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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romance of Old New England Rooftrees, by
+Mary Caroline Crawford
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Romance of Old New England Rooftrees
+
+Author: Mary Caroline Crawford
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2007 [EBook #21645]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD NEW ENGLAND ROOFTREES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Janet Blenkinship
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  Little Pilgrimages
+
+  The Romance of
+  Old New England
+  Rooftrees
+
+  By
+
+  Mary C. Crawford
+
+  Illustrated
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  Boston
+  L. C. Page & Company
+  Mdcccciii
+
+
+
+
+  _Copyright, 1902_
+  _by_
+  _L. C. Page & Company_
+  (_Incorporated_)
+
+  _All rights reserved_
+
+  _Published, September, 1902_
+
+  Colonial Press
+  Electrotyped and Printed by C. H. Simonds & Co.
+  Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: SIR HARRY FRANKLAND. (_See page 48_)]
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+These little sketches have been written to supply what seemed to the
+author a real need,--a volume which should give clearly, compactly, and
+with a fair degree of readableness, the stories connected with the
+surviving old houses of New England. That delightful writer, Mr. Samuel
+Adams Drake, has in his many works on the historic mansions of colonial
+times, provided all necessary data for the serious student, and to him
+the deep indebtedness of this work is fully and frankly acknowledged.
+Yet there was no volume which gave entire the tales of chief interest to
+the majority of readers. It is, therefore, to such searchers after the
+romantic in New England's history that the present book is offered.
+
+It but remains to mention with gratitude the many kind friends far and
+near who have helped in the preparation of the material, and especially
+to thank Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., publishers of the works of
+Hawthorne, Whittier, Longfellow, and Higginson, by permission of and
+special arrangement with whom the selections of the authors named, are
+used; the Macmillan Co., for permission to use the extracts from Lindsay
+Swift's "Brook Farm"; G. P. Putnam's Sons for their kindness in allowing
+quotations from their work, "Historic Towns of New England"; Small,
+Maynard & Co., for the use of the anecdote credited to their Beacon
+Biography of Samuel F. B. Morse; Little, Brown & Co., for their marked
+courtesy in the extension of quotation privileges, and Mr. Samuel T.
+Pickard, Whittier's literary executor, for the new Whittier material
+here given.
+
+                                                         M. C. C.
+
+                               _Charlestown, Massachusetts, 1902._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+     "All houses wherein men have lived and died are haunted houses."
+
+                                                        _Longfellow._
+
+     "So very difficult a matter is it to trace and find out the truth
+     of anything by history."
+
+                                                          _Plutarch._
+
+     "... Common as light is love,
+     And its familiar voice wearies not ever."
+
+                                                           _Shelley._
+
+                      "... I discern
+     Infinite passion and the pain
+     Of finite hearts that yearn."
+
+                                                          _Browning._
+
+    "'Tis an old tale and often told."
+
+                                                             _Scott._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  Contents
+
+
+                                                                   _Page_
+
+  Foreword                                                           iii
+
+  The Heir of Swift's Vanessa                                         11
+
+  The Maid of Marblehead                                              37
+
+  An American-Born Baronet                                            59
+
+  Molly Stark's Gentleman-Son                                         74
+
+  A Soldier of Fortune                                                90
+
+  The Message of the Lanterns                                        104
+
+  Hancock's Dorothy Q.                                               117
+
+  Baroness Riedesel and Her Tory Friends                             130
+
+  Doctor Church: First Traitor to the American Cause                 147
+
+  A Victim of Two Revolutions                                        159
+
+  The Woman Veteran of the Continental Army                          170
+
+  The Redeemed Captive                                               190
+
+  New England's First "Club Woman"                                   210
+
+  In the Reign of the Witches                                        225
+
+  Lady Wentworth of the Hall                                         241
+
+  An Historic Tragedy                                                251
+
+  Inventor Morse's Unfulfilled Ambition                              264
+
+  Where the "Brothers and Sisters" Met                               279
+
+  The Brook Farmers                                                  293
+
+  Margaret Fuller: Marchesa d'Ossoli                                 307
+
+  The Old Manse and Some of Its Mosses                               324
+
+  Salem's Chinese God                                                341
+
+  The Well-Sweep of a Song                                           356
+
+  Whittier's Lost Love                                               366
+
+
+  LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+                                                                   _Page_
+
+  Sir Harry Frankland (_See page 48_)                      _Frontispiece_
+
+  Whitehall, Newport, R. I.                                           31
+
+  Agnes Surriage Pump, Marblehead,
+  Mass.                                                               39
+
+  Summer House, Royall Estate, Medford,
+  Mass.                                                               63
+
+  Royall House, Medford, Mass.--Pepperell
+  House, Kittery, Maine                                               66
+
+  Stark House, Dunbarton, N. H.                                       79
+
+  General Lee's Headquarters, Somerville,
+  Mass.                                                               94
+
+  Christ Church--Paul Revere House,
+  Boston, Mass.                                                      104
+
+  Robert Newman House, Boston, Mass.                                 110
+
+  Clark House, Lexington, Mass.                                      118
+
+  Dorothy Q. House, Quincy, Mass.                                    123
+
+  Riedesel House, Cambridge, Mass.                                   145
+
+  House Where Doctor Church Was
+  Confined, Cambridge, Mass.                                         149
+
+  Swan House, Dorchester, Mass.                                      164
+
+  Deborah Sampson Gannett                                            170
+
+  Gannett House, Sharon, Mass.                                       188
+
+  Williams House, Deerfield, Mass.                                   193
+
+  Reverend Stephen Williams                                          204
+
+  Old Corner Bookstore, Site of the
+  Hutchinson House, Boston, Mass.                                    214
+
+  Old Witch House, Salem, Mass.                                      225
+
+  Rebecca Nourse House, Danvers,
+  Mass.                                                              229
+
+  Red Horse Tavern, Sudbury, Mass.                                   242
+
+  Governor Wentworth House, Portsmouth,
+  N. H.                                                              246
+
+  Fairbanks House, Dedham, Mass.                                     260
+
+  Edes House, Birthplace of Professor
+  Morse, Charlestown, Mass.                                          264
+
+  Oval Parlour, Fay House, Cambridge,
+  Mass.                                                              286
+
+  Brook Farm, West Roxbury, Mass.                                    296
+
+  Fuller House, Cambridgeport, Mass.                                 312
+
+  Old Manse, Concord, Mass.                                          324
+
+  Townsend House, Salem, Mass.                                       342
+
+  Old Oaken Bucket House, Scituate,
+  Mass.                                                              359
+
+  Whittier's Birthplace, East Haverhill,
+  Mass.                                                              380
+
+
+
+
+THE ROMANCE OF OLD NEW ENGLAND ROOFTREES
+
+
+
+
+THE HEIR OF SWIFT'S VANESSA
+
+
+Nowhere in the annals of our history is recorded an odder phase of
+curious fortune than that by which Bishop Berkeley, of Cloyne, was
+enabled early in the eighteenth century to sail o'erseas to Newport,
+Rhode Island, there to build (in 1729) the beautiful old place,
+Whitehall, which is still standing. Hundreds of interested visitors
+drive every summer to the old house, to take a cup of tea, to muse on
+the strange story with which the ancient dwelling is connected, and to
+pay the meed of respectful memory to the eminent philosopher who there
+lived and wrote.
+
+The poet Pope once assigned to this bishop "every virtue under heaven,"
+and this high reputation a study of the man's character faithfully
+confirms. As a student at Dublin University, George Berkeley won many
+friends, because of his handsome face and lovable nature, and many
+honours by reason of his brilliancy in mathematics. Later he became a
+fellow of Trinity College, and made the acquaintance of Swift, Steele,
+and the other members of that brilliant Old World literary circle, by
+all of whom he seems to have been sincerely beloved.
+
+A large part of Berkeley's early life was passed as a travelling tutor,
+but soon after Pope had introduced him to the Earl of Burlington, he
+was made dean of Derry, through the good offices of that gentleman, and
+of his friend, the Duke of Grafton, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
+Berkeley, however, never cared for personal aggrandisement, and he had
+long been cherishing a project which he soon announced to his friends as
+a "scheme for converting the savage Americans to Christianity by a
+college to be erected in the Summer Islands, otherwise called the Isles
+of Bermuda."
+
+In a letter from London to his lifelong friend and patron, Lord
+Percival, then at Bath, we find Berkeley, under date of March, 1723,
+writing thus of the enterprise which had gradually fired his
+imagination: "It is now about ten months since I have determined to
+spend the residue of my days in Bermuda, where I trust in Providence I
+may be the mean instrument of doing great good to mankind. The
+reformation of manners among the English in our western plantations, and
+the propagation of the gospel among the American savages, are two points
+of high moment. The natural way of doing this is by founding a college
+or seminary in some convenient part of the West Indies, where the
+English youth of our plantations may be educated in such sort as to
+supply their churches with pastors of good morals and good learning--a
+thing (God knows) much wanted. In the same seminary a number of young
+American savages may also be educated until they have taken the degree
+of Master of Arts. And being by that time well instructed in the
+Christian religion, practical mathematics, and other liberal arts and
+sciences, and early imbued with public-spirited principles and
+inclinations, they may become the fittest instruments for spreading
+religion, morals, and civil life among their countrymen, who can
+entertain no suspicion or jealousy of men of their own blood and
+language, as they might do of English missionaries, who can never be
+well qualified for that work."
+
+Berkeley then goes on to describe the plans of education for American
+youths which he had conceived, gives his reasons for preferring the
+Bermudas as a site for the college, and presents a bright vision of an
+academic centre from which should radiate numerous beautiful influences
+that should make for Christian civilisation in America. Even the gift of
+the best deanery in England failed to divert him from thoughts of this
+Utopia. "Derry," he wrote, "is said to be worth L1,500 per annum, but I
+do not consider it with a view to enriching myself. I shall be
+perfectly contented if it facilitates and recommends my scheme of
+Bermuda."
+
+But the thing which finally made it possible for Berkeley to come to
+America, the incident which is responsible for Whitehall's existence
+to-day in a grassy valley to the south of Honeyman's Hill, two miles
+back from the "second beach," at Newport, was the tragic ending of as
+sad and as romantic a story as is to be found anywhere in the literary
+life of England.
+
+Swift, as has been said, was one of the friends who was of great service
+to Berkeley when he went up to London for the first time. The witty and
+impecunious dean had then been living in London for more than four
+years, in his "lodging in Berry Street," absorbed in the political
+intrigue of the last years of Queen Anne, and sending to Stella, in
+Dublin, the daily journal, which so faithfully preserves the incidents
+of those years. Under date of an April Sunday in 1713, we find in this
+journal these lines, Swift's first mention of our present hero: "I went
+to court to-day on purpose to present Mr. Berkeley, one of our fellows
+at Trinity College. That Mr. Berkeley is a very ingenious man, and a
+great philosopher, and I have mentioned him to all the ministers, and
+have given them some of his writings, and I will favour him as much as I
+can."
+
+In the natural course of things Berkeley soon heard much, though he saw
+scarcely anything, of Mrs. Vanhomrigh and her daughter, the latter the
+famous and unhappy "Vanessa," both of whom were settled at this time in
+Berry Street, near Swift, in a house where, Swift writes to Stella, "I
+loitered hot and lazy after my morning's work," and often dined "out of
+mere listlessness," keeping there "my best gown and perriwig" when at
+Chelsea.
+
+Mrs. Vanhomrigh was the widow of a Dutch merchant, who had followed
+William the Third to Ireland, and there obtained places of profit, and
+her daughter, Esther, or Hester, as she is variously called, was a girl
+of eighteen when she first met Swift, and fell violently in love with
+him. This passion eventually proved the girl's perdition,--and was, as
+we shall see, the cause of a will which enabled Dean Berkeley to carry
+out his dear and cherished scheme of coming to America.
+
+Swift's journal, frank about nearly everything else in the man's life,
+is significantly silent concerning Esther Vanhomrigh. And in truth there
+was little to be said to anybody, and nothing at all to be confided to
+Stella, in regard to this unhappy affair. That Swift was flattered to
+find this girl of eighteen, with beauty and accomplishment, caring so
+much for him, a man now forty-four, and bound by honour, if not by the
+Church, to Stella, one cannot doubt. At first, their relations seem to
+have been simply those of teacher and pupil, and this phase of the
+matter it is which is most particularly described in the famous poem,
+"Cadenus and Vanessa," written at Windsor in 1713, and first published
+after Vanessa's death.
+
+Human nature has perhaps never before or since presented the spectacle
+of a man of such transcendent powers as Swift involved in such a
+pitiable labyrinth of the affections as marked his whole life. Pride or
+ambition led him to postpone indefinitely his marriage with Stella, to
+whom he was early attached. Though he said he "loved her better than his
+life a thousand millions of times," he kept her always hanging on in a
+state of hope deferred, injurious alike to her peace and her reputation.
+And because of Stella, he dared not afterward with manly sincerity admit
+his undoubted affection for Vanessa. For, if one may believe Doctor
+Johnson, he married Stella in 1716,--though he died without
+acknowledging this union, and the date given would indicate that the
+ceremony occurred while his devotion to his young pupil was at its
+height.
+
+Touching beyond expression is the story of Vanessa after she had gone to
+Ireland, as Stella had gone before, to be near the presence of Swift.
+Her life was one of deep seclusion, chequered only by the occasional
+visits of the man she adored, each of which she commemorated by planting
+with her own hand a laurel in the garden where they met. When all her
+devotion and her offerings had failed to impress him, she sent him
+remonstrances which reflect the agony of her mind:
+
+"The reason I write to you," she says, "is because I cannot tell it you
+should I see you. For when I begin to complain, then you are angry; and
+there is something in your looks so awful, that it strikes me dumb. Oh!
+that you may have but so much regard for me left that this complaint may
+touch your soul with pity. I say as little as ever I can. Did you but
+know what I thought, I am sure it would move you to forgive me, and
+believe that I cannot help telling you this and live."
+
+Swift replies with the letter full of excuses for not seeing her
+oftener, and advises her to "quit this scoundrel island." Yet he assures
+her in the same breath, "que jamais personne du monde a ete aimee,
+honoree, estimee, adoree, par votre ami que vous."
+
+The tragedy continued to deepen as it approached the close. Eight years
+had Vanessa nursed in solitude the hopeless attachment. At length (in
+1723) she wrote to Stella to ascertain the nature of the connection
+between her and Swift. The latter obtained the fatal letter, and rode
+instantly to Marley Abbey, the residence of Vanessa. "As he entered the
+apartment," to quote the picturesque language Scott has used in
+recording the scene, "the sternness of his countenance, which was
+peculiarly formed to express the stronger passions, struck the
+unfortunate Vanessa with such terror, that she could scarce ask whether
+he would not sit down. He answered by flinging a letter on the table;
+and instantly leaving the house, mounted his horse, and returned to
+Dublin. When Vanessa opened the packet, she found only her own letter to
+Stella. It was her death-warrant. She sunk at once under the
+disappointment of the delayed, yet cherished hopes which had so long
+sickened her heart, and beneath the unrestrained wrath of him for whose
+sake she had indulged them. How long she survived this last interview is
+uncertain, but the time does not seem to have exceeded a few weeks."
+
+Strength to revoke a will made in favour of Swift, and to sign another
+(dated May 1, 1723) which divided her estate between Bishop Berkeley and
+Judge Marshall, the poor young woman managed to summon from somewhere,
+however. Berkeley she knew very slightly, and Marshall scarcely better.
+But to them both she entrusted as executors her correspondence with
+Swift, and the poem, "Cadenus and Vanessa," which she ordered to be
+published after her death.
+
+Doctor Johnson, in his "Life of Swift," says of Vanessa's relation to
+the misanthropic dean, "She was a young woman fond of literature, whom
+Decanus, the dean (called Cadenus by transposition of the letters), took
+pleasure in directing and interesting till, from being proud of his
+praise, she grew fond of his person. Swift was then about forty-seven,
+at the age when vanity is strongly excited by the amorous attention of a
+young woman."
+
+The poem with which these two lovers are always connected, was founded,
+according to the story, on an offer of marriage made by Miss Vanhomrigh
+to Doctor Swift. In it, Swift thus describes his situation:
+
+    "Cadenus, common forms apart,
+    In every scene had kept his heart;
+    Had sighed and languished, vowed and writ
+    For pastime, or to show his wit,
+    But books and time and state affairs
+    Had spoiled his fashionable airs;
+    He now could praise, esteem, approve,
+    But understood not what was love:
+    His conduct might have made him styled
+    A father and the nymph his child.
+    That innocent delight he took
+    To see the virgin mind her book,
+    Was but the master's secret joy
+    In school to hear the finest boy."
+
+That Swift was not always, however, so Platonic and fatherly in his
+expressions of affection for Vanessa, is shown in a "Poem to Love,"
+found in Miss Vanhomrigh's desk after her death, in his handwriting. One
+verse of this runs:
+
+    "In all I wish how happy should I be,
+    Thou grand deluder, were it not for thee.
+    So weak thou art that fools thy power despise,
+    And yet so strong, thou triumph'st o'er the wise."
+
+After the poor girl's unhappy decease, Swift hid himself for two months
+in the south of Ireland. Stella was also shocked by the occurrence, but
+when some one remarked in her presence, apropos of the poem which had
+just appeared, that Vanessa must have been a remarkable woman to inspire
+such verses, she observed with perfect truth that the dean was quite
+capable of writing charmingly upon a broomstick.
+
+Meanwhile Berkeley was informed of the odd stroke of luck by which he
+was to gain a small fortune. Characteristically, his thoughts turned now
+more than ever to his Bermuda scheme. "This providential event," he
+wrote, "having made many things easy in my private affairs which were
+otherwise before, I have high hopes for Bermuda."
+
+Swift bore Berkeley absolutely no hard feeling on account of Vanessa's
+substitution of his name in her will. He was quite as cordial as ever.
+One of the witty dean's most remarkable letters, addressed to Lord
+Carteret, at Bath, thus describes Berkeley's previous career and present
+mission:
+
+"Going to England very young, about thirteen years ago, the bearer of
+this became founder of a sect called the Immaterialists, by the force of
+a very curious book upon that subject.... He is an absolute philosopher
+with regard to money, titles, and power; and for three years past has
+been struck with a notion of founding a university at Bermudas by a
+charter from the Crown.... He showed me a little tract which he designs
+to publish, and there your Excellency will see his whole scheme of the
+life academico-philosophical, of a college founded for Indian scholars
+and missionaries, where he most exorbitantly proposes a whole hundred
+pounds a year for himself.... His heart will be broke if his deanery be
+not taken from him, and left to your Excellency's disposal. I
+discouraged him by the coldness of Courts and Ministers, who will
+interpret all this as impossible and a vision; but nothing will do."
+
+The history of Berkeley's reception in London, when he came to urge his
+project, shows convincingly the magic of the man's presence and
+influence. His conquests spread far and fast. In a generation
+represented by Sir Robert Walpole, the scheme met with encouragement
+from all sorts of people, subscriptions soon reaching L5,000, and the
+list of promoters including even Sir Robert himself. Bermuda became the
+fashion among the wits of London, and Bolingbroke wrote to Swift that he
+would "gladly exchange Europe for its charms--only not in a missionary
+capacity."
+
+But Berkeley was not satisfied with mere subscriptions, and remembering
+what Lord Percival had said about the protection and aid of government
+he interceded with George the First, and obtained royal encouragement to
+hope for a grant of L20,000 to endow the Bermuda college. During the
+four years that followed, he lived in London, negotiating with brokers,
+and otherwise forwarding his enterprise of social idealism. With Queen
+Caroline, consort of George the Second, he used to dispute two days a
+week concerning his favourite plan.
+
+At last his patience was rewarded. In September, 1728, we find him at
+Greenwich, ready to sail for Rhode Island. "Tomorrow," he writes on
+September 3 to Lord Percival, "we sail down the river. Mr. James and Mr.
+Dalton go with me; so doth my wife, a daughter of the late Chief Justice
+Forster, whom I married since I saw your lordship. I chose her for her
+qualities of mind, and her unaffected inclination to books. She goes
+with great thankfulness, to live a plain farmer's life, and wear stuff
+of her own spinning. I have presented her with a spinning-wheel. Her
+fortune was L2,000 originally, but travelling and exchange have reduced
+it to less than L1,500 English money. I have placed that, and about L600
+of my own, in South Sea annuities."
