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+Project Gutenberg's Original Narratives of Early American History
+by various authors
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+Title: Original Narratives of Early American History
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+Author: Various authors
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+Release Date: December 2, 2007  [EBook #2128]
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+Reference material and sources.
+
+Emanuel Van Meteren, On Hudson's Voyage, 1610.   In J. Franklin
+Jameson, ed., Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664 (Original
+Narratives of Early American History).  NY: Charles Scribner's
+Sons, 1909.
+
+
+We have observed in our last book that the Directors of the East
+India Company in Holland had sent out in March last, on purpose
+to seek a passage to China by northeast or northwest, a skilful
+English pilot, named Henry Hudson, in a Vlie boat, having a crew
+of eighteen or twenty men, partly English, partly Dutch, well
+provided.
+
+This Henry Hudson left the Texel on the 6th of April, 1609,
+doubled the Cape of Norway the 5th of May, and directed his
+course along the northern coasts towards Nova Zembia; but he
+there found the sea as full of ice as he had found it in the preceding
+year, so that they lost the hope of effecting anything during the
+season.  This circumstance, and the cold, which some of his
+men, who had been in the East Indies, could not bear, caused
+quarrels among the crew, they being partly English, partly Dutch,
+upon which Captain Hudson laid before them two propositions.
+The first of these was to go to the coast of America, to the latitude
+of 40 degrees, moved thereto mostly by letters and maps which a
+certain Captain Smith had sent him from Virginia, and by which
+he indicated to him a sea leading into the western ocean, by the
+north of the southern English colony.  Had this information been
+true (experience goes as yet to the contrary), it would have been
+of great advantage, as indicating a short way to India.  The other
+proposition was to direct their search through Davis's Straits.
+This meeting with general approval, they sailed thitherward
+on the 14th of May, and arrived on the last day of May with
+a good wind at the Faroe Islands, where they stopped but
+twenty-four hours, to supply themselves with fresh water.
+After leaving these islands, they sailed on, till on the 18th
+of July they reached the coast of Nova Francia, under 44
+degrees, where they were obliged to run in, in order to get
+a new foremast, having lost theirs.  They found one, and set
+it up.  They found this a good place for cod-fishing, as also
+for traffic in good skins and furs, which were to be got there
+at a very low price. But the crew behaved badly towards the
+people of the country, taking their property by force, out of
+which there arose quarrels among themselves.  The English,
+fearing that between the two they would be outnumbered and
+worsted, were therefore afraid to pursue the matter further.
+So they left that place on the 26th of July, and kept out at sea
+till the 3d of August, when they came near the coast, in 42
+degrees of latitude.  Thence they sailed on, till on the 12th of
+August they again reached the shore, under 37 degrees 45'.
+Thence they sailed along the shore until they reached 40 degrees
+45', where they found a good entrance, between two headlands,
+and entered on the 12th of September into as fine a river as can
+be found, wide and deep, with good anchoring ground on both
+sides.
+
+Their ship finally sailed up the river as far as 42 degrees 40'. But
+their boat went higher up. In the lower part of the river they found
+strong and warlike people; but in the upper part they found friendly
+and polite people, who had an abundance of provisions, skins, and
+furs, of martens and foxes, and many other commodities, as birds and
+fruit, even white and red grapes, and they traded amicably with the
+people. And of all the above-mentioned commodities they brought some
+home. When they had thus been about fifty leagues up the river, they
+returned on the 4th of October, and went again to sea. More could have
+been done if there had been good-will among the crew and if the want
+of some necessary provisions had not prevented it. While at sea, they
+held counsel together, but were of different opinions. The mate, a
+Dutchman, advised to winter in Newfoundland, and to search the
+northwestern passage of Davis throughout. This was opposed by Skipper
+Hudson. He was afraid of his mutinous crew, who had sometimes savagely
+threatened him; and he feared that during the cold season they would
+entirely consume their provisions, and would then be obliged to
+return, [with] many of the crew ill and sickly. Nobody, however, spoke
+of returning home to Holland, which circumstance made the captain
+still more suspicious. He proposed therefore to sail to Ireland, and
+winter there, which they all agreed to. At last they arrived at
+Dartmouth, in England, the 7th of November, whence they informed their
+employers, the Directors in Holland, of their voyage. They proposed to
+them to go out again for a search in the northwest, and that, besides
+the pay, and what they already had in the ship, fifteen hundred
+florins should be laid out for an additional supply of provisions. He
+[Hudson] also wanted six or seven of his crew exchanged for others,
+and their number raised to twenty. He would then sail from Dartmouth
+about the 1st of March, so as to be in the northwest towards the end
+of that month, and there to spend the whole of April and the first
+half of May in killing whales and other animals in the neighborhood of
+Panar Island, then to sail to the northwest, and there to pass the
+time till the middle of September, and then to return to Holland
+around the northeastern coast of Scotland. Thus this voyage ended.
+
+A long time elapsed, through contrary winds, before the Company
+could be informed of the arrival of the ship in England.  Then they
+ordered the ship and crew to return as soon as possible.  But, when
+this was about to be done, Skipper Henry Hudson and the other
+Englishmen of the ship were commanded by the government there
+not to leave [England], but to serve their own country.  Many persons
+thought it strange that captains should thus be prevented from laying
+their accounts and reports before their employers, having been sent out
+for the benefit of navigation in general.  This took place in January,
+[1610]; and it was thought probably that the English themselves
+would send ships to Virginia, to explore further the aforesaid river.
+
+
+END OF PROJECT GUTENBERG ETEXT "ON HUDSON'S
+VOYAGE."
+
+
+
+
+Isaack de Rasieres, Letter of Isaack de Rasieres to Samuel
+Blommaert, 1628.  In J. Franklin Jameson, ed., Narratives of
+New Netherland, 1609-1664 (Original Narratives of Early
+American History).  NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909.
+
+
+Mr. Blommaert:
+
+As I feel myself much bound to your service, and in return know
+not how otherwise to recompense you than by this slight memoir,
+(wherein I have in part comprised as much as was in my power
+concerning the situation of New Netherland and its neighbors, and
+should in many things have been able to treat of or write the same
+more in detail, and better than I have now done, but that my things
+and notes, which would have been of service to me herein, have
+been taken away from me), I will beg you to be pleased to receive
+this, on account of my bounden service, etc.
+
+On the 27th of July, Anno 1626, by the help of God, I arrived
+with the ship The Arms of Amsterdam, before the bay of the great
+Mauritse River, sailing into it about a musket shot from Godyn's
+Point, into Coenraet's Bay; (because there the greatest depth is,
+since from the east point there stretches out a sand bank on which
+there is only from 9 to 14 feet of water), then sailed on, northeast
+and north-northeast, to about half way from the low sand bank
+called Godyn's Point to the Hamels-Hoofden, the mouth of the
+river, where we found at half ebb 16, 17, 18 feet water, and which
+is a sandy reef a musket shot broad, stretching for the most part
+northeast and southwest, quite across, and, according to my opinion,
+having been formed there by the stream, inasmuch as the flood runs
+into the bay from the sea, east-southeast; the depth at Godyn's Point
+is caused by the tide flowing out along there with such rapidity.
+
+Between the Hamels-Hoofden the width is about a cannon's shot
+of 2,000 [yards]; the depth 10, 11, 12 fathoms.  They are tolerably
+high points, and well wooded.  The west point is an island, inhabited
+by from 80 to 90 savages, who support themselves by planting
+maize.  The east point is a very large island, full 24-leagues long,
+stretching east by south and east-southeast along the sea-coast, from
+the river to the east end of the Fisher's Hook.  In some places it is
+from three to four leagues broad, and it has several creeks and bays,
+where many savages dwell, who support themselves by planting
+maize and making sewan, and who are called Souwenos and
+Sinnecox.  It is also full of oaks, elms, walnut and fir trees, also
+wild cedar and chestnut trees.  The tribes are held in subjection by,
+and are tributary to, the Pyquans, hereafter named.  The land is in
+many places good, and fit for ploughing and sowing.  It has many
+fine valleys, where there is good grass.  Their form of government
+is like that of their neighbors, which is described hereafter.
+
+The Hamels-Hoofden being passed, there is about a league width
+in the river, and also on the west side there is an inlet, where another
+river runs up about twenty leagues, to the north-northeast, emptying
+into the Mauritse River in the highlands, thus making the northwest
+land opposite to the Manhatas an island eighteen leagues long.  It is
+inhabited by the old Manhatans [Manhatesen]; they are about 200 to
+300 strong, women and men, under different chiefs, whom they call
+Sackimas.  This island is more mountainous than the other land on
+the southeast side of the river, which opposite to the Manhatas is
+about a league and half in breadth.  At the side of the before-mentioned
+little river, which we call "Achter Col," there is a great deal of waste
+reedy land; the rest is full of trees, and in some places there is good
+soil, where the savages plant their maize, upon which they live, as
+well as by hunting.  The other side of the same small river, according
+to conjecture, is about 20 to 23 leagues broad to the South River, in
+the neighborhood of the Sancicans, in so far as I have been able to
+make it out from the mouths of the savages; but as they live in a
+state of constant enmity with those tribes, the paths across are but
+little used, wherefore I have not been able to learn the exact distance;
+so that when we wish to send letters overland, they (the natives) take
+their way across the bay, and have the letters carried forward by
+others, unless one amongst them may happen to be on friendly terms,
+and who might venture to go there.
+
+The island of the Manhatas extends two leagues in length along the
+Mauritse River, from the point where the Fort "New Amsterdam"
+is building.  It is about seven leagues in circumference, full of trees,
+and in the middle rocky to the extent of about two leagues in circuit.
+The north side has good land in two places, where two farmers, each
+with four horses, would have enough to do without much clearing
+at first.  The grass is good in the forest and valleys, but when made
+into hay is not so nutritious for the cattle as here, in consequence of
+its wild state, but it yearly improves by cultivation.  On the east side
+there rises a large level field, of from 70 to 80 morgens of land,
+through which runs a very fine fresh stream; so that that land can be
+ploughed without much clearing.  It appears to be good.  The six
+farms, four of which lie along the River Hellgate, stretching to the
+south side of the island, have at least 60 morgens of land ready to be
+sown with winter seed, which at the most will have been ploughed
+eight times.  But as the greater part must have some manure, inasmuch
+as it is so exhausted by the wild herbage, I am afraid that all will not
+be sown; and the more so, as the managers of the farms are hired men.
+The two hindermost farms, Nos. 1 and 2, are the best; the other farms
+have also good land, but not so much, and more sandy; so that they are
+best suited for rye and buckwheat.
+
+The small fort, New Amsterdam, commenced to be built, is situated
+on a point opposite to Noten Island; [the channel between] is a gun-
+shot wide, and is full six or seven fathoms deep in the middle.  This
+point might, with little trouble, be made a small island, by cutting a
+canal through Blommaert's valley, so as to afford a haven winter and
+summer, for sloops and ships; and the whole of this little island ought,
+from its nature, to be made a superb fort, to be approached by land
+only on one side (since it is a triangle), thus protecting them both.
+The river marks out, naturally, three angles; the most northern faces
+and commands, within the range of a cannon shot, the great Mauritse
+River and the land; the southernmost commands, on the water level,
+the channel between Noten Island and the fort, together with the
+Hellegat; the third point, opposite to Blommaert's valley, commands
+the lowland; the middle part, which ought to be left as a marketplace,
+is a hillock, higher than the surrounding land, and should always serve
+as a battery, which might command the three points, if the streets
+should be arranged accordingly.
+
+Up the river the east side is high, full of trees, and in some places
+there is a little good land, where formerly many people have dwelt,
+but who for the most part have died or have been driven away by
+the Wappenos.
+
+These tribes of savages all have a government.  The men in general
+are rather tall, well proportioned in their limbs, and of an orange color,
+like the Brazilians; very inveterate against those whom they hate; cruel
+by nature, and so inclined to freedom that they cannot by any means be
+brought to work; they support themselves by hunting, and when the
+spring comes, by fishing.  In April, May, and June, they follow the
+course of these [the fish], which they catch with a drag-net they them-
+selves knit very neatly, of the wild hemp, from which the women and
+old men spin the thread.  The kinds of fish which they principally take
+at this time are shad, but smaller than those in this country ordinarily
+are, though quite as fat, and very bony; the largest fish is a sort of white
+salmon, which is of very good flavor, and quite as large; it has white
+scales; the heads are so full of fat that in some there are two or three
+spoonfuls, so that there is good eating for one who is fond of picking
+heads.  It seems that this fish makes them lascivious, for it is often
+observed that those who have caught any when they have gone fishing,
+have given them, on their return, to the women, who look for them
+anxiously.  Our people also confirm this....
+
+As an employment in winter they make sewan, which is an oblong
+bead that they make from cockle-shells, which they find on the sea-
+shore, and they consider it as valuable as we do money here, since
+one can buy with it everything they have; they also make bands of it,
+which the women wear on the forehead under the hair, and the men
+around the body; and they are as particular about the stringing and
+sorting as we can be here about pearls.  They are very fond of a game
+they call Seneca, played with some round rushes, similar to the Spanish
+feather-grass, which they understand how to shuffle and deal as though
+they were playing with cards; and they win from each other all that
+they possess, even to the lappet with which they cover their private
+parts, and so they separate from each other quite naked.  They are
+very much addicted to promiscuous intercourse.  Their clothing is
+[so simple as to leave the body] almost naked.  In the winter time they
+usually wear a dressed deer skin; some a covering made of turkey
+feathers which they understand how to knit together very oddly, with
+small strings.  They also use a good deal of duffel cloth, which they
+buy from us, and which serves for their blanket by night, and their
+dress by day.
+
+The women are fine looking, of middle stature, well proportioned,
+and with finely cut features; with long and black hair, and black eyes
+set off with fine eyebrows; they are of the same color as the men.
