Country, between the Mayn and the Lahn, with its back to the
+Rhine; then Contades, onward to Maes River and the Dutch Borders,
+with his face to the Rhine,--and Duke Ferdinand observant of him on
+the other side. That is the "CORDON of Posts" or winter-quarters
+this Year. "From the Giant Mountains and the Metal Mountains, to
+the Ocean;--to the mouth of Rhine," may we not say; "and back again
+to the Swiss Alps or springs of Rhine, that Upper-Rhine Country
+being all either French or Austrian, and a basis for Soubise?"
+[Archenholtz, i. 306.] Not to speak of Ocean itself, and its winged
+War-Fleets, lonesomely hovering and patrolling; or of the Americas
+and Indies beyond!
+
+"This is such a Chain of mutually vigilant Winter-quarters," says
+Archenholtz, "as was never drawn in Germany, or in Europe, before."
+Chain of about 300,000 fighting men, poured out in that lengthy
+manner. Taking their winter siesta there, asleep with one eye open,
+till reinforced for new business of death and destruction against
+Spring. Pathetic surely, as well as picturesque. "Three Campaigns
+there have already been," sighs the peaceable observer:
+"Three Campaigns, surely furious enough; Eleven Battles in them,"
+[Stenzel, v. 185. This, I suppose, would be his enumeration:
+LOBOSITZ (1756); PRAG, KOLIN, Hastenbeck, Gross-Jagersdorf,
+ROSSBACH, Breslau, LEUTHEN, (1757); Crefeld, ZORNDORF, HOCHKIRCH
+(1758): "eleven hitherto in all."] a Prag, a Kolin, Leuthen,
+Rossbach;--must there still be others, then, to the misery of poor
+mankind?" thus sigh many peaceful persons. Not considering what
+are, and have been, the rages, the iniquities, the loud and silent
+deliriums, the mad blindnesses and sins of mankind; and what
+amount, of CALCINING these may reasonably take. Not calcinable in
+three Campaigns at all, it would appear! Four more Campaigns are
+needed: then there will be innocuous ashes in quantity; and a
+result unexpected, and worth marking in World-History.
+
+It is notably one of Friedrich's fond hopes,--of which he keeps up
+several, as bright cloud-hangings in the haggard inner world he now
+has,--that Peace is just at hand; one right struggle more, and
+Peace must come! And on the part of Britannic George and him,
+repeated attempts were made,--one in the end of this Year
+1759;--but one and all of them proved futile, and, unless for
+accidental reasons, need not be mentioned here. Many men, in all
+nations, long for Peace; but there are Three Women at the top of
+the world who do not; their wrath, various in quality, is great in
+quantity, and disasters do the reverse of appeasing it.
+
+The French people, as is natural, are weary of a War which yields
+them mere losses and disgraces; "War carried on for Austrian whims,
+which likewise seem to be impracticable!" think they. And their
+Bernis himself, Minister of Foreign Affairs, who began this sad
+French-Austrian Adventure, has already been remonstrating with
+Kaunitz, and grumbling anxiously, "Could not the Swedes, or
+somebody, be got to mediate? Such a War is too ruinous!" Hearing
+which, the Pompadour is shocked at the favorite creature of her
+hands; hastens to dismiss him ("Be Cardinal then, you ingrate of a
+Bernis; disappear under that Red Hat!")--and appoints, in his
+stead, one Choiseul (known hitherto as STAINVILLE, Comte de
+Stainville, French Excellency at Vienna, but now made Duke on this
+promotion), Duc de Choiseul; [Minister of Foreign Affairs, "11th
+November, 1758" (Barbier, iv. 294).] who is a Lorrainer, or Semi-
+Austrian, by very birth; and probably much fitter for the place.
+A swift, impetuous kind of man, this Choiseul, who is still rather
+young than otherwise; plenty of proud spirit in him, of shifts,
+talent of the reckless sort; who proved very notable in France for
+the next twenty years.
+
+French trade being ruined withal, money is running dreadfully low:
+but they appoint a new Controller-General; a M. de Silhouette, who
+is thought to have an extraordinary creative genius in Finance.
+Had he but a Fortunatus-Purse, how lucky were it! With Fortunatus
+Silhouette as purse-holder, with a fiery young Choiseul on this
+hand, and a fiery old Belleisle on that, Pompadour meditates great
+things this Year,--Invasions of England; stronger German Armies;
+better German Plans, and slashings home upon Hanover itself, or the
+vital point;--and flatters herself, and her poor Louis, that there
+is on the anvil, for 1759, such a French Campaign as will perhaps
+astonish Pitt and another insolent King. Very fixed, fell and
+feminine is the Pompadour's humor in this matter. Nor is the
+Czarina's less so; but more, if possible; unappeasable except by
+death. Imperial Maria Theresa has masculine reasons withal;
+great hopes, too, of late. Of the War's ending till flat
+impossibility stop it, there is no likelihood. 
+
+To Pitt this Campaign 1759, in spite of bad omens at the outset,
+proved altogether splendid: but greatly the reverse on Friedrich's
+side; to whom it was the most disastrous and unfortunate he had yet
+made, or did ever make. Pitt at his zenith in public reputation;
+Friedrich never so low before, nothing seemingly but extinction
+near ahead, when this Year ended. The truth is, apart from his
+specific pieces of ill-luck, there had now begun for Friedrich a
+new rule of procedure, which much altered his appearance in the
+world. Thrice over had he tried by the aggressive or invasive
+method; thrice over made a plunge at the enemy's heart, hoping so
+to disarm or lame him: but that, with resources spent to such a
+degree, is what he cannot do a fourth time: he is too weak
+henceforth to think of that.
+
+Prussia has always its King, and his unrivalled talent; but that is
+pretty much the only fixed item: Prussia VERSUS France, Austria,
+Russia, Sweden and the German Reich, what is it as a field of
+supplies for war! Except its King, these are failing, year by year;
+and at a rate fatally SWIFT in comparison. Friedrich cannot now do
+Leuthens, Rossbachs; far-shining feats of victory, which astonish
+all the world. His fine Prussian veterans have mostly perished;
+and have been replaced by new levies and recruits; who are inferior
+both in discipline and native quality;--though they have still,
+people say, a noteworthy taste of the old Prussian sort in them;
+and do, in fact, fight well to the last. But "it is observable,"
+says Retzow somewhere, and indeed it follows from the nature of the
+case, "that while the Prussian Army presents always its best kind
+of soldiers at the beginning of a war, Austria, such are its
+resources in population, always improves in that particular, and
+its best troops appear in the last campaigns." In a word, Friedrich
+stands on the defensive henceforth; disputing his ground inch by
+inch: and is reduced, more and more, to battle obscurely with a
+hydra-coil of enemies and impediments; and to do heroisms which
+make no noise in the Gazettes. And, alas, which cannot figure in
+History either,--what is more a sorrow to me here!
+
+Friedrich, say all judges of soldiership and human character who
+have studied Friedrich sufficiently, "is greater than ever," in
+these four Years now coming. [Berenhorst, in <italic> Kriegskunst;
+<end italic> Retzow; &c.] And this, I have found more and more to
+be a true thing; verifiable and demonstrable in time and place,--
+though, unluckily for us, hardly in this time or this place at all!
+A thing which cannot, by any method, be made manifest to the
+general reader; who delights in shining summary feats, and is
+impatient of tedious preliminaries and investigations,--especially
+of MAPS, which are the indispensablest requisite of all. A thing,
+in short, that belongs peculiarly to soldier-students; who can
+undergo the dull preliminaries, most dull but most inexorably
+needed; and can follow out, with watchful intelligence, and with a
+patience not to be wearied, the multifarious topographies, details
+of movements and manoeuvrings, year after year, on such a Theatre
+of War. What is to be done with it here! If we could, by
+significant strokes, indicate, under features true so far as they
+went, the great wide fire-flood that was raging round the world;
+if we could, carefully omitting very many things, omit of the
+things intelligible and decipherable that concern Friedrich
+himself, nothing that had meaning: IF indeed--! But it is idle
+preluding. Forward again, brave reader, under such conditions as
+there are!
+
+Friedrich's Winter in Breslau was of secluded, silent, sombre
+character, this time; nothing of stir in it but from work only:
+in marked contrast with the last, and its kindly visitors and
+gayeties. A Friedrich given up to his manifold businesses, to his
+silent sorrows. "I have passed my winter like a Carthusian monk,"
+he writes to D'Argens: "I dine alone; I spend my life in reading
+and writing; and I do not sup. When one is sad, it becomes at last
+too burdensome to hide one's grief continually; and it is better to
+give way to it by oneself, than to carry one's gloom into society.
+Nothing solaces me but the vigorous application required in steady
+and continuous labor. This distraction does force one to put away
+painful ideas, while it lasts: but, alas, no sooner is the work
+done, than these fatal companions present themselves again, as if
+livelier than ever. Maupertuis was right: the sum of evil does
+certainly surpass that of good:--but to me it is all one; I have
+almost nothing more to lose; and my few remaining days, what
+matters it much of what complexion they be?" ["Breslau, 1st March,
+1759," To D'Argens (<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic>
+xix. 56).]
+
+The loss of his Wilhelmina, had there been no other grief, has
+darkened all his life to Friedrich. Readers are not prepared for
+the details of grief we could give, and the settled gloom of mind
+they indicate. A loss irreparable and immeasurable; the light of
+life, the one loved heart that loved him, gone. His passionate
+appeals to Voltaire to celebrate for him in verse his lost
+treasure, and at least make her virtues immortal, are perhaps known
+to readers: [ODE SUR LA MORT DE S. A. S. MADAME LA PRINCESSE DE
+BAREITH (in <italic> OEuvres de Voltaire, <end italic> xviii.
+79-86): see Friedrich's Letter to him (6th November, 1758);
+with Voltaire's VERSES in Answer (next month); Friedrich's new
+Letter (Breslau, 23d January 1759), demanding something more,--
+followed by the ODE just cited (Ib. lxxii. 402; lxxviii. 82, 92;
+or <italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xxiii. 20-24: &c.]
+alas, this is a very feeble kind of immortality, and Friedrich too
+well feels it such. All Winter he dwells internally on the sad
+matter, though soon falling silent on it to others.
+
+The War is ever more dark and dismal to him; a wearing, harassing,
+nearly disgusting task; on which, however, depends life or death.
+This Year, he "expects to have 300,000 enemies upon him;" and "is,
+with his utmost effort, getting up 150,000 to set against them."
+Of business, in its many kinds, there can be no lack! In the
+intervals he also wrote considerably: one of his Pieces is a SERMON
+ON THE LAST JUDGMENT; handed to Reader De Catt, one evening:--to De
+Catt's surprise, and to ours; the Voiceless in a dark Friedrich
+trying to give itself some voice in this way! [<italic> OEuvres de
+Frederic, <end italic> xv. 1-10 (see Preuss's PREFACE there;
+Formey, <italic> SOUVENIRS, <end italic> i. 37; &c. &c.] Another
+Piece, altogether practical, and done with excellent insight,
+brevity, modesty, is ON TACTICS; [REFLEXIONS SUR LA TACTIQUE:
+in <italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xxviii. 153-166.]--
+properly it might be called, "Serious very Private Thoughts,"
+thrown on paper, and communicated only to two or three, "On the new
+kind of Tactics necessary with those Austrians and their Allies,"
+who are in such overwhelming strength. "To whose continual
+sluggishness, and strange want of concert, to whose incoherency of
+movements, languor of execution, and other enormous faults, we have
+owed, with some excuse for our own faults, our escaping of
+destruction hitherto,"--but had better NOT trust that way any
+longer! Fouquet is one of the highly select, to whom he
+communicates this Piece; adding along with it, in Fouquet's case,
+an affectionate little Note, and, in spite of poverty, some
+New-year's Gift, as usual,--the "Widow's Mite [300 pounds, we
+find]; receive it with the same heart with which it was set apart
+for you: a small help, which you may well have need of, in these
+calamitous times." ["Breslau, 23d December, 1758;" with Fouquet's
+Answer, 2d January, 1759: in <italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end
+italic> xx. 114-117.] Fouquet much admires the new Tactical
+Suggestions;--seems to think, however, that the certainly
+practicable one is, in particular, the last, That of "improving our
+Artillery to some equality with theirs." For which, as may appear,
+the King has already been taking thought, in more ways than one.
+
+Finance is naturally a heavy part of Friedrich's Problem; the part
+which looks especially impossible, from our point of vision!
+In Friedrich's Country, the War Budget does not differ from the
+Peace one. Neither is any borrowing possible; that sublime Art, of
+rolling over on you know not whom the expenditure, needful or
+needless, of your heavy-laden self, had not yet--though England is
+busy at it--been invented among Nations. Once, or perhaps twice,
+from the STANDE of some willing Province, Friedrich negotiated some
+small Loan; which was punctually repaid when Peace came, and was
+always gratefully remembered. But these are as nothing, in face of
+such expenses; and the thought how he did contrive on the Finance
+side, is and was not a little wonderful. An ingenious Predecessor,
+whom I sometimes quote, has expressed himself in these words:--
+
+"Such modicum of Subsidy [he is speaking of the English Subsidy in
+1758], how useful will it prove in a Country bred everywhere to
+Spartan thrift, accustomed to regard waste as sin, and which will
+lay out no penny except to purpose! I guess the Prussian Exchequer
+is, by this time, much on the ebb; idle precious metals tending
+everywhere towards the melting-pot. At what precise date the
+Friedrich-Wilhelm balustrades, and enormous silver furnitures, were
+first gone into, Dryasdust has not informed me: but we know they
+all went; as they well might. To me nothing is so wonderful as
+Friedrich's Budget during this War. One day it will be carefully
+investigated, elucidated and made conceivable and certain to
+mankind: but that as yet is far from being the case. We walk about
+in it with astonishment; almost, were it possible, with
+incredulity. Expenditure on this side, work done on that:
+human nature, especially British human nature, refuses to conceive
+it. Never in this world, before or since, was the like.
+The Friedrich miracles in War are great; but those in Finance are
+almost greater. Let Dryasdust bethink him; and gird his flabby
+loins to this Enterprise; which is very behooveful in these
+Californian times!"--
+
+The general Secret of Prussian Thrift, I do fear, is lost from the
+world. And how an Army of about 200,000, in field and garrison,
+could be kept on foot, and in some ability to front combined
+Europe, on about Three Million Sterling annually ("25 million
+THALERS"=3,150,000 pounds, that is the steady War-Budget of those
+years), remains to us inconceivable enough;--mournfully miraculous,
+as it were; and growing ever more so in the Nugget-generations that
+now run. Meanwhile, here are what hints I could find, on the
+Origins of that modest Sum, which also are a wonder: [Preuss, ii.
+388-392; Stenzel, v. 137-141.]--
+
+"The hoarded Prussian Moneys, or 'TREASURES' [two of them, KLEINE
+SCHATZ, GROSSE SCHATZ, which are rigidly saved in Peace years, for
+incidence of War], being nearly run out, there had come the English
+Subsidy: this, with Saxony, and the Home revenues and remnants of
+SCHATZ had sufficed for 1758; but will no longer suffice. Next to
+Saxony, the English Subsidy (670,000 pounds due the second time
+this year) was always Friedrich's principal resource: and in the
+latter years of the War, I observe, it was nearly twice the amount
+of what all his Prussian Countries together, in their ravaged and
+worn-out state, could yield him. In and after 1759, besides Home
+Income, which is gradually diminishing, and English Subsidy, which
+is a steady quantity, Friedrich's sources of revenue are
+mainly Two:--
+
+"FIRST, there is that of wringing money from your Enemies, from
+those that have deserved ill of you,--such of them as you can come
+at. Enemies, open or secret, even Ill-wishers, we are not
+particular, provided only they lie within arm's-length. Under this
+head fall principally three Countries (and their three poor
+Populations, in lieu of their Governments): Saxony, Mecklenburg (or
+the main part of it, Mecklenburg-SCHWERIN), and Anhalt; from these
+three there is a continual forced supply of money and furnishings.
+Their demerits to Friedrich differ much in intensity; nor is his
+wringing of them--which in the cases of Mecklenburg and Saxony
+increases year by year to the nearly intolerable pitch--quite in
+the simple ratio of their demerits; but in a compound ratio of that
+and of his indignation and of his wants.
+
+"Saxony, as Prime Author of this War, was from the first laid hold
+of, collared tightly: 'Pay the shot, then, what you can' (in the
+end it was almost what you cannot)! As to Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the
+grudge against Prussia was of very old standing, some generations
+now; and the present Duke, not a very wise Sovereign more than his
+Ancestors, had always been ill with Friedrich; willing to spite and
+hurt him when possible: in Reichs Diet he, of all German Princes,
+was the first that voted for Friedrich's being put to Ban of the
+Reich,--he; and his poor People know since whether that was a wise
+step! The little Anhalt Princes, too, all the Anhalts, Dessau,
+Bernburg, Cothen, Zerbst [perhaps the latter partially excepted,
+for a certain Russian Lady's sake], had voted, or at least had
+ambiguously half-voted, in favor of the Ban, and done other
+unfriendly things; and had now to pay dear for their bits of
+enmities. Poor souls, they had but One Vote among them all Four;--
+and they only half gave it, tremulously pulling it back again.
+I should guess it was their terrors mainly, and over-readiness to
+reckon Friedrich a sinking ship; and to leap from the deck of him,
+--with a spurn which he took for insolent! The Anhalt-Dessauers
+particularly, who were once of his very Army, half Prussians for
+generations back, he reckoned to have used him scandalously ill.
+
+"This Year the requisition on the Four Anhalts--which they submit
+to patiently, as people who have leapt into the wrong ship--is, in
+precise tale: of money, 330,000 thalers (about 50,000 pounds);
+recruits, 2,200; horses, 1,800. In Saxony, besides the fixed Taxes,
+strict confiscation of Meissen Potteries and every Royalty, there
+were exacted heavy 'Contributions,' more and more heavy, from the
+few opulent Towns, chiefly from Leipzig; which were wrung out,
+latterly, under great severities,--'chief merchants of Leipzig all
+clapt in prison, kept on bread-and-water till they yielded,'--AS
+great severities as would suffice, but NOT greater; which also was
+noted. Unfortunate chief merchants of Leipzig,--with Bruhl and
+Polish Majesty little likely to indemnify them! Unfortunate Country
+altogether. An intelligent Saxon, who is vouched for as impartial,
+bears witness as follows: 'And this I know, that the oppressions
+and plunderings of the Austrians and Reichsfolk, in Saxony, turned
+all hearts away from them; and it was publicly said, We had rather
+bear the steady burden of the Prussians than such help as these our
+pretended Deliverers bring.' [Stenzel (citing from KRIEGSKANZLEI,
+which I have not), v. 137 n.] Whereby, on the whole, the poor
+Country got its back broken, and could never look up in the world
+since. Resource FIRST was abundantly severe.
+
+"Resource SECOND is strangest of all;--and has given rise to
+criticism enough! It is no other than that of issuing base money;
+mixing your gold and silver coin with copper,--this, one grieves to
+say, is the Second and extreme resource. (A rude method--would we
+had a better--of suspending Cash-payments, and paying by bank-notes
+instead!' thinks Friedrich, I suppose. From his Prussian Mints,
+from his Saxon [which are his for the present], and from the little
+Anhalt-Bernburg Mint [of which he expressly purchased the sad  
+privilege,--for we are not a Coiner, we are a King reduced to
+suspend Cash-payments, for the time being], Friedrich poured out
+over all Germany, in all manner of kinds, huge quantities of bad
+Coin. This, so long as it would last, is more and more a copious
+fountain of supply. This, for the first time, has had to appear as
+an item in War-Budget 1759: and it fails in no following, but
+expands more and more. It was done through Ephraim, the not lovely
+Berlin Jew, whom we used to hear of in Voltaire's time;--through
+Ephraim and two others, Ephraim as President: in return for a net
+Sum, these shall have privilege to coin such and such amounts, so
+and so alloyed; shall pay to General Tauentzien, Army Treasurer, at
+fixed terms, the Sums specified: 'Go, and do it; our Mint-Officers
+sharply watching you; Mint-Officers, and General Tauentzien [with a
+young Herr Lessing, as his Chief Clerk, of whom the King knows
+nothing]; Go, ye unlovely!' And Ephraim and Company are making a
+great deal of money by the unlovely job. Ephraim is the pair of
+tongs, the hand, and the unlovely job, are a royal man's.
+Alas, yes. And none of us knows better than King Friedrich, perhaps
+few of us as well, how little lovely a job it was; how shockingly
+UNkingly it was,--though a practice not unknown to German Kings and
+Kinglets before his time, and since down almost to ours.
+[In STENZEL (v. 141) enumeration of eight or nine unhappy
+Potentates, who were busy with it in those same years.] In fact,
+these are all unkingly practices;--and the English Subsidy itself
+is distasteful to a proud Friedrich: but what, in those
+circumstances, can any Friedrich do?
+
+"The first coinages of Ephraim had, it seems, in them about 3-7ths
+of copper; something less than the half, and more than the third,"
+--your gold sovereign grown to be worth 28s. 6d. "But yearly it
+grew worse; and in 1762 [English Subsidy having failed] matters had
+got inverted; and there was three times as much copper as silver.
+Commerce, as was natural, went rocking and tossing, as on a sea
+under earthquakes; but there was always ready money among
+Friedrich's soldiers, as among no other: nor did the common people,
+or retail purchasers, suffer by it. 'Hah, an Ephraimite!' they
+would say, grinning not ill-humoredly, at sight of one of these
+pieces; some of which they had more specifically named 'BLUE-GOWNS'
+[owing to a tint of blue perceivable, in spite of the industrious
+plating in real silver, or at least "boiling in some solution" of
+it]; these they would salute with this rhyme, then current:--
+
+<italic> "Von aussen schon, van innen schlimm;
+          Von aussen Friedrich, von innen Ephraim. <end italic> 
+          Outside noble, inside slim:
+          Outside Friedrich, inside Ephraim.
+
+"By this time, whatever of money, from any source, can be scraped
+together in Friedrich's world, flows wholly into the Army-Chest, as
+the real citadel of life. In these latter years of the War,
+beginning, I could guess, from 1759, all Civil expenditures, and
+wages of Officials, cease to be paid in money; nobody of that kind
+sees the color even of bad coin; but is paid only in 'Paper
+Assignments,' in Promises to Pay 'after the Peace.' These Paper
+Documents made no pretence to the rank of Currency: such holders of
+them as had money, or friends, and could wait, got punctual payment
+when the term did arrive; but those that could not, suffered
+greatly; having to negotiate their debentures on ruinous terms,--
+sometimes at an expense of three-fourths.--I will add Friedrich's
+practical Schedule of Amounts from all these various Sources;
+and what Friedrich's own view of the Sources was, when he could
+survey them from the safe distance.
+
+"SCHEDULE OF AMOUNTS [say for 1761]. To make up the Twenty-five
+Million thalers, necessary for the Army, there are:--
+
+"From our Prussian Countries, ruined, harried as      THALERS
+             they have been, . . . . . . . . . .   4 millions only.
+ From Saxony and the other Wringings,  . . . . .   7 millions.
+ English Subsidy (4 of good gold; becoppered
+             into double), . . . . . . . . . . .   8     "
+ From Ephraim and his Farm of the Mint
+             (MUNZ-PATENT),  . . . . . . . . . .   7     "
+
+In sum Twenty-six Millions; leaving you one Million of margin,--
+and always a plenty of cash in hand for incidental sundries.
+[Preuss, ii. 388.] 
+
+"Friedrich's own view of these sad matters, as he closes his
+<italic> History of the Seven-Years War <end italic> [at "Berlin,
+17th December, 1763"], is in these words: 'May Heaven grant,--if
+Heaven deign to look down on the paltry concerns of men,--that the
+unalterable and flourishing destiny of this Country preserve the
+Sovereigns who shall govern it from the scourges and calamities
+which Prussia has suffered in these times of trouble and
+subversion; that they may never again be forced to recur to the
+violent and fatal remedies which we (L'ON) have been obliged to
+employ in maintenance of the State against the ambitious hatred of
+the Sovereigns of Europe, who wished to annihilate the House of
+Brandenburg, and exterminate from the world whatever bore the
+Prussian name!'" [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic>
+v. 234.]
+
+
+OF THE SMALL-WAR IN SPRING, 1759. THERE ARE FIVE DISRUPTIONS
+OF THAT GRAND CORDON (February-April); AND FERDINAND OF
+BRUNSWICK FIGHTS HIS BATTLE OF BERGEN (April 13th).
+
+Friedrich, being denied an aggressive course this Year, by no means
+sits idly expectant and defensive in the interim; but, all the more
+vigorously, as is observable, from February onwards, strikes out
+from him on every side: endeavoring to spoil the Enemy's Magazines,
+and cripple his operations in that way. So that there was, all
+winter through, a good deal of Small-War (some of it not Small), of
+more importance than usual,--chiefly of Friedrich's originating,
+with the above view, or of Ferdinand his Ally's, on a still more
+pressing score. And, on the whole, that immense Austrian-French
+Cordon, which goes from the Carpathians to the Ocean, had by no
+means a quiet time; but was broken into, and violently hurled back,
+in different parts: some four, or even five, attacks upon it in
+all; three of them by Prince Henri,--in two of which Duke
+Ferdinand's people co-operated; the business being for mutual
+behoof. These latter Three were famous in the world, that Winter;
+and indeed are still recognizable as brilliant procedures of their
+kind; though, except dates and results, we can afford almost
+nothing of them here. These Three, intended chiefly against Reichs
+people and their Posts and Magazines, fell out on the western and
+middle part of the Cordon. Another attack was in the extreme
+eastward, and was for Friedrich's own behoof; under Fouquet's
+management;--intended against the Austrian-Moravian Magazines and
+Preparations, but had little success. Still another assault, or
+invasive outroad, northward against the Russian Magazines, there
+also was; of which by and by. Besides all which, and more memorable
+than all, Duke Ferdinand, for vital reasons of his own, fought a
+Battle this Spring, considerable Battle, and did NOT gain it;
+which made great noise in the world.
+
+It is not necessary the reader should load his memory with details
+of all these preliminary things; on the contrary, it is necessary
+that he keep his memory clear for the far more important things
+that lie ahead of these, and entertain these in a summary way, as a
+kind of foreground to what is coming. Perhaps the following
+Fractions of Note, which put matters in something of Chronological
+or Synoptical form, will suffice him, or more than suffice. He is
+to understand that the grand tug of War, this Year, gradually turns
+out not to be hereabouts, nor with Daun and his adjacencies at all,
+but with the Russians, who arrive from the opposite Northern
+quarter; and that all else will prove to be merely prefatory and
+nugatory in comparison.
+
+JANUARY 2d, 1759: FRANKFURT-ON-MAYN, THOUGH IT IS A REICHSTADT,
+FINDS ITSELF SUDDENLY BECOME FRENCH. "Prince de Soubise lies
+between Mayn and Lahn, with his 25,000; beautifully safe and
+convenient,--though ill off for a place-of-arms in those parts.
+Opulent Frankfurt, on his right; how handy would that be, were not
+Reichs Law so express! Marburg, Giessen are outposts of his;
+on which side one of Ferdinand's people, Prince von Ysenburg,
+watches him with an 8 or 10,000, capable of mischief in
+that quarter.
+
+"On the Eve of New-year's day, or on the auspicious Day itself,
+Soubise requests, of the Frankfurt Authorities, permission for a
+regiment of his to march through that Imperial City. To which, by
+law and theory, the Imperial City can say Yes or No;
+but practically cannot, without grave inconvenience, say other than
+Yes, though most Frankfurters wish it could. 'Yes,' answer the
+Frankfurt Magnates; Yes surely, under the known conditions.
+Tuesday, January 2d, about 5 in the morning, while all is still
+dark in Frankfurt, regiment Nassau appears, accordingly, at the
+Sachsenhausen Gate, Town-guard people all ready to receive it and
+escort it through; and is admitted as usual. Quite as usual: but
+instead of being escorted through, it orders, in calm peremptory
+voice, the Town-guard, To ground arms; with calm rapidity proceeds
+to admit ten other regiments or battalions, six of them German;
+seizes the artillery on the Walls, seizes all the other Gates:--and
+poor Frankfurt finds itself tied hand and foot, almost before it is
+out of bed! Done with great exactitude, with the minimum of
+confusion, and without a hurt skin to anybody. The Inhabitants
+stood silent, gazing; the Town-guard laid down their arms, and went
+home. Totally against Law; but cleverly done; perhaps Soubise's
+chief exploit in the world; certainly the one real success the
+French have yet had.
+
+"Soubise made haste to summon the Magistrates: 'Law of Necessity
+alone, most honored Sirs! Reichs Law is clear against me. But all
+the more shall private liberties, religions, properties, in this
+Imperial Free-Town, be sacred to us. Defence against any
+aggression: and the strictest discipline observed. Depend on me, I
+bid you!'--And kept his word to an honorable degree, they say;
+or in absence, made it be kept, during the Four Years that follow.
+Most Frankfurters are, at heart, Anti-French: but Soubise's
+affability was perfect; and he gave evening parties of a sublime
+character; the Magistrates all appearing there, in their square
+perukes and long gowns, with a mournful joy." [Tempelhof, iii. 7-8;
+Stenzel, v. 198-200.]
+
+Soubise soon went home, to assist in important businesses,--
+Invasion of England, no less; let England look to itself this
+Summer!--and Broglio succeeded him, as Army-Captain in the
+Frankfurt parts; with laurels accruing, more or less. Soubise, like
+Broglio, began with Rossbach; Soubise ends with Frankfurt, for the
+present; where Broglio also gains his chief laurels, as will
+shortly be seen. Frankfurt is a great gain to France, though an
+illicit one. It puts a bar on Duke Ferdinand in that quarter;
+secures a starting-point for attacks on Hessen, Hanover;
+for co-operation with Contades and the Lower Rhine. It is the one
+success France has yet had in this War, or pretty much that it ever
+had in it. Due to Prince de Soubise, in that illegal fashion.--
+A highly remarkable little Boy, now in his tenth year, Johann
+Wolfgang Goethe, has his wondering eyes on these things: and, short
+while hence, meets daily, on the stairs and lobbies at home, a
+pleasant French Official Gentlemen who is quartered there;
+    ------page 195 Book XIX-----^ [sic]-----------
+
+between whom and Papa occur rubs,--as readers may remember, and
+shall hear in April coming.
+
+GRAND CORDON DISRUPTED: ERFURT COUNTRY, 16th FEBRUARY-2d MARCH.
+"About six weeks after this Frankfurt achievement, certain
+Reichsfolk and Austrian Auxiliaries are observed to be cutting down
+endless timber, '18,800 palisades, 6,000 trees of 60 feet,' and
+other huge furnishings, from the poor Duke of Gotha's woods;
+evidently meaning to fortify themselves in Erfurt. Upon which
+Prince Henri detaches a General Knobloch thitherward, Duke
+Ferdinand contributing 4,000 to meet him there; which combined
+expedition, after some sharp knocking and shoving, entirely
+disrooted the Austrians and Reichsfolk, and sent them packing.
+Had them quite torn out by the end of the month; and had planned to
+'attack them on two sides at once' (March 2d), with a view of
+swallowing them whole,--when they (these Reichs Volscians, in such
+a state of flutter) privately hastened off, one and all of them,
+the day before." [Narrative, in <italic> Helden-Geschichte, <end
+italic> v. 1022 et seq.]
+
+This was BREAKAGE FIRST of the Grand Cordon; an explosive hurling
+of it back out of those Erfurt parts. Done by Prince Henri's
+people, in concert with Duke Ferdinand's,--who were mutually
+interested in the thing.
+
+BREAKAGE SECOND: ERFURT-FULDA COUNTRY, 31st MARCH-8th APRIL.
+"About the end of March, these intrusive Austrian Reichsfolk made
+some attempt to come back into those Countries; but again got
+nothing but hard knocks; and gave up the Erfurt project. For, close
+following on this FIRST, there was a SECOND still deeper and
+rougher Breakage, in those same regions; the Hereditary Prince of
+Brunswick dashing through, on a special Errand of Ferdinand's own
+[of which presently], with an 8 or 10,000, in his usual fiery
+manner; home into the very bowels of the Reich (April 3d, and for a
+week onward); and returning with 'above 2,000 prisoners' in hand;
+especially with a Reich well frightened behind him;--still in time
+for Duke Ferdinand's Adventure [in fact, for his Battle of Bergen,
+of which we are to hear]. Had been well assisted by Prince Henri,
+who 'made dnngerous demonstrations in the distance,' and was
+extremely diligent--though the interest was chiefly Ferdinand's
+this time." [Tempelhof, iii. 19-22.]--Contemporary with that FIRST
+Erfurt Business, there went on, 300 miles away from it, in the
+quite opposite direction, another of the same;--too curious to
+be omitted.
+
+ACROSS THE POLISH FRONTIER: FEBRUARY, 24th-MARCH 4th. "In the end
+of February, General Wobersnow, an active man, was detached from
+Glogau, over into Poland, Posen way, To overturn the Russian
+provision operations thereabouts; in particular, to look into a
+certain high-flying Polack, a Prince Sulkowski of those parts;
+who with all diligence is gathering food, in expectation of the
+Russian advent; and indeed has formally 'declared War against the
+King of Prussia;' having the right, he says, as a Polish Magnate,
+subject only to his own high thought in such affairs. The Russians
+and their wars are dear to Sulkowski. He fell prisoner in their
+cause, at Zorndorf, last Autumn; was stuck, like all the others,
+Soltikoff himself among them, into the vaulted parts of Custrin
+Garrison: 'I am sorry I have no Siberia for you,' said Friedrich,
+looking, not in a benign way, on the captive Dignitaries, that hot
+afternoon; 'go to Custrin, and see what you have provided for
+yourselves!' Which they had to do; nothing, for certain days, but
+cellarage to lodge in; King inexorable, deaf to remonstrance.
+Which possibly may have contributed to kindle Sulkowski into these
+extremely high proceedings.
+
+"At any rate, Wobersnow punctually looks in upon him: seizes his
+considerable stock of Russian proviants; his belligerent force, his
+high person itself; and in one luckless hour snuffs him out from
+the list of potentates. His belligerent force, about 1,000 Polacks,
+were all compelled, 'by the cudgel, say my authorities, to take
+Prussian service [in garrison regiments, and well scattered about,
+I suppose]; his own high person found itself sitting locked in
+Glogau, left to its reflections. Sat thus 'till the War ended,' say
+some; certainly till the Sulkowski War had been sufficiently
+exploded by the laughter of mankind." Here are, succinctly, the
+dates of this small memorability:--
+
+"End of February, Wobersnow gathers, at Glogau, a force of about
+8,000 horse and foot. Marches, 24th FEBRUARY, over Oder Bridge,
+straight into Poland; that same night, to the neighborhood of Lissa
+and Reisen (Sulkowski's dominion), about thirty miles northeast of
+Glogau. Sulkowski done next day;--part of the capture is 'fifteen
+small guns.' Wobersnow goes, next, for Posen; arrives, 28th
+FEBRUARY; destroys Russian Magazine, ransoms Jews. Shoots out other
+detachments on the Magazine Enterprise;--detaches Platen along the
+Warta, where are picked up various items, among others 'eighty tuns
+of brandy,'--but himself proceeds no farther than Posen. MARCH 4th,
+sets out again from Posen, homewards." [NACHRICHT VON DER
+UNTERNEHMUNG DES GENERAL-MAJORS VON WOBERSNOW IN POLEN, IM FEB. UND
+MARZ. 1759: in Seyfarth, <italic> Beylagen, <end italic> ii.
+526-529. <italic> Helden-Geschichte, <end italic> v. 829.] We shall
+hear again of Wobersnow, in a much more important way, before long.
+
+To the Polish Republic so called, Friedrich explained politely, not
+apologetically: "Since you allow the Russians to march through you
+in attack of me, it is evident to your just minds that the attacked
+party must have similar privilege." "Truly!" answered they, in
+their just minds, generally; and I made no complaint about
+Sulkowski (though Polish Majesty and Primate endeavored to be loud
+about "Invasion" and the like):--and indeed Polish Republic was
+lying, for a long while past, as if broken-backed, on the public
+highway, a Nation anarchic every fibre of it, and under the feet
+and hoofs of travelling Neighbors, especially of Russian Neighbors;
+and is not now capable of saying much for itself in such cases, or
+of doing anything at all.
+
+FRANKFURT COUNTRY, APRIL 13th: DUKE FERDINAND'S BATTLE OF BERGEN.
+"Duke Ferdinand, fully aware what a stroke that seizure of
+Frankfurt was to him, resolved to risk a long march at this bad
+season, and attempt to drive the French out. Contades was absent in
+Paris,--no fear of an attack from Contades's Army; Broglio's in
+Frankfurt, grown now to about 35,000, can perhaps be beaten if
+vigorously attacked. Ferdinand appoints a rendezvous at Fulda, of
+various Corps, Prince Ysenburg's and others, that lie nearest,
+Hessians many of them, Hanoverians others; proceeds, himself, to
+Fulda, with a few attendants [a drive of about 200 miles];--having
+left Lord George Sackville [mark the sad name of him!]--Sackville,
+head of the English, and General Sporken, a Hanoverian,--to take
+charge in Munster Country, during his absence. It was from Fulda
+that he shot out the Hereditary Prince on that important Errand we
+lately spoke of, under the head of 'BREAKAGE SECOND,'--namely, to
+clear his right flank, and scare the Reich well off him, while he
+should be marching on Frankfurt. All which, Henri assisting from
+the distance, the Hereditary Prince performed to perfection,--and
+was back (APRIL 8th) in excellent time for the Battle.
+
+"Ferdinand stayed hardly a day in Fulda, ranking himself and
+getting on the road. Did his long march of above 100 miles without
+accident or loss of time;--of course, scaring home the Broglio
+Outposts in haste enough, and awakening Broglio's attention in a
+high degree;--and arrives, Thursday, April 12th, at Windecken, a
+Village about fifteen miles northeast of Frankfurt; where he passes
+the night under arms; intending Battle on the morrow. Broglio is
+all assembled, 35,000 strong; his Assailant, with the Hereditary
+Prince come in, counts rather under 30,000. Broglio is posted in,
+and on both sides of, Bergen, a high-lying Village, directly on
+Ferdinand's road to Frankfurt. Windecken is about fifteen miles
+from Frankfurt; Bergen about six:--idle Tourists of our time, on
+their return from Homburg to that City, leave Bergen a little on
+their left. The ground is mere hills, woody dales, marshy brooks;
+Broglio's position, with its Village, and Hill, and ravines and
+advantages, is the choicest of the region; and Broglio's methods,
+procedures and arrangements in it are applauded by all judges.
+
+"FRIDAY, 13th APRIL, 1759, Ferdinand is astir by daybreak; comes
+on, along one of those woody balleys, pickeering, reconnoitring;--
+in the end, directly up the Hill of Bergen; straight upon the
+key-point. It is about 10 A.M., when the batteries and musketries
+awaken there; very loud indeed, for perhaps two hours or more.
+Prince von Ysenburg is leader of Ferdinand's attacking party.
+Their attack is hot and fierce, and they stick to it steadily;
+though garden-hedges, orchards and impediments are many, and
+Broglio, with, much cannon helping, makes vigorous defence.
+These Ysenburgers fought till their cartridges were nearly spent,
+and Ysenburg himself lay killed; but could not take Bergen.
+Nor could the Hereditary Prince; who, in aid of them, tried it in
+flank, with his own usual impetuosity rekindling theirs, and at
+first with some success; but was himself taken in flank by
+Broglio's Reserve, and obliged to desist. No getting of Bergen by
+that method.
+
+"Military critics say coolly, 'You should have smashed it well with
+cannon, first [which Ferdinand had not in stock here];
+and especially have flung grenadoes into it, till it was well in
+flame: impossible otherwise!' [Mauvillon, ii. 19.] The Ysenburgers
+and Hereditary Prince withdraw. No pursuit of them; or almost less
+than none; for the one or two French regiments that tried it
+(against order), nearly got cut up. Broglio, like a very Daun at
+Kolin, had strictly forbidden all such attempts: 'On no temptation
+quit your ground!'
+
+"The Battle, after this, lay quiet all afternoon; Ferdinand still
+in sight; motioning much, to tempt French valor into chasing of
+him. But all in vain: Broglio, though his subalterns kept urging,
+remonstrating, was peremptory not to stir. Whereupon, towards
+evening, across certain woody Heights, perhaps still with some hope
+of drawing him out, Ferdinand made some languid attempt on
+Broglio's wing, or wings;--and this also failing, had to give up
+the affair. He continued cannonading till deep in the night;
+withdrew to Windecken: and about two next morning, marched for
+home,--still with little or no pursuit: but without hope of
+Frankfurt henceforth. And, in fact, has a painful Summer ahead.
+
+"Ferdinand had lost 5 cannon, and of killed and wounded 2,500;
+the French counted their loss at about 1,900. [Mauvillon, ii.
+10-19; Tempelhof, iii. 26-31.] The joy of France over this immense
+victory was extraordinary. Broglio was made Prince of the Reich,
+Marechal de France; would have been raised to the stars, had one
+been able,--for the time being. 'And your immense victory,' so
+sneered the by-standers, 'consists in not being beaten, under those
+excellent conditions;--perhaps victory is a rarity just now!'"
+
+This is the Battle which our Boy-Friend Johann Wolfgang watched
+with such interest, from his garret-window, hour after hour;
+all Frankfurt simmering round him, in such a whirlpool of self-
+contradictory emotions; till towards evening, when, in long rows of
+carts, poor wounded Hessians and Hanoverians came jolting in, and
+melted every heart into pity. into wailing sorrow, and eagerness to
+help. A little later, Papa Goethe, stepping downstairs, came across
+the Official French Gentleman; who said radiantly: "Doubtless you
+congratulate yourself and us on this victory to his Majesty's
+arms." "Not a whit (KEINESWEGS)," answers Papa Goethe, a stiff kind
+of man, nowise in the mood of congratulating: "on the contrary, I
+wish they had chased you to the Devil, though I had had to go too!"
+Which was a great relief to his feelings, though a dangerous one in
+the circumstances. [Goethe's WERKE (Stuttgart und Tubingen, 1829),
+xxiv. (DICHTUNG UND WAHRHEIT, i.), 153-157.]
+
+BREAKAGE THIRD: OVER THE METAL MOUNTAINS INTO BOHMEN (APRIL
+14th-20th). "Ferdinand's Battle was hardly ending, when Prince
+Henri poured across the Mountains,--in two columns, Hulsen leading
+the inferior or rightmost one,--into Leitmeritz-Eger Country;
+and made a most successful business of the Austrian Magazines he
+found there. Magazines all filled; Enemy all galloping for Prag:--
+Daun himself, who is sitting vigilant, far in the interior, at
+Jaromirtz this month past, was thrown into huge flurry, for some
+days! Speedy Henri (almost on the one condition of BEING speedy)
+had his own will of the Magazines: burnt, Hulsen and he, 'about
+600,000 pounds worth' of Austrian provender in those parts, 'what
+would have kept 50,000 men five months in bread' (not to mention
+hay at all); gave the Enemy sore slaps (caught about 3,000 of him,
+NOT yet got on gallop for Prag); burnt his 200 boats on the Elbe:--
+forced him to begin anew at the beginning; and did, in effect,
+considerably lame and retard certain of his operations through the
+Summer. Speedy Henri marched for home April 20th; and was all
+across the Mountains April 23d: a profitable swift nine days."
+[Tempelhof iii. 47-53; <italic> Helden-Geschichte, <end italic>
+v. 963-966.]--And on the sixth day hence he will have something
+similar, and still more important, on foot. A swift man, when
+he must!
+
+BREAKAGE FOURTH: INTO MAHREN (APRIL 16th-21st). "This is Fouquet's
+attempt, alluded to above; of which--as every reader must be
+satisfied with Small-War--we will give only the dates.
+Fouquet, ranking at Leobschutz, in Neisse Country, did break
+through into Mahren, pushing the Austrians before him; but found
+the Magazines either emptied, or too inaccessible for any worth
+they had;--could do nothing on the Magazines; and returned without
+result; home at Leobschutz again on the fifth day." [<italic>
+Helden-Geschichte, <end italic> v. 958-963; Tcmpelhof, iii. 44-47.]
+This, however, had a sequel for Fouquet; which, as it brought the
+King himself into those neighborhoods, we shall have to mention,
+farther on.
+
+BREAKAGE FIFTH: INTO FRANKEN (MAY 5th-JUNE 1st). "This was Prince
+Henri's Invasion of the Bamberg-Nurnberg Countries; a much sharper
+thing than in any former Year. Much the most famous, and," luckily
+for us, "the last of the Small-War affairs for the present.
+Started,--from Tschopau region, Bamberg way,--April 29th-May 5th.
+In Three Columns: Finck leftmost, and foremost (Finck had marched
+April 29th, pretending to mean for Bohemia); after whom Knobloch;
+and (May 5th) the Prince himself. Who has an eye to the Reichs
+Magazines and Preparations, as usual;--nay, an eye to their Camp of
+Rendezvous, and to a fight with their miscellaneous Selves and
+Auxiliaries, if they will stand fight. 'You will have to leave
+Saxony, and help us with the Russians, soon: beat those Reichs
+people first!' urged the King; 'well beaten, they will not trouble
+Saxony for a while.' If they will stand fight? But they would not
+at all. They struck their tents everywhere; burnt their own
+Magazines, in some cases; and only went mazing hither and thither,
+--gravitating all upon Nurnberg, and an impregnable Camp which they
+have in that neighborhood. Supreme Zweibruck was himself with them;
+many Croats, Austrians, led by Maguire and others; all marching,
+whirling at a mighty rate; with a countenance sometimes of vigor,
+but always with Nurnberg Camp in rear. There was swift marching,
+really beautiful manoeuvring here and there; sharp bits of
+fighting, too, almost in the battle-form:--Maguire tried, or was
+for trying, a stroke with Finck; but made off hastily, glad to get
+away. [Templehof, iii. 64.] May 11th, at Himmelskron in Baireuth,
+one Riedesel of theirs had fairly to ground arms, self and 2,500,
+and become prisoners of war." Much of this manoeuvring and
+scuffling was in Baireuth Territory. Twice, or even thrice, Prince
+Henri was in Baireuth Town: "marched through Baireuth," say the
+careless Old Books. Through Baireuth:--No Wilhelmina now there,
+with her tremulous melodies of welcome! Wilhelminn's loves, and
+terrors for her loved, are now all still. Perhaps her poor Daughter
+of Wurtemberg, wandering unjustly disgraced, is there; Papa, the
+Widower Margraf, is for marrying again: [Married 20th September,
+1759 (a Brunswick Princess, Sister's-daughter of his late Wife);
+died within four years.]--march on, Prince Henri!
+
+"In Bamberg," says a Note from Archenholtz, "the Reichs troops
+burnt their Magazine; and made for Nurnberg, as usual; but left
+some thousand or two of Croats, who would not yet. Knobloch and his
+Prussians appeared shortly after; summoned Bamberg, which agreed to
+receive them; and were for taking possession; but found the Croats
+determined otherwise. Fight ensued; fight in the streets; which, in
+hideousness of noises, if in nothing else, was beyond parallel.
+The inhabitants sat all quaking in their cellars; not an inhabitant
+was to be seen: a City dead,--and given up to the demons, in this
+manner. Not for some hours were the Croats got entirely trampled
+out. Bamberg, as usual, became a Prussian place-of-arms;
+was charged to pay ransom of 40,000 pounds;--'cannot possibly!'--
+did pay some 14,000 pounds, and gave bills for the remainder."
+[Archenholtz. i. 371-373.] Which bills, let us mark withal, the
+Kaiser in Reichs Diet decreed to be invalid: "Don't pay them!"
+A thing not forgotten by Friedrich;--though it is understood the
+Bambergers, lest worse might happen, privately paid their bills.
+"The Expedition lasted, in whole, not quite four weeks: June 1st,
+Prince Henri was at the Saxon frontier again; the German world all
+ringing loud,--in jubilation, counter-jubilation and a great
+variety of tones,--with the noise of what he had done. A sharp
+swift man; and, sure enough, has fluttered the Reichs Volscians in
+their Corioli to an unexpected degree." [Seyfarth, <italic>
+Beylagen, <end italic> ii. 537-563; BERICHT VON DER UNTERNEHMUNG
+DES PRINZEN HEINRICH IN FRANKEN, IM JAHR, 1759; <italic> Helden-
+Geschichte, <end italic> v. 1033-1039; Tempelhof, ????, et seq.]
+---COPY ILLEGIBLE. PAGE 203, BOOK XIX-------------^^^--
+
+ 
+A Colonel Wunsch (Lieutenant-Colonel of the Free Corps WUNSCH)
+distinguished himself in this Expedition; The beginning of notably
+great things to him in the few following months. Wunsch is a
+Wurtemberger by birth; has been in many services, always in
+subaltern posts, and, this year, will testify strangely how worthy
+he was of the higher. What a Year, this of 1759, to stout old
+Wunsch! In the Spring, here has he just seen his poor son,
+Lieutenant Wunsch, perish in one of these scuffles; in Autumn, he
+will see himself a General, shining suddenly bright, to his King
+and to all the world; before Winter, he will be Prisoner to
+Austria, and eclipsed for the rest of this war!--Kleist, of the
+GREEN HUSSARS, also made a figure here; and onwards rapidly ever
+higher; to the top of renown in his business:--fallen heir to
+Mayer's place, as it were. A Note says: "Poor Mayer of the Free
+Corps does not ride with the Prince on this occasion.
+Mayer, dangerously worn down with the hard services of last Year,
+and himself a man of too sleepless temper, caught a fever in the
+New-year time; and died within few days: burnt away before his
+time; much regretted by his Brethren of the Army, and some few
+others. Gone in this way; with a high career just opening on him at
+the long last! Mayer was of Austrian, of half Spanish birth;
+a musical, really melodious, affectionate, but indignant, wildly
+stormful mortal; and had had adventures without end. Something of
+pathos, of tragedy, in the wild Life of him. [Still worth reading:
+in Pauli (our old watery BRANDENBURG-HISTORY Friend). <italic>
+Leben grosser Helden <end italic> (Halle, 1759-1764, 9 vols.), iii.
+142-188;--much the best Piece in that still rather watery (or
+windy) Collection, which, however, is authentic, and has some
+tolerable Portraits.] A man of considerable genius, military and
+other:--genius in the sleepless kind, which is not the best kind;
+sometimes a very bad kind. The fame of Friedrich invites such
+people from all sides of the world; and this was no doubt a
+sensible help to him."--But enough of all this.
+
+Here, surely, is abundance of preliminary Small-War, on the part of
+a Friedrich reduced to the defensive!--Fouquet's Sequel, hinted at
+above, was to this effect. On Fouquet's failing to get hold of the
+Moravian Magazines, and returning to his Post at Leobschutz, a
+certain rash General Deville, who is Austrian chief in those parts,
+hastily rushed through the Jagerndorf Hills, and invaded Fouquet.
+Only for a few days; and had very bad success, in that bit of
+retaliation. The King, who is in Landshut, in the middle of his
+main cantonments, hastened over to Leobschutz with reinforcement to
+Fouquet; in the thought that a finishing-stroke might be done on
+this Deville;--and would have done it, had not the rash man plunged
+off again (May 1st, or the night before); homewards, at full speed.
+So that Friedrich, likewise at full speed, could catch nothing of
+him; but merely cannonade him in the Passes of Zuckmantel, and cut
+off his rear-guard of Croats. Poor forlorn of Croats, whom he had
+left in some bushy Chasm; to gain him a little time, and then to
+perish if THEY must! as Tempelhof remarks. [Tempelhof, iii. 56.]
+Upon which Friedrich returned to Landshut; and Fouquet had
+peace again.
+
+It was from this Landshut region, where his main cantonments are,
+that Friedrich had witnessed all these Inroads, or all except the
+very earliest of them; the first Erfurt one, and the Wobersnow-
+Sulkowski. He had quitted Breslau in the end of March, and gone to
+his cantonments; quickened thither, probably, by a stroke that had
+befallen him at Griefenberg, on his Silesian side of the Cordon.
+At Griefenberg stood the Battalion Duringshofen, with its Colonel
+of the same name,--grenadier people of good quality, perhaps near
+1,000 in whole. Which Battalion, General Beck, after long
+preliminary study of it, from his Bohemian side,--marching
+stealthily on it, one night (March 25-26th), by two or more roads,
+with 8,000 men, and much preliminary Croat-work,--contrived to
+envelop wholly, and carry off with him, before help could come up.
+This, I suppose, had quickened Friedrich's arrival. He has been in
+that region ever since,--in Landshut for the last week or two;
+and returns thither after the Deville affair.
+
+And at Landshut,--which is the main Pass into Bohemia or from it,
+and is the grand observatory-point at present,--he will have to
+remain till the first days of July; almost three months.
+Watching, and waiting on the tedious Daun, who has the lifting of
+the curtain this Year! Daun had come to Jaromirtz, to his
+cantonments, "March 24th" (almost simultaneously with Friedrich to
+his); expecting Friedrich's Invasion, as usual. Long days sat Daun,
+expecting the King in Bohemia:--"There goes he, at last!" thought
+Daun, on Prince Henri's late flamy appearance there (BREAKAGE THIRD
+we labelled it);--and Daun had hastily pushed a Division
+thitherward, double-quick, to secure Prag; but found it was only
+the Magazines. "Above four millions worth [600,000 pounds, counting
+the THALERS into sterling], above four millions worth of bread and
+forage gone to ashes, and the very boats burnt? Well; the poor
+Reichsfolk, or our poor Auxiliaries to them, will have empty
+haversacks:--but it is not Prag!" thinks Daun.
+
+At what exact point of time Daun came to see that Friedrich was not
+intending Invasion, and would, on the contrary, require to be
+invaded, I do not know. But it must have been an interesting
+discovery to Daun, if he foreshadowed to himself what results it
+would have on him: "Taking the defensive, then? And what is to
+become of one's Cunctatorship in that case!" Yes, truly.
+Cunctatorship is not now the trade needed; there is nothing to be
+made of playing Fabius-Cunctator:--and Daun's fame henceforth is a
+diminishing quantity. The Books say he "wasted above five weeks in
+corresponding with the Russian Generals." In fact, he had now weeks
+enough on hand; being articulately resolved (and even commanded by
+Kriegshofrath) to do nothing till the Russians came up;--and also
+(INarticulately and by command of Nature) to do as little as
+possible after! This Year, and indeed all years following, the
+Russians are to be Daun's best card.
+
+Waiting for three months here till the curtain rose, it was
+Friedrich that had to play Cunctator. A wearisome task to him, we
+need not doubt. But he did it with anxious vigilance; ever thinking
+Daun would try something, either on Prince Henri or on him, and
+that the Play would begin. But the Play did not. There was endless
+scuffling and bickering of Outposts; much hitching and counter-
+hitching, along that Bohemian-Silesian Frontier,--Daun gradually
+hitching up, leftwards, northwards, to be nearer his Russians;
+Friedrich counter-hitching, and, in the end, detaching against the
+Russians, as they approached in actuality. The details of all which
+would break the toughest patience. Not till July came, had both
+parties got into the Lausitz; Daun into an impregnable Camp near
+Mark-Lissa (in Gorlitz Country); Friedrich, opposite and eastward
+of him, into another at Schmottseifen:--still after which, as the
+Russians still were not come, the hitching (if we could concern
+ourselves with it), the maze of strategic shuffling and counter-
+dancing, as the Russians get nearer, will become more intricate
+than ever.
+
+Except that of General Beck on Battalion Duringshofen,--if that was
+meant as retaliatory, and was not rather an originality of Beck's,
+who is expert at such strokes,--Daun, in return for all these
+injurious Assaults and Breakages, tried little or no retaliation;
+and got absolutely none. Deville attempted once, as we saw;
+Loudon once, as perhaps we shall see: but both proved futile.
+For the present absolutely none. Next Year indeed, Loudon, on
+Fouquet at Landshut-- But let us not anticipate! Just before
+quitting Landshut for Schmottseifen, Friedrich himself rode into
+Bohemia, to look more narrowly; and held Trautenau, at the bottom
+of the Pass, for a day or two--But the reader has had enough of
+Small-War! Of the present Loudon attempt, Friedrich, writing to
+Brother Henri, who is just home from his Franconian Invasion
+(BREAKAGE FIFTH), has a casual word, which we will quote.
+"Reich-Hennersdorf" is below Landshut, farther down the Pass;
+"Liebau" still farther down,--and its "Gallows," doubtless, is on
+some knoll in the environs!
+
+REICH-HENNERSDORF, 9th JUNE. "My congratulations on the excellent
+success you have had [out in Frankenland yonder]! Your prisoners,
+we hear, are 3,000; the desertion and confusion in the Reichs Army
+are affirmed to be enormous:--I give those Reichs fellows two good
+months [scarcely took so long] to be in a condition to show face
+again. As for ourselves, I can send you nothing but
+contemptibilities. We have never yet had the beatific vision of Him
+with the Hat and Consecrated Sword [Papal Daun, that is];
+they amuse us with the Sieur Loudon instead;--who, three days ago
+[7th July, two days] did us the honor of a visit, at the Gallows of
+Liebau. He was conducted out again, with all the politeness
+imaginable, on to near Schatzlar," well over the Bohemian Border;
+"where we flung a score of cannon volleys into the"--into the
+"DERRIERE of him, and everybody returned home." [In SCHONING, ii.
+65: "9th June, 1759."]
+
+Perhaps the only points now noticeable in this tedious Landshut
+interim, are Two, hardly noticed then at all by an expectant world.
+The first is: That in the King's little inroad down to Trautenau,
+just mentioned, four cannon drawn by horses were part of the King's
+fighting gear,--the first appearance of Horse Artillery in the
+world. "A very great invention," says the military mind: "guns and
+carriages are light, and made of the best material for strength;
+the gunners all mounted as postilions to them. Can scour along,
+over hill and dale, wherever horse can; and burst out, on the
+sudden, where nobody was expecting artillery. Devised in 1758;
+ready this Year, four light six-pounders; tried first in the King's
+raid down to Trautenau [June 29th-30th]. Only four pieces as yet.
+But these did so well, there were yearly more. Imitated by the
+Austrians, and gradually by all the world." [Seyfarth, ii. 543.]
+
+The second fact is: That Herr Guichard (Author of that fine Book on
+the War-methods of the Greeks and Romans) is still about Friedrich,
+as he has been for above a year past, if readers remember;
+and, during those tedious weeks, is admitted to a great deal of
+conversation with the King. Readers will consent to this Note on
+Guichard; and this shall be our ultimatum on the wearisome Three
+Months at Landshut.
+
+MAJOR QUINTUS ICILIUS. "Guichard is by birth a Magdeburger, age now
+thirty-four; a solid staid man, with a good deal of hard faculty in
+him, and of culture unusual for a soldier. A handy, sagacious,
+learned and intelligent man; whom Friedrich, in the course of a
+year's experience, has grown to see willingly about him. There is
+something of positive in Guichard, of stiff and, as it were,
+GRITTY, which might have offended a weaker taste; but Friedrich
+likes the rugged sense of the man; his real knowledge on certain
+interesting heads; and the precision with which the known and the
+not rightly known are divided from one another, in Guichard.
+
+"Guichard's business about the King has been miscellaneous, not
+worth mention hitherto; but to appearance was well done. Of talk
+they are beginning to have more and more; especially at Landshut
+here, in these days of waiting; a great deal of talk on the Wars of
+the Ancients, Guichard's Book naturally leading to that subject.
+One night, datable accidentally about the end of May, the topic
+happened to be Pharsalia, and the excellent conduct of a certain
+Centurion of the Tenth Legion, who, seeing Pompey's people about to
+take him in flank, suddenly flung himself into oblique order
+[SCHRAGE STELLUNG, as we did at Leutheu], thereby outflanking
+Pompey's people, and ruining their manoeuvre and them. 'A dexterous
+man, that Quintus Icilius the Centurion!' observed Friedrich. 'Ah,
+yes: but excuse me, your Majesty, his name was Quintus Caecilius,'
+said Guichard. 'No, it was Icilius,' said the King, positive to his
+opinion on that small point; which Guichard had not the art to let
+drop; though, except assertion and counter-assertion, what could be
+made of it there? Or of what use was it anywhere?
+
+"Next day, Guichard came with the book [what "Book" nobody would
+ever yet tell me], and putting his finger on the passage, 'See,
+your Majesty: Quintus CAEcilius!' extinguished his royal opponent.
+'Hm,' answered Friedrich: 'so?--Well, you shall be Quintus Icilius,
+at any rate!' And straightway had him entered on the Army Books 'as
+Major Quintus Icilius;' his Majorship is to be dated '10th April,
+1758' (to give him seniority); and from and after this '26th May,
+1759,' he is to command the late Du Verger's Free-Battalion.