+
+Thus in the forty-fourth year of his life, in deep devotion to his
+Ideal, and full of glowing visions of a Fifth Empire in the West,
+Berkeley sailed for Rhode Island in a "hired ship of two hundred and
+fifty tons."
+
+The _New England Courier_ of that time gives this picture of his
+disembarkation at Newport: "Yesterday there arrived here Dean Berkeley,
+of Londonderry. He is a gentleman of middle stature, of an agreeable,
+pleasant, and erect aspect. He was ushered into the town with a great
+number of gentlemen, to whom he behaved himself after a very complaisant
+manner."
+
+[Illustration: WHITEHALL, NEWPORT, R. I.]
+
+So favourably was Berkeley impressed by Newport that he wrote to Lord
+Percival: "I should not demur about situating our college here." And as
+it turned out, Newport was the place with which Berkeley's scheme was to
+be connected in history. For it was there that he lived all three years
+of his stay, hopefully awaiting from England the favourable news that
+never came.
+
+In loyal remembrance of the palace of his monarchs, he named his
+spacious home in the sequestered valley Whitehall. Here he began
+domestic life, and became the father of a family. The neighbouring
+groves and the cliffs that skirt the coast offered shade and silence and
+solitude very soothing to his spirit, and one wonders not that he
+wrote, under the projecting rock that still bears his name, "The Minute
+Philosopher," one of his most noted works. The friends with whom he had
+crossed the ocean went to stay in Boston, but no solicitations could
+withdraw him from the quiet of his island home. "After my long fatigue
+of business," he told Lord Percival, "this retirement is very agreeable
+to me; and my wife loves a country life and books as well as to pass her
+time continually and cheerfully without any other conversation than her
+husband and the dead." For the wife was a mystic and a quietist.
+
+But though Berkeley waited patiently for developments which should
+denote the realisation of his hopes, he waited always in vain. From the
+first he had so planned his enterprise that it was at the mercy of Sir
+Robert Walpole; and at last came the crisis of the project, with which
+the astute financier had never really sympathised. Early in 1730,
+Walpole threw off the mask. "If you put the question to me as a
+minister," he wrote Lord Percival, "I must and can assure you that the
+money shall most undoubtedly be paid--as soon as suits with public
+convenience; but if you ask me as a friend whether Dean Berkeley should
+continue in America, expecting the payment of L200,000, I advise him by
+all means to return to Europe, and to give up his present expectations."
+
+When acquainted by his friend Percival with this frank statement,
+Berkeley accepted the blow as a philosopher should. Brave and resolutely
+patient, he prepared for departure. His books he left as a gift to the
+library of Yale College, and his farm of Whitehall was made over to the
+same institution, to found three scholarships for the encouragement of
+Greek and Latin study. His visit was thus far from being barren of
+results. He supplied a decided stimulus to higher education in the
+colonies, in that he gave out counsel and help to the men already
+working for the cause of learning in the new country. And he helped to
+form in Newport a philosophical reunion, the effects of which were long
+felt.
+
+In the autumn of 1731 he sailed from Boston for London, where he arrived
+in January of the next year. There a bishopric and twenty years of
+useful and honourable labour awaited him. He died at Oxford, whence he
+had removed from his see at Cloyne, on Sunday evening, January 14, 1753,
+while reading aloud to his family the burial service portion of
+Corinthians. He was buried in the Cathedral of Christ Church.
+
+Of the traces he left at Newport, there still remain, beside the house,
+a chair in which he was wont to write, a few books and papers, the organ
+presented by him to Trinity Church, the big family portrait, by
+Smibert--and the little grave in Trinity churchyard, where, on the south
+side of the Kay monument, sleeps "Lucia Berkeley, obiit., the fifth of
+September, 1731." Moreover the memory of the man's beautiful, unselfish
+life pervades this section of Rhode Island, and the story of his
+sweetness and patience under a keen and unexpected disappointment
+furnishes one of the most satisfying pages in our early history.
+
+The life of Berkeley is indeed greater than anything that he did, and
+one wonders not as one explores the young preacher's noble and endearing
+character that the distraught Vanessa fastened upon him, though she
+knew him only by reputation, as one who would make it his sacred duty to
+do all in his power to set her memory right in a censorious world.
+
+
+
+
+THE MAID OF MARBLEHEAD
+
+
+Of all the romantic narratives which enliven the pages of early colonial
+history, none appeals more directly to the interest and imagination of
+the lover of what is picturesque than the story of Agnes Surriage, the
+Maid of Marblehead. The tale is so improbable, according to every-day
+standards, so in form with the truest sentiment, and so calculated to
+satisfy every exaction of literary art, that even the most credulous
+might be forgiven for ascribing it to the fancy of the romancer rather
+than to the research of the historian.
+
+Yet when one remembers that the scene of the first act of Agnes
+Surriage's life drama is laid in quaint old Marblehead, the tale itself
+instantly gains in credibility. For nothing would be too romantic to fit
+Marblehead. This town is fantastic in the extreme, builded, to quote
+Miss Alice Brown, who has written delightfully of Agnes and her life,
+"as if by a generation of autocratic landowners, each with a wilful bee
+in his bonnet."[1] For Marblehead is no misnomer, and the early settlers
+had to plant their houses and make their streets as best they could. As
+a matter of stern fact, every house in Marblehead had to be like the
+wise man's in the Bible: "built upon a rock." The dwellings themselves
+were founded upon solid ledges, while the principal streets followed the
+natural valleys between. The smaller dividing paths led each and
+every one of them to the impressive old Town House, and to that other
+comfortable centre of social interests, the Fountain Inn, with its
+near-by pump. This pump, by the bye, has a very real connection with the
+story of Agnes Surriage, for it was here, according to one legend, that
+Charles Henry Frankland first saw the maid who is the heroine of our
+story.
+
+[Illustration: AGNES SURRIAGE PUMP, MARBLEHEAD, MASS.]
+
+The gallant Sir Harry was at this time (1742) collector of the port of
+Boston, a place to which he had been appointed shortly before, by virtue
+of his family's great influence at the court of George the Second. No
+more distinguished house than that of Frankland was indeed to be found
+in all England at this time. A lineal descendant of Oliver Cromwell, our
+hero was born in Bengal, May 10, 1716, during his father's residence
+abroad as governor of the East India Company's factory. The personal
+attractiveness of Frankland's whole family was marked. It is even said
+that a lady of this house was sought in marriage by Charles the Second,
+in spite of the fact that a Capulet-Montague feud must ever have existed
+between the line of Cromwell and that of Charles Stuart.
+
+Young Harry, too, was clever as well as handsome. The eldest of his
+father's seven sons, he was educated as befitted the heir to the title
+and to the family estate at Thirkleby and Mattersea. He knew the French
+and Latin languages well, and, what is more to the point, used his
+mother tongue with grace and elegance. Botany and landscape-gardening
+were his chief amusements, while with the great literature of the day he
+was as familiar as with the great men who made it.
+
+As early as 1738, when he was twenty-two, he had come into possession
+of an ample fortune, but when opportunity offered to go to America with
+Shirley, his friend, he accepted the opening with avidity. Both young
+men, therefore, entered the same year (1741) on their offices, the one
+as Collector of the Port, and the other as Governor of the Colony. And
+both represented socially the highest rank of that day in America.
+
+"A baronet," says Reverend Elias Nason, from whose admirable picture of
+Boston in Frankland's time all writers must draw for reliable data
+concerning our hero,--"a baronet was then approached with greatest
+deference; a coach and four, with an armorial bearing and liveried
+servants, was a munition against indignity; in those dignitaries who, in
+brocade vest, gold lace coat, broad ruffled sleeves, and small-clothes,
+who, with three-cornered hat and powdered wig, side-arms and silver
+shoe buckles, promenaded Queen Street and the Mall, spread themselves
+through the King's Chapel, or discussed the measures of the Pelhams,
+Walpole, and Pitt at the Rose and Crown, as much of aristocratic pride,
+as much of courtly consequence displayed itself as in the frequenters of
+Hyde Park or Regent Street."
+
+This, then, was the manner of man who, to transact some business
+connected with Marblehead's picturesque Fort Sewall, then just
+a-building, came riding down to the rock-bound coast on the day our
+story opens, and lost his heart at the Fountain Inn, where he had paused
+for a long draught of cooling ale.
+
+For lo! scrubbing the tavern floor there knelt before him a beautiful
+child-girl of sixteen, with black curling hair, dark eyes, and a voice
+which proved to be of bird-like sweetness when the maiden, glancing up,
+gave her good-day to the gallant's greeting. The girl's feet were bare,
+and this so moved Frankland's compassion that he gently gave her a piece
+of gold with which to buy shoes and stockings, and rode thoughtfully
+away to conduct his business at the fort.
+
+Yet he did not forget that charming child just budding into winsome
+womanhood whom he had seen performing with patience and grace the duties
+that fell to her lot as the poor daughter of some honest, hard-working
+fisherfolk of the town. When he happened again to be in Marblehead on
+business, he inquired at once for her, and then, seeing her feet still
+without shoes and stockings, asked a bit teasingly what she had done
+with the money he gave her. Quite frankly she replied, blushing the
+while, that the shoes and stockings were bought, but that she kept them
+to wear to meeting. Soon after this the young collector went to search
+out Agnes's parents, Edward and Mary Surriage, from whom he succeeded in
+obtaining permission to remove their daughter to Boston to be educated
+as his ward.
+
+When one reads in the old records the entries for Frankland's salary,
+and finds that they mount up to not more than L100 sterling a year, one
+wonders that the young nobleman should have been so ready to take upon
+himself the expenses of a girl's elegant education. But it must be
+remembered that the gallant Harry had money in his own right, besides
+many perquisites of office, which made his income a really splendid one.
+Certainly he spared no expense upon his ward. She was taught reading,
+writing, grammar, music, and embroidery by the best tutors the town
+could provide, and she grew daily, we are told, in beauty and maidenly
+charm.
+
+Yet in acquiring these gifts and graces she did not lose her childish
+sweetness and simplicity, nor the pious counsel of her mother, and the
+careful care of her Marblehead pastor. Thus several years passed by,
+years in which Agnes often visited with her gentle guardian the
+residence in Roxbury of Governor Shirley and his gifted wife, as well as
+the stately Royall place out on the Medford road.
+
+The reader who is familiar with Mr. Bynner's story of Agnes Surriage
+will recall how delightfully Mrs. Shirley, the wife of the governor, is
+introduced into his romance, and will recollect with pleasure his
+description of Agnes's ride to Roxbury in the collector's coach. This
+old mansion is now called the Governor Eustis House, and there are those
+still living who remember when Madam Eustis lived there. This grand
+dame wore a majestic turban, and the tradition still lingers of madame's
+pet toad, decked on gala days with a blue ribbon. Now the old house is
+sadly dilapidated; it is shorn of its piazzas, the sign "To Let" hangs
+often in the windows, and the cupola is adorned with well-filled
+clothes-lines. Partitions have cut the house into tenements; one runs
+through the hall, but the grand old staircase and the smaller one are
+still there, and the marble floor, too, lends dignity to the back hall.
+A few of the carved balusters are missing, carried away by relic
+hunters. In this house, which was the residence of Governors Shirley and
+Eustis, Washington, Hamilton, Burr, Franklin, and other notables were
+entertained. The old place is now entirely surrounded by modern
+dwelling-houses, and the pilgrim who searches for it must leave the
+Mount Pleasant electric car at Shirley Street.
+
+Yet, though Agnes as a maid was received by the most aristocratic people
+of Boston, the ladies of the leading families refused to countenance her
+when she became a fine young woman whom Sir Harry Frankland loved but
+cared not to marry. That her protector had not meant at first to wrong
+the girl he had befriended seems fairly certain, but many circumstances,
+such as the death of Agnes's father and Frankland's own sudden elevation
+to the baronetcy, may be held to have conspired to force them into the
+situation for which Agnes was to pay by many a day of tears and Sir
+Harry by many a night of bitter self-reproach.
+
+For Frankland was far from being a libertine. And that he sincerely
+loved the beautiful maid of Marblehead is certain. He has come down to
+us as one of the most knightly men of his time, a gentleman and a
+scholar, who was also a sincere follower of the Church of England and
+its teachings. Both in manner and person he is said to have greatly
+resembled the Earl of Chesterfield, and his diary as well as his
+portrait show him to have been at once sensitive and virile; quite the
+man, indeed, very effectually to fascinate the low-born beauty he had
+taught to love him.
+
+The indignation of the ladies in town toward Frankland and his ward made
+the baronet prefer at this stage of the story rural Hopkinton to
+censorious Boston. Reverend Roger Price, known to us as rector of King's
+Chapel, had already land and a mission church in this village, and so,
+when Boston frowned too pointedly, Frankland purchased four hundred odd
+acres of him, and there built, in 1751, a commodious mansion-house. The
+following year he and Agnes took up their abode on the place. Here
+Frankland passed his days, contentedly pursuing his horticultural fad,
+angling, hunting, overseeing his dozen slaves, and reading with his
+intelligent companion the latest works of Richardson, Steele, Swift,
+Addison, and Pope, sent over in big boxes from England.
+
+The country about Hopkinton was then as to-day a wonder of hill and
+valley, meadow and stream, while only a dozen miles or so from Frankland
+Hall was the famous Wayside Inn. That Sir Harry's Arcady never came to
+bore him was, perhaps, due to this last fact. Whenever guests were
+desired the men from Boston could easily ride out to the inn and canter
+over to the Hall, to enjoy the good wines and the bright talk the place
+afforded. Then the village rector was always to be counted on for
+companionship and breezy chat. It is significant that Sir Harry
+carefully observed all the forms of his religion, and treated Agnes with
+the respect due a wife, though he still continued to neglect the one
+duty which would have made her really happy.
+
+A lawsuit called the two to England in 1754. At Frankland's mother's
+home, where the eager son hastened to bring his beloved one, Agnes was
+once more subjected to martyrdom and social ostracism. As quickly as
+they could get away, therefore, the young people journeyed to Lisbon, a
+place conspicuous, even in that day of moral laxity, for its tolerance
+of the _alliance libre_. Henry Fielding (who died in the town) has
+photographically described for all times its gay, sensuous life. Into
+this unwholesome atmosphere, quite new to her, though she was neither
+maid nor wife, it was that the sweet Agnes was thrust by Frankland.
+Very soon he was to perceive the mistake of this, as well as of several
+other phases of his selfishness.
+
+On All Saint's Day morning, 1755, when the whole populace, from beggar
+to priest, courtier to lackey, was making its way to church, the town of
+Lisbon was shaken to its foundations by an earthquake. The shock came
+about ten o'clock, just as the Misericordia of the mass was being sung
+in the crowded churches; and Frankland, who was riding with a lady on
+his way to the religious ceremony, was immersed with his companion in
+the ruins of some falling houses. The horses attached to their carriage
+were instantly killed, and the lady, in her terror and pain, bit through
+the sleeve of her escort's red broadcloth coat, tearing the flesh with
+her teeth. Frankland had some awful moments for thought as he lay there
+pinned down by the fallen stones, and tortured by the pain in his arm.
+
+Meanwhile Agnes, waiting at home, was prey to most terrible anxiety. As
+soon as the surging streets would permit a foot passenger, she ran out
+with all the money she could lay hands on, to search for her dear Sir
+Harry. By a lucky chance, she came to the very spot where he was lying
+white with pain, and by her offers of abundant reward and by gold, which
+she fairly showered on the men near by, she succeeded in extricating him
+from his fearful plight. Tenderly he was borne to a neighbouring house,
+and there, as soon as he could stand, a priest was summoned to tie the
+knot too long ignored. He had vowed, while pinned down by the weight of
+stone, to amend his life and atone to Agnes, if God in his mercy should
+see fit to deliver him, and he wasted not a moment in executing his
+pledge to Heaven. That his spirit had been effectually chastened, one
+reads between the lines of this entry in his diary, which may still be
+seen in the rooms of the Massachusetts Historical Society in Boston:
+"Hope my providential escape will have a lasting good effect upon my
+mind."
+
+In order to make his marriage doubly sure, he had the ceremony performed
+again by a clergyman of his own church on board the ship which he took
+at once for England. Then the newly married pair proceeded once more to
+Frankland's home, and this time there were kisses instead of coldness
+for them both. Business in Lisbon soon called them back to the
+Continent, however, and it was from Belem that they sailed in April,
+1750, for Boston, where both were warmly welcomed by their former
+friends.
+
+In the celebrated Clarke mansion, on Garden Court Street, which Sir
+Harry purchased October 5, 1756, for L1,200, our heroine now reigned
+queen. This house, three stories high, with inlaid floors, carved
+mantels, and stairs so broad and low that Sir Harry could, and did, ride
+his pony up and down them, was the wonder of the time. It contained
+twenty-six rooms, and was in every respect a marvel of luxury. That
+Agnes did not forget her own people, nor scorn to receive them in her
+fine house, one is pleased to note. While here she practically
+supported, records show, her sister's children, and she welcomed always
+when he came ashore from his voyages her brother Isaac, a poor though
+honest seaman.
+
+Frankland's health was not, however, all that both might have wished,
+and the entries in the diaries deal, at this time, almost entirely with
+recipes and soothing drinks. In July, 1757, he sought, therefore, the
+post of consul-general to Lisbon, where the climate seemed to him to
+suit his condition, and there, sobered city that it now was, the two
+again took up their residence. Only once more, in 1763, was Sir Harry to
+be in Boston. Then he came for a visit, staying for a space in
+Hopkinton, as well as in the city. The following year he returned to the
+old country, and in Bath, where he was drinking the waters, he died
+January 2, 1768, at the age of fifty-two.
+
+Agnes almost immediately came back to Boston, and, with her sister and
+her sister's children, took up her residence at Hopkinton. There she
+remained, living a peaceful, happy life among her flowers, her friends,
+and her books, until the outbreak of the Revolution, when it seemed to
+her wise to go in to her town house. She entered Boston, defended by a
+guard of six sturdy soldiers, and was cordially received by the officers
+in the beleaguered city, especially by Burgoyne, whom she had known in
+Lisbon. During the battle of Bunker Hill, she helped nurse wounded
+King's men, brought to her in her big dining-room on Garden Court
+Street. As an ardent Tory, however, she was _persona non grata_ in the
+colony, and she soon found it convenient to sail for England, where,
+until 1782, she resided on the estate of the Frankland family.
+
+At this point, Agnes ceases in a way to be the proper heroine of our
+romance, for, contrary to the canons of love-story art, she married
+again,--Mr. John Drew, a rich banker, of Chichester, being the happy
+man. And at Chichester she died in one year's time.
+
+The Hopkinton home fell, in the course of time, into the hands of the
+Reverend Mr. Nason, who was to be Frankland's biographer, and who, when
+the original house was destroyed by fire (January 3, 1858), built a
+similar mansion on the same site. Here the Frankland relics were
+carefully preserved,--the fireplace, the family portrait (herewith
+reproduced), Sir Harry's silver knee buckles, and the famous broadcloth
+coat, from the sleeve of which the unfortunate lady had torn a piece
+with her teeth on the day of the Lisbon disaster. This coat, we are
+told, was brought back to Hopkinton by Sir Harry, and hung in one of the
+remote chambers of the house, where each year, till his departure for
+the last time from the pleasant village, he was wont to pass the
+anniversary of the earthquake in fasting, humiliation, and prayer. The
+coat, and all the other relics, were lost in April, 1902, when, for the
+second time, Frankland Hall was razed by fire.
+
+The ancient Fountain Inn, with its "flapping sign," and the "spreading
+elm below," long since disappeared, and its well, years ago filled up,
+was only accidentally discovered at a comparatively recent date, when
+some workmen were digging a post hole. It was then restored as an
+interesting landmark. This inn was a favourite resort, legends tell us,
+for jovial sea captains as well as for the gentry of the town. There are
+even traditions that pirates bold and smugglers sly at times found
+shelter beneath its sloping roof. Yet none of the many stories with
+which its ruins are connected compares in interest and charm to the
+absolutely true one given us by history of Fair Agnes, the Maid of
+Marblehead.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: "Three Heroines of New England Romance." Little, Brown &
+Co.]