+They smear their bodies and hair with grease, which makes them
+smell very rankly; they are very much given to promiscuous
+intercourse.
+
+They have a marriage custom amongst them, namely:  when there is
+one who resolves to take a particular person for his wife, he collects
+a fathom or two of sewan, and comes to the nearest friends of the
+person whom he desires, to whom he declares his object in her
+presence, and if they are satisfied with him, he agrees with them
+how much sewan he shall give her for a bridal present; that being
+done, he then gives her all the Dutch beads he has, which they call
+Machampe, and also all sorts of trinkets.  If she be a young virgin,
+he must wait six weeks more before he can sleep with her, during
+which time she bewails or laments over her virginity, which they
+call Collatismarrenitten; all this time she sits with a blanket over
+her head, without wishing to look at any one, or any one being
+permitted to look at her.  This period being elapsed, her bridegroom
+comes to her; he in the mean time has been supporting himself by
+hunting, and what he has taken he brings there with him; they then
+eat together with the friends, and sing and dance together, which
+they call Kintikaen.  That being done, the wife must provide the food
+for herself and her husband, as far as breadstuffs are concerned, and
+[should they fall short] she must buy what is wanting with her sewan.
+
+For this reason they are obliged to watch the season for sowing.  At
+the end of March they begin to break up the earth with mattocks,
+which they buy from us for the skins of beavers or otters, or for
+sewan.  They make heaps like molehills, each about two and a
+half feet from the others, which they sow or plant in April with
+maize, in each heap five or six grains; in the middle of May, when
+the maize is the height of a finger or more, they plant in each heap
+three or four Turkish beans, which then grow up with and against
+the maize, which serves for props, for the maize grows on stalks
+similar to the sugar-cane.  When they wish to make use of the
+grain for bread or porridge, which they call
+Sappaen, they first boil it and then beat it flat upon a stone;
+then they put it into a wooden mortar, which they know how
+to hollow out by fire, and then they have a stone pestle, which
+they know how to make themselves, with which they pound it
+small, and sift it through a small basket, which they understand
+how to weave of the rushes before mentioned.  The finest meal
+they mix with lukewarm water, and knead it into dough, then
+they make round flat little cakes of it, of thickness of an inch
+or a little more, which they bury in hot ashes, and so bake into
+bread; and when these are baked they have some clean fresh
+water by them in which they wash them while hot, one after
+another, and it is good bread, but heavy.  The coarsest meal
+they boil into a porridge, as is before mentioned, and it is good
+eating when there is butter over it, but a food which is very soon
+digested.  The grain being dried, they put it into baskets woven
+of rushes or wild hemp, and bury it in the earth, where they let it
+lie, and go with their husbands and children in October to hunt
+deer, leaving at home with their maize the old people who cannot
+follow; in December they return home, and the flesh which they
+have not been able to eat while fresh, they smoke on the way,
+and bring it back with them.  They come home as fat as moles.
+
+When a woman here addicts herself to fornication, and the husband
+comes to know it, he thrashes her soundly, and if he wishes to get
+rid of her, he summons the Sackima with her friends, before whom
+he accuses her; and if she be found guilty the Sackima commands
+one to cut off her hair in order that she may be held up before the
+world as a whore, which they call poerochque; and then the husband
+takes from her everything that she has, and drives her out of the house;
+if there be children, they remain with her, for they are fond of them
+beyond measure.  They reckon consanguinity to the eighth degree,
+and revenge an injury from generation to generation unless it be atoned
+for; and even then there is mischief enough, for they are very revengeful.
+
+And when a man is unfaithful, the wife accuses him before the Sackima,
+which most frequently happens when the wife has a preference for
+another man.  The husband being found guilty, the wife is permitted
+to draw off his right shoe and left stocking (which they make of deer
+or elk skins, which they know how to prepare very broad and soft, and
+wear in the winter time); she then tears off the lappet that covers his
+private parts, gives him a kick behind, and so drives him out of the
+house; and then "Adam" scampers off.
+
+It would seem that they are very libidinous--in this respect very
+unfaithful to each other; whence it results that they breed but
+few children, so that it is a wonder when a woman has three or
+four children, particularly by any one man whose name can be
+certainly known.  They must not have intercourse with those of
+their own family within the third degree, or it would be considered
+an abominable thing.
+
+Their political government is democratic.  They have a chief
+Sackima whom they choose by election, who generally is he
+who is richest in sewan, though of less consideration in other
+respects.  When any stranger comes, they bring him to the
+Sackima.  On first meeting they do not speak--they smoke a
+pipe of tobacco; that being done, the Sackima asks:  "Whence
+do you come?" the stranger then states that, and further what he
+has to say, before all who are present or choose to come.  That
+being done, the Sackima announces his opinion to the people,
+and if they agree thereto, they give all together a sigh--"He!"--
+and if they do not approve, they keep silence, and all come close
+to the Sackima, and each sets forth his opinion till they agree; that
+being done, they come all together again to the stranger, to whom
+the Sackima then announces what they have determined, with the
+reasons moving them thereto.
+
+All travellers who stop over night come to the Sackima, if they
+have no acquaintances there, and are entertained by the expenditure
+of as much sewan as is allowed for that purpose; therefore the
+Sackimas generally have three or four wives, each of whom has
+to furnish her own seed-corn.
+
+The Sackima has his fixed fine of sewan for fighting and causing
+blood to flow.  When any are--[here four pages, at least, are missing
+in the original manuscript].
+
+Coming out of the river Nassau, you sail east-and-by-north about
+fourteen leagues, along the coast, a half miles from the shore, and
+you then come to "Frenchman's Point" at a small river where those
+of Patucxet have a house made of hewn oak planks, called Aptucxet,
+where they keep two men, winter and summer, in order to maintain
+the trade and possession.  Here also they have built a shallop, in
+order to go and look after the trade in sewan, in Sloup's Bay and
+thereabouts, because they are afraid to pass Cape Mallabaer, and in
+order to avoid the length of the way; which I have prevented for this
+year by selling them fifty fathoms of sewan, because the seeking
+after sewan by them is prejudicial to us, inasmuch as they would,
+by so doing, discover the trade in furs; which if they were to find
+out, it would be a great trouble for us to maintain, for they already
+dare to threaten that if we will not leave off dealing with that people,
+they will be obliged to use other means; if they do that now, while
+they are yet ignorant how the case stands, what will they do when
+they do get a notion of it?
+
+From Aptucxet the English can come in six hours, through the
+woods, passing several little rivulets of fresh water, to New
+Plymouth, the principal place in the district Patucxet, so called
+in their patent from his Majesty in England.
+
+New Plymouth lies in a large bay to the north of Cape Cod, or
+Mallabaer, east and west from the said [north] point of the cape,
+which can be easily seen in clear weather.  Directly before the
+commenced town lies a sand-bank, about twenty paces broad,
+whereon the sea breaks violently with an easterly and east-north-
+easterly wind.  On the north side there lies a small island where
+one must run close along, in order to come before the town; then
+the ships run behind that bank and lie in a very good roadstead.
+The bay is very full of fish, [chiefly] of cod, so that the governor
+before named has told me that when the people have a desire for
+fish they send out two or three persons in a sloop, whom they
+remunerate for their trouble, and who bring them in three or four
+hours' time as much fish as the whole community require for a
+whole day--and they muster about fifty families.
+
+At the south side of the town there flows down a small river of
+fresh water, very rapid, but shallow, which takes its rise from
+several lakes in the land above, and there empties into the sea;
+where in April and the beginning of May, there come so many
+shad from the sea which want to ascend that river, that it is quite
+surprising.  This river the English have shut in with planks, and
+in the middle with a little door, which slides up and down, and
+at the sides with trellice work, through which the water has its
+course, but which they can also close with slides.
+
+At the mouth they have constructed it with planks, like an eel-pot,
+with wings, where in the middle is also a sliding door, and with
+trellice work at the sides, so that between the two [dams] there is
+a square pool, into which the fish aforesaid come swimming in
+such shoals, in order to get up above, where they deposit their
+spawn, that at one tide there are 10,000 to 12,000 fish in it, which
+they shut off in the rear at the ebb, and close up the trellices above,
+so that no more water comes in; then the water runs out through the
+lower trellices, and they draw out the fish with baskets, each
+according to the land he cultivates, and carry them to it, depositing
+in each hill three or four fishes, and in these they plant their maize,
+which grows as luxuriantly therein as though it were the best manure
+in the world.  And if they do not lay this fish therein, the maize will
+not grow, so that such is the nature of the soil.
+
+New Plymouth lies on the slope of a hill stretching east towards
+the sea-coast, with a broad street about a cannon shot of 800 feet
+long, leading down the hill; with a [street] crossing in the middle,
+northwards to the rivulet and southwards to the land.  The houses
+are constructed of hewn planks, with gardens also enclosed behind
+and at the sides with hewn planks, so that their houses and court-yards
+are arranged in very good order, with a stockade against a sudden
+attack; and at the ends of the streets there are three wooden gates.
+In the centre, on the cross street, stands the governor's house, before
+which is a square stockade upon which four patereros are mounted,
+so as to enfilade the streets.   Upon the hill they have a large square
+house, with a flat roof, made of thick sawn plank, stayed with oak
+beams, upon the top of which they have six cannon, which shoot
+iron balls of four and five pounds, and command the surrounding
+country.  The lower part they use for their church, where they preach
+on Sundays and the usual holidays.  They assemble by beat of drum,
+each with his musket or firelock, in front of the captain's door; they
+have their cloaks on, and place themselves in order, three abreast,
+and are led by a sergeant without beat of drum.  Behind comes the
+governor, in a long robe; beside him, on the right hand, comes the
+preacher with his cloak on, and on the left hand the captain with his
+side-arms, and cloak on, and with a small cane in his hand; and so
+they march in good order, and each sets his arms down near him.
+Thus they are constantly on their guard night and day.
+
+Their government is after the English form.  The governor has his
+council, which is chosen every year by the entire community, by
+election or prolongation of term.  In inheritances they place all the
+children in one degree, only the eldest son has an acknowledgement
+for his seniority of birth.  They have made stringent laws and ordin-
+ances upon the subject of fornication and adultery, which laws they
+maintain and enforce very strictly indeed, even among the tribes
+which live amongst them.  They speak very angrily when they hear
+from the savages that we live so barbarously in these respects, and
+without punishment.  Their farms are not so good as ours, because
+they are more stony, and consequently not so suitable for the plough.
+They apportion their land according as each has means to contribute
+to the eighteen thousand guilders which they have promised to those
+who had sent them out; whereby they have their freedom without
+rendering an account to any one; only if the King should choose to
+send a governor-general they would be obliged to acknowledge
+him as sovereign overlord.  The maize seed which they do not
+require for their own use is delivered over to the governor, at three
+guilders the bushel, who in his turn sends it in sloops to the north
+for the trade in skins among the savages; they reckon one bushel
+of maize against one pound of beaver's skins; the profits are divided
+according to what each has contributed, and they are credited for the
+amount in the account of what each has to contribute yearly towards
+the reduction of his obligation.  Then with the remainder they
+purchase what next they require, and which the governor takes care
+to provide every year.  They have better sustenance than ourselves,
+because they have the fish so abundant before their doors.  There are
+also many birds, such as geese, herons and cranes, and other small-
+legged birds, which are in great abundance there in the winter.
+
+The tribes in their neighborhood have all the same customs as already
+above described, only they are better conducted than ours, because the
+English give them the example of better ordinances and a better life;
+and who also, to a certain degree, give them laws, in consequence of
+the respect they from the very first have established amongst them.
+
+The savages [there] utilize their youth in labor better than the savages
+round about us:  the girls in sowing maize, the young men in hunting.
+They teach them to endure privation in the field in a singular manner,
+to wit:
+
+When there is a youth who begins to approach manhood, he is
+taken by his father, uncle, or nearest friend, and is conducted
+blindfolded into a wilderness, in order that he may not know
+the way, and is left there by night or otherwise, with a bow and
+arrows, and a hatchet and a knife.  He must support himself there
+a whole winter with what the scanty earth furnishes at this season,
+and by hunting.  Towards the spring they come again, and fetch
+him out of it, take him home and feed him up again until May.
+He must then go out again every morning with the person who
+is ordered to take him in hand; he must go into the forest to seek
+wild herbs and roots, which they know to be the most poisonous
+and bitter; these they bruise in water and press the juice out of them,
+which he must drink, and immediately have ready such herbs as will
+preserve him from death or vomiting; and if he cannot retain it, he
+must repeat the dose until he can support it, and until his constitution
+becomes accustomed to it so that he can retain it.
+
+Then he comes home, and is brought by the men and women, all
+singing and dancing, before the Sackima; and if he has been able to
+stand it all well, and if he is fat and sleek, a wife is given to him.
+
+In that district there are no lions or bears, but there are the same
+kinds of other game, such as deers, hinds, beavers, otters, foxes,
+lynxes, seals and fish, as in our district of country.  The savages
+say that far in the interior there are certain beasts of the size of oxen,
+having but one horn, which are very fierce.  The English have used
+great diligence in order to see them, but cannot succeed therein,
+although they have seen the flesh and hides of them which were
+brought to them by the savages.  There are also very large elks here,
+which the English have indeed seen.
+
+The lion skins which we sometimes see our savages wear are not
+large, so that the animal itself must be small; they are of a mouse-
+gray color, short in the hair and long in the claws.
+
+The bears are some of them large and some small; but the largest
+are not so large as the middle-sized ones which come from Green-
+land.  Their fur is long and black and their claws large.  The savages
+esteem the flesh and grease as a great dainty.
+
+Of the birds, there is a kind like starlings, which we call maize
+thieves, because they do so much damage to the maize.  They
+fly in large flocks, so that they flatten the corn in any place where
+they alight, just as if cattle had lain there.  Sometimes we take them
+by surprise and fire amongst them with hailshot, immediately that
+we have made them rise, so that sixty, seventy, and eighty fall all
+at once, which is very pleasant to see.