+All which was done:--the War-Offices somewhat astonished at such
+advent of an antique Roman among them; but writing as bidden, the
+hand being plain, and the man an undeniable article. Onward from
+which time there is always a 'Battalion Quintus' on their Books,
+instead of Battalion Du Verger; by degrees two Batallions Quintus,
+and at length three, and Quintus become a Colonel:--at which point
+the War ended; and the three Free-Battalions Quintus, like all
+others of the same type, were discharged." This is the authentic
+origin of the new name Quintus, which Guichard got, to extinction
+of the old; substantially this, as derived from Quintus himself,--
+though in the precise details of it there are obscurities, never
+yet solved by the learned. Nicolai, for example, though he had the
+story from Quintus in person, who was his familiar acquaintance,
+and often came to see him at Berlin, does not, with his usual
+punctuality, say, nor even confess that he has forgotten, what Book
+it was that Quintus brought with him to confute the King on their
+Icilius-Caecilius controversy; Nicolai only says, that he, for his
+part, in the fields of Roman Literature and History, knows only
+three Quintus-Iciliuses, not one of whom is of the least
+likelihood; and in fact, in the above summary, I have had to INVERT
+my Nicolai on one point, to make the story stick together.
+[Nicolai, <italic> Anekdoten, <end italic> vi. 129-145.]
+
+"Quintus had been bred for the clerical profession; carefully, at
+various Universities, Leyden last of all; and had even preached, as
+candidate for license,--I hope with moderate orthodoxy;--though he
+soon renounced that career. Exchanged it for learned and vigorous
+general study, with an eye to some College Professorship instead.
+He was still hardly twenty-three, when, in 1747, the new
+Stadtholder," Prince of Orange, whom we used to know, "who had his
+eye upon him as a youth of merit, graciously undertook to get him
+placed at Utrecht, in a vacancy which had just occurred there,--
+whither the Prince was just bound, on some ceremonial visit of a
+high nature. The glad Quintus, at that time Guichard and little
+thinking of such an alias, hastened to set off in the Prince's
+train; but could get no conveyance, such was the press of people
+all for Utrecht. And did not arrive till next day,--and found
+quarter, with difficulty, in the garret of some overflowing Inn.
+
+"In the lower stories of his Inn, solitary Guichard, when night
+fell, heard a specific GAUDEAMUS going on; and inquired what it
+was. 'A company of Professors, handselling a newly appointed
+Professor;'--appointed, as the next question taught, to the very
+Chair poor Quintus had come for! Serene Highness could not help
+himself; the Utrechters were so bent on the thing. Quintus lay
+awake, all night, in his truckle-bed; and gloomily resolved to have
+done with Professorships, and become a soldier. 'If your Serene
+Highness do still favor me,' said Quintus next day, 'I solicit, as
+the one help for me, an ensign's commission!'--And persisted
+rigorously, in spite of all counsellings, promises and outlooks on
+the professorial side of things. So that Serene Highness had to
+grant him his commission; and Quintus was a soldier thenceforth.
+Fought, more or less, in the sad remainder of that Cumberland-Saxe
+War; and after the Peace of 1748 continued in the Dutch service.
+Where, loath to be idle, he got his learned Books out again, and
+took to studying thoroughly the Ancient Art of War. After years of
+this, it had grown so hopeful that he proceeded to a Book upon it;
+and, by degrees, determined that he must get to certain Libraries
+in England, before finishing. In 1754, on furlough, graciously
+allowed and continued, he came to London accordingly; finished his
+manuscript there (printed at the Hague 1757 [<italic> Memoires
+Militaires sur les &c. <end italic> (a La Haye, 1757: 2 vols.
+4to);--was in the 5th edition when I last heard of it.]): and new
+War having now begun, went over (probably with English
+introductions) as volunteer to Duke Ferdinand. By Duke Ferdinand he
+was recommended to Friedrich, the goal of all his efforts, as of
+every vagrant soldier's in those times:--and here at last, as
+Quintus Icilius, he has found permanent billet, a Battalion and
+gradually three Battalions, and will not need to roam any farther.
+
+"They say, what is very credible, that Quintus proved an active,
+stout and effectual soldier, in his kind; and perhaps we may hear
+of some of his small-war adventures by and by: that he was a
+studious, hard-headed, well-informed man, and had written an
+excellent Book on his subject, is still abundantly clear.
+Readers may look in the famous Gibbon's <italic> Autobiography,
+<end italic> or still better in the Guichard Book itself, if they
+want evidence. The famous Gibbon was drilling and wheeling, very
+peaceably indeed, in the Hampshire Militia, in those wild years of
+European War. Hampshire Militia served as key, or glossary in a
+sort, to this new Book of Guichard's, which Gibbon eagerly bought
+and studied; and it, was Guichard, ALIAS Quintus Icilius, who
+taught Gibbon all he ever knew of Ancient War, at least all the
+teaching he ever had of it, for his renowned DECLINE AND FALL."
+[See Gibbon's <italic> Works <end italic> (4to, London, 1796:
+<italic> Memoirs of my Life and Writings <end italic>), i. 97;
+and (<italic> Extraits de mes Lectures <end italic>), ii. 52-54, of
+dates May 14th-26th, 1762,--during which days Gibbon is engaged in
+actual reading of the <italic> Memoires Militaires; <end italic>
+and already knows the Author by his ALIAS of Quintus Icilius, "a
+man of eminent sagacity and insight, who was in the Dutch, and is
+now, I believe, in the Prussian service."
+
+It was in the last days of June that Daun, after many litchings,
+got into more decisive general movement northward; and slowly but
+steadily planted himself at Mark-Lissa in the Lausitz: upon which,
+after some survey of the phenomenon, Friedrich got to
+Schmottseifen, opposite him, July 10th. Friedrich, on noticing such
+stir, had ridden down to Trautenau (June 29th-30th), new Horse-
+Artillery attending, to look closer into Daun's affairs;
+and, seeing what they were, had thereupon followed. Above a month
+before this, Friedrich had detached a considerable force against
+the Russians,--General Dohna, of whom in next Chapter:--and both
+Daun and he again sit waiting, till they see farther.
+Rapid Friedrich is obliged to wait; watching Daun and the Dohna-
+Russian adventure: slow Daun will continue to wait and watch there,
+long weeks and months, after that is settled, that and much else,
+fully to his mind! Each is in his impregnable Camp; and each, Daun
+especially, has his Divisions and Detachments hovering round him,
+near or far, on different strategic errands; each Main-Camp like a
+planet with various moons--Mark-Lissa especially, a kind of sun
+with planets and comets and planetary moons:--of whose intricate
+motions and counter-motions, mostly unimportant to us, we promised
+to take no notice, in face of such a crisis just at hand.
+
+By the 6th of July, slow Daun had got hitched into his Camp of
+Mark-Lissa; and four days after, Friedrich attending him, was in
+Schmottseifen: where again was pause; and there passed nothing
+mentionable, even on Friedrich's score; and till July was just
+ending, the curtain did not fairly rise. Panse of above two weeks
+on Friedrich's part, and of almost three months on Daun's.
+Mark-Lissa, an impregnable Camp, is on the Lausitz Border;
+with Saxony, Silesia, Bohemia all converging hereabouts, and
+Brandenburg itself in the vicinity,--there is not a better place
+for waiting on events. Here, accordingly, till well on in
+September, Daun sat immovable; not even hitching now,--only
+shooting out Detachments, planetary, cometary, at a great rate,
+chiefly on his various Russian errands.
+
+Daun, as we said, had been uncomfortably surprised to find, by
+degrees, that Invasion was not Friedrich's plan this Year; that the
+dramatic parts are redistributed, and that the playing of Fabius-
+Cunctator will not now serve one's turn. Daun, who may well be
+loath to believe such a thing, clings to his old part, and seems
+very lazy to rise and try another. In fact, he does not rise,
+properly speaking, or take up his new part at all. This Year, and
+all the following, he waits carefully till the Russian Lion come;
+will then endeavor to assist,--or even do jackal, which will be
+safer still. The Russians he intends shall act lion; he himself
+modestly playing the subaltern but much safer part! Diligent to
+flatter the lion; will provide him guidances, and fractional
+sustenances, in view of the coming hunt; will eat the lion's
+leavings, once the prey is slaughtered. This really was, in some
+sort, Daun's yearly game, so long as it would last!--
+
+July ending, and the curtain fairly risen, we shall have to look at
+Friedrich with our best eyesight. Preparatory to which, there is,
+on Friedrich's part, ever since the middle of June, this Anti-
+Russian Dohna adventure going on:--of which, at first, and till
+about the time of getting to Schmottseifen, he had great hopes;
+great, though of late rapidly sinking again:--into which we must
+first throw a glance, as properly the opening scene.
+
+Fouquet has been left at Landshut, should the Daun remnants still
+in Bohemia think of invading. Fouquet is about rooting himself
+rather firmly into that important Post; fortifying various select
+Hills round Landshut, with redoubts, curtains, communications;
+so as to keep ward there, inexpugnable to a much stronger force.
+There for about a year, with occasional short sallies, on errands
+that arise, Fouquet sat successfully vigilant; resisting the
+Devilles, Becks, Harsches; protecting Glatz and the Passes of
+Silesia: in about a year we shall hear of his fortunes worsening,
+and of a great catastrophe to him in that Landshut Post.
+
+Friedrich allowed the Reichsfolk "two good months," after all that
+flurrying and havoc done on them, "before they could show face in
+Saxony." They did take about that time; and would have taken more,
+had not Prince Henri been called away by other pressing occasions
+in Friedrich's own neighborhood; and Saxony, for a good while (end
+of June to beginning of September), been left almost bare of
+Prussian troops. Which encourages the Reichs Army to hurry afield
+in very unprepared condition,--still rather within the two months.
+End of July, Light people of them push across to Halberstadt or
+Halle Country; and are raising Contributions, and plundering
+diligently, if nothing else. Of which we can take no notice
+farther: if the reader can recollect it, well; if not, also well.
+The poor Reichs Army nominally makes a figure this Year, but
+nominally only; the effective part of it, now and henceforth, being
+Austrian Auxiliaries, and the Reichs part as flaccid and
+insignificant as ever.
+
+Prince Henri's call to quit Saxony was this. Daun, among the
+numerous Detachments he was making, of which we can take no notice,
+had shot out Two (rather of COMETARY type, to use our old figure),
+--which every reader must try to keep in mind. Two Detachments,
+very considerable: Haddick (who grew at last to 20,000), and Loudon
+(16,000); who are hovering about mysteriously over the Lausitz;--
+intending what? Their intention, Friedrich thinks, especially
+Haddick's intention, may be towards Brandenburg, and even Berlin:
+wherefore he has summoned Henri to look after it. Henri, resting in
+cantonments about Tschopau and Dresden, after the late fatigues,
+and idle for the moment, hastens to obey; and is in Bautzen
+neighborhood, from about the end of June and onward. Sufficiently
+attentive to Haddick and Loudon: who make no attempt on
+Brandenburg; having indeed, as Friedrich gradually sees, and as all
+of us shall soon see, a very different object in view!--
+
+
+
+Chapter II.
+
+GENERAL DOHNA; DICTATOR WEDELL: BATTLE OF ZULLICHAU.
+
+The Russian Lion, urged by Vienna and Versailles, made his entry,
+this Year, earlier than usual,--coming now within wind of Mark-
+Lissa, as we see;--and has stirred Daun into motion, Daun and
+everybody. From the beginning of April, the Russians, hibernating
+in the interior parts of Poland, were awake, and getting slowly
+under way. April 24th, the Vanguard of 10,000 quitted Thorn;
+June 1st, Vanguard is in Posen; followed by a First Division and a
+Second, each of 30,000. They called it "Soltikof crossing the
+Weichsel with 100,000 men;" but, exclusive of the Cossack swarms,
+there were not above 76,000 regulars: nor was Soltikof their
+Captain just at first; our old friend Fermor was, and continued to
+be till Soltikof, in a private capacity, reached Posen (June 29th),
+and produced his new commission. At Fermor's own request, as Fermor
+pretended,--who was skilled in Petersburg politics, and with a
+cheerful face served thenceforth as Soltikof's second.
+
+At Posen, as on the road thither, they find Sulkowski's and the
+other burnt provenders abundantly replaced: it is evident they
+intend, in concert with Daun, to enclose Friedrich between two
+fires, and do something considerable. Whether on Brandenburg or
+Silesia, is not yet known to Friedrich. Friedrich, since the time
+they crossed Weichsel, has given them his best attention; and more
+than once has had schemes on their Magazines and them,--once a new
+and bigger Scheme actually afoot, under Wobersnow again, our Anti-
+Sulkowski friend; but was obliged to turn the force elsewhither, on
+alarms that rose. He himself cannot quit the centre of the work;
+his task being to watch Daun, and especially, should Daun attempt
+nothing else, to prevent junction of Soltikof and him.
+
+Daun still lies torpid, or merely hitching about; but now when the
+Russians are approaching Posen, and the case becomes pressing,
+Friedrich, as is usual to him, draws upon the Anti-Swedish
+resource, upon the Force he has in Pommern. That is to say, orders
+General Dohna, who has the Swedes well driven in at present, to
+quit Stralsund Country, to leave the ineffectual Swedes with some
+very small attendance; and to march--with certain reinforcements
+that are arriving (Wobersnow already, Hulsen with 10,000 out of
+Saxony in few days)--direct against the Russians; and at once go in
+upon them. Try to burn their Magazines again; or, equally good, to
+fall vigorously on some of their separate Divisions, and cut them
+off in the vagrant state;--above all, to be vigorous, be rapid,
+sharp, and do something effectual in that quarter. These were
+Dohna's Instructions. Dohna has 18,000; Hulsen, with his 10,000, is
+industriously striding forward, from the farther side of Saxony;
+Wobersnow, with at least his own fine head, is already there.
+Friedrich, watching in the Anti-Junction position, ready for the
+least chance that may turn up.
+
+Dohna marched accordingly; but was nothing like rapid enough:
+an old man, often in ill health too; and no doubt plenty of
+impediments about him. He consumed some time rallying at Stargard;
+twelve days more at Landsberg, on the Warta, settling his provision
+matters: in fine, did not get to Posen neighborhood till June 23d,
+three weeks after the Russian Vanguard of 10,000 had fixed itself
+there, and other Russian parties were daily dropping in. Dohna was
+15,000, a Wobersnow with him: had he gone at once on Posen, as
+Wobersnow urged, it is thought he might perhaps have ruined this
+Vanguard and the Russian Magazine; which would have been of signal
+service for the remaining Campaign. But he preferred waiting for
+Hulsen and the 10,000, who did not arrive for seven or eight days
+more; by which time Soltikof and most of the Russian Divisions had
+got in;--and the work was become as good as hopeless, on those
+languid terms. Dohna did try upon the Magazine, said to be ill
+guarded in some Suburb of Posen; crossed the Warta with that view,
+found no Magazine; recrossed the Warta; and went manoeuvring about,
+unable to do the least good on Soltikof or his Magazines or
+operations. Friedrich was still in Landshut region, just about
+quitting it,--just starting on that little Trautenau Expedition,
+with his Four Pieces of Horse-Artillery (June 29th), when the first
+ill news of Dohna came in; which greatly disappointed Friedrich,
+and were followed by worse, instead of better.
+
+The end was, Soltikof, being now all ready, winded himself out of
+Posen one day, veiled by Cossacks; and, to Dohna's horror, had got,
+or was in the act of getting, between Dohna and Brandenburg;
+which necessitated new difficult manoeuvres from Dohna.
+Soltikof too can manoeuvre a little: Soltikof edges steadily
+forward; making for Crossen-on-Oder, where he expects to find
+Austrians (Haddick and Loudon, if Friedrich could yet guess it),
+with 30,000 odd, especially with provision, which is wearing scarce
+with him. Twice or so there was still a pretty opportunity for
+Dohna on him; but Dohna never could resolve about it in time.
+Back and ever back goes Dohna; facing Soltikof; but always hitching
+back; latterly in Brandenburg ground, the Russians and he;--having
+no provision, he either. In fine, July 17th (one week after
+Friedrich had got to Schmottseifen), Dohna finds himself at the
+little Town of Zullichau (barely in time to snatch it before
+Soltikof could), within thirty miles of Crossen; and nothing but
+futility behind and before. [Tempelhof, iii, 78-88; <italic>
+Helden-Geschichte, <end italic> v. 835-847.]
+
+We can imagine Friedrich's daily survey of all this; his gloomy
+calculations what it will soon amount to if it last. He has now no
+Winterfeld, Schwerin, no Keith, Retzow, Moritz:--whom has he?
+His noblest Captains are all gone; he must put up with the less
+noble. One Wedell, Lieutenant-General, had lately recommended
+himself to the royal mind by actions of a prompt daring. The royal
+mind, disgusted with these Dohna hagglings, and in absolute
+necessity of finding somebody that had resolution, and at least
+ordinary Prussian skill, hoped Wedell was the man. And determined,
+the crisis being so urgent, to send Wedell in the character of
+ALTER-EGO, or "with the powers of a Roman Dictator," as the Order
+expressed it. [Given in Preuss, ii. 207, 208; in Stenzel, v. 212,
+other particulars.] Dictator Wedell is to supersede Dohna;
+shall go, at his own swift pace, fettered by nobody;--and, at all
+hazards, shall attack Soltikof straightway, and try to beat him.
+"You are grown too old for that intricate hard work; go home a
+little, and recover your health," the King writes to Dohna. And to
+the Dohna Army, "Obey this man, all and sundry of you, as you would
+myself;" the man's private Order being, "Go in upon Soltikof;
+attack him straightway; let us have done with this wriggling and
+haggling." Date of this Order is "Camp at Schmottseifen, 20th July,
+1759." The purpose of such high-flown Title, and solemnity of
+nomination, was mainly, it appears, to hush down any hesitation or
+surprise among the Dohna Generals, which, as Wedell was "the
+youngest Lieutenant-General of the Army," might otherwise have
+been possible.
+
+Wedell, furnished with some small escort and these Documents,
+arrives in Camp Sunday Evening, 22d July:--poor Dohna has not the
+least word or look of criticism; and every General, suppressing
+whatever thoughts there may be, prepares to yield loyal obedience
+to Dictator Wedell. "Wobersnow was the far better soldier of the
+two!" murmured the Opposition party, then and long afterwards,
+[Retzow, &c.]--all the more, as Wobersnow's behavior under it was
+beautiful, and his end tragical, as will be seen. Wobersnow I
+perceive to have been a valiant sharp-striking man, with
+multifarious resources in his head; who had faithfully helped in
+these operations, and I believe been urgent to quicken them.
+But what I remember best of him is his hasty admirable contrivance
+for field-bakery in pressing circumstances,--the substance of which
+shall not be hidden from a mechanical age:--
+
+"You construct six slight square iron frames, each hinged to the
+other; each, say, two feet square, or the breadth of two common
+tiles, and shaped on the edges so as to take in tiles;--tiles are
+to be found on every human cottage. This iron frame, when you hook
+it together, becomes the ghost of a cubic box, and by the help of
+twelve tiles becomes a compact field-oven; and you can bake with
+it, if you have flour and water, and a few sticks. The succinctest
+oven ever heard of; for your operation done, and your tiles flung
+out again, it is capable of all folding flat like a book."
+[Retzow, ii. 82 n.] Never till now had Wobersnow's oven been at
+fault: but in these Polish Villages, all of mere thatched hovels,
+there was not a tile to be found; and the Bakery, with
+astonishment, saw itself unable to proceed.
+
+Wedell arrived Sunday evening, 22d July; had crossed Oder at
+Tschischerzig,--some say by Crossen Bridge; no matter which.
+Dohna's Camp is some thirty miles west of Crossen; in and near the
+small Town called Zullichau, where his head-quarter is. In those
+dull peaty Countries, on the right, which is thereabouts the
+NORTHERN (not eastern), bank of Oder; between the Oder and the
+Warta; some seventy miles south-by-east of Landsberg, and perhaps
+as far southwest of Posen: thither has Dohna now got with his
+futile manoeuvrings. Soltikof, drawn up amid scrubby woods and
+sluggish intricate brooks, is about a mile to east of him.
+
+Poor Dohna demits at once; and, I could conjecture, vanishes that
+very night; glad to be out of such a thing. Painfully has Dohna
+manoeuvred for weeks past; falling back daily; only anxious
+latterly that Soltikof, who daily tries it, do not get to westward
+of him on the Frankfurt road, and so end this sad shuffle.
+Soltikof as yet has not managed that ultimate fatality; Dohna, by
+shuffling back, does at least contrive to keep between Frankfurt
+and him;--will not try attacking him, much as Wobersnow urges it.
+Has agreed twice or oftener, on Wobersnow's urgency: "Yes, yes;
+we have a chance," Dohna would answer; "only let us rest till
+to-morrow, and be fresh!" by which time the opportunity was always
+gone again.
+
+Wedell had arrived with a grenadier battalion and some horse for
+escort; had picked up 150 Russian prisoners by the way. Retzow has
+understood he came in with a kind of state; and seemed more or less
+inflated; conscious of representing the King's person, and being a
+Roman Dictator,--though it is a perilously difficult office too,
+and requires more than a Letter of Instructions to qualify you for
+it! This is not Leonidas Wedell, whom readers once knew;
+poor Leonidas is dead long since, fell in the Battle of Sohr, soon
+after the heroic feat of Ziethen's and his at Elbe-Teinitz (Defence
+of Elbe against an Army); this is Leonidas's elder Brother.
+Friedrich had observed his fiery ways on the day of Leuthen:
+"Hah, a new Winterfeld perhaps?" thought Friedrich, "All the
+Winterfeld I now have!"--which proved a fond hope. Wedell's
+Dictatorship began this Sunday towards sunset; and lasted--in
+practical fact, it lasted one day.
+
+
+DICTATOR WEDELL FIGHTS HIS BATTLE (Monday, 23d July, 1759),
+WITHOUT SUCCESS.
+
+Monday morning early, Wedell is on the heights, reconnoitring
+Soltikof; cannot see much of him, the ground being so woody;
+does see what he takes to be Soltikof's left wing; and judges that
+Soltikof will lie quiet for this day. Which was far from a right
+reading of Soltikof; the fact being that Soltikof, in long columns
+and divisions, beginning with his right wing, was all on march
+since daybreak; what Wedell took for Soltikof's "left wing" being
+Soltikof's rear-guard and baggage, waiting till the roads cleared.
+Wedell, having settled everything on the above footing, returns to
+Zullichau about 10 o'clock; and about 11, Soltikof, miles long,
+disengaged from the bushy hollows, makes his appearance on the open
+grounds of Palzig: he, sure enough (though Wedell can hardly
+believe it),--five or six miles to northeast yonder;
+tramping diligently along, making for Crossen and the Oder Bridge;
+--and is actually got ahead of us, at last!
+
+This is what Wedell cannot suffer, cost what it may.
+Wedell's orders were, in such case, Attack the Russians.
+Wedell instantly took his measures; not unskilfully, say judges,--
+though the result proved disappointing; and Wobersnow himself
+earnestly dissuaded: "Too questionable, I should doubt! Soltikof is
+70,000, and has no end of Artillery; we are 26,000, and know not if
+we can bring a single gun to where Soltikof is!" [Tempelhof, iii.
+132-134.]
+
+Wedell's people have already, of their own accord, got to arms
+again; stand waiting his orders on this new emergency. No delay in
+Wedell or in them. "May not it be another Rossbach (if we are
+lucky)?" thinks Wedell: "Cannot we burst in on their flank, as they
+march yonder, those awkward fellows; and tumble them into heaps?"
+The differences were several-fold: First, that Friedrich and
+Seidlitz are not here. Many brave men we have, and skilful; but not
+a master and man like these Two. Secondly, that there is no Janus
+Hill to screen our intentions; but that the Russians have us in
+full view while we make ready. Thirdly, and still more important,
+that we do not know the ground, and what hidden inaccessibilities
+lie ahead. This last is judged to have been the killing
+circumstance. Between the Russians and us there is a paltry little
+Brook, or line of quagmire; scarcely noticeable here, but passable
+nowhere except at the Village-Mill of Kay, by one poor Bridge
+there. And then, farther inwards, as shelter of the Russians, there
+is another quaggy Brook, branch of the above, which is without
+bridge altogether. Hours will be required to get 26,000 people
+marched up there, not to speak of heavy guns at all.
+
+The 26,000 march with their usual mathematical despatch: Manteuffel
+and the Vanguard strike in with their sharpest edge, foot and
+horse, direct on the Head of the Russian Column, Manteuffel leading
+on, so soon as his few battalions and squadrons are across.
+Head means BRAIN (or life) to this Russian Column; and these
+Manteuffel people go at it with extraordinary energy. The Russian
+Head gives way; infantry and cavalry:--their cavalry was driven
+quite to rear, and never came in sight again after this of
+Manteuffel. But the Russians have abundance of Reserves; also of
+room to manoeuvre in,--no lack of ground open, and ground
+defensible (Palzig Village and Churchyard, for example);--above
+all, they have abundance of heavy guns.
+
+Well in recoil from Manteuffel and his furies, the beaten Russians
+succeed in forming "a long Line behind Palzig Village," with that
+Second, slighter or Branch Quagmire between them and us; they get
+the Village beset, and have the Churchyard of it lined with
+batteries,--say seventy guns. Manteuffel, unsupported, has to fall
+back;--unwillingly, and not chased or in disorder,--towards Kay-
+Mill again; where many are by this time across. Hulsen, with the
+Centre, attacks now, as the Vanguard had done; with a will, he too:
+Wobersnow, all manner of people attack; time after time, for about
+four hours coming: and it proves all in vain, on that Churchyard
+and new Line. Without cannon, we are repulsed, torn away by those
+Russian volcano-batteries; never enough of us at once!
+
+Hulsen, Wobersnow, everybody in detail is repulsed, or finds his
+success unavailing. Poor Wobersnow did wonders; but he fell,
+killed. Gone he; and has left so few of his like: a man that could
+ill be spared at present!--Day is sinking; we find we have lost, in
+killed, wounded and prisoners, some 6,000 men. "About sunset,"--
+flaming July sun going down among the moorlands on such a scene,--
+Wedell gives it up; retires slowly towards Kay Bridge. Slowly;
+not chased, or molested; Soltikof too glad to be rid of him.
+Soltikof's one aim is, and was, towards Crossen; towards Austrian
+Junction, and something to live upon. Soltikof's loss of men is
+reckoned to be heavier even than Wedell's: but he could far better
+afford it. He has gained his point; and the price is small in
+comparison. Next day he enters Crossen on triumphant terms.
+
+Poor Wedell had returned over Kay-Mill Bridge, in the night-time
+after his Defeat. On the morrow (Tuesday, 24th, day of Soltikof's
+glad entry), Wedell crosses Oder; at Tschischerzig, the old place
+of Sunday evening last,--in how different a humor, this time!--and
+in a day more, posts himself opposite to Crossen Bridge, five or
+six miles south; and again sits watchful of Soltikof there.
+At Crossen, triumphant Soltikof has found no Austrian Junction, nor
+anything additional to live upon. A very disappointing circumstance
+to Soltikof; "Austrian Junction still a problem, then; a thing in
+the air? And perhaps the King of Prussia taking charge of it now!"
+Soltikof, more and more impatient, after waiting some days, decided
+Not to cross Oder by that Bridge;--"shy of crossing anywhere [think
+the French Gentlemen, Montazet, Montalembert], to the King of
+Prussia's side!" [Stenzel, iv. 215 (indistinct, and giving a WRONG
+citation of "Montalembert, ii. 87").] Which is not unlikely, though
+the King is above 100 miles off him, and has Daun on his hands.
+Certain enough, keeping the River between him and any operations of
+the King, Soltikof set out for Frankfurt, forty or fifty miles
+farther down. In the hope probably of finding something of human
+provender withal? July 30th, one week after his Battle, the
+vanguard of him is there.
+
+Thus, in two days, or even in one, has Wedell's Dictatorship ended.
+Easy to say scoffingly, "Would it had never begun!" Friedrich knows
+that, and Wedell knows it;--AFTER the event everybody knows it!
+Friedrich said nothing of reproachful; the reverse rather,--
+"I dreaded something of the kind; it is not your fault;"
+[TO WEDELL, FROM THE KING, "Schmottseifen, July 24th. 1759" (in
+Schoning, ii. 118).]--ordered Wedell to watch diligently at Crossen
+Bridge, and be ready on farther signal. The Wedell Problem, in such
+ruined condition, has now fallen to Friedrich himself.
+
+This is the BATTLE OF ZULLICHAU (afternoon of 23d July, 1759);
+the beginning of immense disasters in this Campaign. Battle called
+also of KAY and of PALZIG, those also being main localities in it.
+It was lost, not by fault of Wedell's people, who spent themselves
+nobly upon it, nor perhaps by fault of Wedell himself, but
+principally, if not solely, by those two paltry Brooks, or threads
+of Quagmire, one of which turns Kay-Mill; memorable Brooks in this
+Campaign, 1759. [Tempelhof, iii. 125-131.]
+
+Close in the same neighborhood, there is another equally
+contemptible Brook, making towards Oder, and turning the so-called
+Krebsmuhle, which became still more famous to the whole European
+Public twenty years hence. KREBS-MUHLE (Crab-Mill), as yet quite
+undistinguished among Mills; belonging to a dusty individual called
+Miller Arnold, with a dusty Son of his own for Miller's Lad: was it
+at work this day? Or had the terrible sound from Palzig quenched
+its clacking?--
+
+Some three weeks ago (4th-6th JULY), there occurred a sudden sharp
+thing at Havre-de-Grace on the French Coast, worth a word from us
+in this place. The Montazets, Montalemberts, watching, messaging
+about, in the Austrian-Russian Courts and Camps, assiduously
+keeping their Soltikofs in tune, we can observe how busy they are.
+Soubise with his Invasion of England, all the French are very busy;
+they have conquered Hessen from Duke Ferdinand, and promise
+themselves a glorious Campaign, after that Seizure of Frankfurt.
+Soubise, intent on his new Enterprise, is really making ardent
+preparations: at Vanues in the Morbihan, such rendezvousing and
+equipping;--especially at Havre, no end of flat-bottomed boats
+getting built; and much bluster and agitation among the weaker
+sorts in both Nations. Whereupon,--
+
+"JULY 1st [just in the days while Friedrich was first trying Horse
+Artillery], Rear-Admiral Rodney sails from Portsmouth with a few
+Frigates, and Six Bomb-ketches [FIREDRAKE, BASILISK, BLAST, and
+such nomenclatures [List of him, in Beatson, <italic> Naval and
+Military Memoirs <end italic> (London, 1804), ii. 241; his Despatch
+excellently brief, ib. ii. 323]]; and in the afternoon of Tuesday,
+3d, arrives in the frith or bay of Havre. Steers himself properly
+into 'the Channel of Honfleur' before dark; and therefrom, with his
+Firedrake, Basilisk and Company, begins such a bombardment of Havre
+and the flat-bottomed manufactories as was quite surprising.
+Fifty-two incessant hours of it, before he thought poor Havre had
+enough. Poor Havre had been on fire six times; the flat manufactory
+(unquenchable) I know not how many; all the inhabitants off in
+despair; and the Garrison building this battery to no purpose, then
+that; no salvation for them but in Rodney's 'mortars getting too
+hot.' He had fired of shells 1,900, of carcasses, 1,150:
+from Wednesday about sunrise till Friday about 8 A.M.,--about time
+now for breakfast; which I hope everybody had, after such a stretch
+of work. 'No damage to speak of,' said the French Gazetteers;
+'we will soon refit everything!' But they never did; and nothing
+came of Havre henceforth. Vannes was always, and is now still more,
+to be the main place; only that Hawke--most unexpectedly, for one
+fancied all their ships employed in distant parts--rides there with
+a Channel Fleet of formidable nature; and the previous question
+always is: 'Cannot we beat Hawke? Can we! Or will not he perhaps
+go, of himself, when the rough weather comes?'"
+
+
+
+Chapter III.
+
+FRIEDRICH IN PERSON ATTEMPTS THE RUSSIAN PROBLEM; NOT WITH SUCCESS.
+
+Before Wedell's catastrophe, the Affair of those Haddick-Loudon
+Detachments had become a little plainer to Friedrich.
+The intention, he begins to suspect, is not for Berlin at all;
+but for junction with Soltikof,--at Crossen, or wherever it may be.
+This is in fact their real purpose; and this, beyond almost Berlin
+itself, it is in the highest degree important to prevent!
+Important; and now as if become impossible!
+
+Prince Henri had come to Bautzen with his Army, specially to look
+after Loudon and Haddick; and he has, all this while, had Finck
+with some 10,000 diligently patrolling to westward of them,
+guarding Berlin; he himself watching from the southern side,--
+where, as on the western, there was no danger from them. Some time
+before Wedell's affair, Friedrich had pushed out Eugen of
+Wurtemberg to watch these people on the eastern side;--suspicious
+that thitherward lay their real errand. Eugen had but 6,000;
+and, except in conjunction with Finck and Henri, could do nothing,
+--nor can, now when Friedrich's suspicion turns out to be fatally
+true. Friedrich had always the angry feeling that Finck and Prince
+Henri were the blameworthy parties in what now ensued; that they,
+who were near, ought to have divined these people's secret, and
+spoiled it in time; not have left it to him who was far off, and so
+busy otherwise. To the last, that was his fixed private opinion;
+by no means useful to utter,--especially at present, while
+attempting the now very doubtful enterprise himself, and needing
+all about him to be swift and zealous. This is one of Friedrich's
+famous labors, this of the Haddick-Loudon junction with Soltikof;
+strenuous short spasm of effort, of about a week's continuance;
+full of fiery insight, velocity, energy; still admired by judges,
+though it was unsuccessful, or only had half success. Difficult to
+bring home, in any measure, to the mind of modern readers, so
+remote from it.
+
+Friedrich got the news of Zullichau next day, July 24th;--and
+instantly made ready. The case is critical; especially this
+Haddick-Loudon part of it: add 30 or 36,000 Austrians to Soltikof,
+how is he then to be dealt with? A case stringently pressing:--and
+the resources for it few and scattered. For several days past,
+Haddick, and Loudon under him, whose motions were long enigmatic,
+have been marching steadily eastward through the Lausitz,--with the
+evident purpose of joining Soltikof; unless Wedell could forbid.
+Wedell ahead was the grand opposition;--Finck, Henri, Wurtemberg,
+as good as useless;--and Wedell being now struck down, these
+Austrians will go, especially Loudon will, at a winged rate.
+They are understood to be approaching Sagan Country; happily, as
+yet, well to westward of it, and from Sagan Town well
+NORTH-westward;--but all accounts of them are vague, dim: they are
+an obscure entity to Friedrich, but a vitally important one.
+Sagan Town may be about 70 miles northward of where Friedrich now
+is: from Sagan, were they once in the meridian of Sagan, their road
+is free eastward and northward;--to Crossen is about 60 miles
+north-by-east from Sagan, to Frankfurt near 100 north. Sagan is on
+the Bober; Bober, in every event, is between the Austrians and
+their aim.
+
+Friedrich feels that, however dangerous to quit Daun's
+neighborhood, he must, he in person, go at once. And who, in the
+interim, will watch Daun and his enterprises? Friedrich's
+reflections are: "Well, in the crisis of the moment, Saxony--though
+there already are marauding Bodies of Reichsfolk in it--must still
+be left to itself for a time; or cannot Finck and his 10,000 look
+to it? Henri, with his Army, now useless at Bautzen, shall
+instantly rendezvous at Sagan; his Army to go with me, against the
+Russians and their Haddick-Loudons; Henri to Schmottseifen, instead
+of me, and attend to Daun; Henri, I have no other left! Finck and
+his 10,000 must take charge of Saxony, such charge as he can:--how
+lucky those Spring Forays, which destroyed the Reichs Magazines!
+Whereby there is no Reichs Army yet got into Saxony (nothing but
+preliminary pulses and splashings of it); none yet, nor like to be
+quite at once." That is Friedrich's swift plan.
+
+Henri rose on the instant, as did everybody concerned: July 29th,
+Henri and Army were at Sagan; Army waiting for the King; Henri so
+far on his road to Schmottseifen. He had come to Sagan "by almost
+the rapidest marches ever heard of,"--or ever till some others of
+Henri's own, which he made in that neighborhood soon. Punctual, he,
+to his day; as are Eugen of Wurtemberg's people, and all
+Detachments and Divisions: Friedrich himself arrives at Sagan that
+same 29th, "about midnight,"--and finds plenty of work waiting:
+no sleep these two nights past; and none coming just yet! A most
+swift rendezvous. The speed of everybody has been, and needs still
+to be, intense.
+
+This rendezvous at Sagan--intersection of Henri and Friedrich,
+bound different roads (the Brothers, I think, did not personally
+meet, Henri having driven off for Schmottseifen by a shorter road)
+--was SUNDAY, JULY 29th. Following which, are six days of such a
+hunt for those Austrian reynards as seldom or never was!
+Most vehement, breathless, baffling hunt; half of it spent in
+painfully beating cover, in mere finding and losing. Not rightly
+successful, after all. So that, on the eighth day hence, AUGUST
+6th, at Mullrose, near Frankfurt, 80 miles from Sagan, there is a
+second rendezvous,--rendezvous of Wedell and Friedrich, who do not
+now "intersect," but meet after the hunt is done;--and in the
+interim, there has been a wonderful performance, though an
+unsuccessful. Friedrich never could rightly get hold of his
+Austrians. Once only, at Sommerfeld, a long march northwest of
+Sagan, he came upon some outskirts of them. And in general, in
+those latter eight days, especially in the first six of them, there
+is, in that Kotbus-Sagan Country, such an intersecting, checking,
+pushing and multifarious simmering of marches, on the part of half
+a dozen Strategic Entities, Friedrich the centre of them, as--as, I
+think, nobody but an express soldier-student, well furnished with
+admiration for this particular Soldier, would consent to have
+explained to him. One of the maziest, most unintelligible whirls of
+marching; inextricable Sword Dance, or Dance of the Furies,--five
+of them (that is the correct number: Haddick, Loudon, Friedrich,
+Wurtemberg, Wedell);--and it is flung down for us, all in a huddle,
+in these inhuman Books (which have several errors of the press,
+too): let no man rashly insist with himself on understanding it,
+unless he have need! Humanly pulled straight, not inhumanly flung
+down at random, here the essentials of it are,--in very
+brief state:--
+
+"SAGAN, MONDAY, 30th JULY. Friedrich is at Sagan, since midnight
+last, busier and busier;" beating cover, as we termed it, and
+getting his hounds (his new Henri-Army) in leash; "endeavoring,
+especially, to get tidings of those Austrian people; who are very
+enigmatic,--Loudon a dexterous man,--and have hung up such a
+curtain of Pandours between Friedrich and them as is nearly
+impenetrable. In the course of this Monday Friedrich ascertains
+that they are verily on the road; coming eastward, for Sommerfeld,
+--'thence for Crossen!' he needs no ghost to tell him. Wherefore,
+
+"TUESDAY, SAGAN TO NAUMBURG. Tuesday before daybreak Friedrich too
+is on the road: northwestward; in full march towards Naumburg on
+Bober, meaning to catch the Bridge from them there. March of the
+swiftest; he himself is ahead, as usual, with the Vanguard of
+Horse. He reaches Naumburg (northward, a march of 20 miles);
+finds, not Haddick or Loudon, but a Detachment of theirs: which he
+at once oversets with his cavalry, and chases,--marking withal that
+'westward is the way they run.' Westward; and that we are still
+ahead, thank Heaven!
+
+"Before his Infantry are all up, or are well rested in Naumburg,
+Friedrich ascertains, on more precise tidings, that the Austrians
+are in Sommerfeld, to westward (again a 20 miles); and judges That,
+no doubt, they will bear off more to leftward, by Guben probably,
+and try to avoid him,--unless he can still catch them in
+Sommerfeld. About nightfall he marches for Sommerfeld, at his
+swiftest; arrives Wednesday early; finds--alas!--
+
+"SOMMERFELD, WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 1st, Friedrich finds that
+Loudon was there last night,--preterite tense, alas; the question
+now being, Where is he!" In fact, Loudon had written yesterday to
+Daun (Letter still extant, "Sommerfeld, July 31st"), That "being
+swift and light," consisting of horse for most part, "he may
+probably effect Junction this very night;"--but has altered his
+mind very much, on sight of these fugitives from Naumburg, since!
+And has borne off more to leftward. Straight north now, and at a
+very brisk pace; being now all of horse;--and has an important
+conference with Haddick at Guben, when they arrive there. "Not in
+Sommerfeld?" thinks Friedrich (earnestly surveying, through this
+slit he has made in the Pandour veil): "Gone to Guben most likely,
+bearing off from us to leftward?"--Which was the fact; though not
+the whole fact. And indeed the chase is now again fallen uncertain,
+and there has to be some beating of covers. For one thing, he
+learns to-day (August 1st) that the Russians are gone to Frankfurt:
+"Follow them, you Wedell,"--orders Friedrich: them we shall have to
+go into,--however this hunt end!--
+
+"To Markersdorf, Thursday, August 2d. Friedrich takes the road for
+Guben; reaches Markersdorf (twenty miles' march, still seven or
+eight from Guben); falls upon--What phenomenon is this?
+The Austrian heavy Train; meal-wagons not a few, and a regiment of
+foot in charge of it;--but going the wrong way, not TOWARDS the
+Russians, but from them! What on earth can this be? This is
+Haddick,--if Friedrich could yet clearly know it,--Haddick and
+Train, who for his own part has given up the junction enterprise.
+At Guben, some hours ago, he had conference with Loudon; and this
+was the conclusion arrived at: 'Impossible, with that King so near!
+You, Herr Loudon, push on, without heavy baggage, and with the
+Cavalry altogether: you can get in, almost 20,000 strong; I, with
+the Infantry, with the meal and heavy guns, will turn, and make for
+the Lausitz again!'
+
+"This mysterious Austrian Train, going the wrong way, Friedrich
+attacks, whatever it be (hoping, I suppose, it might be the
+Austrians altogether); chases it vigorously; snatches all the meal-
+wagons, and about 1,000 prisoners. Uncertain still what it is,--if
+not the Austrians altogether? To his sorrow, he finds, on pushing
+farther into it, that it is only Haddick and the Infantry;
+that Loudon, with the 20,000 Horse, will have gone off for
+Frankfurt;--irretrievably ahead, the swift Loudon,--ever careering
+northward all this while, since that afternoon at Sommerfeld, when
+the fugitives altered his opinion: a now unattainable Loudon.
+In the course of Thursday night, Friedrich has satisfied himself
+that the Loudon junction is a thing as good as done;--in effect,
+Loudon did get to Frankfurt, morning of August 3d, and joined the
+Russians there; and about the same time, or only a few hours
+sooner, Friedrich, by symptoms, has divined that his hunt has
+ended, in this rather unsuccessful way; and that chasing of Haddick
+is not the road to go." [Tempelhof, iii. 135-139.]
+
+Not Haddick now; with or without their Austrians, it shall be the
+Russians now! Two days ago (Wednesday, as was mentioned), before
+sight of those enigmatic meal-wagons, Friedrich had learned that
+the Russians were to be in Frankfurt again; and had ordered Wedell
+to march thitherward, at any rate. Which Wedell is doing, all this
+Thursday and the four following days. As does likewise, from and
+after "FRIDAY, AUGUST 3d, 1 A.M." (hunt then over), Friedrich
+himself,--renouncing Haddick and the hunt. Straight towards
+Frankfurt thenceforth; head-quarters Beeskow that night;
+next night, Mullrose, whither Wedell is appointed, within twelve
+miles of Frankfurt. This is the end of Friedrich's sore Chase and
+March; burnt deeply into his own weary brain, if ours still refuse
+it admittance! Here, of utterly fatigued tone, is a Note of his,
+chiefly on business, to Minister Finkenstein. Indeed there are,
+within the next ten days, Three successive Notes to Finkenstein,
+which will be worth reading in their due places. This is the First
+of them:--
+
+THE KING TO GRAF VON FINKENSTEIN (at Berlin).
+
+"BEESKOW, 3d August,1759."
+
+"I am just arrived here, after cruel and frightful marchings
+[CHECKS HIMSELF, HOWEVER]. There is nothing desperate in all that;
+and I believe the noise and disquietude this hurly-burly has caused
+will be the worst of it. Show this Letter to everybody, that it may
+be known the State is not undefended. I have made above 1,000
+prisoners from Haddick. All his meal-wagons have been taken.
+Finck, I believe, will keep an eye on him," and secure Berlin from
+attempts of his. "This is all I can say.
+
+"To-morrow I march to within two leagues of Frankfurt [to Mullrose,
+namely]. Katte [the Minister who has charge of such things] must
+send me instantly Two Hundred Wispels [say tons] of Meal, and
+Bakers One Hundred, to Furstenwalde. I shall encamp at Wulkow. I am
+very tired. For six nights I have not closed an eye. Farewell.--F."
+
+During the above intricate War-Dance of Five,--the day while
+Friedrich was at Sommerfeld, the day before he came in sight of
+Haddick's meal-wagons going the wrong road,--there went on, at
+Minden, on the Weser, three hundred miles away, a beautiful feat of
+War, in the highest degree salutary to Duke Ferdinand and Britannic
+Majesty's Ministry; feat which requires a word from us here.
+A really splendid Victory, this of Minden, August 1st:
+French driven headlong through the Passes there; their "Conquest of
+Hanover and Weser Country" quite exploded and flung over the
+horizon; and Duke Ferdinand relieved from all his distresses, and
+lord of the ascendant again in those parts. Highly interesting to
+Friedrich;--especially to Prince Henri; whose apprehensions about
+Ferdinand and the old Richelieu Hastenbeck-Halberstadt time
+returning on us, have been very great; and who now, at
+Schmottseifen, fires FEU-DE-JOIE for it with all his heart. This is
+a Battle still of some interest to English readers. But can English
+readers consent to halt in this hot pinch of the Friedrich crisis;
+and read the briefest thing which is foreign to it? Alas, I fear
+they can;--and will insert the Note here:--
+
+BATTLE OF MINDEN: WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1st, 1759.---"Ever since
+Bergen, things have gone awry with Ferdinand, and in spite of
+skilful management, of hard struggles and bright sparkles of
+success, he has had a bad Campaign of it. The French, it would
+seem, are really got into better fighting order; Belleisle's
+exertions as War-Minister have been almost wonderful,--in some
+respects, TOO wonderful, as we shall hear!--and Broglio and
+Contades, in comparison with Clermont and Soubise, have real
+soldier qualities. Contades, across Rhine again, in those Weser
+Countries, who is skilful in his way, and is pricked on by
+emulation of Broglio, has been spreading himself out steadily
+progressive there; while Broglio, pushing along from Frankfurt-on-
+Mayn, has conquered Hessen; is into Hanover; on the edge of
+conqueriug Hanover,--which how is Ferdinand to hinder?
+Ferdinand has got two, if not three Armies to deal with, and in
+number is not mnch superior to one. If he run to save Hanover from
+Broglio, he loses Westphalia: Osnabruck (his magazine)? Munster,
+Lippstadt,--Contades, if left to himself, will take these, after
+short siege; and will nestle himself there, and then advance, not
+like a transitory fever-fit, but like visible death, on Hanover.
+Ferdinand, rapid yet wary, manoeuvred his very best among those
+interests of his, on the left bank of Weser; but after the
+surprisal of Minden from him (brilliantly done by Broglio, and the
+aid of a treacherous peasant), especially after the capture of
+Osnabruck, his outlooks are gloomy to a degree: and at Versailles,
+and at Minden where Contades has established himself, 'the Conquest
+of Hanover' (beautiful counterweight to all one's losses in America
+or elsewhere) is regarded as a certainty of this Year.
+
+"For the last ten days of July, about Minden, the manoeuvring,
+especially on Ferdinand's part, had been intense; a great idea in
+the head of Ferdinand, more or less unintelligible to Contades.
+Contades, with some 30,000, which is the better half of his force,
+has taken one of the unassailablest positions. He lies looking
+northward, his right wing on the Weser with posts to Minden (Minden
+perhaps a mile northeastward there), on his left impassable peat-
+bogs and quagmires; in front a quaggy River or impassable black
+Brook, called the Bastau, coming from the westward, which
+disembogues at Minden: [Sketch of Plan, p. 238]--there lies
+Contades, as if in a rabbit-hole, say military men; for defence, if
+that were the sole object, no post can be stronger. Contades has in
+person say 30,000; and round him, on both sides of the Weser, are
+Broglio with 20,000; besides other Divisions, I know not how many,
+besieging Munster, capturing Osnabruck (our hay magazine),
+attempting Lippstadt by surprise (to no purpose), and diligently
+working forward, day by day, to Ferdinand's ruin in those Minden
+regions. Three or four Divisions busy in that manner;--and above
+all, we say, he has Broglio with a 20,000 on the right or east bank
+of the Weser,--who, if Ferdinand quit him even for a day, seems to
+have Hanover at discretion, and can march any day upon Hanover
+City, where his light troops have already been more than once.
+Why does n't Ferdinand cross Weser, re-cross Weser; coerce Broglio
+back; and save Hanover? cry the Gazetteers and a Public of weak
+judgment. Pitt's Public is inclined to murmur about Ferdinand;
+Pitt himself never. Ferdinand persists in sticking by Minden
+neighborhood,--and, in a scarcely accountable way, manoeuvring
+there, shooting out therefrom what mischief he can upon the various
+Contades people in their sieges and the like.
+
+"On Contades himself he can pretend to do nothing,--except hoodwink
+him, entice him out, and try to get a chance on him. But for his
+own subsistence and otherwise, he is very lively;--snatches, by a
+sudden stroke, Bremen City: 'Yes truly, Bremen is a Reichstadt;
+nor shall YOU snatch it, as you did Frankfurt; but I will, instead;
+and my English proviant-ships shall have a sure haven henceforth!'
+Snatches Bremen by one sudden stroke; RE-snatches Osnabruck by
+another ('our magazine considerably INCREASED since you have had
+it, many thanks!'); does lose Munster, to his sorrow;
+but nevertheless sticks by his ground here;--nay detaches his
+swift-cutting Nephew, the Hereditary Prince, who is growing famous
+for such things, to cut out Contades's strong post to southward
+(Gohfeld, ten miles up the Weser), which guards his meal-wagons,
+after their long journey from the south. That is Contades's one
+weak point, in this posture of things: his meal is at Cassel,
+seventy miles off. Broglio and he see clearly, 'Till we can get a
+new magazine much nearer Hanover, or at lowest, can clear out these
+people from infesting us here, there is no moving northward!'
+To both Contades and Broglio that is an evident thing:
+the corollary to which is, They must fight Ferdinand; must watch
+lynx-like till a chance turn up of beating him in fight. That is
+their outlook; and Ferdinand knows it is,--and manoeuvres
+accordingly. Military men admire much, not his movements only, but
+his clear insight into Contades's and Broglio's temper of mind, and
+by what methods they were to be handled, they and his own affairs
+together, and brought whither he wanted them. [In MAUVILLON (ii.
+41-44) minute account of all that.]
+
+"This attempt on Gohfeld was a serious mischief to Contades, if it
+succeeded. But the detaching of the Prince of Brunswick on it, and
+weakening one's too weak Army, 'What a rashness, what an
+oversight!' thinks Contades (as Ferdinand wished him to do):
+'Is our skilful enemy, in this extreme embarrassment, losing head,
+then? Look at his left wing yonder [General Wangenheim, sitting
+behind batteries, in his Village of Todtenhausen, looking into
+Minden from the north]:--Wangenheim's left leans on the Weser, yes;
+but Wangenheim's right, observe, has no support within three miles
+of it: tear Wangenheim out, Ferdinand's flank is bare!'
+These things seemed to Contades the very chance he had been waiting
+for; and brought him triumphantly out of his rabbit-hole, into the
+Heath of Minden, as Ferdinand hoped they would do.
+
+"And so, TUESDAY EVENING, JULY 31st, things being now all ripe,
+upwards of 50,000 French are industriously in motion. Contades has
+nineteen bridges ready on the Bastau Brook, in front of him;
+TATTOO this night, in Contades's Camp, is to mean GENERAL MARCH,
+'March, all of you, across these nineteen Bridges, to your stations
+on the Plain or Heath of Minden yonder,--and be punctual, like the
+clock!' Broglio crosses Weser by the town Bridge, ranks himself
+opposite Todtenhausen; and through the livelong night there is, on
+the part of the 50,000 French, a very great marching and deploying.
+Contades and Broglio together are 51,400 foot and horse.
+Ferdinand's entire force will be near 46,000; but on the day of
+Battle he is only 36,000,--having detached the Hereditary Prince on
+Gohfeld, in what view we know.--The BATTLE OF MINDEN, called also
+of TONHAUSEN (meaning TODTENhausen), which hereupon fell out, has
+still its fame in the world; and, I perceive, is well worth study
+by the soldier mind: though nothing but the rough outline of it is
+possible here.
+
+"Ferdinand's posts extend from the Weser river and Todtenhausen
+round by Stemmern, Holzhausen, to Hartum and the Bog of Bastau (the
+chief part of him towards Bastau),--in various Villages, and woody
+patches and favorable spots; all looking in upon Minden, from a
+distance of five or seven miles; forming a kind of arc, with Minden
+for centre. He will march up in eight Columns; of course, with wide
+intervals between them,--wide, but continually narrowing as he
+advances; which will indeed be ruinous gaps, if Ferdinand wait to
+be attacked; but which will coalesce close enough, if he be speedy
+upon Contades. For Contades's line is also of arc-like or almost
+semicircular form, behind it Minden as centre; Minden, which is at
+the intersection of Weser and the Brook; his right flank is on
+Weser, Broglio VERSUS Wangenheim the extreme right; his left, with
+infantry and artillery, rests on that black Brook of Bastau with
+its nineteen Bridges. As the ground on both wings is rough, not so
+fit for Cavalry, Contades puts his Cavalry wholly in the centre:
+they are the flower of the French Army, about 10,000 horse in all;
+firm open ground ahead of them there, with strong batteries, masses
+of infantry to support on each flank; batteries to ply with cross-
+fire any assailant that may come on. Broglio, we said, is right
+wing; strong in artillery and infantry. Broglio is to root out
+Waugenheim: after which,--or even before which, if Wangenheim is
+kept busy and we are nimble,--what becomes of Ferdinand's left
+flank, with a gap of three miles between Wangenheim and him, and
+10,000 chosen horse to take advantage of it! Had the French been of
+Prussian dexterity and nimbleness in marching, it is very possible
+something might have come of this latter circumstance: but
+Ferdinand knows they are not; and intends to take good care of
+his flank.
+
+"Contades and his people were of willing mind; but had no skill in
+'marchiug up:' and, once got across the Bastau by their nineteen
+Bridges, they wasted many hours:--'Too far, am I? not far enough?
+Too close? not close enough?'--and broiled about, in much hurry and
+confusion, all night. Fight was to have begun at 5 in the morning.
+Broglio was in his place, silently looking into Wangenheim, by five
+o'clock; but unfortunately did nothing upon Wangenheim ('Not ready
+you, I see!'), except cannonade a little;--and indeed all through
+did nothing ('Still not ready you others!'); which surely was
+questionable conduct, though not reckoned so at Versailles, when
+the case came to be argued there. As to the Contades people, across
+those nineteen Bridges, they had a baffling confused night;
+and were by no means correctly on their ground at sunrise, nor at
+7 o'clock, nor at 8; and were still mending themselves when the
+shock came, and time was done.
+
+"The morning is very misty; but Ferdinand has himself been out
+examining since the earliest daybreak: his orders last night were,
+'Cavalry be saddled at 1 in the morning,'--having a guess that
+there would be work, as he now finds there will. From 5 A.M.
+Ferdinand is issuing from his Camp, flowing down eastward,
+beautifully concentric, closing on Contades; horse NOT in centre,
+but English Infantry in centre (Six Battalions, or Six REGIMENTS by
+English reckoning); right opposite those 10,000 Horse of
+Contades's, the sight of whom seems to be very animating to them.
+The English CavaIry stand on the right wing, at the Village of
+Hartum: Lord George Sackville had not been very punctual in
+saddling at 1 o'clock; but he is there, ranked on the ground, at 8,
+--in what humor nobody knows; sulky and flabby, I should rather
+guess. English Tourists, idle otherwise, may take a look at Hartum
+on the south side, as the spot where a very ugly thing occurred
+that day.
+
+"Soon after 8 the Fight begins: attack, by certain Hessians, on
+Hahlen and its batteries; attempt to drive the French out of
+Hahlen, as the first thing,--which does not succeed at once (indeed
+took three attacks in all); and perhaps looks rather tedious to
+those Six English Battalions. Ferdinand's order to them was, 'You
+shall march up to attack, you Six, on sound of drum;' but, it
+seems, they read it, 'BY sound of drum;' 'Beating our own drums;
+yes, of course!'--and, being weary of this Hahlen work, or fancying
+they had no concern with it, strode on, double-quick, without
+waiting for Hahlen at all! To the horror of their Hanoverian
+comrades, who nevertheless determined to follow as second line.
+'The Contades cross-fire of artillery, battery of 30 guns on one
+flank, of 36 on the other, does its best upon this forward-minded
+Infantry, but they seem to heed it little; walk right forward;
+and, to the astonishment of those French Horse and of all the
+world, entirely break and ruin the charge made on them, and tramp
+forward in chase of the same. The 10,000 Horse feel astonished,
+insulted; and rush out again, furiously charging; the English halt
+and serry themselves: 'No fire till they are within forty paces;'
+and then such pouring torrents of it as no horse or man can endure.
+Rally after rally there is, on the part of those 10,000; mass after
+mass of them indignantly plunges on,--again, ever again, about six
+charges in all;--but do not break the English lines: one of them
+(regiment Mestrede-Camp, raised to a paroxysm) does once get
+through, across the first line, but is blown back in dreadful
+circumstances by the second. After which they give it up, as a
+thing that cannot be done. And rush rearward, hither, thither, the
+whole seventy-five squadrons of them; and 'between their two wings
+of infantry are seen boiling in complete disorder.'
+
+"This has lasted about an hour: this is essentially the soul of the
+Fight,--though there wanted not other activities, to right of it
+and to left, on both sides; artilleries going at a mighty rate on
+both wings; and counter-artilleries (superlative practice 'by
+Captain Phillips' on OUR right wing); Broglio cannonading
+Wangenheim very loudly, but with little harm done or suffered, on
+their right wing. Wangenheim is watchful of that gap between
+Ferdinand and him, till it close itself sufficiently. Their right-
+wing Infantry did once make some attempt there; but the Prussian
+Horse--(always a small body of Prussians serve in this Allied
+Army)--shot out, and in a brilliant manner swept them home again.
+
+PLAN OF BATTLE HERE--PAGE 239, BOOK X1X---------------
+
+Artillery and that pretty charge of Prussian Horse are all one
+remembers, except this of the English and Hanover Foot in the
+centre: 'an unsurpassable thing,' says Tempelhof (though it so
+easily might have been a fatal!)--which has set Contades's centre
+boiling, and reduced Contades altogether to water, as it were.
+Contades said bitterly: 'I have seen what I never thought to be
+possible,--a single line of infantry break through three lines of
+cavalry ranked in order of battle, and tumble them to ruin!'
+[Stenzel, v. 204.]
+
+"This was the feat, this hour's work in the centre, the essential
+soul of the Fight:--and had Lord George Sackville, General of the
+Horse, come on when galloped for and bidden, here had been such a
+ruin, say all judges, as seldom came upon an Army. Lord
+George--everlasting disgrace and sorrow on the name of him--could
+not see his way to coming on; delayed, haggled; would not even let
+Granby, his lieutenant, come; not for a second Adjutant, not for a
+third; never came on at all; but rode to the Prince, asking, 'How
+am I to come on?' Who, with a politeness I can never enough admire,
+did not instantly kill him, but answered, in mild tone, 'Milord,
+the opportunity is now past!' Whereby Contades escaped ruin, and
+was only beaten. By about 10 in the morning all was over. When a
+man's centre is gone to water, no part of him is far from the fluid
+state. Contades retreated into his rabbit-hole by those nineteen
+bridges,--well tormented, they say, by Captain Phillips's
+artillery, till he got beyond the knolls again. Broglio, who had
+never been in musket-fire at all, but had merely barked on
+Wangenheim all morning, instead of biting, covered the retreat, and
+withdrew into Minden. And we are a beaten Army,--thanks to Lord
+George, not an annihilated one. Our loss being only 7,086 (with
+heavy guns, colors, cavalry flags and the like); theirs being
+2,822,--full half of it falling on those rash Six Battalions.
+[Mauvillon, ii. 44-60; Tempelhof, iii. 154-179, &c. &c.:
+and <italic> Proceedings of a Court-Martial, held at the Horse-
+Guards, 7th-24th March and 25th March-5th April, 1760, in Trial of
+Lord George Sackville <end italic> (London, 1760). In Knesebeck,
+<italic> Ferdinand wahrend des siebenjahrigen Krieges <end italic> 
+(i. 395), Ferdinand's Letter to Friedrich of "July 31st;" and
+(i. 398-418 and ii. 33-36) many special details about Sackville and
+"August 1st."
+
+"And what is this one hears from Gohfeld in the evening?