+
+
+
+
+AN AMERICAN-BORN BARONET
+
+
+One of the most picturesque houses in all Middlesex County is the Royall
+house at Medford, a place to which Sir Harry Frankland and his lady used
+often to resort. Few of the great names in colonial history are lacking,
+indeed, in the list of guests who were here entertained in the brave
+days of old.
+
+The house stands on the left-hand side of the old Boston Road as you
+approach Medford, and to-day attracts the admiration of electric car
+travellers just as a century and a half ago it was the focus for all
+stage passenger's eyes. Externally the building presents three stories,
+the upper tier of windows being, as is usual in houses of even a much
+later date, smaller than those underneath. The house is of brick, but is
+on three sides entirely sheathed in wood, while the south end stands
+exposed. Like several of the houses we are noting, it seems to turn its
+back on the high road. I am, however, inclined to a belief that the
+Royall house set the fashion in this matter, for Isaac, the Indian
+nabob, was just the man to assume an attitude of fine indifference to
+the world outside his gates. When in 1837, he came, a successful Antigua
+merchant, to establish his seat here in old Charlestown, and to rule on
+his large estate, sole monarch of twenty-seven slaves, he probably felt
+quite indifferent, if not superior, to strangers and casual passers-by.
+
+His petition of December, 1737, in regard to the "chattels" in his
+train, addressed to the General Court, reads:
+
+"Petition of Isaac Royall, late of Antigua, now of Charlestown, in the
+county of Middlesex, that he removed from Antigua and brought with him
+among other things and chattels a parcel of negroes, designed for his
+own use, and not any of them for merchandise. He prays that he may not
+be taxed with impost."
+
+The brick quarters which the slaves occupied are situated on the south
+side of the mansion, and front upon the courtyard, one side of which
+they enclose. These may be seen on the extreme right of the picture, and
+will remind the reader who is familiar with Washington's home at Mount
+Vernon of the quaint little stone buildings in which the Father of his
+Country was wont to house his slaves. The slave buildings in Medford
+have remained practically unchanged, and according to good authority
+are the last visible relics of slavery in New England.
+
+The Royall estate offered a fine example of the old-fashioned garden.
+Fruit trees and shrubbery, pungent box bordering trim gravel paths, and
+a wealth of sweet-scented roses and geraniums were here to be found.
+Even to-day the trees, the ruins of the flower-beds, and the relics of
+magnificent vines, are imposing as one walks from the street gate
+seventy paces back to the house-door.
+
+The carriage visitor--and in the old days all the Royall guests came
+under this head--either alighted by the front entrance or passed by the
+broad drive under the shade of the fine old elms around into the
+courtyard paved with small white pebbles. The driveway has now become a
+side street, and what was once an enclosed garden of half an acre or
+more, with walks, fruit, and a summer-house at the farther extremity, is
+now the site of modern dwellings.
+
+[Illustration: SUMMER-HOUSE, ROYALL ESTATE, MEDFORD, MASS.]
+
+This summer-house, long the favourite resort of the family and their
+guests, was a veritable curiosity in its way. Placed upon an artificial
+mound with two terraces, and reached by broad flights of red sandstone
+steps, it was architecturally a model of its kind. Hither, to pay their
+court to the daughters of the house, used to come George Erving and the
+young Sir William Pepperell, and if the dilapidated walls (now taken
+down, but still carefully preserved) could speak, they might tell of
+many an historic love tryst. The little house is octagonal in form, and
+on its bell-shaped roof, surmounted by a cupola, there poises what was
+originally a figure of Mercury. At present, however, the statue, bereft
+of both wings and arms, cannot be said greatly to resemble the dashing
+god.
+
+The exterior of the summer-house is highly ornamented with Ionic
+pilasters, and taken as a whole is quaintly ruinous. It is interesting
+to discover that it was utility that led to the elevation of the mound,
+within which was an ice-house! And to get at the ice the slaves went
+through a trap-door in the floor of this Greek structure!
+
+Isaac Royall, the builder of the fine old mansion, did not long live to
+enjoy his noble estate, but he was succeeded by a second Isaac, who,
+though a "colonel," was altogether inclined to take more care for his
+patrimony than for his king. When the Revolution began, Colonel Royall
+fell upon evil times. Appointed a councillor by mandamus, he declined
+serving "from timidity," as Gage says to Lord Dartmouth. Royall's own
+account of his movements after the beginning of "these troubles," is
+such as to confirm the governor's opinion.
+
+He had prepared, it seems, to take passage for the West Indies,
+intending to embark from Salem for Antigua, but having gone into Boston
+the Sunday previous to the battle of Lexington, and remained there until
+that affair occurred, he was by the course of events shut up in the
+town. He sailed for Halifax very soon, still intending, as he says, to
+go to Antigua, but on the arrival of his son-in-law, George Erving, and
+his daughter, with the troops from Boston, he was by them persuaded to
+sail for England, whither his other son-in-law, Sir William Pepperell
+(grandson of the hero of Louisburg), had preceded him. It is with this
+young Sir William Pepperell that our story particularly deals.
+
+The first Sir William had been what is called a "self-made man," and had
+raised himself from the ranks of the soldiery through native genius
+backed by strength of will. His father is first noticed in the annals of
+the Isles of Shoals. The mansion now seen in Kittery Point was built,
+indeed, partly by this oldest Pepperell known to us, and partly by his
+more eminent son. The building was once much more extensive than it now
+appears, having been some years ago shortened at either end. Until the
+death of the elder Pepperell, in 1734, the house was occupied by his own
+and his son's families. The lawn in front reached to the sea, and an
+avenue a quarter of a mile in length, bordered by fine old trees, led to
+the neighbouring house of Colonel Sparhawk, east of the village church.
+The first Sir William, by his will, made the son of his daughter
+Elizabeth and of Colonel Sparhawk, his residuary legatee, requiring
+him at the same time to relinquish the name of Sparhawk for that of
+Peperell. Thus it was that the baronetcy, extinct with the death of the
+hero of Louisburg, was revived by the king, in 1774, for the benefit of
+this grandson.
+
+[Illustration: ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASS.]
+
+[Illustration: PEPPERELL HOUSE, KITTERY, MAINE.]
+
+In the Essex Institute at Salem, is preserved a two-thirds length
+picture of the first Sir William Pepperell, painted in 1751 by Smibert,
+when the baronet was in London. Of this picture, Hawthorne once wrote
+the humourous description which follows: "Sir William Pepperell, in
+coat, waistcoat and breeches, all of scarlet broadcloth, is in the
+cabinet of the Society; he holds a general's truncheon in his right
+hand, and points his left toward the army of New Englanders before the
+walls of Louisburg. A bomb is represented as falling through the
+air--it has certainly been a long time in its descent."
+
+The young William Pepperell was graduated from Cambridge in 1766, and
+the next year married the beautiful Elizabeth Royall. In 1774 he was
+chosen a member of the governor's council. But when this council was
+reorganised under the act of Parliament, he fell into disgrace because
+of his loyalty to the king. On November 16, 1774, the people of his own
+county (York), passed at Wells a resolution in which he was declared to
+have "forfeited the confidence and friendship of all true friends of
+American liberty, and ought to be detested by all good men."
+
+Thus denounced, the baronet retired to Boston, and sailed, shortly
+before his father-in-law's departure, for England. His beautiful lady,
+one is saddened to learn, died of smallpox ere the vessel had been many
+days out, and was buried at Halifax. In England, Sir William was allowed
+L500 per annum by the British government, and was treated with much
+deference. He was the good friend of all refugees from America, and
+entertained hospitably at his pleasant home. His private life was
+irreproachable, and he died in Portman Square, London, in December,
+1816, at the age of seventy. His vast possessions and landed estate in
+Maine were confiscated, except for the widow's dower enjoyed by Lady
+Mary, relict of the hero of Louisburg, and her daughter, Mrs. Sparhawk.
+
+Colonel Royall, though he acted not unlike his son-in-law, Sir William,
+has, because of his vacillation, far less of our respect than the
+younger man in the matter of his refusal to cast in his lot with that of
+the Revolution. In 1778 he was publicly proscribed and formally
+banished from Massachusetts. He thereupon took up his abode in
+Kensington, Middlesex, and from this place, in 1789, he begged earnestly
+to be allowed to return "home" to Medford, declaring he was "ever a good
+friend of the Province," and expressing the wish to marry again in his
+own country, "where, having already had one good wife, he was in hopes
+to get another, and in some degree repair his loss." His prayer was,
+however, refused, and he died of smallpox in England, October, 1781. By
+his will, Harvard College was given a tract of land in Worcester County,
+for the foundation of a professorship, which still bears his name.
+
+It is not, however, to be supposed that in war time so fine a place as
+the Royall mansion should have been left unoccupied. When the yeomen
+began pouring into the environs of Boston, encircling it with a belt of
+steel, the New Hampshire levies pitched their tents in Medford. They
+found the Royall mansion in the occupancy of Madam Royall and her
+accomplished daughters, who willingly received Colonel John Stark into
+the house as a safeguard against insult, or any invasion of the estate
+the soldiers might attempt. A few rooms were accordingly set apart for
+the use of the bluff old ranger, and he, on his part, treated the family
+of the deserter with considerable respect and courtesy. It is odd to
+think that while the stately Royalls were living in one part of this
+house, General Stark and his plucky wife, Molly, occupied quarters under
+the same roof.
+
+The second American general to be attracted by the luxury of the Royall
+mansion was that General Lee whose history furnishes material for a
+separate chapter. General Lee it was to whom the house's echoing
+corridors suggested the name, Hobgoblin Hall. So far as known, however,
+no inhabitant of the Royall house has ever been disturbed by strange
+visions or frightful dreams. After Lee, by order of Washington, removed
+to a house situated nearer his command, General Sullivan, attracted, no
+doubt, by the superior comfort of the old country-seat, laid himself
+open to similar correction by his chief. In these two cases it will be
+seen Washington enforced his own maxim that a general should sleep among
+his troops.
+
+In 1810, the Royall mansion came into the possession of Jacob Tidd, in
+whose family it remained half a century, until it had almost lost its
+identity with the timid old colonel and his kin. As "Mrs. Tidd's house"
+it was long known in Medford. The place was subsequently owned by George
+L. Barr, and by George C. Nichols, from whose hands it passed to that
+of Mr. Geer, the present owner. To be sure, it has sadly fallen from its
+high estate, but it still remains one of the most interesting and
+romantic houses in all New England, and when, as happens once or twice a
+year, the charming ladies of the local patriotic society powder their
+hair, don their great-grandmother's wedding gowns and entertain in the
+fine old rooms, it requires only a slight gift of fancy to see Sir
+William Pepperell's lovely bride one among the gay throng of fair
+women.
+
+
+
+
+MOLLY STARK'S GENTLEMAN-SON
+
+
+Of the quaint ancestral homes still standing in the old Granite State,
+none is more picturesque or more interesting from the historical
+view-point than the Stark house in the little town of Dunbarton, a place
+about five miles' drive out from Concord, over one of those charming
+country roads, which properly make New Hampshire the summer and autumn
+Mecca of those who have been "long in populous city pent." Rather oddly,
+this house has, for all its great wealth of historical interest, been
+little known to the general public. The Starks are a conservative, as
+well as an old family, and they have never seen fit to make of their
+home a public show-house. Yet those who are privileged to visit
+Dunbarton and its chief boast, this famous house, always remember the
+experience as a particularly interesting one. Seldom, indeed, can one
+find in these days a house like this, which, for more than one hundred
+years, has been occupied by the family for whom it was built, and
+through all the changes and chances of temporal affairs has preserved
+the characteristics of revolutionary times.
+
+Originally Dunbarton was Starkstown. An ancestor of this family,
+Archibald Stark, was one of the original proprietors, owning many
+hundred acres, not a few of which are still in the Starks' possession.
+Just when and by whom the place received the name of the old Scottish
+town and royal castle on the Clyde, no historian seems able to state
+with definiteness, but that the present Dunbarton represents only a
+small part of the original triangular township, all are agreed. Of the
+big landowner, Archibald Stark, the General John Stark of our Revolution
+was a son.
+
+Another of the original proprietors of Dunbarton was a certain Captain
+Caleb Page, whose name still clings to a rural neighbourhood of the
+township, a crossroads section pointed out to visitors as Page's Corner.
+And it was to Elizabeth Page, the bright and capable daughter of his
+father's old friend and neighbour, that the doughty John Stark was
+married in August, 1758, while at home on a furlough. The son of this
+marriage was called Caleb, after his maternal grandfather, and he it was
+who built the imposing old mansion of our story.
+
+Caleb Stark was a very remarkable man. Born at Dunbarton, December 3,
+1759, he was present while only a lad at the battle of Bunker Hill,
+standing side by side with some of the veteran rangers of the French
+war, near the rail fence, which extended from the redoubt to the beach
+of the Mystic River. In order to be at this scene of conflict, the boy
+had left home secretly some days before, mounted on his own horse, and
+armed only with a musket. After a long, hard journey, he managed to
+reach the Royall house in Medford, which was his father's headquarters
+at the time, the very night before the great battle. And the general,
+though annoyed at his son's manner of coming, recognised that the lad
+had done only what a Stark must do at such a time, and permitted him to
+take part in the next day's fight.
+
+After that, there followed for Caleb a time of great social
+opportunity, which transformed the clever, but unpolished New Hampshire
+boy into as fine a young gentleman as was to be found in the whole
+country. The Royall house, it will be remembered, was presided over in
+the troublous war times by the beautiful ladies of the family, than whom
+no more cultured and distinguished women were anywhere to be met. And
+these, though Tory to the backbone, were disposed to be very kind and
+gracious to the brave boy whom the accident of war had made their guest.
+
+So it came about that even before he reached manhood's estate, Caleb
+Stark had acquired the grace and polish of Europe. Nor was the lad
+merely a carpet knight. So ably did he serve his father that he was made
+the elder soldier's aid-de-camp, when the father was made a
+brigadier-general, and by the time the war closed, was himself Major
+Stark, though scarcely twenty-four years old.
+
+[Illustration: STARK HOUSE, DUNBARTON, N. H.]
+
+Soon after peace was declared, the young major came into his Dunbarton
+patrimony, and in 1784, in a very pleasant spot in the midst of his
+estate, and facing the broad highway leading from Dunbarton to Weare, he
+began to build his now famous house. It was finished the next year, and
+in 1787, the young man, having been elected town treasurer of Dunbarton,
+resolved to settle down in his new home, and brought there as his wife,
+Miss Sarah McKinstrey, a daughter of Doctor William McKinstrey, formerly
+of Taunton, Massachusetts, a beautiful and cultivated girl, just twenty
+years old.
+
+It is interesting in this connection to note that all the women of the
+Stark family have been beauties, and that they have, too, been sweet
+and charming in disposition, as well as in face. The old mansion on the
+Weare road has been the home during its one hundred and ten years of
+life of several women who would have adorned, both by reason of their
+personal and intellectual charms, any position in our land. This being
+true, it is not odd that the country folk speak of the Stark family with
+deepest reverence.
+
+Beside building the family homestead, Caleb Stark did two other things
+which serve to make him distinguished even in a family where all were
+great. He entertained Lafayette, and he accumulated the family fortune.
+Both these things were accomplished at Pembroke, where the major early
+established some successful cotton mills. The date of his entertainment
+of Lafayette was, of course, 1825, the year when the marquis, after
+laying the corner-stone of our monument on Bunker Hill, made his
+triumphal tour through New Hampshire.
+
+The bed upon which the great Frenchman slept during his visit to the
+Starks is still carefully preserved, and those guests who have had the
+privilege of being entertained by the present owners of the house can
+bear testimony to the fact that the couch is an extremely comfortable
+one. The room in which this bed is the most prominent article of
+furniture bears the name of the Lafayette room, and is in every
+particular furnished after the manner of a sleeping apartment of one
+hundred years ago. The curtains of the high bedstead, the quaint
+toilet-table, the bedside table with its brass candlestick, and the
+pictures and the ornaments are all in harmony. Nowhere has a discordant
+modern note been struck. The same thing is true of all the other
+apartments in the house. The Starks have one and all displayed great
+taste and decided skill in preserving the long-ago tone that makes the
+place what it is. The second Caleb, who inherited the estate in 1838,
+when his father, the brilliant major, died, was a Harvard graduate, and
+writer of repute, being the author of a valuable memoir of his father
+and grandfather. He collected, even more than they had done, family
+relics of interest. When he died in 1865, his two sisters, Harriett and
+Charlotte, succeeded him in the possession of the estate.
+
+Only comparatively recently has this latter sister died, and the place
+come into the hands of its present owner, Mr. Charles F. Morris Stark,
+an heir who has the traditions of the Morris family to add to those of
+the Starks, being on his mother's side a lineal descendant of Robert
+Morris, the great financier of the Revolution. The present Mrs. Stark
+is the representative of still another noted New Hampshire family, being
+the granddaughter of General John McNeil, a famous soldier of the
+Granite State.
+
+Few, indeed, are the homes in America which contain so much which, while
+of intimate interest to the family, is as well of wide historical
+importance. Though a home, the house has the value of a museum. The
+portrait of Major Stark, which hangs in the parlour at the right of the
+square entrance-hall, was painted by Professor Samuel Finley Breese
+Morse, the discoverer of the electric telegraph, a man who wished to
+come down to posterity as an artist, but is now remembered by us only as
+an inventor.
+
+This picture is an admirable presentation of its original. The gallant
+major looks down upon us with a person rather above the medium in
+height, of a slight but muscular frame, with the short waistcoat, the
+high collar, and the close, narrow shoulders of the gentleman's costume
+of 1830. The carriage of the head is noble, and the strong features, the
+deep-set, keen, blue eyes, and the prominent forehead, speak of courage,
+intelligence, and cool self-possession.
+
+Beside this noteworthy portrait hangs a beautiful picture of the first
+mistress of this house, the Mrs. Stark who, as a girl, was Miss Sarah
+McKinstrey. Her portrait shows her to have been a fine example of the
+blonde type of beauty. The splendid coils of her hair are very lustrous,
+and the dark hazel eyes look out from the frame with the charm and
+dignity of a St. Cecilia. Her costume, too, is singularly appropriate
+and becoming, azure silk with great puffs of lace around the white arms
+and queenly throat. The waist, girdled under the armpits, and the
+long-wristed mits stamp the date 1815-21.
+
+The portrait of General Stark, which was painted by Miss Hannah
+Crowninshield, is said not to look so much like the doughty soldier as
+does the Morse picture of his son, but Gilbert Stuart's Miss Charlotte
+Stark, recently deceased, shows the last daughter of the family to have
+fairly sustained in her youth the reputation for beauty which goes with
+the Stark women.
+
+Beside the portraits, there are in the house many other choice and
+valuable antiques. Among these the woman visitor notices with particular
+interest the fan that was once the property of Lady Pepperell, who was a
+daughter, it will be remembered, of the Royall family, who were so kind
+to Major Caleb Stark in his youth. And to the man who loves historical
+things, the cane presented to General Stark when he was a major, for
+valiant conduct in defence of Fort William Henry, will be of especial
+interest. This cane is made from the bone of a whale and is headed with
+ivory. On the mantelpiece stands another very interesting souvenir, a
+bronze statuette of Napoleon I., which Lafayette brought with him from
+France and presented to Major Stark.
+
+Apropos of this there is an amusing story. The major was a great admirer
+of the distinguished Bonaparte, and made a collection of Napoleonic
+busts and pictures, all of which, together with the numerous other
+effects of the Stark place, had to be appraised at his death. As it
+happened, the appraiser was a countryman of limited intelligence, and,
+when he was told to put down "twelve Bonapartes," recorded "twelve pony
+carts," and it was thus that the item appeared on the legal paper.
+
+The house itself is a not unworthy imitation of an English manor-house,
+with its aspect of old-time grandeur and picturesque repose. It is of
+wood, two and a half stories high, with twelve dormer windows, a gambrel
+roof, and a large two-story L. In front there are two rows of tall and
+stately elms, and the trim little garden is enclosed by a painted iron
+fence. On either side of the spacious hall, which extends through the
+middle of the house, are to be found handsome trophies of the chase,
+collected by the present master of the place, who is a keen sportsman.