+
+There are also very large turkeys living wild; they have very long
+legs, and can run extraordinarily fast, so that we generally take
+savages with us when we go to hunt them; for even when one has
+deprived them of the power of flying, they yet run so fast that we
+cannot catch them unless their legs are hit also.
+
+In the autumn and in the spring there come a great many geese,
+which are very good, and easy to shoot, inasmuch as they congregate
+together in such large flocks.  There are two kind of partridges; the
+one sort are quite as small as quails and the other like the ordinary
+kind here.  There are also hares, but few in number, and not larger
+than a middle-sized rabbit; and they principally frequent where the
+land is rocky.
+
+This, sir, is what I have been able to communicate to you from
+memory, respecting New Netherland and its neighborhood, in
+discharge of my bounden duty; I beg that the same may so be
+favorably received by you, and I beg to recommend myself for
+such further service as you may be pleased to command me in,
+wherever you may find me.
+
+In everything your faithful servant,
+
+ISAACK DE RASIERES.
+
+
+END OF PROJECT GUTENBERG ETEXT "LETTER OF
+ISAACK DE RASIERES."
+
+
+
+
+Harmen Meydertsz van den Boagaert (?),  Narrative of a Journey
+Into the Mohawk and Oneida Country, 1634-1635.  In J. Franklin
+Jameson, ed., Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664 (Original
+Narratives of Early American History).  NY: Charles Scribner's
+Sons, 1909.
+
+
+Praise the Lord above all--Fort Orange, 1634.
+
+December 11. Journal kept of the principal events that happened
+during the journey to the Maquas and Sinnekens Indians.  First, the
+reasons why we went on this journey were these, that the Maquas
+and Sinnekens very often came to our factor [commis] Marten
+Gerritsen and me stating that there were French Indians in their land,
+and that they had made a truce with them so that they, namely, the
+Maquas, wished to trade for their skins, because the Maquas Indians
+wanted to receive just as much for their skins as the French Indians
+did.  So I proposed to Mr. Marten Gerritsen to go and see if it was
+true, so soon to run counter to their High Mightinesses; and, besides,
+trade was doing very badly, therefore I went as above with Jero[ni]-
+mus [de] la Croex and Willem Tomassen.  May the Lord bless my
+voyage!  We went between nine and ten o'clock with five Macquas
+Indians, mostly northwest above eight leagues, and arrived at
+half-past twelve in the evening at a hunter's cabin, where we slept
+for the night, near the stream that runs into their land and is named
+Oyoge.  The Indians here gave us venison to eat.  The land is mostly
+full of fir trees, and the flat land is abundant.  The stream runs
+through their land near their (Maquas) castle, but we could not ascend
+it on account of the heavy freshet.
+
+
+December 12.  At three hours before daylight, we proceeded again,
+and the savages that went with us would have left us there if I had
+not noticed it; and when we thought of taking our meal we perceived
+that their dogs had eaten our meat and cheese.  So we had then only
+dry bread and had to travel on that; and, after going for an hour, we
+came to the branch that runs into our river and past the Maquas
+villages, where the ice drifted very fast.  Jeronimus crossed first,
+with one savage in a canoe made of the bark of trees, because there
+was only room for two; after that Willem and I went over; and it was
+so dark that we could not see each other if we did not come close
+together.  It was not without danger.  When all of us had crossed, we
+went another league and a half and came to a hunter's cabin, which
+we entered to eat some venison, and hastened farther, and after another
+half league we saw some Indians approaching; and as soon as they
+saw us they ran off and threw their sacks and bags away, and fled
+down a valley behind the underwood, so that we could not see them.
+We looked at their goods and bags, and took therefrom a small [loaf
+of] bread.  It was baked with beans, and we ate it.  We went farther,
+and mostly along the aforesaid kill that ran very swiftly because
+of the freshet.  In this kill there are a good many islands, and on the
+sides upward of 500 or 600 morgen of flat land; yes, I think even
+more.  And after we had been marching about eleven leagues, we
+arrived at one o'clock in the evening half a league from the first
+castle at a little house.  We found only Indian women inside.  We
+should have gone farther, but I could hardly move my feet because
+of the rough road, so we slept there.  It was very cold, with northerly
+wind.
+
+December 13.  In the morning we went together to the castle over
+the ice that during the night had frozen on the kill, and, after going
+half a league, we arrived in their first castle, which is built on a
+high hill.  There stood but 36 houses, in rows like streets, so that
+we could pass nicely.  The houses are made and covered with bark
+of trees, and mostly are flat at the top.  Some are 100, 90, or 80
+paces long and 22 and 23 feet high.  There were some inside doors
+of hewn boards, furnished with iron hinges.  In some houses we
+saw different kinds of iron work, iron chains, harrow irons, iron
+hoops, nails,--which they steal when they go forth from here.
+Most of the people were out hunting deer and bear.  The houses
+were full of corn that they call onersti, and we saw maize; yes,
+in some of the houses more than 300 bushels.  They make canoes
+and barrels of the bark of trees, and sew with bark as well.  We
+had a good many pumpkins cooked and baked that they called
+anansira.  None of the chiefs were at home, but the principal
+chief is named Adriochten, who lived a quarter of a mile from
+the fort in a small house, because a good many savages here in
+the castle died of smallpox.  I sent him a message to come and
+see us, which he did; he came and bade me welcome, and said
+that he wanted us very much to come with him.  We should have
+done so, but when already on the way another chief called us, and
+so we went to the castle again.  This one had a big fire lighted, and
+a fat haunch of venison cooked, of which we ate.  He gave us two
+bearskins to sleep upon, and presented me with three beaver skins.
+In the evening Willem Tomassen, whose legs were swollen from
+the march, had a few cuts made with a knife therein, and after
+that had them rubbed with bear grease.  We slept in this house, at
+heartily of pumpkins, beans and venison, so that we were not hungry,
+but were treated as well as is possible in their land.  We hope that all
+will succeed.
+
+December 14.  Jeronimus wrote a letter to our commis (factor),
+Marten Gerritsen, and asked for paper, salt, and atsochwat--that
+means tobacco for the savages.  We went out to shoot turkeys
+with the chief, but could not get any.  In the evening I bought a
+very fat one for two hands of seewan.  The chief cooked it for us,
+and the grease he mixed with our beans and maize.  This chief
+showed me his idol; it was a male cat's head, with the teeth sticking
+out; it was dressed in duffel cloth.  Others have a snake, a turtle, a
+swan, a crane, a pigeon, or the like for their idols, to tell the fortune;
+they think they will always have good luck in doing so.  From here
+two savages went with their skins to Fort Orange.
+
+December 15.  I went again with the chief to hunt turkeys, but
+could not get any; and in the evening the chief again showed us
+his idol, and we resolved to stay here for another two or three
+days till there should be an opportunity to proceed, because all the
+footpaths had disappeared under the heavy snowfalls.
+
+December 16.  After midday a famous hunter came here named
+Sickarus, who wanted very much that we should go with him to
+his castle.  He offered to carry our goods and to let us sleep and
+remain in his house as long as we liked; and because he was
+offering us so much I gave him a knife and two awls as a present,
+and to the chief in whose house we had been I presented a knife
+and a pair of scissors; and then we took our departure from this
+castle, named Onekagoncka, and after going for half a league over
+the ice we saw a village with only six houses, of the Canowarode;
+but we did not enter it, because he said it was not worth while, and
+after another half league we passed again a village where twelve
+houses stood.  It was named Schatsyerosy.  These were like the
+others, he saying they likewise were not worth while entering; and
+after passing by great stretches of flat land, for another league or
+league and a half, we came into this castle, at two good hours after
+dark.  I did not see much besides a good many graves.  This castle
+is named Canagere.  It is built on a hill, without any palisades or
+any defense.  We found only seven men at home, besides a party of
+old women and children.  The chiefs of this castle, named Tonno-
+satton and Tonewerot, were hunting; so we slept in the house of
+Sickarus, as he had promised us; and we counted in his house 120
+pieces of salable beaver skins that he captured with his own dogs.
+Every day we ate beaver meat here.  In this castle are sixteen houses,
+50, 60, 70, or 80 paces long, and one of sixteen paces, and one of five
+paces, containing a bear to be fattened.  It had been in there upward of
+three years, and was so tame that it took everything that was given to it
+to eat.
+
+December 17.  Sunday we looked over our goods, and found a paper
+filled with sulphur, and Jeronimus took some of it and threw it in the
+fire.  They saw the blue flame and smelled the smoke, and told us
+they had the same stuff; and when Sickarus came they asked us to let
+them take a look at it, and it was the same; and we asked him where
+he obtained it.  He told us they obtained it from the stranger savages,
+and that they believed it to be good against many maladies, but prin-
+cipally for their legs when they were sore from long marching and
+were very tired.
+
+December 18.  Three women of the Sinnekens came here with dried
+and fresh salmon; the latter smelled very bad.  They sold each salmon
+for one florin or two hands of seawan.  They brought, also, a good
+quantity of green tobacco to sell; and had been six days on the march.
+They could not sell all their salmon here, but went farther on to the
+first castle; and when they returned we were to go with them, and in
+the evening Jeronimus told me that a savage tried to kill him with a
+knife.
+
+
+December 19.  We received a letter from Marten Gerritsen dated
+December 18, and with it we received paper, salt, tobacco for the
+savages, and a bottle of brandy, and secured an Indian that was
+willing to be our guide for the Sinnekens.  We gave him half a
+yard of cloth, two axes, two knives, and two awls.  If it had been
+summer, many Indians would have gone with us, but as it was
+winter they would not leave their land, because it snowed very
+often up to the height of a man.  To-day we had a great rainfall,
+and I gave the guide a pair of shoes.  His name was Sqorhea.
+
+December 20.  We took our departure from the second castle, and,
+after marching a league, our savage, Sqorhea, came to a stream that
+we had to pass.  This stream ran very fast; besides, big cakes of ice
+came drifting along, for the heavy rainfall during yesterday had set
+the ice drifting.  We were in great danger, for if one of us had lost
+his footing it had cost us our lives; but God the Lord preserved us,
+and we came through safely.  We were wet up to above the waist,
+and after going for another half league we came thus wet, with our
+clothes, shoes and stockings frozen to us, to a very high hill on
+which stood 32 houses, like the other ones.  Some were 100, 90,
+or 80 paces long; in every house we saw four, five, or six fireplaces
+where cooking went on.  A good many savages were at home, so we
+were much looked at by both the old and the young; indeed, we
+could hardly pass through.  They pushed each other in the fire to
+see us, and it was more than midnight before they took their departure.
+We could not absent ourselves to go to stool; even then they crawled
+around us without any feeling of shame.  This is the third castle and
+is named Schanidisse.  The chief's name is Tewowary.  They lent me
+this evening a lion skin to cover myself; but in the morning I had
+more than a hundred lice.  We ate much venison here.  Near this
+castle there is plenty of flat land, and the wood is full of oaks and
+nut trees.  We exchanged here one beaver skin for one awl.
+
+December 21.  We started very early in the morning, and thought
+of going to the fourth estate, but after a half league's marching we
+came to a village with only nine houses, of the name of Osquage;
+the chief's name was Oquoho--that is, wolf.  And here we saw a
+big stream that our guide did not dare to cross, as the water was
+over one's head because of the heavy rainfall; so we were obliged
+to postpone it till the next day.  The chief treated us very kindly;
+he did us much good and gave us plenty to eat, for everything to
+be found in his houses was at our service.  He said often to me that
+I was his brother and good friend; yes, he told me even how he had
+been travelling overland for thirty days, and how he met there an
+Englishman, to learn the language of the Minquase and to buy the
+skins.  I asked him whether there were any French savages there
+with the Sinnekens.  He said yes; and I felt gratified and had a
+good hope to reach my aim.  They called me here to cure a man
+that was very sick.
+
+December 22.  When the sun rose, we waded together through
+the stream; the water was over the knee, and so cold that our
+shoes and stockings in a very short time were frozen as hard
+as armor.  The savages dared not go through, but went two by
+two, with a stick and hand in hand; and after going half a league
+we came to a village named Cawaoge.  There stood fourteen
+houses, and a bear to fatten.  We went in and smoked a pipe of
+tobacco, because the old man who was our guide was very tired.
+Another old man approached us, who shouted, "Welcome,
+welcome! you must stop here for the night"; but we wanted to
+be on the march and went forward.  I tried to buy the bear, but
+they would not let it go.  Along these roads we saw many trees
+much like the savin, with a very thick bark.  This village
+likewise stood on a very high hill, and after going for another
+league we came into the fourth castle by land whereon we saw
+only a few trees.  The name is Te notoge.  There are 55 houses,
+some one hundred, others more or fewer paces long.  The kill
+we spoke about before runs past here, and the course is mostly
+north by west and south by east.  On the other bank of the kill
+there are also houses; but we did not go in, because they were
+most of them filled with corn and the houses in this castle are
+filled with corn and beans.  The savages here looked much
+surprised to see us, and they crowded so much around us that
+we could hardly pass through, for nearly all of them were at
+home.  After awhile one of the savages came to us and invited
+us to go with him to his house, and we entered.  This castle
+had been surrounded by three rows of palisades, but now there
+were none save six or seven pieces so thick that it was quite a
+wonder that savages should be able to do that.  They crowded
+each other in the fire to see us.
+
+December 23.  A man came calling and shouting through some
+of the houses, but we did not know what it meant, and after awhile
+Jeronimus de la Croix came and told us what this was--that the
+savages are preparing and arming.  I asked them what all this was
+about, and they said to me:  "Nothing, we shall play with one
+another," and there were four men with clubs and a party with
+axes and sticks.  There were twenty people armed, nine on one
+side and eleven on the other; and they went off against each
+other, and they fought and threw each other.  Some of them
+wore armor and helmets that they themselves make of thin
+reeds and strings braided upon each other so that no arrow or
+axe can pass through to wound them severely; and after they had
+been playing thus a good while the parties closed and dragged
+each other by the hair, just as they would have done to their
+enemies after defeating them and before cutting off their scalps.