+The Hereditary Prince, busy there on us during the very hours of
+Minden, has blown our rear-guard division to the winds there;--and
+we must move southward, one and all of us, without a moment's
+delay! Out of this rabbit-hole the retreat by rearward is through a
+difficult country, the Westphalian Gates so called; fatal to
+Varus's Legions long ago. Contades got under way that very night;
+lost most of his baggage, all his conquests, that shadow-conquest
+of Hanover, and more than all his glories (Versailles shrieking on
+him, 'Resign you; let Broglio be chief,);--and, on the whole,
+jumbled homeward hither and thither, gravitating towards the Rhine,
+nothing but Wesel to depend on in those parts, as heretofore.
+Broglio retreated Frankfurt-way, also as usual, though not quite so
+far; and at Versailles had clearly the victory. Zealous Belleisle
+could not protect his Contades; it is not known whether he
+privately blamed Contades or blamed Broglio for loss of Minden.
+Zealous old man, what a loss to himself withal had Minden been!
+That shadow-conquest of Hanover is quite vanished: and worse, in
+Ferdinand's spoil were certain LETTERS from Belleisle to Contades,
+inculcating strange things;--for example, 'IL FAUT FAIRE UN DESERT
+DU PAYS [all Hessen, I think, lest Ferdinand advance on you] DEVANT
+L'ARMEE,' and the like. Which Ferdinand saw good to publish, and
+which resounded rather hideously through the general mind."
+[Were taken at Detmold (Tempelhof, iii. 223); Old Newspapers full
+of Excerpts from them, in the weeks following.]
+
+Ignominious Sackville was tried by Court-martial; cashiered,
+declared incapable of again serving his Majesty "in any military
+capacity;"--perhaps a mild way of signifying that he wanted the
+common courage of a soldier? Zealous Majesty, always particular in
+soldier matters, proclaimed it officially to be "a sentence worse
+than death;" and furthermore, with his own royal hand, taking the
+pen himself, struck out Sackville from the List of Privy-
+Councillors. Proper surely, and indispensable;--and should have
+been persisted in, like Fate; which, in a new Reign, it was not!
+For the rest, there was always, and is, something of enigma in
+Sackville's palpably bad case. It is difficult to think that a
+Sackville wanted common courage. This Sackville fought duels with
+propriety; in private life, he was a surly, domineering kind of
+fellow, and had no appearance of wanting spirit. It is known, he
+did not love Duke Ferdinand; far from it! May not he have been of
+peculiarly sour humor that morning, the luckless fool;
+sulky against Ferdinand, and his "saddling at one o'clock;"
+sulky against himself, against the world and mankind; and flabbily
+disinclined to heroic practices for the moment? And the moment
+came; and the man was not there, except in that foggy, flabby and
+forever ruinous condition! Archenholtz, alone of Writers, judges
+that he expressly wanted to spoil the Battle of Minden and
+Ferdinand's reputation, and to get appointed Commander in his
+stead. Wonderful; but may have some vestige of basis, too!
+True, this Sackville was as fit to lead the courses of the stars as
+to lead armies. But such a Sackville has ambition, and, what is
+fatally more peculiar to him, a chance for unfolding it;--any
+blockhead has an ambition capable, if you encourage it
+sufficiently, of running to the infinite. Enough of this particular
+blockhead; and may it be long before we see his like again!--
+
+The English Cavalry was in a rage with Sackville. Of the English
+Infantry, Historians say, what is not now much heard of in this
+Country, "That these unsurpassable Six [in industrious valor
+unsurpassable, though they mistook orders, and might have fared
+badly!] are ever since called the Minden Regiments; that they are
+the 12th, 20th, 23d, 25th, 37th and 51st of the British Line;
+and carry 'Minden' on their colors," [Kausler, <italic> Schlachter,
+<end italic> &c. p, 587.]--with silent profit, I hope!
+
+Fancy how Pitt's public, lately gloomy and dubious, blazed aloft
+into joyful certainty again! Pitt's outlooks have been really
+gloomy all this season; nor are the difficulties yet ended, though
+we hope they will end. Let us add this other bit of Synchronism,
+which is still of adverse aspect, over Seas; and will be pungently
+interesting to Pitt and England, when they come to hear of it.
+
+"BEFORE QUEBEC, JULY 31st, 1759. This same Evening, at Quebec, on
+the other side of the Atlantic,--evening at Quebec, 9 or 10 at
+night for Contades and his nineteen Bridges,--there is a difficult
+affair going on. Above and below the Falls of Montmorenci, and
+their outflow into the St. Lawrence: attempt on General Wolfe's
+part to penetrate through upon the French, under Marquis de
+Montcalm, French Commander-in-chief, and to get a stroke at Quebec
+and him. From the south side of the St. Lawrence, nothing can be
+done upon Quebec, such the distance over. From Isle d'Orleans and
+the north side, it is also impossible hitherto. Easy enough to
+batter the Lower Town, from your ships and redoubts: but the High
+Town towers aloft on its sheer pinnacles, inaccessible even to
+cannon; looks down on the skilfulest British Admiral and Fleet as
+if with an air of indifference,--trying him on dark nights with
+fire-ships, fire-rafts, the cunningest kinds of pyrotechny, which
+he skilfully tows aside.
+
+"A strenuous thing, this of Wolfe's; though an unsuccessful.
+Towards evening, the end of it; all Quebec assembled on the
+southern ramparts, witnessing with intense interest; the sublime
+Falls of Montmorenci gushing on, totally indifferent. For about a
+month past, General Wolfe, with the proper equipments, and about
+10,000 men, naval and military, who was expressly selected by Pitt
+to besiege Quebec, and is dying to succeed, has been trying every
+scheme to get into contact with it:--to no purpose, so lofty,
+chasmy, rocky is the ground, cut by mountainous precipices and
+torrent streams, branches of the grand St. Lawrence River;
+so skilfully taken advantage of by Montcalm and his people, who are
+at home here, and in regulars nearly equal Wolfe, not to speak of
+Savages and Canadians, Wolfe's plan of the 31st was not ill laid;
+and the execution has been zealous, seamen and landsmen alike of
+willing mind;--but it met with accidents. Accidents in boating;
+then a still worse accident on landing; the regiment of grenadiers,
+which crossed below the Falls, having, so soon as landed, rushed
+off on the redoubt there on their own score, without waiting for
+the two brigades that were to cross and co-operate ABOVE the Falls!
+Which cut Wolfe to the heart; and induced him, especially as the
+tide was making again, to give up the enterprise altogether, and
+recall everybody, while it was yet time. [<italic> Gentleman's
+Magazine <end italic> for 1759, pp. 470-473; Thackeray, i. 488.]
+Wolfe is strict in discipline; loves the willing mind, none more,
+and can kindle it among those about him; but he loves discipline
+withal, and knows how fatal the too willing may be. For six weeks
+more there is toil on the back of toil everywhere for poor Wolfe.
+He falls into fevers, into miseries, almost into broken heart;--
+nothing sure to him but that of doing his own poor utmost to the
+very death. After six weeks, we shall perhaps hear of him again.
+Gliding swiftly towards death; but also towards victory and the
+goal of all his wishes."
+
+And now, after this flight half round the world, it is time we
+return to Oder Country, and a Friedrich on the edge of formidable
+things there. Next day after Beeskow, where we left him, he duly
+arrived at Mullrose; was joined by Wedell there, August 6th; and is
+now at Wulkow,--"encamped between Lebus and Wulkow," as we hear
+elsewhere;--quite in the environs of Frankfurt and of great events.
+
+
+FRIEDRICH TO GRAF VON FINKENSTEIN (Second Note).
+
+WULKOW, 8th August, 1759.
+
+"If you hear of firing to-morrow, don't be surprised; it is our
+rejoicing for the Battle of Minden. I believe I shall have to keep
+you in suspense some days yet. I have many arrangements to make;
+I find great difficulties to surmount,--and it is required to save
+our Country, not to lose it: I ought both to be more prudent and
+more enterprising than ever. In a word, I will do and undertake
+whatever I find feasible and possible. With all that, I see myself
+in the necessity of making haste, to check the designs Haddick may
+have on Berlin. Adieu, MON CHER. In a little, you will have either
+a DE PROFUNDIS or a TE DEUM.--F." [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic,
+<end italic> xxv. 305, 306.]
+
+
+
+Chapter IV.
+
+BATTLE OF KUNERSDORF.
+
+Sunday, July 29th, at Frankfurt-on-Oder divine worship was broken
+in upon, and the poor City thrown into consternation, by actual
+advent, or as good as advent, of the Russians: "On the Crossen
+road, close by; coming, come!" And they did undeniably appear, next
+morning, in force; on the opposite, eastern or Kunersdorf side of
+the River, on the top of the Oder-Dam there; and demanded instant
+admission, under penalty of general death by fire.
+
+Within the Town stood Major Arnim, a Veteran of those parts, with
+400 militia; these, with their muskets and with two cannon, are the
+only defence of Frankfurt, The Town has Gates; but its walls, I
+doubt, are mainly garden-walls and house-walls. On the eastern
+side, the River, especially if you have cannon on the Bridge, gives
+it somethiug of protection; but on the western and all other sides,
+it is overhung by heights. This Frankfurt, like its bigger Namesake
+on the Mayn, is known as a busy trading place, its Fairs much
+frequented in those Eastern parts; and is believed by the Russians
+to be far richer than it is. The reader, as there happens to be
+ocular testimony extant, [Johann Zudwig Kriele, SCHLACHT BEI
+KUNERSDORF, MIT &C. (Berlin, 1801). Kriele was subsequent Pastor in
+the Parish, an excellent intelligent man: has compiled in brief
+form, with an elaborate Chart too, a clear account of everything,
+in the Battle and before and after it.] may like to see a little
+how they behaved there.
+
+"Arnim, taking survey of the Russian Party, values it, or what he
+can see of it, at 1,000 [they really were 6,000]; keeps his
+Drawbridge up; and answers stoutly enough, 'No.' Upon which, from
+the Oder-Dam, there flies off one fiery grenado; one and no more,--
+which alighted in the house of 'Mrs. Thielicke, a Baker's Widow,
+who was standing at the door;'--killed poor Mrs. Thielicke, blew
+the house considerably to wreck, but did not set fire to it.
+Amim, all the Magistrates entreating him for the love of Heaven to
+leave them, is secretly shoving off his two cannon to the Northern
+Gate; and in fact is making his packages with full speed: 'Push for
+Custrin,' thinks Arnim, and save selves and cannon, since no good
+is to be done here!'
+
+"It was about 11 A.M. when the Thielicke grenado fell: obstinate
+Arnim would by no means go; only packed all the faster. A second
+summons came: still, No. For the third and last time the Russians
+then summon: 'Grenadoes, a hundred more of them lie ready,
+unless--!' 'We will, we will; O merciful servant of Czarish
+Majesty!' passionately signify the Magistrates. But Arnim is still
+negative, still keeps the Bridge up. One of the hundred does go, by
+way of foretaste: this lighted 'near the Ober Kirche, in the
+chimney of the Town Musikus;' brought the chimney crashing down on
+him [fancy a man with some fineness of ear]; tore the house a good
+deal to pieces, but again did not set it on fire. 'Your obstinate
+Town can be bombarded, then,--cannot it?' observed the Russian
+Messenger.--'Give us Free Withdrawal!' proposes Amim. 'No; you to
+be Prisoners of War; Town at Czarish Majesty's discretion.'
+'Never,' answers Arnim (to the outward ear).--'Go, oh, for the love
+of Heaven, go!' cry all Official people.
+
+"Arnim, deaf to clamor, but steadily diligent in getting ready,
+does at last go; through the Lebus Suburb, quick march; steady, yet
+at his best step;--taking the Town-keys in his pocket, and leaving
+the Drawbridge up. One is sorry for poor Arnim and his 400 Militia;
+whose conduct was perfect, under difficulties and alarms;
+but proved unsuccessful. The terrified Magistrates, finding their
+Keys gone, and the conflagrative Russians at their gates, got
+blacksmiths on the instant; smote down, by chisel and mallet, the
+locked Drawbridge, smote open the Gates: 'Enter, O gracious Sirs;
+and may Czarish Majesty have mercy on us!' So that Arnim had small
+start for marchers on foot; and was overtaken about half-way.
+Would not yield still, though the odds were overwhelming;
+drew himself out on the best ground discoverable; made hot
+resistance; hot and skilful; but in vain. About six in the evening,
+Arnim and Party were brought back, Prisoners, to Frankfurt again,--
+self, surviving men, cannons and all (self in a wounded state);--
+and 'were locked in various Brew-houses;' little of careful
+surgery, I should fear. Poor Arnim; man could do no more; and he
+has been unfortunate." 
+
+It is by no means our intention to describe the Iliad of miseries,
+the agitations, terrors and disquietudes, the tribulation and utter
+harrowing to despair, which poor Frankfurt underwent, incessantly
+from that day forward, for about five weeks to come.
+"The furnishings of victual [Russian stock quite out] were to an
+inconceivable amount; surrender of arms, of linens, cloths, of
+everything useful to a hungry Army; above all things, of horses, so
+that at last there were but four horses left in all Frankfurt;
+and"--But we must not go into details.
+
+"On the second day, besides all this," what will be significant of
+it all, "there was exacted 'ransom of 600,000 thalers (90,000
+pounds), or you shall be delivered to the Cossacks!' Frankfurt has
+not above 12,000 inhabitants within its bounds; here is a sudden
+poll-tax of 7 pounds 10s. per head. Frankfurt has not such a sum;
+the most rigorous collection did not yield above the tenth part of
+it. And more than once those sanguinary vagabonds were openly drawn
+out, pitch-link in hand: 'The 90,000 pounds or--!' Civic Presidency
+Office in Frankfurt was not a bed of roses. The poor Magistrates
+rushed distractedly about; wrung out moneys to the last drop;
+moneys, and in the end plate from those that had it; went in
+tearful deputation to General Soltikof,--a severe proud kind of
+man, capable perhaps of being flattered,--who usually locked them
+up instead. Magistrates were locked in Russian ward, at one time,
+for almost a week; sat in the blazing sun; if you try for the shade
+of a tree, the sentry handles arms upon you;--and were like to die.
+To me, Kriele, it is a miracle how the most of us lived; nay we
+never really wanted food, so kind was Providence, so generous our
+poor neighbors out of all the Towns round. The utmost of money that
+could be raised was 6,000 pounds; nothing but some little of plate,
+and our Bill for the remainder. Soltikof, a high kind of gentleman,
+saw at last how it stood; let the Magistrates out of ward; sent
+back the plate--'Nothing of that!'--nay, Czarish Majesty was
+herself generous; and FORGAVE the Bill, on our petition, next Year.
+Cossacks, indeed, were a plunderous wild crew; but the Russians
+kept them mostly without the gates. The regular Russians were civil
+and orderly, officers and men,--greatly beyond the Austrians in
+behavior." [Kriele, <italic> Schlacht bei Kunersdorf; <end italic>
+pp. 1-15 (in compressed state).] By these few traits conceive
+Frankfurt: this, now forgotten in most books, is a background on
+which things were transacted still memorable to everybody.
+
+"Friday, August 3d, General Loudon came to hand: arrived early, in
+the Guben (or Western) Suburb, his 18,000 and he. In high spirits
+naturally, and somewhat exultant to have evaded Friedrich;
+but found a reception that surprised him. The Russians had been
+living in the hope of junction; but still more vividly in that of
+meal. 'Auxiliaries; humph,--only 18,000 of them; how much welcomer
+had been as many hundredweights of meal!' Loudon had pushed his
+baggage direct into Frankfurt; and likewise a requisition of such
+and such proviants, weights of meal and the like, in exuberant
+amount, to be furnished straightway by the City: neither of which
+procedures would the Russians hear of for a moment. 'Out with you!'
+said they roughly to the baggage-people: 'quarter in the Guben
+Suburb, or where you like; not here!' And with regard to the
+requisition of proviant, they answered in a scornful angry key,
+'Proviant? You too without it? You have not brought us meal,
+according to covenant; instead of meal, you bring us 18,000 new
+eaters, most of them on horse-back,--Satan thank you! From
+Frankfurt be very certain you can get no ounce of meal; Frankfurt
+is our own poor meal-bag, dreadfully scanty: stay outside, and feed
+where and how you can!'
+
+"All this, Loudon, though of hot temper, easily capable of rising
+to the fierce point, had to endure in silence, for the common
+interest. Loudon's own table is furnished from Frankfurt; no other
+Austrian man's: all others have to shift how they can.
+Sad requisitioning needed, and sad plunder to supplement it:
+the Austrian behavior was very bad, say the Frankfurters;
+'in particular, they had burnt gradually all the corn-mills in the
+country; within many miles not one mill standing when they left
+us,'--and four horses all the conveyance power we had.
+Soltikof lodges in great pomp, much soldiery and cannon parading
+before his doors; not an undignified man, or an inhuman or
+essentially foolish, but very high in his ways, and distasteful to
+Austrian dignitaries."
+
+The Russian Army lies mainly across Oder; encamped on the
+Judenberg, and eastward there, along the Heights, near three miles,
+to Kunersdorf and beyond. They expect Friedrich at the gates of
+Frankfurt shortly; know well that they cannot defend Frankfurt.
+They calculate that Friedrich will attack them in their Judenberg
+Encampment, but hope they are nearly ready for him there.
+Loudon, from the Guben Suburb, will hasten across, at any moment;--
+welcome on such fighting occasion, though ill seen when the
+question is of eating! The Russians have their Wagenburg on an
+Island southward, farther up the River; they have three Pontoon
+Bridges leading thither, a free retreat should they be beaten.
+And in the mean while are intrenching themselves, as only Daun
+would,--cannon and redoubts all round those Heights;--and except it
+be screwing Frankfurt to do its impossible duty, and carting
+provender with all the horses except four, have not much farther to
+do but wait till the King come. Which will be speedily, it
+is probable!--
+
+Wednesday, August 8th, Russian and Austrian Generals, a cheerful
+party of them, had rendezvoused at FISCHERS MUHLE; a Mill not yet
+burnt, and a pleasant Tavern as well; in one of the prettiest
+valleys in the Western Environs;--intending to dine there, and have
+a pleasant day. But the Miller's Boy runs in upon them, wide-eyed,
+"HIMMEL UND ERDE, Prussian Hussars!" It was in verity Prussian
+Hussars; the King of Prussia with them in person. He is come out
+reconnoitring,--the day after his arrival in those parts.
+The pleasuring Generals, Russian and Austrian, sprang to horseback
+at their swiftest,--hope of dinner gone futile, except to the
+intervening Prussian Hussars;--and would have all been captured,
+but for that Miller's Boy; whose Mill too was burnt before long.
+This gallop home of the undined Generals into Frankfurt was the
+first news we poor Frankfurters had of the King's arrival.
+
+The King has been punctual to his reckoning: he picked up Wedell at
+Mullrose,--not too cordial to Wedell's people: "None of you speak
+to those beaten wretches," ordered he; "till perhaps they wipe off
+their Zullichau stain!" On the 7th, Friedrich advanced to Frankfurt
+neighborhood; took Camp between Wulkow and Lebus;--and has just
+been out reconnoitring. And has raised, fancy what emotion in poor
+Frankfurt lying under its nightmare! "Next day, August 9th, from
+Wulkow-Lebus hand, we" of Frankfurt, "heard a great firing;
+cannon-salvos, musket-volleys: 'Nothing of fight,' the Russian
+Officers told us; 'it is the King of Prussia doing joy-fire for
+Minden,' of which we till now knew nothing."
+
+Friedrich, on survey of this Russian-Austrian Army, some 90,000 in
+number, with such posts, artilleries, advantages, judges that he,
+counting only 40,000, is not strong enough. And, indeed, had so
+anticipated, and already judged; and, accordingly, has Finck on
+march hitherward again,--Berlin must take its risk, Saxony must
+shift for itself in the interim. Finck is due in two days,--not
+here at Lebus precisely, but at another place appointed; Finck will
+raise him to 50,000; and then business can begin! Contrary to
+Russian expectation, Friedrich does not attack Frankfurt;
+seems quite quiet in his cantonments;--he is quietly (if one knew
+it) making preparations farther down the River. About Reitwein,
+between this and Custrin, there arrangements are proceeding, by no
+means of a showy sort.
+
+The Russian-Austrian Army quits Frankfurt, leaving only some
+hundreds of garrison: Loudon moves across, Soltikof across; to the
+Oder-Dam and farther; and lie, powerfully intrenched, on those
+Kunersdorf Heights, and sandy Moorlands, which go eastward at
+right-angles to Oder-Dam. One of the strongest Camps imaginable.
+All round there, to beyond Kunersdorf and back again, near three
+miles each way, they have a ring of redoubts, and artillery without
+end. And lie there, in order of battle, or nearly so; ready for
+Friedrich, when he shall attack, through Frankfurt or otherwise.
+They face to the North (Reitwein way, as it happens); to their
+rear, and indeed to their front, only not so close, are woods and
+intricate wilds. Loudon has the left flank; that is to say,
+Loudon's left hand is towards the Oder-Dam and Frankfurt; he lies
+at the ROTHE VORWERK ("Red Grange," a Farmstead much mentioned just
+now); rather to northwestward of the Jew Hill and Jew Churchyard
+(JUDENBERG and JUDENKIRCHHOF, likewise much mentioned); and in
+advance of the general Mass. Soltikof's head-quarter, I rather
+understand, is on the right wing; probably in Kunersdorf itself, or
+beyond that Village; there, at least, our highly important Russian
+right wing is; there, elaborately fortified; and, half a mile
+farther, ends,--on the edge of steep dells; the Russian brink of
+which is strongly fringed with cannon, while beyond, on the farther
+brink, they have built an abatis; so making assurance doubly sure.
+Looking to the northward all these 90,000; their left rather
+southward of Frankfurt Bridge, over which Friedrich will probably
+arrive. Leftward, somewhat to rearward, they have bridges of their
+own; should anything sinister befall; three bridges which lead into
+that Oder Island, and the Russian Wagenburg there.
+
+August 10th, Finck, punctual to time, arrives in the neighborhood
+of Reitwein (which is some ten miles down stream from Lebus, from
+Frankfurt perhaps fifteen); Friedrich, the same day, is there
+before him; eager to complete the Bridges, and get to business.
+One Bridge is of pontoons; one of "Oder-boats floated up from
+Custrin." Bridges are not begun till nightfall, lest eyes be
+abroad; are ready in the minimum of time. And so, during the same
+night of the 10th, all the Infantry, with their artilleries and
+battle-furnitures, pour over in two columns; the Cavalry, at the
+due point of time, riding by a ford short way to the right. And at
+four, in the gray of the August morning (Saturday, 11th August,
+1759), all persons and things find themselves correctly across;
+ranked there, in those barren, much-indented "Pasture-grounds of
+Goritz" or of OEtscher; intending towards Kunersdorf; ready for
+unfolding into order of battle there. They leave their heavy
+baggage at Goritz, Wunsch to guard the Bridges and it; and, in
+succinct condition, are all under way. At one in the afternoon we
+are got to Leissow and Bischofsee; scrubby hamlets (as the rest all
+are), not above two miles from Kunersdorf. The August day is
+windless, shiny, sultry; man and horse are weary with the labors,
+and with the want of sleep: we decide to bivouac here, and rest on
+the scrubby surface, heather or whatever it is, till to-morrow.
+
+Finck is Vanguard, ahead short way, and with his left on a bit of
+lake or bog; the Army is in two lines, with its right on Leissow,
+and has Cavalry in the kind of wood which there is to rear.
+Friedrich, having settled the positions, rides out reconnoitring;
+hither, thither, over the Heights of Trettin. "The day being still
+hot, he suffers considerably from thirst [it is our one Anecdote]
+in that arid tract: at last a Peasant does bring him, direct from
+the fountain, a jug of pure cold water; whom, lucky man, the King
+rewarded with a thaler; and not only so, but, the man being
+intelligent of the localities, took with him to answer questions."
+Readers too may desire to gain some knowledge of the important
+ground now under survey.
+
+"Frankfurt, a very ancient Town, not a very beautiful," says my
+Note, "stands on an alluvium which has been ground down from
+certain clay Hills on the left bank of Oder. It counted about
+12,000 inhabitants in Friedrich's time; has now perhaps about
+20,000; not half the bulk of its namesake on the Mayn; but with
+Three great Fairs annually, and much trade of the rough kind.
+On this left or west bank of Oder the country is arable, moderately
+grassy and umbrageous, the prospect round you not unpleasant;
+but eastward, over the River, nothing can be more in contrast.
+Oder is of swift current, of turbid color, as it rolls under
+Frankfurt Bridge,--Wooden Bridge, with Dam Suburb at the end;--a
+River treeless, desolate, as you look up and down; which has,
+evidently, often changed its course, since grinding down that
+alluvium as site for Frankfurt; and which, though now holding
+mainly to northward, is still given to be erratic, and destructive
+on the eastern low grounds,--had not the Frankfurters built an
+'Oder-Dam' on that side; a broad strong Earth-mound, running for
+many miles, and confining its floods. Beyond the Dam there are
+traces of an 'Old Oder (ALTE ODER);' and, in fact, Oder, in
+primeval and in recent time, has gone along, many-streamed;
+indenting, quarrying, leaving lakelets, quagmires, miscellaneous
+sandy tumult, at a great rate, on that eastern shore. Making of it
+one of the unloveliest scenes of chaotic desolation anywhere to be
+met with;--fallen unlovelier than ever in our own more
+recent times.
+
+"What we call the Heights of Kunersdorf is a broad Chain of Knolls;
+coming out, at right-angles, or as a kind of spur, from the eastern
+high grounds; direct towards Oder and Frankfurt.
+Mill-Hill (MUHLBERG) is the root or easternmost part of this spur.
+From the Muhlberg, over Kunersdorf, to Oder-Dam, which is the whole
+length of the spur, or Chain of Knolls, will be little short of
+four miles; the breadth of the Chain is nowhere one mile,--which is
+its grand defect as a Camp: 'too narrow for manoeuvring in.'
+Here, atop and on the three sides of this Block of Knolls, was
+fought the furious Battle of Kunersdorf [to be fought to-morrow],
+one of the most furious ever known. A Block of Knolls memorable
+ever since.
+
+"To all appearance: it was once some big Island or chain of Islands
+in the Oder deluges: it is still cut with sudden hollows,--KUHGRUND
+(Cow-Hollow), TIEFE WEG (Deep Way), and westernmost of all, and
+most important for us here, HOHLE GRUND (Big Hollow, let us call
+it; 'LOUDON'S Hollow' people subsequently called it);--and is
+everywhere strangely tumbled up into knolls blunt or sharp, the
+work of primeval Oder in his rages. In its highest knolls,--of
+which let readers note specially the Spitzberg, the Muhlberg, the
+Judenberg,--it rises nowhere to 150 feet; perhaps the general
+height of it may be about 100. On each side of it, especially on
+the north, the Country is of most intricate character:
+bushy, scraggy, with brooklets or muddy oozings wandering about,
+especially with a thing called the HUNERFLIESS (Hen-Floss), which
+springs in the eastern woods, and has inconceivable difficulty to
+get into Oder,--if it get at all! This was a sore Floss to
+Friedrich to-morrow. Hen-Floss struggles, painfully meandering and
+oozing, along the northern side (sometimes close, sometimes not) of
+our Chain of Knolls: along the south side of it (in our time,
+through the middle of it) goes the Highway to Reppen ["From that
+Highway will his attack come!" thought the Russians, always till
+to-day]: on the north, to Leissow, to Trettin," where Friedrich is
+now on survey, "go various wheel-tracks, but no firm road. A most
+intricate unlovely Country. Withered bent-grasses, heath, perhaps
+gorse, and on both sides a great deal of straggling Forest-wood,
+reaching eastward, and especially southward, for many miles.
+
+"For the rest," to our ill-luck in this place, "the Battlefield of
+Kunersdorf has had a peculiar fate in the world; that of being
+blown away by the winds! The then scene of things exists no longer;
+the descriptions in the Old Books are gone hopelessly
+irrecognizable. In our time, there is not anywhere a tract more
+purely of tumbled sand, than all this between Kunersdorf and Dam
+Vorstadt; and you judge, without aid of record or tradition, that
+it is greatly altered for the worse since Friedrich's time,--some
+rabbit-colony, or other the like insignificancy, eating out the
+roots, till all vegetation died, and the wind got hold and set it
+dancing;--and that, in 1759, when Russian human beings took it for
+a Camp, it must have been at least coherent, more or less;
+covered, held together by some film of scrubby vegetation;
+not blowing about in every wind as now! Kunersdorf stands with its
+northern end pushed into that KUHGRUND (Cow-Hollow); which must
+then have been a grassy place. Eastward of Kunersdorf the ground
+has still some skin of peat, and sticks together: but westward, all
+that three miles, it is a mere tumult of sand-hills, tumbled about
+in every direction (so diligent have the conies been, and then the
+winds); no gullet, or definite cut or hollow, now traceable
+anywhere, but only an endless imbroglio of twisted sand-heaps and
+sand-hollows, which continually alter in the wind-storms.
+Sand wholly, and--except the strong paved Highway that now runs
+through it (to Reppen, Meseritz and the Polish Frontier, and is
+strongly paved till it get through Kunersdorf)--chaotic wholly;
+a scene of heaped barrenness and horror, not to be matched but in
+Sahara; the features of the Battle quite blown away, and
+indecipherable in our time.
+
+"A hundred years ago, it would have some tattered skin,--of peat,
+of heather and dwarf whins, with the sand cropping out only here
+and there. So one has to figure it in Soltikof's day,--before the
+conies ruined it. Which was not till within the last sixty years,
+as appears. Kriele's Book (in 1801) still gives no hint of change:
+the KUHGRUND, which now has nothing but dry sand for the most
+industrious ruminant, is still a place of succulence and herbage in
+Kriele's time; 'Deep Way,' where 'at one point two carts could not
+pass,' was not yet blown out of existence, but has still 'a Well in
+it' for Kriele; HOHLE GRUND (since called Loudon's Hollow), with
+the Jew Hill and Jew Churchyard beyond, seem tolerable enough
+places to Kriele. Probably not unlike what the surrounding Country
+still is. A Country of poor villages, and of wild ground, flat
+generally, and but tolerably green; with lakelets, bushes, scrubs,
+and intricate meandering little runlets and oozelets; and in
+general with more of Forest so called than now is:--this is
+Kunersdorf Chain of Knolls; Soltikof's Intrenched Camp at present;
+destined to become very famous in the world, after lying so long
+obscure under Oder and its rages." [TOURIST'S NOTE (Autumnn, 1852).]
+
+From the Knolls of Trettin, that Saturday afternoon, Friedrich
+takes view of the Russian Camp. All lying bright enough there;
+from Muhlberg to Judenberg, convenient to our glass; between us and
+the evening Sun. Batteries most abundant, difficulties great:
+Soltikof just ahead here, 72,000: Loudon at the Red Grange yonder,
+on their extreme left, with 18,000 more. An uncommonly strong
+position for 90,000 against 50,000. One thing strikes Friedrich:
+On front in this northern side, close by the base of the Russian
+Camp, runs--for the present away FROM Oder, but intending to join
+it elsewhere --a paltry little Brook, "Hen-Floss" so called, with
+at least two successive Mills on it (KLEINE MUHLE, GROSSE MUHLE);
+and on the northern shore of it, spilling itself out into a wet
+waste called ELSBRUCH (Alder Waste), which is especially notable to
+Friedrich. ALDER Waste? Watery, scrubby; no passage there, thinks
+Friedrich; which his Peasant with the water-jug confirms. "Tell me,
+however," inquires Friedrich, with strictness, "From the Red Grange
+yonder, where General Loudon is, if you wished to get over to the
+HOHLE GRUND, or to the Judenberg, would you cross that Hen-Floss?"
+"It is not crossable, your Majesty; one has to go round quite
+westward by the Dam." " What, from Rothe Vorwerk to Big Hollow, no
+passage, say you; no crossing?" "None, your Majesty," insists the
+Peasant;--who is not aware that the Russians have made one of firm
+trestles and logs, and use it daily for highway there; an error of
+some interest to Friedrich within the next twenty-four hours!
+
+Friedrich himself does not know this bit of ground: but there is
+with him, besides the Peasant, a Major Linden, whose Regiment used
+to lie in Frankfurt, of whom Friedrich makes minute questioning.
+Linden answers confidently; has been over all this tract a hundred
+times; "but knows it only as a hunter," says Tempelhof, [Tempelhof,
+iii. 186.] "not as a soldier," which he ought to have done.
+His answers are supposed to have misled Friedrich on various
+points, and done him essential damage. Friedrich's view of the
+case, that evening, is by no means so despondent as might be
+imagined: he regards the thing as difficult, not as impossible,--
+and one of his anxieties is, that he be not balked of trying it
+straightway. Retiring to his hut in Bischofsee, he makes two
+Dispositions, of admirable clearness, brevity, and calculated for
+two contingencies: [Given in Tempelhof, iii. 182, 183.] That of the
+enemy retaining his now posture; and That of the enemy making off
+for Reppen;--which latter does not at all concern us, as matters
+turned! Of the former the course will unfold itself to us, in
+practice, shortly. At 2 A.M. Friedrich will be on foot again, at 3
+on march again.--The last phenomenon, at Bischofsee this night, is
+some sudden glare of disastrous light rising over the woods:--
+"Russians burning Kunersdorf!" as neighbors are sorry to hear.
+That is the finale of much Russian rearranging and tumbling, this
+day; that barbarous burning of Kunersdorf, before going to bed.
+To-morrow various other poor Villages got burnt by them, which they
+had better have left standing.
+
+The Russians, on hearing that Friedrich was across at Goritz, and
+coming on them from the north side, not from Frankfurt by the
+Reppen Highway, were in great agitation. Not thrown into terror,
+but into manifold haste, knowing what hasty adversary there was.
+Endless readjustments they have to make; a day of tumultuous
+business with the Russians, this Saturday, llth, when the news
+reached them. "They inverted their front [say all the Books but
+Friedrich's own]: Not coming by the Reppen Highway, then!" think
+they. And thereupon changed rear to front, as at Zorndorf, but more
+elaborately;--which I should not mention, were it not that hereby
+their late "right wing on the Muhlberg" has, in strict speech,
+become their "left," and there is ambiguity and discrepancy in some
+of the Books, should any poor reader take to studying them on this
+matter. Changed their front; which involves much interior changing;
+readjusting of batteries and the like. That of burning Kunersdorf
+was the barbaric winding up of all this: barbaric, and, in the
+military sense, absurd; poor Kunersdorf could have been burnt at
+any moment, if needful; and to the Russians the keeping of it
+standing was the profitable thing, as an impediment to Friedrich in
+his advance there. They have laid it flat and permeable; ashes all
+of it,--except the Church only, which is of stone; not so
+combustible, and may have uses withal. Has perhaps served as
+temporary lock-up, prison for the night, to some of those Frankfurt
+Deputations and their troublesome wailings; and may serve as
+temporary hospital to-morrow, who knows?
+
+Readjustments in the Russian Camp were manifold: but these are as
+nothing, in the tumultuous business of the day. Carting of their
+baggage, every article of value, to that safe Wagenburg in the
+River; driving of cattle,--the very driving of cattle through
+Frankfurt, endless herds of them, gathered by the Cossacks from far
+and wide, "lasted for four-and-twenty hours." Oxen in Frankfurt
+that day were at the rate of ten shillings per head. Often enough
+you were offered a full-grown young steer for a loaf of bread;
+nay the Cossacks, when there was absolutely no bidder, would
+slaughter down the animal, leave its carcass in the streets, and
+sell the hide for a TYMPF,--fivepence (very bad silver at present).
+Never before or since was seen in Frankfurt such a Saturday, for
+bellowing and braying, and raging and tumulting, all through the
+day and through the night; ushering in such a Sunday too!
+
+Sunday about 3 in the morning, Friedrich is on march again,--
+Russians still in their place; and Disposition FIRST, not SECOND at
+all, to be our rule of action! Friedrich, in Two Columns, marches
+off, eastward through the woods, as if for Reppen quite away from
+the Russians and their Muhlberg; but intending to circle round at
+the due point, and come down upon their right flank there (left
+flank, as he persists to call it), out of the woods, and clasp it
+in his arms in an impressive, unexpected way. In Two Columns;
+which are meant, as usual, to be the Two Lines of Battle: Seidlitz,
+with chosen Cavalry, is at the head of Column First, and will be
+Left Wing, were we on the ground; Eugen of Wurtemberg, closing the
+rear of Column First, will, he, or Finck and he together, be Right
+Wing. That is the order of march;--order of BATTLE, we shall find,
+had to alter itself somewhat, for reasons extremely valid!
+
+Finck with his 12,000 is to keep his present ground; to have two
+good batteries got ready, each on its knoll ahead, which shall wait
+silent in the interim: Finck to ride out reconnoitring, with many
+General Officers, and to make motions and ostentations; in a word,
+to persuade the Russians that here is the Main Army coming on from
+the north. All which Finck does; avoiding, as his orders were, any
+firing, or serious commencement of business, till the King reappear
+out of the woods. The Russians give Finck and his General Officers
+a cannon salvo, here and there, without effect, and get no answer.
+"The King does not see his way, then, after all?" think the
+Russians. Their Cossacks go scouring about; on the southern side,
+"burn Schwetig and Reipzig," without the least advantage to
+themselves: most of the Cavalry, and a regiment or two of excellent
+Austrian Grenadiers, are with Loudon, near the Red Grange, in front
+of the Russian extreme left;--but will have stept over into Big
+Hollow at a moment of crisis!
+
+The King's march, through the Forest of Reppen, was nothing like so
+expeditious as had been expected. There are thickets, intricacies,
+runlets, boggy oozes; indifferent to one man well mounted, but
+vitally important to 30,000 with heavy cannon to bring on.
+Boggy oozings especially,--there is one dirty stream or floss
+(HUNERFLIESS, Hen-Floss) which wanders dismally through those
+recesses, issuing from the far south, with dirty daughters dismally
+wandering into it, and others that cannot get into it (being of the
+lake kind): these, in their weary, circling, recircling course
+towards Oder,--FAULE LAACKE (Foul Lake, LITHER-MERE, as it were),
+Foul Bridge, Swine's Nook (SCHWEINEBUCKT), and many others,--
+occasion endless difficulty. Whether Major Linden was shot that
+day, or what became of him after, I do not know: but it was pity he
+had not studied the ground with a soldier's eye instead of a
+hunter's! Plumping suddenly, at last, upon Hen-Floss itself,
+Friedrich has to turn angularly; angularly, which occasions great
+delay: the heavy cannon (wall-guns brought from Custrin) have
+twelve horses each, and cannot turn among the trees, but have to be
+unyoked, reyoked, turned round by hand:--in short, it was eight in
+the morning before Friedrich arrived at the edge of the wood, on
+the Klosterberg, Walckberg, and other woody BERGS or knolls, within
+reach of Muhlberg, and behind the preliminary abatis there (abatis
+which was rather of service to him than otherwise);--and began
+privately building his batteries.
+
+At eight o'clock he, with Column First, which is now becoming Line
+First (CENTRE of Line First, if we reckon Finck as RIGHT-WING), is
+there; busy in that manner: Column Second, which was to have been
+Rear Line, is still a pretty way behind; and has many difficulties
+before it gets into Kunersdorf neighborhood, or can (having
+wriggled itself into a kind of LEFT-WING) co-operate on the Russian
+Position from the south side. On the north side, Finck has been
+ready these five hours.--Friedrich speeds the building of his
+batteries: "Silent, too; the Russians have not yet noticed us!"
+By degrees the Russians do notice something; shoot out Cossacks to
+reconnoitre. Cossacks in quantity; who are so insolent, and venture
+so very near, our gunners on the north battery give them a blast of
+satisfactory grape-shot; one aud then another, four blasts in all,
+satisfactory to the gunner mind,--till the King's self, with a
+look, with a voice, came galloping: "Silence, will you!"
+The Russians took no offence; still considering Finck to be the
+main thing and Friedrich some scout party,--till at last,
+
+Half-past eleven, everything being ready on the Walck Hill,
+Friedrich's batteries opened there, in a sudden and volcanic way.
+Volcanically answered by the Russians, as soon as possible;
+who have 72 guns on this Muhlberg, and are nothing loath. Upon whom
+Finck's battery is opening from the north, withal: Friedrich has 60
+cannon hereabouts; on the Walckberg, on the LITTLE Spitzberg
+(called SEIDLITZ HILL ever since); all playing diligently on the
+head and south shoulder of this Muhlberg: while Finck's battery
+opens on the north shoulder (could he but get near enough).
+Volcanic to a degree all these; nor are the Russians wanting,
+though they get more and more astonished: Tempelhof, who was in it,
+says he never, except at Torgau next Year, heard a louder
+cannonade. Loud exceedingly; and more or less appalling to the
+Russian imagination: but not destructive in proportion;
+the distance being too considerable,--"1,950 paces at the nearest,"
+as Tempelhof has since ascertained by measuring. Friedrich's two
+batteries, however, as they took the Russians in the flank or by
+enfilade, did good execution. "The Russian guns were ill-pointed;
+the Russian batteries wrong-built; batteries so built as did not
+allow them sight of the Hollow they were meant to defend."
+[Tempelhof, iii. 186, 187.]
+
+After above half an hour of this, Friedrich orders storm of the
+Muhlberg: Forward on it, with what of enfilading it has had! Eight
+grenadier Battalions, a chosen vanguard appointed for the work
+(names of Battalions all given, and deathless in the Prussian War-
+Annals), tramp forth on this service: cross the abatis, which the
+Russian grenadoes have mostly burnt; down into the Hollow.
+Steady as planets; "with a precision and coherency," says
+Tempelhof, "which even on the parade-ground would have deserved
+praises. Once well in the Hollow, they suffer nothing; though the
+blind Russian fire, going all over their heads, rages threefold:"
+suffered nothing in the Hollow; nor till they reached almost the
+brow of the Muhlberg, and were within a hundred steps of the
+Russian guns. These were the critical steps, these final ones;
+such torrents of grape-shot and musket-shot and sheer death
+bursting out, here at last, upon the Eight Battalions, as they come
+above ground. Who advanced, unwavering, all the faster,--speed
+one's only safety. They poured into the Russian gunners and
+musketry battalions one volley of choicest quality, which had a
+shaking effect; then, with level bayonets, plunge on the batteries:
+which are all empty before we can leap into them; artillery-men,
+musketeer battalions, all on wing; general whirlpool spreading.
+And so, in ten minutes, the Muhlberg and its guns are ours.
+Ever since Zorndorf, an idea had got abroad, says Tempelhof, that
+the Russians would die instead of yielding; but it proved far
+otherwise here. Down as far as Kunersdorf, which may be about a
+mile westward, the Russians are all in a whirl; at best hanging in
+tatters and clumps, their Officers struggling against the flight;
+"mixed groups you would see huddled together a hundred men deep."
+The Russian Left Wing is beaten: had we our cannon up here, our
+cavalry up here, the Russian Army were in a bad way!
+
+This is a glorious beginning; completed, I think, as far almost as
+Kunersdorf by one o'clock: and could the iron continue to be struck
+while it is at white-heat as now, the result were as good as
+certain. That was Friedrich's calculation: but circumstances which
+he had not counted on, some which he could not count on, sadly
+retarded the matter. His Left Wing (Rear Line, which should now
+have been Left Wing) from southward, his Right Wing from northward,
+and Finck farther west, were now on the instant to have
+simultaneously closed upon the beaten Russians, and crushed them
+altogether. The Right Wing, conquerors of the Muhlberg, are here:
+but neither Finck nor the Left can be simultaneous with them.
+Finck and his artillery are much retarded with the Flosses and poor
+single Bridges; and of the Left Wing there are only some Vanguard
+Regiments capable of helping ("who drove out the Russians from
+Kunersdorf Churchyard," as their first feat),--no Main Body yet for
+a long while. Such impediments, such intricacies of bog and bush!
+The entire Wing does at last get to the southeast of Kunersdorf,
+free of the wood; but finds (contrary to Linden with his hunter
+eye) an intricate meshwork of meres and straggling lakes, two of
+them in the burnt Village itself; no passing of these except on
+narrow isthmuses, which necessitate change of rank and re-change;
+and our Left Wing cannot, with all its industry, "march up,"
+that is, arrive at the enemy in fighting line, without the
+painfulest delays.
+
+And then the getting forward of our cannon! On the Muhlberg itself
+the seventy-two Russian guns, "owing to difference of calibre," or
+artillery-men know what, cannot be used by us: a few light guns,
+Tempelhof to one of them, a poor four in all, with perhaps 100 shot
+to each, did, by the King's order, hasten to the top of the
+Muhlberg; and never did Tempelhof see a finer chance for artillery
+than there. Soft sloping ground, with Russians simmering ahead of
+you, all the way down to Kunersdorf, a mile long: by horizontal
+pointing, you had such reboundings (RICOCHETS); and carried
+beautiful execution! Tempelhof soon spent his hundred shots: but it
+was not at once that any of our sixty heavy guns could be got up
+thither. Twelve horses to each: fancy it, and what baffling delays
+here and elsewhere;--and how the Russian whirlpool was settling
+more and more, in the interim! And had, in part, settled; in part,
+got through to the rear, and been replaced by fresh troops!
+
+Friedrich's activities, and suppressed and insuppressible
+impatiences in this interval, are also conceivable, though not on
+record for us. The swiftest of men; tied down, in this manner, with
+the blaze of perfect victory ahead, were the moments NOT running
+out! Slower or faster, he thinks (I suppose), the victory is his;
+and that he must possess his soul till things do arrive. It was in
+one and more of those embargoed intervals that he wrote to Berlin
+[Preuss, ii. 212 n.] (which is waiting, as if for life or death,
+the issue of this scene, sixty miles distant): "Russians beaten;
+rejoice with me!" Four successive couriers, I believe, with
+messages to that effect; and at last a Fifth with dolefully
+contrary news!--
+
+In proportion as the cannon and other necessaries gradually got in,
+the Fight flamed up from its embers more aud more: and there
+ensued,--the Russians being now ranked again (fronting eastward
+now) "in many lines," and very fierce,--a second still deadlier
+bout; Friedrich furiously diligent on their front and right flank;
+Finck, from the Alder Waste, battering and charging (uphill, and
+under difficulties from those Flosses and single Bridges) on their
+left flank. This too, after long deadly efforts on the Prussian
+part, ended again clearly in their favor; their enemies broken a
+second time, and driven not only out of Kunersdorf and the
+Kuhgrund, but some say almost to the foot of the Judenberg,--what
+can only be very partially true. Broken portions of the Russian
+left flank,--some of Finck's people, in their victorious wrath, may
+have chased these very far: but it is certain the general Russian
+mass rallied again a long way short of the Judenberg;--though, the
+ground being all obliterated by the rabbits and the winds, nobody
+can now know with exactitude where.
+
+And indeed the Battle, from this point onwards, becomes blurred and
+confused to us, only its grosser features visible henceforth.
+Where the "Big Spitzberg" was (so terribly important soon), nobody
+can now tell me, except from maps. London's motions too are
+obscure, though important. I believe his grenadiers had not yet
+been in the fire; but am certain they are now come out of Big
+Hollow; fresh for the rescue; and have taken front rank in this
+Second Rally that is made. Loudon's Cavalry Loudon himself has in
+hand, and waits with them in a fit place. He has 18,000 fresh men;
+and an eye like few others on a field of war. Loudon's 18,000 are
+fresh: of the Prussians that can by no means be said. I should
+judge it must be 3 of the afternoon. The day is windless, blazing;
+one of the hottest August days; and "nobody, for twelve hours past,
+could command a drink of water:" very fresh the poor Prussians
+cannot be! They have done two bouts of excellent fighting;
+tumbled the Russians well back, stormed many batteries; and taken
+in all 180 cannon.
+
+At this stage, it appears, Finck and many Generals, Seidlitz among
+the others, were of opinion that, in present circumstances, with
+troops so tired, and the enemy nearly certain to draw off, if
+permitted, here had been enough for one day, and that there ought
+to be pause till to-morrow. Friedrich knew well the need of rest;
+but Friedrich, impatient of things half-done, especially of
+Russians half-beaten, would not listen to this proposal; which was
+reckoned upon him as a grave and tragic fault, all the rest of his
+life; though favorable judges, who were on the ground, Tempelhof
+for one, [Tempelhof, iii. 194.] are williug to prove that pausing
+here--at the point we had really got to, a little beyond the
+Kuhgrund, namely; and not a couple of miles westward, at the foot
+of the Jew Hill, where vague rumor puts us--was not feasible or
+reasonable. Friedrich considers with himself, "Our left wing has
+hardly yet been in fire!" calls out the entire left wing, foot and
+horse: these are to emerge from their meshwork of Lakes about
+Kunersdorf, and bear a hand along with us on the Russian front
+here,--especially to sweep away that raging Battery they have on
+the Big Spitzberg, and make us clear of it. The Big Spitzberg lies
+to south and ahead of the Russian right as now ranked;
+fatally covers their right flank, and half ruins the attack in
+front. Big Spitzberg is blown irrecognizable in our time; but it
+was then an all-important thing.
+
+The left-wing Infantry thread their lake-labyrinth, the soonest
+possible; have to rank again on the hither side, under a tearing
+fire from that Spitzberg; can then at last, and do, storm onwards,
+upwards; but cannot, with their best efforts, take the Spitzberg:
+and have to fall back under its floods of tearing case-shot, and
+retire out of range. To Friedrich's blank disappointment: "Try it
+you, then, Seidlitz; you saved us at Zorndorf!" Seidlitz, though it
+is an impossible problem to storm batteries with horse, does charge
+in for the Russian flank, in spite of its covering battery: but the
+torrents of grape-shot are insufferable; the Seidlitz people, torn
+in gaps, recoil, whirl round, and do not rank again till beyond the
+Lakes of Kunersdorf. Seidlitz himself has got wounded, and has had
+to be carried away.
+
+And, in brief, from this point onwards all goes aback with the
+Prussians more and more. Repeated attempts on that Spitzberg
+battery prove vain; to advance without it is impossible.
+Friedrich's exertions are passionate, almost desperate;
+rallying, animating, new-ordering; everywhere in the hottest of the
+fire. "Thrice he personally led on the main attack." He has had two
+horses shot down under him; mounting a third, this too gets a
+bullet in an artery of the neck, and is about falling, when two
+Adjutants save the King. In his waistcoat-pocket some small gold
+case (ETUI) has got smitten flat by a bullet, which would otherwise
+have ended matters. The people about him remonstrate on such
+exposure of a life beyond value; he answers curtly, "We must all of
+us try every method here, to win the Battle: I, like every other,
+must stand to my duty here!" These, and a second brief word or two
+farther on, are all of articulate that we hear from him this day.
+
+Friedrich's wearied battalions here on the Heights, while the
+Spitzberg to left goes so ill, fight desperately; but cannot 
+prevail farther; and in spite of Friedrich's vehement rallyings 
+and urgings, gradually lose ground,--back at last to Kunersdorf and
+the Kuhgrund again. The Loudon grenadiers, and exclaimed masses of
+fresh Russians, are not to be broken, but advance and advance.
+Fancy the panting death-labors, and spasmodic toilings and
+bafflings, of those poor Prussians and their King! Nothing now
+succeeding; the death-agony now come; all hearts growing hopeless;
+only one heart still seeing hope. The Spitzberg is impossible;
+tried how often I know not. Finck, from the Alder Waste, with his
+Infantry, attacks, and again attacks; without success: "Let the
+Cavalry go round, then, and try there. Seidlitz we have not;
+you Eugen of Wurtemberg lead them!" Eugen leads them (cuirassiers,
+or we will forget what); round by the eastern end of the Muhlberg;
+then westward, along the Alder Waste; finally southward, against
+the Russian flank, himself foremost, and at the gallop for
+charging:--Eugen, "looking round, finds his men all gone," and has
+to gallop the other way, gets wounded to boot. Puttkammer, with
+Hussars, then tried it; Puttkammer was shot dead, and his Hussars
+too could do nothing.
+
+Back, slowly back, go the Prussians generally, nothing now succeeds
+with them. Back to the Kuhgrund again; fairly over the steep brow
+there; the Russians serrying their ranks atop, rearranging their
+many guns. There, once more, rose frightful struggle;
+desperate attempt by the fordone Prussians to retake that Height.
+"Lasted fifteen minutes, line to line not fifty yards asunder;"
+such musketry,--our last cartridges withal. Ardent Prussian parties
+trying to storm up; few ever getting to the top, none ever standing
+there alive one minute. This was the death-agony of the Battle.
+Loudon, waiting behind the Spitzberg, dashes forward now, towards
+the Kuhgrund and our Left Flank. At sight of which a universal
+feeling shivers through the Prussian heart, "Hope ended, then!"--
+and their solid ranks rustle everywhere; and melt into one wild
+deluge, ebbing from the place as fast as it can.
+
+It is towards six o'clock; the sweltering Sun is now fallen low and
+veiled; gray evening sinking over those wastes. "N'Y A-T-IL DONC
+PAS UN BOUGRE DE BOULET QUI PUISSE M'ATTEINDREE (Is there no one
+b-- of a ball that can reach me, then)?" exclaimed Friedrich in
+despair. Such a day he had never thought to see. The pillar of the
+State, the Prussian Army itself, gone to chaos in this manner.
+Friedrich still passionately struggles, exhorts, commands, entreats
+even with tears, "Children, don't forsake me, in this pinch
+(KINDER, VERLASSET HEUTE MICH, EUREN KONIG, EUREN VATER, NICHT)!"
+[Kriele, p. 169.]--but all ears are deaf. On the Muhlberg one
+regiment still stood by their guns, covering the retreat. But the
+retreat is more and more a flight; "no Prussian Army was ever seen
+in such a state." At the Bridges of that Hen-Floss, there was such
+a crowding, all our guns got jammed; and had to be left, 165 of
+them of various calibre, and the whole of the Russian 180 that were
+once in our hands. Had the chase been vigorous, this Prussian Army
+had been heard of no more. But beyond the Muhlberg, there was
+little or no pursuit; through the wood the Army, all in chaos, but
+without molestation otherwise, made for its Oder Bridges by the way
+it had come. [Tempelhof, iii. 179-200; Retzow, ii. 80-115:
+in Seyfarth, <italic> Beylagen, <end italic> ii. 589-598, <italic>
+Bericht von der am 12 August, 1759 bey Kunersdorf vorgefallenen
+Schlacht <end italic> (Official); and IB. 598-603, <italic>
+Beschreibung der &c. <end italic> (by a Private Hand): lucidly
+accurate both.]
+
+Friedrich was among the last to quit the ground. He seemed
+stupefied by the excess of his emotions; in no haste to go;
+uncertain whether he would go at all. His adjutants were about him,
+and a small party of Ziethen Hussars under Captain Prittwitz.
+Wild swarms of Cossacks approached the place. "PRITTWITZ, ICH BIN
+VERLOREN (Prittwitz, I am lost)!" remarked he. "NEIN, IHRO
+MAJESTAT!" answered Prittwitz with enthusiasm; charged fiercely, he
+and his few, into the swarms of Cossacks; cut them about, held them
+at bay, or sent them else-whither, while the Adjutants seized
+Friedrich's bridle, and galloped off with him. At OEtscher and the
+Bridges, Friedrich found of his late Army not quite 3,000 men.
+Even Wunsch is not there till next morning. Wunsch with his Party
+had, early in the afternoon, laid hold of Frankfurt, as ordered;
+made the garrison prisoners, blocked the Oder Bridge;
+poor Frankfurt tremulously thanking Heaven for him, and for such an
+omen. In spite of their Wagenburg and these Pontoon-Bridges, it
+appears, there would have been no retreat for the Russians except
+into Wunsch's cannon: Wagenburg way, latish in the afternoon, there
+was such a scramble of runaways and retreating baggage, all was
+jammed into impassability; scarcely could a single man get through.
+In case of defeat, the Russian Army would have had no chance but
+surrender or extermination. [Tempelhof, iii. 194: in Retzow (ii.
+110) is some dubious traditionary stuff on the matter.] At dark,
+however, Wunsch had summons, so truculent in style, he knew what it
+meant; and answering in words peremptorily, "No" with a like
+emphasis, privately got ready again, and at midnight disappeared.
+Got to Reitwein without accident.
+
+Friedrich found at OEtscher nothing but huts full of poor wounded
+men, and their miseries and surgeries;--he took shelter, himself,
+in a hut "which had been plundered by Cossacks" (in the past days),
+but which had fewer wounded than others, and could be furnished
+with some bundles of dry straw. Kriele has a pretty Anecdote, with
+names and particulars, of two poor Lieutenants, who were lying on
+the floor, as he entered this hut. They had lain there for many
+hours; the Surgeons thinking them desperate; which Friedrich did
+not. "ACH KINDER, Alas, children, you are badly wounded, then?"
+"JA, your Majesty: but how goes the Battle?" (Answer, evasive on
+this point): "Are you bandaged, though? Have you been let blood?"
+"NEIN, EUER MAJESTAT, KEIN TEUFEL WILL UNS VERBINDEN (Not a devil
+of them would bandage us)!" Upon which there is a Surgeon instantly
+brought; reprimanded for neglect: "Desperate, say you? These are
+young fellows; feel that hand, and that; no fever there: Nature in
+such cases does wonders!" Upon which the leech had to perform his
+function; and the poor young fellows were saved,--and did new
+fighting, and got new wounds, and had Pensions when the War ended.
+[Kriele, pp. 169, 170; and in all the Anecdote-Books.] This appears
+to have been Friedrich's first work in that hut at OEtscher.
+Here next is a Third Autograph to Finkenstein, written in that hut,
+probably the first of several Official things there:--
+
+
+THE KING TO GRAF VAN FINKENSTEIN (at Berlin): Third Note.
+
+OETSCHER, "12th August," 1759.
+
+"I attacked the Enemy this morning about eleven; we beat him back
+to the JUDENKIRCHHOF (Jew Churchyard,"--a mistake, but now of no
+moment), "near Frankfurt. All my troops came into action, and have
+done wonders. I reassembled them three times; at length, I was
+myself nearly taken prisoner; and we had to quit the Field. My coat
+is riddled with bullets, two horses were killed under me;--my
+misfortune is, that I am still alive. Our loss is very
+considerable. Of an Army of 48,000 men, I have, at this moment
+while I write, not more than 3,000 together; and am no longer
+master of my forces. In Berlin you will do well to think of your
+safety. It is a great calamity; and I will not survive it:
+the consequences of this Battle will be worse than the Battle
+itself. I have no resources more; and, to confess the truth, I hold
+all for lost. I will not survive the destruction of my Country.
+Farewell forever (ADIEU POUR JAMAIS).--F." [In orig. "CE 12," no
+other date (<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xxv. 306).]
+
+Another thing, of the same tragic character, is that of handing
+over this Army to Finck's charge. Order there is to Finck of that
+tenor: and along with it the following notable Autograph,--a
+Friedrich taking leave both of Kingship and of life. The Autograph
+exists; but has no date,--date of the Order would probably be still
+OETSCHER, 12th AUGUST; date of the Autograph, REITWEIN (across the
+River), next day.
+
+    FRIEDRICH TO LIEUT.-GENERAL FINCK (at OEtscher or Reitwein).
+
+"General Finck gets a difficult commission; the unlucky Army which
+I give up to him is no longer in condition to make head against the
+Russians. Haddick will now start for Berlin, perhaps Loudon too;
+if General Finck go after these, the Russians will fall on his
+rear; if he continue on the Oder, he gets Haddick on his flank (SO
+KRIGT ER DEN HADEK DISS SEIT):--however, I believe, should Loudon
+go for Berlin, he might attack Loudon, and try to beat him: this,
+if it succeeded, would be a stand against misfortune, and hold
+matters up. Time gained is much, in these desperate circumstances.
+The news from Torgau and Dresden, Coper my Secretary (COPER MEIN
+SEGRETER," kind of lieutenant to Eichel [See Preuss, i. 349, iii.
+442.]) "will send him. You (ER) must inform my Brother [Prince
+Henri] of everything; whom I have declared Generalissimo of the
+Army. To repair this bad luck altogether is not possible: but what
+my Brother shall command, must be done:--the Army swears to my
+Nephew [King henceforth].
+
+"This is all the advice, in these unhappy circumstances, I am in a
+condition to give. Had I still had resources, I would have stayed
+by them (SO WEHRE ICH DARBEI GEBLIEBEN).
+
+"FRIEDRICH"
+[Exact Copy, two exact copies, in PREUSS (i. 450, and again,
+ii. 215).]
+
+All this done, the wearied Friedrich flung himself into his truss
+of dry straw; and was seen sound asleep there, a single sentry at
+the door, by some high Generals that ventured to look in. On the
+morrow he crossed to Reitwein; by to-morrow night, there had 23,000
+of his fugitives come in to him;--but this is now to be Finck's
+affair, not his! That day, too (for the Paper seems to be
+misdated), he signed, and despatched to Schmettau, Commandant in
+Dresden, a Missive, which proved more fatal than either of the
+others; and brought, or helped to bring, very bitter fruits for
+him, before long:--
+
+TO LIEUTENANT-GENERAL VON SCHMETTAU (at Dresden).
+
+"REITWEIN, 14th [probably 13th] August, 1759.
+
+"You will perhaps have heard of the Check [L'ECHEC, Kunersdorf to
+wit!] I have met with from the Russian Army on the 13th [12th, if
+you have the Almanac at hand] of this month. Though at bottom our
+affairs in regard to the Enemy here are not desperate, I find I
+shall not now be able to make any detachment for your assistance.