+
+A gorgeous carpet, which dates back fifty years, having been laid in the
+days of the beautiful Sarah, supplies the one bit of colour in the
+parlour, while in the dining-room the rich silver and handsome mahogany
+testify to the old-time glories of the place. Of manuscripts which are
+simply priceless, the house contains not a few; one, over the quaint
+wine-cooler in the dining-room, acknowledging, in George Washington's
+own hand, courtesies extended to him and to his lady by a member of the
+Morris family, being especially interesting. Up-stairs, in the sunlit
+hall, among other treasures, more elegant but not more interesting,
+hangs a sunbonnet once worn by Molly Stark herself.
+
+Not far off down the country road is perhaps the most beautiful and
+attractive spot in the whole town, the old family burying-ground of the
+Starks, in which are interred all the deceased members of this
+remarkable family, from the Revolutionary Major Caleb and his wife down.
+Here, with grim, towering Kearsarge standing ever like a sentinel,
+rests under the yew-trees the dust of this great family's honoured
+dead.
+
+
+
+
+A SOLDIER OF FORTUNE
+
+
+"The only time I ever heard Washington swear," Lafayette once remarked,
+"was when he called General Charles Lee a 'damned poltroon,' after the
+arrest of that officer for treasonable conduct." Nor was Washington the
+only person of self-restraint and good manners whose temper and angry
+passions were roused by this same erratic General Lee.
+
+Lee was an Englishman, born in Cheshire in 1731. He entered the British
+army at the age of eleven years, was in Braddock's expedition, and was
+wounded at Ticonderoga in 1758. He also served for a time in Portugal,
+but certain infelicities of temper hindered his advancement, and he
+never rose higher in the British service than a half-pay major. As a
+"soldier of fortune" he was vastly more successful. In all the pages of
+American history, indeed, it would be difficult to find anybody whose
+career was more interestingly and picturesquely checkered than was his.
+
+Lee's purpose in coming to America has never been fully explained. There
+are concerning this, as every other step of his career, two
+diametrically opposed opinions. The American historians have for the
+most agreed in thinking him traitorous and self-seeking, but for my own
+part I find little to justify this belief, for I have no difficulty
+whatever in accounting for his soldierly vagaries on the score of his
+temperament, and the peculiar conditions of his early life. A man who,
+while still a youth, was adopted by the Mohawk Indians,--who who
+bestowed upon him the significant name of Boiling Water,--who was at one
+time aid-de-camp and intimate friend of the King of Poland, who rendered
+good service in the Russian war against the Turks,--all before
+interesting himself at all in the cause of American freedom,--could
+scarcely be expected to be as simple in his us-ward emotions as an
+Israel Putnam or a General John Stark might be.
+
+General Lee arrived in New York from London, on November 10, 1773, his
+avowed object in seeking the colonies at such a troublous time being to
+investigate the justice of the American cause. He travelled all over the
+country in pursuance of facts concerning the fermenting feeling against
+England, but he was soon able to enroll himself unequivocally upon the
+side of the colonies. In a letter written to Lord Percy, then stationed
+at Boston, this eccentric new friend of the American cause--himself, it
+must be remembered, still a half-pay officer in the English
+army--expressed with great freedom his opinion of England's position:
+"Were the principle of taxing America without her consent admitted,
+Great Britain would that instant be ruined." And to General Gage, his
+warm personal friend, Lee wrote: "I am convinced that the court of
+Tiberius was not more treacherous to the rights of mankind than is the
+present court of Great Britain."
+
+It is rather odd to find that General Charles Lee, of whom we know so
+little, and that little scarcely to his credit, occupied in the military
+court of the American array a position second only to Washington; he was
+appointed a major-general on June 17, 1775, a date marked for us by the
+fact that Bunker Hill's battle was then fought. Not long after his
+arrival at the camp, General Lee, with that tendency to independent
+action which was afterward to work to his undoing, took up his quarters
+in the Royall house. And Lee it was who gave to the fine old place the
+name Hobgoblin Hall. From this mansion, emphatically remote from Lee's
+command, the eccentric general was summarily recalled by his
+commander-in-chief, then, as ever after, quick to administer to this
+major-general what he conceived to be needed reproof.
+
+The house in which General Lee next resided is still standing on
+Sycamore Street, Somerville. When the place was occupied by Lee it had
+one of those long pitched roofs, descending to a single story at the
+back, which are still occasionally met with in our interior New
+England towns. The house was, however, altered to its present appearance
+by that John Tufts who occupied it during post-Revolutionary times. From
+this lofty dwelling, Lee was able to overlook Boston, and to observe, by
+the aid of a strong field-glass, all the activities of the enemy's camp.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL LEE'S HEADQUARTERS, SOMERVILLE, MASS.]
+
+Lee himself was at this time an object of unfriendly espionage. In a
+"separate and secret despatch," Lord Dartmouth instructed General Gage
+to have a special eye on the ex-English officer. That Lee had resigned
+his claim to emolument in the English army does not seem to have made
+his countrymen as clear as it should have done concerning his relation
+to their cause.
+
+Meanwhile, General Lee, though sleeping in his wind-swept farmhouse and
+watching from its windows the movements of the British, indulged when
+opportunity offered in the social pleasures of the other American
+officers. Rough and unattractive in appearance,--he seems to have been a
+kind of Cyrano de Bergerac, "a tall man, lank and thin, with a huge
+nose,"--he had, when he chose, a certain amount of social grace, and was
+often extremely entertaining.
+
+Mrs. John Adams, who first met General Lee at an evening party at Major
+Mifflin's house in Cambridge, describes him as looking like a "careless,
+hardy veteran," who brought to her mind his namesake, Charles XII. "The
+elegance of his pen far exceeds that of his person," commented this
+acute lady. In further describing this evening spent at Major Mifflin's
+home, in the Brattle mansion, Mrs. Adams writes: "General Lee was very
+urgent for me to tarry in town, and dine with him and the ladies
+present, but I excused myself. The general was determined that I should
+not only be acquainted with him, but with his companions, too, and
+therefore placed a chair before me, into which he ordered Mr. Spada (his
+dog) to mount, and present his paw to me for better acquaintance."[2]
+Lee was very fond indeed of dogs, and was constantly attended by one or
+more of them, this Spada being a great, shaggy Pomeranian, described by
+unbiased critics as looking more like a bear than a harmless canine. In
+this connection, it is interesting to know that Lee has expressed
+himself very strongly in regard to the affection of men as compared with
+the affection of dogs.
+
+This love for dogs was, however, one of the more ornamental of General
+Lee's traits. His carelessness in regard to his personal appearance was
+famous, and not a few amusing stories are told of the awkward situations
+in which this officer's slovenliness involved him. On one of
+Washington's journeys, in which Lee accompanied him, the major-general,
+upon arriving at the house where they were to dine, went straight to the
+kitchen and demanded something to eat. The cook, taking him for a
+servant, told him that she would give him some victuals directly, but
+that he must first help her off with the pot--a request with which he
+readily complied. He was then told to take a bucket and go to the well
+for water, and was actually engaged in drawing it when found by an aide
+whom Washington had despatched in quest of him. The cook was in despair
+when she heard her assistant addressed by the title of "General." The
+mug fell from her hands, and dropping on her knees, she began crying
+for pardon, when Lee, who was ever ready to see the impropriety of his
+own conduct, but never willing to change it, gave her a crown, and,
+turning to the aid-de-camp, observed: "You see, young man, the advantage
+of a fine coat; the man of consequence is indebted to it for respect;
+neither virtue nor ability, without it, will make you look like a
+gentleman."[3]
+
+Perhaps the most remarkable episode in all Lee's social career, was that
+connected with Sir William Howe's famous entertainment at Philadelphia,
+the Mischianza. This was just after the affair at Monmouth, in the
+course of which Washington swore, and Lee was taken prisoner. Yet though
+a prisoner, the eccentric general was treated with the greatest
+courtesy, and seems even to have received a card for the famous ball.
+But, never too careful of his personal appearance, he must on this
+occasion have looked particularly uncouth. Certainly the beautiful Miss
+Franks, one of the Philadelphia belles, thought him far from ornamental,
+and, with the keen wit for which she was celebrated, spread abroad a
+report that General Lee came to the ball clad in green breeches, patched
+with leather. To prove to her that entire accuracy had not been used in
+describing his garb at the ball, the general sent the young lady the
+very articles of clothing which she had criticised! Naturally, neither
+the ladies nor their escorts thought any better of Lee's manners after
+this bit of horse-play, and it is safe to say he was not soon again
+invited to an evening party. Mrs. Hamilton and Mrs. Mercy Warren both
+call Lee "a crabbed man." The latter described him in a letter to
+Samuel Adams as "plain in his person to a degree of ugliness; careless
+even to impoliteness; his garb ordinary; his voice rough; his manners
+rather morose; yet sensible, learned, judicious, and penetrating."
+
+Toward the end of his life, Lee took refuge in an estate which he had
+purchased in Berkeley County, Virginia. Here he lived, more like a
+hermit than a citizen of the world, or a member of a civilised
+community. His house was little more than a shell, without partitions,
+and it lacked even such articles of furniture as were necessary for the
+most common uses. To a gentleman who visited him in this forlorn
+retreat, where he found a kitchen in one corner, a bed in another, books
+in a third, saddles and harness in a fourth, Lee said: "Sir, it is the
+most convenient and economical establishment in the world. The lines of
+chalk which you see on the floor mark the divisions of the apartments,
+and I can sit in a corner and give orders and overlook the whole without
+moving from my chair."[4]
+
+General Lee died in an obscure inn in Philadelphia, October 2, 1782. His
+will was characteristic: "I desire most earnestly that I may not be
+buried in any church or churchyard, or within a mile of any Presbyterian
+or Baptist meeting-house; for since I have resided in this country I
+have kept so much bad company that I do not choose to continue it when
+dead." In this will, our singular hero paid a tribute of affectionate
+remembrance to several of his intimate friends, and of grateful
+generosity to the humble dependents who had adhered to him and
+ministered to his wants in his retirement. The bulk of his
+property--for he was a man of no small means--was bequeathed to his only
+sister, Sydney Lee, to whom he was ever devotedly attached.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 2: Drake's "Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex."
+Little, Brown & Co., publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Drake's "Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex."]
+
+[Footnote 4: Sparks's "Life of Charles Lee." Little, Brown & Co.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MESSAGE OF THE LANTERNS
+
+
+[Illustration: CHRIST CHURCH--PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASS.]
+
+There are many points of view from which this tale of Paul Revere may be
+told, but to the generality of people the interest of the poem, and of
+the historical event itself, will always centre around Christ Church, on
+Salem Street, in the North End of Boston--the church where the lanterns
+were hung out on the night before the battles of Lexington and Concord.
+At nearly every hour of the day some one may be seen in the now
+unfrequented street looking up at the edifice's lofty spire with an
+expression full of reverence and satisfaction. There upon the
+venerable structure, imbedded in the solid masonry of the tower front,
+one reads upon a tablet:
+
+  THE SIGNAL LANTERNS OF
+
+  PAUL REVERE
+
+  DISPLAYED IN THE STEEPLE
+
+  OF THIS CHURCH,
+
+  APRIL 18, 1775,
+
+  WARNED THE COUNTRY OF
+
+  THE MARCH OF THE
+
+  BRITISH TROOPS TO LEXINGTON
+
+  AND CONCORD.
+
+If the pilgrim wishes to get into the very spirit of old Christ Church
+and its historical associations, he can even climb the tower----
+
+
+    "By the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread,
+    To the belfry chamber overhead,
+    And startle the pigeons from their perch
+    On the sombre rafters, that round him make
+    Masses and moving shapes of shade"----
+
+to look down as sexton Robert Newman did that eventful night on----
+
+    "The graves on the hill,
+    Lonely and spectral and sombre and still."
+
+The first time I ever climbed the tower I confess that I was seized with
+an overpowering sense of the weirdness and mystery of those same
+spectral graves, seen thus from above. It was dark and gloomy going up
+the stairs, and if Robert Newman had thought of the prospect, rather
+than of his errand, I venture to say he must have been frightened for
+all his bravery, in that gloomy tower at midnight.
+
+But, of course, his mind was intent on the work he had to do, and on the
+signals which would tell how the British were to proceed on their march
+to seize the rebel stores at Concord. The signals agreed upon were two
+lanterns if the troops went by way of water, one if they were to go by
+land. In Longfellow's story we learn that Newman----
+
+    "Through alley and street,
+    Wanders and watches with eager ears,
+    Till in the silence around him he hears
+    The muster of men at the barrack door,
+    The sound of arms and the tramp of feet,
+    And the measured tread of the grenadiers,
+    Marching down to their boats on the shore."
+
+It had been decided that the journey should be made by sea!
+
+The Province of Massachusetts, it must be understood, was at this time
+on the eve of open revolt. It had formed an army, commissioned its
+officers, and promulgated orders as if there were no such person as
+George III. It was collecting stores in anticipation of the moment when
+its army should take the field. It had, moreover, given General
+Gage--whom the king had sent to Boston to put down the rebellion
+there--to understand that the first movement made by the royal troops
+into the country would be considered as an act of hostility, and treated
+as such. Gage had up to this time hesitated to act. At length his
+resolution to strike a crippling blow, and, if possible, to do it
+without bloodshed, was taken. Spies had informed him that the patriots'
+depot of ammunition was at Concord, and he had determined to send a
+secret expedition to destroy those stores. Meanwhile, however, the
+patriots were in great doubt as to the time when the definite movement
+was to be made.
+
+Fully appreciating the importance of secrecy, General Gage quietly got
+ready eight hundred picked troops, which he meant to convey under cover
+of night across the West Bay, and to land on the Cambridge side, thus
+baffling the vigilance of the townspeople, and at the same time
+considerably shortening the distance his troops would have to march. So
+much pains were taken to keep the actual destination of these troops a
+profound secret, that even the officer who was selected for the command
+only received an order notifying him to hold himself in readiness.
+
+"The guards in the town were doubled," writes Mr. Drake, "and in order
+to intercept any couriers who might slip through them, at the proper
+moment mounted patrols were sent out on the roads leading to Concord.
+Having done what he could to prevent intelligence from reaching the
+country, and to keep the town quiet, the British general gave his orders
+for the embarkation; and at between ten and eleven of the night of April
+18, the troops destined for this service were taken across the bay in
+boats to the Cambridge side of the river. At this hour, Gage's pickets
+were guarding the deserted roads leading into the country, and up to
+this moment no patriot courier had gone out."
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT NEWMAN HOUSE, BOSTON, MASS.]
+
+Newman with his signals and Paul Revere on his swift horse were able,
+however, to baffle successfully the plans of the British general. The
+redcoats had scarcely gotten into their boats, when Dawes and Paul
+Revere started by different roads to warn Hancock and Adams, and the
+people of the country-side, that the regulars were out. Revere rode by
+way of Charlestown, and Dawes by the great highroad over the Neck.
+Revere had hardly got clear of Charlestown when he discovered that he
+had ridden headlong into the middle of the British patrol! Being the
+better mounted, however, he soon distanced his pursuers, and entered
+Medford, shouting like mad, "Up and arm! Up and arm! The regulars are
+out! The regulars are out!"
+
+Longfellow has best described the awakening of the country-side:
+
+    "A hurry of hoofs in the village street,
+    A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark,
+    And beneath, from the pebbles, in passing, a spark
+    Struck out by a steed flying fearless and fleet;
+    That was all! And yet, through the gloom and the light,
+    The fate of a nation was riding that night;
+    And the spark struck out by that steed, in its flight,
+    Kindled the land into flame with its heat."
+
+The Porter house in Medford, at which Revere stopped long enough to
+rouse the captain of the Guards, and warn him of the approach of the
+regulars, is now no longer standing, but the Clark place, in Lexington,
+where the proscribed fellow-patriots, Hancock and Adams, were lodging
+that night, is still in a good state of preservation.
+
+The room occupied by "King" Hancock and "Citizen" Adams is the one on
+the lower floor, at the left of the entrance. Hancock was at this time
+visiting this particular house because "Dorothy Q," his fiancee, was
+just then a guest of the place, and martial pride, coupled, perhaps,
+with the feeling that he must show himself in the presence of his
+lady-love a soldier worthy of her favour, inclined him to show fight
+when he heard from Revere that the regulars were expected. His widow
+related, in after years, that it was with great difficulty that she and
+the colonel's aunt kept him from facing the British on the day following
+the midnight ride. While the bell in the green was sounding the alarm,
+Hancock was cleaning his sword and his fusee, and putting his
+accoutrements in order. He is said to have been a trifle of a dandy in
+his military garb, and his points, sword-knot, and lace, were always of
+the newest fashion. Perhaps it was the desire to show himself in all his
+war-paint that made him resist so long the importunities of the ladies,
+and the urgency of other friends! The astute Adams, it is recounted, was
+a little annoyed at his friend's obstinacy, and, clapping him on the
+shoulder, exclaimed, as he looked significantly at the weapons, "That is
+not our business; we belong to the cabinet."[5]
+
+It was Adams who threw light on the whole situation. Half an hour after
+Revere reached the house, the other express arrived, and the two rebel
+leaders, being now fully convinced that it was Concord which was the
+threatened point, hurried the messengers on to the next town, after
+allowing them barely time to swallow a few mouthfuls of food. Adams did
+not believe that Gage would send an army merely to take two men
+prisoners. To him, the true object of the expedition was very clear.
+
+Revere, Dawes, and young Doctor Prescott, of Concord, who had joined
+them, had got over half the distance to the next town, when, at a sudden
+turning, they came upon the second redcoat patrol. Prescott leaped his
+horse over the roadside wall, and so escaped across the fields to
+Concord. Revere and Dawes, at the point of the pistol, gave themselves
+up. Their business on the road at that hour was demanded by the officer,
+who was told in return to listen. Then, through the still morning air,
+the distant booming of the alarm bell's peal on peal was borne to their
+ears.
+
+It was the British who were now uneasy. Ordering the prisoners to follow
+them, the troop rode off at a gallop toward Lexington, and when they
+were at the edge of the village, Revere was told to dismount, and was
+left to shift for himself. He then ran as fast as his legs could carry
+him across the pastures back to the Clark parsonage, to report his
+misadventure, while the patrol galloped off toward Boston to announce
+theirs. But by this time, the Minute Men of Lexington had rallied to
+oppose the march of the troops. Thanks to the intrepidity of Paul
+Revere, the North End coppersmith, the redcoats, instead of surprising
+the rebels in their beds, found them marshalled on Lexington Green, and
+at Concord Bridge, in front, flank, and rear, armed and ready to dispute
+their march to the bitter end.
+
+    "You know the rest. In the books you have read
+    How the British regulars fired and fled--
+    How the farmers gave them ball for ball,
+    From behind each fence and farmyard wall,
+    Chasing the redcoats down the lane,
+    Then crossing the fields to emerge again
+    Under the trees at the turn of the road,
+    And only pausing to fire and load.
+
+    "So through the night rode Paul Revere;
+    And so through the night went his cry of alarm
+    To every Middlesex village and farm----
+    A cry of defiance and not of fear,
+    A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door,
+    And a word that shall echo for evermore!
+    For, borne on the night wind of the past,
+    Through all our history, to the last,
+    The people will waken and listen to hear
+    The hurrying hoof beats of that steed,
+    And the midnight message of Paul Revere."[6]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 5: Drake's "Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex."
+Little, Brown & Co., publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Paul Revere's Ride:" Longfellow's Poems. Houghton, Mifflin
+& Co., publishers.]
+
+
+
+
+HANCOCK'S DOROTHY Q.
+
+
+The Dorothy Q. of our present interest is not the little maiden of
+Holmes's charming poem--
+
+    "Grandmother's mother; her age I guess,
+    Thirteen summers, or something less;
+    Girlish bust, but womanly air;
+    Smooth, square forehead with uprolled hair,
+    Lips that lover has never kissed;
+    Taper fingers and slender wrist;
+    Hanging sleeves of stiff brocade;
+    So they painted the little maid.
+    On her hand a parrot green
+    Sits unmoving and broods serene."