+They wanted us to fire our pistols, but we went off and left them
+alone.  This day we were invited to buy bear meat, and we also
+got half a bushel of beans and a quantity of dried strawberries,
+and we bought some bread, that we wanted to take on our march.
+Some of the loaves were baked with nuts and cherries and dry
+blueberries and the grains of the sunflower.
+
+December 24.  It was Sunday.  I saw in one of the houses a
+sick man.  He had invited two of their doctors that could cure
+him--they call them simachkoes; and as soon as they came they
+began to sing and to light a big fire.  They closed the house most
+carefully everywhere, so that the breeze could not come in, and
+after that each of them wrapped a snakeskin around his head.
+They washed their hands and faces, lifted the sick man from his
+place, and laid him alongside the big fire.  Then they took a
+bucket of water, put some medicine in it, and washed in this
+water a stick about half a yard long, and kept sticking it in
+their throats so that no end of it was to be seen; and then they
+spat on the patient's head, and over all his body; and after that
+ they made all sorts of farces, as shouting and raving, slapping
+of the hands; so are their manners; with many demonstrations
+upon one things and another till they perspired so freely that
+their perspiration ran down all sides.
+
+December 25--being Christmas.  We rose early in the morning
+and wanted to go to the Sinnekens; but, as it was snowing steadily,
+we could not go, because nobody wanted to go with us to carry
+our goods.  I asked them how many chiefs there were in all, and
+they told me thirty.
+
+December 26.  In the morning I was offered two pieces of bear's
+bacon to take with us on the march; and we took our departure,
+escorted by many of them that walked before and after us.  They
+kept up shouting:  "Allesa rondade!" that is, to fire our pistols;
+but we did not want to do so, and at last they went back.  This
+day we passed over many a stretch of flat land, and crossed a kill
+where the water was knee-deep; and I think we kept this day mostly
+the direction west and northwest.  The woods that we traversed
+consisted in the beginning mostly of oaks, but after three or four
+hours' marching it was mostly birch trees.  It snowed the whole
+day, so it was very heavy marching over the hills; and after seven
+leagues, by guess, we arrived at a little house made of bark in the
+forest, where we lighted a fire and stopped for the night to sleep.
+It went on snowing, with a sharp, northerly wind.  It was very cold.
+
+December 27.  Early in the morning again on our difficult march,
+while the snow lay 2 1/2 feet in some places.  We went over hills
+and through underwood.  We saw traces of two bears, and elks,
+but no savages.  There are beech trees; and after marching another
+seven or eight leagues, at sunset we found another little cabin in the
+forest, with hardly any bark, but covered with the branches of trees.
+We made a big fire and cooked our dinner.  It was so very cold
+during this night that I did not sleep more than two hours in all.
+
+December 28.  We went as before, and after marching one or two
+leagues we arrived at a kill that, as the savages told me, ran into
+the land of the Minquaass, and after another mile we met another
+kill that runs into the South River, as the savages told me, and here
+a good many otter and beaver are caught.  This day we went over
+many high hills.  The wood was full of great trees, mostly birches;
+and after seven or eight leagues' marching we did the same as
+mentioned above.  It was very cold.
+
+December 29.  We went again, proceeding on our voyage; and after
+marching a while we came on a very high hill, and as we nearly had
+mounted it I fell down so hard that I thought I had broken my ribs,
+but it was only the handle of my cutlass that was broken.  We went
+through a good deal of flat land, with many oaks and handles for
+axes, and after another seven leagues we found another hut, where
+we rested ourselves.  We made a fire and ate all the food we had,
+because the savages told us that we were still about four leagues
+distant from the castle.  The sun was near setting as still another of
+the savages went on to the castle to tell them we were coming.  We
+would have gone with him, but because we felt so very hungry the
+savages would not take us along with them.  The course northwest.
+
+December 30.  Without anything to eat we went to the Sinnekens'
+castle, and after marching awhile the savages showed me the branch
+of the river that passes by Fort Orange and past the land of the
+Maquas.  A woman came to meet us, bringing us baked pumpkins
+to eat.  This road was mostly full of birches and beautiful flat land
+for sowing.  Before we reached the castle we saw three graves, just
+like our graves in length and height; usually their graves are round.
+These graves were surrounded with palisades that they had split
+from trees, and they were closed up so nicely that it was a wonder
+to see.  They were painted with red and white and black paint; but
+the chief's grave had an entrance, and at the top of that was a big
+wooden bird, and all around were painted dogs, and deer, and snakes,
+and other beasts.  After four or five leagues' marching the savages
+still prayed us to fire our guns, and so we did, but loaded them again
+directly and went on to the castle.  And we saw to the northwest of
+us, a large river, and on the other side thereof tremendously high
+land that seemed to lie in the clouds.  Upon inquiring closely into this,
+the savages told me that in this river the Frenchmen came to trade.
+And then we marched confidently to the castle, where the savages
+divided into two rows, and so let us pass through them by the gate,
+which was--the one we went through--3 1/2 feet wide, and at the top
+were standing three big wooden images, carved like men, and with
+them I saw three scalps fluttering in the wind, that they had taken
+from their foes as a token of the truth of their victory.  This castle
+has two gates, one on the east and one on the west side.  On the
+east side a scalp was also hanging; but this gate was 1 1/2 feet
+smaller than the other one.  When at last we arrived in the chief's
+house, I saw there a good many people that I knew; and we were
+requested to sit down in the chief's place where he was accustomed
+to sit, because at the time he was not at home, and we felt cold and
+were wet and tired.  They at once gave us to eat, and they made a
+good fire.  This castle likewise is situated on a very high hill, and
+was surrounded with two rows of palisades.  It was 767 paces in
+circumference.  There are 66 houses, but much better, higher, and
+more finished than all the others we saw.  A good many houses had
+wooden fronts that are painted with all sorts of beasts.  There they
+sleep mostly on elevated boards, more than any other savages.  In
+the afternoon one of the council came to me, asking the reason of
+our coming into his land, and what we brought for him as a present.
+It told him that we did not bring any present, but that we only paid
+him a visit.  He told us that we were not worth anything, because
+we did not bring him a present.  Then he told us how the Frenchmen
+had come thither to trade with six men, and had given them good
+gifts, because they had been trading in this river with six men in
+the month of August of this year.  We saw very good axes to cut the
+underwood, and French shirts and coats and razors; and this member
+of the council said we were scoundrels, and were not worth anything
+because we paid not enough for their beaver skins.  They told us that
+the Frenchmen gave six hands of seawan for one beaver, and all sorts
+of things more.  The savages were pressing closely upon us, so that
+there was hardly room for us to sit.  If they had desired to molest us,
+we could hardly have been able to defend ourselves; but there was no
+danger.  In this river here spoken of, often six, seven, or eight hundred
+salmon are caught in a single day.  I saw houses where 60, 70, and
+more dried salmon were hanging.
+
+December 31.  On Sunday the chief of this castle came back (his
+name is Arenias), and one more man.  They told us that they
+returned from the French savages, and some of the savages shouted
+"Jawe Arenias!" which meant that they thanked him for having come
+back.  And I told him that in the night we should fire three shots; and
+he said it was all right; and they seemed very well contented.  We
+questioned them concerning the situation [of the places] in their
+castle and their names, and how far they were away from each other.
+They showed us with stones and maize grains, and Jeronimus then
+made a chart of it.  And we counted all in leagues how far each place
+was away from the next.  The savages told us that on the high land
+which we had seen by that lake there lived men with horns on their
+heads; and they told us that a good many beavers were caught there,
+too, but they dared not go so far because of the French savages;
+therefore they thought best to make peace.  We fired three shots
+in the night in honor of the year of our Lord and Redeemer, Jesus
+Christ.
+
+Praise the Lord above all!  In the castle Onneyuttehage, or Sinne-
+kens, January 1, 1635.
+
+January 1, 1635.  Another savage scolded at us.  We were scoundrels,
+as told before; and he looked angry.  Willem Tomassen got so excited
+that the tears were running along his cheeks, and the savages, seeing
+that we were not at all contented, asked us what was the matter, and
+why we looked so disgusted at him.  There were in all 46 persons
+seated near us; if they had intended to do mischief, they could easily
+have caught us with their hands and killed us without much trouble;
+when I had listened long enough to the Indian's chatter I told him
+that he was a scoundrel himself and he began to laugh, said he was
+not angry and said:  "You must not grow so furious, for we are very
+glad that you came here."  And after that Jeronimus gave the chief
+two knives, two pairs of scissors, and a few awls and needles that we
+had with us.  And in the evening the savages suspended a band of
+seawan, and some other stringed seawan that the chief had brought
+with him from the French savages as a sign of peace and that the
+French savages were to come in confidence to them, and he sang:
+"Ho schene jo ho ho schene I atsiehoewe atsihoewe," after which all
+the savages shouted three times:  "Netho, netho, netho!" and after
+that another band of seawan was suspended and he sang then:
+"Katon, katon, katon, katon!" and all the savages shouted as hard
+as they could:  "Hy, hy, hy!"  After long deliberation they made
+peace for four years, and soon after everyone returned to his home.
+
+January 2.  The savages came to us and told us that we had better
+stop another four or five days.  They would provide for all our needs
+and have us treated nicely; but I told them we could not wait so long
+as that.  They replied that they had sent a message to the Onondagas--
+that is, the castle next to theirs--but I told them they nearly starved
+us.  Then they said that in future they would look better after us, and
+twice during this day we were invited to be their guests, and treated
+to salmon and bear's bacon.
+
+January 3.  Some old men came to us and told us they wanted to be
+our friends, and they said we need not be afraid.  And I replied we
+were not afraid, and in the afternoon the council sat here--in all, 24
+men--and after consulting for a long while an old man approached
+me and laid his hand upon my heart to feel it beat; and then he
+shouted we really were not afraid at all.  After that six more members
+of the council came, and after that they presented me a coat made of
+beaver skin, and told me they gave it to me because I came here and
+ought to be very tired, and he pointed to his and my legs; and besides,
+it is because you have been marching through the snow.  And when I
+took the coat they shouted three times:  "Netho, netho, netho!" which
+means, "This is very well."  And directly after that they laid five pieces
+of beaver skins on my feet, at the same time requesting me that in the
+future they should receive four hands of seawan and four handbreadths
+of cloth for every big beaver skin, because we have to go so far with
+our skins; and very often when we come to your places we do not find
+any cloth or seawan or axes or kettles, or not enough for all of us,
+and then we have had much trouble for nothing, and have to go back
+over a great distance, carrying out goods back again.  After we sat for
+a considerable time, an old man came to us, and translated it to us in
+the other language, and told us that we did not answer yet whether
+they were to have four hands of seawan or not for their skins.  I told
+him that we had not the power to promise that, but that we should
+report about it to the chief at the Manhatans, who was our commander,
+and that I would give him a definite answer in the spring, and come
+myself to their land.  Then they said to me "Welsmachkoo," you must
+not lie, and surely come to us in the spring, and report to us about all.
+And if you will give us four hands of seawan we will not sell our
+skins to anyone but you; and after that they gave me the five beaver
+skins, and shouted as hard as they could:  "Netho, netho, netho!"
+And then, that everything should be firmly binding, they called or
+sang:  "Ha assironi atsimach koo kent oya kayuig wee Onneyatte
+Onaondaga Koyocke hoo hanoto wany agweganne hoo schene ha
+caton scahten franosoni yndicho."  That means that I could go in all
+these places--they said the names of all the castles--freely and every-
+where.  I should be provided with a house and a fire and wood and
+everything I needed; and if I wanted to go to the Frenchmen they
+would guide me there and back; and after that they shouted again:
+"Netho, netho, netho!" and they made a present of another beaver
+skin to me, and we ate to-day bear meat that we were invited to.  In
+this house, belonging to the chief, there were three or four meals a
+day, and they did not cook in it, as everything was brought in from
+the other houses in large kettles; for it was the council that took their
+meals here every day.  And whoever then happens to be in the house
+receives a bowlful of food; for it is the rule here that everyone that
+comes here has his bowl filled; and if they are short of bowls they
+bring them and their spoons with them.  They go thus and seat them-
+selves side by side; the bowls are then fetched and brought back
+filled, for a guest that is invited does not rise before he has eaten.
+Sometimes they sing, and sometimes they do not, thanking the host
+before they return home.
+
+January 4.  Two savages came, inviting us to come and see how
+they used to drive away the devil.  I told them that I had seen it
+before; but they did not move off, and I had to go; and because I
+did not choose to go alone I took Jeronimus along.  I saw a dozen
+men together who were going to drive him off.  After we arrived
+the floor of the house was thickly covered with the bark of trees
+for the hunters of the devil to walk upon.  They were mostly old
+men, and they had their faces all painted with red paint--which
+they always do when they are going to do anything unusual.
+Three men among them had a wreath on their heads, on which
+stuck five white crosses.  These wreaths are made of deer hair
+that they had braided with the roots of a sort of green herb.  In
+the middle of the house they then put a man who was very sick,
+and who was treated without success during a considerable time.