+Should the Austrians attempt anything against Dresden, therefore,
+you will see if there are means of maintaining yourself;
+failing which, it will behoove you to try and obtain a favorable
+Capitulation,--to wit, Liberty to withdraw, with the whole
+Garrison, Moneys, Magazines, Hospital and all that we have at
+Dresden, either to Berlin or else-whither, so as to join some Corps
+of my Troops.
+
+"As a fit of illness [MALADIE, alas!] has come on me,--which I do
+not think will have dangerous results,--I have for the present left
+the command of my Troops to Lieutenant-General von Finck;
+whose Orders you are to execute as if coming to you directly from
+myself. On this I pray God to have you in his holy and worthy
+keeping.--F." [Preuss, ii. <italic> Urkundenbuch, <end italic>
+p. 43.]
+
+At Berlin, on this 13th,--with the Five Couriers coming in
+successively (and not in the order of their despatch, but the fatal
+Fifth arriving some time AHEAD of the Fourth, who still spoke of
+progress and victory),--there was such a day as Sulzer (ACH MEIN
+LIEBER SULZER!) had never seen in the world. "'Above 50,000 human
+beings on the Palace Esplanade and streets about;' swaying hither
+and thither, in agony of expectation, in alternate paroxysm of joy
+and of terror and woe; often enough the opposite paroxysms
+simultaneous in the different groups, and men crushed down in
+despair met by men leaping into the air for very gladness:" Sulzer
+(whose sympathy is of very aesthetic type) "would not, for any
+consideration, have missed such a scene." [<italic> Briefe der
+Schweitzer Bodmer, Sulzer, Gessner; aus Gleim's literarischen
+Nachlasse: herausgegeben von Wilhelm Korte <end italic> (Zurich,
+1804), pp. 316-319.] The "scene" is much obliged to you,
+MEIN LIEBER!--
+
+Practically we find, in Rodenbeck, or straggling elsewhere, this
+Note: "On the day after Kunersdorf, Queen and Court fly to
+Magdeburg: this is their second flight. Their first was on
+Haddick's Visit, October, 1757; but after Rossbach they soon
+returned, and Berlin and the Court were then extremely gay:
+different gentlemen, French and others of every Nation, fallen
+prisoners, made the Queen's soirees the finest in the world for
+splendor and variety, at that time." [Rodenbeck, i. 390; &c. &c.]
+
+One other Note we save, for the sake of poor Major Kleist, "Poet of
+the Spring," as he was then called. A valiant, punctual Soldier,
+and with a turn for Literature as well; who wrote really pleasant
+fine things, new at that time and rapturously welcome, though too
+much in the sentimental vein for the times which have followed.
+Major Kleist,--there is a General Kleist, a Colonel Kleist of the
+Green Hussars (called GRUNE Kleist, a terrible cutting fellow):--
+this is not Grune Kleist; this is the Poet of THE SPRING;
+whose fate at Kunersdorf made a tragic impression in all
+intelligent circles of Teutschland. Here is Kriele's Note
+(abridged):--
+
+"Christian Ewald von Kleist, 'Poet of the Spring' [a Pommern
+gentleman, now in his forty-fourth year], was of Finck's Division;
+had come on, after those Eight Battalions took the first Russian
+battery [that is, Muhlberg]; and had been assisting, with zeal, at
+the taking of three other batteries, regardless of twelve
+contusions, which he gradually got. At the third battery, he was
+farther badly hurt on the left arm and the right. Took his
+Colonel's place nevertheless, whom he now saw fall; led the
+regiment MUTHIG forward on the fourth battery. A case-shot smashed
+his right leg to pieces; he fell from his horse [hour not given,
+shall we say 3 P.M.]; sank, exclaiming: 'KINDER, My children, don't
+forsake your King!' and fainted there. Was carried to rear and
+leftward; laid down on some dry spot in the Elsbruch, not far from
+the Kuhgrund, and a Surgeon brought. The Surgeon, while examining,
+was torn away by case-shot: Kleist lay bleeding without help.
+A friend of his, Pfau [who told Kriele], one of Finck's Generals,
+came riding that way: Kleist called to him; asked how the Battle
+went; uncommonly glad to hear we are still progressive.
+Pfau undertook, and tried his utmost, for a carriage to Kleist;
+did send one of Finck's own carriages; but after such delays that
+the Prussians were now yielding: poor Kleist's had become Russian
+ground, and the carriage could not get in.
+
+"Kleist lay helpless; no luck worse than his. In the evening,
+Cossacks came round him; stript him stark-naked; threw him, face
+foremost, into the nearest swampy place, and went their way. One of
+these devils had something so absurd and Teniers-like in the face
+of him, that Kleist, in his pains, could not help laughing at
+remembrance of it. In the night some Russian Hussars, human and not
+Cossack, found Kleist in this situation; took him to a dry place;
+put a cloak over him, kindled a watch-fire for themselves, and gave
+him water and bread. Towards morning they hastened away, throwing
+an 8-GROSCHEN STUCK [ninepenny piece, shilling, say half-crown] on
+his cloak,--with human farewell. But Cossacks again came;
+again stript him naked and bare. Towards noon of the 13th, Kleist
+contrived to attract some Russian Cavalry troop passing that way,
+and got speech of the Captain (one Fackelberg, a German); who at
+once set about helping him;--and had him actually sent into
+Frankfurt, in a carriage, that evening. To the House of a Professor
+Nikolai; where was plenty of surgery and watchful affection.
+After near thirty hours of such a lair, his wounds seemed still
+curable; there was hope for ten days. In the tenth night (22d-23d
+August), the shivered pieces of bone disunited themselves; cut an
+artery,--which, after many trials, could not be tied. August 24th,
+at two in the morning, he died.--Great sorrow. August 26th, there
+was soldier's funeral; poor Kleist's coffin borne by twelve Russian
+grenadiers; very many Russian Officers attending, who had come from
+the Camp for that end; one Russian Staff-Officer of them unbuckling
+his own sword to lay on the bier, as there was want of one.
+King Friedrich had Kleist's Portrait hung in the Garnison Kirche.
+Freemason Lodge, in 1788, set up a monument to him," [Kriele, pp.
+39-43.]--which still stands on the Frankfurt pavement, and is now
+in sadly ruinous state.
+
+The Prussian loss, in this Battle, was, besides all the cannon and
+field-equipages: 6,000 killed, 13,000 wounded (of which latter,
+2,000 badly, who fell to the Russians as prisoners); in all, about
+19,000 men. Nor was the Russian loss much lighter; of Russians and
+Austrians together, near 18,000, as Tempelhof counts: "which will
+not surprise your Majesty," reports Soltikof to his Czarina;
+"who are aware that the King of Prussia sells his defeats at a dear
+rate." And privately Soltikof was heard to say, "Let me fight but
+another such Victory, and I may go to Petersburg with the news of
+it myself, with the staff in my hand." The joy at Petersburg,
+striving not to be braggart or immodest, was solemn, steady and
+superlative: a great feat indeed for Russia, this Victory over such
+a King,--though a kind of grudge, that it was due to Loudon, dwelt,
+in spite of Loudon's politic silence on that point, unpleasantly in
+the background. The chase they had shamefully neglected. It is
+said, certain Russian Officers, who had charge of that business
+stept into a peasant's cottage to consult on it; contrived somehow
+to find tolerable liquor there; and sat drinking instead. [Preuss,
+ii. 217.]
+
+
+
+Chapter V.
+
+SAXONY WITHOUT DEFENCE: SCHMETTAU SURRENDERS DRESDEN.
+
+Friedrich's despair did not last quite four days. On the fourth
+day,--day after leaving Reitwein,--there is this little Document,
+which still exists, of more comfortable tenor: "My dear Major-
+General von Wunsch,--Your Letter of the 16th to Lieutenant-General
+von Finck punctually arrived here: and for the future, as I am now
+recovered from my illness, you have to address your Reports
+directly to Myself.--F." ["Madlitz," on the road to Furstenwalde,
+"17th August:" in Preuss, <italic> Friedrich der Grosse; eine
+historische Portrait-Skizze <end italic> (kind of LECTURE, so let
+us call it, if again citing it; Lecture delivered, on Friedrich's
+Birthday, to Majesty and Staff-Officers as Audience, Berlin, 24th
+January, 1855), p. 18.] Finding that, except Tottleben warily
+reconnoitring with a few Cossacks, no Russians showed themselves at
+Reitwein; that the Russians were encamping and intrenching on the
+Wine-Hills south of Frankfurt, not meaning anything immediate,--he
+took heart again; ranked his 23,000; sent for General Kleist from
+Pommern with his Anti-Swedish handful (leave the Swedes alone, as
+usual in time of crisis); considered that artilleries and
+furnishings could come to him from Berlin, which is but 60 miles;
+that there still lay possibility ahead, and that, though only a
+miracle could save him, he would try it to the very last.
+
+A great relief, this of coming to oneself again! "Till death,
+then;--rage on, ye elements and black savageries!" Friedrich's
+humor is not despondent, now or afterwards; though at this time it
+is very sad, very angry, and, as it were, scorning even to hope:
+but he is at all times of beautifully practical turn; and has, in
+his very despair, a sobriety of eyesight, and a fixed steadiness of
+holding to his purpose, which are of rare quality. His utterances
+to D'Argens, about this time and onward,--brief hints, spontaneous,
+almost unconscious,--give curious testimony of his glooms and moody
+humors. Of which the reader shall see something. For the present,
+he is in deep indignation with his poor Troops, among other
+miseries. "Actual running away!" he will have it to be; and takes
+no account of thirst, hunger, heat, utter weariness and physical
+impossibility! This lasts for some weeks. But in general there is
+nothing of this injustice to those about him. In general, nothing
+even of gloom is manifested; on the contrary, cheerfulness, brisk
+hope, a strangely continual succession of hopes (mostly illusory);
+--though, within, there is traceable very great sorrow, weariness
+and misery. A fixed darkness, as of Erebus, is grown habitual to
+him; but is strictly shut up, little of it shown to others, or
+even, in a sense, to himself. He is as a traveller overtaken by the
+Night and its tempests and rain-deluges, but refusing to pause;
+who is wetted to the bone, and does not care farther for rain.
+A traveller grown familiar with the howling solitudes; aware that
+the Storm-winds do not pity, that Darkness is the dead Earth's
+Shadow:--a most lone soul of a man; but continually toiling
+forward, as if the brightest goal and haven were near and in view.
+
+Once more the world was certain of Friedrich's ruin;--Friedrich
+himself we have seen certain of it, for some few desperate hours:--
+but the world and he, as had been repeatedly the world's case, were
+both disappointed. Intrinsically there could be little doubt but
+Friedrich's enemies might now have ruined him, had they been
+diligent about it. Now again, and now more than ever, they have the
+winning-post in sight. At small distance is the goal and purpose of
+all these four years' battlings and marchings, and ten years'
+subterranean plottings and intriguings. He himself says
+deliberately, "They had only to give him the finishing stroke
+(COUP-DE-GRACE)." [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic>
+v. 20.] But they never gave him that stroke; could not do it,
+though heartily desirous. Which was, and is, matter of surprise to
+an observant public.
+
+The cause of failure may be considered to have been, in good part,
+Daun and his cunctations. Daun's zeal was unquestionable;
+ardent and continual is Daun's desire to succeed: but to try it at
+his own risk was beyond his power. He expected always to succeed by
+help of others: and to show them an example, and go vigorously to
+work himself, was what he never could resolve on. Could play only
+Fabius Cunctator, it would seem; and never was that part less
+wanted than now! Under such a Chief Figure, the "incoherency of
+action," instead of diminishing, as Friedrich had feared, rose
+daily towards its maximum; and latterly became extreme. The old
+Lernean Hydra had many heads; but they belonged all to one body.
+The many heads of this Anti-Friedrich Hydra had withal each its own
+body, and separate set of notions and advantages. Friedrich was at
+least a unity; his whole strength going one way, and at all
+moments, under his own sole command. The value of this circumstance
+is incalculable; this is the saving-clause of Pitt and his England
+(Pitt also a despotic sovereign, though a temporary one);
+this, second only to Friedrich's great gifts from Nature, and the
+noble use he makes of them, is above all others the circumstance
+that saved him in such a duel with the Hydras.
+
+On the back of Kunersdorf, accordingly, there was not only no
+finishing stroke upon Friedrich, but for two months no stroke or
+serious attempt whatever in those neighborhoods where Friedrich is.
+There are four Armies hereabouts: The Grand Russian, hanging by
+Frankfurt; Friedrich at Furstenwalde (whitherward he marched from
+Reitwein August 16th), at Furstenwalde or farther south, guarding
+Berlin;--then, unhurt yet by battle of any kind, there are the
+Grand Daunish or Mark-Lissa Army, and Prince Henri's of
+Schmottseifen. Of which latter Two the hitchings and manoeuvrings
+from time to time become vivid, and never altogether cease; but in
+no case come to anything. Above two months' scientific flourishing
+of weapons, strategic counter-dancing; but no stroke struck, or
+result achieved, except on Daun's part irreparable waste of time:--
+all readers would feel it inhuman to be burdened with any notice of
+such things. One march of Prince Henri's, which was of a famous and
+decisive character, we will attend to, when it comes, that is, were
+the end of September at hand; the rest must be imagined as a
+general strategic dance in those frontier parts,--Silesia to
+rearward on one side, the Lausitz and Frankfurt on the other,--and
+must go on, silently for most part, in the background of the
+reader's fancy. Indeed, Saxony is the scene of action;
+Friedrich, Henri, Soltikof, Daun, comparatively inactive for the
+next six weeks and more.
+
+Some days before Kunersdorf, Daun personally, with I will forget
+how many thousands, had made a move to northward from Mark-Lissa,
+60 miles or so, through Sagan Country; and lies about Priebus,
+waiting there ever since. Priebus is some 40 miles north of
+Gorlitz, about 60 west of Glogau, south of Frankfurt 80. This is
+where the Master-Smith, having various irons in the fire, may be
+handiest for clutching them out, and forging at them, as they
+become successively hot. Daun, as Master-Smith, has at least three
+objects in view. The FIRST is, as always, Reconquest of Silesia:
+this is obstructed by Prince Henri, who sits, watchful on the
+threshold, at Schmottseifen yonder. The SECOND is, as last year,
+Capture of Dresden: which is much the more feasible at present,--
+there being, except the Garrisons, no Prussian force whatever in
+Saxony; and a Reichs Army now actually there at last, after its
+long haggling about its Magazines; and above all, a Friedrich with
+his hands full elsewhere. To keep Friedrich's hands full,--in other
+words, to keep the Russians sticking to him,--that is the THIRD
+object: or indeed we may call it the first, second and third;
+for Daun is well aware that unless Soltikof can manage to keep
+Friedrich busy, Silesia, Saxony and all else becomes impossible.
+
+Ever since the fortunate junction of Loudon with Soltikof, Daun has
+sat, and still sits, expectant; elaborately calculative, gathering
+Magazines in different parts, planting out-parties, this way, that
+way, with an eye to these three objects, all or each,--especially
+to the third object, which he discerns to be all AND each. Daun was
+elaborately calculative with these views: but to try any military
+action, upon Prince Henri for example, or bestir himself otherwise
+than in driving provender forward, and marching detachments hither
+and thither to the potentially fit and fittest posts, was not in
+Daun's way,--so much the worse for Daun, in his present course
+of enterprise.
+
+Prince Henri had lain quiet at Schmottseifen, waiting his Brother's
+adventure; did not hear the least tidings of him till six days
+after Kunersdorf, and then only by rumor; hideous, and, though
+still dubious, too much of it probable! On the very day of
+Kunersdorf, Henri had begun effecting some improvements on his
+right flank,--always a sharply strategic, most expert creature,--
+and made a great many motions, which would be unintelligible here.
+[Detailed, every fibre of them (as is the soul-confusing custom
+there), in Tempelhof, iii. 228 et seq.] Henri feels now that upon
+him lies a world of duties; and foremost of all, the instant duty
+of endeavoring to open communication with his Brother.
+Many marches, in consequence; much intricate marching and
+manoeuvring between Daun and him: of which, when we come to Henri's
+great March (of 25th September), there may be again some hint.
+
+For the present, let readers take their Map, and endeavor to fix
+the following dates and localities in their mind. Here, in summary,
+are the King's various Marches, and Two successive Encampments, two
+only, during those Six Weeks of forced inaction, while he is
+obliged to stand watching the Russians, and to witness so many
+complicacies and disasters in the distance; which he struggles much
+and fruitlessly to hinder or help:--
+
+ENCAMPMENT 1st (Furstenwalde, August 18th-30th). Friedrich left
+Reitwein AUGUST 16th; 17th, he is at Madlitz [Note to Wunsch
+written there, which we read]; 18th, to Furstenwalde, and encamp.
+Furstenwalde is on the Spree, straight between Frankfurt and
+Berlin; 25 miles from the former, 35 from the latter. Here for near
+a fortnight. At first, much in alarm about the Russians and Berlin;
+but gradually ascertaining that the Russians intend nothing.
+
+"In effect, all this while Soltikof lay at Lossow, 10 miles south
+of Frankfurt, with his right on Oder; totally motionless, inactive,
+except listening, often rather gloomily, to Daun's and
+Montalembert's suasive eloquences and advices,--and once, August
+22d, in the little Town of Guben, holding Conference with Daun [of
+which by and by]. In consequence of which, AUGUST 28th, Soltikof
+and his Russians and Austrians got under way again; southward, but
+only a few marches: first to Mullrose, then to Lieberose:--whom,
+the instant he heard of their movements, Friedrich, August 30th,
+hastened to follow; but had not to follow very far.
+Whereupon ensues
+
+"ENCAMPMENT SECOND (Waldau, till September 15th). AUGUST 30th,
+Friedrich, we say, rose from Furstenwalde; hastened to follow this
+Russian movement, and keep within wind of it: up the valley of the
+Spree; first to Mullrose neighborhood [where the Russians,
+loitering some time, spoiled the canal-locks of the Friedrich-
+Wilhelm Canal, if nothing more],--thence to Lieberose neighborhood;
+Waldau, the King's new place of encampment,--Waldau, with Spree
+Forest to rear of it: silent both parties till September 15th, when
+Soltikof did fairly march, not towards Berlin, but quite in the
+opposite direction."
+
+By the middle of September, when the Russians did get on foot, and
+moved eastward; especially on and after September 25th, when Henri
+made his famous March westward; then it will behoove us to return
+to Friedrich and these localities. For the present we must turn to
+Saxony, where, and not here, the scene of action is. Take, farther,
+only the following bits of Note, which will now be readable.
+First, these Utterances to D'Argens; direct glimpses into the
+heavy-laden, indeed hag-ridden and nearly desperate inner man of
+Friedrich, during the first three weeks after his defeat
+at Kunersdorf:--
+
+
+THE KING TO MARQUIS D'ARGENS (at Berlin): Six Notes.
+
+1. "MADLITZ [road from Reitwein to Furstenwalde], 16th AUGUST,
+1759. We have been unfortunate, my dear Marquis; but not, by my
+fault. The victory was ours, and would even have been a complete
+one, when our infantry lost patience, and at the wrong moment
+abandoned the field of battle. The enemy to-day is on march to
+Mullrose, to unite with Haddick [not to Mullrose for ten days yet;
+Haddick had already got united with THEM]. The Russian infantry is
+almost totally destroyed. Of my own wrecks, all that I have been
+able to assemble amounts to 32,000 men; with these I am pushing on
+to throw myself across the enemy's road, and either perish or save
+the Capital. That is not what you [you Berliners] will call a
+deficiency of resolution.
+
+"For the event I cannot answer. If I had more lives than one, I
+would sacrifice them all to my Country. But if this stroke fail, I
+think I am clear-scores with her, and that it will be permissible
+to look a little to myself. There are limits to everything.
+I support my misfortune; courage not abated by it: but I am well
+resolved, after this stroke, if it fail, to open an outgate for
+myself [that small glass tube which never quits me], and no longer
+be the sport of any chance."
+
+2. Furstenwalde, 20th AUGUST. ... "Remain at Berlin, or retire to
+Potsdam; in a little while there will come some catastrophe: it is
+not fit that you suffer by it. If things take a good turn, you can
+be back to Berlin [from Potsdam] in four hours. If ill-luck still
+pursue us, go to Hanover or to Zelle, where you can provide for
+your safety.
+
+"I protest to you, that in this late Action I did what was humanly
+possible to conquer; but my people"--Oh, your Majesty!
+
+3. FURSTENWALDE, 21st AUGUST. ... "The enemy is intrenching himself
+near Frankfurt; a sign he intends no attempt. If you will do me the
+pleasure to come out hither, you can in all safety. Bring your bed
+with you; bring my Cook Noel; and I will have you a little chamber
+ready. You will be my consolation and my hope."--
+
+This day,--let readers mark the circumstance,--Friedrich, in better
+spirits, detaches Wunsch with some poor 6,000, to try if he can be
+of help in Saxony; where the Reichs Army, now arrived in force, and
+with nothing whatever in the field against them, is taking all the
+Northward Garrison-Towns, and otherwise proceeding at a high rate.
+Too possibly with an eye towards Dresden itself! Wunsch sets out
+August 21st. [Tempelhof, iii. 211.] And we shall hear of him in
+those Saxon Countries before long.
+
+4. FURSTENWALDE, 22d AUGUST. "Yesterday I wrote to you to come;
+but to-day I forbid it. Daun is at Kotbus; he is marching on Luben
+and Berlin [nothing like so rash!].--Fly these unhappy Countries!--
+This news obliges me again to attack the Russians between here and
+Frankfurt. You may imagine if this is a desperate resolution. It is
+the sole hope that remains to me, of not being cut off from Berlin
+on the one side or the other. I will give the discouraged troops
+some brandy"--alas!--"but I promise myself nothing of success.
+My one consolation is, that I shall die sword in hand."
+
+5. SAME PLACE AND DAY (after a Letter FROM D'Argens). "You make the
+panegyric, MON CHER, of an Army that does not deserve any.
+The soldiers had good limbs to run with, none to attack the enemy.
+[Alas, your Majesty; after fifteen hours of such marching
+and fighting!]
+
+"For certain I will fight; but don't flatter yourself about the
+event. A happy chance alone can help us. Go, in God's name, to
+Tangermunde [since the Royal Family went, D'Argens and many
+Berliners are thinking of flight], to Tangermunde, where you will
+be well; and wait there how Destiny shall have disposed of us.
+I will go to reconnoitre the enemy to-morrow. Next day, if there is
+anything to do, we will try it. But if the enemy still holds to the
+Wine-Hills of Frankfurt, I shall never dare to attack him.
+
+"No, the torment of Tantalus, the pains of Prometheus, the doom of
+Sisyphus, were nothing like what I suffer for the last ten days
+[from Kunersdorf till now, when destruction has to be warded off
+again, and the force wanting]. Death is sweet in comparison to such
+a life. Have compassion on me and it; and believe that I still keep
+to myself a great many evil things, not wishing to afflict or
+disquiet anybody with them; and that I would not counsel you to fly
+these unlucky Countries, if I had any ray of hope.
+Adieu, MON CHER."
+
+Four days after, AUGUST 25th, from this same Furstenwalde, the
+Russians still continuing stagnant, Friedrich despatches to
+Schmettau, Commandant of Dresden (by some industrious hand, for the
+roads are all blocked), a Second Letter, "That Dresden is of the
+highest moment; that in case of Siege there, relief [Wunsch,
+namely, and perhaps more that may follow] is on the road; and that
+Schmettau must defend himself to the utmost." Let us hope this
+Second Missive may counteract the too despondent First, which we
+read above, should that have produced discouragement in Schmettau!
+[Second Letter is given in <italic> Schmettau's Leben, <end italic>
+pp. 436, 437.]--D'Argens does run to Wolfenbuttel; stays there till
+September 9th. Nothing more from Friedrich till 4th September, when
+matters are well cooled again.
+
+6. WALDAU, 4th SEPTEMBER. "I think Berlin is now in safety; you may
+return thither. The Barbarians [Russians] are in the Lausitz;
+I keep by the side of them, between them and Berlin, so that there
+is nothing to fear for the Capital. The imminency of danger is
+past; but there will still be many bad moments to get through,
+before reaching the end of the Campaign. These, however, only
+regard myself; never mind these. My martyrdom will last two months
+yet; then the snows and the ices will end it." [<italic> OEuvres de
+Frederic, <end italic> xix. 78, 82, 83, 85, 86.]
+
+Thus at Furstenwalde, then at Waldau, keeping guard, forlorn but
+resolute, against the intrusive Russian-Austrian deluges, Friedrich
+stands painfully vigilant and expectant,--still for about a
+fortnight more. With bad news coming to him latterly, as we shall
+hear. He is in those old moorland Wusterhausen Countries, once so
+well known under far other circumstances. Thirty years ago, in fine
+afternoons, we used to gallop with poor Duhan de Jandun, after
+school-tasks done, towards Mittenwalde, Furstenwalde and the furzy
+environs, far and wide; at home, our Sister and Mother waiting with
+many troubles and many loves, and Papa sleeping, Pan-like, under
+the shadow of his big tree:--Thirty years ago, ah me, gone like a
+dream is all that; and there is solitude and desolation and the
+Russian-Austrian death-deluges instead! These, I suppose, were
+Friedrich's occasional remembrances; silent always, in this
+locality and time. The Sorrows of WERTER, of the GIAOUR, of the
+Dyspeptic Tailor in multifarious forms, are recorded in a copious
+heart-rending manner, and have had their meed of weeping from a
+sympathetic Public: but there are still a good few Sorrows which
+lie wrapt in silence, and have never applied there for an idle
+tear!--Let us look now into Daun's side of things.
+
+DAUM, AFTER NEGOTIATION, HAS AN INTERVIEW WITH SOLTIKOF (at Guben,
+August 22d).--"Daun, who had moved to Priebus, with a view to be
+nearer Soltikof, had scarcely got his tent pitched there {August
+13th), when a breathless horseman rode in, with a Note from Loudon,
+dated the night before: 'King of Prussia beaten, to the very bone,
+beyond mistake this time,--utterly ruined, if one may judge!'
+What a vision of the Promised Land! Delighted Daun moves forward,
+one march, to Triebel on the morrow; to be one march nearer the
+scene of glory, and endeavor to forge this biggest of the hot irons
+to advantage.
+
+"At Triebel Soltikof's own account, elucidated by oral messengers,
+eye-witnesses, and, in short, complete conspectus of this ever
+memorable Victory, await the delighted Daun. Who despatches
+messengers, one and another; Lacy, the first, not succeeding quite:
+To congratulate with enthusiasm the most illustrious of Generals;
+who has beaten King Friedrich as none else ever did or could;
+beaten to the edge of extinction;--especially to urge him upon
+trampling out this nearly extinct King, before he gleam up again.
+Soltikof understands the congratulations very well; but as to that
+of trampling out, snorts an indignant negative: 'Nay, you, why
+don't you try it? Surely it is more your business than my Imperial
+Mistress's or mine. We have wrenched two victories from him this
+season. Kay and Kunersdorf have killed near the half of us: go you
+in, and wrench something!' This is Soltikof's logic; which no
+messenger of Daun's, Lacy or another, aided by never such melodies
+and suasions from Montalembert and Loudon, who are permanently
+diligent that way, can shake.
+
+"And truly it is irrefragable. How can Daun, if himself merely
+speculative, calculative, hope that Soltikof will continue acting?
+Men who have come to help you in a heavy job of work need example.
+If you wish me to weep, be grieved yourself first of all.
+Soltikof angrily wipes his countenance at this point, and insists
+on a few tears from Daun. Without metaphor, Soltikof has shot away
+all his present ammunition, his staff of bread is quite precarious
+in these parts; and Soltikof thinks always, 'Is it my business,
+then, or is it yours?'
+
+"Soltikof has intrenched himself on the Wine-Hills at Lossow,
+comfortably out of Friedrich's way, and contiguous to Oder and the
+provision-routes; sits there, angrily deaf to the voice of the
+charmer; nothing to be charmed out of him, but gusts of
+indignation, instead of consent. A proud, high-going, indignant
+kind of man, with a will of his own. And sees well enough what is
+what, in all this symphony of the Lacys, the Montalemberts and
+surrounding adorers. Montalembert, who is here this season, our
+French best man (unprofitable Swedes must put up with an inferior
+hand), is extremely persuasive, tries all the arts of French
+rhetoric, but effects nothing. 'To let the Austrians come in for
+the finishing stroke,---Excellence, it will be to let them gain, in
+History, a glory which is of your earning. Daun and Austria, not
+Soltikof and Russia, will be said to have extinguished this
+pestilent King; whom History will have to remember!' [Choiseul's
+Letter (not DUC de Choiseul, but COMTE, now Minister at Vienna) to
+Montalembert, "Vienna, 16th August;" and Montalembert's Answer,
+"Lieberhausen [means LIEBEROSE], 31st August, 1759:" in
+Montalembert, <italic> Correspondance, <end italic> ii. 58-65.]
+'With all my heart,' answers Soltikof; 'I make the Austrians and
+History perfectly welcome! Monsieur, my ammunition is in Posen;
+my bread is fallen scarce; in Frankfurt can you find me one horse
+more?' Indignant Soltikof is not to be taken by chaff; growls now
+and then, if you stir him to the bottom: 'Why should we, who are
+volunteer assistants, take all the burden of the work? I will fall
+back to Posen, and home to Poland and East Preussen, if this last
+much longer.'
+
+"Austria has a good deal disgusted these Soltikofs and Russian
+Chief Officers;--who are not so stupid as Austria supposes.
+Austria's steady wish is, 'Let them do their function of cat's-paw
+for us; we are here to eat the chestnuts; not, if we can help it,
+to burn our own poor fingers for them!' After every Campaign
+hitherto, Austria has been in use to raise eager accusations at
+Petersburg; and get the Apraxins, Fermors into trouble: this is not
+the way to conciliate Russian General Officers. Austria, taught
+probably by Daun, now tries the other tack: heaps Soltikof with
+eulogies, flatteries, magnificent presents. All which Soltikof
+accepts, but with a full sense of what they mean. An unmanageable
+Soltikof; his answer always,--'Your turn now to fight a victory!
+I will go my ways to Posen again, if you don't.' And, in these
+current weeks, in Soltikof's audience-room, if anybody were curious
+about it, we could present a very lively solicitation going on,
+with answers very gruff and negatory. No suasion of Montalembert,
+Lacy, and Daun Embassies, backed by diamond-hilted swords, and
+splendor of gifts from Vienna itself, able to prevail on the
+barbarous people.
+
+"Daun at length resolves to go in person; solicits an Interview
+with the distinguished Russian Conqueror; gets it, meets Soltikof
+at Guben, half-way house between Frankfurt and Triebel;
+select suite attending both Excellencies (August 22d); and exerts
+whatever rhetoric is in him on the barbarous man.
+
+
+
+The barbarous man is stiff as brass; but Daun comes into all his
+conditions: 'Saxony, Silesia,--Excellenz, we have them both within
+clutch; such our exquisite angling and manoeuvring, in concert with
+your immortal victory, which truly gives the life-breath to
+everything. Oh, suffer us to clutch them: keep that King away from
+us; and see if they are not ours, Saxony first, Silesia next!
+Provisions of meal? I will myself undertake to furnish bread for
+you [though I have to cart it from Bohemia all the way, and am
+myself terribly off; but fixed to do the impossible]; ration of
+bread shall fail no Russian man, while you escort us as protective
+friend. Towards Saxony first, where the Reichs Army is, and not a
+Prussian in the field; the very Garrisons mostly gone by this time.
+Dresden is to be besieged, within a week; Dresden itself is ours,
+if only YOU please! Come into the Lausitz with us, Magazines are
+there, loaves in abundance: Saxony done, Dresden ours, cannot we
+turn to Silesia together; besiege Glogau together (I am myself
+about trying Neisse, by Harsch again); capture Glogau as well as
+Neisse; and crown the successfulest campaign that ever was?
+Oh, Excellenz--!'"
+
+In a word, Excellenz, strictly fixing that condition of the loaves,
+consents. Will get ready to leave those Frankfurt Wine-Hills in
+about a week. "But the loaves, you recollect: no Bread, no
+Russian!" Daun returns to Triebel a victorious man,--though with an
+onerous condition incumbent. Tempelhof, minutely computing, finds
+that to cart from Bohemia such a cipher of human rations daily into
+these parts, will surpass all the vehiculatory power of Daun.
+[Tempelhof, iii. 225.]'
+
+
+THE "REICHS ARMY" 80 CALLED HAS ENTERED SAXONY, UNDER FINE OMENS;
+DOES SOME FEATS OF SIEGING (August 7th-23d),
+--WITH AN EYE ON DRESDEN AS THE CROWNING ONE.
+
+The Reichs Army, though it had been so tumbled about, in Spring,
+with such havoc on its magazines and preparations, could not wait
+to refit itself, except superficially; and showed face over the
+Mountains almost earlier than usual. The chance was so unique:
+a Saxony left to its mere Garrisons,--as it continued to be, for
+near two months this Year. On such golden opportunity the Reichs
+Army--first, in light mischievous precursor parties, who roamed as
+far as Halle or even as Halberstadt; then the Army itself, well or
+ill appointed, under Generalissimo the Prince von Zweibruck,--did
+come on, winding through Thuringen towards the Northwestern Towns;
+various Austrian Auxiliary-Corps making appearance on the Dresden
+side. Eight Austrian regiments, as a permanency, are in the Reichs
+Army itself. Commander, or part Commander, of the eight is (what
+alone I find noteworthy in them) "Herr General Thomas von
+Blonquet:" Irish by nation, says a foot-note; [Seyfarth, ii.
+831 n.]--sure enough some adventurous "Thomas PLUNKET," visible
+this once, soldiering, in those circumstances; never heard of by a
+sympathetic reader before or after. It was while the King was
+hunting the Haddick-Loudon people in Sagan Country in such vehement
+fashion, that Zweibruck came trumpeting into Saxony,--King, Prince
+Henri and everybody, well occupied otherwise, far away!
+
+The Reichs Army has a camp at Naumburg (Rossbach neighborhood):
+and has light troops out in Halle neighborhood; which have seized
+Halle; are very severe upon Halle, and other places thereabouts,
+till chased away. August 7th, the Reichs Army begirt Leipzig;
+summoned the weak garrison there. It is a Town capable of ruin, but
+not of defence: "Free-withdrawal," proposes the Reichs Army,--and
+upon these terms gets hold of Leipzig, for the time being.
+Leipzig, Torgau, Wittenberg; in a fortnight or less, all the
+Prussian posts in those parts fall to the Reichs Army.
+Its marchings and siegings, among those Northwestern places, not
+one of them capable of standing above a few days' siege, are worth
+no mention, except to Parish History: enough that, by little after
+the middle of August, Zweibruck had got all these places, "Free-
+withdrawal" the terms for all; and that, except it be the following
+feature in their Siege of Torgau, feature mainly Biographic, and
+belonging to a certain Colonel Wolfersdorf concerned, there is not
+one of those Sieges now worth a moment's attention from almost any
+mortal. This is the Torgau feature,--feature of human nature,
+soldiering under difficulties:--
+
+COLONEL VON WOLFERSDORF BEAUTIFULLY DEFENDS HIMSELF IN TORGAU
+(August 9th-14th). Two days after Leipzig was had, there appeared
+at Torgau a Body of Pandours, 2,000 and more; who attempted some
+kind of scalade on Torgau and its small Garrison (of 700 or so),--
+where are a Magazine, a Hospital and other properties: not capable,
+by any garrison, of standing regular siege; but important to defend
+till you have proper terms offered. The multitudinous Pandours, if
+I remember, made a rush into the Suburbs, in their usual vociferous
+way; but were met by the 700 silent Prussians,--silent except
+through their fire-arms and field-pieces,--in so eloquent a style
+as soon convinced the Pandour mind, and sent it travelling again.
+And in the evening of the same day (August 9th), Colonel
+Wolfersdorf arrives, as new Commandant, and with reinforcements,
+small though considerable in the circumstances.
+
+Wolfersdorf, one dimly gathers, had marched from Wittenberg on this
+errand; the whole force in Torgau is now of about 3,000, still with
+only field-cannon, but with a Captain over them;--who, as is
+evident, sets himself in a very earnest manner to do his utmost in
+defence of the place. Next morning Reichs General Kleefeld
+("Cloverfield"), with 6 or 8,000 Pandour and Regular, summons
+Wolfersdorf: "Surrender instantly; or--!" "We will expect you!"
+answers Wolfersdorf. Whereupon, same morning (August 10th), general
+storm; storm No. 1: beautifully handled by Wolfersdorf; who takes
+it in rear (to its astonishment), as well as in front; and sends it
+off in haste. On the morrow, Saturday, a second followed; and on
+Sunday a third; both likewise beautifully handled. This third
+storm, readers see, was "Sunday, August 12th:" a very busy stormful
+day at Torgau here,--and also, for some others of us, during the
+heats of Kunersdorf, over the horizon far away! Wolfersdorf tumbles
+back all storms; furthermore makes mischievous sallies:
+a destructive, skilled person; altogether prompt, fertile in
+expedients; and evidently is not to be managed by Kleefeld. So that
+Prince von Stolberg, Second to supreme Zweibruck himself, has to
+take it in hand. And,
+
+MONDAY, 13th, at break of day, Stolberg arrives with a train of
+battering guns and 6,000 new people; summons Wolfersdorf: "No," as
+before. Storms him, a fourth time; likewise "No," as before:
+attacks, thereupon, his Elbe Bridge, and his Redoubt across the
+River; finds a Wolfersdorf party rush destructive]y into his rear
+there. And has to withdraw, and try battering from behind the Elbe
+Dam. Continues this, violently for about two hours; till again
+Wolfersdorf, whose poor fieldpieces, the only artillery he has,
+"cannot reach so far with leaden balls" (the iron balls are done,
+and the powder itself is almost done), manages, by a flank attack,
+to quench this also. Which produces entire silence, and
+considerable private reflection, on the part of indignant Stolberg.
+Stolberg offers him the favorablest terms devisable: "Withdraw
+freely, with all your honors, all your properties; only withdraw!"
+Which Wolfersdorf, his powder and ball being in such a state of
+ebb, and no relief possible, agrees to; with stipulations very
+strict as to every particular. [In <italic> Anonymous of Hamburg
+<end italic> (iii. 350) the Capitulation, "August 14th." given
+IN EXTENSO.]
+
+COLONEL VON WOLFERSDORF WITHDRAWS, ALSO BEAUTIFULLY (August 15th).
+Accordingly, Wednesday, August 15th, at eight in the morning,
+Wolfersdorf by the Elbe Gate moves out; across Elbe Bridge, and the
+Redoubt which is on the farther shore yonder. Near this Redoubt,
+Stolberg and many of his General Officers are waiting to see him
+go. He goes in state; flags flying, music playing. Battalion
+Hessen-Cassel, followed by all our Packages, Hospital
+convalescents, King's Artillery, and whatever is the King's or
+ours, marches first. Next comes, as rear-guard to all this,
+Battalion Grollmann;--along with which is Wolfersdorf himself,
+knowing Grollmann for a ticklish article (Saxons mainly);
+followed on the heel by Battalion Hofmann, and lastly by Battalion
+Salmuth, trusty Prussians both of these.
+
+Battalion Hessen-Cassel and the Baggages are through the Redoubt,
+Prince of Stolberg handsomely saluting as saluted. But now, on
+Battalion Grollmann's coming up, Stolberg's Adjutant cries out with
+a loud voice of proclamation, many Officers repeating and
+enforcing: "Whoever is a brave Saxon, whoever is true to his
+Kaiser, or was of the Reichs Army, let him step out:
+Durchlaucht will give him protection!" At sound of which Grollmann
+quivers as if struck by electricity; and instantly begins
+dissolving;--dissolves, in effect, nearly all, and is in the act of
+vanishing like a dream! Wolfersdorf is a prompt man; and needs to
+be so. Wolfersdorf, in Olympian rage, instantly stops short;
+draws pistol: "I will shoot dead every man that quits rank!"
+vociferates he; and does, with his pistol, make instant example of
+one; inviting every true Prussian to do the like: "Jagers, Hussars,
+a ducat for every traitor you shoot down!" continues Wolfersdorf
+(and punctually paid it afterwards): unable to prevent an almost
+total dissolution of Grollmann. For some minutes, there is a scene
+indescribable: storm of vociferation, menace, musket-shot, pistol-
+shot; Grollmann disappearing on every side,--"behind the Redoubt,
+under the Bridge, into Elbe Boats, under the cloaks of the Croats;"
+--in spite of Wolfersdorf's Olympian rages and efforts.
+
+At sight of the shooting, Prince Stolberg, a hot man, had said
+indignantly, "Herr, that will be dangerous for you (DAS WIRD NICHT
+GUT GEHN)!" Wolfersdorf not regarding him a whit; regarding only
+Grollmann, and his own hot business of coercing it at a ducat per
+head. Grollmann gone, and Battalion Hofmann in due sequence come
+up, Wolfersdorf--who has sent an Adjutant, with order, "Hessen-
+Cassel, HALT"--gives Battalion Hofmann these three words of
+command: "Whole Battalion, halt!--Front!--Make ready!" (with due
+simultaneous click of every firelock, on utterance of that last);--
+and turning to Prince Stolberg, with a brow, with a tone of voice:
+"Durchlaucht, Article 9 of the Capitulation is express on this
+point; 'ALL DESERTION STRICTLY PROHIBITED; NO DESERTER TO BE
+RECEIVED EITHER ON THE IMPERIAL OR ON THE PRUSSIAN SIDE!'
+[Durchlaucht silently gives, we suppose, some faint sniff.]
+Since your Durchlaucht does not keep the Capitulation, neither will
+I regard it farther. I will now take you and your Suite prisoners,
+return into the Town, and again begin defending myself. Be so good
+as ride directly into that Redoubt, or I will present, and
+give fire!"
+
+A dangerous moment for the Durchlaucht of Stolberg;
+Battalion Salmuth actually taking possession of the wall again;
+Hofmann here with its poised firelock on the cock, "ready" for that
+fourth word, as above indicated. A General Lusinsky of Stolberg's
+train, master of those Croats, and an Austrian of figure, remarks
+very seriously: "Every point of the Capitulation must be kept!"
+Upon which Durchlaucht has to renounce and repent; eagerly assists
+in recovering Grollmann, restores it (little the worse, little the
+FEWER); will give Wolfersdorf "COMMAND of the Austrian Escort you
+are to have", and every satisfaction and assurance;--wishful only
+to get rid of Wolfersdorf. Who thereupon marches to Wittenberg,
+with colors flying again, and a name mentionable ever since.
+[Templehof, iii. 201-204; Seyfarth, ii. 562 n., and <italic>
+Beylagen, <end italic> ii. 587; <italic> Militair-Lexikon, <end
+italic> iv. 283.] 
+
+This Wolfersdorf was himself a Pirna Saxon; serving Polish Majesty,
+as Major, in that Pirna time; perhaps no admirer of "Feldmarschall
+Bruhl" and Company?--at any rate, he took Prussian service, as then
+offered him; and this is his style of keeping it. A decidedly
+clever soldier, and comes out, henceforth, more and more as such,--
+unhappily not for long. Was taken at Maxen, he too, as will be
+seen. Rose, in after times, to be Lieutenant-General, and a man
+famous in the Prussian military circles; but given always, they
+say, to take the straight line (or shortest distance between self
+and object), in regard to military matters, to recruiting and the
+like, and thus getting himself into trouble with the
+Civil Officials.
+
+Wolfersdorf, at Wittenberg or farther on, had a flattering word
+from the King; applauding his effective procedures at Torgau;
+and ordering him, should Wittenberg fall (as it did, August 23d),
+to join Wunsch, who is coming with a small Party to try and help in
+those destitute localities. Wunsch the King had detached (21st
+August), as we heard already. Finck the King finds, farther, that
+he can detach (from Waldau Country, September 7th); [Tempelhof,
+iii. 211, 237.] Russians being so languid, and Saxony fallen into
+such a perilous predicament.
+
+"Few days after Kunersdorf," says a Note, which should be inserted
+here, "there had fallen out a small Naval matter, which will be
+consolatory to Friedrich, and go to the other side of the account,
+when he hears of it: Kunersdorf was Sunday, August 12th; this was
+Saturday and Sunday following. Besides their Grand Brest Fleet,
+with new Flat-bottoms, and world-famous land-preparations going on
+at Vannes, for Invasion of proud Albion, all which are at present
+under Hawke's strict keeping, the French have, ever since Spring
+last, a fine subsidiary Fleet at Toulon, of very exultant hopes at
+one time; which now come to finis.
+
+"SEA-FIGHT (PROPERLY SEA-HUNT OF 200 MILES), IN THE CADIZ WATERS,
+AUGUST 18th-19th. The fine Toulon Fleet, which expected at one
+time, Pitt's ships being so scattered over the world, to be
+'mistress of the Mediterranean,' has found itself, on the contrary
+(such were Pitt's resources and promptitudes); cooped in harbor all
+Summer; Boscawen watching it in the usual strict way. No egress
+possible; till, in the sultry weather (8th July-4th August),
+Boscawen's need of fresh provisions, fresh water and of making some
+repairs, took him to Gibraltar, and gave the Toulon Fleet a
+transient opportunity, which it made use of.
+
+"August 17th, at 8 in the evening, Boscawen, at Gibraltar (some of
+his ships still in deshabille or under repair), was hastily
+apprised by one of his Frigates, That the Toulon Fleet had sailed;
+been seen visibly at Ceuta Point so many hours ago. 'Meaning,' as
+Boscawen guesses, 'to be through the Straits this very night!'
+By power of despatch, the deshabille ships were rapidly got
+buttoned together (in about two hours); and by 10 P.M. all were
+under sail. And soon were in hot chase; the game, being now in
+view,--going at its utmost through the Straits, as anticipated.
+At 7 next morning (Saturday, August 18th) Boscawen got clutch of
+the Toulon Fleet; still well east of Cadiz, somewhere in the
+Trafalgar waters, I should guess. Here Boscawen fought and chased
+the Toulon Fleet for 24 hours coming; drove it finally ashore, at
+Lagos on the coast of Portugal, with five of its big ships burnt or
+taken, its crews and other ships flying by land and water, its poor
+Admiral mortally wounded; and the Toulon Fleet a ruined article.
+The wind had been capricious, here fresh, there calm; now favoring
+the hunters, now the hunted; both Fleets had dropped in two. De la
+Clue, the French Admiral, complained bitterly how his Captains
+lagged, or shore off and forsook him. Boscawen himself, who for his
+own share had gone at it eagle-like, was heard grumbling, about
+want of speed in some people; and said: 'It is well; but it might
+have been better!' [Beatson, ii. 313-319; ib. iii. 237-238, De la
+Clue, the French Admiral's Despatch;--Boscawen's Despatch, &c., in
+<italic> Gentleman's Magazine, <end italic> xxix. 434.]
+
+"De la Clue--fallen long ago from all notions of 'dominating the
+Mediterranean'--had modestly intended to get through, on any terms,
+into the Ocean; might then, if possible, have joined the Grand
+'Invasion Squadron,' now lying at Brest, till Vannes and the
+furnishings are ready, or have tried to be troublesome in the rear
+of Hawke, who is blockading all that. A modest outlook in
+comparison;--and this is what it also has come to. As for the Grand
+Invasion Squadron, Admiral Conflans, commanding it, still holds np
+his head in Brest Harbor, and talks big. Makes little of Rodney's
+havoc on the Flat-bottoms at Havre, 'Will soon have Flat-bottoms
+again: and you shall see!'--if only Hawke, and wind and weather and
+Fortune, will permit."
+
+
+AUSTRIAN REICHS ARMY DOES ITS CROWNING FEAT
+(August 26th-September 4th): DIARY OF WHAT IS
+CALLED THE "SIEGE" OF DRESDEN.
+
+Since the first weeks of, August there have been Austrian
+detachments, Wehla's Corps, Brentano's Corps, entering Saxony from
+the northeast or Daun-ward side, and posting themselves in the
+strong points looking towards Dresden; waiting there till the
+Reichs Army should capture its Leipzigs, Torgaus, Wittenbergs, and
+roll forward from northwest. To all which it is easy to fancy what
+an impetus was given by Kunersdorf and August 12th; the business,
+after that, going on double-quick, and pointing to immediate
+practical industry on Dresden. The Reichs Army hastens to settle
+its northwestern Towns, puts due garrison in each, leaves a 10 or
+12,000 movable for general protection, in those parts; and, August
+23d, marches for Dresden. There are only some 15,000 left of it
+now; almost half the Reichs Army drunk up in that manner; were not
+Daun now speeding forth his Maguire with a fresh 12,000; who is to
+command the Wehlas and Brentanos as well. And, in effect, to be
+Austrian Chief, and as regards practical matters, Manager of this
+important Enterprise,--all-important to Daun just now. Schmettau in
+Dresden sees clearly what mischief is at hand.
+
+To Daun this Siege of Dresden is the alpha to whatever omegas there
+may be: he and his Soltikof are to sit waiting this; and can
+attempt nothing but eating of provender, till this be achieved.
+As the Siege was really important, though not quite the alpha to
+all omegas, and has in it curious points aud physiognomic traits,
+we will invite readers to some transient inspection of it,--the
+rather as there exist ample contemporary Narratives, DIARIUMS and
+authentic records, to render that possible and easy. [In TEMPELHOF
+(iii. 210-216-222) complete and careful Narrative; in ANONYMOUS OF
+HAMBURG (iii. 371-377) express "DAY-BOOK" by some Eye-witness
+in Dresden.]'
+
+"Ever since the rumor of Kunersdorf," says one Diarium, compiled
+out of many, "in the last two weeks of August, Schmettau's need of
+vigilance and diligence has been on the increase, his outlooks
+becoming grimmer and grimmer. He has a poorish Garrison for number
+(3,700 in all [Schmettau's LEBEN (by his Son), p. 408.]), and not
+of the best quality; deserters a good few of them: willing enough
+for strokes; fighting fellows all, and of adventurous turn, but
+uncertain as to loyalty in a case of pinch. He has endless stores
+in the place; for one item, almost a million sterling of ready
+money. Poor Schmettau, if he knew it, has suddenly become the
+Leonidas of this campaign, Dresden its Thermopylae; and"--But
+readers can conceive the situation.
+
+"AUGUST 20th, Schmettau quits the Neustadt, or northern part of
+Dresden, which lies beyond the River: unimportant that, and
+indefensible with garrison not adequate; Schmettau will strengthen
+the River-bank, blow up the Stone Bridge if necessary, and restrict
+himself to Dresden Proper. The Court is here; Schmettau does not
+hope that the Court can avert a Siege from him; but he fails not to
+try, in that way too, and may at least gain time.
+
+"AUGUST 25th, He has a Mine put under the main arch of the Bridge:
+'mine ill-made, uncertain of effect,' reports the Officer whom he
+sent to inspect it. But it was never tried, the mere rumor of it
+kept off attacks on that side. Same day, August 25th, Schmettau
+receives that unfortunate Royal Missive [Tempelhof, iii. 208;
+Schmettau's LEBEN (p. 421) has "August 27th."] written in the dark
+days of Reitwein, morrow of Kunersdorf (14th or 13th August),"
+which we read above. "That there is another Letter on the road for
+him, indicating 'Relief shall be tried,' is unknown to Schmettau,
+and fatally continues unknown. While Schmettau is reading this
+(August 25th), General Wunsch has been on the road four days:
+Wunsch and Wolfersdorf with about 8,000, at their quickest pace,
+and in a fine winged frame of mind withal, are speeding on:
+will cross Elbe at Meissen to-morrow night,--did Schmettau only
+know. People say he did, in the way of rumor, understand that
+Kunersdorf had not been the fatal thing it was thought; and that
+efforts would be made by a King like his. In his place one might
+have, at least, shot out a spy or two? But he did not, then
+or afterwards.
+
+"Already, ever since the arrival of Wehla and Brentano in those
+parts, he has been laboring under many uncertainties; too many for
+a Leonidas! Hanging between Yes and No, even about that of quitting
+the Neustadt, for example: carrying over portions of his goods, but
+never heartily the whole; unable to resolve; now lifting visibly
+the Bridge pavement, then again visibly restoring it;--and, I
+think, though the contrary is asserted, he had at last to leave in
+the Neustadt a great deal of stores, horse-provender and other, not
+needful to him at present, or impossible to carry, when dubiety got
+ended. He has put a mine under the Bridge; but knows it will not
+go off.
+
+"Schmettau has been in many wars, but this is a case that tries his
+soldier qualities as none other has ever done. A case of endless
+intricacy,--if he be quite equal to it; which perhaps he was not
+altogether. Nobody ever doubted Schmettau's high qualities as a man
+and captain; but here are requisite the very highest, and these
+Schmettau has not. The result was very tragical; I suppose, a pain
+to Friedrich all his life after; and certainly to Schmettau all
+his. This is Saturday night, 25th August: before Tuesday week
+(September 4th) there will have sad things arrived, irremediable to
+Schmettau. Had Schmettau decided to defend himself, Dresden had not
+been taken. What a pity Schmettau had not been spared this Missive,
+calculated to produce mere doubt! Whether he could not, and should
+not, after a ten days of inquiry and new discernment, have been
+able to read the King's true meaning, as well as the King's
+momentary humor, in this fatal Document, there is no deciding.
+Sure enough, he did not read the King's true meaning in it, but
+only the King's momentary humor; did not frankly set about
+defending himself to the death,--or 'seeing' in that way 'whether
+he could not defend himself,'--with a good capitulation lying in
+the rear, after he had.
+
+"SUNDAY, AUGUST 26th, Trumpet at the gates. Messenger from
+Zweibruck is introduced blindfold; brings formal Summons to
+Schmettau. Summons duly truculent: 'Resistance vain; the more you
+resist, the worse it will be,--and there is a worst [that of being
+delivered to the Croats, and massacred every man], of which why
+should I speak? Especially if in anything you fail of your duty to
+the Kur-Prinz [Electoral Prince and Heir-Apparent, poor crook-
+backed young Gentleman, who has an excellent sprightly Wife, a
+friend of Friedrich's and daughter of the late Kaiser Karl VII.,
+whom we used so beautifully], imagine what your fate will be!'--To
+which Schmettau answers: 'Can Durchlaucht think us ignorant of the
+common rules of behavior to Persons of that Rank? For the rest,
+Durchlaucht knows what our duties here are, and would despise us if
+we did NOT do them;'--and, in short, our answer again is, in polite
+forms, 'Pooh, pooh; you may go your way!' Upon which the Messenger
+is blindfolded again; and Schmettau sets himself in hot earnest to
+clearing out his goods from the Neustadt; building with huge
+intertwisted cross-beams and stone and earth-masses a Battery at
+his own end of the Bridge, batteries on each side of it, below and
+above;--locks the Gates; and is passionately busy all Sunday,--
+though divine service goes on as usual.
+
+"Hardly were the Prussian guns got away, when Croat people in
+quantity came in, and began building a Battery at their end of the
+Bridge, the main defence-work being old Prussian meal-barrels,
+handily filled with earth. 'If you fire one cannon-ball across on
+us,' said Schmettau, 'I will bombard the Neustadt into flame in few
+minutes [I have only to aim at our Hay Magazine yonder]: be warned!
+'Nor did they once fire from that side; Electoral Highness withal
+and Royal Palace being quite contiguous behind the Prussian Bridge-
+Battery. Electoral Highness and Household are politely treated,
+make polite answer to everything; intend going down into the
+'APOTHEKE' (Kitchen suite), or vaulted part of the Palace, and will
+lodge there when the cannonade begins.
+
+"This same SUNDAY, AUGUST 26th, Maguire arrived; and set instantly
+to building his bridge at Pillnitz, a little way above Dresden:
+at Uebigau, a little below Dresden, the Reichsfolk have another.
+Reichsfolk, Zweibruck in person, come all in on Wednesday;
+post themselves there, to north and west of the City. What is more
+important, the siege-guns, a superb stock, are steadily floating,
+through the Pirna regions, hitherward; get to hand on Friday next,
+the fifth day hence. [Tempelhof, p. 210.] Korbitz (half-way out to
+Kesselsdorf) is Durchlaucht's head-quarter:--Chief General is
+Durchlaucht, conspicuously he, at least in theory, and shall have
+all the glory; though Maguire, glancing on these cannon, were it
+nothing more, has probably a good deal to say. Maguire too, I
+observe, takes post on that north or Kesselsdorf side;
+contiguous for the Head General. Wehla and Brentano post themselves
+on the south or up-stream side; it is they that hand in the siege-
+guns: batteries are already everywhere marked out, 13 cannon-
+batteries and 5 howitzer. In short, from the morrow of that
+truculent Summons, Monday morning to Thursday, there is hot stir of
+multifarious preparation on Schmettau's part; and continual pouring
+in of the hostile force, who are also preparing at the utmost.
+Thursday, the Siege, if it can be called a Siege, begins.
+Gradually, and as follows:--
+
+"THURSDAY MORNING (August 30th), Schmettau, who is, night and day,
+'palisading the River,' and much else,--discloses (that is, Break
+of Day discloses on his part) to the Dresden public a huge Gallows,
+black, huge, of impressive aspect; labelled 'For Plunderers,
+Mutineers and their Helpers.' [ANONYMOUS OF HAMBURG, iii. 373.]
+The Austrian heavy guns are not yet in battery; but multitudes of
+loose Croat people go swarming about everywhere, and there is
+plentiful firing from such artilleries as they have. This same
+Thursday morning, two or three battalions of them rush into the
+Pirna Suburb; attack the Prussian Guard-parties there.
+Schmettau instantly despatches Captain Kollas and a Trumpet:--
+'Durchlaucht, have the goodness to recall these Croat Parties;
+otherwise the Suburb goes into flame! And directly on arrival of
+this Messenger, may it please Durchlaucht. For we have computed the
+time; and will not wait beyond what is reasonable for his return!'
+Zweibruck is mere indignation and astonishment; 'will burn Halle,'
+burn Quedlinburg, Berlin itself, and utterly ruin the King of
+Prussia's Dominion in general:--the rejoinder to which is, burning
+of Pirna Suburb, as predicted; seventy houses of it, this evening,
+at six o'clock.
+
+"Onward from which time there is on both sides, especially on
+Schmettau's, diligent artillery practice; cannonade kept up
+wherever Schmettau can see the enemy busy; enemy responding with
+what artillery he has:--not much damage done, I should think,
+though a great deal of noise; and for one day (Saturday, September
+1st), our Diarist notes, 'Not safe to walk the streets this day.'
+But, in effect, the Siege, as they call it,--which fell dead on the
+fifth day, and was never well alive--consists mainly of menace and
+counter-menace, in the way of bargain-making and negotiation;--and,
+so far as I can gather, that superb Park of Austrian Artillery,
+though built into batteries, and talked about in a bullying manner,
+was not fired from at all.
+
+"Schmettau affects towards the enemy (and towards himself, I dare
+say) an air of iron firmness; but internally has no such feeling,--
+'Calls a Council of War,' and the like. Council of War, on sight of
+that King's Missive, confirms him with one voice: 'Surely, surely,
+Excellenz; no defence possible!' Which is a prophecy and a
+fulfilment, both in one. Why Schmettau did not shoot forth a spy or
+two, to ascertain for him What, or whether Nothing whatever, was
+passing outside Dresden? I never understand! Beyond his own Walls,
+the world is a vacancy and blank to Schmettau, and he seems content
+it should be so.
+
+"SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 2d. Though Schmettau's cannonade was very loud,
+and had been so all night, divine service was held as usual,
+streets safe again,--Austrians, I suppose, not firing with cannon.
+About 4 P.M., after a great deal of powder spent, General Maguire,
+stepping out on Elbe Bridge, blows or beats Appeal, three times;
+'wishes a moment's conversation with his Excellency.' Granted at
+once; witnesses attending on both sides. 'Defence is impossible;
+in the name of humanity, consider!' urges Maguire. 'Defence to the
+last man of us is certain,' answers Schmettau, from the teeth
+outwards;--but, in the end, engages to put on paper, in case he, by
+extremity of ill-luck, have at any time to acoept terms, what his
+terms will inflexibly be. Upon which there is 'Armistice till
+To-morrow:' and Maguire, I doubt not, reports joyfully on this
+feeling of the enemy's pulse. Zweibruck and Maguire are very well
+aware of what is passing in these neighborhoods (General Wunsch
+back at Wittenberg by forced marches; blew it open in an hour);
+and are growing highly anxious that Dresden on any terms
+were theirs.
+
+"MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 3d, The death-day of the Siege; an uncommonly
+busy day,--though Armistice lasted perfect till 3 P.M., and soon
+came back more perfect than ever. A Siege not killed by cannon, but
+by medical industry. Let us note with brevity the successive
+symptoms and appliances. About seven in the morning Maguire had his
+Messenger in Dresden, 'Your Excellency's Paper ready?'