+
+but her niece, the Dorothy Q. whom John Hancock loved, and was visiting
+at Lexington, when Paul Revere warned him of the redcoats' approach.
+This Dorothy happened to be staying just then with the Reverend Jonas
+Clark, under the protection of Madam Lydia Hancock, the governor's aunt.
+And it was to meet her, his fiancee, that Hancock went, on the eve of
+the 19th of April, to the house made famous by his visit.
+
+One imaginative writer has sketched for us the notable group gathered
+that April night about the time-honoured hearthstone in the modest
+Lexington parsonage: "The last rays of the setting sun have left the
+dampness of the meadows to gather about the home; and each guest and
+family occupant has gladly taken seats within the house, while Mrs.
+Jonas Clark has closed the shutters, added a new forelog, and fanned the
+embers to a cheerful flame. The young couple whom Madam Hancock has
+studiously brought together exchange sympathetic glances as they take
+part in the conversation. The hours wear away, and the candles are
+snuffed again and again. Then the guests retire, not, to be sure,
+without apprehensions of approaching trouble, but with little thought
+that the king's strong arm of military authority is already extended
+toward their very roof."[7]
+
+[Illustration: CLARK HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASS.]
+
+Early the next morning, as we know, the lovers were forced to part in
+great haste. And for a time John Hancock and his companion, Samuel
+Adams, remained in seclusion, that they might not be seized by General
+Gage, who was bent on their arrest, and intended to have them sent to
+England for trial.
+
+The first word we are able to find concerning Hancock's whereabouts
+during the interim between his escape from Lexington, and his arrival at
+the Continental Congress, appointed to convene at Philadelphia, May 10,
+1775, is contained in a long letter to Miss Quincy. This letter, which
+gives a rather elaborate account of the dangers and triumphs of the
+patriot's journey, concludes: "Pray let me hear from you by every Post.
+God bless you, my dear girl, and believe me most Sincerely, Yours most
+Affectionately, John Hancock."
+
+A month later, June 10, 1775, we find the charming Dorothy Q., now the
+guest at Fairfield, Connecticut, of Thaddeus Burr, receiving this letter
+from her lover:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"MY DEAR DOLLY:--I am almost prevail'd on to think that my letters to my
+Aunt & you are not read, for I cannot obtain a reply, I have ask'd
+million questions & not an answer to one, I beg'd you to let me know
+what things my Aunt wanted & you and many other matters I wanted to know
+but not one word in answer. I Really Take it extreme unkind, pray, my
+dear, use not so much Ceremony & Reservedness, why can't you use freedom
+in writing, be not afraid of me, I want long Letters. I am glad the
+little things I sent you were agreeable. Why did you not write me of the
+top of the Umbrella. I am sorry it was spoiled, but I will send you
+another by my Express which will go in a few days. How did my Aunt like
+her gown, & let me know if the Stockings suited her; she had better send
+a pattern shoe & stocking, I warrant I will suit her.... I Beg, my dear
+Dolly, you will write me often and long Letters, I will forgive the past
+if you will mend in future. Do ask my Aunt to make me up and send me a
+Watch String, and do you make up another and send me, I wear them out
+fast. I want some little thing of your doing. Remember me to all my
+Friends with you, as if named. I am Call'd upon and must obey.
+
+"I have sent you by Doctor Church in a paper Box Directed to you, the
+following things, for your acceptance, & which I do insist you wear, if
+you do not I shall think the Donor is the objection:
+
+  2 pair white silk   }   which stockings
+  4 pair white thread }   I think will fit you
+
+  1 pair black satin  }   Shoes, the other,
+  1 pair Calem Co.    }   Shall be sent when done.
+
+  1 very pretty light hat
+  1 neat airy summer Cloak
+  2 caps
+  1 Fann
+
+"I wish these may please you, I shall be gratified if they do, pray
+write me, I will attend to all your Commands.
+
+"Adieu, my dear Girl, and believe me with great Esteem & affection,
+
+                                          "Yours without reserve,
+
+                                                  "JOHN HANCOCK."[8]
+
+[Illustration: DOROTHY Q. HOUSE, QUINCY, MASS.]
+
+It is interesting to know that while Miss Quincy was a guest in
+Fairfield, Aaron Burr, the nephew of her host, came to the house, and
+that his magnetic influence soon had an effect upon the beautiful young
+lady. But watchful Aunt Lydia prevented the charmer from thwarting the
+Hancock family plans, and on the 28th day of the following August there
+was a great wedding at Fairfield. John Hancock, president of the
+Continental Congress, and Miss Dorothy Quincy were joined in marriage in
+style befitting the family situations.
+
+The noted couple went at once to Philadelphia, where the patriot lived
+at intervals during the remainder of the session. Mrs. Hancock seems to
+have been much of the time in Boston, however, and occasionally, in the
+course of the next few years, we catch delightful glimpses through her
+husband's letters of his great affection for her, and for their little
+one.
+
+Under date of Philadelphia, March 10, 1777, we read: "I shall make out
+as well as I can, but I assure you, my Dear Soul, I long to have you
+here, & I know you will be as expeditious as you can in coming. When I
+part from you again it must be a very extraordinary occasion. I have
+sent everywhere to get a gold or silver rattle for the child with a
+coral to send, but cannot get one. I will have one if possible on your
+coming. I have sent a sash for her & two little papers of pins for you.
+If you do not want them you can give them away.
+
+"... May every blessing of an Indulgent Providence attend you. I most
+sincerely wish you a good journey & hope I shall soon have the happiness
+of seeing you with the utmost affection and Love. My dear Dolly, I am
+yours forever,
+
+                                                  "JOHN HANCOCK."
+
+After two years and a half of enforced absence, the President of the
+Continental Congress returned home to that beautiful house on Beacon
+Street, which was unfortunately destroyed in 1863, to make room for a
+more modern building. Here the united couple lived very happily with
+their two children, Lydia and Washington.
+
+Judging by descriptions that have come down to us, and by the World's
+Fair reproduction of the Hancock House, their mansion must have been a
+very sumptuous one. It was built of stone, after the manner favoured by
+Bostonians who could afford it, with massive walls, and a balcony
+projecting over the entrance door, upon which a large second-story
+window opened. Braintree stone ornamented the corners and window-places,
+and the tiled roof was surrounded by a balustrade. From the roof, dormer
+windows provided a beautiful view of the surrounding country. The
+grounds were enclosed by a low stone wall, on which was placed a light
+wooden fence. The house itself was a little distance back from the
+street, and the approach was by means of a dozen stone steps and a
+carefully paved walk.
+
+At the right of the entrance was a reception-room of spacious
+dimensions, provided with furniture of bird's-eye maple, covered with
+rich damask. Out of this opened the dining-room, sixty feet in length,
+in which Hancock was wont to entertain. Opposite was a smaller
+apartment, the usual dining-room of the family. Next adjoining were the
+china-room and offices, while behind were to be found the coach-house
+and barn of the estate.
+
+The family drawing-room, its lofty walls covered with crimson paper, was
+at the left of the entrance. The upper and lower halls of the house were
+hung with pictures of game and with hunting scenes. The furniture,
+wall-papers and draperies throughout the house had been imported from
+England by Thomas Hancock, and expressed the height of luxury for that
+day. Passing through the hall, a flight of steps led to a small
+summer-house in the garden, near Mount Vernon Street, and here the
+grounds were laid out in ornamental box-bordered beds like those still
+to be seen in the beautiful Washington home on the Potomac. A highly
+interesting corner of the garden was that given over to the group of
+mulberry-trees, which had been imported from England by Thomas Hancock,
+the uncle of John, he being, with others of his time, immensely
+interested in the culture of the silkworm.
+
+Of this beautiful home Dorothy Quincy showed herself well fitted to be
+mistress, and through her native grace and dignity admirably performed
+her part at the reception of D'Estaing, Lafayette, Washington, Brissot,
+Lords Stanley and Wortley, and other noted guests.
+
+On October 8, 1793, Hancock died, at the age of fifty-six years. The
+last recorded letter penned in his letter volume was to Captain James
+Scott, his lifelong friend. And it was to this Captain Scott that our
+Dorothy Q. gave her hand in a second marriage three years later. She
+outlived her second husband many years, residing at the end of her life
+on Federal Street in Boston. When turned of seventy she had a lithe,
+handsome figure, a pair of laughing eyes, and fine yellow ringlets in
+which scarcely a gray hair could be seen. And although for the second
+time a widow, she was as sprightly as a girl of sixteen. In her advanced
+years, Madam Scott received another call from Lafayette, and those who
+witnessed the hearty interview say that the once youthful chevalier and
+the unrivalled belle met as if only a summer had passed since their
+social intercourse during the perils of the Revolution.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 7: Drake.]
+
+[Footnote 8: _New England Magazine._]
+
+
+
+
+BARONESS RIEDESEL AND HER TORY FRIENDS
+
+
+The most beautiful example of wifely devotion to be found in the annals
+connected with the war of the Revolution is that afforded by the story
+of the lovely Baroness Riedesel, whose husband was deputed to serve at
+the head of the German mercenaries allied to the king's troops, and who
+was herself, with the baron and her children, made prisoner of war after
+the battle of Saratoga.
+
+Riedesel was a gallant soldier, and his wife a fair and fascinating
+young woman at this time. They had not been long married when the war in
+America broke out, and the wife's love for her husband was such as to
+impel her to dare all the hardships of the journey and join him in the
+foreign land. Her letters and journal, which give a lively and vivid
+account of the perils of this undertaking, and of the pleasures and
+difficulties that she experienced after she had succeeded in reaching
+her dear spouse, supply what is perhaps the most interesting human
+document of those long years of war.
+
+The baroness landed on the American continent at Quebec, and travelled
+amid great hardships to Chambly, where her husband was stationed. For
+two days only they were together. After that she returned with her
+children to Three Rivers. Soon, however, came the orders to march down
+into the enemy's country.
+
+The description of this journey as the baroness has given it to us
+makes, indeed, moving reading. Once a frightful cannonade was directed
+against the house in which the women and the wounded had taken refuge.
+In the cellar of this place Madam Riedesel and her children passed the
+entire night. It was in this cellar, indeed, that the little family
+lived during the long period of waiting that preceded the capitulation
+made necessary by Burgoyne's inexcusable delay near Saratoga. Later the
+Riedesels were most hospitably entertained at Saratoga by General
+Schuyler, his wife and daughters, of whom the baroness never fails to
+speak in her journal with the utmost affection.
+
+The journey from Albany to Boston was full of incident and hardship, but
+of it the plucky wife writes only: "In the midst of all my trials God so
+supported me that I lost neither my frolicsomeness nor my spirits...."
+The contrast between the station of the Americans and of the Germans
+who were their prisoners, is strikingly brought out in this passage of
+the diary: "Some of the American generals who were in charge of us on
+the march to Boston were shoemakers; and upon our halting days they made
+boots for our officers, and also mended nicely the shoes of our
+soldiers. They set a great value upon our money coinage, which with them
+was scarce. One of our officers had worn his boots entirely into shreds.
+He saw that an American general had on a good pair, and said to him,
+jestingly, 'I will gladly give you a guinea for them.' Immediately the
+general alighted from his horse, took the guinea, gave up his boots, put
+on the badly-worn ones of the officer, and again mounted his horse."
+
+The journey was at length successfully accomplished, however, and in
+Massachusetts the baroness was on the whole very well treated, it would
+seem.
+
+"We remained three weeks in wretched quarters at Winter Hill," she
+writes, "until they transferred us to Cambridge, where they lodged us in
+one of the most beautiful houses of the place, which had formerly been
+built by the wealth of the royalists. Never had I chanced upon any such
+agreeable situation. Seven families, who were connected with each other
+partly by the ties of relationship and partly by affection, had here
+farms, gardens, and magnificent houses, and not far off plantations of
+fruit. The owners of these were in the habit of meeting each other in
+the afternoon, now at the house of one, and now at another, and making
+themselves merry with music and the dance--living in prosperity united
+and happy, until, alas! this ruinous war severed them, and left all
+their houses desolate except two, the proprietors of which were also
+soon obliged to flee....
+
+"None of our gentlemen were allowed to go into Boston. Curiosity and
+desire urged me, however, to pay a visit, to Madam Carter, the daughter
+of General Schuyler, and I dined at her house several times. The city
+throughout is pretty, but inhabited by violent patriots, and full of
+wicked people. The women especially were so shameless, that they
+regarded me with repugnance, and even spit at me when I passed by them.
+Madam Carter was as gentle and good as her parents, but her husband was
+wicked and treacherous. She came often to visit us, and also dined at
+our house with the other generals. We sought to show them by every means
+our gratitude. They seemed also to have much friendship for us; and yet
+at the same time this miserable Carter, when the English General Howe
+had burned many hamlets and small towns, made the horrible proposition
+to the Americans to chop off the heads of our generals, salt them down
+in small barrels, and send over to the English one of these barrels for
+every hamlet or little town burned down. But this barbarous suggestion
+fortunately was not adopted.
+
+"... I saw here that nothing is more terrible than a civil war. Almost
+every family was disunited.... On the third of June, 1778, I gave a ball
+and supper in celebration of the birthday of my husband. I had invited
+to it all the generals and officers. The Carters also were there.
+General Burgoyne sent an excuse after he had made us wait until eight
+o'clock in the evening. He invariably excused himself on various
+pretences from coming to see us until his departure for England, when
+he came and made me a great many apologies, but to which I made no other
+answer than that I should be extremely sorry if he had gone out of his
+way on our account. We danced considerably, and our cook prepared us a
+magnificent supper of more than eighty covers. Moreover, our courtyard
+and garden were illuminated. As the birthday of the King of England came
+upon the following day, which was the fourth, it was resolved that we
+would not separate until his health had been drank; which was done with
+the most hearty attachment to his person and his interests.
+
+"Never, I believe, has 'God Save the King,' been drunk with more
+enthusiasm or more genuine good will. Even both my oldest little
+daughters were there, having stayed up to see the illumination. All eyes
+were full of tears; and it seemed as if every one present was proud to
+have the spirit to venture to this in the midst of our enemies. Even the
+Carters could not shut their hearts against us. As soon as the company
+separated, we perceived that the whole house was surrounded by
+Americans, who, having seen so many people go into the house, and having
+noticed also the illumination, suspected that we were planning a mutiny,
+and if the slightest disturbance had arisen it would have cost us
+dear....
+
+"The Americans," says the baroness, further on, "when they desire to
+collect their troops together, place burning torches of pitch upon the
+hilltops, at which signal every one hastens to the rendezvous. We were
+once witnesses of this when General Howe attempted a landing at Boston
+in order to rescue the captive troops. They learned of this plan, as
+usual, long beforehand, and opened barrels of pitch, whereupon for
+three or four successive days a large number of people without shoes and
+stockings, and with guns on their backs, were seen hastily coming from
+all directions, by which means so many people came together so soon that
+it would have been a very difficult thing to effect a landing.
+
+"We lived very happily and contented in Cambridge, and were therefore
+well pleased at remaining there during the captivity of our troops. As
+winter approached, however, we were ordered to Virginia [because of the
+difficulty of providing provisions], and in the month of November, 1778,
+set out.
+
+"My husband, fortunately, found a pretty English wagon, and bought it
+for me, so that as before I was enabled to travel comfortably. My little
+Gustava had entreated one of my husband's adjutants, Captain Edmonston,
+not to leave us on the way. The confiding manner of the child touched
+him and he gave his promise and faithfully kept it. I travelled always
+with the army and often over almost impassable roads....
+
+"I had always provisions with me, but carried them in a second small
+wagon. As this could not go as fast as we, I was often in want of
+everything. Once when we were passing a town called Hertford [Hartford,
+Connecticut], we made a halt, which, by the by, happened every fourth
+day. We there met General Lafayette, whom my husband invited to dinner,
+as otherwise he would have been unable to find anything to eat. This
+placed me in rather an awkward dilemma as I knew that he loved a good
+dinner. Finally, however, I managed to glean from what provisions I had
+on hand enough to make him a very respectable meal. He was so polite and
+agreeable that he pleased us all very much. He had many Americans in his
+train, though, who were ready to leap out of their skins for vexation at
+hearing us speak constantly in French. Perhaps they feared, on seeing us
+on such a friendly footing with him, that we would be able to alienate
+him from their cause, or that he would confide things to us that we
+ought not to know.
+
+"Lafayette spoke much of England, and of the kindness of the king in
+having had all objects of interest shown to him. I could not keep myself
+from asking him how he could find it in his heart to accept so many
+marks of kindness from the king when he was on the point of departing in
+order to fight against him. Upon this observation of mine he appeared
+somewhat ashamed, and answered me: 'It is true that such a thought
+passed through my mind one day, when the king offered to show me his
+fleet. I answered that I hoped to see it some day, and then quietly
+retired, in order to escape from the embarrassment of being obliged to
+decline, point blank, the offer, should it be repeated.'"
+
+The baroness's own meeting with the king soon after her return to
+England, in the autumn of 1780, when the prisoners were exchanged, is
+thus entertainingly described: "One day when we were yet seated at
+table, the queen's first lady of honour, my Lady Howard, sent us a
+message to the effect that her Majesty would receive us at six o'clock
+that afternoon. As my court dress was not yet ready, and I had nothing
+with me proper to wear, I sent my apologies for not going at that time,
+which I again repeated when we had the honour of being presented to
+their Majesties, who were both present at the reception. The queen,
+however, as did also the king, received us with extraordinary
+graciousness, and replied to my excuses by saying, 'We do not look at
+the dress of those persons we are glad to see.'
+
+"They were surrounded by the princesses, their daughters. We seated
+ourselves before the chimney-fire,--the queen, the princesses, the first
+lady of honour, and myself,--forming a half-circle, my husband, with the
+king, standing in the centre close to the fire. Tea and cakes were then
+passed round. I sat between the queen and one of the princesses, and was
+obliged to go over a great part of my adventures. Her majesty said to me
+very graciously, 'I have followed you everywhere, and have often
+inquired after you; and I have always heard with delight that you were
+well, contented, and beloved by every one.' I happened to have at this
+time a shocking cough. Observing this, the Princess Sophia went herself
+and brought me a jelly made of black currants, which she represented as
+a particularly good remedy, and forced me to accept a jar full.
+
+"About nine o'clock in the evening the Prince of Wales came in. His
+youngest sisters flocked around him, and he embraced them and danced
+them around. In short, the royal family had such a peculiar gift for
+removing all restraint that one could readily imagine himself to be in a
+cheerful family circle of his own station in life. We remained with them
+until ten o'clock, and the king conversed much with my husband about
+America in German, which he spoke exceedingly well."
+
+[Illustration: RIEDESEL HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.]
+
+From England the baroness proceeded (in 1783), to her home in
+Brunswick, where she was joyfully received, and where, after her
+husband's triumph, they enjoyed together respite from war for a period
+of four years. In 1794, General Riedesel was appointed commandant of the
+city of Brunswick, where he died in 1800. The baroness survived him
+eight years, passing away in Berlin, March 29, 1808, at the age of
+sixty-two. She rests beside her beloved consort in the family vault at
+Lauterbach.
+
+Her Cambridge residence, which formerly stood at the corner of Sparks
+Street, on Brattle, among the beautiful lindens so often mentioned in
+the "journal," has recently been remodelled and removed to the next lot
+but one from its original site. It now looks as in the picture, and is
+numbered 149 Brattle Street. A little street at the right has been
+appropriately named Riedesel Avenue. Yet even in history-loving
+Cambridge there is little familiarity with the career of the baron and
+his charming lady, and there are few persons who have read the
+entertaining journal, written in German a century and a quarter ago by
+this clever and devoted wife.
+
+
+
+
+DOCTOR CHURCH: FIRST TRAITOR TO THE AMERICAN CAUSE
+
+
+Very few old houses retain at the present time so large a share of the
+dignity and picturesqueness originally theirs, as does the homestead
+whose chief interest for us lies in the fact that it was the
+Revolutionary prison of Doctor Benjamin Church, the first-discovered
+traitor to the American cause. This house is on Brattle Street, at the
+corner of Hawthorn. Built about 1700, it came early into the possession
+of Jonathan Belcher, who afterward became Sir Jonathan, and from 1730
+till 1741 was governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Colonel John
+Vassall the elder was the next owner of the house, acquiring it in 1736,
+and somewhat later conveying it, with its adjoining estate of seven
+acres, to his brother, Major Henry, an officer in the militia, who died
+under its roof in 1769.