+Close by sat an old woman with a turtle shell in her hands.  In the
+turtle shell were a good many beads.  She kept clinking all the
+while, and all of them sang to the measure; then they would
+proceed to catch the devil and trample him to death; they trampled
+the bark to atoms so that none of it remained whole, and wherever
+they saw but a little cloud of dust upon the maize, they beat at it in
+great amazement and then they blew that dust at one another and
+were so afraid that they ran as if they really saw the devil; and after
+long stamping and running one of them went to the sick man and
+took away an otter that he had in his hands; and he sucked the sick
+man for awhile in his neck and on the back, and after that he spat in
+ the otter's mouth and threw it down; at the same time he ran off like
+made through fear.  Other men then went to the otter, and then there
+took place such foolery that it was a wonder to see.  Yes; they
+commenced to throw fire and eat fire, and kept scattering hot ashes
+ and red-hot coals in such a way that I ran out of the house.  To-day
+another beaver skin was presented to me.
+
+January 5.  I bought four dried salmon and two pieces of bear bacon
+that was about nine inches thick; and we saw thicker, even.  They
+gave us beans cooked with bear bacon to eat to-day, and further nothing
+particular happened.
+
+January 6.  Nothing particular than that I was shown a parcel of flint
+stones wherewith they make fire when they are in the forest.  Those
+stones would do very well for firelock guns.
+
+January 7.--We received a letter from Marten Gerritsen, dated from
+the last of December; it was brought by a Sinneken that arrived from
+our fort.  He told us that our people grew very uneasy about our not
+coming home, and that they thought we had been killed.  We ate
+fresh salmon only two days caught, and we were robbed to-day of
+six and a half hands of seawan that we never saw again.
+
+January 8.  Aarenias came to me to say that he wanted to go with
+me to the fort and take all his skins to trade.  Jeronimus tried to
+sell his coat here, but he could not get rid of it.
+
+January 9.  During the evening the Onondagas came.  There were
+six old men and four women.  They were very tired from the march,
+and brought with them some bear skins.  I came to meet them, and
+thanked them that they came to visit us; and they welcomed me, and
+because it was very late I went home.
+
+January 10.  Jeronimus burned the greater part of his pantaloons, that
+dropped in the fire during the night, and the chief's mother gave him
+cloth to repair it, and Willem Tomassen repaired it.
+
+January 11.  At ten o'clock in the morning the savages came to me
+and invited me to come to the house where the Onondagans sat in
+council.  "They will give you presents"; and I went there with
+Jeronimus; took our pistols with us and sat alongside of them, near
+an old man of the name of Canastogeera, about 55 years of age; and
+he said:  "Friends, I have come here to see you and to talk to you;"
+wherefore we thanked him, and after they had sat in council for a
+long time an interpreter came to me and gave me give pieces of
+beaver skin because we had come into their council.  I took the
+beaver skins and thanked them, and they shouted three times
+"Netho!"  And after that another five beaver skins that they laid
+upon my feet, and they gave them to me because I had come into
+their council-house.  We should have been given a good many
+skins as presents if we had come into his land; and they earnestly
+requested me to visit their land in the summer, and after that gave
+me another four beaver skins and asked at the same time to be better
+paid for their skins.  They would bring us a great quantity if we did;
+and if I came back in the summer to their land we should have three
+or four savages along with us to look all around that lake and show
+us where the Frenchmen came trading with their shallops.  And when
+we gathered our fourteen beavers they again shouted as hard as they
+could, "Zinae netho!" and we fired away with our pistols and gave
+the chief two pairs of knives, some awls, and needles; and then we
+were informed we might take our departure.  We had at the time five
+pieces of salmon and two pieces of bear bacon that we were to take
+on the march, and here they gave a good many loaves and even flour
+to take with us.
+
+January 12.  We took our departure; and when we thought every-
+thing was ready the savages did not want to carry our goods--twenty
+-eight beaver skins, five salmon, and some loaves of bread--because
+they all had already quite enough to carry; but after a good deal of
+grumbling and nice words they at last consented and carried our
+goods.  Many savages walked along with us and they shouted,
+"Alle sarondade!" that is, to fire the pistols; and when we came near
+the chief's grave we fired three shots, and they went back.  It was
+about nine o'clock when we left this place and walked only about
+five leagues through 2 1/2 feet of snow.  It was a very difficult road,
+so that some of the savages had to stop in the forest and sleep in the
+snow.  We went on, however, and reached a little cabin, where we
+slept.
+
+January 13.  Early in the morning we were on our journey again, and
+after going seven or eight leagues we arrived at another hut, where
+we rested awhile, cooked our dinner, and slept.  Arenias pointed out
+to me a place on a high mountain, and said that after ten days'
+marching we could reach a big river there where plenty of people are
+living, and where plenty of cows and horses are; but we had to cross
+the river for a whole day and then to proceed for six days more in
+order to reach it.  This was the place which we passed on the 29th of
+December.  He did us a great deal of good.
+
+January 14.  On Sunday we made ready to proceed, but the chief
+wished to go bear hunting and wanted to stop here but, because it
+was fine weather, I went alone with two or three savages.  Here two
+Maquas Indians joined us, as they wanted to go and trade elk skins
+and satteeu.
+
+January 15.  In the morning, two hours before daylight, after taking
+breakfast with the savages, I proceeded on the voyage, and when it
+was nearly dark again the savages made a fire in the wood, as they
+did not want to go farther, and I came about three hours after dark
+to a hut where I had slept on the 26th of December.  It was very
+cold.  I could not make a fire, and was obliged to walk the whole
+night to keep warm.
+
+January 16.  In the morning, three hours before dawn, as the moon
+rose, I searched for the path, which I found at last; and because I
+marched so quickly I arrived about nine o'clock on very extensive
+flat land.  After having passed over a high hill I came to a very even
+footpath that had been made through the snow by the savages who
+had passed this way with much venison, because they had come
+home to their castle after hunting; and about ten o'clock I saw the
+castle and arrived there about two o'clock.  Upward of one hundred
+people came out to welcome me, and showed me a house where I
+could go.  They gave me a white hare to eat that they caught two
+days ago.  They cooked it with walnuts, and they gave me a piece
+of wheaten bread a savage that had arrived here from Ford Orange
+on the fifteenth of this month had brought with him.  In the evening
+more than forty fathoms of seawan were divided among them as
+the last will of the savages that had died of the smallpox.  It was
+divided in the presence of the chief and the nearest friends.  It is
+their custom to divide among the chief and nearest friends.  And
+in the evening the savages gave me two bear skins to cover me,
+and they brought rushes to lay under my head, and they told us
+that our kinsmen wanted us very much to come back.
+
+January 17.  Jeronimus and Tomassen, with some savages, joined
+us in this castle, Tenotogehage, and they still were all right; and
+in the evening I saw another hundred fathoms of seawan divided
+among the chief and the friends of the nearest blood.
+
+January 18.  We went again to this castle, I should say from this
+castle on our route, in order to hasten home.  In some of the houses
+we saw more than forty or fifty deer cut in quarters and dried; but
+they gave us very little of it to eat.  After marching half a league we
+passed through the village of Kawaoge, and after another half league
+we came to the village of Osquage.  The chief, Ohquahoo, received
+us well, and we waited here for the chief, Arenias, whom we had left
+in the castle Te Notooge.
+
+January 19.  We went as fast as we could in the morning, proceeding
+on the march; and after going half a league we arrived at the third
+castle, named Schanadisse, and I looked around in some of the
+houses to see whether there were any skins.  I met nine Onondagas
+there with skins, that I told to go with me to the second castle, where
+the chief, Taturot, I should say Tonewerot, was at home, who wel-
+comed us at once, and gave us a very fat piece of venison, which we
+cooked; and when we were sitting at dinner we received a letter from
+Marten Gerritsen, brought us by a savage that came in search of us,
+and was dated January 18.  We resolved to proceed at once to the
+first castle, and to depart on the morrow for Fort Orange, and a good
+three hours before sunset we arrived at the first castle.  We had bread
+baked for us again, and packed the three beavers we had received from
+the chief when we had first come here.  We slept here this night and
+ate here.
+
+January 20.  In the morning, before daylight, Jeronimus sold his coat
+for four beaver skins to an old man.  We set forth at one hour before
+daylight, and after marching by guess two leagues the savages pointed
+to a high mountain where their castle stood nine years before.  They
+had been driven out by the Mahicans, and after that time they did not
+want to live there.  After marching seven or eight leagues we found
+that the hunters' cabins had been burned, so we were obliged to sleep
+under the blue sky.
+
+January 21.  We proceeded early in the morning, and after a long
+march we took a wrong path that was the most walked upon; but as
+the savages knew the paths better than we did they returned with us,
+and after eleven leagues' marching we arrived, the Lord be praised
+and thanked, at Fort Orange, January 21, anno 1635.
+
+[Vocabulary of the Maquas.]
+
+Assire or aggaha..............................Cloth.
+Atoga...............................................Axes.
+Atsochta...........................................Adze.
+Assere..............................................Knives.
+Assaghe............................................Rapier.
+Attochwat.........................................Spoons.
+Ondach.............................................Kettles.
+Endat hatste......................................Looking-glass.
+Sasaskarisat......................................Scissors.
+Kamewari (Garonare?).....................Awls.
+Onekoera..........................................Seawan, their money.
+Tiggeretait........................................Combs.
+Catse (Garistats?).............................Bell.
+Dedaia witha.....................................Shirts or coats.
+Nonnewarory....................................Fur caps.
+Eytroghe...........................................Beads.
+Canagosat.........................................Scraper.
+Caris.................................................Stockings.
+Achta................................................Shoes.
+
+Names of animals that occur there:
+
+Aque (Gario?)...................................Deer.
+Aquesados.........................................Horse.
+Adiron...............................................Cat.
+Aquidagon.........................................Ox.
+Senoto wanne....................................Elk.
+Ochquari...........................................Bear.
+Sinite................................................Beaver.
+Tawyne............................................Otter.
+Eyo...................................................Mink.
+Senadondo........................................Fox.
+Ochquoha.........................................Wolf.
+Seranda.............................................Male cat.
+Ichar or sateeni.................................Dog.
+Tali...................................................Crane.
+Kragequa..........................................Swans.
+Kahanckt..........................................Geese.
+Schawariwane..................................Turkeys.
+Schascari wanasi..............................Eagles.
+Tantanege.........................................Hares.
+Onckwe............................................Men.
+Etsi (Eightjen?)................................A man.
+Coenhechti (Gahetien?)...................A woman.
+Ocstaha............................................An old man.
+Odasqueta........................................An old woman.
+Sine gechtera...................................A wooer.
+Exhechta..........................................A lass.
+Ragina..............................................Father.
+Distan...............................................Mother.
+Cian..................................................Child.
+Rocksongwa (Ronwaye?)................Boy.
+Canna warori....................................Prostitute.
+Onentar.............................................Woman in labor.
+Ragenonou.......................................Uncle.
+Rackesie...........................................Cousin.
+Anochquis........................................Hair.
+Anonsi..............................................Head.
+Ohochta............................................Ears.
+Ohonikwa........................................Throat.
+Oneyatsa..........................................Nose.
+Owanisse.........................................Tongue.
+Onawy.............................................Teeth.
+Onenta.............................................Arm.
+Osnotsa............................................Hands.
+Onatassa...........................................Fingers.
+Otich kera........................................Thumb.
+Otsira................................................Nails.
+Onvare..............................................Shoulder blade.
+Orochquine.......................................Spine.
+Ossidan.............................................Feet.
+Onera................................................Pudenda.
+Oeuda...............................................Excrements.
+Onsaha.............................................Vesicle.
+Canderes...........................................Phallus.
+Awahta.............................................Testicles.
+Casoya..............................................Ship, canoe.
+Conossade........................................House or hut.
+Onega...............................................Water.
+Oetseira............................................Fire.
+Oyente.............................................Wood (firewood).
+Oscante............................................Bark.
+Canadera..........................................Bread.
+Ceheda (Osaheta?)...........................Beans.
+Onesta..............................................Maize.
+Cinsie...............................................Fish.
+Ghekeront........................................Salmon.
+Oware..............................................Meat.
+Athesera...........................................Flour.
+Satsori..............................................To eat.
+Onighira...........................................To drink.
+Kastten kerreyager...........................Very hungry.
+Augustuske......................................Very cold.
+Oyendere.........................................Very good.
+Rockste............................................Friends.
+Iachte yendere.................................'Tis no good.
+Quane (Kewanea?)..........................Great.
+Canyewa..........................................Small.
+Wotstaha..........................................Broad.
+Cates................................................Thick.
+Satewa..............................................Alone.
+Sagat.................................................Doubly.
+Awaheya...........................................Death.
+Aghihi...............................................Sick.
+Sasnoron...........................................Hurry up.
+Archoo..............................................At once.
+Owaetsei...........................................At present.
+The derri...........................................Yesterday.
+Jorhani..............................................To-morrow.
+Careyago..........................................The sky.
+Karackwero......................................The sun.
+Asistock...........................................The stars.
+Sintho...............................................To sow.
+Deserentekar.....................................Meadow.
+Sorsar................................................To raise.
+Cana..................................................The seed.
+Onea..................................................Stone.
+Canadack or cany..............................Sack or basket.
+Canadaghi.........................................A castle.
+Oyoghi..............................................A kill [small river].
+Canaderage.......................................A river.
+Johati................................................A path or road.
+Onstara.............................................To weep.
+Aquayesse.........................................To laugh.
+Ohonte..............................................Grass, vegetables.
+Oneggeri...........................................Weeds or reeds or straw.
+Christittye..........................................Iron, copper, or lead.
+Onegonsera........................................Red paint.
+Cahonsye...........................................Black.
+Crage.................................................White.
+Ossivenda..........................................Blue.
+Endatcondere.....................................To paint.
+Joddireyo...........................................To fight.
+Aquinachoo.......................................Angry.
+Jaghac teroeni....................................Frightened.
+Dadeneye...........................................To gamble.
+Asserie...............................................Very strong.
+Carente..............................................Artful, crooked.
+Odossera............................................The bacon.
+Keye..................................................The fat.
+Wistotcera.........................................The grease.
+Ostie..................................................The bone.
+Aghidawe..........................................To sleep.
+Sinekaty.............................................Carnal copulation.