+'Nearly ready,' answers Schmettau; 'we will send it by a Messenger
+of our own.' And about eleven of the day Maguire does get it;--the
+same Captain Kollas (whose name we recollect) handing it in;
+and statue-like waiting Answer. 'Pshaw, this will never do,'
+ejaculates Maguire; 'terms irrationally high!' Captain Kollas
+'knows nothing of what is IN the Paper; and is charged only to
+bring a Written Answer from Excellenz.' Excellenz, before writing,
+'will have to consult with Durchlaucht;' can, however, as if
+confidentially and from feelings of friendship, can assure you,
+Sir, on my honor, That the Garrison will be delivered to the
+Croats, and every man of it put to the sword. 'The Garrison will
+expect that (WIRD DAS ERWARTEN),' said Kollas, statue-like;
+and withdrew, with the proper bow. [Tempelhof, iii. 211.]
+Something interesting to us in these Military diplomatic passages,
+with their square-elbowed fashions, and politeness stiff as iron!
+ 
+"Not till three of the afternoon does the Written Answer reach
+Schmettau: 'Such Terms never could be accepted.'--'Good,' answers
+Schmettau: 'To our last breath no others will be offered.'
+And commences cannonading again, not very violently, but with the
+order, 'Go on, then, night and day!'
+
+"About 10 at night, General Guasco, a truculent kind of man, whom I
+have met with up and down, but not admitted to memory, beats Appeal
+on the Bridge: 'Inform the Commandant that there will now
+straightway 13 batteries of cannon, and 5 ditto of howitzers open
+on him, unless he bethinks himself!' Which dreadful message is
+taken to Schmettau. 'Wish the gentleman good-evening,' orders
+Schmettau; 'and say we will answer with 100 guns.' Upon which
+Guasco vanishes;--but returns in not many minutes, milder in tone;
+requests 'a sight of that Written Paper of Terms again.' 'There it
+still is,' answers Schmettau, 'not altered, nor ever shall be.'
+And there is Armistice again:--and the Siege, as turns out, has
+fired its last shot; and is painfully expiring in paroxysms of
+negotiation, which continue a good many hours. Schmettau strives to
+understand clearly that his terms (of the King's own suggesting, as
+Schmettau flatters himself) are accepted: nor does Durchlaucht take
+upon him to refuse in any point; but he is strangely slow to sign,
+still hoping to mend matters.
+
+"Much hithering and thithering there was, till 4 next morning
+(Durchlaucht has important news from Torgau, at that moment);
+till 11 next day; till 4 in the afternoon and later,--Guasco and
+others coming with message after message, hasty and conciliatory:
+(Durchlaucht at such a distance, his signature not yet come; but be
+patient; all is right, upon my honor!' Very great hurry evident on
+the part of Guasco and Company; but, nothing suspected by
+Schmettau. Till, dusk or darkness threatening now to supervene,
+Maguire and Schmettau with respective suites have a Conference on
+the Bridge,--'rain falling very heavy.' Durchlaucht's signature,
+Maguire is astonished to say, has not yet come; hut Maguire pledges
+his honor 'that all shall be kept without chicane;' and adds 'what
+to some of us seemed not superfluous afterwards), 'I am incapable
+of acting falsely or with chicane.' In fact, till 9 in the evening
+there was no signature by Durchlaucht; but about 6, on such pledge
+by Maguire of his hand and his honor, the Siege entirely gave up
+the ghost; and Dresden belonged to Austria. Tuesday Evening,
+4th September, 1759; Sun just setting, could anybody see him for
+the rain.
+
+"Schmettau had been over-hasty; what need had Schmettau of haste?
+The terms had not yet got signature, perfection of settlement on
+every point; nor were they at all well kept, when they did!
+Considerable flurry, temporary blindness, needless hurry, and
+neglect of symptoms and precautions, must be imputed to poor
+Schmettau; whose troubles began from this moment, and went on
+increasing. The Austrians are already besetting Elbe Bridge,
+rooting up the herring-bone balks; and approaching our Block-
+house,--sooner than was expected. But that is nothing. On opening
+the Pirna Gate to share it with the Austrians, Friedrich's Spy
+(sooner had not been possible to the man) was waiting; who handed
+Schmettau that Second Letter of Friedrich's, 'Courage; there is
+relief on the road!' Poor Schmettau!"
+
+What Captain Kollas and the Prussian Garrison thought of all this,
+THEY were perhaps shy of saying, and we at such distance are not
+informed,--except by one symptom: that, of Colonel Hoffman,
+Schmettau's Second, whose indignation does become tragically
+evident. Hoffman, a rugged Prussian veteran, is indignant at the
+Capitulation itself; doubly and trebly indignant to find the
+Austrians on Elbe Bridge, busy raising our Balks and Battery:
+"How is this Sir?" inquires he of Captain Sydow, who is on guard at
+the Prussian end; "How dared you make this change, without
+acquainting the Second in Command? Order out your men, and come
+along with me to clear the Bridge again!" Sydow hesitates, haggles;
+indignant Hoffman, growing loud as thunder, pulls out a pistol,
+fatal-looking to disobedient Sydow; who calls to his men, or whose
+men spring out uncalled; and shoot Hoffman down,--send two balls
+through him, so that he died at 8 that night. With noise enough,
+then and afterwards. Was drunk, said Schmettau's people.
+Friedrich answered, on report of it: "I think as Hoffman did. If he
+was 'drunk,' it is pity the Governor and all the Garrison had not
+been so, to have come to the same judgment, as he." [P.S. in
+Autograph of Letter to Schmettau, "Waldau, 11th September, 1759"
+(Preuss, ii.; <italic> Urkundenbuch, <end italic> p. 45).]
+Friedrich's unbearable feelings, of grief and indignation, in
+regard to all this Dresden matter,--which are not expressed except
+coldly in business form,--can be fancied by all readers. One of the
+most tragical bits of ill-luck that ever befell him. A very sore
+stroke, in his present condition; a signal loss and affront.
+And most of all, unbearable to think how narrowly it has missed
+being a signal triumph;--missed actually by a single hair's-
+breadth, which is as good as by a mile, or by a thousand miles!
+
+Soon after 9 o'olock that evening, Durchlaucht in person came
+rolling through our battery and the herring-bone balks, to visit
+Electoral Highness,--which was not quite the legal time either,
+Durchlaucht had not been half an hour with Electoral Highness, when
+a breathless Courier came in: "General Wunsch within ten miles
+[took Torgau in no time, as Durchlaucht well knows, for a week
+past]; and will be here before we sleep!" Durchlaucht plunged out,
+over the herring-bone balks again (which many carpenters are busy
+lifting); and the Electoral Highnesses, in like manner, hurry off
+to Toplitz that same night, about an hour after. What a Tuesday
+Night! Poor Hoffman is dead at 8 o'clock; the Saxon Royalties,
+since 11, are galloping for Pirna, for Toplitz; Durchlaucht of
+Zweibruck we saw hurry off an hour before them,--Capitulation
+signature not yet dry, and terms of it beginning to be broken;
+and Wunsch reported to be within ten miles!
+
+The Wunsch report is perfectly correct. Wunsch is at Grossenhayn
+this evening; all in a fiery mood of swiftness, his people and he;
+--and indeed it is, by chance, one of Wolfersdorf's impetuosities
+that has sent the news so fast. Wunsch had been as swift with
+Torgau as he was with Wittenberg: he blew out the poor Reichs
+Garrison there by instant storm, and packed it off to Leipzig,
+under charge of "an Officer and Trumpet:"--he had, greatly against
+his will, to rest two days there for a few indispensable cannon
+from Magdeburg. Cannon once come, Wunsch, burning for deliverance
+of Dresden, had again started at his swiftest, "Monday, 3d
+September [death day of the Siege], very early."
+
+"He is under 8,000; but he is determined to do it;--and would have
+done it, think judges, half thinks Zweibruck himself: such a fire
+in that Wunsch and his Corps as is very dangerous indeed. At 4 this
+morning, Zweibruck heard of his being on march: 'numbers uncertain'
+--(numbers seemingly not the important point,--blows any number of
+us about our business!)--and since that moment Zweibruck has driven
+the capitulation at such a pace; though the flurried Schmettau
+suspected nothing.
+
+"Afternoon of TUESDAY, 4th, Wunsch, approaching Grossenhayn, had
+detached Wolfersdorf with 100 light horse rightwards to Grodel, a
+boating Village on Elbe shore, To seek news of Dresden; also to see
+if boats are procurable for carrying our artillery up thither.
+At Grodel, Wolfersdorf finds no boats that will avail: but certain
+boat-people, new from Dresden, report that no capitulation had been
+published when they left, but that it was understood to be going
+on. New spur to Wolfersdorf and Wunsch. Wolfersdorf hears farther
+in this Village, That there are some thirty Austrian horse in
+Grossenhayn:--'Possible these may escape General Wunsch!' thinks
+Wolfersdorf; and decides to have them. Takes thirty men of his own;
+orders the other seventy to hold rightward, gather what
+intelligence is going, and follow more leisurely; and breaks off
+for the Grossenhayn-Dresden Highway, to intercept those fellows.
+
+"Getting to the highway, Wolfersdorf does see the fellows;
+sees also,--with what degree of horror I do not know,--that there
+are at least 100 of them against his 30! Horror will do nothing for
+Wolfersdorf, nor are his other 70 now within reach. Putting a bold
+face on the matter, he commands, Stentor-like, as if it were all a
+fact: 'Grenadiers, march; Dragoons, to right forwards, WHEEL;
+Hussars, FORWARD: MARCH!'--and does terrifically dash forward with
+the thirty Hussars, or last item of the invoice; leaving the others
+to follow. The Austrians draw bridle with amazement; fire off their
+carbines; take to their heels, and do not stop for more.
+Wolfersdorf captures 68 of them, for behoof of Grossenhayn;
+and sends the remaining 32 galloping home. [Tempelhof, iii. 214.]
+Who bring the above news to Durchlaucht of Zweibruck: '12,000 of
+them, may it please your Durchlaucht; such the accounts we had!'--
+Fancy poor Schmettau's feelings!
+
+"On the morrow Dresden was roused from its sleep by loud firing and
+battle, audible on the north side of the River: 'before daybreak,
+and all day.' It is Wunsch impetuously busy in the woody countries
+there. Durchlaucht had shot out Generals and Divisions, Brentano,
+Wehla, this General and then that, to intercept Wunsch: these the
+fiery Wunsch--almost as if they had been combustible material
+coming to quench fire--repels and dashes back, in a wonderful
+manner, General after General of them. And is lord of the field all
+day:--but cannot hear the least word from Dresden; which is a
+surprising circumstance.
+
+"In the afternoon Wunsch summons Maguire in the Neustadt:
+'Will answer you in two hours,' said Maguire. Wunsch thereupon is
+for attacking their two Pontoon Elbe-Bridges; still resolute for
+Dresden,--and orders Wolfersdorf on one of them, the Uebigau
+Bridge, who finds the enemy lifting it at any rate, and makes them
+do it faster. But night is now sinking; from Schmettau not a word
+or sign. 'Silence over there, all day; not a single cannon to or
+from,' say Wunsch and Wolfersdorf to one another. 'Schmettau must
+have capitulated!' conclude they, and withdraw in the night-time,
+still thunderous if molested; bivouac at Grossenhayn, after twenty-
+four hours of continual march and battle, not time even for a
+snatch of food. [BERICHT VON DER ACTION DES GENERAL-MAJORS VON
+WUNSCH, BEY REICHENBERG, DEN 5 SEPEMBER, 1759 in Seyfarth, <italic>
+Beylagen, <end italic> ii. 606-608.]
+
+"Resting at Grossenhayn, express reaches Wunsch from his Commandant
+at Torgau: 'Kleefeld is come on me from Leipzig with 14,000;
+I cannot long hold out, unless relieved.' Wunsch takes the road
+again; two marches, each of twenty miles. Reaches Torgau late;
+takes post in the ruins of the North Suburb, finds he must fight
+Kleefeld. Refreshes his men 'with a keg of wine per Company,'
+surely a judicious step; and sends to Wolfersdorf, who has the
+rear-guard, 'Be here with me to-morrow at 10.' Wolfersdorf starts
+at 4, is here at 10: and Wunsch, having scanned Kleefeld and his
+Position [a Position strong IF you are dexterous to manoeuvre in
+it; capable of being ruinous if you are not,--part of the Position
+of a bigger BATTLE OF TORGAU, which is coming],--flies at Kleefeld
+and his 14,000 like a cat-o'-mountain; takes him on the left
+flank:--Kleefeld and such overplus of thousands are standing a
+little to west-and-south of Torgau, with the ENTEFANG [a desolate
+big reedy mere, or PLACE OF DUCKS, still offering the idle Torgauer
+a melancholy sport there] as a protection to their right; but with
+no evolution-talent, or none in comparison to Wunsch's;--and
+accordingly are cut to pieces by Wunsch, and blown to the winds, as
+their fellows have all been." [HOFBERCHT VON DER AM 8 SEPTEMBER,
+1759, BEY TORGAU, VORGEFALLENEN ACTION: in Seyfarth, <italic>
+Beylagen, <end italic> ii. 609, 610. Tempelhof, iii. 219-222.]
+
+Wunsch, absolute Fate forbidding, could not save Dresden: but he is
+here lord of the Northern regions again,--nothing but Leipzig now
+in the enemy's hand;--and can await Finck, who is on march with a
+stronger party to begin business here. It is reckoned, there are
+few more brilliant little bits of Soldiering than this of Wunsch's.
+All the more, as his men, for most part, were not Prussian, but
+miscellaneous Foreign spirits of uncertain fealty: roving fellows,
+of a fighting turn, attracted by Friedrich's fame, and under a
+Captain who had the art of keeping them in tune. Wunsch has been
+soldiering, in a diligent though dim miscellaneous way, these five-
+and-twenty years; fought in the old Turk Wars, under disastrous
+Seckendorf,--Wunsch a poor young Wurtemberg ensign, visibiy busy
+there (1737-1739)) as was this same Schmettau, in the character of
+staff-officer, far enough apart from Wunsch at that time!--fought
+afterwards, in the Bavarian service, in the Dutch, at Roucoux, at
+Lauffeld, again under disastrous people. Could never, under such,
+find anything but subaltern work all this while; was glad to serve,
+under the eye of Friedrich, as Colonel of a Free Corps; which he
+has done with much diligence and growing distinction: till now, at
+the long last, his chance does come; and he shows himself as a real
+General. Possibly a high career lying ahead;--a man that may be
+very valuable to Friedrich, who has now so few such left? Fate had
+again decided otherwise for Wunsch; in what way will be seen before
+this Campaign ends: "an infernal Campaign," according to Friedrich,
+"CETTE CAMPAGNE INFERNALE."
+
+Finck, whom Friedrich had just detached from Waldau (September 6th)
+with a new 8 or 6,000, to command in chief in those parts, and,
+along with Wunsch, put Dresden out of risk, as it were,--Finck does
+at least join Wunsch, as we shall mention in a little. And these
+Two, with such Wolfersdorfs and people under them, did prove
+capable of making front against Reichsfolk in great overplus of
+number. Nor are farther SIEGES of those Northern Garrisons, but
+recaptures of them, the news one hears from Saxony henceforth;--
+only that Dresden is fatally gone. Irrecoverably, as turned out,
+and in that unbearable manner. Here is the concluding scene:--
+
+DRESDEN, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 8th; EXIT SCHMETTAU. "A thousand times
+over, Schmettau must have asked himself, 'Why was I in such a
+hurry? Without cause for it I, only Maguire having cause!'--The
+Capitulation had been ended in a huddle, without signature:
+an unwise Capitulation; and it was scandalously ill kept.
+Schmettau was not to have marched till Monday, 10th,--six clear
+days for packing and preparing;--but, practically, he has to make
+three serve him; and to go half-packed, or not packed at all.
+Endless chicanes do arise, 'upon my honor!'--not even the 800
+wagons are ready for us; 'Can't your baggages go in boats, then?'
+'No, nor shall!' answers Schmettau, with blazing eyes, and heart
+ready to burst; a Schmettau living all this while as in Purgatory,
+or worse. Such bullyings from truculent Guasco, who is now without
+muzzle. Capitulation, most imperfect in itself, is avowedly
+infringed: King's Artillery,--which we had haggled for, and ended
+by 'hoping for,' to Maguire that rainy evening: why were we in such
+a hurry, too, and blind to Maguire's hurry!--King's Artillery,
+according to Durchlaucht of Zweibruck, when he actually signed
+within the walls, is 'NICHT ACCORDIRT (Not granted), except the
+Field part.' King's regimental furnishings, all and sundry, were
+'ACCORDIRT, and without visitation,'--but on second thoughts, the
+Austrian Officials are of opinion there must really be visitation,
+must be inspection. 'May not some of them belong to Polish
+Majesty?' In which sad process of inspection there was incredible
+waste, Schmettau protesting; and above half of the new uniforms
+were lost to us. Our 80 pontoons, which were expressly bargained
+for, are brazenly denied us: '20 of them are Saxon,' cry the
+Austrians: 'who knows if they are not almost all Saxon,'--upon my
+honor! At this rate, only wait a day or two, and fewer wagons than
+800 will be needed! thinks Schmettau; and consents to 18 river-
+boats; Boats in part, then; and let us march at once. Accordingly,
+
+"SATURDAY, 8th, at 5 in the morning, Schmettau, with goods and
+people, does at last file out: across Elbe Bridge through the
+Neustadt; Prussians five deep; a double rank of Austrians, ranged
+on each side, in 'espalier' they call it,--espalier with gaps in it
+every here and there, to what purpose is soon evident. The march
+was so disposed (likewise for a purpose) that, all along, there
+were one or two Companies of Prussian Foot; and then in the
+interval, carriages, cannon, cavalry and hussars.
+Schmettau's carriage is with the rear-guard, Madam Schmettau's well
+in the van:--in two other carriages are two Prussian War-and-Domain
+Ministers. [ANONYMOUS OF HAMBURG, III. 376.] 'Managers of Saxon
+Finance,' these Two;--who will have to manage elsewhere than in
+Dresden henceforth. Zinnow, Borck, they sit veritably there, with
+their multiform Account Papers: of whom I know absolutely nothing,
+--except (if anybody cared) that Zinnow, who 'died of apoplexy in
+June following,' is probably of pursy red-nosed type; and that
+Borck, for certain, has a very fine face and figure;
+delicacy, cheerful dignity, perfect gentlemanhood in short, written
+on every feature of him; as painted by Pesne, and engraved by
+Schmidt, for my accidental behoof. [<italic> Fredericus Wilhelmus
+Borck (Pesne pinxit, <end italic> 1732; <italic> Schmidt, sculptur
+Regis, sculpsit, Berolini, <end italic> 1764): an excellent Print
+and Portrait.] Curious to think of that elaborate court-coat and
+flowing periwig, with this specific Borck, 'old as the Devil' (whom
+I have had much trouble to identify), forming visible part of this
+dismal Procession: the bright eye of Borck not smiling as usual,
+but clouded, though impassive! But that of Borck or his Limners is
+not the point.
+
+"The Prussians have been divided into small sections, with a mass
+of baggage-wagons and cavalry between every two. And no sooner is
+the mass got in movement, than there rises from the Austrian part,
+and continues all the way, loud invitation, 'Whosoever is a brave
+Saxon, a brave Austrian, Reichsman, come to us! Gaps in the
+espalier, don't you see!' And Schmettau, in the rear, with baggage
+and cavalry intervening,--nobody can reach Schmettau. Here is a way
+of keeping your bargain! The Prussian Officers struggle stoutly:
+but are bellowed at, struck at, menaced by bayonet and bullet,--
+none of them shot, I think, but a good several of them cut and
+wounded;--the Austrian Officers themselves in passionate points
+behaving shamefully, 'Yes, shoot them down, the (were it nothing
+else) heretic dogs;' and being throughout evidently in a hot
+shivery frame of mind, forgetful of the laws. Seldom was such a
+Procession; spite, rage and lawless revenge blazing out more and
+more. On the whole, there deserted, through those gaps of the
+espalier, about half of the whole Garrison. On Madam Schmettau's
+hammercloth there sat, in the Schmettau livery, a hard-featured
+man, recognizable by keen eyes as lately a Nailer, of the Nailer
+Guild here; who had been a spy for Schmettau, and brought many
+persons into trouble: him they tear down, and trample hither and
+thither,--at last, into some Guard-house near by." [The Schmettau
+DIARIUM in ANONYMOUS OF HAMBURG, iii. 364-376 (corrected chiefly
+from TEMPELHOF): Protest, and Correspondence in consequence, is in
+Seyfarth, <italic> Beylagen, <end italic> ii. 611-621; in <italic>
+Helden-Geschichte, <end italic> &c. &c.]
+
+Schmettau's protest against all this is vehement, solemnly
+circumstantial: but, except in regard to the trampled Nailer
+(Zweibruck on that point "heartily sorry for the insult to your
+Excellency's livery; and here the man is, with a thousand
+apologies"), Schmettau got no redress. Nor had Friedrich any, now
+or henceforth. Friedrich did at once, more to testify his disgust
+than for any benefit, order Schmettau: "Halt at Wittenberg, not at
+Magdeburg as was pretended to be bargained. Dismiss your Escort of
+Austrians there; bid them home at once, and out of your sight."
+Schmettau himself he ordered to Berlin, to idle waiting.
+Never again employed Schmettau: for sixteen years that they lived
+together, never saw his face more.
+
+Schmettau's ill-fortune was much pitied, as surely it deserved to
+be, by all men. About Friedrich's severity there was, and still
+occasionally is, controversy held. Into which we shall not enter
+for Yes or for No. "You are like the rest of them!" writes
+Friedrich to him; "when the moment comes for showing firmness, you
+fail in it." ["Waldau, 10th September, 1759:" in Preuss, ii.
+URKUNDEN. p. 44.] Friedrich expects of others what all Soldiers
+profess,--and what is in fact the soul of all nobleness in their
+trade,--but what only Friedrich himself, and a select few, are in
+the habit of actually performing. Tried by the standard of common
+practice, Schmettau is clearly absolvable; a broken veteran,
+deserving almost tears. But that is not the standard which it will
+be safe for a King of men to go by. Friedrich, I should say, would
+be ordered by his Office, if Nature herself did not order him, to
+pitch his ideal very high; and to be rather Rhadamanthine in
+judging about it. Friedrich was never accused of over-generosity to
+the unfortunate among his Captains.
+
+After the War, Schmettau, his conduct still a theme of argument,
+was reduced to the Invalid List: age now sixty-seven, but health
+and heart still very fresh, as he pleaded; complaining that he
+could not live on his retiring Pension of 300 pounds a year.
+"Be thankful you have not had your head struck off by sentence of
+Court-Martial," answered Friedrich. Schmettau, after some farther
+troubles from Court quarters, retired to Brandenburg, and there
+lived silent, poor but honorable, for his remaining fifteen years.
+Madam Schmettau came out very beautiful in those bad circumstances:
+cheery, thrifty, full of loyal patience; a constant sunshine to her
+poor man, whom she had preceded out of Dresden in the way we saw.
+Schmettau was very quiet, still studious of War matters;
+[See <italic> Leben <end italic> (by his Son, "Captain Schmettau;"
+a modest intelligent Book), pp. 440-447.] "sent the King" once,--in
+1772, while Polish Prussia, and How it could be fortified, were the
+interesting subject,--"a JOURNAL," which he had elaborated for
+himself, "OF THE MARCHES OF KARL TWELFTH IN WEST PREUSSEN;" which
+was well received: "Apparently the King not angry with me farther?"
+thought Schmettau. A completely retired old man; studious, social,
+--the best men of the Army still his friends and familiars:--nor,
+in his own mind, any mutiny against his Chief; this also has its
+beauty in a human life, my friend. So long as Madam Schmettau
+lived, it was well; after her death, not well, dark rather, and
+growing darker: and in about three years Schmettau followed (27th
+October, 1775), whither that good soul had gone. The elder Brother
+--who was a distinguished Academician, as well as Feldmarschall and
+Negotiator--had died at Berlin, in Voltaire's time, 1751. Each of
+those Schmettaus had a Son, in the Prussian Army, who wrote Books,
+or each a short Book, still worth reading. [<italic> Bavarian War
+of 1778, <end italic> by the Feldmarschall's Son; ad this <italic>
+Leben <end italic> we have just been citing, by the Lieutenant-
+General's.] But we must return.
+
+On the very morrow, September 5th, Daun heard of the glorious
+success at Dresden; had not expected it till about the 10th at
+soonest. From Triebel he sends the news at gallop to Lieberose and
+Soltikof: "Rejoice with us, Excellenz: did not I predict it?
+Silesia and Saxony both are ours; fruits chiefly of your noble
+successes. Oh, continue them a very little!" "Umph!" answers
+Soltikof, not with much enthusiasm: "Send us meal steadily;
+and gain you, Excellenz's self, some noble success!" Friedrich did
+not hear of it for almost a week later; not till Monday, 10th,--as
+a certain small Anecdote would of itself indicate.
+
+Sunday Evening, 9th September, General Finck, with his new 6,000,
+hastening on to join Wunsch for relief of Dresden, had got to
+Grossenhayn; and was putting up his tents, when the Outposts
+brought him in an Austrian Officer, who had come with a Trumpeter
+inquiring for the General. The Austrian Officer "is in quest of
+proper lodgings for General Schmettau and Garrison [fancy Finck's
+sudden stare!];--last night they lodged at Gross-Dobritz, tolerably
+to their mind: but the question for the Escort is, Where to lodge
+this night, if your Excellency could advise me?" "Herr, I will
+advise you to go back to Gross-Dobritz on the instant," answers
+Finck grimly; "I shall be obliged to make you and your Trumpet
+prisoners, otherwise!" Exit Austrian Officer. That same evening,
+too, Captain Kollas, carrying Schmettau's sad news to the King,
+calls on Finck in passing; gives dismal details of the Capitulation
+and the Austrian way of keeping it; filling Finck's mind with
+sorrowful indignation. [Tempelhof, iii. 237.]
+
+Finck--let us add here, though in date it belongs a little
+elsewhere--pushes on, not the less, to join Wunsch at Torgau;
+joins Wunsch, straightway recaptures Leipzig, garrison prisoners
+(September 13th): recaptures all those northwestern garrisons,--
+multitudinous Reichsfolk trying, once, to fight him, in an
+amazingly loud, but otherwise helpless way ("ACTION OF KORBITZ"
+they call it); cannonading far and wide all day, and manoeuvring
+about, here bitten in upon, there trying to bite, over many leagues
+of Country; principally under Haddick's leading; [HOFBERICHT VON
+DER AM 21 SEPTEMBER BEY KORBITZ (in Meissen Country, south of Elbe;
+Krogis too is a Village in this wide-spread "Action") VORGEFALLENEN
+ACTION (Seyfarth, <italic> Beylagen, <end italic> ii. 621-630).
+Tempelhof, iii. 248, 258.] who saw good to draw off Dresden-ward
+next day, and leave Finck master in those regions. To Daun's sad
+astonishment,--in a moment of crisis,--as we shall hear farther on!
+So that Saxony is not yet conquered to Daun; Saxony, no, nor indeed
+will be:--but Dresden is. Friedrich never could recover Dresden;
+though he hoped, and at intervals tried hard, for a long while
+to come.
+
+
+
+Chapter VI.
+
+PRINCE HENRI MAKES A MARCH OF FIFTY HOURS;
+THE RUSSIANS CANNOT FIND LODGING IN SILESIA.
+
+The eyes of all had been bent on Dresden latterly; and there had
+occurred a great deal of detaching thitherward, and of marching
+there and thence, as we have partly seen. And the end is, Dresden,
+and to appearance Saxony along with it, is Daun's. Has not Daun
+good reason now to be proud of the cunctatory method? Never did his
+game stand better; and all has been gained at other people's
+expense. Daun has not played one trump card; it is those obliging
+Russians that have played all the trumps, and reduced the Enemy to
+nothing. Only continue that wise course,--and cart meal, with your
+whole strength, for the Russians!--
+
+Safe behind the pools of Lieberose, Friedrich between them and
+Berlin, lie those dear Russians; extending, Daun and they, like an
+impassable military dike, with spurs of Outposts and cunningly
+devised Detachments, far and wide,--from beyond Bober or utmost
+Crossen on the east, to Hoyerswerda in Elbe Country on the west;--
+dike of eighty miles long, and in some eastern parts of almost
+eighty broad; so elaborate is Daun's detaching quality, in cases of
+moment. "The King's broken Army on one side of us," calculates
+Daun; "Prince Henri's on the other; incommunicative they;
+reduced to isolation, powerless either or both of them against such
+odds. They shall wait there, please Heaven, till Saxony be quite
+finished. Zweibruck, and our Detachments and Maguires, let them
+finish Saxony, while Soltikof keeps the King busy. Saxony finished,
+how will either Prince or King attempt to recover it! After which,
+Silesia for us;--and we shall then be near our Magazines withal,
+and this severe stress of carting will abate or cease." In fact,
+these seem sound calculations: Friedrich is 24,000; Henri 38,000;
+the military dike is, of Austrians 75,000, of Russians and
+Austrians together 120,000. Daun may fairly calculate on succeeding
+beautifully this Year: Saxony his altogether; and in Silesia some
+Glogau or strong Town taken, and Russians and Austrians wintering
+together in that Country.
+
+If only Daun do not TOO much spare his trump cards! But there is
+such a thing as excess on that side too: and perhaps it is even the
+more ruinous kind,--and is certainly the more despised by good
+judges, though the multitude of bad may notice it less. Daun is
+unwearied in his vigilantes, in his infinite cartings of provision
+for himself and Soltikof,--long chains of Magazines, big and
+little, at Guben, at Gorlitz, at Bautzen, Zittau, Friedland;
+and does, aided by French Montalembert, all that man can to keep
+those dear stupid Russians in tune.
+
+Daun's problem of carting provisions, and guarding his multifarious
+posts, and sources of meal and defence, is not without its
+difficulties. Especially with a Prince Henri opposite; who has a
+superlative manoeuvring talent of his own, and an industry not
+inferior to Daun's in that way. Accordingly, ever since August
+11th-13th, when Daun moved northward to Triebel, and Henri shot out
+detachments parallel to him, "to secure the Bober and our right
+flank, and try to regain communication with the King,"--still more,
+ever since August 22d, when Daun undertook that onerous cartage of
+meal for Soltikof as well as self, the manoeuvring and mutual
+fencing and parrying, between Henri and him, has been getting
+livelier and livelier. Fain would Daun secure his numerous Roads
+and Magazines; assiduously does Henri threaten him in these points,
+and try all means to regain communication with his Brother.
+Daun has Magazines and interests everywhere; Henri is everywhere
+diligent to act on them.
+
+Daun in person, ever since Kunersdorf time, has been at Triebel;
+Henri moved to Sagan after him, but has left a lieutenant at
+Schmottseifen, as Daun has at Mark-Lissa:--here are still new
+planets, and secondary ditto, with revolving moons. In short, it is
+two interpenetrating solar systems, gyrating, osculatiug and
+colliding, over a space of several thousand square miles,--with an
+intricacy, with an embroiled abstruseness Ptolemean or more!
+Which indeed the soldier who would know his business--(and not
+knowing it, is not he of all solecisms in this world the most
+flagrant?)--ought to study, out of Tempelhof and the Books;
+but which, except in its results, no other reader could endure.
+The result we will make a point of gathering: carefully riddled
+down, there are withal in the details five or six little passages
+which have some shadow of interest to us; these let us note, and
+carefully omit the rest:-- 
+
+OF FOUQUET AT LANDSHUT. "Fouquet was twice attacked at Landshut;
+but made a lucky figure both times. Attack first was by Deville:
+attack second by Harsch. Early in July, not long after Friedrich
+had left for Schmottseifen, rash Deville (a rash creature, and then
+again a laggard, swift where he should be slow, and VICE VERSA)
+again made trial on Landshut and Fouquet; but was beautifully dealt
+with; taken in rear, in flank, or I forget how taken, but sent
+galloping through the Passes again, with a loss of many Prisoners,
+most of his furnitures, and all his presence of mind: whom Daun
+thereupon summoned out of those parts, 'Hitherward to Mark-Lissa
+with your Corps; leave Fouquet alone!' [HOFBERICHT VON DEN
+UNTERNEHMUNGEN DES FOUQUETSCHEN CORPS, IM JULIUS 1759: in Seyfarth,
+Beylagen, ii. 582-586.]
+
+"After which, Fouquet, things being altogether quiet round him, was
+summoned, with most part of his force, to Schmottseifen;
+left General Goltz (a man we have met before) to guard Landshut;
+and was in fair hopes of proving helpful to Prince Henri,--when
+Harsch [Harsch by himself this time, not Harsch and Deville as
+usual] thought here was his opportunity; and came with a great
+apparatus, as if to swallow Landshut whole. So that Fouquet had to
+hurry off reinforcements thither; and at length to go himself,
+leaving Stutterheim in his stead at Schmottseifen. Goltz, however,
+with his small handful, stood well to his work. And there fell out
+sharp fencings at Landshut:--especially one violent attack on our
+outposts; the Austrians quite triumphant; till 'a couple of cannon
+open on them from the next Hill,'--till some violent Werner or
+other charge in upon them with Prussian Hussars;--a desperate
+tussle, that special one of Werner's; not only sabres flashing
+furiously on both sides, but butts of pistols and blows on the
+face: [Tempelhof, iii. 233: 31st August.] till, in short, Harsch
+finds he can make nothing of it, and has taken himself away, before
+Fouquet come." This Goltz, here playing Anti-Harsch, is the Goltz
+who, with Winterfeld, Schmettau and others, was in that melancholy
+Zittau march, of the Prince of Prussia's, in 1757: it was Goltz by
+whom the King sent his finishing compliment, "You deserve, all of
+you, to be tried by Court-Martial, and to lose your heads!"
+Goltz is mainly concerned with Fouquet and Silesia, in late times;
+and we shall hear of him once again. Fouquet did not return to
+Schmottseifen; nor was molested again in Landshut this year, though
+he soon had to detach, for the King's use, part of his Landshut
+force, and had other Silesian business which fell to him.
+
+FORTRESS OF PEITZ. The poor Fortress of Peitz was taken again;--do
+readers remember it, "on the day of Zorndorf," last year?
+"This year, a fortnight after Kunersdorf, the same old Half-pay
+Gentleman with his Five-and-forty Invalids have again been set
+adrift, 'with the honors of war,' poor old creatures; lest by
+possibility they afflict the dear Russians and our meal-carts up
+yonder. [Tempelhof, iii. 231: 27th August.] I will forget who took
+Peitz: perhaps Haddick, of whom we have lately heard so much?
+He was captor of Berlin in 1757, did the Inroad on Berlin that
+year,--and produced Rossbach shortly after. Peitz, if he did Peitz,
+was Haddick's last success in the world. Haddick has been most
+industrious, 'guarding the Russian flank,'--standing between the
+King and it, during that Soltikof march to Mullrose, to Lieberose;
+but that once done, and the King settled at Waldau, Haddick was
+ordered to Saxony, against Wunsch and Finck:--and readers know
+already what he made of these Two in the 'Action at Korbitz,
+September 21st,'--and shall hear soon what befell Haddick himself
+in consequence."
+
+COLONEL HORDT IS CAPTURED. "It was in that final marching of
+Soltikof to Lieberose that a distinguished Ex-Swede, Colonel Hordt,
+of the Free Corps HORDT, was taken prisoner. At Trebatsch;
+hanging on Soltikof's right flank on that occasion. It was not
+Haddick, it was a swarm of Cossacks who laid Hordt fast; his horse
+having gone to the girths in a bog. [<italic> Memoires du Comte de
+Hordt <end italic> (a Berlin, 1789), ii. 53-58 (not dated or
+intelligible there): in Tempelhof (iii. 235, 236) clear account,
+"Trebatsch, September 4th."] Hordt, an Ex-Swede of distinction,--a
+Royalist Exile, on whose head the Swedes have set a price (had gone
+into 'Brahe's Plot,' years since, Plot on behalf of the poor
+Swedish King, which cost Brahe his life),--Hordt now might have
+fared ill, had not Friedrich been emphatic, 'Touch a hair of him,
+retaliation follows on the instant!' He was carried to Petersburg;
+'lay twenty-six months and three days' in solitary durance there;
+and we may hear a word from him again."
+
+ZIETHEN ALMOST CAPTURED. "Prince Henri, in the last days of August,
+marched to Sagan in person; [Tempelhof, iii. 231: 29th August.]
+Ziethen along with him; multifariously manoeuvring 'to regain
+communication with the King.' Of course, with no want of counter-
+manoeuvring, of vigilant outposts, cunningly devised detachments
+and assiduous small measures on the part of Daun. Who, one day, had
+determined on a more considerable thing; that of cutting out
+Ziethen from the Sagan neighborhood. And would have done it, they
+say,--had not he been too cunctatory. September 2d, Ziethen, who is
+posted in the little town of Sorau, had very nearly been cut off.
+In Sorau, westward, Daun-ward, of Sagan a short day?s march:
+there sat Ziethen, conscious of nothing particular,--with Daun
+secretly marching on him; Daun in person, from the west, and two
+others from the north and from the south, who are to be
+simultaneous on Sorau and the Zietheners. A well-laid scheme;
+likely to have finished Ziethen satisfactorily, who sat there aware
+of nothing. But it all miswent: Daun, on the road, noticed some
+trifling phenomenon (Prussian party of horse, or the like), which
+convinced his cautious mind that all was found out; that probably a
+whole Prussian Army, instead of a Ziethen only, was waiting at
+Sorau; upon which Daun turned home again, sorry that he could not
+turn the other two as well. The other two were stronger than
+Ziethen, could they have come upon him by surprise; or have caught
+him before he got through a certain Pass, or bit of bad ground,
+with his baggage. But Ziethen, by some accident, or by his own
+patrols, got notice; loaded his baggage instantly; and was through
+the Pass, or half through it, and in a condition to give stroke for
+stroke with interest, when his enemies came up. Nothing could be
+done upon Ziethen; who marched on, he and all his properties, safe
+to Sagan that night,--owing to Daun's over-caution, and to
+Ziethen's own activity and luck." [Tempelhof, iii. 233.]
+
+All this was prior to the loss of Dresden. During the crisis of
+that, when everybody was bestirring himself, Prince Henri made
+extraordinary exertions: "Much depends on me; all on me!" sighed
+Henri. A cautious little man; but not incapable of risking, in the
+crisis of a game for life and death. Friedrich and he are wedged
+asunder by that dike of Russians and Austrians, which goes from
+Bober river eastward, post after post, to Hoyerswerda westward,
+eighty miles along the Lausitz-Brandenburg Frontier, rooting itself
+through the Lausitz into Bohemia, and the sources of its meal.
+Friedrich and he cannot communicate except by spies ("the first
+JAGER," or regular express "from the King, arrived September 13th"
+[Ib. iii. 207.]): but both are of one mind; both are on one
+problem, "What is to be done with that impassable dike?"--and
+co-operate sympathetically without communicating. What follows
+bears date AFTER the loss of Dresden, but while Henri still knew
+only of the siege,--that JAGER of the 13th first brought him news
+of the loss.
+
+"A day or two after Ziethen's adventure, Henri quits Sagan, to move
+southward for a stroke at the Bohemian-Lausitz magazines; a stroke,
+and series of strokes. SEPTEMBER 8th, Ziethen and (in Fouquet's
+absence at Landshut) Stutterheim are pushed forward into the Zittau
+Country; first of all upon Friedland,--the Zittau Friedland, for
+there are Friedlands many! SEPTEMBER 9th, Stutterheim summons
+Friedland, gets it; gets the bit of magazine there; and next day
+hastens on to Zittau. Is refused surrender of Zittau;
+learns, however, that the magazine has been mostly set on wheels
+again, and is a stage forward on the road to Bohemia;
+whitherward Stutterheim, quitting Zittau as too tedious, hastens
+after it, and next day catches it, or the unburnt remains of it.
+A successful Stutterheim. Nor is Ziethen idle in the mean while;
+Ziethen and others; whom no Deville or Austrian Party thinks itself
+strong enough to meddle with, Prince Henri being so near.
+
+"Here is a pretty tempest in the heart of our Bohemian meal-
+conduit! Continue that, and what becomes of Soltikof and me? Daun
+is off from Triebel Country to this dangerous scene; indignantly
+cashiers Deville, 'Why did not you attack these Ziethen people?
+Had not you 10,000, Sir?' Cashiers poor Deville for not attacking;
+--does not himself attack: but carts away the important Gorlitz
+magazine, to Bautzen, which is the still more important one;
+sits down on the lid of that (according to wont); shoots out
+O'Donnell (an Irish gentleman, Deville's successor), and takes
+every precaution. Prince Henri, in presence of O'Donnell, coalesces
+again; walks into Gorlitz; encamps there, on the Landskron and
+other Heights (Moys Hill one of them, poor Winterfeld's Hill!),--
+and watches a little how matters will turn, and whether Daun,
+severely vigilant from Bautzen, seated on the lid of his magazine,
+will not perhaps rise."
+
+First and last, Daun in this business has tried several things;
+but there was pretty much always, and emphatically there now is,
+only one thing that could be effectual: To attack Prince Henri, and
+abolish him from those countries;--as surely might have been
+possible, with twice his strength at your disposal?--This, though
+sometimes he seemed to be thinking of such a thing, Daun never
+would try: for which the subsequent FACTS, and all good judges,
+were and are inexorably severe on Daun. Certain it is, no rashness
+could have better spilt Daun's game than did this extreme caution.
+
+
+DAUN, SOLTIKOF AND COMPANY AGAIN HAVE A COLLOQUY
+(Bautzen, September 15th); AFTER WHICH EVERYBODY
+STARTS ON HIS SPECIAL COURSE OF ACTION.
+
+Soltikof's disgust at this new movement of Daun's was great and
+indignant. "Instead of going at the King, and getting some victory
+for himself, he has gone to Bautzen, and sat down on his meal-bags!
+Meal? Is it to be a mere fighting for meal? I will march to-morrow
+for Poland, for Preussen, and find plenty of meal!" And would have
+gone, they say, had not Mercury, in the shape of Montalembert with
+his most zealous rhetoric, intervened; and prevailed with
+difficulty. "One hour of personal interview with Excellency Daun,"
+urges Montalembert; "one more!" "No," answers Soltikof.--"Alas,
+then, send your messenger!" To which last expedient Soltikof does
+assent, and despatches Romanzof on the errand.
+
+SEPTEMBER 15th, at Bautzen, at an early hour, there is meeting
+accordingly; not Romanzof, Soltikof's messenger, alone, but
+Zweibruck in person, Daun in person; and most earnest council is
+held. "A noble Russian gentleman sees how my hands are bound,"
+pleads Daun. "Will not Excellency Soltikof, who disdains idleness,
+go himself upon Silesia, upon Glogau for instance, and grant me a
+few days?" "No," answers Romanzof; "Excellency Soltikof by himself
+will not. Let Austria furnish Siege-Artillery; daily meal I need
+not speak of; 10,000 fresh Auxiliaries beyond those we have:
+on these terms Excellency Soltikof will perhaps try it; on lower
+terms, positively not." "Well then, yes!" answers Daun, not without
+qualms of mind. Daun has a horror at weakening himself to that
+extent; but what can he do? "General Campitelli, with the 10,000,
+let him march this night, then; join with General Loudon where you
+please to order: Excellency Soltikof shall see that in every point
+I conform." [Tempelhof, iii. 247-249.]--An important meeting to us,
+this at Bautzen; and breaks up the dead-lock into three or more
+divergent courses of activity; which it will now behoove us to
+follow, with the best brevity attainable. "Bautzen, Saturday, 15th
+September, early in the morning," that is the date of the important
+Colloquy. And precisely eight-and-forty hours before, "on Thursday,
+13th, about 10 A.M.", in the western Environs of Quebec, there has
+fallen out an Event, quite otherwise important in the History of
+Mankind! Of which readers shall have some notice at a time
+more convenient.--
+
+Romanzof returning with such answer, Soltikof straightway gathers
+himself, September 15th-16th, and gets on march. To Friedrich's
+joy; who hopes it may be homeward; waits two days at Waldau, for
+the Yes or No. On the second day, alas, it is No: "Going for
+Silesia, I perceive; thither, by a wide sweep northward, which they
+think will be safer!" Upon which Friedrich also rises; follows,
+with another kind of speed than Soltikof's; and, by one of his
+swift clutchings, lays hold of Sagan, which he, if Soltikof has
+not, sees to be a key-point in this operation. Easy for Soltikof to
+have seized this key-point, key of the real road to Glogau;
+easy for Loudon and the new 10,000 to have rendezvoused there:
+but nobody has thought of doing it. A few Croats were in the place,
+who could make no debate.
+
+From Sagan Friedrich and Henri are at length in free communication;
+Sagan to the Landskron at Gorlitz is some fifty miles of country,
+now fallen vacant. From Henri, from Fouquet (the dangers of
+Landshut being over), Friedrich is getting what reinforcement they
+can spare (September 20th-24th); will then push forward again,
+industriously sticking to the flanks of Soltikof, thrusting out
+stumbling-blocks, making his march very uncomfortable.
+
+Strange to say, from Sagan, while waiting two days for these
+reinforcements, there starts suddenly to view, suddenly for
+Friedrich and us, an incipient Negotiation about Peace!
+Actual Proposal that way (or as good as actual, so Voltaire thinks
+it), on the part of Choiseul and France; but as yet in Voltaire's
+name only, by a sure though a backstairs channel, of his
+discovering. Of which, and of the much farther corresponding that
+did actually follow on it, we purpose to say something elsewhere,
+at a better time. Meanwhile Voltaire's announcement of it to the
+King has just come in, through a fair and high Hand: how Friedrich
+receives it, what Friedrich's inner feeling is, and has been for a
+fortnight past--Here are some private utterances of his, throwing a
+straggle of light on those points:--
+
+
+FOUR LETTERS OF FRIEDRICH'S (10th-24th September).
+
+No. 1. TO PRINCE FERDINAND (at Berlin). Poor little Ferdinand, the
+King's Brother, fallen into bad health, has retired from the Wars,
+and gone to Berlin; much an object of anxiety to the King, who
+diligently corresponds with the dear little man,--giving earnest
+medical advices, and getting Berlin news in return.
+
+"WALDAU, 10th September, 1759.
+
+"Since my last Letter, Dresden has capitulated,--the very day while
+Wunsch was beating Maguire at The Barns [north side of Dresden,
+September 5th) day AFTER the capitulation]. Wunsch went back to
+Torgau, which St. Andre, with 14,000 Reichs-people under him, was
+for retaking; him too Wunsch beat, took all his tents, kettles,
+haversacks and utensils, 300 prisoners, six cannon and some
+standards. Finck is uniting with Wunsch; they will march on the
+Prince of Zweibruck, and retake Dresden [hopes always, for a year
+and more, to have Dresden back very soon]. I trust before long to
+get all these people gathered round Dresden, and our own Country
+rid of them: that, I take it, will be the end of the Campaign.
+
+"Many compliments to the Prince of Wurtemberg [wounded at
+Kunersdorf], and to all our wounded Generals: I hope Seidlitz is
+now out of danger: that bleeding fit (EBULLITION DE SANG) will cure
+him of the cramp in his jaw, and of his colics; and as he is in
+bed, he won't take cold. I hope the viper-broth will do you
+infinite good; be assiduous in patching your constitution, while
+there is yet some fine weather left: I dread the winter for you;
+take a great deal of care against cold. I have still a couple of
+cruel months ahead of me before ending this Campaign. Within that
+time, there will be, God knows what upshot." [<italic> OEuvres de
+Frederic, <end italic> xxvi. 544.]--This is "September 10th:" the
+day of Captain Kollas's arrival with his bad Dresden news; Daun and
+Soltikof profoundly quiet for three days more.
+
+No. 2. TO THE DUCHESS OF SACHSEN-GOTHA (at Gotha). Voltaire has
+enclosed his Peace-Proposal to that Serene Lady, always a friend of
+Friedrich's and his; to whom Friedrich, directly on receipt of it,
+makes answer:--
+
+"SAGAN, 22d September, 1759.
+
+"MADAM,--I receive on all occasions proofs of your goodness, to
+which I am as sensible as a chivalrous man can be. Certainly it is
+not through your hands, Madam, that my Correspondence with V. [with
+Voltaire, if one durst write it in full] ought to be made to pass!
+Nevertheless, in present circumstances, I will presume to beg that
+you would forward to him the Answer here enclosed, on which I put
+no Address. The difficulty of transmitting Letters has made me
+choose my Brother," Ferdinand, at Berlin, "to have this conveyed to
+your hand.
+
+"If I gave bridle to my feelings, now would be the moment for
+developing them; but in these critical times I judge it better not;
+and will restrict myself to simple assurances of--" F.
+
+No. 3. TO VOLTAIRE, at the Delices (so her Serene Highness will
+address it). Here is part of the Enclosure to "V." Friedrich is all
+for Peace; but keeps on his guard with such an Ambassador, and
+writes in a proud, light, only half-believing style:--
+
+"SAGAN, 22d September, 1759.
+
+"The Duchess of Sachsen-Gotha sends me your Letter. I never
+received your packet of the 29th: communications all interrupted
+here; with much trouble I get this passed on to you, if it is happy
+enough to pass.
+
+"My position is not so desperate as my enemies give out. I expect
+to finish my Campaign tolerably; my courage is not sunk:--it
+appears, however, there is talk of Peace. All I can say of positive
+on this article is, That I have honor for ten; and that, whatever
+misfortune befall me, I feel myself incapable of doing anything to
+wound, the least in the world, this principle,--which is so
+sensitive and delicate for one who thinks like a gentleman (PENSE
+EN PREUX CHEVALIER); and so little regarded by rascally
+politicians, who think like tradesmen.
+
+"I know nothing of what you have been telling me about [your
+backstairs channels, your Duc de Choiseul and his humors]: but for
+making Peace there are two conditions which I never will depart
+from: 1. To make it conjointly with my faithful Allies [Hessen and
+England; I have no other]; 2. To make it honorable and glorious.
+Observe you, I have still honor remaining; I will preserve that, at
+the price of my blood.
+
+"If your people want Peace, let them propose nothing to me which
+contradicts the delicacy of my sentiments. I am in the convulsions
+of military operations; I do as the gamblers who are in ill-luck,
+and obstinately set themselves against Fortune. I have forced her
+to return to me, more than once, like a fickle mistress, when she
+had run away. My opponents are such foolish people, in the end I
+bid fair to catch some advantage over them: but, happen whatsoever
+his Sacred Majesty Chance may please, I don't disturb myself about
+it. Up to this point, I have a clear conscience in regard to the
+misfortunes that have come to me. As to you, the Battle of Minden,
+that of Cadiz" (Boscawen VERSUS De la Clue; Toulon Fleet running
+out, and caught by the English, as we saw), these things perhaps,
+"and the loss of Canada, are arguments capable of restoring reason
+to the French, who had got confused by the Austrian hellebore.
+
+"This is my way of thinking. You do not find me made of rose-water:
+but Henri Quatre, Louis Quatorze,--my present enemies even, whom I
+could cite [Maria Theresa, twenty years ago, when your Belleisle
+set out to cut her in Four],--were of no softer temper either.
+Had I been born a private man, I would yield everything for the
+love of Peace; but one has to take the tone of one's position.
+This is all I can tell you at present. In three or four weeks the
+ways of correspondence will be freer.--F." [<italic> OEuvres de
+Frederic, <end italic> xxiii. 60, 61.]
+
+No. 4. TO PRINCE FERDINAND. Two days later: has got on foot again,
+--end of his first march upon Soltikof again:--
+
+"BAUNAU, 24th September, 1759.
+
+"Thank you for the news you send of the wounded Officers,"
+Wurtemberg, Seidlitz and the others. "You may well suppose that in
+the pass things are at, I am not without cares, inquietudes,
+anxieties; it is the frightfulest crisis I have had in my life.
+This is the moment for dying unless one conquer. Daun and my
+Brother Henri are marching side by side [not exactly!]. It is
+possible enough all these Armies may assemble hereabouts, and that
+a general Battle may decide our fortune and the Peace. Take care of
+your health, dear Brother.--F." [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end
+italic> xxvi. 545.]
+
+Baunau is on Silesian ground, as indeed Sagan itself is; at Baunau
+Friedrich already, just on arriving, has done a fine move on
+Soltikof, and surprisingly flung the toll-gate in Soltikof's face.
+As we shall see by and by;--and likewise that Prince Henri, who
+emerges to-morrow morning (September 25th), has not been "marching
+side by side with Daun," but at a pretty distance from
+that gentleman!--
+
+Soltikof is a man of his word; otherwise one suspects he already
+saw his Siege of Glogau to be impossible. Russians are not very
+skilful at the War-minuet: fancy what it will be dancing to such a
+partner! Friedrich, finding they are for Glogau, whisks across the
+Oder, gets there before them: "No Glogau for you!" They stand agape
+for some time; then think "Well then Breslau!" Friedrich again
+whisks across from them, farther up, and is again ahead of them
+when they cross: "No Breslau either!" In effect, it is hopeless;
+and we may leave the two manoeuvring in those waste parts, astride
+of Oder, or on the eastern bank of it, till a fitter opportunity;
+and attend to Henri, who is now the article in risk.
+
+Zweibruck's report of himself, on that day of the general Colloquy,
+was not in the way of complaint, like that of the Russians, though
+there did remain difficulties. "Dresden gloriously ours;
+Maguire Governor there, and everything secure; upon my honor.
+But in the northwest part, those Fincks and Wunsches, Excellenz?"--
+And the actual truth is, Wunsch has taken Leipzig, day before
+yesterday (September 13th), as Daun sorrowfully knows, by news come
+in overnight. And six days hence (September 21st), Finck and Wunsch
+together will do their "ACTION OF KORBITZ," and be sending Haddick
+a bad road! These things Zweibruck knows only in part; but past
+experience gives him ominous presentiment, as it may well do;
+and he thinks decidedly: "Excellenz, more Austrian troops are
+indispensable there; in fact, your Excellenz's self, were that
+possible; which one feels it is not, in the presence of
+these Russians!"
+
+Russians and Reichsfolk, these are a pair of thumbscrews on both
+thumbs of Daun; screwing the cunctation out of him; painfully
+intimating: "Get rid of this Prince Henri; you must, you must!"
+And, in the course of the next eight days Daun has actually girt
+himself to this great enterprise. Goaded on, I could guess, by the
+"Action of Korbitz " (done on Friday, thirty hours ago); the news
+of which, and that Haddick, instead of extinguishing Finck, is
+retreating from him upon Dresden,--what a piece of news! thinks
+Daun: "You, Zweibruck, Haddick, Maguire and Company, you are 36,000
+in Saxony; Finck has not 12,000 in the field: How is this?"--and
+indignantly dismisses Haddick altogether: "Go, Sir, and attend to
+your health!" [Tempelhof, iii. 276, 258-261.]  News poignantly
+astonishing to Daun, as would seem;--like an ox-goad in the lazy
+rear of Daun. Certain it is, Daun had marched out to Gorlitz in
+collected form; and, on Saturday afternoon, SEPTEMBER 22d is
+personally on the Heights (not Moys Hill, I should judge, but other
+points of vision), taking earnest survey of Prince Henri's position
+on the Landskron there. "To-morrow morning we attack that Camp,"
+thinks Daun; "storm Prince Henri and it: be rid of him, at any
+price!" [Ib. iii. 253-256 (for the March now ensuing):
+iii. 228-234, 241-247 (for Henri's anterior movements).]
+
+"To-morrow morning," yes:--but this afternoon, and earlier, Prince
+Henri has formed a great resolution, his plans all laid, everything
+in readiness; and it is not here you will find Prince Henri
+to-morrow. This is his famous March of Fifty Hours, this that we
+are now come to; which deserves all our attention,--and all Daun's
+much more! Prince Henri was habitually a man cautious in War;
+not aggressive, like his Brother, but defensive, frugal of risks,
+and averse to the lion-springs usual with some people;
+though capable of them, too, in the hour of need. Military men are
+full of wonder at the bold scheme he now fell upon; and at his
+style of executing it. Hardly was Daun gone home to his meditations
+on the storm of the Landskron to-morrow, and tattoo beaten in
+Prince Henri's Camp there, when, at 8 that Saturday evening,
+issuing softly, with a minimum of noise, in the proper marching
+columns, baggage-columns, Henri altogether quitted this Camp;
+and vanished like a dream. Into the Night; men and goods, every
+item:--who shall say whitherward? Leaving only a few light people
+to keep up the watch-fires and sentry-cries, for behoof of Daun!
+Let readers here, who are in the secret, watch him a little
+from afar.
+
+Straight northward goes Prince Henri, down Neisse Valley, 20 miles
+or so, to Rothenburg; in columns several-fold, with much delicate
+arranging, which was punctually followed: and in the course of
+to-morrow Prince Henri is bivouacked, for a short rest of three
+hours,--hidden in unknown space, 20 miles from Daun, when Daun
+comes marching up to storm him on the Landskron! Gone veritably;
+but whitherward Daun cannot form the least guess. Daun can only
+keep his men under arms there, all day; while his scouts gallop far
+and wide,--bringing in this false guess and the other; and at
+length returning with the eminently false one, misled by some of
+Henri's baggage-columns, which have to go many routes, That the
+Prince is on march for Glogau:--"Gone northeast; that way went his
+wagons; these we saw with our eyes." "Northeast? Yes, to Glogau
+possibly enough," thinks Daun: "Or may not he, cunning as he is and
+full of feints, intend a stroke on Bautzen, in my absence?"--and
+hastens thither again, and sits down on the Magazine-lid, glad to
+find nothing wrong there.
+
+This is all that Daun hears of Henri for the next four days.
+Plenty of bad news from Saxony in these four days: the Finck-
+Haddick Action of Korbitz, a dismal certainty before one started,--
+and Haddick on his road to some Watering Place by this time! But no
+trace of Henri farther; since that of the wagons wending northeast.
+"Gone to Glogau, to his Brother: no use in pushing him, or trying
+to molest him there!" thinks Daun; and waits, in stagnant humor,
+chewing the cud of bitter enough thoughts, till confirmation of
+that guess arrive:--as it never will in this world! Read an
+important Note:--
+
+"To northward of Bautzen forty miles, and to westward forty miles,
+the country is all Daun's; only towards Glogau, with the Russians
+and Friedrich thereabouts, does it become disputable, or offer
+Prince Henri any chance. Nevertheless it is not to Glogau, it is
+far the reverse, that the nimble Henri has gone. Resting himself at
+Rothenburg 'three hours' (speed is of all things the vitalest),
+Prince Henri starts again, SUNDAY afternoon, straight westward this
+time. Marches, with his best swiftness, with his best arrangements,
+through many sleeping Villages, to Klitten, not a wakeful one: a
+march of 18 miles from Rothenburg;--direct for the Saxon side of
+things, instead of the Silesian, as Daun had made sure.
+
+"At Klitten, MONDAY morning, bivouac again, for a few hours,--'has
+no Camp, only waits three hours,' is Archenholtz's phrase: but I
+suppose the meaning is, Waits till the several Columns, by their
+calculated routes, have all got together; and till the latest in
+arriving has had 'three hours' of rest,--the earliest having
+perhaps gone on march again, in the interim? There are 20 miles
+farther, still straight west, to Hoyerswerda, where the outmost
+Austrian Division is: 'Forward towards that; let us astonish
+General Wehla and his 3,000, and our March is over!' All this too
+Prince Henri manages; never anything more consummate, more
+astonishing to Wehla and his Master.
+
+"Wehla and Brentano, readers perhaps remember them busy, from the
+Pirna side, at the late Siege of Dresden. Siege gloriously done,
+Wehla was ordered to Hoyerswerda, on the northwest frontier;
+Brentano to a different point in that neighborhood; where Brentano
+escaped ruin, and shall not be mentioned; but Wehla suddenly found
+it, and will require a word. Wehla, of all people on the War-
+theatre, had been the least expecting disturbance. He is on the
+remotest western flank; to westward of him nothing but Torgau and
+the Finck-Wunsch people, from whom is small likelihood of danger:
+from the eastern what danger can there be? A Letter of Dauns, some
+days ago, had expressly informed him that, to all appearance, there
+was none.
+
+"And now suddenly, on the Tuesday morning, What is this?
+Prussians reported to be visible in the Woods! 'Impossible!'
+answered Wehla;--did get ready, however, what he could;
+Croat Regiments, pieces of Artillery behind the Elster River and on
+good points; laboring more and more diligently, as the news proved
+true. But all his efforts were to no purpose. General Lentulus with
+his Prussians (the mute Swiss Lentulus, whom we sometimes meet),
+who has the Vanguard this day, comes streaming out of the woods
+across the obstacles; cannonades Wehla both in front and rear;
+entirely swallows Wehla and Corps: 600 killed; the General himself,
+with 28 Field-Officers, and of subalterns and privates 1,785,
+falling prisoners to us; and the remainder scattered on the winds,
+galloping each his own road towards covert and a new form of life.
+Wehla is eaten, in this manner, Tuesday, September 25th:--
+metaphorically speaking, the March of Fifty Hours ends in a
+comfortable twofold meal (military-cannibal, as well as of common
+culinary meat), and in well-deserved rest." [Tempelhof, iii. 255,
+256; Seyfarth, <italic> Beylagen; <end italic> &c.]