+
+Major Henry Vassall had married Penelope, sister of Isaac Royall, the
+proprietor of the beautiful place at Medford, but upon the beginning of
+hostilities, this sprightly widow abandoned her spacious home in such
+haste that she carried along with her, according to tradition, a young
+companion whom she had not time to restore to her friends! Such of her
+property as could be used by the colony forces was given in charge of
+Colonel Stark, while the rest was allowed to pass into Boston. The barns
+and roomy outbuildings were used for the storage of the colony
+forage.
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE WHERE DOCTOR CHURCH WAS CONFINED, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.]
+
+It is highly probable that the Widow Vassall's house at once became the
+American hospital, and that it was the residence, as it was certainly
+the prison, of Doctor Benjamin Church. Church had been placed at the
+head of an army hospital for the accommodation of twenty thousand men,
+and till this time had seemed a brave and zealous compatriot of Warren
+and the other leading men of the time. Soon after his appointment, he
+was, however, detected in secret correspondence with Gage. He had
+entrusted to a woman of his acquaintance a letter written in cipher to
+be forwarded to the British commander. This letter was found upon the
+girl, she was taken to headquarters, and there the contents of the fatal
+message were deciphered and the defection of Doctor Church established.
+When questioned by Washington he appeared utterly confounded, and made
+no attempt to vindicate himself.
+
+The letter itself did not contain any intelligence of importance, but
+the discovery that one, until then so high in the esteem of his
+countrymen, was engaged in a clandestine correspondence with the enemy
+was deemed sufficient evidence of guilt. Church was therefore arrested
+at once, and confined in a chamber looking upon Brattle Street. Some of
+his leisure, while here imprisoned, he employed in cutting on the door
+of a closet:
+
+  "B CHURCH, JR."
+
+There the marks still remain, their significance having after a half
+century been interpreted by a lady of the house to whom they had long
+been familiar, but who had lacked any clue to their origin until, in the
+course of a private investigation, she determined beyond a doubt their
+relation to Church. The chamber has two windows in the north front, and
+two overlooking the area on the south.
+
+Church's fall was the more terrible because from a height. He was a
+member of a very distinguished family, and he had been afforded in his
+youth all the best opportunities of the day. In 1754 he was graduated at
+Harvard, and after studying with Doctor Pynchon rose to considerable
+eminence as a physician and particularly as a surgeon. Besides talents
+and genius of a sort, he was endowed with a rare poetic fancy, many of
+his verses being full of daintiness as well as of a very pretty wit. He
+was, however, somewhat extravagant in his habits, and about 1768 had
+built himself an elegant country house near Boston. It was to sustain
+this, it is believed, that he sold himself to the king's cause.
+
+To all appearance, however, Church was up to the very hour of his
+detection one of the leading patriots of the time. He had been chosen to
+deliver the oration in the Old South Meeting-House on March 5, 1773, and
+he there pronounced a stirring discourse, which has still power to
+thrill the reader, upon the massacre the day celebrates, and the love of
+liberty which inspired the patriots' revolt on that memorable occasion.
+Yet two years earlier, as we have since discovered from a letter of
+Governor Hutchinson, he had been anonymously employing his venal pen in
+the service of the government!
+
+In 1774, when he was a member of the Provincial Congress, he was first
+suspected of communication with Gage, and of receiving a reward for his
+treachery. Paul Revere has written concerning this: "In the fall of '74
+and the winter of '75 I was one of upwards of thirty, chiefly mechanics,
+who formed themselves into a committee for the purpose of watching the
+movements of the British soldiers and gaining every intelligence of the
+Tories. We held our meetings at the Green Dragon Tavern. This committee
+were astonished to find all their secrets known to General Gage,
+although every time they met every member swore not to reveal any of
+their transactions except to Hancock, Adams, Warren, Otis, Church, and
+one or two others."
+
+The traitor, of course, proved to be Doctor Church. One of his students
+who kept his books and knew of his money embarrassment first mistrusted
+him. Only treachery, he felt, could account for his master's sudden
+acquisition of some hundreds of new British guineas.
+
+The doctor was called before a council of war consisting of all the
+major-generals and brigadiers of the army, beside the adjutant-general,
+Washington himself presiding. This tribunal decided that Church's acts
+had been criminal, but remanded him for the decision of the General
+Court, of which he was a member. He was taken in a chaise, escorted by
+General Gates and a guard of twenty men, to the music of fife and drum,
+to Watertown meeting-house, where the court sat. "The galleries," says
+an old writer, "were thronged with people of all ranks. The bar was
+placed in the middle of the broad aisle, and the doctor arraigned." His
+defence at the trial was very ingenious and able:--that the fatal letter
+was designed for his brother, but that since it was not sent he had
+communicated no intelligence; that there was nothing in the letter but
+notorious facts; that his exaggerations of the American force could only
+be designed to favour the cause of his country; and that his object was
+purely patriotic. He added, in a burst of sounding though unconvincing
+oratory: "The warmest bosom here does not flame with a brighter zeal for
+the security, happiness, and liberties of America than mine."
+
+These eloquent professions did not avail him, however. He was adjudged
+guilty, and expelled from the House of Representatives of Massachusetts.
+By order of the General Congress, he was condemned to close confinement
+in Norwich jail in Connecticut, "and debarred from the use of pen, ink,
+and paper," but his health failing, he was allowed (in 1776) to leave
+the country. He sailed for the West Indies,--and the vessel that bore
+him was never afterward heard from.
+
+Some people in Church's time, as well as our own, have been disposed to
+doubt the man's treachery, but Paul Revere was firmly convinced that the
+doctor was in the pay of General Gage. Revere's statement runs in part
+as follows:
+
+"The same day I met Doctor Warren. He was president of the Committee of
+Safety. He engaged me as a messenger to do the out-of-doors business for
+that committee; which gave me an opportunity of being frequently with
+them. The Friday evening after, about sunset, I was sitting with some or
+near all that committee in their room, which was at Mr. Hastings's house
+in Cambridge. Doctor Church all at once started up. 'Doctor Warren,'
+said he, 'I am determined to go into Boston to-morrow.' (It set them all
+a-staring.) Doctor Warren replied, 'Are you serious, Doctor Church? They
+will hang you if they catch you in Boston.' He replied, 'I am serious,
+and am determined to go at all adventures.' After a considerable
+conversation, Doctor Warren said, 'If you are determined, let us make
+some business for you.' They agreed that he should go to get medicine
+for their and our wounded officers."
+
+Naturally, Paul Revere, who was an ardent patriot as well as an
+exceedingly straightforward man, had little sympathy with Church's
+weakness, but to-day as one looks at the initials scratched by the
+prisoner on the door of his cell, one's heart expands with pity for the
+man, and one wonders long and long whether the vessel on which he
+sailed was really lost, or whether he escaped on it to foreign shores,
+there to expiate as best he could his sin against himself and his
+country.
+
+
+
+
+A VICTIM OF TWO REVOLUTIONS
+
+
+In the life of Colonel James Swan, as in that of Doctor Benjamin Church,
+money was the root of all evil. Swan was almost a fool because of his
+pig-headedness in financial adversity, and Church was ever a knave,
+plausible even when proved guilty. Yet both fell from the same cause,
+utter inability to keep money and avoid debt.
+
+Colonel Swan's history reads very like a romance. He was born in
+Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1754, and came to America in 1765. He found
+employment in Boston, and devoted all his spare time to books. While a
+clerk of eighteen, in a counting-house near Faneuil Hall, he published
+a work on the African slave trade, entitled, "A Discussion of Great
+Britain and Her Colonies from the Slave Trade," a copy of which,
+preserved in the Boston Public Library, is well worth reading for its
+flavour and wit.
+
+While serving an apprenticeship with Thaxter & Son, he formed an
+intimate friendship with several other clerks who, in after years,
+became widely known, among them, Benjamin Thompson, afterward made Count
+Rumford, and Henry Knox, who later became the bookseller on Cornhill,
+and finally a general in the Continental army.
+
+Swan was a member of the Sons of Liberty, and took part in the famous
+Boston tea-party. He was engaged in the battle of Bunker Hill as a
+volunteer aid of Warren, and was twice wounded. He also witnessed the
+evacuation of Boston by the British, March 17, 1776. He later became
+secretary of the Massachusetts board of war, and was elected a member of
+the legislature. Throughout the whole war he occupied positions of
+trust, often requiring great courage and cool judgment, and the fidelity
+with which every duty was performed was shown by the honours conferred
+upon him after retiring to civil life. By means of a large fortune which
+fell to him, he entered mercantile business on a large scale, and became
+very wealthy. He owned large tracts of land in different parts of the
+country, and bought much of the confiscated property of the Tories,
+among other lands the estate belonging to Governor Hutchinson, lying on
+Tremont Street, between West and Boylston Streets.
+
+His large speculations, however, caused him to become deeply involved in
+debt. In 1787, accordingly, he started out anew to make a fortune, and
+through the influence of Lafayette and other men of prominence in Paris,
+he secured many government contracts which entailed immense profit.
+Through all the dark days of the French Revolution, he tried to serve
+the cause of the proscribed French nobility by perfecting plans for them
+to colonise on his lands in America. A large number he induced to
+immigrate, and a vast quantity of the furniture and belongings of these
+unfortunates was received on board his ships. But before the owners
+could follow their furniture, the axe had fallen upon their heads.
+
+When the Reign of Terror was at its height, the _Sally_, owned by
+Colonel Swan, and commanded by Captain Stephen Clough, of Wiscasset,
+Maine, came home with a strange cargo and a stranger story. The cargo
+consisted of French tapestries, marquetry, silver with foreign crests,
+rare vases, clocks, costly furniture, and no end of apparelling fit for
+a queen. The story was that, only for the failure at the last moment of
+a plot for her deliverance, Marie Antoinette would also have been on the
+sloop, the plan being that she should be the guest at Wiscasset of the
+captain's wife until she could be transferred to a safer retreat.
+
+However true may be the rumour of a plot to bring Marie Antoinette to
+America, it is certain that the furniture brought on the _Sally_, was of
+exceptional value and beauty. It found its resting-place in the old Swan
+house of our picture, to which it gave for many years the name of the
+Marie Antoinette house. One room was even called the Marie Antoinette
+room, and the bedstead of this apartment, which is to-day in the
+possession of the descendants of Colonel Swan, is still known as the
+Marie Antoinette bedstead. Whether the unhappy queen ever really rested
+on this bed cannot, of course, be said, but tradition has it that it was
+designed for her use in America because she had found it comfortable in
+France.
+
+Colonel Swan, having paid all his debts, returned in 1795 to the United
+States, accompanied by the beautiful and eccentric gentlewoman who was
+his wife, and who had been with her husband in Paris during the Terror.
+They brought with them on this occasion a very large collection of fine
+French furniture, decorations, and paintings. The colonel had become
+very wealthy indeed through his commercial enterprises, and was now able
+to spend a great deal of money upon his fine Dorchester mansion, which
+he finished about the year 1796. A prominent figure of the house was
+the circular dining-hall, thirty-two feet in diameter, crowned at the
+height of perhaps twenty-five feet by a dome, and having three mirror
+windows. As originally built, it contained no fireplaces or heating
+conveniences of any kind.
+
+[Illustration: SWAN HOUSE, DORCHESTER, MASS.]
+
+Mrs. Swan accompanied her husband on several subsequent trips to Paris,
+and it was on one of these occasions that the colonel came to great
+grief. He had contracted, it is said, a debt claimed in France to be two
+million francs. This indebtedness he denied, and in spite of the
+persuasion of his friends he would make no concession in the matter. As
+a matter of principle he would not pay a debt which, he insisted, he did
+not owe. He seems to have believed the claim of his creditor to be a
+plot, and he at once resolved to be a martyr. He was thereupon arrested,
+and confined in St. Pelagie, a debtor's prison, from 1808 to 1830, a
+period of twenty-two years!
+
+He steadfastly denied the charge against him, and, although able to
+settle the debt, preferred to remain a prisoner to securing his liberty
+on an unjust plea.... He gave up his wife, children, friends, and the
+comforts of his Parisian and New England homes for a principle, and made
+preparations for a long stay in prison. Lafayette, Swan's sincere
+friend, tried in vain to prevail upon him to take his liberty.[9]
+
+Doctor Small, his biographer, tells us that he lived in a little cell in
+the prison, and was treated with great respect by the other prisoners,
+they putting aside their little furnaces with which they cooked, that he
+might have more room for exercise. Not a day passed without some kind
+act on his part, and he was known to have been the cause of the
+liberation of many poor debtors. When the jailor introduced his
+pretended creditor, he would politely salute him, and say to the former:
+"My friend, return me to my chamber."
+
+With funds sent by his wife, Swan hired apartments in the Rue de la
+Clif, opposite St. Pelagie, which he caused to be fitted up at great
+expense. Here were dining and drawing rooms, coaches, and stables, and
+outhouses, and here he invited his guests and lodged his servants,
+putting at the disposal of the former his carriages, in which they drove
+to the promenade, the ball, the theatre--everywhere in his name. At this
+Parisian home he gave great dinners to his constant but bewildered
+friends. He seemed happy in thus braving his creditors and judges, we
+are told, allowed his beard to grow, dressed a la mode, and was
+cheerful to the last day of his confinement.
+
+His wife died in 1825, and five years later the Revolution of July threw
+open his doors in the very last hour of his twenty-second year of
+captivity. His one desire upon being released was to embrace his friend
+Lafayette, and this he did on the steps of the Hotel de Ville. Then he
+returned, July 31, to reinstate himself in prison--for St. Pelagie had
+after twenty-two years come to stand to him for home. He was seized
+almost immediately upon his second entrance into confinement with a
+hemorrhage, and died suddenly in the Rue d'Echiquier, aged seventy-six.
+In his will, he donated large sums of money to his four children, and to
+the city of Boston to found an institution to be called the Swan Orphan
+Academy. But the estate was found to be hopelessly insolvent, and the
+public legacy was never paid. The colonel's name lives, however, in the
+Maine island he purchased in 1786, for the purpose of improving and
+settling,--a project which, but for one of his periodic failures, he
+would probably have successfully accomplished.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 9: "History of Swan's Island."]
+
+
+
+
+THE WOMAN VETERAN OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY
+
+
+Deborah Sampson Gannett, of Sharon, has the unique distinction of
+presenting the only authenticated case of a woman's enlistment and
+service as a regular soldier in the Revolutionary army.
+
+[Illustration: DEBORAH SAMPSON GANNETT.]
+
+The proof of her claim's validity can be found in the resolutions of the
+General Court of Massachusetts, where, under date of January 20, 1792,
+those who take the trouble may find this entry: "On the petition of
+Deborah Gannett, praying compensation for services performed in the late
+army of the United States.
+
+"Whereas, it appears to this court that Deborah Gannett enlisted under
+the name of Robert Shurtleff, in Captain Webb's company in the Fourth
+Massachusetts regiment, on May 21, 1782, and did actually perform the
+duties of a soldier in the late army of the United States to the
+twenty-third day of October, 1783, for which she has received no
+compensation;
+
+"And, whereas, it further appears that the said Deborah exhibited an
+extraordinary instance of female heroism by discharging the duties of a
+faithful, gallant soldier, and at the same time preserved the virtue and
+chastity of her sex unsuspected and unblemished, and was discharged from
+the service with a fair and honourable character; therefore,
+
+"_Resolved_, that the treasurer of the Commonwealth be, and hereby is,
+directed to issue his note to said Deborah for the sum of L34, bearing
+interest from October 23, 1783."
+
+Thus was the seal of authenticity set upon as extraordinary a story as
+can be found in the annals of this country.
+
+Deborah Sampson was born in Plympton, Plymouth County, December 17,
+1760, of a family descended from Governor Bradford. She had many
+brothers who enlisted for service early in the war, and it was their
+example, according to some accounts, which inspired her unusual course.
+
+If one may judge from the hints thrown out in the "Female Review," a
+quaint little pamphlet probably written by Deborah herself, and
+published in 1797, however, it was the ardent wooing of a too
+importunate lover which drove the girl to her extraordinary undertaking.
+Two copies of this "Review" are now treasured in the Boston Public
+Library.
+
+In the first chapters, the author discourses upon female education and
+the like, and then, after a sympathetic analysis of the educational
+aspirations of the heroine (referred to throughout the book as "our
+illustrious fair"), and a peroration on the lady's religious beliefs,
+describes in Miss Sampson's own words a curious dream she once had.
+
+The young woman experienced this psychic visitation, the author of the
+"Review" would have us believe, a short time before taking her final
+step toward the army. In the dream, a serpent bade her "arise, stand on
+your feet, gird yourself, and prepare to encounter your enemy." This,
+according to the chronicler's interpretation, was one underlying cause
+of Deborah's subsequent decision to enlist as a soldier.
+
+Yet her mother's wish that she should marry a man for whom she felt no
+love is also suggested as a cause, and there is a hint, too, that the
+death in the battle of Long Island, New York, of a man to whom she was
+attached, gave the final impulse to her plan. At any rate, it was the
+night that she heard the news of this man's death that she started on
+her perilous undertaking.
+
+"Having put in readiness the materials she had judged requisite," writes
+her chronicler, "she retired at her usual hour to bed, intending to rise
+at twelve.... There was none but the Invisible who could take cognisance
+of her passion on assuming her new garb."
+
+She slipped cautiously away, and travelled carefully to Bellingham,
+where she enlisted as a Continental soldier on a three years' term. She
+was mustered into the army at Worcester, under the name of Robert
+Shurtleff. With about fifty other soldiers she soon arrived at West
+Point, and it there fell to her lot to be in Captain Webb's company, in
+Colonel Shepard's regiment, and in General Patterson's brigade.
+
+Naturally the girl's disappearance from home had caused her friends and
+her family great uneasiness. Her mother reproached herself for having
+urged too constantly upon the attention of her child the suit of a man
+for whom she did not care, and her lover upbraided himself for having
+been too importunate in his wooing. The telephone and telegraph not
+having been invented, it was necessary, in order to trace the lost girl,
+to visit all the places to which Deborah might have flown. Her brother,
+therefore, made an expedition one hundred miles to the eastward among
+some of the family relations, and her suitor took his route to the west
+of Massachusetts and across into New York State.
+
+In the course of his search he visited, as it happened, the very place
+in which Deborah's company was stationed, and saw (though he did not
+recognise) his lost sweetheart. She recognised him, however, and hearing
+his account to the officers of her mother's grief and anxiety, sent home
+as soon as opportunity offered, the following letter:
+
+"DEAR PARENT:--On the margin of one of those rivers which intersects and
+winds itself so beautifully majestic through a vast extent of territory
+of the United States is the present situation of your unworthy but
+constant and affectionate daughter. I pretend not to justify or even to
+palliate my clandestine elopement. In hopes of pacifying your mind,
+which I am sure must be afflicted beyond measure, I write you this
+scrawl. Conscious of not having thus abruptly absconded by reason of any
+fancied ill treatment from you, or disaffection toward any, the thoughts
+of my disobedience are truly poignant. Neither have I a plea that the
+insults of man have driven me hence: and let this be your consoling
+reflection--that I have not fled to offer more daring insults to them by
+a proffered prostitution of that virtue which I have always been taught
+to preserve and revere. The motive is truly important; and when I
+divulge it my sole ambition and delight shall be to make an expiatory
+sacrifice for my transgression.
+
+"I am in a large but well regulated family. My employment is agreeable,
+although it is somewhat different and more intense than it was at home.
+But I apprehend it is equally as advantageous. My superintendents are
+indulgent; but to a punctilio they demand a due observance of decorum
+and propriety of conduct. By this you must know I have become mistress
+of many useful lessons, though I have many more to learn. Be not too
+much troubled, therefore, about my present or future engagements; as I
+will endeavour to make that prudence and virtue my model, for which, I
+own, I am much indebted to those who took the charge of my youth.