+Jankurangue.......................................Very tired.
+Atsochwat..........................................Tobacco.
+Canonou.............................................Pine.
+Esteronde...........................................The rain.
+Waghideria.........................................To sweat.
+Kayontochke.......................................Flat arable land.
+Ononda...............................................Mountains.
+Cayanoghe.........................................Islands.
+Schasohadee......................................The overside.
+Caroo.................................................Close by.
+Cadadiene..........................................To trade.
+Daweyate...........................................To sit in council.
+Agetsioga...........................................A string of beads.
+Aquayanderen....................................A chief.
+Seronquatse........................................A scoundrel.
+Sari wacksi.........................................A chatterer.
+Onewachten........................................A liar.
+Tenon commenyon.............................What do you want?
+Sinachkoo...........................................To drive the devil away.
+Adenocquat.........................................To give medicine.
+Coenhasaren.......................................To cure.
+Sategat................................................To light the fire, make fire.
+Judicha................................................The fire.
+Catteges issewe..................................When will you come again?
+Tosenochte..........................................I don't know.
+Tegenhondi.........................................In the spring.
+Otteyage..............................................In the summer.
+Augustuske.........................................In the winter.
+Katkaste..............................................To cook dinner.
+Jori................................................It is ready.
+Dequoguoha.................................To go hunting.
+Osqucha........................................I'll fetch it.
+Seyendere u..................................I know him well.
+Kristoni asseroni..........................Netherlanders, Germans.
+Aderondackx................................Frenchmen or Englishmen.
+Anesagghena................................Mahicans, or Mohigans.
+Torsas...........................................To the north.
+Kanon newage..............................Manhattan.
+Onscat...........................................One.
+Tiggeni..........................................Two.
+Asse...............................................Three.
+Cayere............................................Four.
+Wisch.............................................Five.
+Jayack............................................Six.
+Tsadack.........................................Seven.
+Sategon..........................................Eight.
+Tyochte..........................................Nine.
+Oyere.............................................Ten.
+Tawasse.........................................Forty.
+Onscat teneyawe...........................Hundred.
+
+
+BEGIN PROJECT GUTENBERG ETEXT "MEGAPOLENSIS
+ON THE MOHAWKS."
+
+
+
+
+A Short Account of the Mohawk Indians, by Reverend Johannes
+Megapolensis, Jr., 1644.   In J. Franklin Jameson, ed., Narratives
+of New Netherland, 1609-1664 (Original Narratives of Early
+American History).  NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909.
+
+A Short Account of the Mohawk Indians, their Country, Language,
+Stature, Dress, Religion and Government, thus described and recently,
+August 26, 1644, sent out of New Netherland, by Johannes Megapol-
+ensis the younger, Preacher there.
+
+
+The Country here is in general like that in Germany.  The land is
+good, and fruitful in everything which supplies human needs, except
+clothes, linen, woollen, stockings, shoes, etc., which are all dear here.
+The country is very mountainous, partly soil, partly rocks, and with
+elevations so exceeding high that they appear to almost touch the
+clouds.  Thereon grow the finest fir trees the eye ever saw.  There
+are also in this country oaks, alders, beeches, elms, willows, etc.  In
+the forests, and here and there along the water side, and on the islands,
+there grows an abundance of chestnuts, plums, hazel nuts, large
+walnuts of several sorts, and of as good a taste as in the Netherlands,
+but they have a somewhat harder shell.  The ground on the hills is
+covered with bushes of bilberries or blueberries; the ground in the
+flat land near the rivers is covered with strawberries, which grow here
+so plentifully in the fields, that one can lie down and eat them.
+Grapevines also grow here naturally in great abundance along the
+roads, paths, and creeks, and wherever you may turn you find them.
+I have seen whole pieces of land where vine stood by vine and grew
+very luxuriantly, climbing to the top of the largest and loftiest trees,
+and although they are not cultivated, some of the grapes are found to
+be as good and sweet as in Holland.  Here is also a sort of grapes
+which grow very large, each grape as big as the end of one's finger,
+or an ordinary plum, and because they are somewhat fleshy and have
+a thick skin we call them Speck Druyven.  If people would cultivate
+the vines they might have as good wine here as they have in Germany
+or France.  I had myself last harvest a boat-load of grapes and pressed
+them.  As long as the wine was new it tasted better than any French or
+Rhenish Must, and the color of the grape juice here is so high and red
+that with one wine-glass full you can color a whole pot of white wine.
+In the forests is great plenty of deer, which in autumn and early
+winter are as fat as any Holland cow can be.  I have had them with fat
+more than two fingers thick on the ribs, so that they were nothing else
+than almost clear fat, and could hardly be eaten.  There are also many
+turkies, as large as in Holland, but in some years less than in others.
+The year before I came here, there were so many turkies and deer that
+they came to feed by the houses and hog pens, and were taken by the
+Indians in such numbers that a deer was sold to the Dutch for a loaf of
+bread, or a knife, or even for a tobacco pipe; but now one commonly
+has to give for a good deer six or seven guilders.  In the forests here
+there are also many partridges, heath-hens and pigeons that fly together
+in thousands, and sometimes ten, twenty, thirty and even forty and fifty
+are killed at one shot.  We have here, too, a great number of all kinds of
+fowl, swans, geese, ducks, widgeons, teal, brant, which sport upon
+the river in thousands in the spring of the year, and again in the
+autumn fly away in flocks, so that in the morning and evening any
+one may stand ready with his gun before his house and shoot them
+as they fly past.  I have also eaten here several times of elks, which
+were very fat and tasted much like venison; and besides these
+profitable beasts we have also in this country lions, bears, wolves,
+foxes, and particularly very many snakes, which are large and as long
+as eight, ten, and twelve feet.  Among others, there is a sort of snake,
+which we call rattlesnake, from a certain object which it has back
+upon its tail, two or three fingers' breadth long, and has ten or twelve
+joints, and with this it makes a noise like the crickets.  Its color is
+variegated much like our large brindled bulls.  These snakes have
+very sharp teeth in their mouth, and dare to bite at dogs; they make
+way for neither man nor beast, but fall on and bite them, and their
+bite is very poisonous, and commonly even deadly too.
+
+As to the soil of this country, that on the mountains is a reddish
+sand or rock, but in the low flat lands, and along the rivers, and
+even in the jutting sides of the mountains for an hundred or two
+hundred paces up, there is often clay.  I have been on hills here,
+as high as a church, to examine the soil, and have found it to be
+clay.  In this ground there appears to be a singular strength and
+capacity for bearing crops, for a farmer here told me that he had
+raised fine wheat on one and the same piece of land eleven years
+successively without ever breaking it up or letting it lie fallow.
+The butter here is clean and yellow as in Holland.  Through this
+land runs an excellent river, about 500 or 600 paces wide.  This
+river comes out of the Mahakas Country, about four leagues north
+of us.  There is flows between two high rocky banks, and falls
+from a height equal to that of a church, with such a noise that
+we can sometimes hear it here with us.  In the beginning of June
+twelve of us took  ride to see it.  When we came there we saw
+not only the river falling with such a noise that we could hardly
+hear one another, but the water boiling and dashing with such
+force in still weather, that it seemed all the time as if it were
+raining; and the trees on the hills near by (which are as high as
+Schoorler Duyn) had their leaves all the time wet exactly as if it
+rained.  The water is as clear as crystal, and as fresh as milk.  I
+and another with me saw there, in clear sunshine, when there
+was not a cloud in the sky, especially when we stood above upon
+the rocks, directly opposite where the river falls, in the great abyss,
+the half of a rainbow, or a quarter of a circle, of the same color with
+the rainbow in the sky.  And when we had gone about ten or twelve
+rods farther downwards from the fall, along the river, we saw a
+complete rainbow, like a half circle, appearing clearly in the water
+just as if it had been in the clouds, and this is always so according
+to the report of all who have ever been there.  In this river is a great
+plenty of all kinds of fish--pike, eels, perch, lampreys, suckers, cat
+fish, sun fish, shad, bass, etc.  In the spring, in May, the perch are so
+plenty, that one man with a hook and line will catch in one hour as
+many as ten or twelve can eat.  My boys have caught in an hour fifty,
+each a foot long.  They have three hooks on the instrument with
+which they fish, and draw up frequently two or three perch at once.
+There is also in the river a great plenty of sturgeon, which we Christians
+do not like, but the Indians eat them greedily.  In this river, too, are
+very beautiful islands, containing ten, twenty, thirty, fifty and seventy
+morgens of land.  The soil is very good, but the worst of it is, that by
+the melting of the snow, or heavy rains, the river readily overflows
+and covers that low land.  This river ebbs and flows at ordinary
+low water as far as this place, although it is thirty-six leagues inland
+from the sea.
+
+As for the temperature in this country, and the seasons of the year,
+the summers are pretty hot, so that for the most of the time we are
+obliged to go in just our shirts, and the winters are very cold.  The
+summer continues long, even until All Saints' Day; but when the
+winter does begin, just as it commonly does in December, it freezes
+so hard in one night that the ice will bear a man.  Even the rivers,
+in still weather when there is no strong current running, are frozen
+over in one night, so that on the second day people walk over it.
+And this freezing continues commonly three months; for although
+we are situated here in 42 degrees of latitude, it always freezes so.
+And although there come warm and pleasant days, the thaw does not
+continue, but it freezes again until March.  Then, commonly, the
+rivers first begin to open, and seldom in February.  We have the
+greatest cold from the northwest, as in Holland from the northeast.
+The wind here is very seldom east, but almost always south,
+southwest, northwest, and north; so also the rain.
+
+Our shortest winter days have nine hours sun; in the summer, our
+longest days are about fifteen hours.  We lie so far west of Holland
+that I judge you are about four hours in advance of us, so that when
+it is six o'clock in the morning with us it is ten in the forenoon with
+you, and when it is noon with us, it is four o'clock in the afternoon
+with you.
+
+The inhabitants of this country are of two kinds:  first, Christians
+--at least so called; second, Indians.  Of the Christians I shall say
+nothing; my design is to speak of the Indians only.  These among
+us are again of two kinds:  first, the Mahakinbas, or, as they call
+themselves, Kajingahaga; second, the Mahakans, otherwise
+called Agotzagena.  These two nations have different languages,
+which have no affinity with each other, like Dutch and Latin.
+These people formerly carried on a great war against each other,
+but since the Mahakanders were subdued by the Mahakobaas,
+peace has subsisted between them, and the conquered are obliged
+to bring a yearly contribution to the others.  We live among both
+these kinds of Indians; and when they come to us from their
+country, or we go to them, they do us every act of friendship.
+The principal nation of all the savages and Indians hereabouts
+with which we have the most intercourse, is the Mahakuaas, who
+have laid all the other Indians near us under contribution.  This
+nation has a very difficult language, and it costs me great pains
+to learn it, so as to be able to speak and preach in it fluently.
+There is no Christian here who understands the language thor-
+oughly; those who have lived here long can use a kind of jargon
+just sufficient to carry on trade with it, but they do not understand
+the fundamentals of the language.  I am making a vocabulary of
+the Mahakuaas' language, and when I am among them I ask them
+how things are called; but as they are very stupid, I sometimes
+cannot make them understand what I want.  Moreover when they
+tell me, one tells me the word in the infinitive mood, another in
+the indicative; one in the first, another in the second person; one
+in the present, another in the preterit.  So I stand oftentimes and
+look, but do not know how to put it down.  And as they have
+declensions and conjugations also, and have their augments like
+the Greeks, I am like one distracted, and frequently cannot tell
+what to do, and there is no one to set me right.  I shall have to
+speculate in this alone, in order to become in time an Indian
+grammarian.  When I first observed that they pronounced their
+words so differently, I asked the commissary of the company
+what it meant.  He answered me that he did not know, but
+imagined they changed their language every two or three
+years; I argued against this that it could never be that a whole
+nation should change its language with one consent;--and,
+although he has been connected with them here these twenty
+years, he can afford me no assistance.
+
+The people and Indians here in this country are like us Dutch-
+men in body and stature; some of them have well formed
+features, bodies and limbs; they all have black hair and eyes,
+but their skin is yellow.  In summer they go naked, having only
+their private parts covered with a patch.  The children and young
+folks to ten, twelve and fourteen years of age go stark naked.  In
+winter, they hang about them simply an undressed deer or bear
+or panther skin; or they take some beaver and otter skins, wild
+cat, raccoon, martin, otter, mink, squirrel or such like skins,
+which are plenty in this country, and sew some of them to
+others, until it is a square piece, and that is then a garments
+for them; or they buy of us Dutchmen two and a half ells of
+duffel, and that they hang simply about them, just as it was
+torn off, without sewing it, and walk away with it.  They look
+at themselves constantly, and think they are very fine.  They
+make themselves stockings and also shoes of deer skin, or they
+take leaves of their corn, and plait them together and use them
+for shoes.  The women, as well as the men, go with their heads
+bare.  The women let their hair grow very long, and tie it together
+a little, and let it hang down their backs.  The men have a long
+lock of hair hanging down, some on one side of the head, and
+some on both sides.  On the top of their heads they have a streak
+of hair from the forehead to the neck, about the breadth of three
+fingers, and this they shorten until it is about two or three fingers
+long, and it stands right on end like a rock's comb or hog's bristles;
+on both sides of this cock's comb they cut all the hair short, except
+the aforesaid locks, and they also leave on the bare places here and
+there small locks, such as are in sweeping-brushes, and then they
+are in fine array.
+
+They likewise paint their faces red, blue, etc., and then they look
+like the Devil himself.  They smear their heads with bear's-grease,
+which they all carry with them for this purpose in a small basket;
+they say they do it to make their hair grow better and to prevent
+their having lice.  When they travel, they take with them some of
+their maize, a wooden bowl, and a spoon; these they pack up and
+hang on their backs.  Whenever they are hungry, they forthwith
+make a fire and cook; they can get fire by rubbing pieces of wood
+against one another, and that very quickly.