+
+The turning-point of the Campaign is reckoned to be this March of
+Henri's; one of the most extraordinary on record. Prince Henri had
+a very fast March INTO these Silesian-Lausitz Countries, early in
+July, [Seyfarth, ii. 545.] and another very fast, from Bautzen, to
+intersect with Schmottseifen, in the end of July: but these were as
+nothing compared with the present. Tempelhof, the excellent solid
+man,--but who puts all things, big and little, on the same level of
+detail, and has unparalleled methods of arranging (what he reckons
+to be "arranging"), and no vestige of index,--is distressingly
+obscure on this grand Incident; but at length, on compulsion, does
+yield clear account. [Tempelhof, iii. 253-258.] In Archenholtz it
+is not DATED at all; who merely says as follows: "Most
+extraordinary march ever made; went through 50 miles of Country
+wholly in the Enemy's possession; lasted 56 hours, in which long
+period there was no camp pitched, and only twice a rest of three
+hours allowed the troops. During the other fifty hours the march,
+day and night, continually proceeded. Ended (NO date) in surprise
+of General Wehla at Hoyerswerda, cutting up 600 of his soldiers,
+and taking 1,800 prisoners. Kalkreuth, since so famous," in the
+Anti-Napoleon Wars, "was the Prince's Adjutant." [Archenholtz,
+i. 426.]
+
+This is probably Prince Henri's cleverest feat,--though he did a
+great many of clever; and his Brother used to say, glancing towards
+him, "There is but one of us that never committed a mistake."
+A highly ingenious dexterous little man in affairs of War, sharp as
+needles, vehement but cautious; though of abstruse temper, thin-
+skinned, capricious, and giving his Brother a great deal of trouble
+with his jealousies and shrewish whims. By this last consummate
+little operation he has astonished Daun as much as anybody ever
+did; shorn his elaborate tissue of cunctations into ruin and
+collapse at one stroke; and in effect, as turns out, wrecked his
+campaign for this Year.
+
+Daun finds there is now no hope of Saxony, unless he himself at
+once proceed thither. At once thither;--and leave Glogau and the
+Russians to their luck,--which in such case, what is it like to be?
+Probably, to Daun's own view, ominous enough; but he has no
+alternative. To this pass has the March of Fifty Hours brought us.
+There is such a thing as being too cunctatory, is not there, your
+Excellency? Every mortal, and more especially every Feldmarschall,
+ought to strike the iron while it is hot. The remainder of this
+Campaign, we will hope, can be made intelligible in a more
+summary manner.
+
+
+FRIEDRICH MANAGES (September 24th-October 24th) TO GET THE
+RUSSIANS SENT HOME; AND HIMSELF FALLS LAMED WITH GOUT.
+
+Friedrich's manoeuvres against Soltikof,--every reader is prepared
+to hear that Soltikof was rendered futile by them: and none but
+military readers could take delight in the details. Two beautiful
+short-cuts he made upon Soltikof; pulled him up both times in mid
+career, as with hard check-bit. The first time was at Zobelwitz:
+September 24th, Friedrich cut across from Sagan, which is string to
+bow of the Russian march; posted himself on the Heights of
+Zobelwitz, of Baunau, Milkau (at Baunau Friedrich will write a
+LETTER this night, if readers bethink themselves; Milkau is a place
+he may remember for rain-deluges, in the First Silesian War [Supra,
+p. 323; ib. vol. vii. p. 311.]): "Let the Russians, if they now
+dare, try the Pass of Neustadtel here!" A fortunate hour, when he
+got upon this ground. Quartermaster-General Stoffel, our old
+Custrin acquaintance, is found marking out a Camp with a view to
+that Pass of Neustadtel; [Tempelhof, iii. 293; Retzow, ii. 163.]
+is, greatly astonished to find the Prussian Army emerge on him
+there; and at once vanishes, with his Hussar-Cossack retinues.
+"September 24th," it is while Prince Henri was on the last moiety
+of his March of Fifty Hours. This severe twitch flung Soltikof
+quite out from Glogau,--was like to fling him home altogether, had
+it not been for Montalembert's eloquence;--did fling him across the
+Oder. Where, again thanks to Montalembert, he was circling on with
+an eye to Breslau, when Friedrich, by the diameter, suddenly laid
+bridges, crossed at Koben, and again brought Soltikof to halt, as
+by turnpike suddenly shut: "Must pay first; must beat us first!"
+
+These things had raised Friedrich's spirits not a little.
+Getting on the Heights of Zobelwitz, he was heard to exclaim, "This
+is a lucky day; worth more to me than a battle with victory."
+[Retzow, ii. 163.] Astonishing how he blazed out again, quite into
+his old pride and effulgence, after this, says Retzow. Had been so
+meek, so humbled, and even condescended to ask advice or opinion
+from some about him. Especially "from two Captains," says the
+Opposition Retzow, whose heads were nearly turned by this sunburst
+from on high. Captain Marquart and another,--I believe, he did
+employ them about Routes and marking of Camps, which Retzow calls
+consulting: a King fallen tragically scarce of persons to consult;
+all his Winterfelds, Schwerins, Keiths and Council of Peers now
+vanished, and nothing but some intelligent-looking Captain
+Marquart, or the like, to consult:--of which Retzow, in his
+splenetic Opposition humor, does not see the tragedy, but rather
+the comedy: how the poor Captains found their favor to be
+temporary, conditional, and had to collapse again. One of them
+wrote an "ESSAY on the COUP-D'OEIL MILITAIRE," over which Retzow
+pretends to weep. This was Friedrich's marginal Note upon the MS.,
+when submitted to his gracious perusal: "You (ER) will do better to
+acquire the Art of marking Camps than to write upon the Military
+Stroke of Eye." Beautifully written too, says Retzow; but what, in
+the eyes of this King, is beautiful writing, to knowing your
+business well? No friend he to writing, unless you have got
+something really special, and urgent to be written.
+
+Friedrich crassed the Oder twice. Took Soltikof on both sides of
+the Oder, cut him out of this fond expectation, then of that;
+led him, we perceive, a bad life. Latterly the scene was on the
+right bank; Sophienthal, Koben, Herrnstadt and other poor places,--
+on that big eastern elbow, where Oder takes his final bend, or
+farewell of Poland. Ground, naturally, of some interest to
+Friedrich: ground to us unknown; but known to Friedrich as the
+ground where Karl XII. gave Schulenburg his beating, ["Near Guhrau"
+(while chasing August the Strong and him out of Poland), "12th
+October, 1704:" vague account of it, dateless, and as good as
+placeless, in Voltaire (<italic> Charles Douse, <end italic> liv.
+iii.), <italic> OEuvres, <end italic> xxx. 142-145.] which produced
+the "beautiful retreat" of Schulenburg. The old Feldmarschall
+Schulenburg whom we used to hear of once,--whose Nephew, a
+pipeclayed little gentleman, was well known to Friedrich and us.
+
+For the rest, I do not think he feels this out-manoeuvring of the
+Russians very hard work. Already, from Zobelwitz Country, 25th
+September, day of Henri at Hoyerswerda, Friedrich had written to
+Fouquet: "With 21,000 your beaten and maltreated Servant has
+hindered an Army of 50,000 from attacking him, and compelled them
+to retire on Neusatz!" Evidently much risen in hope; and Henri's
+fine news not yet come to hand. By degrees, Soltikof, rendered
+futile, got very angry; especially when Daun had to go for Saxony.
+"Meal was becoming impossible, at any rate," whimpers Daun:
+"O Excellency, do but consider, with the nobleness natural to you!
+Our Court will cheerfully furnish money, instead of meal."--"Money?
+My people cannot eat money!" growled Soltikof, getting more and
+more angry; threatening daily to march for Posen and his own meal-
+stores. What a time of it has Montalembert, has the melancholy
+Loudon, with temper so hot!
+
+At Sophienthal, October 10th, Friedrich falls ill of gout;--
+absolutely lamed; for three weeks cannot stir from his room.
+Happily the outer problem is becoming easier and easier;
+almost bringing its own solution. At Sophienthal the lame Friedrich
+takes to writing about CHARLES XII. AND HIS MILITARY CHARACTER,--
+not a very illuminative Piece, on the first perusal, but I intend
+to read it again; [REFLEXIONS SUR LES TALENS MILITAIRES ET SUR LE
+CARACTERE DE CHARLES XII. (<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end
+italic> vii. 69-88).]--which at least helps him to pass the time.
+Soltikof, more and more straitened, meal itself running low, gets
+angrier and angrier. His treatment of the Country, Montalembert
+rather encouraging, is described as "horrible." One day he takes
+the whim, whim or little more, of seizing Herrnstadt; a small Town,
+between the Two Armies, where the Prussians have a Free Battalion.
+The Prussian Battalion resists; drives Soltikof's people back.
+"Never mind," think they: "a place of no importance to us;
+and Excellency Soltikof has ridden else-whither." By ill-luck, in
+the afternoon, Excellency Soltikof happened to mention the place
+again. Hearing that the Prussians still have it, Soltikof mounts
+into a rage; summons the place, with answer still No; thereupon
+orders instant bombardment of it, fiery storms of grenadoes for it;
+and has the satisfaction of utterly burning poor Herrnstadt;
+the Prussian Free-Corps still continuing obstinate. It was
+Soltikof's last act in those parts, and betokens a sulphurous state
+of humor.
+
+Next morning (October 24th), he took the road for Posen, and
+marched bodily home. [Tempelhof, iii. 299, 291-300 (general
+account, abundantly minute).] Home verily, in spite of Montalembert
+and all men. "And for me, what orders has Excellency?" Loudon had
+anxiously inquired, on the eve of that event. "None whatever!"
+answered Excellency: "Do your own pleasure; go whithersoever seems
+good to you." And Loudon had to take a wide sweep round, by Kalish,
+through the western parts of Poland; and get home to the Troppau-
+Teschen Country as he best could.
+
+By Kalish, by Czenstochow, Cracow, poor Loudon had to go: a dismal
+march of 300 miles or more,--waited on latterly by Fouquet, with
+Werner, Goltz and others, on the Silesian Border; whom Friedrich
+had ordered thither for such end. Whom Loudon skilfully avoided to
+fight; having already, by desertion and by hardships, lost half his
+men on the road. Glad enough to get home and under roof, with his
+20,000 gone to 10,000; and to make bargain with Fouquet:
+"Truce, then, through Winter; neither of us to meddle with the
+other, unless after a fortnight's warning given." [Tempelhof, iii.
+328-331.] NOVEMBER 1st, a month before this, the King, carried on a
+litter by his soldiers, had quitted Sophienthal; and, crossing the
+River by Koben, got to Glogau. [Rodenbeck, i. 396.] The greater
+part of his force, 13,000 under Hulsen, he had immediately sent on
+for Saxony; he himself intending to wait recovery in Glogau, with
+this Silesian wing of the business happily brought to finis for
+the present.
+
+On the Saxon side, too, affairs are in such a course that the King
+can be patient at Glogau till he get well. Everything is prosperous
+in Saxony since that March on Hoyerswerda; Henri, with his Fincks
+and Wunsches, beautifully posted in the Meissen-Torgau region;
+no dislodging of him, let Daun, with his big mass of forces, try as
+he may. Daun, through the month of October, is in various Camps, in
+Schilda last of all: Henri successively in two; in Strehla for some
+ten days; then in Torgau for about three weeks, carefully
+intrenched, [Tempelhof. iii. 276, 281, 284 (Henri in Strehla,
+October 4th-17th; thence to Torgau: 22d October, Daun "quits his
+Camp of Belgern" for that of Schilda, which was his last in those
+parts).]--where traces of him will turn up (not too opportunely)
+next year. Daun, from whatever Camp, goes laboring on this side
+and on that; on every side the deft Henri is as sharp as needles;
+nothing to be made of him by the cunning movements and contrivances
+of Daun. Very fine manoeuvring it was, especially on Henri's part;
+a charm to the soldier mind;--given minutely in Tempelhof, and
+capable of being followed (if you have Maps and Patience) into the
+last details. Instructive really to the soldier;--but must be,
+almost all, omitted here. One beautiful slap to Duke d'Ahremberg (a
+poor old friend of Daun's and ours) we will remember: "Action of
+Pretsch" they call it; defeat, almost capture of poor D'Ahremberg;
+who had been sent to dislodge the Prince, by threatening his
+supplies, and had wheeled, accordingly, eastward, wide away;
+but, to his astonishment, found, after a march or two, Three select
+Prussian Corps emerging on him, by front, by rear, by flank, with
+Horse-artillery (quasi-miraculous) bursting out on hill-tops, too,
+--and, in short, nothing for it but to retreat, or indeed to run,
+in a considerably ruinous style: poor D'Ahremberg! [Seyfarth
+(<italic> Beylagen, <end italic> ii. 634-637), "HOFBERICHT VON DER
+AM 29 OCTOBER, 1759, BEY MEURO [chiefly BEY PRETSCH] VORGEFALLENEN
+ACTION;" ib. ii. 543 n.] On the whole, Daun is reduced to a panting
+condition; and knows not what to do. His plans were intrinsically
+bad, says Tempelhof; without beating Henri in battle, which he
+cannot bring himself to attempt, he, in all probability, will, were
+it only for difficulties of the commissariat kind, have to fall
+back Dresden-ward, and altogether take himself away. [Tempelhof,
+iii. 287-289.]
+
+After this sad slap at Pretsch, Daun paused for consideration;
+took to palisading himself to an extraordinary degree, slashing the
+Schilda Forests almost into ruin for this end; and otherwise sat
+absolutely quiet. Little to be done but take care of oneself.
+Daun knows withal of Hulsen's impending advent with the Silesian
+13,000;--November 2d, Hulsen is actually at Muskau, and his 13,000
+magnified by rumor to 20,000. Hearing of which, Daun takes the road
+(November 4th); quits his gloriously palisaded Camp of Schilda;
+feels that retreat on Dresden, or even home to Bohemia altogether,
+is the one course left.
+
+And now, the important Bautzen Colloquy of SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER
+15th, having here brought its three or more Courses of Activity to
+a pause,--we will glance at the far more important THURSDAY, 13th,
+other side the Ocean:--
+
+ABOVE QUEBEC, NIGHT OF SEPTEMBER 12th-13th, In profound silence, on
+the stream of the St. Lawrence far away, a notable adventure is
+going on. Wolfe, from two points well above Quebec ("As a last
+shift, we will try that way"), with about 5,000 men, is silently
+descending in boats; with purpose to climb the Heights somewhere on
+this side the City, and be in upon it, if Fate will. An enterprise
+of almost sublime nature; very great, if it can succeed. The cliffs
+all beset to his left hand, Montcalm in person guarding Quebec with
+his main strength.
+
+Wolfe silently descends; mind made up; thoughts hushed quiet into
+one great thought; in the ripple of the perpetual waters, under the
+grim cliffs and the eternal stars. Conversing with his people, he
+was heard to recite some passages of Gray's ELEGY, lately come out
+to those parts; of which, says an ear-witness, he expressed his
+admiration to an enthusiastic degree: "Ah, these are tones of the
+Eternal Melodies, are not they? A man might thank Heaven had he
+such a gift; almost as WE might for succeeding here, Gentlemen!"
+[Professor Robison, then a Naval Junior, in the boat along with
+Wolfe, afterwards a well-known Professor of Natural Philosophy at
+Edinburgh, was often heard, by persons whom I have heard again, to
+repeat this Anecdote. See Playfair, BIOGRAPHICAL ACCOUNT OF
+PROFESSOR ROBISON,--in <italic> Transactions <end italic> of Royal
+Society of Edinburgh, vii. 495 et seq.] Next morning (Thursday,
+13th September, 1759), Wolfe, with his 5,000, is found to have
+scrambled up by some woody Neck in the heights, which was not quite
+precipitous; has trailed one cannon with him, the seamen busy
+bringiug up another; and by 10 of the clock stands ranked (really
+somewhat in the Friedrich way, though on a small scale); ready at
+all poiuts for Montcalm, but refusing to be over-ready.
+
+Montcalm, on first hearing of him, had made haste: "OUI, JE LES
+VOIS OU ILS NE DOIVENT PAS ETRE; JE VAIS LES E'CRASER (to smash
+them)!" said he, by way of keeping his people in heart. And marches
+up, beautifully skilful, neglecting none of his advantages.
+Has numerous Canadian sharpshooters, preliminary Indians in the
+bushes, with a provoking fire: "Steady!" orders Wolfe; "from you
+not one shot till they are within thirty yards." And Montcalm,
+volleying and advancing, can get no response, more than from
+Druidic stones; till at thirty yards the stones become vocal,--and
+continue so at a dreadful rate; and, in a space of seventeen
+minutes, have blown Montcalm's regulars, and the gallant Montcalm
+himself, and their second in command, and their third, into ruin
+and destruction. In about seven minutes more the agony was done;
+"English falling on with the bayonet, Highlanders with the
+claymore;" fierce pursuit, rout total:--and Quebec and Canada as
+good as finished. The thing is yet well known to every Englishman;
+[The military details of it seem to be very ill known (witness
+Colonel Beatson's otherwise rather careful Pamphlet, THE PLAINS OF
+ABRAHAM, written quite lately, which we are soon to cite farther);
+and they would well deserve describing in the SEYFARTH-BEYLAGEN, or
+even in the TEMPELHOF way,--could an English Officer, on the spot
+as this Colonel was, be found to do it!--Details are in Beatson
+(quite another "Beatson"), <italic> Naval and Military History,
+<end italic> ii. 300-308; in <italic> Gentleman's Magazine <end
+italic> for 1759, the Despatches and particulars: see also Walpole,
+<italic> George the Second, <end italic> iii. 217-222.] and how
+Wolfe himself died in it, his beautiful death.
+
+Truly a bit of right soldierhood, this Wolfe. Manages his small
+resources in a consummate manner; invents, contrives, attempts and
+re-attempts, irrepressible by difficulty or discouragement, How
+could a Friedrich himself have managed this Quebec in a more
+artistic way? The small Battle itself, 5,000 to a side, and such
+odds of Savagery and Canadians, reminds you of one of Friedrich's:
+wise arrangements; exact foresight, preparation corresponding;
+caution with audacity; inflexible discipline, silent till its time
+come, and then blazing out as we see. The prettiest soldiering I
+have heard of among the English for several generations.
+Amherst, Commander-in-chief, is diligently noosing, and tying up,
+the French military settlements, Niagara, Ticonderoga; Canada all
+round: but this is the heart or windpipe of it; keep this firm,
+and, in the circumstances, Canada is yours.
+
+Colonel Reatson, in his recent Pamphlet, THE PLAINS OF
+ABRAHAM,--which, especially on the military side, is distressingly
+ignorant and shallow, though NOT intentionally incorrect
+anywhere,--gives Extracts from a Letter of Montcalm's ("Quebec,
+24th August, 1759"), which is highly worth reading, had we room. It
+predicts to a hair's-breadth, not only the way "M. Wolfe, if he
+understands his trade, will take to beat and ruin me if we meet in
+fight;"
+but also,--with a sagacity singular to look at, in the years
+1775-1777, and perhaps still more in the years 1860-1863,--what
+will be the consequences to those unruly English, Colonial and
+other. "If he beat me here, France has lost America utterly,"
+thinks Montcalm: "Yes;--and one's only consolation is, In ten years
+farther, America will be in revolt against England!"
+Montcalm's style of writing is not exemplary; but his power of
+faithful observation, his sagacity, and talent of prophecy are so
+considerable, we are tempted to give the IPSISSIMA VERBA of his
+long Letter in regard to those two points,--the rather as it seems
+to have fallen much out of sight in our day:--
+
+MONTCALM TO A COUSIN IN FRANCE.
+
+"CAMP BEFORE QUEBEC, 24th August, 1759.
+
+"MONSIEUR ET CHER COUSIN,--Here I am, for more than three months
+past, at handgrips with M. Wolfe; who ceases not day or night to
+bombard Quebec, with a fury which is almost unexampled in the Siege
+of a Place one intends to retain after taking it." ... Will never
+take it in that way, however, by attacking from the River or south
+shore; only ruins us, but does not enrich himself. Not an inch
+nearer his object than he was three months ago; and in one month
+more the equinoctial storms will blow his Fleet and him away.--
+Quebec, then, and the preservation of the Colony, you think, must
+be as good as safe?" Alas, the fact is far otherwise. The capture
+of Quebec depends on what we call a stroke-of-hand--[But let us
+take to the Original now, for Prediction First]:--
+
+"La prise de Quebec depend d'un coup de main. Les Anglais sont
+maitres de la riviere: ils n'ont qu'a effectuer une descente sur la
+rive ou cette Ville, sans fortifications et sans defense, est
+situee. Les voila en etat de me presenter la bataille; que je ne
+pourrais plus refuser, et que je ne devrais pas gagner. M. Wolfe,
+en effet, s'il entend son metier, n'a qu'a essuyer le premier feu,
+venir ensuite a grands pas sur mon armee, faire a bout portant sa
+decharge; mes Canadiens, sans discipline, sourds a la voix du
+tambour et des instrumens militaires, deranges pa cette escarre, ne
+sauront plus reprendre leurs rangs. Ils sont d'ailleurs sans
+baionettes pour repondre a celles de l'ennemi: il ne leur reste
+qu'a fuir,--et me voila battu sans ressource. [This is a curiously
+exact Prediction! I won't survive, however; defeat here, in this
+stage of our affairs, means loss of America altogether:] il est des
+situations ou il ne reste plus a un General que de perir avec
+honneur. ... Mes sentimens sont francais, et ils le seront jusque
+dans le tombeau, si dans le tombeau on est encore quelque chose.
+
+"Je me consolerai du moins de ma defaite, et de la perte de la
+Colonie, par l'intime persuasion ou je suis [Prediction Second,
+which is still more curious], que cette defaite vaudra, un jour, a
+ma Patrie plus qu'une victoire; et que le vainqueur, en
+s'agrandissant, trouvera un tombeau dans son agrandissement meme.
+
+"Ce que j'avance ici, mon cher Cousin, vous paraitra un paradoxe:
+mais un moment de reflexion politique, un coup d'oeil sur la
+situation des choses en Amerique, et la verite de mon opinion
+brillera dans tout son jour. [Nobody will obey, unless necessity
+compel him: VOILA LES HOMMES; GENE of any kind a nuisance to them;
+and of all men in the world LES ANGLAIS are the most impatient of
+obeying anybody.] Mais si ce sont-la les Anglais de l'Europe, c'est
+encore plus les Anglais d'Amerique. Une grande partie de ces Colons
+sont les enfans de ces hommes qui s'expatrierent dans ces temps de
+trouble ou l'ancienne Angleterre, en proie aux divisions, etait
+attaquee dans ses privileges et droits; et allerent chercher en
+Amerique une terre ou ils pussent vivre et mourir libres et presque
+independants:--et ces enfans n'ont pas degenere des sentimens
+republicains de leurs peres. D'autres sont des hommes ennemis de
+tout frein, de tout assujetissement, que le gouvernement y a
+transportes pour leurs crimes, D'autres, enfin, sont un ramas de
+differentes nations de l'Europe, qui tiennent tres-peu a l'ancienne
+Angleterre par le coeur et le sentiment; tous, en general, ne ce
+soucient gueres du Roi ni du Parlement d'Angleterre.
+
+"Je les connais bien,--non sur des rapports etrangers, mais sur des
+correspondances et des informations secretes, que j'ai moi-meme
+menagees; et dont, un jour, si Dieu me prete vie, je pourrai faire
+usage a l'avantage de ma Patrie. Pour surcroit de bonheur pour eux,
+tous ces Colons sont parvenues, dans un etat tres-florissant;
+ils sont nombreux et riches:--ils recueillent dans le sein de leur
+patrie toutes les necessites de la vie. L'ancienne Angleterre a ete
+assez sotte, et assez dupe, pour leur laisser etablir chez eux les
+arts, les metiers, les manufactures:--c'est a dire, qu'elle leur a
+laisse briser la chaine de besoins qui les liait, qui les attachait
+a elle, et qui les fait dependants. Aussi toutes ces Colonies
+Anglaises auraient-elles depuis longtemps secoue le joug, chaque
+province aurait forme une petite republique independante, si la
+crainte de voir les Francais a leur Porte n'avait ete un frein qui
+les avait retenu. Maitres pour maitres, ils ont pefere leurs
+compatriotes aux etrangers; prenant cependant pour maxime de
+n'obeir que le moins qu'ils pourraient. Mais que le Canada vint a
+etre conquis, et que les Canadiens et ces Colons ne fussent plus
+qu'une seul peuple,--et la premiere occasion ou l'ancienne
+Angleterre semblerait toucher a leurs interets, croyez-vous, mon
+cher Cousin, que ces Colons obeiront? Et qu'auraient-ils a craindre
+en se revoltant? ... Je suis si sur de ce que j'ecris, que je ne
+donnerais pas dix ans apres la conquete du Canada pour en voir
+l'accomplissement.
+
+"Voila ce que, comme Francais, me console aujourd'hui du danger
+imminent, que court ma Patrie, de voir cette Colonie perdue pour
+elle." [In Beatson, Lieutenant-Colonel R.E., <italic> The Plains of
+Abraham; Notes original and selected <end italic> (Gibraltar,
+Garrison Library Press, 1858), pp. 38 et seq.: Extract from
+<italic> "Lettres de M. le Marquis de Montcalm a MM. De Berryer et
+De la Mole: <end italic> 1757-1759 (Londres, 1777),"--which is not
+in the British-Museum Library, on applying; and seems to be a
+forgotten Book. (NOTE OF FIRST EDITION, 1865.)
+
+"A Copy is in the BOSTON ATHENAEUM LIBRARY, New-England: it is a
+Pamphlet rather than a Book; contains Two Letters to Berryer
+MINISTRE DE LA MARINE, besides this to Mole the Cousin: Publisher
+is the noted J. Almon,--in French and English." (From <italic>
+Boston Sunday Courier, <end italic> of 19th April, 1868, where this
+Letter is reproduced.)
+
+In the Temple Library, London, I have since found a Copy: and, on
+strict survey, am obliged to pronounce the whole Pamphlet a
+FORGERY,--especially the Two Letters to "Berryer MINISTER OF
+MARINE;" who was not yet Minister of anything, nor thought of as
+likely to be, for many months after the date of these Letters
+addressed to him as such! Internal evidence too, were such at all
+wanted, is abundant in these BERRYER Letters; which are of gross
+and almost stupid structure in comparison to the MOLE one. As this
+latter has already got into various Books, and been argued of in
+Parliaments and high places (Lord Shelburne asserting it to be
+spurious, Lord Mansfield to be genuine: REPORT OF PARLIAMENTARY
+DEBATES in <italic> Gentleman's Magazine <end italic> for NOVEMBER
+and for DECEMBER, 1777, pp. 515, 560),--it may be allowed to
+continue here in the CONDEMNED state. Forger, probably, some
+Ex-Canadian, or other American ROYALIST, anxious to do the
+Insurgent Party and their British Apologists an ill turn, in that
+critical year;--had shot off his Pamphlet to voracious Almon; who
+prints without preface or criticism, and even without correcting
+the press. (NOTE OF JULY, 1868.)] 
+
+Montcalm had been in the Belleisle RETREAT FROM PRAG (December,
+1742); in the terrible EXILLES Business (July, 1747), where the
+Chevalier de Belleisle and 4 or 5,000 lost their lives in about an
+hour. Captain Cook was at Quebec, Master in the Royal Navy;
+"sounding the River, and putting down buoys." Bougainville, another
+famous Navigator, was Aide-de-Camp of Montcalm. There have been
+far-sounding Epics built together on less basis than lies ready
+here, in this CAPTURE OF QUEBEC;--which itself, as the Decision
+that America is to be English and not French, is surely an Epoch in
+World-History! Montcalm was 48 when he perished; Wolfe 33.
+Montcalm's skull is in the Ursulines Convent at Quebec,--shown to
+the idly curious to this day. [Lieutenant-Colonel Beatson,
+pp. 28, 15.]
+
+It was on October 17th,--while Friedrich lay at Sophienthal, lamed
+of gout, and Soltikof had privately fixed for home (went that day
+week),--that this glorious bit of news reached England. It was only
+three days after that other, bad and almost hopeless news, from the
+same quarter; news of poor Wolfe's Repulse, on the other or eastern
+side of Quebec, July 31st, known to us already, not known in
+England till October 14th. Heightened by such contrast, the news
+filled all men with a strange mixture of emotions. "The incidents
+of Dramatic Fiction," says one who was sharer in it, "could not
+have been conducted with more address to lead an audience from
+despondency to sudden exultation, than Accident had here prepared
+to excite the passions of a whole People. They despaired; they
+triumphed; and they wept,--for Wolfe had fallen in the hour of
+victory! Joy, grief, curiosity, astonishment, were painted in every
+countenance: the more they inquired, the higher their admiration
+rose. Not an incident but was heroic and affecting." [Walpole, iii.
+219.] America ours; but the noble Wolfe now not!
+
+What Pitt himself said of these things, we do not much hear. On the
+meeting of his Parliament, about a month hence, his Speech,
+somebody having risen to congratulate and eulogize him, is still
+recognizably of royal quality, if we evoke it from the Walpole
+Notes. Very modest, very noble, true; and with fine pieties and
+magnanimities delicately audible in it: "Not a week all Summer but
+has been a crisis, in which I have not known whether I should not
+be torn to pieces, instead of being commended, as now by the
+Honorable Member. The hand of Divine Providence; the more a man is
+versed in business, the more he everywhere traces that! ...
+Success has given us unanimity, not unanimity success. For my own
+poor share, I could not have dared as I have done, except in these
+times. Other Ministers have hoped as well, but have not been so
+circumstanced to dare so much. ... I think the stone almost rolled
+to the top of the hill; but let us have a care; it may rebound, and
+hideously drag us down with it again." [Ib. iii. 225; Thackeray,
+i. 446.]
+
+The essential truth, moreover, is, Pitt has become King of England;
+so lucky has poor England, in its hour of crisis, again been.
+And the difference between an England guided by some kind of
+Friedrich (temporary Friedrich, absolute, though of insecure
+tenure), and by a Newcastle and the Clack of Tongues, is very
+great! But for Pitt, there had been no Wolfe, no Amherst;
+Duke Ferdinand had been the Royal Highness of Cumberland,--and all
+things going round him in St. Vitus, at their old rate. This man is
+a King, for the time being,--King really of the Friedrich type;--
+and rules, Friedrich himself not more despotically, where need is.
+Pitt's War-Offices, Admiralties, were not of themselves quick-going
+entities; but Pitt made them go. Slow-paced Lords in Office have
+remonstrated, on more than one occasion: "Impossible, Sir; these
+things cannot be got ready at the time you order!" "My Lord, they
+indispensably must," Pitt would answer (a man always reverent of
+coming facts, knowing how inexorable they are); and if the Negative
+continued obstinate in argument, he has been known to add:
+"My Lord, to the King's service, it is a fixed necessity of time.
+Unless the time is kept, I will impeach your Lordship!"
+Your Lordship's head will come to lie at your Lordship's feet!
+Figure a poor Duke of Newcastle, listening to such a thing;--and
+knowing that Pitt will do it; and that he can, such is his favor
+with universal England;--and trembling and obeying. War-requisites
+for land and for sea are got ready with a Prussian punctuality,--
+at what multiple of the Prussian expense, is a smaller question
+for Pitt.
+
+It is about eighteen months ago that Pownal, Governor of New
+England, a kind of half-military person, not without sound sense,
+though sadly intricate of utterance,--of whom Pitt, just entering
+on Office, has, I suppose, asked an opinion on America, as men do
+of Learned Counsel on an impending Lawsuit of magnitude,--had
+answered, in his long-winded, intertwisted, nearly inextricable
+way, to the effect, "Sir, I incline to fear, on the whole, that the
+Action will NOT lie,--that, on the whole, the French will eat
+America from us in spite of our teeth." [In THACKERAY, ii. 421-452,
+Pownal's intricate REPORT (his "DISCOURSE," or whatever he calls
+it, "ON THE DEFENCE OF THE INLAND FRONTIERS," his &c. &c.), of date
+"15th January, 1758."] January 15th, 1758, that is the Pownal
+Opinion-of-Counsel;--and on September 13th, 1759, this is what we
+have practically come to. And on September 7th, 1760: within 
+twelve months more,--Amherst, descending the Rapids from
+Ticonderoga side, and two other little Armies, ascending from
+Quebec and Louisburg, to meet him at Montreal, have proved punctual
+almost to an hour; and are in condition to extinguish, by triple
+pressure (or what we call noosing), the French Governor-General in
+Montreal, a Monsieur de Vaudreuil, and his Montreal and his Canada
+altogether; and send the French bodily home out of those
+Continents. [Capitulation between Amherst and Vaudreuil ("Montreal,
+8th September, 1760"), in 55 Articles: in BEATSON, iii. 274-283.]
+Which may dispense us from speaking farther on the subject.
+
+From the Madras region, too, from India and outrageous Lally, the
+news are good. Early in Spring last, poor Lally,--a man of endless
+talent and courage, but of dreadfully emphatic loose tongue, in
+fact of a blazing ungoverned Irish turn of mind,--had instantly, on
+sight of some small Succors from Pitt, to raise his siege of
+Madras, retire to Pondicherry; and, in fact, go plunging and
+tumbling downhill, he and his India with him, at an ever-faster
+rate, till they also had got to the Abyss. "My policy is in these
+five words, NO ENGLISHMAN IN THIS PENINSULA," wrote he, a year ago,
+on landing in India; and now it is to be No FRENCHMAN, and there is
+one word in the five to be altered!--Of poor Lally, zealous and
+furious over-much, and nearly the most unfortunate and worst-used
+"man of genius" I ever read of, whose lion-like struggles against
+French Official people, and against Pitt's Captains and their sea-
+fights and siegings, would deserve a volume to themselves, we have
+said, and can here say, as good as nothing,--except that they all
+ended, for Lally and French India, in total surrender, 16th
+January, 1761; and that Lally, some years afterwards, for toils
+undergone and for services done, got, when accounts came to be
+liquidated, death on the scaffold. Dates I give below. [28th April,
+1758, Lands at Pondicherry; instantly proceeds upon Fort St. David.
+2d June, 1758, Takes it: meant to have gone now on Madras; but
+finds he has no money;--goes extorting money from Black Potentates
+about, Rajah of Travancore, &c., in a violent and extraordinary
+style; and can get little. Nevertheless, 14th December, 1758, Lays
+Siege to Madras.
+
+16th February, 1759, Is obliged to quit trenches at Madras, and
+retire dismally upon Pondicherry,--to mere indigence, mutiny ("ten
+mutinies"), Official conspiracy, and chaos come again.
+
+22d January, 1760, Makes outrush on Wandewash, and the English
+posted there; is beaten, driven back into Pondicherry. April, 1760,
+Is besieged in Pondicherry. 16th January, 1761, Is taken,
+Pondicherry, French India and he;--to Madras he, lest the French
+Official party kill him, as they attempt to do.
+
+23d September, 1761, arrives, prisoner, in England: thence, on
+parole, to France and Paris, 21st October. November, 1762, To
+Bastille; waits trial nineteen months; trial lasts two years. 6th
+May, 1766, To be BEHEADED,--9th May was. See BEATSON, ii. 369-372,
+96-110, &c.; Voltaire (FRAGMENTS SUR L'INDE) in <italic> OEuvres,
+<end italic> xxix. 183-253; BIOGRAPHIC UNIVERSELLE,  Lally.]
+
+"Gained Fontenoy for us," said many persons;--undoubtedly gained
+various things for us, fought for us Berserkir-like on all
+occasions; hoped, in the end, to be Marechal de France, and
+undertook a Championship of India, which issues in this way!
+America and India, it is written, are both to be Pitt's. Let both,
+if possible, remain silent to us henceforth.
+
+As to the Invasion-of-England Scheme, Pitt says he does not expect
+the French will invade us; but if they do, he is ready. [Speech,
+4th November, supra.] 
+
+
+Chapter VII.
+
+FRIEDRICH REAPPEARS ON THE FIELD, AND IN SEVEN DAYS
+AFTER COMES THE CATASTROPHE OF MAXEN.
+
+November 6th-8th, Daun had gone to Meissen Country: fairly ebbing
+homeward; Henri following, with Hulsen joined,--not vehemently
+attacking the rhinoceros, but judiciously pricking him forward.
+Daun goes at his slowest step: in many divisions, covering a wide
+circuit; sticking to all the strong posts, till his own time for
+quitting them: slow, sullenly cautious; like a man descending
+dangerous precipices back foremost, and will not be hurried. So it
+had lasted about a week; Daun for the last four days sitting
+restive, obstinate, but Henri pricking into him more and more, till
+the rhinoceros seemed actually about lifting himself,--when
+Friedrich in person arrived in his Brother's Camp. [Tempelhof, iii.
+301-305.]
+
+At the Schloss of Herschstein, a mile or two behind Lommatsch,
+which is Henri's head-quarter (still to westward of Meissen;
+Daun hanging on, seven or eight miles to southeastward ahead;
+loath to go, but actually obliged),--it was there, Tuesday,
+November 13th, that the King met his Brother again. A King free of
+his gout; in joyful spirits; and high of humor,--like a man risen
+indignant, once more got to his feet, after three months'
+oppressions and miseries from the unworthy. "Too high," mourns
+Retzow, in a gloomy tone, as others do in perhaps a more indulgent
+one. Beyond doubt, Friedrich's farther procedures in this grave and
+weighty Daun business were more or less imprudent; of a too rapid
+and rash nature; and turned out bitterly unlucky to him. "Had he
+left the management to Henri!" sighed everybody, after the
+unlucky event.
+
+Friedrich had not arrived above four-and-twenty hours, when news
+came in: "The Austrians in movement again; actually rolling off
+Dresden-ward again." "Haha, do they smell me already!" laughed he:
+"Well, I will send Daun to the Devil,"--not adding, "if I can."
+And instantly ordered sharp pursuit,--and sheer stabbing with the
+ox-goad, not soft and delicate pricking, as Henri's lately.
+[Retzow, ii. 168; Tempelhof, iii. 306.] Friedrich, in fact; was in
+a fiery condition against Daun: "You trampled on me, you heavy
+buffalo, these three months; but that is over now!"--and took
+personally the vanguard in this pursuit. And had a bit of hot
+fighting in the Village of Korbitz (scene of that Finck-Haddick
+"Action," 21st September last, and of poor Haddick's ruin, and
+retirement to the Waters);--where the Austrians now prove very
+fierce and obstinate; and will not go, till well slashed into, and
+torn out by sheer beating:--which was visibly a kind of comfort to
+the King's humor. "Our Prussians do still fight, then, much as
+formerly! And it was all a hideous Nightmare, all that, and
+Daylight and Fact are come, and Friedrich is himself again!"
+
+They say Prince Henri took the liberty of counselling him, even of
+entreating him: "Leave well alone; why run risks?" said Henri.
+Daun, it was pretty apparent, had no outlook at the present but
+that of sauntering home to Bohmen; leaving Dresden to be an easy
+prey again, and his whole Campaign to fall futile, as the last had.
+Under Henri's gentle driving he would have gone slower; but how
+salutary, if he only went! These were Henri's views: but Friedrich
+was not in the slow humor; impatient to be in Dresden; "will be
+quartered there in a week," writes he, "and more at leisure than
+now." ["Wilsdruf, 17th November, 1759," and still more "19th
+November," Friedrich to Voltaire. in high spirits that way
+(<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xxiii. 66).] He is
+thinking of Leuthen, of Rossbach, of Campaign 1757, so gloriously
+restored after ruin; and, in the fire of his soul, is hoping to do
+something similar a second time. That is Retzow's notion: who knows
+but there may be truth in it? A proud Friedrich, got on his feet
+again after such usage;--nay, who knows whether it was quite so
+unwise to be impressive on the slow rhinoceros, and try to fix some
+thorn in his snout, or say (figuratively), to hobble his hind-feet;
+which, I am told, would have been beautifully ruinous; and, though
+riskish, was not impossible? [Tempelhof, iii. 311, &c.] Ill it
+indisputably turned out; and we have, with brevity, to say how, and
+leave readers to their judgment of it.
+
+It was in the Village of Krogis, about six miles forward, on the
+Meissen-Freyberg road, a mile or two on from Korbitz, and directly
+after the fierce little tussle in that Village,--that Friedrich,
+his blood still up, gave the Order for Maxen, which proved so
+unlucky to him. Wunsch had been shot off in pursuit of the beaten
+Austrians; but they ran too fast; and Wunsch came back without
+farther result, still early in the day. Back as far as Krogis,
+where the next head-quarter is to be;--and finds the King still in
+a fulminant condition; none the milder, it is likely, by Wunsch's
+returning without result. "Go straight to General Finck; bid him
+march at once!" orders the King; and rapidly gives Wunsch the
+instructions Finck is to follow. Finck and his Corps are near
+Nossen, some ten miles ahead of Krogis, some twenty west from
+Dresden. There, since yesterday, stands Finck, infesting the left
+or western flank of the Austrians,--what was their left, and will
+be again, when they call halt and face round on us:--Let Finck now
+march at once, quite round that western flank; by Freyberg,
+Dippoldiswalde, thence east to Maxen; plant himself at Maxen (a
+dozen miles south of Dresden, among the rocky hills), and stick
+diligently in the rear of those Austrians, cutting off, or
+threatening to cut off, their communications with Bohemia, and
+block the Pirna Country for them.
+
+Friedrich calculates that, if Daun is for retreating by Pirna
+Country, this will, at lowest, be a method to quicken him in that
+movement; or perhaps it may prove a method to cut off such retreat
+altogether, and force Daun to go circling by the Lausitz Hills and
+Wildernesses, exposed to tribulations which may go nigh to ruin
+him. That is Friedrich's proud thought: "an unfortunate Campaign;
+winding up, nevertheless, as 1757 did, in blazes of success!"
+And truly, if Friedrich could have made himself into Two;
+and, while flashing and charging in Daun's front, have been in
+command at Maxen in Daun's rear,--Friedrich could have made a
+pretty thing of this waxen Enterprise; and might in good part have
+realized his proud program. But there is no getting two Friedrichs.
+Finck, a General of approved quality, he is the nearest approach we
+can make to a second Friedrich;--and he, ill-luck too super-adding
+itself, proves tragically inadequate. And sets all the world, and
+Opposition Retzow, exclaiming, "See: Pride goes before a fall!"--
+
+At 3 in the afternoon, Friedrich, intensely surveying from the
+heights of Krogis the new Austrian movements and positions, is
+astonished, not agreeably ("What, still only here, Herr General!"),
+by a personal visit from Finck. Finck finds the Maxen business
+intricate, precarious; wishes farther instructions, brings forward
+this objection and that. Friedrich at last answers, impatiently:
+"You know I can't stand making of difficulties (ER WEISS DASS ICH
+DIE DIFFICULTATEN NICHT LEIDEN KANN; MACHE DASS ER FORT KOMMT);
+contrive to get it done!" With which poor comfort Finck has to ride
+back to Nossen; and scheme out his dispositions overnight.
+
+Next morning, Thursday, 15th, Finck gets on march; drives the
+Reichsfolk out of Freyberg; reaches Dippoldiswalde:--"Freyberg is
+to be my Magazine," considers Finck; "Dippoldiswalde my half-way
+house; Four Battalions of my poor Eighteen shall stand there, and
+secure the meal-carts." Friday, 16th, Finck has his Vanguard,
+Wunsch leading it, in possession of Maxen and the Heights; and on
+Saturday gets there himself, with all his people and equipments.
+I should think about 12,000 men: in a most intersected,
+intertwisted Hill Country; full of gullets, dells and winding
+brooks;--it is forecourt of the Pirna rocks, our celebrated Camp of
+Gahmig lies visible to north, Dohna and the Rothwasser bounding us
+to east;--in grim November weather, some snow falling, or snow-
+powder, alternating with sleet and glazing frosts: by no means a
+beautiful enterprise to Finck. Nor one of his own choosing, had one
+a choice in such cases.
+
+To Daun nothing could be more unwelcome than this news of Finck,
+embattled there at Maxen in the inextricable Hill Country, direct
+on the road of Daun's meal-carts and Bohemian communications.
+And truly withal,--what Daun does not yet hear, but can guess,--
+there is gone, in supplement or as auxiliary to Finck, a fierce
+Hussar party, under GRUNE Kleist, their fiercest Hussar since Mayer
+died; who this very day, at Aussig, burns Daun's first considerable
+Magazine; and has others in view for the same fate. [Friedrich's
+second Letter to Voltaire, Wilsdruf, "19th November, 1759."]
+An evident thing to Daun, that Finck being there, meal has ceased.
+
+On the instant, Daun falls back on Dresden; Saturday, 17th, takes
+post in the Dell of Plauen (PLAUEN'SCHE GRUND); an impassable
+Chasm, with sheer steeps on both sides, stretching southward from
+Dresden in front of the Hill Country: thither Daun marches, there
+to consider what is to be done with Finck. Amply safe this position
+is; none better in the world: a Village, Plauen, and a Brook,
+Weistritz, in the bottom of this exquisite Chasm; sheer rock-walls
+on each side,--high especially on the Daun, or south side;--head-
+quarters can be in Dresden itself; room for your cavalry on the
+plain ground between Dresden and the Chasm. A post both safe and
+comfortable; only you must not loiter in making up your mind as to
+Finck; for Friedrich has followed on the instant. Friedrich's head-
+quarter is already Wilsdruf, which an hour or two ago was Daun's:
+at Kesselsdorf vigilant Ziethen is vanguard. So that Friedrich
+looks over on you from the northern brow of your Chasm; delays are
+not good near such a neighbor.
+
+Daun--urged on by Lacy, they say--is not long in deciding that, in
+this strait, the short way out will be to attack Finck in the
+Hills. Daun is in the Hills, as well as Finck (this Plauen Chasm is
+the boundary-ditch of the Hills): Daun with 27,000 horse and foot,
+moving on from this western part; 3,000 light people (one Sincere
+the leader of them) moving simultaneously from Dresden itself, that
+is, from northward or northwestward; 12,000 Reichsfolk, horse and
+foot, part of them already to southeastward of Finck, other part
+stealing on by the Elbe bank thitherward: here, from three
+different points of the compass, are 42,000. These simultaneously
+dashing in, from west, north, south, upon Finck, may surely give
+account of his 12,000 and him! If only we can keep Friedrich dark
+upon it; which surely our Pandours will contrive to do.
+
+Finck, directly on arriving at Maxen, had reported himself to the
+King; and got answer before next morning: "Very well; but draw in
+those Four Battalions you have left in Dippoldiswalde; hit with the
+whole of your strength, when a chance offers." Which order Finck,
+literally and not too willingly, obeys; leaves only some light
+remnant in Dippoldiswalde, and reinforcement to linger within
+reach, till a certain Bread-convoy come to him, which will be due
+next morning (Monday, 19th); and which does then safely get home,
+though under annoyances from cannonading in the distance.
+
+SUNDAY, 18th, Finck fails not to reconnoitre from the highest Hill-
+top; to inquire by every method: he finds, for certain, that the
+enemy are coming in upon him. With his own eyes he sees Reichsfolk
+marching, in quantity, southeastward by the Elbe shore: "Intending
+towards Dohna, as is like?"--and despatched Wunsch, who,
+accordingly, drove them out of Dohna. Of all this Finck, at once,
+sent word to Friedrich. Who probably enough received the message;
+but who would get no new knowledge from it,--vigilant Ziethen
+having, by Austrian deserters and otherwise, discovered this of the
+Reichsfolk; and furthermore that Sincere with 3,000 was in motion,
+from the north, upon Finck. Sunday evening, Friedrich despatches
+Ziethen's Report; which punctually came to Finck's hand; but was
+the last thing he received from Friedrich, or Friedrich from him.
+The intervening Pandours picked up all the rest. The Ziethen
+REPORT, of two or three lines, most succinct but sufficient, like a
+cutting of hard iron, is to be read in many Books: we may as well
+give the Letter and it:--
+
+FRIEDRICH'S LETTER (WILSDRUF, 18th NOVEMBER, 1759). "My dear
+General-Lieutenant von Finck,--I send you the enclosed Report from
+General Ziethen, showing what is the lie of matters as seen from
+this side; and leave the whole to your disposition and necessary
+measures. I am your well-affectioned King,--F." The Enclosure is
+as follows:--
+
+GENERAL ZIETHEN'S REPORT (KESSELSDORF, 18th NOVEMBER, 1759).
+"To your Royal Majesty, send [no pronoun "I" allowed] herewith a
+Corporal, who has deserted from the Austrians. He says, Sincere
+with the Reserve did march with the Reichs Army; but a league
+behind it, and turned towards Dippoldiswalde. General Brentano
+[Wehla's old comrade, luckier than Wehla], as this Deserter heard
+last night in Daun's head-quarter,--which is in the southern Suburb
+of Dresden, in the Countess Moschinska's Garden,--was yesterday to
+have been in Dohlen [looking into our outposts from the hither side
+of their Plauen Dell], but was not there any longer," as our
+Deserter passed, "and it was said that he had gone to Maxen at
+three in the afternoon." [Tempelhof, iii. 309.]
+
+Thus curtly is Finck authorized to judge for himself in the new
+circumstances. Marginally is added, in Friedrich's own hand:
+"ER WIRD ENTWEDER MIT DEN REICHERN ODER MIT SICEREN EINEN GANG
+HABEN,--Either with the Reichers or with Sincere you will have a
+bout, I suppose."
+
+MAP FACING PAGE 350, BOOK XIX GOES HERE-----------
+
+Finck, from his own Hill-top, on Sunday and Monday, sees all this
+of Ziethen, and much more. Sees the vanguard of Daun himself
+approaching Dippoldiswalde, cannonading his meal-carts as they
+issue there; on all sides his enemies encompassing him like bees;--
+and has a sphinx-riddle on his mind, such as soldier seldom had.
+Shall he manoeuvre himself out, and march away, bread-carts,
+baggages and all entire? There is still time, and perfect
+possibility, by Dippoldiswalde there, or by other routes and
+methods. But again, did not his Majesty expect, do not these words
+"a bout" still seem to expect, a bit of fighting with somebody or
+other? Finck was an able soldier, and his skill and courage well
+known; but probably another kind of courage was wanted this day, of
+which Finck had not enough. Finck was not king of this matter;
+Finck was under a King who perhaps misjudged the matter. If Finck
+saw no method of doing other than hurt and bad service to his King
+by staying here, Finck should have had the courage to come away,
+and front the King's unreasonable anger, expecting redress one day,
+or never any redress. That was Finck's duty: but everybody sees how
+hard it was for flesh and blood.
+
+Finck, truer to the letter than to the spirit, determined to
+remain. Did, all that Monday, his best to prepare himself; called
+in his outposts ("Was not I ordered?" thinks Finck, too literally);
+and sees his multitudes of enemies settle round him;--Daun alone
+has 27,000 men, who take camp at Dippoldiswalde; and in sum-total
+they are as 4 to 1 of Finck:--a Finck still resolute of face,
+though internally his thoughts may be haggard enough. Doubtless he
+hopes, too, that Friedrich will do something:--unaware that none of
+his messages reach Friedrich. As for Daun, having seen his people
+safely encamped here, he returns to Dresden for the night, to see
+that Friedrich is quiet. Friedrich is quiet enough: Daun, at seven
+next morning (TUESDAY, 20th), appeared on the ground again; and
+from all sides Finck is assaulted,--from Daun's side nearest and
+soonest, with Daun's best vigor.
+
+Dippoldiswalde is some seven miles from Maxen. Difficult hill-road
+all the way: but the steepest, straitest and worst place is at
+Reinhartsgrimma, the very first Hamlet after you are out of
+Dippoldiswalde. There is a narrow gullet there, overhung with
+heights all round. The roads are slippery, glazed with sleet and
+frost; Cavalry, unroughened, make sad sliding and sprawling;
+hardly the Infantry are secure on their feet: a terrible business
+getting masses of artillery-wagons, horse and man, through such a
+Pass! It is thought, had Finck garnished this Pass of
+Reinhartsgrimma, with the proper batteries, the proper musketries,
+Daun never would have got through. Finck had not a gun or a man in
+it: "Had not I order?" said he,--again too literally. As it was,
+Daun, sliding and sprawling in the narrow steeps, had difficulties
+almost too great; and, they say, would have given it up, had it not
+been that a certain Major urged, "Can be done, Excellenz, and
+shall!" and that the temper of his soldiers was everywhere
+excellent. Unfortunate Finck had no artillery to bear on Daun's
+transit through the Pass. Nothing but some weak body of hussars and
+infantry stood looking into it, from the Hill of Hausdorf:
+even these might have given him some slight hindrance; but these
+were played upon by endless Pandours, "issuing from a wood near
+by," with musketries, and at length with cannon batteries, one and
+another;--and had to fall back, or to be called back, to Maxen
+Hill, where the main force is.
+
+In the course of yesterday, by continual reconnoitring, by Austrian
+deserters, and intense comparison of symptoms, Finck had completely
+ascertained where the Enemy's Three Attacks were to be,--"on Maxen,
+from Dippoldiswalde, Trohnitz, Dohna, simultaneously three
+attacks," it appears;--and had with all his skill arranged himself
+on the Maxen summits to meet these. He stands now elaborately
+divided into Three groups against those Three simultaneities;
+forming (sadly wide apart, one would say, for such a force as
+Finck's) a very obtuse-angled triangle:--the obtuse vertex of which
+(if readers care to look on their Map) is Trohnitz, the road
+Brentano and Sincere are coming. On the base-angles, Maxen and
+Dohna, Finck expects Daun and the Reich. From Trohnitz to Maxen is
+near two miles; from Maxen to Dohna above four. At Dohna stands
+Wunsch against the Reich; Finck himself at Maxen, expecting Daun,
+as the pith of the whole affair. In this triangular way stands
+Finck at the topmost heights of the country,--"Maxen highest, but
+Hausdorf only a little lower,"--and has not thought of disputing
+the climb upwards. Too literal an eye to his orders: alas, he was
+not himself king, but only king's deputy!
+
+The result is, about 11 A.M., as I obscurely gather, Daun has
+conquered the climb; Daun's musketries begin to glitter on the top
+of Hausdorf; and 26 or 32 heavy cannon open their throats there;
+and the Three Attacks break loose. Finck's Maxen batteries
+(scarcely higher than Daun's, and far inferior in weight) respond
+with all diligence, the poor regimental fieldpieces helping what
+they can. Mutual cannonade, very loud for an hour and half;
+terrific, but doing little mischief; after which Daun's musketries
+(the ground now sufficiently clear to Daun), which are the
+practical thing, begin opening, first from one point, then from
+another: and there ensues, for five hours coming, at Maxen and at
+the other two points of Finck's triangle, such a series of
+explosive chargings, wheelings, worryings and intricate death-
+wrestlings, as it would provoke every reader to attempt describing
+to him. Except indeed he were a soldier, bound to know the defence
+of posts; in which case I could fairly promise him that there are
+means of understanding the affair, and that he might find benefit
+in it. [Tempelhof, iii. 307-317. JOURNAL UND NACHRICHT VON DER
+GEFANGENNEHMUNG DES FINCK'SCHEN CORPS BEY MAXEN, IM JAHRE 1759
+(Seyfarth, <italic> Beylagen, <end italic> ii. 637-654).]
+
+Daun's Grenadiers, and Infantry generally, are in triumphant
+spirits; confident of victory, as they may reasonably be.
+Finck's people, too, behave well, some of them conspicuously well,
+though in gloomier mood; and make stubborn fight, successful here
+and there, but, as a whole, not capable of succeeding. By 3 in the
+afternoon, the Austrians have forced the Maxen Post; they "enter
+Maxen with great shoutings;" extrude the obstinate Prussian
+remnants; and, before long, have the poor Village "on fire in every
+part." Finck retreating northward to Schmorsdorf, towards the
+obtuse angle of his triangle, if haply there may be help in that
+quarter for him. Daun does not push him much; has Maxen safely
+burning in every part.
+
+From Schmorsdorf Finck pushes out a Cavalry charge on Brentano.
+"Could we but repulse Brentano yonder," thinks he, "I might have
+those Four Battalions to hand, and try again!" But Brentano makes
+such cannonading, the Cavalry swerve to a Hollow on their right;
+then find they have not ground, and retire quite fruitless.
+Finck's Cavalry, and the Cavalry generally, with their horses all
+sliding on the frosty mountain-gnarls, appear to be good for little
+this day. Brentano, victorious over the Cavalry, comes on with such
+storm, he sweeps through the obtuse angle, home upon Finck;
+and sweeps him out of Schmorsdorf Village to Schmorsdorf Hill,
+there to take refuge, as the night sinks,--and to see himself, if
+his wild heart will permit him to be candid, a ruined man. Of the
+Three Attacks, Two have completely succeeded on him; only Wunsch,
+at Dohna, stands victorious; he has held back the Reich all day,
+and even chased it home to its posts on the Rothwasser (RED WATER),
+multitudinous as it was.
+
+Finck's mood, as the November shadows gathered on him,--the equal
+heart may at least pity poor Finck! His resolution is fixed:
+"Cut ourselves through, this night: Dohna is ours: other side that
+Red Water there are roads;--perish or get through!" And the
+Generals (who are rallied now "on the Heights of Falkenhain and
+Bloschwitz," midway between Maxen and Dohna) get that Order from
+him. And proceed to arrange for executing it,--though with outlook
+more and more desperate, as their scouts report that every pass and
+post on the Red Water is beset by Reichsfolk. "Wunsch, with the
+Cavalry, he at least may thread his way out, under cloud of night,
+by the opposite or Daun side," calculates Finck. And Wunsch sets
+out accordingly: a very questionable, winding, subterranean march;
+difficult in the extreme,--the wearied SLIPshod horses going at a
+snail's pace; and, in the difficult passes, needing to be dragged
+through with bridle and even to be left altogether:--in which,
+withal, it will prove of no use for Wunsch to succeed!
+Finck's Generals endeavoring to rank and rearrange through the
+night, find that their very cartridges are nearly spent, and that
+of men, such wounding, such deserting has there been, they have, at
+this time, by precise count, 2,836 rank and file.
+Evidently desperate.
+
+At daylight, Daun's cannon beginning again from the Maxen side,
+Finck sends to capitulate. "Absolute surrender," answers Daun:
+"prisoners of war, and you shall keep your private baggage.
+General Wunsch with the Cavalry, he too must turn back and
+surrender!" Finck pleaded hard, on this last score:
+"General Wunsch, as head of the Cavalry, is not under me;
+is himself chief in that department." But it was of no use:
+Wunsch had to return (not quite got through Daun's Lines, after
+such a night), and to surrender, like everybody else. Like Eight
+other Generals; like Wolfersdorf of Torgau, and many a brave
+Officer and man. Wednesday morning, 21st November, 1769: it is
+Finck's fourth day on Maxen; his last in the Prussian Service.
+
+That same Wednesday Afternoon there were ranked in the GROSSE
+GARTEN at Dresden, of dejected Prussian Prisoners from Maxen, what
+exact number was never known: the Austrians said 15,000; but nobody
+well believed them; their last certain instalment being only, in
+correct numbers, 2,836. Besides the killed, wounded and already
+captured, many had deserted, many had glided clear off. It is
+judged that Friedrich lost, by all these causes, about 12,000 men.
+Gone wholly,--with their equipments and appurtenances wholly, which
+are not worth counting in comparison. Finck and the other Generals,
+8 of them, and 529 Officers,--Finck, Wunsch, Wolfersdorf, Mosel (of
+the Olmutz Convoy), not to mention others of known worth, this is
+itself a sore loss to Friedrich, and in present circumstances an
+irreparable. [Seyfarth, ii. 576; in <italic> Helden-Geschichte,
+<end italic> (v. 1115), the Vienna Account.]
+
+The outburst and paroxysm of Gazetteer rumor, which arose in Europe
+over this, must be left to the imagination; still more the
+whirlwind of astonishment, grief, remorse and indignation that
+raged in the heart of Friedrich on first hearing of it.
+"The Caudine Forks;" "Scene of Pirna over again, in reverse form;"
+"Is not your King at last over with it?" said and sang
+multifariously the Gazetteers. As counter-chorus to which, in a
+certain Royal Heart: "That miserable purblind Finck, unequal to his
+task;--that overhasty I, who drove him upon it! This disgrace, loss
+nigh ruinous; in fine, this infernal Campaign (CETTE CAMPAGNE
+INFEMALE)!" The Anecdote-Books abound in details of Friedrich's
+behavior at Wilsdruf that day; mythical all, or in good part, but
+symbolizing a case that is conceivable to everybody. Or would
+readers care to glance into the very fact with their own eyes?
+As happens to be possible.
+
+
+1. BEFORE MAXEN: FRIEDRICH TO D'ARGENS AND OTHERS.
+
+TO D'ARGENS (Krogis, 15th November, order for Maxen just given).
+"Yesterday I joined the Army [day before yesterday, but took the
+field yesterday], and Daun decamped. I have followed him thus far,
+and will continue it to the frontiers of Bohemia. Our measures are
+so taken [Finck, to wit], that he will not get out of Saxony
+without considerable losses. Yesterday cost him 500 men taken at
+Korgis here. Every movement he makes will cost him as many."