+
+"My place of residence and the adjoining country are beyond description
+delightsome.... Indeed, were it not for the ravages of war, of which I
+have seen more here than in Massachusetts, this part of our great
+continent would become a paradisiacal elysium. Heaven condescend that a
+speedy peace may constitute us a happy and independent nation: when the
+husband shall again be restored to his amiable consort, to wipe her
+sorrowing tear, the son to the embraces of his mourning parents, and the
+lover to the tender, disconsolate, and half-distracted object of his
+love.
+
+                                       "Your affectionate
+
+                                                      "Daughter."
+
+Unfortunately this letter, which had to be entrusted to a stranger, was
+intercepted. But Deborah did not know this, and her mind at rest, she
+pursued cheerfully the course she had marked out for herself.
+
+The fatigue and heat of the march oppressed the girl soldier more than
+did battle or the fear of death. Yet at White Plains, her first
+experience of actual warfare, her left-hand man was shot dead in the
+second fire, and she herself received two shots through her coat and one
+through her cap. In the terrible bayonet charge at this same battle, in
+which she was a participant, the sight of the bloodshed proved almost
+too much for her strength.
+
+At Yorktown she was ordered to work on a battery, which she did right
+faithfully. Among her comrades, Deborah's young and jaunty appearance
+won for her the sobriquet "blooming boy." She was a great favourite in
+the ranks. She shirked nothing, and did duty sometimes as a common
+soldier and sometimes as a sergeant on the lines, patrolling, collecting
+fuel, and performing such other offices as fell to her lot.
+
+After the battle of White Plains she received two severe wounds, one of
+which was in her thigh. Naturally, a surgeon was sent for at once, but
+the plucky girl, who could far more easily endure pain than the thought
+of discovery, extracted the ball herself with penknife and needle before
+hospital aid arrived.
+
+In the spring of 1783 General Patterson selected her for his waiter, and
+Deborah so distinguished herself for readiness and courage that the
+general often praised to the other men of the regiment the heroism of
+his "smock-faced boy."
+
+It is at this stage of the story that the inevitable denouement
+occurred. The young soldier fell ill with a prevailing epidemic, and
+during her attack of unconsciousness her sex was discovered by the
+attendant physician, Doctor Bana. Immediately she was removed by the
+physician's orders to the apartment of the hospital matron, under whose
+care she remained until discharged as well.
+
+Deborah's appearance in her uniform was sufficiently suggestive, as has
+been said, of robust masculinity to attract the favourable attention of
+many young women. What she had not counted upon was the arousing in one
+of these girls of a degree of interest which should imperil her secret.
+Her chagrin, the third morning after the doctor's discovery, was
+appreciably deepened, therefore, by the arrival of a love-letter from a
+rich and charming young woman of Baltimore whom the soldier, "Robert
+Shurtleff," had several times met, but whose identity with the writer of
+the letter our heroine by no means suspected. This letter, accompanied
+by a gift of fruit, the compiler of the "Female Review" gives as
+follows:
+
+"DEAR SIR:--Fraught with the feelings of a friend who is doubtless
+beyond your conception interested in your health and happiness, I take
+liberty to address you with a frankness which nothing but the purest
+friendship and affection can palliate,--know, then, that the charms I
+first read on your visage brought a passion into my bosom for which I
+could not account. If it was from the thing called LOVE, I was before
+mostly ignorant of it, and strove to stifle the fugutive; though I
+confess the indulgence was agreeable. But repeated interviews with you
+kindled it into a flame I do not now blush to own: and should it meet a
+generous return, I shall not reproach myself for its indulgence. I have
+long sought to hear of your department, and how painful is the news I
+this moment received that you are sick, if alive, in the hospital! Your
+complicated nerves will not admit of writing, but inform the bearer if
+you are necessitated for anything that can conduce to your comfort. If
+you recover and think proper to inquire my name, I will give you an
+opportunity. But if death is to terminate your existence there, let your
+last senses be impressed with the reflection that you die not without
+one more friend whose tears will bedew your funeral obsequies. Adieu."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The distressed invalid replied to this note that "he" was not in need of
+money. The same evening, however, another missive was received,
+enclosing two guineas. And the like favours were continued throughout
+the soldier's stay at the hospital.
+
+Upon recovery, the "blooming boy" resumed his uniform to rejoin the
+troops. Doctor Bana had kept the secret, and there seemed to Deborah no
+reason why she should not pursue her soldier career to the end.
+
+The enamoured maid of Baltimore still remained, however, a thorn in her
+conscience. And one day, when near Baltimore on a special duty, our
+soldier was summoned by a note to the home of this young woman, who,
+confessing herself the writer of the anonymous letter, declared her
+love. Just what response was made to this avowal is not known, but that
+the attractive person in soldier uniform did not at this time tell the
+maid of Baltimore the whole truth is certain.
+
+Events were soon, however, to force Deborah to perfect frankness with
+her admirer. After leaving Baltimore, she went on a special duty
+journey, in the course of which she was taken captive by Indians. The
+savage who had her in his charge she was obliged to kill in
+self-defence, after which there seemed every prospect that she and the
+single Indian lad who escaped with her would perish in the wilderness, a
+prey to wild beasts. Thereupon she wrote to her Baltimore admirer thus:
+
+"Dear Miss ----:--Perhaps you are the nearest friend I have. But a few
+hours must inevitably waft me to an infinite distance from all sublunary
+enjoyments, and fix me in a state of changeless retribution. Three years
+having made me the sport of fortune, I am at length doomed to end my
+existence in a dreary wilderness, unattended except by an Indian boy. If
+you receive these lines, remember they come from one who sincerely loves
+you. But, my amiable friend, forgive my imperfections and forget you
+ever had affection for one so unworthy the name of
+
+                                                  "YOUR OWN SEX."
+
+No means of sending this letter presented itself, however, and after a
+dreary wandering, Deborah was enabled to rejoin her soldier friends.
+Then she proceeded to Baltimore for the express purpose of seeing her
+girl admirer and telling her the truth. Yet this time, too, she evaded
+her duty, and left the maiden still unenlightened, with a promise to
+return the ensuing spring--a promise, she afterward declared, she had
+every intention of keeping, had not the truth been published to the
+world in the intervening time.
+
+Doctor Bana had been only deferring the uncloaking of "Robert
+Shurtleff." Upon Deborah's return to duty, he made the culprit herself
+the bearer of a letter to General Patterson, which disclosed the
+secret.
+
+The general, who was at West Point at the time, treated her with all
+possible kindness, and commended her for her service, instead of
+punishing her, as she had feared. Then he gave her a private apartment,
+and made arrangements to have her safely conducted to Massachusetts.
+
+Not quite yet, however, did Deborah abandon her disguise. She passed the
+next winter with distant relatives under the name of her youngest
+brother. But she soon resumed her proper name, and returned to her
+delighted family.
+
+After the war, she married Benjamin Gannett, and the homestead in
+Sharon, where she lived for the rest of her life, is still standing,
+relics of her occupancy, her table and her Bible, being shown there
+to-day to interested visitors.
+
+[Illustration: GANNETT HOUSE, SHARON, MASS.]
+
+In 1802 she made a successful lecturing tour, during which she kept a
+very interesting diary, which is still exhibited to those interested by
+her great-granddaughter, Mrs. Susan Moody. Her grave in Sharon is
+carefully preserved, a street has been named in her honour, and several
+patriotic societies have constituted her their principal deity.
+Certainly her story is curious enough to entitle her to some
+distinction.
+
+
+
+
+THE REDEEMED CAPTIVE
+
+
+Of all the towns settled by Englishmen in the midst of Indians, none was
+more thoroughly peaceful in its aims and origin than Deerfield, in the
+old Pocumtuck Valley. Here under the giant trees of the primeval forest
+the whitehaired Eliot prayed, and beside the banks of the sluggish
+stream he gathered as nucleus for the town the roving savages upon whom
+his gospel message had made a deep impression. Quite naturally,
+therefore, the men of Pocumtuck were not disquieted by news of Indian
+troubles. With the natives about them they had lived on peaceful terms
+for many years, and it was almost impossible for them to believe that
+they would ever come to shudder at the mere presence of redskins. Yet
+history tells us, and Deerfield to-day bears witness to the fact, that
+no town in all the colonies suffered more at the hands of the Indians
+than did this peaceful village in Western Massachusetts.
+
+In 1702 King William died, and "good" Queen Anne reigned in his stead.
+Following closely upon the latter event came another war between France
+and England, a conflict which, as in the reign of William and Mary,
+renewed the hostilities between the French and English colonies in
+America. At an early date, accordingly, the settlement of Deerfield
+discovered that it was to be attacked by the French. At once measures
+were taken to strengthen the fortifications of the town, and to prepare,
+so far as possible, for the dreaded event.
+
+The blow fell on the night of the twenty-ninth of February, 1704, when
+Major Hertel de Rouville, with upwards of three hundred and forty French
+and Indians, arrived at a pine bluff overlooking Deerfield meadow, about
+two miles north of the village--a locality now known as Petty's Plain.
+Here he halted, to await the appropriate hour for an attack, and it was
+not until early morning that, leaving their packs upon the spot, his men
+started forward for their terrible work of destruction. Rouville took
+great pains not to alarm the sentinels in his approach, but the
+precaution was unnecessary, as the watch were unfaithful, and had
+retired to rest. Arriving at the fortifications, he found the snow
+drifted nearly to the top of the palisades, and his entire party entered
+the place undiscovered, while the whole population were in profound
+sleep. Quietly distributing themselves in parties, they broke in the
+doors of the houses, dragged out the astonished inhabitants, killed such
+as resisted, and took prisoner the majority of the remainder, only a few
+escaping from their hands into the woods.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAMS HOUSE, DEERFIELD, MASS.]
+
+The house of Reverend John Williams was assaulted at the beginning of
+the attack. Awakened from sleep, Mr. Williams leaped from his bed, and
+running to the door found the enemy entering. Calling to two soldiers
+who lodged in the house, he sprang back to his bedroom, seized a pistol,
+cocked it, and presented it at the breast of an Indian who had followed
+him. It missed fire, and it was well, for the room was thronged in an
+instant, and he was seized, bound without being allowed the privilege of
+dressing, and kept standing in the cold for an hour. Meanwhile, the
+savages amused themselves by taunting him, swinging their hatchets over
+him and threatening him. Two of his children and a negro woman were then
+taken to the door and butchered. Mrs. Williams was allowed to dress, and
+she and her five children were taken captives. Other houses in the
+village were likewise attacked, one of them being defended by seven men,
+for whom the women inside cast bullets while the fight was in progress.
+But the attacking force was an overpowering one, and De Rouville and his
+men had by sunrise done their work most successfully with torch and
+tomahawk. The blood of forty-nine murdered men, women and children
+reddened the snow. Twenty-nine men, twenty-four women, and fifty-eight
+children were made captive, and in a few hours the spoil-encumbered
+enemy were en route for Canada.
+
+Through the midwinter snow which covered the fields the poor captives
+marched out on their terrible pilgrimage. Two of the prisoners succeeded
+in escaping, whereupon Mr. Williams was ordered to inform the others
+that if any more slipped away death by fire would be visited upon those
+who remained. The first night's lodgings were provided for as
+comfortably as circumstances would permit, and all the ablebodied among
+the prisoners were made to sleep in barns. On the second day's march Mr.
+Williams was permitted to speak with his poor wife, whose youngest child
+had been born only a few weeks before, and to assist her on her journey.
+
+"On the way," says the pastor, in his famous book, "The Redeemed
+Captive", "we discoursed on the happiness of those who had a right to an
+house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens; and God for a father
+and friend; as also it was our reasonable duty quietly to submit to the
+will of God, and to say, 'The will of the Lord be done.'" Thus imparting
+to one another their heroic courage and Christian strength and
+consolation, the captive couple pursued their painful way.
+
+At last the poor woman announced the gradual failure of her strength,
+and during the short time she was allowed to remain with her husband,
+expressed good wishes and prayers for him and her children. The
+narrative proceeds: "She never spake any discontented word as to what
+had befallen her, but with suitable expressions justified God in what
+had happened.... We soon made a halt, in which time my chief surviving
+master came up, upon which I was put into marching with the foremost,
+and so made my last farewell of my dear wife, the desire of my eyes, and
+companion in many mercies and afflictions. Upon our separation from
+each other, we asked for each other grace sufficient for what God should
+call us to."
+
+For a short time Mrs. Williams remained where her husband had left her,
+occupying her leisure in reading her Bible. He, as was necessary, went
+on, and soon had to ford a small and rapid stream, and climb a high
+mountain on its other side. Reaching the top very much exhausted, he was
+unburdened of his pack. Then his heart went down the steep after his
+wife. He entreated his master to let him go down and help her, but his
+desire was refused. As the prisoners one after another came up he
+inquired for her, and at length the news of her death was told to him.
+In wading the river she had been thrown down by the water and entirely
+submerged. Yet after great difficulty she had succeeded in reaching the
+bank, and had penetrated to the foot of the mountain. Here, however,
+her master had become discouraged with the idea of her maintaining the
+march, and burying his tomahawk in her head he left her dead. Mrs.
+Williams was the daughter of Reverend Eleazer Mather, the first minister
+of Northampton--an educated, refined, and noble woman. It is pleasant,
+while musing upon her sad fate, to recall that her body was found and
+brought back to Deerfield, where, long years after, her husband was laid
+by her side. And there to-day sleeps the dust of the pair beneath stones
+which inform the stranger of the interesting spot.
+
+Others of the captives were killed upon the journey as convenience
+required. A journal kept by Stephen Williams, the pastor's son, who was
+only eleven years old when captured, reflects in an artless way every
+stage of the terrible journey: "They travelled," he writes, "as if they
+meant to kill us all, for they travelled thirty-five or forty miles a
+day.... Their manner was, if any loitered, to kill them. My feet were
+very sore, so I thought they would kill me also."
+
+When the first Sabbath arrived, Mr. Williams was allowed to preach. His
+text was taken from the Lamentations of Jeremiah, the verse in which
+occurs the passage, "My virgins and my young men have gone into
+captivity."
+
+Thus they progressed, the life of the captives dependent in every case
+upon their ability to keep up with the party. Here an innocent child
+would be knocked upon the head and left in the snow, and there some poor
+woman dropped by the way and killed by the tomahawk. Arriving at White
+River, De Rouville divided his forces, and the parties took separate
+routes to Canada. The group to which Mr. Williams was attached went up
+White River, and proceeded, with various adventures, to Sorel in Canada,
+to which place some of the captives had preceded him. In Canada, all who
+arrived were treated by the French with great humanity, and Mr. Williams
+with marked courtesy. He proceeded to Chambly, thence to St. Francis on
+the St. Lawrence, afterward to Quebec, and at last to Montreal, where
+Governor Vaudreuil accorded him much kindness, and eventually redeemed
+him from savage hands.
+
+Mr. Williams's religious experiences in Canada were characteristic of
+the times. He was there thrown among Romanists, a sect against which he
+entertained the most profound dislike--profound to the degree of
+inflammatory conscientiousness, not to say bigotry. His Indian master
+was determined he should go to church, but he would not, and was once
+dragged there, where, he says, he "saw a great confusion instead of any
+Gospel order." The Jesuits assailed him on every hand, and gave him but
+little peace. His master at one time tried to make him kiss a crucifix,
+under the threat that he would dash out his brains with a hatchet if he
+should refuse. But he did refuse, and had the good fortune to save his
+head as well as his conscience. Mr. Williams's own account of his stay
+in Canada is chiefly devoted to anecdotes of the temptations to Romanism
+with which he was beset by the Jesuits. His son Samuel was almost
+persuaded to embrace the faith of Rome, and his daughter Eunice was, to
+his great chagrin, forced to say prayers in Latin. But, for the most,
+the Deerfield captives proved intractable, and were still aggressively
+Protestant when, in 1706, Mr. Williams and all his children (except
+Eunice, of whom we shall say more anon), together with the other
+captives up to the number of fifty-seven, embarked on board a ship sent
+to Quebec by Governor Dudley, and sailed for Boston.
+
+A committee of the pastor's people met their old clergyman upon his
+landing at Boston, and invited him to return to the charge from which he
+had, nearly three years before, been torn. And Mr. Williams had the
+courage to accept their offer, notwithstanding the fact that the war
+continued with unabated bitterness. In 1707 the town voted to build him
+a house "as big as Ensign Sheldon's, and a back room as big as may be
+thought convenient." This house is still standing (1902), though Ensign
+Sheldon's, the "Old Indian House in Deerfield," as it has been
+popularly called, was destroyed more than half a century ago. The
+Indian House stood at the northern end of Deerfield Common, and
+exhibited to its latest day the marks of the tomahawk left upon its
+front door in the attack of 1704, and the perforations made by the balls
+inside. The door is still preserved, and is one of the most interesting
+relics now to be seen in Memorial Hall, Deerfield.
+
+For more than twenty years after his return from captivity, Mr. Williams
+served his parish faithfully. He took into his new house a new wife, by
+whom he had several children; and in this same house he passed
+peacefully away June 12, 1729, in the sixty-fifth year of his age, and
+the forty-fifth of his ministry.
+
+Stephen Williams, who had been taken captive when a lad of eleven, was
+redeemed in 1705 with his father. In spite of the hardships to which he
+had been so early exposed, he was a fine strong boy when he returned to
+Deerfield, and he went on with his rudely interrupted education to such
+good effect that he graduated from Harvard in 1713 at the age of twenty.
+In 1716 he settled as minister at Longmeadow, in which place he died in
+1772. Yet his manhood was not passed without share in the wars of the
+time, for he was chaplain in the Louisburg expedition in 1745, and in
+the regiment of Colonel Ephraim Williams in his fatal campaign in 1755,
+and again in the Canadian campaign of 1756. The portrait of him which is
+here given was painted about 1748, and is now to be seen in the hall of
+the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, within four-score rods of the
+place where the boy captive was born, and from which he was carried as a
+tender child into captivity.
+
+[Illustration: REVEREND STEPHEN WILLIAMS.]
+
+It has been said that one of the greatest trials of Mr. Williams's stay
+in Canada was the discovery that his little daughter, Eunice, had been
+taught by her Canadian captors to say prayers in Latin. But this was
+only the beginning of the sorrow of the good man's life. Eunice was a
+plastic little creature, and she soon adopted not only the religion, but
+also the manners and customs of the Indians among whom she had fallen.
+In fact and feeling she became a daughter of the Indians, and there
+among them she married, on arriving at womanhood, an Indian by whom she
+had a family of children. A few years after the war she made her first
+visit to her Deerfield relatives, and subsequently she came twice to
+Massachusetts dressed in Indian costume. But all the inducements held
+out to her to remain there were in vain. During her last visit she was
+the subject of many prayers and lengthy sermonising on the part of her
+clerical relatives, an address delivered at Mansfield August 1, 1741, by
+Solomon Williams, A. M., being frankly in her behalf. A portion of this
+sermon has come down to us, and offers a curious example of the
+eloquence of the time: "It has pleased God," says the worthy minister,
+"to incline her, the last summer and now again of her own accord, to
+make a visit to her friends; and this seems to encourage us to hope that
+He designs to answer the many prayers which have been put up for her."
+
+But in spite of these many prayers, and in spite, too, of the fact that
+the General Court of Massachusetts granted Eunice and her family a piece
+of land on condition that they would remain in New England, she refused
+on the ground that it would endanger her soul. She lived and died in
+savage life, though nominally a convert to Romanism. Out of her singular
+fate has grown another romance, the marvel of later times. For from her
+descended Reverend Eleazer Williams, missionary to the Indians at Green
+Bay, Wisconsin, who was in 1851 visited by the Duc de Joinville, and
+told that he was that Dauphin (son of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette),
+who, according to history, died in prison June 9, 1795. In spite of the
+fact that the evidence of this little prince's death was as strong as
+any which can be found in history in relation to the death of Louis, his
+father, or of Marie Antoinette, his mother, the strange story--first
+published in _Putnam's Magazine_ for February, 1853--gained general
+credence, even Mr. Williams himself coming gradually to believe it. As a
+matter of fact, however, there was proved to be a discrepancy of eight
+years between the dates of Williams's and the Dauphin's birth, and
+nearly every part of the clergyman's life was found to have been spent
+in quite a commonplace way. For as a boy, Eleazer Williams lived with
+Reverend Mr. Ely, on the Connecticut River, and his kinsman, Doctor
+Williams, of Deerfield, at once asserted that he remembered him very
+well at all stages of his boyhood.