+
+They generally live without marriage; and if any of them have
+wives, the marriage continues no longer than seems good to one
+of the parties, and then they separate, and each takes another
+partner.  I have seen those who had parted, and afterwards lived
+a long time with others, leave these again, seek their former
+partners, and again be one pair.  And, though they have wives,
+yet they will not leave off whoring; and if they can sleep with
+another man's wife, they think it is a brave thing.  The women
+are exceedingly addicted to whoring; they will lie with a man
+for the value of one, two, or three schillings, and our Dutchmen
+run after them very much.
+
+The women, when they have been delivered, go about immediately
+afterwards, and be it ever so cold, they wash themselves and the
+young child in the river or the snow.  They will not lie down (for
+they say that if they did they would soon die), but keep going about.
+They are obliged to cut wood, to travel three or four leagues with
+the child; in short, they walk, they stand, they work, as if they had
+not lain in, and we cannot see that they suffer any injury by it; and
+we sometimes try to persuade our wives to lie-in so, and that the
+way of lying-in in Holland is a mere fiddle-faddle.  The men have
+great authority over their concubines, so that if they do anything
+which does not please and raises their passion, they take an axe
+and knock them in the head, and there is an end of it.  The women
+are obliged to prepare the land, to mow, to plant, and do everything;
+the men do nothing, but hunt, fish, and make war upon their enemies.
+They are very cruel towards their enemies in time of war; for they
+first bite off the nails of the fingers of their captives, and cut off
+some joints, and sometimes even whole fingers; after that, the
+captives are forced to sing and dance before them stark naked; and
+finally, they roast their prisoners dead before a slow fire for some
+days, and then eat them up.  The common people eat the arms,
+buttocks and trunk, but the chiefs eat the head and the heart.
+
+Our Mahakas carry on great wars against the Indians of Canada, on
+the River Saint Lawrence, and take many captives, and sometimes
+there are French Christians among them.  Last year, our Indians got
+a great booty from the French on the River Saint Lawrence, and took
+three Frenchmen, one of whom was a Jesuit.  They killed one, but
+the Jesuit (whose left thumb was cut off, and all the nails and parts
+of his fingers were bitten,) we released, and sent him to France by a
+yacht which was going to our country.  They spare all the children
+from ten to twelve years old, and all the women whom they take
+in war, unless the women are very old, and then they kill them too.
+Though they are so very cruel to their enemies, they are very friendly
+to us, and we have no dread of them.  We go with them into the
+woods, we meet with each other, sometimes at an hour or two's
+walk from any houses, and think no more about it than as if we
+met with a Christian.  They sleep by us, too, in our chambers before
+our beds.  I have had eight at once lying and sleeping upon the floor
+near my bed, for it is their custom to sleep simply on the bare ground,
+and to have only a stone or a bit of wood under their heads.  In the
+evening, they go to bed very soon after they have supped; but early
+in the morning, before day begins to break, they are up again.  They
+are very slovenly and dirty; they wash neither their face nor hands,
+but let all remain upon their yellow skin, and look like hogs.  Their
+bread is Indian corn beaten to pieces between two stones, of which
+they make a cake, and bake it in the ashes:  their other victuals are
+venison, turkies, hares, bears, wild cats, their own dogs, etc.  The
+fish they cook just as they get them out of the water without
+cleansing; also the entrails of deer with all their contents, which they
+cook a little; and if the intestines are then too tough, they take one
+end in their mouth, and the other in their hand, and between hand
+and mouth they separate and eat them.  So they do commonly with
+the flesh, for they carve a little piece and lay it on the fire, as long as
+one would need to walk from his house to church, and then it is done;
+and then they bite into it so that the blood runs along their mouths.
+They can also take a piece of bear's-fat as large as two fists, and eat
+it clear without bread or anything else.  It is natural to them to have
+no bears; not one in an hundred has any hair about his mouth.
+
+They have also naturally a very high opinion of themselves; they
+say, Ihy Othkon, ("I am the Devil") by which they mean that they
+are superior folks.  In order to praise themselves and their people,
+whenever we tell them they are very expert at catching deer, or
+doing this and that, they say, Tkoschs ko, aguweechon Kajingahaga
+kouaane Jountuckcha Othkon; that is, "Really all the Mohawks are
+very cunning devils."  They make their houses of the bark of trees,
+very close and warm, and kindle their fire in the middle of them.
+They also make of the peeling and bark of trees, canoes or small
+boats, which will carry four, five and six persons.  In like manner
+they hollow out trees, and use them for boats, some of which are
+very large.  I have several times sat and sailed with ten, twelve and
+fourteen persons in one of these hollowed logs.  We have in our
+colony a wooden canoe obtained from the Indians, which will
+easily carry two hundred schepels of wheat.  Their weapons in
+war were formerly a bow and arrow, with a stone axe and mallet;
+but now they get from our people guns, swords, iron axes and
+mallets.  Their money consists of certain little bones, made of
+shells or cockles, which are found on the sea-beach; a hole is
+drilled through the middle of the little bones, and these they
+string upon thread, or they make of them belts as broad as a hand,
+or broader, and hang them on their necks, or around their bodies.
+They have also several holes in their ears, and there they likewise
+hang some.  They value these little bones as highly as many
+Christians do gold, silver and pearls; but they do not like our
+money, and esteem it no better than iron.  I once showed one of
+their chiefs a rix-dollar; he asked how much it was worth among
+the Christians; and when I told him, he laughed exceedingly at us,
+saying we were fools to value a piece of iron so highly; and if he
+had such money, he would throw it into the river.  They place their
+dead upright in holes, and do not lay them down, and then they
+throw some trees and wood on the grave, or enclose it with palisades.
+They have their set times for going to catch fish, bears, panthers,
+beavers and eels.  In the spring, they catch vast quantities of shad
+and lampreys, which are exceedingly large here; they lay them on
+the bark of trees in the sun, and dry them thoroughly hard, and then
+put them in notasten, or bags, which they plait from hemp which
+grows wild here, and keep the fish till winter.  When their corn is
+ripe, they take it from the ears, open deep pits, and preserve it in
+these the whole winter.  They can also make nets and seines in their
+fashion; and when they want to fish with seines, ten or twelve men
+will go together and help each other, all of whom own the seine in
+common.
+
+They are entire strangers to all religion, but they have a Tharon-
+hijouaagon, (whom they also otherwise call Athzoockkuatoriaho,)
+that is, a Genius, whom they esteem in the place of God; but they
+do not serve him or make offerings to him.  They worship and
+present offerings to the Devil, whom they call Otskon, or Aireskuoni.
+If they have any bad luck in war, they catch a bear, which they cut
+in pieces, and roast, and that they offer up to their Aireskuoni,
+saying in substance, they following words:  "Oh! great and mighty
+Aireskuoni, we confess that we have offended against thee, inasmuch
+as we have not killed and eaten our captive enemies;--forgive us this.
+We promise that we will kill and eat all the captives we shall hereafter
+take as certainly as we have killed, and now eat this bear."  Also when
+the weather is very hot, and there comes a cooling breeze, they cry
+out directly, Asorunusi, asorunusi, Otskon aworouhsi reinnuha; that
+is, "I thank thee, I thank thee, devil, I thank thee, little uncle!"  If
+they are sick, or have a pain or soreness anywhere in their limbs, and
+I ask them what ails them they say that the Devil sits in their body,
+or in the sore places, and bites them there; so that they attribute to
+the Devil at once the accidents which befall them; they have other-
+wise no religion.  When we pray they laugh at us.  Some of them
+despise it entirely; and some, when we tell them what we do when
+we pray, stand astonished.  When we deliver a sermon, sometimes
+ten or twelve of them, more or less, will attend, each having a long
+tobacco pipe, made by himself, in his mouth, and will stand awhile
+and look, and afterwards ask me what I am doing and what I want,
+that I stand there alone and make so many words, while none of the
+rest may speak. I tell them that I am admonishing the Christians, that
+they must not steal, nor commit lewdness, nor get drunk, nor commit
+murder, and that they too ought not to do these things; and that I intend
+in process of time to preach the same to them and come to them in
+their own country and castles (about three days' journey from here,
+further inland), when I am acquainted with their language.  Then they
+say I do well to teach the Christians; but immediately add, Diatennon
+jawij Assirioni, hagiouisk, that is, "Why do so many Christians do
+these things?"  They call us Assirioni, that is, cloth-makers, or
+Charistooni, that is, iron-workers, because our people first brought
+cloth and iron among them.
+
+They will not come into a house where there is a menstruous woman,
+nor eat with her.  No woman may touch their snares with which they
+catch deer, for they say the deer can scent it.
+
+The other day an old woman came to our house, and told my people
+that her forefathers had told her "that Tharonhij-Jagon, that is, God,
+once went out walking with his brother, and a dispute arose between
+them, and God killed his brother."  I suppose this fable took its rise
+from Cain and Abel.  They have a droll theory of the Creation, for
+they think that a pregnant woman fell down from heaven, and that
+a tortoise, (tortoises are plenty and large here, in this country, two,
+three and four feet long, some with two heads, very mischievous
+and addicted to biting) took this pregnant woman on its back, because
+every place was covered with water; and that the woman sat upon
+the tortoise, groped with her hands in the water, and scraped together
+some of the earth, whence it finally happened that the earth was raised
+above the water.  They think that there are more worlds than one, and
+that we came from another world.
+
+The Mohawk Indians are divided into three tribes, which are called
+Ochkari, Aanaware, Oknaho, that is, the Bear, the Tortoise and the
+Wolf.  Of these, the Tortoise is the greatest and most prominent; and
+they boast that they are the oldest descendants of the woman before
+mentioned.  These have made a fort of palisades, and they call their
+castle Asserue.  Those of the Bear are the next to these, and their
+castle is called by them Banagiro.  The last are a progeny of these,
+and their castle is called Thenondiogo.  These Indian tribes each
+carry the beast after which they are named (as the arms in their
+banner) when they go to war against their enemies, as for a sign of
+their own bravery.  Lately one of their chiefs came to me and presented
+me with a beaver, an otter, and some cloth he had stolen from the
+French, which I must accept as a token of good fellowship.  When he
+opened his budget he had in it a dried head of a bear, with grinning
+teeth.  I asked him what that meant?  He answered me that he fastened
+it upon his left shoulder by the side of his head, and that then he was
+the devil, who cared for nothing, and did not fear any thing.
+
+The government among them consists of the oldest, the most
+intelligent, the most eloquent and most warlike men.  These
+commonly resolve, and then the young and warlike men execute.
+But if the common people do not approve of the resolution, it is
+left entirely to the judgment of the mob.  The chiefs are generally
+the poorest among them, for instead of their receiving from the
+common people as among Christians, they are obliged to give to
+the mob; especially when any one is deceased; and if they take
+any prisoners they present them to that family of which one has
+been killed, and the prisoner is then adopted by the family into
+the place of the deceased person.  There is no punishment here
+for murder and other villainies, but every one is his own avenger.
+The friends of the deceased revenge themselves upon the murderer
+until peace is made by presents to the next of kin.  But although
+they are so cruel, and live without laws or any punishments for evil
+doers, yet there are not half so many villainies or murders committed
+amongst them as amongst Christians; so that I oftentimes think with
+astonishment upon all the murders committed in the Fatherland,
+notwithstanding their severe laws and heavy penalties.  These
+Indians, though they live without laws, or fear of punishment, do
+not (at least, they very seldom) kill people, unless it may be in a
+great passion, or a hand-to-hand fight.  Wherefore we go wholly
+unconcerned along with the Indians and meet each other an hour's
+walk off in the woods, without doing any harm to one another.
+
+JOHANNES MEGAPOLENSIS.
+
+
+END OF PROJECT GUTENBERG ETEXT "MEGAPOL-
+ENSIS ON THE MOHAWKS."
+
+
+
+
+Letter and Narrative of Father Isaac Jogues, 1643, 1645.
+In J. Franklin Jameson, ed., Narratives of New Netherland,
+1609-1664 (Original Narratives of Early American History).
+NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909.
+
+Letter of Father Isaac Jogues to His Superior in Canada, 1643.
+
+
+I STARTED the very day of the Feast of Our Blessed Father Saint
+Ignatius from the village where I was captive, in order to follow
+and accompany some Iroquois who were going away, first for trade,
+then for fishing.  Having accomplished their little traffic, they
+stopped at a place seven or eight leagues below a settlement of the
+Dutch, which is located on a river where we carried on our fishing.
+While we were setting snares for the fish, there came a rumor that a
+squad of Iroquois, returned from pursuit of the Hurons, had killed
+five or six on the spot, and taken four prisoners, two of whom had
+been already burned in our village, with cruelties extraordinary.
+At this news, my heart was pierced through with a most bitter and
+sharp pain, because I had not seen, or consoled, or baptized those
+poor victims.  Consequently, fearing lest some other like thing
+should happen in my absence, I said to a good old woman--who,
+by reason of her age, and the care that she had for me, and the
+compassion that she felt toward me, called me her nephew, and I
+called her my aunt--I then said to her:  "My aunt, I would much
+like to return to our cabin; I grow very weary here."  It was not
+that I expected more ease and less pain in our village, where I
+suffered a continual martyrdom, being constrained to see with
+my eyes the horrible cruelties which are practised there; but my
+heart could not endure the death of any man without my procuring
+him holy baptism.  That good woman said to me:  "Go then, my
+nephew, since thou art weary here; take something to eat on the
+way."  I embarked in the first canoe that was going up to the
+village, always conducted and always accompanied by the Iroquois.