+[<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xix. 101.]
+
+TO VOLTAIRE (Wilsdruf, 17th November). "We are verging on the
+end of our Campaign: and I will write to you in eight days from
+Dresden, with more composure and coherency than now."
+[Ib. xxiii. 66.]
+
+TO THE SAME (Wilsdruf, 19th November). "The Austrians are packing
+off to Bohemia,--where, in reprisal for the incendiary operations
+they have done in my countries, I have burnt them two big
+magazines. I render the beatified Hero's retreat as difficult as
+possible; and I hope he will come upon some bad adventures within a
+few days." [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xxiii. 66.]
+
+SAME DAY AND PLACE, TO D'ARGENS. A volley of most rough-paced
+off-hand Rhyming, direct from the heart; "Ode [as he afterwards
+terms it, or irrepressible extempore LILT] TO FORTUNE:"
+
+"MARQUIS, QUEL CHANGEMENT, what a change! I, a poor heretic
+creature, never blessed by the Holy Father; indeed, little
+frequenting Church, nor serving either Baal or the God of Israel;
+held down these many months, and reported by more than one shaven
+scoundrel [priest-pamphleteer at Vienna] to be quite extinct, and
+gone vagabond over the world,--see how capricious Fortune, after
+all her hundred preferences of my rivals, lifts me with helpful
+hand from the deep, and packs this Hero of the Hat and Sword,--whom
+Popes have blessed what they could, and who has walked in
+Pilgrimage before now [to Marienzell once, I believe, publicly at
+Vienna],--out of Saxony; panting, harassed goes he, like a stranger
+dog from some kitchen where the cook had flogged him out!"
+[Ib. xix. 103-106.] ... (A very exultant Lilt, and with a good deal
+more of the chanticleer in it than we are used to in this King!)
+
+
+2. AFTER MAXEN.
+
+TO D'ARGENS (Wilsdruf, 22d November). "Do with that [some small
+piece of business] whatever you like, my dear Marquis. I am so
+stupefied (E'TOURDI) with the misfortune which has befallen General
+Finck, that I cannot recover from my astonishment. It deranges all
+my measures; it cuts me to the quick. Ill-luck, which persecutes my
+old age, has followed me from the Mark [Kunersdorf, in the Mark of
+Brandenburg] to Saxony. I will still strive what I can. The little
+ODE I sent you, addressed TO FORTUNE, had been written too soon!
+One should not sing victory till the battle is over. I am so
+crushed down by these incessant reverses and disasters, that I wish
+a thousand times I were dead; and from day to day I grow wearier of
+dwelling in a body worn out and condemned to suffer. I am writing
+to you in the first moment of my grief. Astonishment, sorrow,
+indignation, scorn, all blended together, lacerate my soul. Let us
+get to the end, then, of this execrable Campaign; I will then write
+to you what is to become of me; and we will arrange the rest.
+Pity me;--ad make no noise about me; bad news go fast enough of
+themselves. Adieu, dear Marquis." [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic,
+<end italic> xix. 107.]
+
+All this, of course, under such pressing call of actualities, had
+very soon to transform itself into silence; into new resolution,
+and determinate despatch of business. But the King retained a
+bitter memory of it all his days. To Finck he was inexorable:--
+ordered him, the first thing on his return from Austrian Captivity,
+Trial by Court-Martial; which (Ziethen presiding, June, 1763)
+censured Finck in various points, and gave him, in supplement to
+the Austrian detention, a Year's Imprisonment in Spandau. No ray of
+pity visible for him, then or afterwards, in the Royal mind.
+So that the poor man had to beg his dismissal; get it, and go to
+Denmark for new promotion and appreciation.--"Far too severe!"
+grumbled the Opposition voices, with secret counter-severity.
+And truly it would have been more beautiful to everybody, for the
+moment, to have made matters soft to poor Finck,--had Friedrich
+ever gone on that score with his Generals and Delegates;
+which, though the reverse of a cruel man, he never did. And truly,
+as we often observe, the Laws of Fact are still severer than
+Friedrich was:--so that, in the long-run, perhaps it is
+beautifulest of all for a King, who is just, to be rhadamanthine in
+important cases.
+
+Exulting Daun, instead of Bohemia for winter-quarters, pushes out
+now for the prize of Saxony itself. Daun orders Beck to attack
+suddenly another Outpost of Friedrich's, which stands rearward of
+him at Meissen, under a General Dierecke,--the same whom, as
+Colonel Dierecke, we saw march out of flamy Zittau, summer gone two
+years. Beck goes in accordingly, 3d December; attacks Dierecke, not
+by surprise, but with overwhelming superiority; no reinforcement
+possible: Dierecke is on the wrong side of the Elbe, no retreat or
+reinforcement for him; has to fight fiercely all day, Meissen
+Bridge being in a broken state; then, at night, to ship his people
+across in Elbe boats, which are much delayed by the floating ice,
+so that daylight found 1,500 of them still on that northern side;
+all of whom, with General Dierecke himself, were made prisoners by
+Beck. [Tempelhof, iii. 321: "3d-4th December, 1759."] A comfortable
+supplement to Maxen, though not of the same magnificence.
+
+After which, Daun himself issued minatory from the Plauen Chasm;
+expecting, as all the world did, that Friedrich, who is 36,000 of
+Unfortunate against, say, 72,000 of Triumphant, will, under
+penalty, take himself away. But it proved otherwise. "If you beat
+us, Excellency Feldmarschall, yes; but till then--!"
+Friedrich draws out in battalia; Leo in wild ragged state and
+temper, VERSUS Bos in the reverse: "Come on; then!" Rhinoceros Bos,
+though in a high frame of mind, dare not, on cool survey;
+but retires behind the Plauen Chasm again. Will at least protect
+Dresden from recapture; and wait here, in the interim; carting his
+provision out of Bohemia,--which is a rough business, with Elbe
+frozen, and the passes in such a choked wintry state. Upon whom
+Friedrich, too, has to wait under arms, in grim neighborhood, for
+six weeks to come: such a time as poor young Archenholtz never had
+before or after. [Archenholtz, ii. 11-13.] It was well beyond
+New-year's day before Friedrich could report of himself, and then
+only in a sense, as will be seen: "We retired to this poor cottage
+[cottage still standing, in the little Town of Freyberg]; Daun did
+the like; and this unfortunate Campaign, as all things do, came
+actually to an end."
+
+Daun holds Dresden and the Dell of Plauen; but Saxony, to the
+world's amazement, he is as far as ever from holding. "Daun's front
+is a small arc of a circle, bending round from Dresden to
+Dippoldiswalde; Friedrich is at Freyberg in a bigger concave arc,
+concentric to Daun, well overlapping Daun on that southward or
+landward side, and ready for him, should he stir out; Kesselsdorf
+is his nearest post to Daun; and the Plauen Chasm for boundary,
+which was not overpassed by either." In Dresden, and the patch of
+hill-country to the southeastward of it by Elbe side, which is
+instep or glacis of the Pirna rock-country, seventy square miles or
+so, there rules Daun; and this--with its heights of Gahmig,
+valuable as a defence for Dresden against Austria, but not
+otherwise of considerable value--was all that Daun this year, or
+pretty much in any coming year, could realize of conquest
+in Saxony.
+
+Fabius Cunctator has not succeeded, as the public expected.
+In fact, ever since that of Hochkirch and the Papal Hat, he has
+been a waning man, more and more questionable to the undiscerning
+public. Maxen was his last gleam upwards; a round of applause rose
+again on Maxen, feeble in comparison with Hochkirch, but still
+arguing hope,--which, after this, more and more died out; so that
+in two years more, poor Madam Daun, going to Imperial Levee, "had
+her state-carriage half filled with nightcaps, thrown into it by
+the Vienna people, in token of her husband's great talent for
+sleep." [Archenholtz (Anno 1762, "last Siege of Schweidnitz").]
+
+
+
+Chapter VIII.
+
+MISCELLANEA IN WINTER-QUARTERS, 1759-1760.
+
+Friedrich was very loath to quit the field this Winter. In spite of
+Maxen and ill-luck and the unfavorablest weather, it still was, for
+about two months, his fixed purpose to recapture Dresden first, and
+drive Daun home. "Had I but a 12,000 of Auxiliaries to guard my
+right flank, while trying it!" said he. Ferdinand magnanimously
+sent him the Hereditary Prince with 12,000, who stayed above two
+months; ["Till February 15th;" List of the Regiments (German all),
+in SEYFARTH, ii. 578 n.] and Friedrich did march about, attempting
+that way, [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> v. 32.
+Old Newspaper rumors: in <italic> Gentleman's Magazine, <end
+italic> xxix. 605, "29th December," &c.]--pushed forward to Maguire
+and Dippoldiswalde, looked passionately into Maguire on all sides;
+but found him, in those frozen chasms, and rock-labyrinths choked
+with snow, plainly unattackable; him and everybody, in such frost-
+element;--and renounced the passionate hope.
+
+It was not till the middle of January that Friedrich put his troops
+into partial cantonments, Head-quarter Freyberg; troops still
+mainly in the Villages from Wilsdruf and southward, close by their
+old Camp there. Camp still left standing, guarded by Six
+Battalions; six after six, alternating week about: one of the
+grimmest camps in Nature; the canvas roofs grown mere ice-plates,
+the tents mere sanctuaries of frost:--never did poor young
+Archenholtz see such industry in dragging wood-fuel, such boiling
+of biscuits in broken ice, such crowding round the embers to roast
+one side of you, while the other was freezing. [Archenholtz (UT
+SUPRA), ii. 11-15.] But Daun's people, on the opposite side of
+Plauen Dell, did the like; their tents also were left standing in
+the frozen state, guarded by alternating battalions, no better off
+than their Prussian neighbors. This of the Tents, and Six frost-
+bitten Battalions guarding them, lasted till April.
+An extraordinary obstinacy on the part both of Daun and of
+Friedrich; alike jealous of even seeming to yield one inch more
+of ground.
+
+The Hereditary Prince, with his 12,000, marched home again in
+February; indeed, ever after the going into cantonments, all use of
+the Prince and his Force here visibly ceased; and, on the whole, no
+result whatever followed those strenuous antagonisms, and frozen
+tents left standing for three months; and things remained
+practically what they were. So that, as the grand "Peace
+Negotiations" also came to nothing, we might omit this of Winter-
+quarters altogether; and go forward to the opening of Campaign
+Fifth;--were it not that characteristic features do otherwise occur
+in it, curious little unveilings of the secret hopes and industries
+of Friedrich:--besides which, there have minor private events
+fallen out, not without interest to human readers. For whose behoof
+mainly a loose intercalary Chapter may be thrown together here.
+
+
+SERENE HIGHNESS OF WURTEMBERG, AT FULDA (November 30th, 1759),
+IS JUST ABOUT "FIRING VICTORIA," AND GIVING A BALL TO BEAUTY AND
+FASHION, IN HONOR OF A CERTAIN EVENT;--BUT IS UNPLEASANTLY INTERRUPTED.
+
+November 21st, the very day while Finck was capitulating in the
+Hills of Maxen, Duke Ferdinand, busy ever since his Victory at
+Minden, did, after a difficult Siege of Munster, Siege by Imhof,
+with Ferdinand protecting him, get Munster into hand again, which
+was reckoned a fine success to him. Very busy has the Duke been:
+industriously reaping the fruits of his Victory at Minden;
+and this, the conclusive rooting out of the French from that
+Westphalian region, is a very joyful thing; and puts Ferdinand in
+hopes of driving them over the Mayn altogether. Which some think he
+would have done; had not he, with magnanimous oblivion of self and
+wishes, agreed to send the Hereditary Prince and those 12,000 to
+assist in Friedrich's affairs, looking upon that as the vital point
+in these Allied Interests. Friedrich's attempts, we have said,
+turned out impossible; nor would the Hereditary Prince and his
+12,000, though a good deal talked about in England and elsewhere,
+[Walpole, <italic> George Second, <end italic> iii. 248 (in a sour
+Opposition tone); &c. &c.] require more than mention; were it not
+that on the road thither, at Fulda ("Fulda is half-way house to
+Saxony," thinks Ferdinand, "should Pitt and Britannic Majesty be
+pleased to consent, as I dare presume they will"), the Hereditary
+Prince had, in his swift way, done a thing useful for Ferdinand
+himself, and which caused a great emotion, chiefly of laughter,
+over the world, in those weeks.
+
+"No Enemy of Friedrich's," says my Note, "is of feller humor than
+the Serenity of Wurtemberg, Karl Eugen, Reigning Duke of that
+unfortunate Country; for whom, in past days, Friedrich had been so
+fatherly, and really took such pains. 'Fatherly? STEP-fatherly, you
+mean; and for his own vile uses!' growled the Serenity of
+Wurtemberg:--always an ominous streak of gloom in that poor man;
+streak which is spread now to whole skies of boiling darkness,
+owing to deliriums there have been! Enough, Karl Eugen, after
+divorcing his poor Wife, had distinguished himself by a zeal
+without knowledge, beyond almost all the enemies of Friedrich;--and
+still continues in that bad line of industry. His poor Wife he has
+made miserable in some measure; also himself; and, in a degree, his
+poor soldiers and subjects, who are with him by compulsion in this
+Enterprise. The Wurtembergers are Protestants of old type; and want
+no fighting against 'the Protestant Hero,' but much the reverse!
+Serene Karl had to shoot a good few of these poor people, before
+they would march at all; and his procedures were indeed, and
+continued to be, of a very crying nature, though his poor
+Populations took them silently. Always something of perverse in
+this Serene Highness; has it, I think, by kind.
+
+"Besides his quota to the Reich, Karl Eugen has 12,000 more on
+foot,--and it is of them we are treating at present. In 1757 he had
+lent these troops to the Empress Queen, for a consideration; it was
+they that stood on the Austrian left, at Leuthen; and were the
+first that got beaten, and had to cease standing,--as the Austrians
+were abundantly loud in proclaiming. To the disgust of Serene
+Highness: 'Which of you did stand, then? Was it their blame, led as
+they were?' argued he. And next year, 1758, after Crefeld, he took
+his 12,000 to the French ('subsidy,' or consideration, 'to be paid
+in SALT,' it appears [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic>
+v. 10.]); with whom they marched about, and did nothing
+considerable. The Serenity had pleaded, 'I must command them
+myself!' 'You?' said Belleisle, and would not hear of it. Next year
+again, however, that is 1759, the Duke was positive, 'I must;'
+Belleisle not less so, 'You cannot;'--till Minden fell out;
+and then, in the wreck of Contades, Belleisle had to consent.
+Serenity of Wurtemberg, at that late season, took the field
+accordingly; and Broglio now has him at Fulda, 'To cut off
+Ferdinand from Cassel;' to threaten Ferdinand's left flank and his
+provision-carts in that quarter. May really become unpleasant there
+to Ferdinand;--and ought to be cut out by the Hereditary Prince.
+'To Fulda, then, and cut him out!'
+
+"FULDA, FRIDAY, 30th NOVEMBER, 1759. Serene Highness is lying here
+for a week past; abundantly strong for the task on hand,--has his
+own 12,000, supplemented by 1,000 French Light Horse;--but is
+widely scattered withal, posted in a kind of triangular form;
+his main posts being Fulda itself, and a couple of others, each
+thirty miles from Fulda, and five miles from one another,--with
+'patrols to connect them,' better or worse. Abundantly strong for
+the task, and in perfect security; and indeed intends this day to
+'fire VICTORIA' for the Catastrophe at Maxen, and in the evening
+will give a Ball in farther honor of so salutary an event:--when,
+about 9 A.M., news arrives at the gallop, 'Brunswickers in full
+march; are within an hour of the Town-Bridge!' Figure to what
+flurry of Serene Highness; of the victoria-shooting apparatus;
+of busy man-milliner people, and the Beauty and Fashion of Fulda
+in general!
+
+"The night before, a rumor of the French Post being driven in by
+somebody had reached Serene Highness; who gave some vague order,
+not thinking it of consequence. Here, however, is the Fact come to
+hand in a most urgent and undeniable manner! Serene Highness gets
+on horseback; but what can that help? One cannon (has nothing but
+light cannon) he does plant on the Bridge; but see, here come
+premonitory bomb-shells one and another, terrifying to the mind;--
+and a single Hessian dragoon, plunging forward on the one unready
+cannon, and in the air making horrid circles,--the gunners leave
+said cannon to him, take to their heels; and the Bridge is open.
+The rest of the affair can be imagined. Retreat at our swiftest,
+'running fight,' we would fain call it, by various roads; lost two
+flags, two cannon; prisoners were above 1,200, many of them
+Officers. 'A merciful Providence saved the Duke's Serene Person
+from hurt,' say the Stuttgard Gazetteers: which was true,--Serene
+Highness having been inspired to gallop instantly to rearward and
+landward, leaving an order to somebody, 'Do the best you can!'
+
+"So that the Ball is up; dress-pumps and millineries getting all
+locked into their drawers again,--with abundance of te-hee-ing
+(I hope, mostly in a light vein) from the fair creatures
+disappointed of their dance for this time. Next day Serene Highness
+drew farther back, and next day again farther,--towards Frankenland
+and home, as the surest place;--and was no more heard of in those
+localities." [Buchholz, ii. 332; Mauvillon, ii. 80; <italic>
+Helden-Geschichte, <end italic> v. 1184-1193; Old Newspapers, in
+<italic> Gentleman's Magazine, <end italic> xxix. 603.]
+
+Making his first exit, not yet quite his final, from the War-
+Theatre, amid such tempests of haha-ing and te-hee-ing. With what
+thoughts in his own lofty opaque mind;--like a crowned mule, of
+such pace and carriage, who had unexpectedly stepped upon
+galvanic wires!--
+
+As to those poor Wurtembergers, and their notion of the "Protestant
+Hero," I remark farther, that there is a something of real truth in
+it. Friedrich's Creed, or Theory of the Universe, differed
+extremely, in many important points, from that of Dr. Martin
+Luther: but in the vital all-essential point, what we may call the
+heart's core of all Creeds which are human, human and not simious
+or diabolic, the King and the Doctor were with their whole heart at
+one: That it is not allowable, that it is dangerous and abominable,
+to attempt believing what is not true. In that sense, Friedrich, by
+nature and position, was a Protestant, and even the chief
+Protestant in the world. What kind of "Hero," in this big War of
+his, we are gradually learning;--in which too, if you investigate,
+there is not wanting something of "PROTESTANT Heroism," even in the
+narrow sense. For it does appear,--Maria Theresa having a real fear
+of God, and poor Louis a real fear of the Devil, whom he may well
+feel to be getting dangerous purchase over him,--some hope-gleams
+of acting upon Schism, and so meriting Heaven, did mingle with
+their high terrestrial combinations, on this unique opportunity,
+more than are now supposed in careless History-Books.
+
+
+WHAT IS PERPETUAL PRESIDENT MAUPERTUIS DOING, ALL THIS WHILE?
+IS HE STILL IN BERLIN; OR WHERE IN THE UNIVERSE IS HE?
+ALAS, POOR MAUPERTUIS!
+
+In the heat of this Campaign, "July 27th,"- some four days after
+the Battle of Zullichau, just while Friedrich was hurrying off for
+that Intersection at Sagan, and breathless Hunt of Loudon and
+Haddick,--poor Maupertuis had quitted this world. July 27th, 1759;
+at Basel, on the Swiss Borders, in his friend Bernouilli's house,
+after long months of sickness painfully spent there. And our poor
+Perpetual President, at rest now from all his Akakia burns, and
+pains and labors in flattening the Earth and otherwise, is gone.
+
+Many beautifuler men have gone within the Year, of whom we can say
+nothing. But this is one whose grandly silent, and then
+occasionally fulminant procedures, Akakia controversies, Olympian
+solemnities and flamy pirouettings under the contradiction of
+sinners, we once saw; and think with a kind of human pathos that we
+shall see no more. From his goose of an adorer, La Beaumelle, I
+have riddled out the following particulars, chiefly chronological,
+--and offer them to susceptible readers. La Beaumelle is, in a
+sort, to be considered the speaker; or La Beaumelle and this Editor
+in concert.
+
+FINAL PILGRIMAGE OF THE PERPETUAL PRESIDENT. "Maupertuis had
+quitted Berlin soon after Voltaire. That threat of visiting
+Voltaire with pistols,--to be met by 'my syringe and vessel of
+dishonor' on Voltaire's part,--was his last memorability in Berlin.
+His last at that time; or indeed altogether, for he saw little of
+Berlin farther.
+
+"End of April, 1753, he got leave of absence; set out homewards,
+for recovery of health. Was at Paris through summer and autumn:
+very taciturn in society; 'preferred pretty women to any man of
+science;' would sententiously say a strong thing now and then,
+'bitter but not without BONHOMIE,' shaking slightly his yellow wig.
+Disdainful, to how high a degree, of AKAKIA brabbles, and Voltaire
+gossip for or against! In winter went to St. Malo; found his good
+Father gone; but a loving Sister still there.
+
+"June, 1754, the King wrote to him, 'VENEZ VITE, Come quickly:'
+July, 1754, he came accordingly, [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic,
+<end italic> xx. 49.] saw Berlin again; did nothing noticeable
+there, except get worse in health; and after eleven months, June,
+1756, withdrew again on leave,--never to return this time, though
+he well intended otherwise. But at St. Malo, when, after a month or
+two of Paris, he got thither (Autumn, 1756), and still more, next
+summer, 1757, when he thought of leaving St. Malo,--what wars, and
+rumors of war, all over the world!
+
+"June, 1757, he went to Bordeaux, intending to take ship for
+Hamburg, and return; but the sea was full of English cruisers
+[Pitt's Descents lying in store for St. Malo itself]. No getting to
+Berlin by the Hamburg or sea route! 'Never mind, then,' wrote the
+King: 'Improve your health; go to Italy, if you can.'
+
+"Summer, 1757, Maupertuis made for Italy; got as far as Toulouse;--
+stayed there till May following; sad, tragically stoical;
+saying, sparingly, and rather to women than men, strong things,
+admired by the worthier sort. Renounced thoughts of Italy:
+'Europe bleeding, and especially France and Prussia, how go
+idly touring?'
+
+"May, 1758, Maupertuis left Toulouse: turned towards Berlin;
+slow, sad, circuitous;--never to arrive. Saw Narbonne, Montpellier,
+Nimes; with what meditations! At Lyons, under honors sky-high,
+health getting worse, stays two months; vomits clots of blood
+there. Thence, July 24th, to Neufchatel and the Lord Marischal;
+happy there for three months. Hears there of Professor Konig's
+death (AKAKIA Konig): 'One scoundrel less in the world,' ejaculated
+he; 'but what is one!'--October 16th, to the road again, to Basel;
+stays perforce, in Bernouilli's house there, all Winter;
+health falling lower and lower.
+
+"April, 1759, one day he has his carriage at the door ('Homeward,
+at all rates!'): but takes violent spasms in the carriage; can't;
+can no farther in this world. Lingers here, under kind care, for
+above three months more: dying slowly, most painfully. With much
+real stoicism; not without a stiff-jointed algebraic kind of piety,
+almost pathetic in its sort. 'Two Capuchins from a neighboring
+Convent daily gave him consolations,' not entirely satisfactory;
+for daily withal, 'unknown to the Capuchins, he made his Valet, who
+was a Protestant, read to him from the Geneva Bible;'--and finds
+many things hard to the human mind. July 27th, 1759, he died."
+[La Beaumelle, <italic> Vie de Maupertuis, <end italic>
+pp. 196-216.]  
+
+Poor Maupertuis; a man of rugged stalwart type; honest; of an
+ardor, an intelligence, not to be forgotten for La Beaumelle's
+pulings over them. A man of good and even of high talent;
+unlucky in mistaking it for the highest! His poor Wife, a born
+Borck,--hastening from Berlin, but again and again delayed by
+industry of kind friends, and at last driving on in spite of
+everything,--met, in the last miles, his Hearse and Funeral
+Company. Adieu, a pitying adieu to him forever,--and even to his
+adoring La Beaumelle, who is rather less a blockhead than he
+generally seems.
+
+This of the Two Capuchins, the last consummation of collapse in
+man, is what Voltaire cannot forget, but crows over with his
+shrillest mockery; and seldom mentions Maupertuis without that last
+touch to his life-drama.
+
+
+GRAND FRENCH INVASION-SCHEME COMES ENTIRELY TO WRECK
+(Quiberon Bay, 20th November, 1759): OF CONTROLLER-GENERAL
+SILHOUETTE, AND THE OUTLOOKS OF FRANCE, FINANCIAL AND OTHER.
+
+On the very day of Maxen, Tuesday, November 20th, the grand French
+Invasion found its terminus,--not on the shores of Britain, but of
+Brittany, to its surprise. We saw Rodney burn the Flat-bottom
+manufactory at Havre; Boscawen chase the Toulon Squadron, till it
+ended on the rocks of Lagos. From January onwards, as was then
+mentioned, Hawke had been keeping watch, off Brest Harbor, on
+Admiral Conflans, who presides there over multifarious
+preparations, with the last Fleet France now has. At Vannes, where
+Hawke likewise has ships watching, are multifarious preparations;
+new Flat-bottoms, 18,000 troops,--could Conflans and they only get
+to sea. At the long last, they did get;--in manner following:--
+
+"November 9th, a wild gale of wind had blown Hawke out of sight;
+away home to Torbay, for the moment. 'Now is the time!' thought
+Conflans, and put to sea (November 14th); met by Hawke, who had
+weighed from Torbay to his duty; and who, of course, crowded every
+sail, after hearing that Conflans was out. At break of day,
+November 20th [in the very hours when poor Finck was embattling
+himself round Maxen, and Daun sprawling up upon him through the
+Passes], Hawke had had signal, 'A Fleet in sight;' and soon after,
+'Conflans in sight,'--and the day of trial come.
+
+"Conflans is about the strength of Hawke, and France expects much
+of him; but he is not expecting Hawke. Conflans is busy, at this
+moment, in the mouth of Quiberon Bay, opening the road for Vannes
+and the 18,000;--in hot chase, at the moment, of a Commodore Duff
+and his small Squadron, who have been keeping watch there, and are
+now running all they can. On a sudden, to the astonishment of
+Conflans, this little Squadron whirls round, every ship of it (with
+a sky-rending cheer, could he hear it), and commences chasing!
+Conflans, taking survey, sees that it is Hawke; he, sure enough,
+coming down from windward yonder at his highest speed; and that
+chasing will not now be one's business!--
+
+"About 11 A.M. Hawke is here; eight of his vanward ships are
+sweeping on for action. Conflans, at first, had determined to fight
+Hawke; and drew up accordingly, and did try a little: but gradually
+thought better of it; and decided to take shelter in the shoaly
+coasts and nooks thereabouts, which were unknown to Hawke, and
+might ruin him if he should pursue, the day being short, and the
+weather extremely bad. Weather itself almost to be called a storm.
+'Shoreward, then; eastward, every ship!' became, ultimately,
+Conflans's plan. On the whole, it was 2 in the afternoon hefore
+Hawke, with those vanward Eight, could get clutch of Conflans. And
+truly he did then strike his claws into him in a thunderously
+fervid manner, he and all hands, in spite of the roaring weather:-- 
+a man of falcon, or accipitral, nature as well as name.
+
+"Conflans himself fought well; as did certain of the others,--all,
+more or less, so long as their plan continued steady:--thunderous
+miscellany of cannon and tempest; Conflans with his plan steady, or
+Conflans with his plan wavering, VERSUS those vanward Eight, for
+two hours or more. But the scene was too dreadful; this ship
+sinking, that obliged to strike; things all going awry for
+Conflans. Hawke, in his own Flagship, bore down specially on
+Conflans in his,--who did wait, and exchange a couple of
+broadsides; but then sheered off, finding it so heavy. French Vice-
+Admiral next likewise gave Hawke a broadside; one only, and sheered
+off, satisfied with the return. Some Four others, in succession,
+did the like; 'One blast, as we hurry by' (making for the shore,
+mostly)! So that Hawke seemed swallowed in volcanoes (though,
+indeed, their firing was very bad, such a flurry among them), and
+his Blue Flag was invisible for some time, and various ships were
+hastening to help him,--till a Fifth French ship coming up with her
+broadside, Hawke answered her in particular (LA SUPERBE, a Seventy-
+four) with all his guns together; which sent the poor ship to the
+bottom, in a hideously sudden manner. One other (the THESEE) had
+already sunk in fighting; two (the SOLEIL and the HEROS) were
+already running for it,--the HEROS in a very unheroic manner!
+But on this terrible plunge-home of the SUPERBE, the rest all made
+for the shore;--and escaped into the rocky intricacies and the
+darkness. Four of Conflans's ships were already gone,--struck,
+sunk, or otherwise extinct,--when darkness fell, and veiled
+Conflans and his distresses. 'Country people, to the number of
+10,000,' crowded on the shore, had been seen watching the Battle;
+and, 'as sad witnesses of the White Flag's disgrace,' disappeared
+into the interior." [Beatson, ii. 327-345: and Ib. iii. 244-250.
+In <italic> Gentleman's Magazine, <end italic> (xxix. 557),
+"A Chaplain's Letter," &c.]
+
+It was such a night as men never witnessed before. Walpole says:
+"The roaring of the elements was redoubled by the thunder from our
+ships; and both concurred in that scene of horror to put a period
+to the Navy and hopes of France. Seven ships of the line got into
+the River Vilaine [lay there fourteen months, under strict
+watching, till their backs were broken, "thumping against the
+shallow bottom every tide," and only "three, with three frigates,"
+ever got out again]; eight more escaped to different ports," into
+--PAGE 371 BOOK XIX---NO OPENING QUOTES FOR THESE CLOSING--^----
+
+
+the River Charente ultimately. "Conflans's own ship and another
+were run on shore, and burnt. One we took." Two, with their crews,
+had gone to the bottom; one under Hawke's cannon; one partly by its
+own mismanagement. "Two of ours were lost in the storm [chasing
+that SOLEIL and HEROS], but the crews saved. Lord Howe, who
+attacked LA FORMIDABLE, bore down on her with such violence, that
+her prow forced in his lower tier of guns. Captain Digby, in the
+DUNKIRK, received the fire of twelve of the enemy's ships, and lost
+not a man. Keppel's was full of water, and he thought it sinking:
+a sudden squall emptied his ship; but he was informed all his
+powder was wet; 'Then,' said he, 'I am sorry I am safe.' They came
+and told him a small quantity was undamaged; 'Very well,' said he;
+'then attack again.' Not above eight of our ships were engaged in
+obtaining that decisive victory. The Invasion was heard of no
+more." [Walpole, <italic> George Second, <end italic> iii. 232.--
+Here is the List, accurately riddled out: 1. FORMIDABLE, struck
+(about 4 P.M.): 2. THESEE, sunk (by a tumble it made, while in
+action, under an unskilful Captain): 3. SUPERBE, sunk: 4. HEROS,
+struck; could not he boarded, such weather; and recommenced next
+day, but had to run and strand itself, and be burnt by the
+English;--as did (5.) the SOLEIL ROYAL (Conflans's Flagship),
+Conflans and crew (like those of the HEROS) getting out in time.]
+
+Invasion had been fully intended, and even, in these final days,
+considerably expected. In the old London Newspapers we read this
+notice: MONDAY, NOVEMBER 19th: "To-day there came Three
+Expresses,"--Three Expresses, with what haste in their eyes,
+testifying successively of Conflans's whereabouts. But it was
+believed that Hawke would still manage. And, at any rate, Pitt wore
+such a look,--and had, in fact, made such preparation on the
+coasts, even in failure of Hawke,--there was no alarm anywhere.
+Indignation rather;--and naturally, when the news did come, what an
+outburst of Illumination in the windows and the hearts of men!
+
+"Hawke continued watching the mouths of the Vilaine and Charente
+Rivers for a good while after, and without interruption henceforth,
+--till the storms of Winter had plainly closed them for one season.
+Supplies of fresh provisions had come to him from England all
+Summer; but were stopped latterly by the wild weather. Upon which,
+in the Fleet, arose this gravely pathetic Stave of Sea-Poetry, with
+a wrinkle of briny humor grinning in it:--
+
+       Till Hawke did bang Monsieur Conflans [CONGFLANG],
+         You sent us beef and beer;
+       Now Monsieur's beat, we've nought to eat,
+         Since you have nought to fear." [Beatson, ii. 342 n.]
+
+The French mode of taking this catastrophe was rather peculiar.
+Hear Barbier, an Eye-witness; dating PARIS, DECEMBER, 1759:
+"Since the first days of December, there has been cried, and sold
+in the streets, a Printed Detail of all that concerns the GRAND
+INVASION projected this long while: to wit, the number of Ships of
+the Line, of Frigates, Galiots,--among others 500 Flat-bottomed
+Boats, which are to carry over, and land in England, more than
+54,000 men;--with list of the Regiments, and number of the King's
+Guards, that are also to go: there are announced for Generals-in-
+Chief, M. le Prince de Conti [do readers remember him since the
+Broglio-Maillebois time, and how King Louis prophesied in autograph
+that he would be "the Grand Conti" one day?]--Prince de Conti,
+Prince de Soubise [left his Conquest of Frankfurt for this greater
+Enterprise], and Milord Thomont [Irish Jacobite, whom I don't
+know]. As sequel to this Detail, there is a lengthy Song on the
+DISEMBARKMENT IN ENGLAND, and the fear the English must have of
+it!" Calculated to astonish the practical forensic mind.
+
+"It is inconceivable", continues he, "how they have permitted such
+a Piece to be printed; still more to be cried, and sold price one
+halfpenny (DEUX LIARDS). This Song is indecent, in the
+circumstances of the actual news from our Fleet at Brest (20th of
+last month);--in regard to which bad adventure M. le Marquis de
+Conflans has come to Versailles, to justify himself, and throw the
+blame on M. le Marquis de Beauffremont [his Rear-Admiral, now safe
+in the Charente, with eight of our poor ships]. Such things are the
+more out of place, as we are in a bad enough position,--no Flat-
+bottoms stirring from the ports, no Troops of the MAISON DU ROI
+setting out; and have reason to believe that we are now to make no
+such attempt." [Barbier, iv. 336.]
+
+Silhouette, the Controller-General, was thought to have a creative
+genius in finance: but in the eighth month of his gestation, what
+phenomena are these? October 26th, there came out Four Decrees of
+Council, setting forth, That, "as the expenses of the War exceed
+not only the King's ordinary revenues, but the extraordinaries he
+has had to lay on his people, there is nothing for it but," in
+fact, Suspension of Payment; actual Temporary Bankruptcy:--"Cannot
+pay you; part of you not for a year, others of you not till the War
+end; will give you 5 per cent interest instead." Coupled with
+which, by the same creative genius, is a Declaration in the King's
+name, "That the King compels nobody, but does invite all and sundry
+of loyal mind to send their Plate (on loan, of course, and with due
+receipt for it) to the Mint to be coined, lest Majesty come to have
+otherwise no money,"--his very valets, as is privately known,
+having had no wages from him for ten months past.
+
+Whereupon the rich Princes of the Blood, Due d'Orleans foremost,
+and Official persons, Pompadour, Belleisle, Choiseul, do make an
+effort; and everybody that has Plate feels uneasily that he cannot
+use it, and that he ought to send it. And, November 5th, the King's
+own Plate, packed ostentatiously in carts, went to the Mint;--the
+Dauphiness, noble Saxon Lady, had already volunteered with a silver
+toilet-table of hers, brand-new and of exquisite costly pattern;
+but the King forbade her. On such examples, everybody had to make
+an effort, or uneasily try to make one. King Friedrich, eight
+days after Maxen, is somewhat amused at these proceedings in
+the distance:--
+
+"The kettles and spoons of the French seem to me a pleasant
+resource, for carrying on War!" writes he to D'Argens. ["Wilsdruf,
+28th November, 1759," <italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic>
+xix. 108.] "A bit of mummery to act on the public feeling, I
+suppose. The result of it will be small: but as the Belleisle
+LETTERS [taken in Contades's baggage, after Minden, and printed by
+Duke Ferdinand for public edification] make always such an outcry
+about poverty, those people are trying to impose on their enemies,
+and persuade them that the carved and chiselled silver of the
+Kingdom will suffice for making a vigorous Campaign. I see nothing
+else that can have set them on imagining the farce they are now at.
+There is Munster taken from them by the English-Hanoverian people;
+it is affirmed that the French, on the 25th, quitted Giessen, to
+march on Friedberg and repass the Rhine [might possibly have done
+so;--but the Hereditary Prince and his 12,000 come to be needed
+elsewhere!]--Poor we are opposite our enemies here, cantoned in the
+Villages about; the last truss of straw, the last loaf of bread
+will decide which of us is to remain in Saxony. And as the
+Austrians are extremely squeezed together, and can get nothing out
+of Bohmen,"--one hopes it will not be they!
+
+All through November, this sending of Plate, I never knew with what
+net-result of moneys coinable, goes on in Paris; till, at the
+highest tables, there is nothing of silver dishes left;-- and a new
+crockery kind (rather clumsy; "CULS NOIRS," as we derisively call
+them, pigment of BOTTOM part being BLACK) has had to be contrived
+instead. Under what astonishments abroad and at home, and in the
+latter region under what execrations on Silhouette, may be
+imagined. "TOUT LE MONDE JURE BEAUCOUP CONTRE M. DE SILHOUETTE, All
+the world swears much against him," says Barbier;--but I believe
+probably he was much to be pitied: "A creative genius, you; and
+this is what you come to?"
+
+November 22d, the poor man got dismissed; France swearing at him, I
+know not to what depth; but howling and hissing, evidently, with
+all its might. The very tailors and milliners took him up,--
+trousers without pockets, dresses without flounce or fold, which
+they called A LA SILHOUETTE:--and, to this day, in France and
+Continental Countries, the old-fashioned Shadow-Profile (mere
+outline, and vacant black) is practically called a SILHOUETTE.
+So that the very Dictionaries have him; and, like bad Count
+Reinhart, or REYNARD, of earlier date, he has become a Noun
+Appellative, and is immortalized in that way. The first of that
+considerable Series of Creative Financiers, Abbe Terray and the
+rest,--brought in successively with blessings, and dismissed with
+cursings and hissings,--who end in Calonne, Lomenie de Brienne, and
+what Mirabeau Pere called "the General Overturn (CULBUTE
+GENERALE)." Thitherward, privately, straight towards the General
+Overturn, is France bound;--and will arrive in about thirty years.
+
+
+FRIEDRICH, STRANGE TO SAY, PUBLISHES (March-June, 1760)
+AN EDITION OF HIS POEMS. QUESTION, "WHO WROTE Matinees
+du Roi de Prusse?"--FOR THE SECOND, AND POSITIVELY THE LAST TIME.
+
+In this avalanche of impending destructions, what can be more
+surprising than to hear of the Editing of Poems on his Majesty's
+part! Actual publication of that OEuvre de Poesie, for which
+Voltaire, poor gentleman, suffered such tribulation seven years
+ago. Now coming out from choice: Reprint of it, not now to the
+extent of twelve copies for highly special friends, but in copious
+thousands, for behoof of mankind at large! The thing cost Friedrich
+very little meditating, and had become necessary,--and to be done
+with speed.
+
+Readers recollect the OEUVRE DE POESIE, and satirical hits said to
+be in it. At Paris, about New-year's time 1760, some helpful Hand
+had contrived to bring out, under the pretended date "Potsdam," a
+cheap edition of that interesting Work. [<italic> "OEuvres du
+Philosophe de Sans-Souci:" <end italic> 1 vol. 12 mo, "Potsdam
+[PARIS, in truth], 1760."] Merely in the way of theft, as appeared
+to cursory readers, to D'Argens, for example: [His Letter to the
+King, <italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xix. 138.] but, in
+deeper fact, for the purpose of apprising certain Crowned Heads,
+friendly and hostile,--Czarish Majesty and George II. of England
+the main two,--what this poetizing King was pleased to think of
+them in his private moments. D'Argens declares himself glad of this
+theft, so exquisitely clever is the Book. But Friedrich knows
+better: "March 17th, when a Copy of it came to him," Friedrich sees
+well what is meant,--and what he himself has to do in it.
+He instantly sets about making a few suppressions, changes of
+phrase; sends the thing to D'Argens: "Publish at once, with a
+little prefatory word." And, at the top of his speed, D'Argens has,
+in three weeks' time, the suitable AVANT-PROPOS, or AVIS AU
+LIBRAIRE, "circulating in great quantities, especially in London
+and Petersburg" ("Thief Editor has omitted; and, what is far more,
+has malignantly interpolated: here is the poor idle Work itself,
+not a Counterfeit of it, if anybody care to read it"), and an
+Orthodox Edition ready. [Came out April 9th [see MITCHELL, ii.
+153], and a second finer Edition in June:" in <italic> OEuvres de
+Frederic, <end italic> x. p. x, xix. 137 n., 138; especially in
+PREUSS, i. 467, 468 (if you will compare him with HIMSELF on these
+different occasions, and patiently wind out his bit of meaning),
+all manner of minutest details.] The diligent Pirate Booksellers,
+at Amsterdam, at London, copiously reproduced this authorized
+Berlin Edition too,--or added excerpts from it to their reprints of
+the Paris one, by way of various-readings. And everybody read and
+compared, what nobody will now do; theme, and treatment of theme,
+being both now so heartily indifferent to us.
+
+Who the Perpetrator of this Parisian maleficence was, remained
+dark;--and would not be worth inquiring into at all, except for two
+reasons intrinsically trifling, but not quite without interest to
+readers of our time. First, that Voltaire, whom some suspected
+(some, never much Friedrich, that I hear of), appears to have been
+perfectly innocent;--and indeed had been incapacitated for guilt,
+by Schmidt and Freytag, and their dreadful Frankfurt procedures!
+This is reason FIRST; poor Voltaire mutely asking us, Not to load
+him with more sins than his own. Reason SECOND is, that, by a
+singular opportunity, there has, in these very months, [Spring,
+1863.] a glimmering of light risen on it to this Editor;
+illustrating two other points as well, which readers here are
+acquainted with, some time ago, as riddles of the insignificant
+sort. The DEMON NEWSWRITER, with his "IDEA" of Friedrich, and the
+"MATINEES DU ROI DE PRUSSE:" readers recollect both those
+Productions; both enigmatic as to authorship;--but both now become
+riddles which can more or less be read.
+
+For the surprising circumstance (though in certain periods, when
+the realm of very Chaos re-emerges, fitfully, into upper sunshine
+now and then, nothing ought to surprise one as happening there) is,
+That, only a few months ago, the incomparable MATINEES (known to my
+readers five years since) has found a new Editor and reviver.
+Editor illuminated "by the Secretary of the Great Napoleon," "by
+discovery of manuscripts," "by the Duc de Rovigo," and I know not
+what; animated also, it is said, by religious views. And, in short,
+the MATINEES is again abroad upon the world,--"your London Edition
+twice reprinted in Germany, by the Jesuit party since" (much good
+may it do the Jesuit party!)--a MATINEES again in comfortable
+circumstances, as would seem. Probably the longest-eared Platitude
+now walking the Earth, though there are a good many with ears long.
+Unconscious, seemingly, that it has been killed thrice and four
+times already; and that indeed, except in the realm of Nightmare,
+it never was alive, or needed any killing; belief in it, doubt upon
+it (I must grieve to inform the Duc de Rovigo and honorable persons
+concerned), being evidence conclusive that you have not yet the
+faintest preliminary shadow of correct knowledge about Friedrich
+or his habits or affairs, and that you ought first to try and
+acquire some.
+
+To me argument on this subject would have been too unendurable.
+But argument there was on it, by persons capable and willing, more
+than one: and in result this surprising brand-new London moon-calf
+of a MATINEES was smitten through, and slit in pieces, for the
+fifth time,--as if that could have hurt it much! "MIT DER
+DUMMHEIT," sings Schiller; "Human Stupidity is stronger than the
+very Gods." However, in the course of these new inspections into
+matters long since obsolete, there did--what may truly be
+considered as a kind of profit by this Resuscitating of the moon-
+calf MATINEES upon afflicted mankind, and is a net outcome from it,
+real, though very small--some light rise as to the origin and
+genesis of MATINEES; some twinkles of light, and, in the utterly
+dark element, did disclose other monstrous extinct shapes looming
+to right and left of said monster: and, in a word, the Authorship
+of MATINEES, and not of MATINEES only, becomes now at last faintly
+visible or guessable. To one of those industrious Matadors, as we
+may call them, Slayers of this moon-calf for the fourth or fifth
+time, I owe the following Note; which, on verifying, I can declare
+to be trustworthy:--
+
+"The Author of MATINEES, it is nearly certain", says my
+Correspondent, "is actually a 'M. de Bonneville,'--contrary to what
+you wrote five years ago. [A.D. 1858 (SUPRA, v. 165, 166).]
+Not indeed the Bonneville who is found in Dictionaries, who is
+visibly impossible; but a Bonneville of the preceding generation,
+who was Marechal de Saxe's Adjutant or Secretary, old enough to
+have been the Uncle or the Father of that revolutionary Bonneville.
+Marechal de Saxe died November 30th, 1750; this senior Bonneville,
+still a young man, had been with him to Potsdam on visit there.
+Bonneville, conscious of genius, and now out of employment,
+naturally went thither again; lived a good deal there, or went
+between France and there: and authentic History knows of him, by
+direct evidence, and by reflex, the following Three Facts (the
+SECOND of them itself threefold), of which I will distinguish
+the indubitable from the inferentially credible or as good
+as certain:--
+
+"1. Indubitable, That Bonneville sold to Friedrich certain Papers,
+military Plans, or the like, of the late Marechal and was paid for
+them; but by no means met the recognition his genius saw itself to
+merit. These things are certain, though not dated, or datable
+except as of the year 1750 or 1751. After which, for above twenty
+years, Bonneville entered upon a series of adventures, caliginous,
+underground, for most part; 'soldiering in America,' 'writing
+anonymous Pamphlets or Books,' roaming wide over the world; and led
+a busy but obscure and uncertain life, hanging by Berlin as a kind
+of centre, or by Paris and Berlin as his two centres; and had a
+miscellaneous series of adventures, subterranean many of them,
+unluminous all of them, not courting the light; which lie now in
+naturally a very dark condition. Dimly discernible, however, in the
+general dusk of Bonneville, dim and vague of outline, but
+definitely steady beyond what could have been expected, it does
+appear farther,--what alone entitles Bonneville to the least memory
+here, or anywhere in Nature now or henceforth,--
+
+"2. Inferentially credible, That, shortly after that first rebuff
+in Potsdam, he, not another, in 1752, was your 'DEMON NEWSWRITER,'
+whom we gazed at, some time since, devoutly crossing ourselves, for
+a little while!
+
+"Likewise that, in 1759-1760, after or before his American
+wanderings, he, the same Bonneville, as was suspected at the time,
+["Nicolai, <italic> Ueber Zimmermanns Fragmente, <end italic> i.
+181, 182, ii. 253, 254. Sketch of what is authentically known about
+Bonneville: 'suspected both of MATINEES and of the Stolen
+EDITION.'"] stole and edited this surreptitious mischief-making
+<italic> OEuvres du Philosophe de Sans-Souci <end italic> (Paris or
+Lyon, pretending to be 'Potsdam,' January, 1760)," which we are now
+considering! "Encouraged, probably enough, by Choiseul himself,
+who, in any case, is now known to have been the promoter of this
+fine bit of mischief, [Choiseul's own Note, "To M. de Malesherbes,
+DIRECTEUR DE LA LIBRAIRE, 10th December, 1759: 'By every method
+screen the King's Government from being suspected;--and get the
+Edition out at once.'" (Published in the <italic> Constitutionnel,
+<end italic> 2d December, 1850, by M. Sainte-Beuve; copied in
+Preuss, <italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xix. 168 n.)]--
+and who may thereupon [or may as probably, NOT "thereupon," if it
+were of the least consequence to gods or men] have opened to
+Bonneville a new military career in America? Career which led to as
+good as nothing; French soldiering in America being done for, in
+the course of 1760. Upon which Bonneville would return to his old
+haunts, to his old subterranean industries in Paris and Berlin.
+
+"And that, finally, in 1765, he, as was again suspected at the
+time, ["Nicolai, Ueber Zimmermanns Fragmente, i. 181, 182, ii. 253,
+254. Sketch of what is authentically known about Bonneville:
+'suspected both of MATINEES and of the Stolen EDITION.'"] he and no
+other, did write those MATINEES, which appeared next year in print
+(1766), and many times since; and have just been reprinted, as a
+surprising new discovery, at London, in Spring, 1863.
+
+"3. Again indubitable, That either after or before those Editorial
+exploits, Bonneville had sold the Marechal de Saxe's Plans and
+Papers, which were already the King's, to some second person, and
+been a second time paid for them. And was, in regard to this
+Swindling exploit, found out; and by reason of that sale, or for
+what reason is not known, was put into Spandau, and, one hopes,
+ended his life there." ["Nicolai, UBI SUPRA;--and besides him, only
+the two following references, out of half a cart-load:
+1. Bachaumont, MEMOIRES SECRETES, '7th February, 1765' (see
+Barbier, <italic> Dictionnaire des Anonymes, <end italic> §
+Matinees), who calls MATINEES 'a development of the IDEE DE LA
+PERSONNE,' &c. (that is, of your 'DEMON NEWSWRITER;' already known
+to Bachaumont, this 'IDEE,' it seems, as well as the MATINEES in
+Manuscript). 2. LETTER of Grimm to Duchess of Sachsen-Gotha [OUR
+Duchess], dated 'Paris, 15th April, 1765:' not in printed <italic>
+Correspondance de Grimm, <end italic> but still in the Archives of
+Gotha, in company with a MS. of MATINEES, probably the oldest
+extant (see,--in the GRENZBOTEN Periodical, Leipzig, 1863,
+pp. 473-484, 500-519,--K. SAMWER, who is Chief MALLEUS of this
+new London moon-calf, and will inform the curious of
+every particular)."
+
+MATINEES was first printed 1766 (no place), and seven or eight
+times since, in different Countries; twice or thrice over, as "an
+interesting new discovery:"--very wearisome to this Editor; who
+read MATINEES (in poor LONDON print, that too) many years ago,--
+with complete satisfaction as to Matinees, and sincere wish not to
+touch it again even with a pair of tongs;--and has since had three
+"priceless MSS. of it" offered him, at low rates, as a guerdon
+to merit.]
+
+Fact No. 2, which alone concerns us here,--and which, in its three
+successive stages, does curiously cohere with itself and with other
+things,--comes, therefore, not by direct light, which indeed, by
+the nature of the case, would be impossible. Not by direct light,
+but by various reflex lights, and convergence of probabilities old
+and new, which become the stronger the better they are examined;
+and may be considered as amounting to what is called a moral
+certainty,--"certain" enough for an inquiry of that significance.
+To a kind of moral certainty: kind of moral consolation too;
+only One individual of Adam's Posterity, not Three or more, having
+been needed in these multifarious acts of scoundrelism; and that
+One receiving payment, or part payment, so prompt and appropriate,
+in the shape of a permanent cannon-ball at his ankle.
+
+This is the one profit my readers or I have yet derived from the
+late miraculous Resuscitation of MATINEES ROYALES; the other items
+of profit in that Enterprise shall belong, not to us in the least
+measure, but to Bonneville, and to his well or ill disposed
+Coadjutors and Copartners in the Adventure. Adieu to it, aud to him
+and to them, forever and a day!
+
+
+PEACE-NEGOTIATIONS HOPEFUL TO FRIEDRICH ALL THROUGH WINTER;
+BUT THE FRENCH WON'T. VOLTAIRE, AND HIS STYLE OF CORRESPONDING.
+
+This Winter there was talk of Peace, more specifically than ever.
+November 15th, at the Hague, as a neutral place, there had been, by
+the two Majesties, Britannic and Prussian, official DECLARATION,
+"We, for our part, deeply lament these horrors, and are ready to
+treat of Peace." This Declaration was presented November 15th,
+1759, by Prince Ludwig of Brunswick (Head General of the Dutch, and
+a Brother of Prince Ferdinand our General's, suitable for such
+case), to the Austrian-French Excellencies at the Hague. By whom it
+had been received with the due politeness, "Will give it our
+profoundest consideration;" [DECLARATION (by the two Majesties)
+that they are ready to treat of Peace, 15th November, 1759,
+presented by, &c. (as above); ANSWER from France, in stingy terms,
+and not till 3d April, 1760: are in <italic> London Gazette;
+<end italic> in <italic> Gentleman's Magazine, <end italic> xxix.
+603, xxx. 188; in &c. &c.]--which indeed the French, for some time,
+privately did; though the Austrians privately had no need to do so,
+being already fixed for a negative response to the proposal.
+But hereby rose actual talk of a "Congress;" and wagging of
+Diplomatic wigs as to where it shall be. "In Breda," said some;
+"Breda a place used to Congresses." "Why not in Nanci here?" said
+poor old Ex-Polish Stanislaus, alive to the calls of benevolence,
+poor old Titular soul. Others said "Leipzig;" others "Augsburg;"--
+and indeed in Augsburg, according to the Gazetteers, at one time,
+there were "upholsterers busy getting ready the apartments."
+So that, with such rumor in the Diplomatic circles, the Gazetteer
+and outer world was full of speculation upon Peace; and Friedrich
+had lively hopes of it, and had been hoping three months before, as
+we transiently saw, though again it came to nothing. All to
+nothing; and is not, in itself, worth the least attention from us
+here,--a poor extinct fact, loud in those months and filling the
+whole world, now silent and extinct to everybody,--except, indeed,
+that it offers physiognomic traits here and there of a certain
+King, and of those about him. For which reason we will dwell on it
+a few minutes longer.
+
+Nobody, in that Winter 1759-1760, could guess where, or from whom,
+this big world-interesting Peace-Negotiation had its birth;
+as everybody now can, when nobody now is curious on the question!
+At Sagan, in September last, we all saw the small private source of
+it, its first outspurt into daylight; and read Friedrich's ANSWERS
+to Voltaire and the noble Duchess on it:--for the sake of which Two
+private Correspondents, and of Friedrich's relation to them,
+possibly a few more Excerpts may still have a kind of interest, now
+when the thing corresponded on has ceased to have any. To the
+Duchess, a noble-minded Lady, beautifully zealous to help if she
+could, by whose hand these multifarious Peace-Papers have to pass,
+this is always Friedrich's fine style in transmitting them. Out of
+many specimens, following that of Sagan which we gave, here are the
+Next Three:--
+
+
+FRIEDRICH TO THE DUCHESS OF SACHSEN-GOTHA
+(Three other Letters on the "Peace").
+
+1.
+"WILSDRUF, 21st November, 1759 [day after Maxen,
+SURRENDER was THIS morning--of which he has not heard].
+
+"MADAM,--Nothing but your generosities and your indulgence could
+justify my incongruity [INCONGRUITE, in troubling you with the
+Enclosed]. You will have it, Madam, that I shall still farther
+abuse those bounties, which are so precious to me: at least
+remember that it is by your order, if I forward through your hand
+this Letter, which does not merit such honor.
+
+"Chance, which so insolently mocks the projects of men, and
+delights to build up and then pull down, has led us about, thus
+far,--to the end of the Campaign [not quite ended yet, if we knew].
+The Austrians are girt in by the Elbe on this side; I have had two
+important Magazines of theirs in Bohemia destroyed [Kleist's
+doing]. There have been some bits of fighting (AFFAIRES), that have
+turned entirely to our advantage:--so that I am in hopes of forcing
+M. Daun to repass the Elbe, to abandon Dresden, and to take the
+road for Zittau and Bohemia.
+
+"I talk to you, Madam, of what I am surrounded with; of what, being
+in your neighborhood, may perhaps have gained your attention.
+I could go to much greater length, if my heart dared to explain
+itself on the sentiments of admiration, gratitude and esteem, with
+which I am,--Madam my Cousin,--Your most faithful Cousin, Friend
+and Servant,--F."
+
+
+2. 
+
+"FREYBERG, 18th December, 1759.
+
+"MADAM,--You spoil me so by your indulgence, you so accustom me to
+have obligations to you, that I reproach myself a hundred times
+with this presumption. Certainly I should not continue to enclose
+these Letters to your care, had not I the hope that perhaps the
+Correspondence may be of some use to England, and even to Europe,--
+for without doubt Peace is the desirable, the natural and happy
+state for all Nations. It is to accelerate Peace, Madam, that I
+abuse your generosities. This motive excuses me to myself for the
+incongruity of my procedures.
+
+"The goodness you have to take interest in my situation obliges me
+to give you some account of it. We have undergone all sorts of
+misfortune here [Maxen, what not], at the moment we were least
+expecting them. Nevertheless, there remains to us courage and hope;
+here are Auxiliaries [Hereditary Prince and 12,000] on the point of
+arriving; there is reason to think that the end of our Campaign
+will be less frightful than seemed likely three weeks ago. May you,
+Madam, enjoy all the happiness that I wish you. May all the world
+become acquainted with your virtues, imitate them, and admire you
+as I do. May you be persuaded that ...--F."
+
+
+3.
+
+"FREYBERG, 16th February, 1760.
+
+"MADAM,--It is to my great regret that I importune Your Highness so
+often with my Letters. Your bounties, Madam, have spoiled me;--it
+will teach you to be more chary of them to others. I regard you as
+an estimable Friend, to whose friendship I have recourse in
+straits. The question is still Peace, Madam; and were not the
+object of my importunities so beautiful, Madam, I should be
+inexcusable."--Goes then into practical considerations, about
+"Cocceji" (King's Aide-de-Camp, once Keith's, who carries this
+Letter), about a "Herr von Edelsheim," a "Bailli de Froulay", and
+the possible "Conditions of Peace,"--not of consequence to us just
+now. [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xviii. 174, 173,
+172. Correspondence on this subject lasts from 22d September, 1759,
+to 8th May, 1760: IB. pp. 170-186. In that final Letter of 8th May
+is the phrase, hardly worth restoring to its real ownership, though
+the context considerably redeems it there,--"the prejudice I can't
+get rid of, that, in war, DIEU EST POUR LES GROS ESCADRONS."]
+
+As to Voltaire again, and the new Friedrich-Voltaire Style of
+Correspondence, something more of detail will be requisite.
+Ever since the black days of 1757, when poor Wilhelmina, with
+Rossbach and Leuthen still hidden from her in a future gloomy as
+death, desperately brought Voltaire to bear upon Cardinal Tencin in
+this matter, without success, there has been a kind of regular
+corresponding between Voltaire and Friedrich; characteristic on
+both sides. A pair of Lovers hopelessly estranged and divorced;
+and yet, in a sense, unique and priceless to one another. The Past,
+full of heavenly radiances, which issued, alas, in flames and sooty
+conflagrations as of Erebus,--let us forget it, and be taught by
+it! The Past is painful, and has been too didactic to some of us:
+but here still is the Present with its Future; better than blank
+nothing. Pleasant to hear the sound of that divine voice of my
+loved one, were it only in commonplace remarks on the weather,--
+perhaps intermixed with secret gibings on myself:--let us hear it
+while we can, amid those world-wide crashing discords and piping
+whirlwinds of war.
+
+Friedrich sends his new Verses or light Proses, which he is ever
+and anon throwing off; Voltaire sends his, mostly in print, and of
+more elaborate turn: they talk on matters that are passing round
+them, round this King, the centre of them,--Friedrich usually in a
+rather swaggering way (lest his Correspondent think of blabbing),
+and always with something of banter audible in him;--as has
+Voltaire too, but in a finer TREBLE tone, being always female in
+this pretty duet of parted lovers. It rarely comes to any scolding
+between them; but there is or can be nothing of cordiality.
+Nothing, except in the mutual admiration, which one perceives to be
+sincere on both sides; and also, in the mutual practical
+estrangement: "Nothing more of you,--especially of YOU, Madam,--as
+a practical domestic article!"
+
+After long reading, with Historical views, in this final section of
+the Friedrich-Voltaire Correspondence, at first so barren otherwise
+and of little entertainment, one finds that this too, when once you
+CAN "read" it (that is to say, when the scene and its details are
+visible to you), becomes highly dramatic, Shakspearean-comic or
+more, for this is Nature's self, who far excels even Shakspeare;--
+and that the inextricably dark condition of these Letters is a real
+loss to the ingenuous reader, and especially to the student of
+Friedrich. Among the frequently recurring topics, one that oftenest
+turns up on Voltaire's side is that of Peace: Oh, if your Majesty
+would but make Peace! Does it depend on me? thinks Friedrich
+always; and is, at last, once provoked to say so:-- 
+
+
+FRIEDRICH TO VOLTAIRE.
+
+"REICH-HENNERSDORF, 2d July, 1759,
+[shortly before Schmottseifen, while waiting Daun's slow movements].
+
+"Asking ME for Peace: there is a bitter joke!--[In verse, this;
+flings off a handful of crackers on the BIEN-AIME, whose
+Chamberlain you are, on the HONGROISE QUI'IL ADORE, on the Russian
+QUE J'ABHORRE;--then continues in prose]:
+
+"It is to him," the Well-beloved Louis, "that you must address
+yourself, or to his Amboise in Petticoats [his Pompadour, acting
+the Cardinal-Premier on this occasion]. But these people have their
+heads filled with ambitious projects: these people are the
+difficulty; they wish to be the sovereign arbiters of sovereigns;--
+and that is what persons of my way of thinking will by no means put
+up with. I love Peace quite as much as you could wish; but I want
+it good, solid and honorable. Socrates or Plato would have thought
+as I do on this subject, had they found themselves placed in the
+accursed position which is now mine in the world.