+Having arrived, as we did, in the settlement of the Dutch, through
+which it was necessary for us to pass, I learn that our whole village
+is excited against the French, and that only my return is awaited, for
+them to burn us.  Now for the cause of such news.  Among several
+bands of Iroquois, who had gone to war against the French, the
+Algonquins and the Hurons, there was one which took the resolution
+to go round about Richelieu, in order to spy on the French and the
+savages, their allies.   Certain Huron of this band, taken by the
+Hiroquois, and settled among them, came to ask me for letters, in
+order to carry them to the French, hoping, perhaps, to surprise some
+one of them by this bait; but, as I doubted not that our French would
+be on their guard, and as I saw, moreover, that it was important that
+I should give them some warning of the designs, the arms and the
+treachery of our enemies, I found means to secure a bit of paper in
+order to write to them, the Dutch according me this charity.  I knew
+very well the dangers to which I was exposing myself; I was not
+ignorant that, if any misfortune happened to those warriors, they
+would make me responsible therefor, and would blame my letters
+for it.  I anticipated my death; but it seemed to me pleasant and
+agreeable, employed for the public good, and for the consolation
+of our French and of the poor savages who listen to the word of
+Our Lord.  My heart was seized with no dread at the sight of all
+that might happen therefrom, since it was a matter of the glory of
+God; I accordingly gave my letter to that young warrior, who did
+not return.  The story which his comrades have brought back says
+that he carried it to the fort of Richelieu, and that, as soon as the
+French had seen it, they fired the cannon upon them.  This frightened
+them so that the greater part fled, all naked, abandoning one of their
+canoes, in which there were three arquebuses, powder and lead, and
+some other baggage.  These tidings being brought into the village,
+they clamor aloud that my letters have caused them to be treated like
+that; the rumor of it spreads everywhere; it comes even to my ears.
+They reproach me that I have done this evil deed; they speak only
+of burning me; and, if I had chanced to be in the village at the return
+of those warriors, fire, rage and cruelty would have taken my life.
+For climax of misfortune, another troop--coming back from Mont-
+real, where they had set ambushes for the French--said that one of
+their men had been killed, and two others wounded.  Each one held
+me guilty of these adverse encounters; they were fairly mad with
+rage, awaiting me with impatience.  I listened to all these rumors,
+offering myself without reserve to our Lord, and committing myself
+in all and through all to His most holy will.  The captain of the Dutch
+settlement where we were, not being ignorant of the evil design of
+those barbarians, and knowing, moreover, that Monsieur the Chevalier
+de Montmagny had prevented the savages of New France from
+coming to kill some Dutch, disclosed to me means for escape.
+"Yonder," said he to me, "is a vessel at anchor, which will said
+in a few days; enter into it secretly.  It is going first to Virginia,
+and thence it will carry you to Bordeux or to La Rochelle, where
+it is to land."  Having thanked him, with much regard for his
+courtesy, I tell him that the Iroquois, probably suspecting that
+some one had favored my retreat, might cause some damages
+to his people.  "No, no," he answers, "fear nothing; this oppor-
+tunity is favorable; embark; you will never find a more certain
+way to escape."  My heart remained perplexed at these words,
+wondering if it were not expedient for the greater glory of our
+Lord that I expose myself to the danger of the fire and to the
+furty of those barbarians, in order to aid in the salvation of some
+soul.  I said to him then:  "Monsieur, the affair seems to me of
+such importance that I cannot answer you at once; give me, if you
+please, the night to think of it.  I will commend it to our Lord; I
+will examine the arguments on both sides; and to-morrow morning
+I will tell you my final resolution."  He granted me my request with
+astonishment; I spent the night in prayers, greatly beseeching our
+Lord that he should not allow me to reach a conclusion by myself;
+that he should give me light, in order to know His most holy will;
+that in all and through all I wished to follow it, even to the extent
+of being burned at a slow fire.  The reasons which might keep me
+in the country were consideration for the French and for the
+Savages; I felt love for them, and a great desire to assist them,
+insomuch that I had resolved to spend the remainder of my days
+in that captivity, for their salvation; but I saw the face of affairs
+quite changed.
+
+In the first place, as regarded our three Frenchmen, led captive into
+the country as well as I:  one of them, named Rene Goupil, had
+already been murdered at my feet; this young man had the purity of
+an angel.  Henry, whom they had taken at Mont-Real, had fled into
+the woods.  While he was looking at the cruelties which were
+practised upon two poor Hurons, roasted at a slow fire, some
+Iroquois told him that he would receive the same treatment, and
+I, too, when I should return; these threats made him resolve rather
+to plunge into the danger of dying from hunger in the woods, or of
+being devoured by some wild beast, than to endure the torments
+which these half-demons inflicted.  It was already seven days since
+he had disappeared.  As for Guilllaume Cousture, I saw scarcely
+any further way of aiding him, for they had placed him in a village
+far from the one where I was; and the savages so occupied it on the
+hither side of that place, that I could no longer meet him.  Add that
+he himself had addressed me in these words:  "My Father, try to
+escape; as soon as I shall see you no more, I shall find the means to
+get away.  You well know that I stay in this captivity only for the
+love of you; make, then, your efforts to escape, for I cannot think
+of my liberty and of my life unless I see you in safety."
+Furthermore, this good youth had been given to an old man,
+who assured me that he would allow him to go in peace, if I
+could obtain my deliverance; consequently I saw no further
+reason which obliged me to remain on account of the French.
+
+As for the savages, I was without power and beyond hope of being
+able to instruct them; for the whole country was so irritated against
+me that I found no more any opening to speak to them, or to win
+them; and the Algonquins and the Hurons were constrained to
+withdraw from me, as from a victim destined to the fire, for fear of
+sharing in the hatred and rage which the Iroquois felt against me.  I
+realized, moreover, that I had some acquaintance with their language;
+that I knew their country and their strength; that I could perhaps
+better procure their salvation by other ways than by remaining
+among them.  It came to my mind that all this knowledge would die
+with me, if I did not escape.  These wretches had so little inclination
+to deliver us, that they committed a treachery against the law and the
+custom of all these nations.   Savage from the country of the Soko-
+kiois, allies of the Iroquois, having been seized by the upper
+Algonquins and taken a prisoner to the Three Rivers, or to Kebec,
+was delivered and set at liberty by the mediation of Monsieur the
+Governor of New France, at the solicitation of the Fathers.  This good
+savage, seeing that the French had saved his life, sent in the month of
+April, some fine presents, to the end that they should deliver at least
+one of the French.  The Iroquois retained the presents, without setting
+one of them at liberty, which treachery is perhaps unexampled among
+these peoples, for they inviolably observe this law, that whoever
+touches or accepts the present which is made to him, is bound to fulfil
+what is asked of him through that present.  This is why, when they
+they are unwilling to grant what is desired, they send back the presents
+or make others in place of them.  But to return to my subject:  having
+weighed before God, with all the impartiality in my power, the reasons
+which inclined me to remain among those barbarians or to leave them,
+I believed that our Lord would be better pleased if I should take the
+opportunity to escape.  Daylight having come, I went to greet Monsieur
+the Dutch Governor, and declared to him the opinions that I had adopted
+before God.  He summons the chief men of the ship, signifies to them
+his intentions, and exhorts them to receive me, and to keep me
+concealed--in a word, to convey me back to Europe.  They answer that,
+if I can once set foot in their vessel, I am in safety; that I shall not leave
+it until I reach Bordeaux or La Rochelle.  "Well, then," the Governor
+said to me, "return with the savages, and toward the evening, or in the
+night, steal away softly and move toward the river; you will find there
+a little boat which I will have kept all ready to carry you secretly to
+the ship."
+
+After very humbly returning thanks to all those gentlemen, I
+withdrew from the Dutch, in order better to conceal my design.
+Toward evening, I retired with ten or twelve Iroquois into a barn,
+where we passed the night.  Before lying down, I went out of that
+place, to see in what quarter I might most easily escape.  The dogs
+of the Dutch, being then untied, run up to me; one of them, large
+and powerful, flings himself upon my leg, which is bare, and
+seriously injures it.  I return immediately to the barn; the Iroquois
+close it securely and, the better to guard me, come to lie down
+beside me, especially a certain man who had been charged to
+watch me.  Seeing myself beset with those evil creatures, and
+the barn well closed, and surrounded with dogs, which would
+betray me if I essayed to go out, I almost believed that I could
+not escape.  I complained quietly to my God, because, having
+given me the idea of escaping, Concluserat vias meas lapidibus
+quadris, et in loco spatioso pedes meos.  He was stopping up the
+ways and paths of it.  I spent also that second night without
+sleeping; the day approaching, I heard the cocks crow.  Soon
+afterward, a servant of the Dutch farmer who had lodged us in
+his barn, having entered it by some door or other, I accosted him
+softly, and made signs to him (for I did not understand his Flemish),
+that he should prevent the dogs from yelping.  He goes out at once,
+and I after him, having previously taken all my belongings, which
+consisted of a little Office of the Virgin, of a little Gerson, and a
+wooden Cross that I had made for myself, in order to preserve the
+memory of the sufferings of my Savior.  Being outside of the barn,
+without having made any noise or awakened my guards, I cross
+over a fence which confined the enclosure about the house; I run
+straight to the river where the ship was--this is all the service that
+my leg, much wounded, could render me; for there was surely a
+good quarter of a league of road to make.  I found the boat as they
+had told me, but, the water having subsided, it was aground.  I push
+it, in order to set it afloat; not being able to effect this, on account
+of its weight, I call to the ship, that they bring the skiff to ferry me,
+but no news.  I know not whether they heard me; at all events no
+one appeared.  The daylight meanwhile was beginning to discover
+to the Iroquois the theft that I was making of myself; I feared that
+they might surprise me in this innocent misdemeanor.  Weary of
+shouting, I return to the boat; I pray God to increase my strength;
+I do so well, turning it end for end, and push it so hard that I get it
+to the water.  Having made it float, I jump into it, and go all alone
+to the ship, where I go on board without being discovered by any
+Iroquois.  They lodge me forthwith down in the hold; and in order
+to conceal me they put a great chest over the hatchway.  I was two
+days and two nights in the belly of that vessel, with such discomfort
+that I thought I would suffocate and die with the stench.  I remembered
+then poor Jonas, and I prayed our Lord, Ne fugerem a facie Domini,
+that I might not hide myself before his face, and that I might not
+withdraw far from his wishes; but on the contrary, infatuaret omnia
+consilia quae non essent ad suam gloriam, I prayed him to overthrow
+all the counsels which should not tend to this glory, and to detain me
+in the country of those infidels, if he did not approve my retreat and
+my flight.  The second night of my voluntary prison, the minister of
+the Dutch came to tell me that the Iroquois had indeed made some
+disturbance, and that the Dutch inhabitants of the country were afraid
+that they would set fire to their houses or kill their cattle; they have
+reason to fear them, since they have armed them with good arquebuses.
+To that I answer:  Si propter me orta est tempestas, projicite me in
+mare:  "If the storm has risen on my account, I am ready to appease it
+by losing my life;"  I had never the wish to escape to the prejudice of
+the least man of their settlement.  Finally, it was necessary to leave
+my cavern; all the mariners were offended at this, saying that the
+promise of security had been given me in case I could set foot in
+the ship, and that I was withdrawn at the moment when it would be
+requisite to bring me thither if I were not there; that I had put myself
+in peril of life by escaping upon their words; that it must needs be
+kept, whatever the cost.  I begged that I be allowed to go forth, since
+the captain who had disclosed to me the way of my flight was asking
+for me.  I went to find him in his house, where he kept me concealed;
+these goings and these comings having occurred by night, I was not
+yet discovered.  I might indeed have alleged some reasons in all these
+encounters; but it was not for me to speak in my own cause, but rather
+to follow the orders of others, to which I submitted with good heart.
+Finally, the captain told me that it was necessary to yield quietly to
+the storm, and wait until the minds of the savages should be pacified;
+and that every one was of this opinion.  So there I was, a voluntary
+prisoner in his house, from which I am writing back to you the present
+letter.  And if you ask my thoughts in all these adventures, I will tell
+you.
+
+First, that that ship which had wished to save my life, sailed without
+me.
+
+Secondly, if our Lord do not protect me in a manner well-nigh
+miraculous, the savages, who go and come here at every moment,
+will discover me; and if ever they convince themselves that I have
+not gone away, it will be necessary to return into their hands.  Now
+if they had such a rage against me before my flight, what treatment
+will they inflict on me, seeing me fallen back into their power?  I
+shall not die a common death; the fire, their rage, and the cruelties
+which they invent, will tear away my life.  God be blessed forever.
+We are incessantly in the bosom of His divine and always adorable
+providence.  Vestri capilli capitis numerati sunt; nolite timere; nultis
+passeribus meliores estis vos quorum unus non cadet super terram
+sine patre vestro; he who has care for the little birds of the air does
+not cast us into oblivion.  It is already twelve days that I have been
+concealed; it is quite improbable that misfortune will reach me.
+
+In the third place, you see the great need that we have of your
+prayers and of the holy Sacrifices of all our Fathers; procure us
+this alms everywhere, ut reddat me Dominus idoneum ad se
+amandum, fortem ad patiendum, constantem ad perseverandum
+in suo amore, et servitio, to the end that God may render me fit
+and well disposed to love him; that he may render me strong and
+courageous to suffer and to endure; and that he may give me a
+noble constancy to persevere in his love and in his service--this
+is what I would desire above all, together with a little New
+Testament from Europe.  Pray for these poor nations which burn
+and devour one another, that at last they may come to the know-
+ledge of their Creator, in order to render to Him the tribute of their
+love.  Memor sum vestri in vinculis meis; I do not forget you; my
+captivity cannot fetter my memory.  I am, heartily and with affection,
+etc.
+
+From Renselaerivich, this 30th of August, 1643.
+
+END OF PROJECT GUTENBERG ETEXT "LETTER
+AND NARRATIVE OF FATHER ISAAC JOGUES."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Original Narratives of Early American History
+
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