+
+"Think you there is any pleasure in leading this dog of a life
+[CHIENNE, she-dog]? In seeing and causing the butchery of people
+you know nothing of; in losing daily those you do know and love;
+in seeing perpetually your reputation exposed to the caprices of
+chance; in passing year after year in disquietudes and
+apprehensions; in risking, without end, your life and your fortune?
+
+"I know right well the value of tranquillity, the sweets of
+society, the charms of life; and I love to be happy, as much as
+anybody whatever. But much as I desire these blessings, I will not
+purchase them by basenesses and infamies. Philosophy enjoins us to
+do our duty; faithfully to serve our Country, at the price of our
+blood, of our repose, and of every sacrifice that can be required
+of us. The illustrious ZADIG went through a good many adventures
+which were not to his taste, CANDIDE the like; and nevertheless
+took their misfortune in patience. What finer example to follow
+than that of those heroes?
+
+"Take my word, our 'curt jackets,' as you call them [HABITS
+ECOURTES, peculiar to the Prussian soldier at that time], are as
+good as your red heels, as the Hungarian pelisses, and the green
+frocks of the Roxelans [Russians]. We are actually on the heels of
+the latter [at least poor Dohna is, and poor Dictator Wedell will
+be, not with the effect anticipated!]--who by their stupidities
+give us fine chance. You will see I shall get out of the scrape
+this Year too, and deliver myself both from the Greens and the
+Dirty-Whites [Austrian color of coat]. My neighbor of the Sacred
+Hat,--I think, in spite of Holy Father's benediction, the Holy
+Ghost must have inspired him the reverse way; he seems to have a
+great deal of lead in his bottom. ... F." [<italic> OEuvres de
+Frederic, <end italic> xxiii. 53.]
+
+VOLTAIRE IN ANSWER.
+
+"THE DELICES," guessed to be some time in "August, 1759."
+
+"In whatever state you are, it is very certain that you are a 
+great man. It is not to weary your Majesty that I now write; it is
+to confess myself,--on condition you will give me absolution!
+I have betrayed you; that is the fact"--(really guilty this time,
+and HAVE shown something of your writing; as your Majesty, oh how
+unjustly, is often suspecting that I do, and with mischievous
+intention, instead of good, ah, Sire!)--In fact, I have received
+that fine "MARCUS-AURELIUS" Letter (Letter we have just read);
+exquisite Piece, though with biting "JUVENAL" qualities in it too;
+and have shown it, keeping back the biting parts, to a beautiful
+gillflirt of the Court, MINAUDIERE (who seems to be a Mistress of
+Choiseul's), who is here attending Tissot for her health:
+MINAUDIERE charmed with it; insists on my sending to Choiseul, "He
+admires the King of Prussia, as he does all nobleness and genius;
+send it!" And I did so;--and look here, what an Answer from
+Choiseul (Answer lost): and may it not have a fine effect, and
+perhaps bring Peace--Oh, forgive me, Sire. But read that Note of
+the great man. "Try if you can decipher his writing. One may have
+very honest sentiments, and a great deal of ESPRIT, and yet write
+like a cat. ...
+
+"Sire, there was once a lion and a mouse (RAT); the mouse fell in
+love with the lion, and went to pay him court. The lion, tired of
+it, gave him a little scrape with his paw. The mouse withdrew into
+his mouse-hole (SOURICIERE); but he still loved the lion;
+and seeing one day a net they were spreading out to catch the lion
+and kill him, he gnawed asunder one mesh of it. Sire, the mouse
+kisses very humbly your beautiful claws, in all submissiveness:--he
+will never die between two Capuchins, as, at Bale, the mastiff
+(DOGUE) of St. Malo has done [27th July last]. He would have wished
+to die beside his lion. Believe that the mouse was more attached
+than the mastiff."--V. [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic>
+xxiii. 59, 60.]
+
+To which we saw the Answer, pair of Answers, at Sagan, in September
+last. This Note from Choiseul, conveyed by Voltaire, appears to
+have been the trifling well-spring from which all those wide-spread
+waters of Negotiation flowed. Pitt, when applied to, on the
+strength of Friedrich's hopes from this small Document of
+Choiseul's, was of course ready, "How welcome every chance of a
+just Peace!" and agreed to the Joint Declaration at the Hague;
+and took what farther trouble I know not,--probably less sanguine
+of success than Friedrich. Friedrich was ardently industrious in
+the affair; had a great deal of devising and directing on it, a
+great deal of corresponding with Voltaire and the Duchess, only
+small fractions of which are now left. He searched out, or the
+Duchess of Sachsen-Gotha did it for him, a proper Secret Messenger
+for Paris: Secret Messenger, one Baron von Edelsheim, properly
+veiled, was to consult a certain Bailli de Froulay, a friend of
+Friedrich's in Paris;--which loyal-hearted Bailli did accordingly
+endeavor there; but made out nothing. Only much vague talking;
+part of it, or most of it, subdolous on Choiseul's side. Pitt would
+hear of no Peace which did not include Prussia as well as England:
+some said this was the cause of failure;--the real cause was that
+Choiseul never had any serious intention of succeeding.
+Light Choiseul, a clever man, but an unwise, of the sort called
+"dashing," had entertained the matter merely in the optative form,
+--and when it came nearer, wished to use it for making mischief
+between Pitt and Friedrich, and for worming out Edelsheim's
+secrets, if he had any,--for which reason he finally threw
+Edelsheim into the Bastille for a few days. [<italic> OEuvres de
+Frederic, <end italic> v. 38-41, detailed account of the Affair.]
+
+About the end of March I guess it to have been that Choiseul, by
+way of worming out poor Edelsheim's secrets, flung him into the
+Bastille for a day or two. Already in December foregoing, we have
+seen Choiseul's Black-Artist busy upon the Stolen EDITION of
+Friedrich's Verses. A Choiseul full of intrigues; adroit enough,
+ambitious enough; restlessly industrious in making mischief, if
+there were nothing else to be made; who greatly disgusted
+Friedrich, now and afterwards.
+
+And this was what the grand Voltaire Pacification came to, though
+it filled the world with temporary noise, and was so interesting to
+Voltaire and another. What a heart-affecting generosity, humility
+and dulcet pathos in that of the poor Mouse gnawing asunder a mesh
+of the Lion's net! There is a good deal of that throughout, on the
+Voltaire side,--that is to say, while writing to Friedrich.
+But while writing of him, to third parties, sometimes almost
+simultaneously, the contrast of styles is not a little startling;
+and the beautiful affectionately chirping Mouse is seen suddenly to
+be an injured Wild-cat with its fur up. All readers of Voltaire are
+aware of this; and how Voltaire handles his "LUC" (mysterious
+nickname for KING FRIEDRICH	), when Luc's back is turned. For alas,
+there is no man or thing but has its wrong side too; least of all,
+a Voltaire,--doing TREBLE voice withal, if you consider it, in such
+a Duet of estranged Lovers! Suppose we give these few Specimens,--
+treble mostly, and a few of bass as well,--to illustrate the nature
+of this Duet, and of the noises that went on round it, in a war-
+convulsed world? And first of all, concerning the enigma "What
+is Luc?"
+
+What the LUC in Voltaire is? Shocking explanations have been hit
+upon: but Wagniere (WAGNER, an intelligent Swiss man), Voltaire's
+old Secretary, gives this plain reading of the riddle: "M. de
+Voltaire had, at The Delices [near by Ferney, till the Chateau got
+built], a big Ape, of excessively mischievous turn; who used to
+throw stones at the passers-by, and sometimes would attack with its
+teeth friend or foe alike. One day it thrice over bit M. de
+Voltaire's own leg. He had called it LUC (Luke); and in
+conversation with select friends, as also in Letters to such, he
+sometimes designated the King of Prussia by that nickname: 'HE is
+like my Luc here; bites whoever caresses him!'--In 1756 M. de
+Voltaire, having still on his heart the Frankfurt Outrage, wrote
+curious MEMOIRES [ah, yes, VIE PRIVEE]; and afterwards wished to
+burn them; but a Copy had been stolen from him in 1768,"--and they
+still afflict the poor world.
+
+To the same effect speaks Johannes von Muller: "Voltaire had an Ape
+called Luc; and the spiteful man, in thus naming the King, meant to
+stigmatize him as the mere APE of greater men; as one without any
+greatness of his own."--No; LUC was mischievous, flung stones after
+passengers; had, according to Clogenson, "bitten Voltaire himself,
+while being caressed by him;" that was the analogy in Voltaire's
+mind. Preuss says, this Nickname first occurs "12th December,
+1757." Suppose 11th December to have been the day of getting one's
+leg bitten thrice over; and that, in bed next morning,--stiff,
+smarting, fretful against the sad ape-tricks and offences of this
+life,--before getting up to one's Works and Correspondences, the
+angry similitude had shot, slightly fulgurous and consolatory,
+athwart the gloom of one's mood? [Longchamp et Wagniere <italic>
+Memoires, <end italic> i. 34; Johannes von Muller, <italic> Works
+<end italic> (12mo, Stuttgard, 1821), xxxi. 140 (LETTERS TO HIS
+BROTHER, No, 218, "July, 1796"); Clogenson's Note, in <italic>
+OEuvres de Voltaire, <end italic> lxxvii. 103; Preuss, ii. 71.]
+That will account for Luc.
+
+Many of the Voltaire-Friedrich LETTERS are lost; and the remainder
+lie in sad disorder in all the Editions, their sequence
+unintelligible without lengthy explanation. So that the following
+Snatches cannot well be arranged here in the way of Choral Strophe
+and Antistrophe, as would have been desirable. We shall have to
+group them loosely under heads; with less respect to date than
+to subject-matter, and to the reader's convenience for
+understanding them.
+
+
+VOLTAIRE ON FRIEDRICH, TO DIFFERENT THIRD-PARTIES, DURING THIS WAR.
+
+TO D'ARGENTAL (Has not yet heard of LEUTHEN, which happened five
+days before). ... "I have tasted the vengeance of consoling the
+King of Prussia, and that is enough for me. He goes beating on the
+one side, and getting beaten on the other: except for another
+miracle [like Rossbach], he will be ruined. Better have really been
+a philosopher, as he pretended to be." [<italic> OEuvres de
+Voltaire, <end italic> lxvii. 139 ("The Delices, 10th
+December, 1757").]
+
+TO THE REVEREND COMTE DE BERNIS (outwardly still our flourishing
+Prime-Minister, by grace of Pompadour, but soon to be extinguished
+under a Red Hat. Date is six days before ZORNDORF). ... "I cannot
+imagine how some people have gone into suspecting that my heart
+might have the weakness to lean a little towards WHOM you know,
+towards my Ingrate that was! One is bound to have politeness;
+but one has memory as well;--and one is attached, as warmly as
+superfluously, to the Good Cause, which it belongs only to you to
+defend. Certain it is, poor I am not like the three-fourths of the
+Germans in these days [since ROSSBACH, above all]! I have
+everywhere seen Ladies'-fans with the Prussian Eagle painted on
+them, eating the FLEUR-DE-LIS; the Hanover Horse giving a kick to
+M. de Richelieu's bottom; a Courier carrying a bottle of Queen-of-
+Hungary Water to Madame de Pompadour. My Nieces shall certainly not
+have that fashion of Fans, at my poor little DELICES, whither I am
+just returning." [Ib. lxxvii. 35 ("Soleure, 19th August, 1758").]
+
+TO MADAME D'ARGENTAL (on occasion of MINDEN: Kunersdorf three days
+ago, but not yet heard of). ... "Truly, Madame, when M. de Contades
+leads to the butchery all the descendants of our ancient
+chevaliers, and sets them to attack eighty pieces of cannon [not in
+the least, if you knew it; the reverse, if you knew it],--as Don
+Quixote did the windmills! This horrible day pierces my soul. I am
+French to excess, especially since those new favors [not worth
+mentioning here], which I owe to my divine Angels and to M. le Duc
+de Choiseul.
+
+"Luc--you know who Luc is [as do we]--is probably giving Battle to
+the Austrians and Russians [KUNERSDORF, 12th; three days ago, did
+it, and was beaten to your mind], at the moment while I have the
+honor of writing to you; at least, he told me such was his Royal
+intention. If they beat him, as may happen, what a shame for us to
+have been beaten by the Duke of Brunswick! I wish you knew this
+Duke [as I have done; a Duke of no ESPRIT, no gift of tongue, in
+fact no talent at all that I could discern], you would be much
+astonished; and would say, 'The people whom he beats must be great
+blockheads.' The truth of the fact is, that all these troops are
+better disciplined than ours:" [<italic> OEuvres de Voltaire, <end
+italic> lxxviii, 186, 187 ("Delices, 15th August, 1759").]--Yes
+indeed, my esteemed Voltaire; and also, perhaps, that ESPRIT, or
+gift of tongue, is not the sole gift for Battles and Campaigns?--
+
+TO D'ARGENTAL (seventh day after KUNERSDORF: "mouse upon lion's
+net" nearly contemporaneous). "At last, then, I think my Russians
+must be near Great Glogau [might have been, one thinks, after such
+a Kunersdorf; did not start for a month yet; never could get very
+near at all]. Who would have thought that Barberina [Mackenzie's
+Dancer once; sent to Glogau, Cocceji and she, when their marriage
+became public} was going to be besieged by the Russians, and in
+Glogau: O Destiny!--
+
+"I don't love Luc, far from it: I never will pardon him his
+infamous procedure with my Niece [at Frankfurt that time]; nor the
+face he has to write me flattering things twice a month;
+without having ever repaired his wrongs. I desire much his entire
+humiliation, the chastisement of the sinner; whether his eternal
+damnation. I don't quite know." [Ib. lxxviii. 195 ("19th August,
+1759").] (Hear, hear!)
+
+TO THE SAME (a month after MAXEN: "Peace" Negotiation very lively).
+... "Meanwhile, if Luc could be punished before this happy Peace!
+If, by this last stroke of General Beck [tussle with Dierecke at
+Meissen, 4th December, capture of Dierecke and 1,500; stroke not of
+an overwhelming nature, but let us be thankful for our mercies],
+which has opened the road from the Lausitz to Berlin [alas, not in
+the least], some Haddick could pay Berlin a visit again! You see,
+in Tragedy I wish always to have crime punished.
+
+"There is talk of a great Battle fought the 6th [not a word of
+truth in it] between Luc and him of the Consecrated Hat: said to
+have been very murderous. I interest myself very much in this
+Piece" now playing under the Sun. "Whenever the Austrians have any
+advantage, Kaunitz says to Madame de Bentinck [litigant wandering
+Lady, known to me at Berlin and elsewhere], 'Write that to our
+Friend Voltaire.' Whenever Luc has the least success, he tells me,
+'I have battered the oppressors of mankind. Dear Angel, in these
+horrors I am the only one that has room to laugh:--and yet I don't
+laugh either; owing to the CULS-NOIRS [base crockery; one's Dinner
+Plate all vanished [Supra, p. 374.]], to the Annuities, Lotteries,
+and to Pondicherry,--for I am always afraid about that latter!"
+(Going, that, for certain; going, gone, and your East Indies along
+with it!) [<italic> OEuvres de Voltaire, <end italic> lxxviii. 346
+("22d December, 1759").]
+
+TO PERPETUAL SECRETARY FORMEY (in forwarding a "Letter left with
+me"). "Health and peace, Monsieur; and be SECRETAIRE ETERNEL.
+Your King is always a man unique, astonishing, inimitable. He makes
+charming verses, in times when another could not write a line of
+prose; he deserves to be happy: but will he be so? And if not, what
+becomes of you? For my own part, I will not die between two
+Capuchins. Hardly worth while, exalting one's soul for such a
+future as that. What a stupid and detestable farce this world is!"
+[Ib. lxxviii. 348 (from SOUVENIRS D'UN CITOYEN, i. 302), "11th
+January 1760."]
+
+TO D'ARGENTAL ("Peace" Negotiations still at their briskest), ...
+"But, my dear Angel, you will see on Tuesday the great man who has
+turned my head (DONT JE SUIS FOU), M. le Duc de Choiseul.
+The Letters he honors me with enchant me. God will bless him, don't
+doubt it,"--after all! "We have at Pondicherry a Lally, a devil of
+an Irish spirit,--who will cost me, sooner or later, above 20,000
+livres annually [have rents in our INDIA COMPANY, say 1,000 pounds
+a year, as my Angels know], which used to be the readiest item of
+my Pittance. But M. le Duc de Choiseul will triumph over Luc in one
+way or other; then what joy! I suppose he shows you my impertinent
+reveries. Do you know, Luc is so mad, that I don't despair of
+bringing him to reason [persuading him to give up Cleve, and
+knuckle as he should, in this Peace Affair]. That were what I
+should call the true Comedy! I should like to have your advices on
+the conduct of that Dramatic Piece." [<italic> OEuvres de Voltaire,
+<end italic> lxxviii. 375 ("Delices, 15th February, 1760").]
+
+The late "mouse" gnawing its mesh of net, what a subtle and mighty
+hunter has it grown! This of Cleve, however, and of knuckling,
+would not do. Hear the stiff Answer that comes: "'Conditions of
+Peace,' do you call them? The people that propose such can have no
+wish to see Peace. What a logic theirs! 'I might yield the Country
+of Cleve, because the inhabitants are stupid'! What would your
+Ministers say if one required the Province of Champagne from them,
+because the Proverb says, Ninety-nine sheep and one Champagner make
+a Hundred head of cattle?" [Friedrich to Voltaire, "Freyberg, 3d
+April, 1760:" <italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xxiii.
+73, 74.]
+
+FAULT ON CDISC--REFERENCE/FOOTNOTE ILLEGIBLE--P.394-BOOK XIX----
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+
+AGAIN TO D'ARGENTAL (three or four months after; Luc having proved
+obstinate, and still unsuccessful). ... "I conjure you make use of
+all your eloquence to tell him [the supreme Duc de Choiseul], that
+if Luc misgo, it will be no misfortune to France. That Brandenburg
+will always remain an Electorate; that it is good there be no
+Elector in it strong enough to do without the protection of our
+King; and that all the Princes of the Empire will always have
+recourse to that august protection (Most Christian Majesty's]
+CONTRA L'AQUILA GRIFAGNA,--were the Prussian Kingship but
+abolished. Nota bene, if Luc were discomfited this Year, we should
+have Peace next Winter." [<italic> OEuvres de Voltaire, <end
+italic> lxxix. 110 ("July, 1760").]
+
+TO SUPREME CHOISEUL (a year later). ... "He has been a bad man,
+this Luc; and now, if one were to bet,--by the law of probability
+it would be 3 to 1 that Lnc will go to pot (SERA PERDU), with his
+rhymings and his banterings, and his injustices and politics, all
+as bad as himself." [Ib. lxxx. 313 ("Chateau de Ferney, 13th July,
+1761").]
+
+
+VOLTAIRE ON SURROUNDING OBJECTS, CHIEFLY ON MAUPERTUIS, AND THE BATTLES.
+
+TO D'ALEMBERT (in the Rossbach-Leuthen interval: on the Battle of
+BRESLAU, 22d November, 1757; called by the Austrians "a
+Malplaquet," and believed by Voltaire to be a Malplaquet and more).
+... "The Austrians do avenge us, and humble us [us, and our
+miserable Rossbachs], in a terrible manner. Thirteen attacks on the
+Prussian intrenchments, lasted six hours; never was Victory
+bloodier, or more horribly beautiful [in the brain of certain men].
+We pretty French fellows, we are more expeditious, our job is done
+in five minutes. The King of Prussia is always writing me Verses,
+now like a desperado, now like a hero; and as for me, I try to live
+like a philosopher in my hermitage. He has obtained what he always
+wished: to beat the French, to be admired by them, to mock them;
+but the Austrians are mocking him in a very serious way. Our shame
+of November 5th has given him glory; and with such glory, which is
+but transient and dearly bought, he must content himself. He will
+lose his own Countries, with those he has seized, unless the French
+again discover [which they will] the secret of losing all their
+Armies, as they did in 1741." [Ib. Lxxvii. 133, 134 ("Delices, 6th
+December, 1757," day after Leuthen).]
+
+--FAULT ON CDISC AS ABOVE--P.395 BOOK XIX-------
+
+
+TO CLAIRAUT, THE MATHEMATICIAN (Maupertuis lately dead). An
+excellent Treatise, this you have sent me, Monsieur! "Your war with
+the Geometers on the subject of this Comet appears to me like a war
+of the gods in Olympus, while on Earth there is going on a fight of
+dogs and cats. ... Would to Heaven our friend Moreau-Maupertuis had
+cultivated his art like you! That he had predicted comets, instead
+of exalting his soul to predict the future; of dissecting the
+brains of giants to know the nature of the soul; of japanning
+people with pitch to cure them of every malady; of persecuting
+Konig; and of dying between Two Capuchins" (dead three weeks ago,
+on those terms, poor soul)! [<italic> OEuvres de Voltaire, <end
+italic> lxxviii. 191 ("Delices, 19th August, 1759").]
+
+TO D'ALEMBERT (a week later). ... "What say you of Maupertuis dying
+between Two Capuchins! He was ill, this long while, of a repletion
+of pride; but I had not reckoned him either a hypocrite or an
+imbecile. I don't advise you ever to go and fill his place at
+Berlin; you would repent that. I am Astolpho warning Roger
+(Ruggiero) not to trust himself to the Enchantress Alcina; but
+Roger was unadvisable." [Ib. lxxviii. 197 ("Delices, 25th August,
+1759").]
+
+TO THE SAME (two years later: Luc, on certain grounds, may as well
+be saved). "With regard to Luc, though I have my just causes of
+anger against him, I own to you, in my quality of Frenchman and
+thinking being, I am glad that a certain most Orthodox House has
+not swallowed Germany, and that the Jesuits are not confessing in
+Berlin. Over towards the Danube superstition is very powerful. ...
+The INFAME--You are well aware that I speak of superstition only;
+for as to the Christian religion, I respect and love it, like you.
+Courage, Brethren! Preach with force, and write with address:
+God will bless you.--Protect, you my Brother, the Widow Calas all
+you can! She is a poor weak-minded Huguenot, but her Husband was
+the victim of the WHITE PENITENTS. It is the concern of Human
+Nature that the Fanatics of Toulouse be confounded." (The case of
+Calas, SECOND act of it, getting on the scene: a case still
+memorable to everybody. Stupendous bit of French judicature; and
+Voltaire's noblest outburst, into mere transcendent blaze of pity,
+virtuous wrath, and determination to bring rescue and help against
+the whole world.) [<italic> OEuvres de Voltaire, <end italic>
+lxxviii. 52, 53 ("Ferney, 28th November, 1762").]
+
+
+FRIEDRICH TO VOLTAIRE, BEFORE AND DURING THESE PEACE NEGOTIATIONS.
+
+AT SCHMOTTSEIFEN, FIVE DAYS BEFORE ZULLICHAU, TEN DAYS BEFORE THAT
+HUNT OF LOUDON AND HADDICK (Voltaire, under rebuke for
+indiscretion, has been whimpering a little. My discreet Niece burnt
+those LAST verses, Sire; no danger there, at least! Truculent
+Bishop Something-AC tried to attack your Majesty; but was done for
+by a certain person). Friedrich answers: "In truth, you are a
+singular creature. When I think of scolding you, you say two words,
+and the reproach expires. Impossible to scold you, even when you
+deserve it. ...
+
+"As to your Niece, let her burn me or roast me, I care little.
+Nor are you to think me so sensitive to what your Bishops in IC or
+in AC may say of me. I have the lot of all actors who play in
+public; applauded by some, despised by others. One must prepare
+oneself for satires, for calumnies, for a multitude of lies, which
+will be sent abroad into currency against one: but need that
+trouble my tranquillity? I go my road; I do nothing against the
+interior voice of my conscience; and I concern myself very little
+in what way my actions paint themselves in the brain of beings, not
+always very thinking, with two legs and without feathers."
+["Schmottseifen, 18th July, 1759;" <italic> OEuvres de Frederic,
+<end italic> xxiii. 55, 56.]
+
+AT WILSDRUF, JUST BEFORE MAXEN (an exultant exuberant curious
+Letter; too long for insertion,--part of it given above). ...
+"For your Tragedy of SOCRATE, thanks. At Paris they are going to
+burn it, the wretched fools,--not aware that absurd fanaticism is
+their dominant vice. Better burn the dose of medicine, however,
+than the useful Doctor. I, can I join myself to that set? If I bite
+you, as you complain, it is without my knowledge. But I am
+surrounded with enemies, one hitting me, another pricking me,
+another daubing me with mud;--patience at last yields, and one
+flies abroad into a general rage, too indiscriminate perhaps."
+
+You talk of my Verses on Rossbach (my ADIEU TO THE HOOPERS on
+finding their Bridge burnt [Supra, p. 21.]). "This Campaign I have
+had no beatific vision, in the style of Moses. The barbarous
+Cossacks and Tartars, infamous to look at on any side, have burnt
+and ravaged countries, and committed atrocious inhumanities.
+This is all I saw of THEM. Such melancholy spectacles don't tend to
+raise one's spirits. [Breaks off into metre:] LA FORTUNE
+INCONSTANTE ET FIERE, Fortune inconstant and proud. Does not treat
+her suitors Always in an equal manner. Those fools called heroes,
+who run the country,
+
+<italic> Ces fous nommes heros, et qui courent les champs,
+         Couverts de sang et de poussiere,
+         Voltaire, n'ont pas tous les ans
+         La faceur de voir le derriere
+         De leurs ennemis insolents. <end italic> 
+
+Can't expect that pleasure every year"! ...
+
+Maupertuis, say you? "Don't trouble the ashes of the dead; let the
+grave at least put an end to your unjust hatreds. Reflect that even
+Kings make peace after long battling; cannot you ever make it?
+I think you would be capable, like Orpheus, of descending to Hell,
+not to soften Pluto and bring back your beautiful Emilie, but to
+pursue into that Abode of Woe an enemy whom your wrath has only too
+much persecuted in the world: for shame!" [<italic> OEuvres de
+Frederic, <end italic> xxiii. 61-65 ("Wilsdruf, 17th November,
+1759").]--and rebukes him, more than once elsewhere, in very
+serious terms.
+
+IN WINTER-QUARTERS, ON PEACE AND THE STOLEN EDITION. (Starts in
+verse, which we abridge:) With how many laurels you have covered
+yourself in all the fields of Literature! One laurel yet is wanting
+to the brow of Voltaire. If, as the crown of so many perfect works,
+he could by a skilful manoeuvre bring back Peace, I, and Europe
+with me, would think that his masterpiece! [Takes to prose:]
+
+"This is my thought and all Europe's. Virgil made as fine Verses as
+you; but he never made a Peace. It will be a distinction you will
+have over all your brethren of Parnassus, if you succeed.
+
+"I know not who has betrayed me, and thought of printing [the
+EDITION;--not you, surely!] a pack of rhapsodies which were good
+enough to amuse myself, but were never meant for publication.
+After all, I am so used to treacheries and bad manoeuvres,"--what
+matters this insignificant one?
+
+"I know not who the Bredow is [whom you speak of having met];
+but he has told you true. The sword and death have made frightful
+ravages among us. And the worst is, we are not yet at the end of
+the tragedy. You may judge what effect these cruel shocks made on
+me. I wrap myself in my stoicism, the best I can. Flesh and blood
+revolt against such tyrannous command; but it must be followed.
+If you saw me, you would scarcely know me again: I am old, broken,
+gray-headed, wrinkled; I am losing my teeth and my gayety: if this
+go on, there will be nothing of me left, but the mania of making
+verses, and an inviolable attachment to my duties and to the few
+virtuous men whom I know." [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end
+italic> xxiii. 69 ("Freyberg, 24th Feb. 1760").]
+
+IN WINTER-QUARTERS, A MONTH LATER (comes still on "Peace" again).
+... "I will have you paid that bit of debt [perhaps of postage or
+the like], that Louis of the Mill (Louis du Moulin," at Fontenoy,
+who got upon a Windmill with his Dauphin, and caught that nickname
+from the common men) "may have wherewithal to make war on me.
+Add tenth-penny tax to your tax of twentieth-penny; impose new
+capitations, make titular offices to get money; do, in a word,
+whatever you like. In spite of all your efforts, you will not get a
+Peace signed by my hands, except on conditions honorable to my
+Nation. Your people, blown up with self-conceit and folly, may
+depend on these words. Adieu, live happy; and while you make all
+your efforts to destroy Prussia, think that nobody has less
+deserved it than I, either of you or of your French." [Ib. xxiii.
+72 ("Freyberg, 20th March, 1760").]
+
+STILL IN WINTER-QUARTERS (on "Peace" still; but begins with
+"Maupertuis," which is all we will give). "What rage animates you
+against Maupertuis? You accuse HIM of having published that Furtive
+EDITION. Know that his Copy, well sealed by him, arrived here after
+his death, and that he was incapable of such an indiscretion.
+[Breaks into verse:] 
+
+     Leave in peace the cold ashes of Maupertuis:
+     Truth can defend him, and will.
+     His soul was faithful and noble:
+     He pardoned you that scandalous Akakia (CE VIL LIBELLE
+     QUE VOTRE FUREUR CRIMINELLE
+     PRIT SOIN CHEZ MOI DE GRIFFONER); he did:--
+     And you? Shame on such delirium as Voltaire's!
+     What, this beautiful, what, this grand genius,
+     Whom I admired with transport,
+     Soils himself with calumny, and is ferocious on the dead?
+     Flocking together, in the air uttering cries of joy,
+     Vile ravens pounce down upon sepulchres,
+     And make their prey of corpses:"--
+
+Blush, repent, alas!
+
+These Specimens will suffice. "The King of Prussia?" Voltaire would
+sometimes say: "He is as potent and as malignant as the Devil;
+but he is also as unhappy, not knowing friendship,"--having such a
+chance, too, with some of us!
+
+
+FRIEDRICH HAS SENT LORD MARISCHAL TO SPAIN: OTHER FOND HOPES OF FRIEDRICH'S.
+
+In the beginning of this Year, 1759, Earl Marischal had been called
+out of his Neufchatel stagnancy, and launched into the Diplomatic
+field again; sent on mission into Spain, namely. The case was this:
+Ferdinand VI. of Spain (he who would not pay Friedrich the old
+Spanish debt, but sent him merino rams, and a jar of Queen-Dowager
+snuff) had fallen into one of his gloomy fits, and was thought to
+be dying;--did, in fact, die, in a state nearly mad, on the 10th
+August following. By Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and by all manner
+of Treaties, Carlos of Naples, his Half-Brother (Termagant's Baby
+Carlos, whom we all knew), was to succeed him in Spain; Don Philip,
+the next Brother, now of Parma and Piacenza, was to follow as King
+in Naples,--ceding those two litigious Duchies to Austria, after
+all. Friedrich, vividly awake to every chance, foresaw, in case of
+such disjunctures in Italy, good likelihood of quarrel there.
+And has despatched the experienced old Marischal to be on the
+ground, and have his eyes open. Marischal knows Spain very well;
+and has often said, "He left a dear old friend there, the Sun."
+Marischal was under way, about New-year's time; but lingered by the
+road, waiting how Ferdinand would turn,--and having withal an
+important business of his own, as he sauntered on. Did not arrive,
+I think, till Summer was at hand, and his dear Old Friend coming
+out in vigor.
+
+August 10th, 1759, Ferdinand died; and the same day Carlos became
+King of Spain. But, instead of giving Naples to Don Philip, Carlos
+gave it to a junior Son of his own; and left poor Philip to content
+himself with Parma and Piacenza, as heretofore. Clear against the
+rights of Austria; Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is perfectly explicit
+on that point! Will not Austria vindicate its claim? Politicians
+say, Austria might have recovered not only Parma and Piacenza, but
+the kingdom of Naples itself,--no France at present able to hinder
+it, no Spain ever able. But Austria, contrary to expectation, would
+not: a Country tenacious enough of its rights, real and imaginary;
+greedy enough of Italy, but of Silesia much more! The matter was
+deliberated in Council at Vienna; but the result was magnanimously,
+No. "Finish this Friedrich first; finish this Silesia. Nothing else
+till that!"
+
+The Marischal's legationary function, therefore, proved a sinecure;
+no Carlos needing Anti-Austrian assistance from Friedrich or
+another; Austria magnanimously having let him alone. Doubtless a
+considerable disappointment to Friedrich. Industrious Friedrich had
+tried, on the other side of this affair, Whether the King of
+Sardinia, once an adventurous fighting kind of man, could not be
+stirred up, having interests involved? But no; he too, grown old,
+devotional, apprehensive, held by his rosaries, and answered, No.
+Here is again a hope reasonable to look at, but which
+proves fallacious.
+
+Marischal continued in Spain, corresponding, sending news (the
+Prussian Archives alone know what), for nearly a couple of years.
+[Returned "April, 1762" (Friedrich's Letter to him, "10th April,
+1762:" in <italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xx. 285).]
+His Embassy had one effect, which is of interest to us here. On his
+way out, he had gone by London, with a view of getting legal
+absolution for his Jacobitism,--so far, at least, as to be able to
+inherit the Earldom of Kintore, which is likely to fall vacant
+soon. By blood it is his, were the Jacobite incapacities withdrawn.
+Kintore is a cadet branch of the Keiths; "John, younger Son of
+William Sixth Lord Marischal," was the first Kintore.
+William Sixth's younger Son, yes;--and William's Father, a man
+always venerable to me, had (A.D. 1593) founded Marischal College,
+Aberdeen,--where, for a few, in those stern granite Countries, the
+Diviner Pursuits are still possible (thank God and this Keith) on
+frugal oatmeal. MARISCHAL-COLLEGE Keith, or FIFTH Lord Marischal,
+was grandfather's grandfather of our Potsdam Friend, who is tenth
+and last. [Douglas's <italic> Scotch Peerage, <end italic> pp. 448
+et seq., 387 et seq.] Honor to the brave and noble, now fallen
+silent under foot NOT of the nobler! In a word, the fourth Kintore
+was about dying childless; and Marischal had come by London on that
+heritage business.
+
+He carried, naturally, the best recommendations. Britannic Majesty,
+Pitt and everybody met him with welcome and furtherance; what he
+wished was done, and in such a style of promptness and cordiality,
+Pitt pushing it through, as quite gained the heart of old
+Marischal. And it is not doubted, though particulars have not been
+published, That he sent important Spanish notices to Pitt, in these
+years;-and especially informed him that King Carlos and the French
+Bourbon had signed a FAMILY COMPACT (15th August, 1761), or solemn
+covenant, to stand by one another as brothers. Which was
+thenceforth, to Pitt privately, an important fact, as perhaps we
+shall see; though to other men it was still only a painful rumor
+and dubiety. Whether the old Marischal informed him, That King
+Carlos hated the English; that he never had, in his royal mind,
+forgiven that insult of Commodore Martin's (watch laid on the
+table, in the Bay of Naples, long ago), I do not know; but that
+also was a fact. A diligent, indignant kind of man, this Carlos,
+I am told; by no means an undeserving King of Spain, though his
+Portraits declare him an ugly: we will leave him in the discreet
+Marischal's hands, with the dear Old Friend shining equally
+on both.
+
+Singular to see how, in so veracious an intellect as Friedrich's,
+so many fallacies of hope are constantly entertained. War in Italy,
+on quarrel with King Carlos; Peace with France and the Pompadour,
+by help of Edelsheim and the Bailli de Froulay; Peace with Russia
+and the INFAME CATIN, by help of English briberies (Friedrich sent
+an agent this winter with plenty of English guineas, but he got no
+farther than the Frontier, not allowed even to try): sometimes, as
+again this winter, it is hope of Denmark joining him (in alarm
+against the Russian views on Holstein; but that, too, comes to
+nothing); above all, there is perennially, budding out yearly, the
+brighter after every disappointment, a hope in the Grand Turk and
+his adherencies. Grand Turk, or failing him, the Cham of Tartary,--
+for certain, some of these will be got to fasten on the heels of
+Austria, of Russia; and create a favorable diversion?
+Friedrich took an immense deal of trouble about this latter hope.
+It is almost pathetic to see with what a fond tenacity he clings to
+it; and hopes it over again, every new Spring and Summer.
+[Preuss, ii. 121 et seq., 292 &c.; Schoning, ii. iii. PASSIM.]
+
+The hope that an INFAME CATIN might die some day (for she is now
+deep in chaotic ailments, deepish even in brandy) seems never to
+have struck him; at least there is nowhere any articulate hint of
+it,--the eagle-flight of one's imagination soaring far above such a
+pettiness! Hope is very beautiful; and even fallacious hope, in
+such a Friedrich. The one hope that did not deceive him, was hope
+in his own best exertion to the very death; and no fallacy ever for
+a moment slackened him in that. Stand to thyself: in the wide
+domain of Imagination, there is no other certainty of help.
+No other certainty;--and yet who knows through what pettinesses
+Heaven may send help!
+
+
+
+Chapter IX.
+
+PRELIMINARIES TO A FIFTH CAMPAIGN.
+
+It was April 25th before Friedrich quitted Freyberg, and took Camp;
+not till the middle of June that anything of serious Movement came.
+Much discouragement prevails in his Army, we hear: and indeed, it
+must be owned, the horoscope of these Campaigns grows yearly
+darker. Only Friedrich himself must not be discouraged! Nor is;--
+though there seldom lay ahead of any man a more dangerous-looking
+Year than this that is now dimly shaping itself to Friedrich.
+His fortune seems to have quitted him; his enemies are more
+confident than ever.
+
+This Year, it seems, they have bethought them of a new device
+against him. "We have 90 million Population," count they; "he has
+hardly 5; in the end, he must run out of men! Let us cease
+exchanging prisoners with him." At Jagerndorf, in April, 1758 (just
+before our march to Olmutz), there had been exchange; not without
+haggles; but this was the last on Austria's part. Cartel of the
+usual kind, values punctually settled: a Field-marshal is worth
+3,000 common men, or 1,500 pounds; Colonel worth 130 men, or 65
+pounds; common man is worth 10s. sterling, not a high figure.
+[Archenholtz, ii. 53.] The Russians haggled still more, no keeping
+of them to their word; but they tried it a second time, last year
+(October, 1759); and by careful urging and guiding, were got
+dragged through it, and the prisoners on both sides sent to their
+colors again. After which, it was a settled line of policy, "No
+more exchanging or cartelling; we will starve him out in that
+article!" And had Friedrich had nothing but his own 5 millions to
+go upon, though these contributed liberally, he had in truth been
+starved out. Nor could Saxony, with Mecklenburg, Anhalt, Erfurt,
+and their 10,000 men a year, have supplied him,--"had not there,"
+says Archenholtz (a man rather fond of superlatives),--
+
+"Had not there risen a Recruiting system," or Crimping system, "the
+like of which for kind and degree was never seen in the Earth
+before. Prisoners, captive soldiers, if at all likely fellows, were
+by every means persuaded, and even compelled, to take Prussian
+service. Compelled, cudgel in hand," says Archenholtz (who is too
+indiscriminating, I can see,--for there were Pfalzers,
+Wurtembergers, Reichsfolk, who had FIRST been compelled the other
+way): "not asked if they wished to serve, but dragged to the
+Prussian colors, obliged to swear there, and fight against, their
+countrymen." Say at least, against their countrymen's Governors,
+contumacious Serene Highnesses of Wurtemberg, Mecklenburg and the
+like. Wurtemberg, we mentioned lately, had to shoot a good few of
+his first levy against the Protestant Champion, before they would
+march at all!--I am sorry for these poor men; and wish the Reich
+had been what it once was, a Veracity and Practical Reality, not an
+Imaginary Entity and hideously contemptible Wiggery, as it now is!
+Contemptible, and hideous as well;--setting itself up on that,
+fundamental mendacity; which is eternally tragical, though little
+regarded in these days, and which entails mendacities without end
+on parties concerned!--But, apart from all this, certain it is,
+
+"The whole German Reich was deluged with secret Prussian Enlisters.
+The greater part of these were not actual Officers at all, but
+hungry Adventurers, who had been bargained with, and who, for their
+own profit, allowed themselves every imaginable art to pick up men.
+Head and centre of them was the Prussian Colonel Colignon," one of
+the Free-Corps people; "a man formed by nature for this business
+[what a beautiful man!]--who gave all the others their directions,
+and taught them by his own example. Colignon himself," in winter-
+time, "travelled about in all manner of costumes and characters;
+persuading hundreds of people into the Prussian service. He not
+only promised Commissions, but gave such,--nominating loose young
+fellows (LAFFEN), students, merchants' clerks and the like, to
+Lieutenancies and Captaincies in the Prussian Army [about as likely
+as in the Seraphim and Cherubim, had they known it]: in the
+Infantry, in the Cuirassiers, in the Hussars,--it is all one, you
+have only to choose. The renown of the Prussian arms was so
+universal, and combined with the notion of rich booty, that
+Colignon's Commission-manufactory was continually busy. No need to
+provide marching-money, hand-money [shillings for earnest];
+Colignon's recruits travelled mostly of will and at their own
+charge. In Franken, in Schwaben, in the Rhine Countries, a
+dissolute son would rob his father,--as shopmen their masters'
+tills, and managers their cash-boxes,--and hie off to those
+magnanimous Prussian Officials, who gave away companies like
+kreutzers, and had a value for young fellows of spirit.
+They hastened to Magdeburg with their Commissions; where they were
+received as common recruits, and put by force into the regiments
+suitable. No use in resisting: the cudgel and the drill-sergeant,"
+--who doubts it?--"till complete submission. By this and other
+methods Colignon and his helpers are reckoned to have raised for
+the King, in the course of this War, about 60,000 recruits."
+[Archenholtz, ii. 53.]
+
+This Year, Daun, though his reputation is on the decline lately, is
+to have the chief command, as usual; the Grand Army, with Saxony
+for field of conquest, and the Reichsfolk to assist, is to be
+Daun's. But, what is reckoned an important improvement, Loudon is
+to have a separate command, and Army of his own. Loudon, hot of
+temper, melancholic, shy, is not a man to recommend himself to
+Kriegshofrath people; but no doubt Imperial Majesty has had her own
+wise eye on him. His merits are so undeniable; the need of some
+Commander NOT of the Cunctator type is become so very pressing.
+"Army of Silesia, 50,000;" that is to be Loudon's, with 40,000
+Russians to co-operate and unite themselves with Loudon; and try
+actually for conquest of Silesia, this Year; while Daun, conquering
+Saxony, keeps the King busy.
+
+At Petersburg, Versailles, Vienna, much planning there has been,
+and arduous consulting: first at Petersburg, in time and in
+importance, where Montalembert has again been very urgent in regard
+to those poor Swedish people, and the getting of them turned to
+some kind of use: "Stettin in conjunction with the Swedes;
+oh, listen to reason, and take Stettin!" "Would not Dantzig by
+ourselves be the advisable thing?" answers Soltikof: "Dantzig is an
+important Town, and the grand Baltic Haven; and would be so
+convenient for our Preussen, since we have determined to maintain
+that fine Conquest." So thinks Czarish Majesty, as well as
+Soltikof, privately, though there are difficulties as to Dantzig;
+and, in fine, except Colberg over again, there can be nothing
+attempted of sieging thereabouts. A Siege of Colberg, however,
+there is actually to be: Second Siege,--if perhaps it will prove
+luckier than the First was, two years since? Naval Armament
+Swedish-Russian, specific Land Armament wholly Russian, are to do
+this Second Siege, at a favorable time; except by wishes, Soltikof
+will not be concerned in it; nor, it is to be hoped, shall we,--in
+such pressure of haste as is probably ahead for us.
+
+"Silesia would be the place for sieges!" say the Vienna people
+always; and Imperial Majesty is very urgent; and tries all methods,
+--eloquence, flatteries, bribes,--to bring Petersburg to that view.
+Which is at last adopted; heartily by Czarish Majesty, ever ready
+for revenge on Friedrich, the more fatal and the more direct, the
+better. Heartily by her; not so heartily by Soltikof and her Army
+people, who know the Austriau habits; and privately decide on NOT
+picking chestnuts from the fire, while the other party's paws keep
+idle, and only his jaws are ready.
+
+Of Small-War there is nothing or little to be said; indeed there
+occurs almost none. Roving Cossack-Parties, under one Tottleben,
+whom we shall hear of otherwise, infest Pommern, bickering with the
+Prussian posts there; not ravaging as formerly, Tottleben being a
+civilized kind of man. One of these called at the Castle of
+Schwedt, one day; found Prince Eugen of Wurtemberg there (nearly
+recovered of his Kunersdorf wounds), who is a Son-in-law of the
+House, married to a Daughter of Schwedt;--ancestor of the now
+Russian Czars too, had anybody then known it. Him these Cossacks
+carried off with them, a march or two; then, taking his bond for a
+certain ransom, let him go. Bond and bondholder being soon after
+captured by the Prussians, Eugen paid no ransom; so that to us his
+adventure is without moment, though it then made some noise among
+the Gazetteers.
+
+Two other little passages, and only two, we will mention;
+which have in themselves a kind of memorability. First, that of
+General Czetteritz and the MANUSCRIPT he lost. Of posts across the
+Elbe I find none mentionable here, and believe there is none,
+except only Czetteritz's; who stands at Cosdorf, well up towards
+Torgau Country, as sentry over Torgau and the Towns there.
+On Czetteritz there was, in February, an attempt made by the active
+General Beck, whom Daun had detached for that object.
+Extremely successful, according to the Austrian Gazetteers; but in
+reality amounting to as good as nothing:--Surprisal of Czetteritz's
+first vedette, in the dawn of a misty February morning (February
+21st, 1760); non-surprisal of his second, which did give fire and
+alarm, whereupon debate; and Czetteritz springing into his saddle;
+retreat of his people to rearward, with loss of 7 Officers and 200
+prisoners;--but ending in re-advance, with fresh force, a few hours
+after; [Seyfarth, ii. 655.]--in repulse of Beck, in recovery of
+Cosdorf, and a general state of AS-YOU-WERE in that part. A sputter
+of Post-War, not now worth mentioning at all,--except only for one
+small circumstance: That in the careering and swift ordering, such
+as there was, on the rear-guard especially, Major-General
+Czetteritz's horse happened to fall; whereby not only was the
+General taken prisoner, but his quarters got plundered, and in his
+luggage,--what is the notable circumstance,--there was found a
+small Manuscript, MILITAIRISCHE INSTRUKZION FUR DIE GENERALE, such
+as every Prussian General has, and is bound to keep religiously
+secret.[Stands now in <italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic>
+xxviii. 3 et. seq.; was finished (the revisal of it was), hy the
+King, "2d April, 1748:" see PREUSS, i. 478-480; and (<italic>
+OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xxviii. PREFACE, for endless
+indistinct details about the translations and editions of it.
+London Edition, 1818, calls itself the FIFTH.] This, carried to
+Daun's head-quarters, was duly prized, copied; and in the course of
+a year came to print, in many shapes and places; was translated
+into English, under the Title, MILITARY INSTRUCTIONS BY THE KING OF
+PRUSSIA, in 1762 (and again, hardly so WELL, in 1797); and still
+languidly circulates among the studious of our soldiers. Not a
+little admired by some of them; and unfortunately nearly all they
+seem to know of this greatest of modern Soldiers. [See, for
+example, in <italic> Life of General Sir Charles Napier, by his
+Brother <end italic> (London, 1857), iii. 365 and elsewhere,--one
+of the best judges in the world expressing his joy and admiration
+on discovery of Friedrich; discovery, if you read well, which
+amounts to these INSTRUCTIONS, and no more.]
+
+Next, about a month after, we have something to report of Loudon
+from Silesia, or rather of the Enemies he meets there; for it is
+not a victorious thing. But it means a starting of the Campaign by
+an Austrian invasion of Silesia; long before sieging time, while
+all these Montalembert-Soltikof pleadings and counter-pleadings
+hang dubious at Petersburg, and Loudon's "Silesian Army" is still
+only in a nascent or theoretic state, and only Loudon himself is in
+a practical one.
+
+Friedrich has always Fouquet at Landshut, in charge of the Silesian
+Frontier; whose outposts, under Goltz as head of these, stretch, by
+Neisse, far eastward, through the Hills to utmost Mahren;
+Fouquet's own head-quarter being generally Landshut, the main gate
+of the Country. Fouquet, long since, rooted himself rather firmly
+into that important post; has a beautiful ring of fortified Hills
+around Landshut; battery crossing battery, girdling it with sure
+destruction, under an expert Fouquet,--but would require 30,000 men
+to keep it, instead of 13,000, which is Fouquet's allotment.
+Upon whom Loudon is fully intending a stroke this Year. Fouquet, as
+we know, has strenuously managed to keep ward there for a
+twelvemonth past; in spite, often enough, of new violent invadings
+and attemptings (violent, miscellaneous, but intermittent) by the
+Devilles and others;--and always under many difficulties of his
+own, and vicissitudes in his employment: a Fouquet coming and
+going, waxing and waning, according to the King's necessities, and
+to the intermittency or constancy of pressures on Landshut.
+Under Loudon, this Year, Fouquet will have harder times than ever;
+--in the end, too hard! But will resist, judge how by the following
+small sample:--
+
+"Besides Fouquet and his 13,000," says my Note, "the Silesian
+Garrisons are all vigilant, are or ought to be; and there are far
+eastward of him, for guarding of the Jagerndorf-Troppau Border,
+some 4 or 6,000, scattered about, under Lieutenant-General Goltz,
+in various Hill Posts,--the chief Post of which, Goltz's own, is
+the little Town of Neustadt, northward of Jagerndorf [where we have
+billeted in the old SileSian Wars]: Goltz's Neustadt is the chief;
+and Leobschutz, southwestward of it, under 'General Le Grand' [once
+the Major GRANT of Kolin Battle, if readers remember him, "Your
+Majesty and I cannot take the Battery ourselves!"] is probably the
+second in importance. Loudon, cantoned along the Moravian side of
+the Border, perceives that he can assemble 32,000 foot and horse;
+that the Prussians are 13,000 PLUS 6,000; that Silesia can be
+invaded with advantage, were the weather come. And that, in any
+kind of weather, Goltz and his straggle of posts might be swept
+into the interior, perhaps picked up and pocketed altogether, if
+Loudon were sharp enough. Swept into the interior Goltz was; by no
+means pocketed altogether, as he ought to have been!
+
+"MARCH 13th, 1760, Loudon orders general muster hereabouts for the
+15th, everybody to have two days, bread and forage; and warns
+Goltz, as bound in honor: 'Excellenz, to-morrow is March 14th;
+to-morrow our pleasant time of Truce is out,--the more the pity for
+both of us!' 'Yea, my esteemed neighbor Excellenz!' answers Goltz,
+with the proper compliments; but judges that his esteemed neighbor
+is intending mischief almost immediately. Goltz instantly sends
+orders to all his posts: 'You, Herr General Grant, you at
+Leobschutz, and all the rest of you, make your packages;
+march without delay; rendezvous at Steinau and Upper Glogau [far
+different from GREAT-Glogau], Neisse-ward; swift!' And would have
+himself gone on the 14th, but could not,--his poor little Bakery
+not being here, nor wagons for his baggages quite to be collected
+in a moment,--and it was Saturday, 15th, 5 A.M., that Goltz
+appointed himself to march.
+
+"The last time we saw General Goltz was on the Green of Bautzen,
+above two years ago,--when he delivered that hard message to the
+King's Brother and his party, 'You deserve to be tried by Court-
+martial, and have your heads cut off!' He was of that sad Zittau
+business of the late Prince of Prussia's,--Goltz, Winterfeld,
+Ziethen, Schmettau and others? Winterfeld and the Prince are both
+dead; Schmettau is fallen into disaster; Goltz is still in good
+esteem with the King. A stalwart, swift, flinty kind of man, to
+judge by the Portraits of him; considerable obstinacy, of a tacitly
+intelligent kind, in that steady eye, in that droop of the eyebrows
+towards the strong cheek-bones; plenty of sleeping fire in
+Lieutenant-General Goltz.
+
+"His principal force, on this occasion, is one Infantry Regiment;
+REGIMENT MANTEUFFEL:--readers perhaps recollect that stout Pommern
+Regiment, Manteuffel of Foot, and the little Dialogue it had with
+the King himself, on the eve of Leuthen: 'Good-night, then, Fritz!
+To-morrow all dead, or else the Enemy beaten.' Their conduct, I
+have heard, was very shining at Leuthen, where everybody shone;
+and since then they have been plunging about through the death-
+element in their old rugged way,--and re-emerge here into definite
+view again, under Lieutenant-General Goltz, issuing from the north
+end of Neustadt, in the dim dawn of a cold spring morning, March
+15th, 5 A.M.; weather latterly very wet, as I learn. They intend
+Neisse-way, with their considerable stock of baggage-wagons; a
+company of Dragoons is to help in escorting: party perhaps about
+2,000 in all. Goltz will have his difficulties this day; and has
+calculated on them. And, indeed, at the first issuing, here they
+already are.
+
+"Loudon, with about 5,000 horse,--four Regiments drawn up here, and
+by and by with a fifth (happily not with the grenadiers, as he had
+calculated, who are detained by broken bridges, waters all in flood
+from the rain),--is waiting for him, at the very environs of
+Neustadt. Loudon, by a trumpet, politely invites him to surrender,
+being so outnumbered; Goltz, politely thanking, disregards it, and
+marches on: Loudon escorting, in an ominous way; till, at
+Buchelsdorf, the fifth Regiment (best in the Austrian service) is
+seen drawn out across the highway, plainly intimating, No
+thoroughfare to Goltz and Pommern. Loudon sends a second trumpet:
+'Surrender prisoners; honorablest terms; keep all your baggage:
+refuse, and you are cut down every man.' 'You shall yourself hear
+the answer,' said Goltz. Goltz leads this second trumpet to the
+front; and, in Pommern dialect, makes known what General Loudon's
+proposal is. The Pommerners answer, as one man, a No of such
+emphasis as I have never heard; in terms which are intensely
+vernacular, it seems, and which do at this day astonish the foreign
+mind: 'We will for him something, WIR WOLLEN IHM WAS--' But the
+powers of translation and even of typography fail; and feeble
+paraphrase must give it: 'We will for him SOMETHING INEFFABLE
+CONCOCT,' of a surprisingly contrary kind! 'WIR WOLLEN IHM WAS'
+(with ineffable dissyllabic verb governing it)! growled one
+indignant Pommerner; 'and it ran like file-fire along the ranks,'
+says Archenholtz; everybody growling it, and bellowing it, in
+fierce bass chorus, as the indubitable vote of Pommern in
+those circumstances.
+
+"Loudon's trumpet withdrew. Pommern formed square round its
+baggage; Loudon's 5,000 came thundering in, fit to break adamant;
+but met such a storm of bullets from Pommern, they stopped about
+ten paces short, in considerable amazement, and wheeled back.
+Tried it again, still more amazement; the like a third time;
+every time in vain. After which, Pommern took the road again, with
+vanguard, rearguard; and had peace for certain miles,--Loudon
+gloomily following, for a new chance. How many times Loudon tried
+again, and ever again, at good places, I forget,--say six times in
+all. Between Siebenhufen and Steinau, in a dirty defile, the jewel
+of the road for Loudon, who tried his very best there, one of our
+wagons broke down; the few to rear of it, eighteen wagons and some
+country carts, had to be left standing. Nothing more of Pommern was
+left there or anywhere. Near Steinau there, Loudon gave it up as
+desperate, and went his way. His loss, they say, was 300 killed,
+500 wounded; Pommern's was 35 killed, and above 100 left wounded or
+prisoners. One of the stiffest day's works I have known:
+some twelve miles of march, in every two an attack. Pommern has
+really concocted something surprising, and kept its promise to
+Loudon! 'Thou knowest what the Pommerners can do,' said they once
+to their own King. An obstinate, strong-boned, heavy-browed people;
+not so stupid as you think. More or less of Jutish or Anglish type;
+highly deficient in the graces of speech, and, I should judge, with
+little call to Parliamentary Eloquence." [Preuss, ii. 241
+(incorrect in some small points); Archenholtz, ii. 61; Seyfarth,
+ii. 640, and <italic> Beylagen, <end italic> ii. 657-660;
+Tempelhof, iv. 8-10; in ANONYMOUS OF HAMBURG (iv. 68) the
+Austrian account.]
+
+Friedrich is, this Year, considered by the generality of mankind,
+to be ruined: "Lost 60,000 men last Campaign; was beaten twice; his
+luck is done; what is to become of him?" say his enemies, and even
+the impartial Gazetteer, with joy or sorrow. Among his own people
+there is gloom or censure; hard commentaries on Maxen: "So self-
+willed, high, and deaf to counsel from Prince Henri!" Henri
+himself, they say, is sullen; threatening, as he often does, to
+resign "for want of health;" and as he quite did, for a while, in
+the end of this Campaign, or interval between this and next.
+
+Friedrich has, with incredible diligence, got together his finance
+(copper in larger dose than ever, Jew Ephraim presiding as usual);
+and, as if by art-magic, has on their feet 100,000 men against his
+enemy's 280,000. Some higher Officers are secretly in bad spirits;
+but the men know nothing of discouragement. Friedrich proclaims to
+them at marching, "For every cannon you capture, 100 ducats; for
+every flag, 50; for every standard (cavalry flag), 40;"--which
+sums, as they fell due, were accordingly paid thenceforth.
+[Stenzel, v. 236, 237; ib. 243.] But Friedrich, too, is abundantly
+gloomy, if that could help him; which he knows well it cannot, and
+strictly hides it from all but a few;--or all but D'Argens almost
+alone, to whom it can do no harm. Read carefully by the light of
+contemporary occurrences, not vaguely in the vacant haze, as the
+Editors give it, his correspondence with D'Argens becomes
+interesting almost to a painful degree: an unaffected picture of
+one of the bravest human souls weighed down with dispiriting labors
+and chagrins, such as were seldom laid on any man; almost beyond
+bearing, but incurable, and demanding to be borne. Wilhelmina is
+away, away; to D'Argens alone of mortals does he whisper of these
+things; and to him not wearisomely, or with the least prolixity,
+but in short sharp gusts, seldom now with any indignation, oftenest
+with a touch of humor in them, not soliciting any sympathy, nor
+expecting nearly as much as he will get from the faithful D'Argens.
+
+"I am unfortunate and old, dear Marquis; that is why they persecute
+me: God knows what my future is to be this Year! I grieve to
+resemble Cassandra with my prophecies; but how augur well of the
+desperate situation we are in, and which goes on growing worse?
+I am so gloomy to-day, I will cut short. ... Write to me when you
+have nothing better to do; and don't forget a poor Philosopher who,
+perhaps to expiate his incredulity, is doomed to find his Purgatory
+in THIS world." [<italic> OEuvres de Frederic, <end italic> xix.
+138, 139 ("Freyberg, 20th March, 1760").] ... To another Friend, in
+the way of speech, he more deliberately says: "The difficulties I
+had, last Campaign, were almost infinite: such a multitude of
+enemies acting against me; Pommern, Brandenburg, Saxony, Frontiers
+of Silesia, alike in danger, often enough all at one time. If I
+escaped absolute destructiou, I must impute it chiefly to the
+misconduct of my enemies; who gained such advantages, but had not
+the sense to follow them up. Experience often corrects people of
+their blunders: I cannot expect to profit by anything of that kind;
+on their part, in the course of this Campaign:" judge if it will be
+a light one, MON CHER. [To Mitchell, one evening, "Camp of
+Schlettau, May 23d" (Mitchell, ii. 159).]
+
+The symptoms we decipher in these Letters, and otherwise, are those
+of a man drenched in misery; but used to his black element,
+unaffectedly defiant of it, or not at the pains to defy it;
+occupied only to do his very utmost in it, with or without success,
+till the end come. Prometheus, chained on the Ocean-cliffs, with
+the New Ruling-Powers in the upper hand, and their vultures
+gradually eating him; dumb Time and dumb Space looking on,
+apparently with small sympathy: Prometheus and other Titans, now
+and then, have touched the soul of some AEschylus, and drawn tones
+of melodious sympathy, far heard among mankind. But with this new
+Titan it is not so: nor, upon the whole, with the proper Titan, in
+this world, is it usually so; the world being a--what shall we
+say?--a poorish kind of world, and its melodies and dissonances,
+its loves and its hatreds worth comparatively little in the long-
+run. Friedrich does wonderfully without sympathy from almost
+anybody; and the indifference with which he walks along, under such
+a cloud of sulky stupidities, of mendacities and misconceptions
+from the herd of mankind, is decidedly admirable to me.
+
+But let us look into the Campaign itself. Perhaps--contrary to the
+world's opinion, and to Friedrich's own when, in ultra-lucid
+moments, he gazes into it in the light of cold arithmetic, and
+finds the aspect of it "frightful"--this Campaign will be a little
+luckier to him than the last? Unluckier it cannot well be:--or if
+so, it will at least be final to him!
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Etext History of Friedrich II of Prussia V 19
+
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