+
+Governor Charles K. Williams, of Vermont, writing from Rutland under
+date February 26, 1853, said of the Reverend Eleazer and his "claims" to
+the throne of France, "I never had any doubt that Williams was of Indian
+extraction, and a descendant of Eunice Williams. His father and mother
+were both of them at my father's house, although I cannot ascertain
+definitely the year. I consider the whole story a humbug, and believe
+that it will be exploded in the course of a few months." As a matter of
+fact, the story has been exploded,--though the features of the Reverend
+Eleazer Williams, when in the full flush of manhood, certainly bore a
+remarkable resemblance to those of the French kings from whom his
+descent was claimed. His mixed blood might account for this, however.
+Williams's paternal grandfather was an English physician,--not of the
+Deerfield family at all,--and his grandmother the daughter of Eunice
+Williams and her redskin mate. His father was Thomas Williams, captain
+in the British service during the American Revolution, and his mother a
+Frenchwoman. Thus the Reverend Eleazer was part English, part Yankee,
+part Indian, and part French, a combination sufficiently complex to
+account, perhaps, even for an unmistakably Bourbon chin.
+
+
+
+
+NEW ENGLAND'S FIRST "CLUB WOMAN"
+
+
+Even to-day, in this emancipated twentieth century, women ministers and
+"female preachers" are not infrequently held up to derision by those who
+delight to sit in the seat of the scornful. Trials for heresy are
+likewise still common. It is not at all strange, therefore, that
+Mistress Ann Hutchinson should, in 1636, have been driven out of Boston
+as an enemy dangerous to public order, her specific offence being that
+she maintained in her own house that a mere profession of faith could
+not evidence salvation, unless the Spirit first revealed itself from
+within.
+
+Mrs. Hutchinson's maiden name was Ann Marbury, and she was the daughter
+of a scholar and a theologian--one Francis Marbury--who was first a
+minister of Lincolnshire and afterward of London. Naturally, much of the
+girl's as well as the greater part of the woman's life was passed in the
+society of ministers--men whom she soon learned to esteem more for what
+they knew than for what they preached. Theology, indeed, was the
+atmosphere in which she lived and moved and had her being.
+Intellectually, she was an enthusiast, morally an agitator, a clever
+leader, whom Winthrop very aptly described as a "woman of ready wit and
+bold spirit."
+
+While still young, this exceptionally gifted woman married William
+Hutchinson, a country gentleman of good character and estate, whose
+home was also in Lincolnshire. Winthrop has nothing but words of
+contempt for Mrs. Hutchinson's husband, but there is little doubt that a
+sincere attachment existed between the married pair, and that Hutchinson
+was a man of sterling character and worth, even though he was
+intellectually the inferior of his remarkable wife. In their
+Lincolnshire home the Hutchinsons had been parishioners of the Reverend
+John Cotton, and regular attendants at that celebrated divine's church
+in Boston, England. To him, her pastor, Mrs. Hutchinson was deeply
+attached. And when the minister fled to New England in order to escape
+from the tyranny of the bishops, the Hutchinsons also decided to come to
+America, and presently the whole family did so. Mrs. Hutchinson's
+daughter, who had married the Reverend John Wright Wheelwright--another
+Lincolnshire minister who had suffered at the hands of Archbishop
+Laud--came with her mother. Besides the daughter, there were three grown
+sons in the family at the time Mrs. Hutchinson landed in the Boston she
+was afterward to rend with religious dissension.
+
+So it was no young, sentimental, unbalanced girl, but a middle-aged,
+matured, and experienced woman of the world who, in the autumn of 1634,
+took sail for New England. During the voyage it was learned that Mrs.
+Hutchinson came primed for religious controversy. With some Puritan
+ministers who were on the same vessel she discussed eagerly abstruse
+theological questions, and she hinted in no uncertain way that when they
+should arrive in New England they might expect to hear more from her.
+Clearly, she regarded herself as one with a mission. In unmistakable
+terms she avowed her belief that direct revelations are made to the
+elect, and asserted that nothing of importance had ever happened to her
+which had not been revealed to her beforehand.
+
+Upon their arrival in Boston, the Hutchinsons settled down in a house on
+the site of the present Old Corner Book Store, the head of the family
+made arrangements to enter upon his business affairs, and in due time
+both husband and wife made their application to be received as members
+of the church. This step was indispensable to admit the pair into
+Christian fellowship and to allow to Mr. Hutchinson the privileges of a
+citizen. He came through the questioning more easily than did his wife,
+for, in consequence of the reports already spread concerning her
+extravagant opinions, Mrs. Hutchinson was subjected to a most
+searching examination. Finally, however, she, too, passed through the
+ordeal safely, the examining ministers, one of whom was her old and
+beloved pastor, Mr. Cotton, declaring themselves satisfied with her
+answers. So, in November, we find her a "member in good standing" of the
+Boston church.
+
+[Illustration: OLD CORNER BOOKSTORE, SITE OF THE HUTCHINSON HOUSE.]
+
+From this time forward Mrs. Hutchinson was a person of great importance
+in Boston. Sir Harry Vane, then governor of the colony and the idol of
+the people, was pleased, with Mr. Cotton, to take much notice of the
+gifted newcomer, and their example was followed by the leading and
+influential people of the town, who treated her with much consideration
+and respect, and were quick to recognise her intellectuality as far
+superior to that of most members of her sex. Mrs. Hutchinson soon came,
+indeed, to be that very remarkable thing--a prophet honoured in her own
+community. Adopting an established custom of the town, she held in her
+own home two weekly meetings--one for men and women and one exclusively
+for women--at which she was the oracle. And all these meetings were very
+generously attended.
+
+Mrs. Hutchinson seems to have been New England's first clubwoman. Never
+before had women come together for independent thought and action. To be
+sure, nothing more lively than the sermon preached the Sunday before was
+ever discussed at these gatherings, but the talk was always pithy and
+bright, the leader's wit was always ready, and soon the house at the
+corner of what is now School Street came to be widely celebrated as the
+centre of an influence so strong and far-reaching as to make the very
+ministers jealous and fearful. At first, to be sure, the parsons
+themselves went to the meetings. Cotton, Vane, Wheelwright, and
+Coddington, completely embraced the leader's views, and the result upon
+Winthrop of attendance at these conferences was to send that official
+home to his closet, wrestling with himself, yet more than half
+persuaded.
+
+Hawthorne's genius has conjured up the scene at Boston's first "parlour
+talks," so that we too may attend and be one among the "crowd of hooded
+women and men in steeple hats and close-cropped hair ... assembled at
+the door and open windows of a house newly-built. An earnest expression
+glows in every face ... and some press inward as if the bread of life
+were to be dealt forth, and they feared to lose their share."
+
+In plain English Ann Hutchinson's doctrines were these: "She held and
+advocated as the highest truth," writes Mr. Drake, "that a person could
+be justified only by an actual and manifest revelation of the Spirit to
+him personally. There could be no other evidence of grace. She
+repudiated a doctrine of works, and she denied that holiness of living
+alone could be received as evidence of regeneration, since hypocrites
+might live outwardly as pure lives as the saints do. The Puritan
+churches held that sanctification by the will was evidence of
+justification." In advancing these views, Mrs. Hutchinson's pronounced
+personal magnetism stood her in good stead. She made many converts, and,
+believing herself inspired to do a certain work, and emboldened by the
+increasing number of her followers, she soon became unwisely and
+unpleasantly aggressive in her criticisms of those ministers who
+preached a covenant of works. She seems to have been led into speaking
+her mind as to doctrines and persons more freely than was consistent
+with prudence and moderation, because she was altogether unsuspicious
+that what was being said in the privacy of her own house was being
+carefully treasured up against her. So she constantly added fuel to the
+flame, which was soon to burst forth to her undoing.
+
+She was accused of fostering sedition in the church, and was then
+confronted with charges relative to the meetings of women held at her
+house. This she successfully parried.
+
+It looked indeed as if she would surely be acquitted, when by an
+impassioned discourse upon special revelations that had come to her, and
+an assertion that God would miraculously protect her whatever the court
+might decree, she impugned the position of her judges and roused keen
+resentment. Because of this it was that she was banished "as unfit for
+our society." In the colony records of Massachusetts the sentence
+pronounced reads as follows: "Mrs. Hutchinson (the wife of Mr. William
+Hutchinson) being convented for traducing the ministers and their
+ministry in this country, shee declared voluntarily her revelations for
+her ground, and that shee should bee delivred and the Court ruined with
+their posterity; and thereupon was banished, and the meanwhile she was
+committed to Mr. Joseph Weld untill the Court shall dispose of her."
+
+Mrs. Hutchinson passed next winter accordingly under the watch and ward
+of Thomas Weld, in the house of his brother Joseph, near what is now
+Eustis Street, Roxbury. She was there until March, when, returning to
+Boston for further trial, she was utterly cast out, even John Cotton,
+who had been her friend, turning against her.
+
+Mr. Cotton did not present an heroic figure in this trial. Had he
+chosen, he might have turned the drift of public opinion in Mrs.
+Hutchinson's favour, but he was either too weak or too politic to
+withstand the pressure brought to bear upon him, and he gave a qualified
+adhesion to the proceedings. Winthrop did not hesitate to use severe
+measures, and in the course of the struggle Vane, who deeply admired the
+Boston prophetess, left the country in disgust. Mrs. Hutchinson was
+arraigned at the bar as if she had been a criminal of the most dangerous
+kind. Winthrop, who presided, catechised her mercilessly, and all
+endeavoured to extort from her some damaging admission. But in this they
+were unsuccessful. "Mrs. Hutchinson can tell when to speak and when to
+hold her tongue," commented the governor, in describing the court
+proceedings. Yet when all is said, the "trial" was but a mockery, and
+those who read the proceedings as preserved in the "History of
+Massachusetts Under the Colony and Province," written by Governor
+Hutchinson, a descendant of our heroine, will be quick to condemn the
+judgment there pronounced by a court which expounded theology instead of
+law against a woman who, as Coddington truly said, "had broken no law,
+either of God or of man."
+
+Banishment was the sentence pronounced, and after the church which had
+so lately caressed and courted Mrs. Hutchinson had in its turn visited
+upon her the verdict of excommunication, her husband sold all his
+property and removed with his family to the island of Aquidneck, as did
+also many others whose opinions had brought them under the censure of
+the governing powers. In this connection it is worth noting that the
+head of the house of Hutchinson stood right valiantly by his persecuted
+wife, and when a committee of the Boston church went in due time to
+Rhode Island for the purpose of bringing back into the fold the sheep
+which they adjudged lost, Mr. Hutchinson told them bluntly that, far
+from being of their opinion, he accounted his wife "a dear saint and
+servant of God."
+
+The rest of Mrs. Hutchinson's story is soon told. Upon the death of her
+husband, which occurred five years after the banishment, she went with
+her family into the Dutch territory of New Netherlands, settling near
+what is now New Rochelle. And scarcely had she become established in
+this place when her house was suddenly assaulted by hostile Indians,
+who, in their revengeful fury, murdered the whole family, excepting
+only one daughter, who was carried away into captivity. Thus in the
+tragedy of an Indian massacre was quenched the light of the most
+remarkable intellect Boston has ever made historic by misunderstanding.
+
+Hawthorne, in writing in his early manhood of Mrs. Hutchinson
+("Biographical Sketches"), humourously remarked, Seer that he was:
+"There are portentous indications, changes gradually taking place in the
+habits and feelings of the gentler sex, which seem to threaten our
+posterity with many of those public women whereof one was a burden too
+grievous for our fathers."
+
+Fortunately, we of to-day have learned to take our clubwomen less
+tragically than Winthrop was able to do.
+
+[Illustration: OLD WITCH HOUSE, SALEM, MASS.]
+
+
+
+
+IN THE REIGN OF THE WITCHES
+
+
+One of the most interesting of the phenomena to be noted by the student
+of historical houses is the tenacity of tradition. People may be told
+again and again that a story attributed to a certain site has been
+proven untrue, but they still look with veneration on a place which has
+been hallowed many years, and refuse to give up any alluring name by
+which they have known it. A notable example of this is offered by what
+is universally called the Old Witch House, situated at the corner of
+Essex and North Streets, Salem. A dark, scowling building, set far
+enough back from the street for a modern drugstore to stand in front of
+it, the house itself is certainly sufficiently sinister in appearance to
+warrant its name, even though one is assured by authorities that no
+witch was ever known to have lived there. Its sole connection with
+witchcraft, history tells us, is that some of the preliminary
+examinations of witches took place here, the house being at the time the
+residence of Justice Jonathan Corwin. Yet it is this house that has
+absorbed the interest of historical pilgrims to Salem through many
+years, just because it looks like a witch-house, and somebody once made
+a muddled statement by which it came to be so regarded.
+
+This house is the oldest standing in Salem or its vicinity, having been
+built before 1635. And it really has a claim to fame as the Roger
+Williams house, for it was here that the great "Teacher" lived during
+his troubled settlement in Salem. The people of Salem, it will be
+remembered, persistently sought Williams as their spiritual pastor and
+master until the General Court at Boston unseated the Salem deputies for
+the acts of their constituents in retaining a man of whom they
+disapproved, and the magistrates sent a vessel to Salem to remove Mr.
+Williams to England. The minister eluded his persecutors by fleeing
+through the wintry snows into the wilderness, to become the founder of
+the State of Rhode Island.
+
+Mr. Williams was a close friend and confidential adviser of Governor
+Endicott, and those who were alarmed at the governor's impetuosity in
+cutting the cross from the king's colours, attributed the act to his
+[Williams's] influence. In taking his departure from the old house of
+the picture to make his way to freedom, Williams had no guide save a
+pocket compass, which his descendants still exhibit, and no reliance but
+the friendly disposition of the Indians toward him.
+
+But it is of the witchcraft delusion with which the house of our picture
+is connected rather than with Williams and his story, that I wish now to
+speak. Jonathan Corwin, or Curwin, who was the house's link to
+witchcraft, was made a councillor under the new charter granted
+Massachusetts by King William in 1692, and was, as has been said, one of
+the justices before whom the preliminary witch examinations were held.
+He it was who officiated at the trial of Rebecca Nourse, of Danvers,
+hanged as a witch July 19, 1692, as well as at many other less
+remarkable and less revolting cases.
+
+[Illustration: REBECCA NOURSE HOUSE, DANVERS, MASS.]
+
+Rebecca Nourse, aged and infirm and universally beloved by her
+neighbours, was accused of being a witch--why, one is unable to find
+out. The jury was convinced of her innocence, and brought in a verdict
+of "not guilty," but the court sent them out again with instructions to
+find her guilty. This they did, and she was executed. The tradition is
+that her sons disinterred her body by stealth from the foot of the
+gallows where it had been thrown, and brought it to the old homestead,
+now still standing in Danvers, laying it reverently, and with many
+tears, in the little family burying ground near by.
+
+The majority of the persons condemned in Salem were either old or
+weak-witted, victims who in their testimony condemned themselves, or
+seemed to the jury to do so. Tituba, the Indian slave, is an example of
+this. She was tried in March, 1692, by the Justice Corwin of the big,
+dark house. She confessed that under threats from Satan, who had most
+often appeared to her as a man in black, accompanied by a yellow bird,
+she had tortured the girls who appeared against her. She named
+accomplices, and was condemned to imprisonment. After a few months she
+was sold to pay the expenses of her lodging in jail, and is lost to
+history. But this was by no means the end of the matter. The "afflicted
+children" in Salem who had made trouble before now began to accuse men
+and women of unimpeachable character. Within a few months several
+hundred people were arrested and thrown into jails. As Governor
+Hutchinson, the historian of the time, points out, the only way to
+prevent an accusation was to become an accuser oneself. The state of
+affairs was indeed analogous to that which obtained in France a century
+later, when, during the Reign of Terror, men of property and position
+lived in the hourly fear of being regarded as "a suspect," and
+frequently threw suspicion on their neighbours the better to retain
+their own heads.
+
+We of to-day cannot understand the madness that inspired such cruelty.
+But in the light of Michelet's theory,--that in the oppression and
+dearth of every kind of ideal interest in rural populations some
+safety-valve had to be found, and that there _were_ real organised
+secret meetings, witches' Sabbaths, to supply this need of
+sensation,--the thing is less difficult to comprehend. The religious
+hysteria that resulted in the banishment of Mrs. Hutchinson was but
+another phase of the same thing. And the degeneration to be noted to-day
+in the remote hill-towns of New England is likewise attributable to
+Michelet's "dearth of ideal interest."
+
+The thing once started, it grew, of course, by what it fed upon.
+Professor William James, Harvard's distinguished psychologist, has
+traced to torture the so-called "confessions" on which the evil
+principally throve. A person, he says, was suddenly found to be
+suffering from what we to-day should call hysteria, perhaps, but what in
+those days was called a witch disease. A witch then had to be found to
+account for the disease; a scapegoat must of necessity be brought
+forward. Some poor old woman was thereupon picked out and subjected to
+atrocious torture. If she "confessed," the torture ceased. Naturally she
+very often "confessed," thus implicating others and damning herself.
+Negative suggestion this modern psychologist likewise offers as light
+upon witchcraft. The witches seldom cried, no matter what their anguish
+of mind might be. The inquisitors used to say to them then, "If you're
+not a witch, cry, let us see your tears. There, there! you can't cry!
+That proves you're a witch!"
+
+Moreover, that was an age when everybody read the Bible, and believed in
+its verbal inspiration. And there in Exodus (22:18), is the plain
+command, "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live." Cotton Mather, the
+distinguished young divine, had published a work affirming his belief in
+witchcraft, and detailing his study of some bewitched children in
+Charlestown, one of whom he had taken into his own family, the better to
+observe the case. The king believed in it, and Queen Anne, to whose name
+we usually prefix the adjective "good," wrote to Governor Phips a letter
+which shows that she admitted witchcraft as a thing unquestioned.
+
+It is in connection with the witchcraft delusion in Salem that we get
+the one instance in New England of the old English penalty for
+contumacy, that of a victim's being pressed to death. Giles Corey, who
+believed in witchcraft and was instrumental in the conviction of his
+wife, so suffered, partly to atone for his early cowardice and partly to
+save his property for his children. This latter thing he could not have
+done if he had been convicted of witchcraft, so after pleading "not
+guilty," he remained mute, refusing to add the necessary technical words
+that he would be tried "by God and his country."
+
+The arrest of Mrs. Corey, we learn, followed closely on the heels of
+that of Tituba and her companions. The accused was a woman of sixty, and
+the third wife of Corey. She seems to have been a person of unusual
+strength of character, and from the first denounced the witchcraft
+excitement, trying to persuade her husband, who believed all the
+monstrous stories then current, not to attend the hearings or in any way
+countenance the proceedings. Perhaps it was this well-known attitude of
+hers that directed suspicion to her.
+
+At her trial the usual performance was enacted. The "afflicted girls"
+fell on the floor, uttered piercing shrieks, and cried out upon their
+victim. "There is a man whispering in her ear!" one of them suddenly
+exclaimed. "What does he say to you?" the judge demanded of Martha
+Corey, accepting at once the "spectral evidence". "We must not believe
+all these distracted children say," was her sensible answer. But good
+sense was not much regarded at witch trials, and she was convicted and
+not long afterward executed. Her husband's evidence, which went
+strongly against her, is here given as a good example of much of the
+testimony by which the nineteen Salem victims of the delusion were sent
+to Gallows Hill.
+
+"One evening I was sitting by the fire when my wife asked me to go to
+bed. I told her that I would go to prayer, and when I went to prayer I
+could not utter my desires with any sense, nor open my mouth to speak.
+After a little space I did according to my measure attend the duty. Some
+time last week I fetched an ox well out of the woods about noon, and he
+laying down in the yard, I went to raise him to yoke him, but he could
+not rise, but dragged his hinder parts as if he had been hip shot, but
+after did rise. I had a cat some time last week strongly taken on the
+sudden, and did make me think she would have died presently. My wife bid
+me knock her in the head, but I did not, and since she is well. My wife
+hath been wont to sit up after I went to bed, and I have perceived her
+to kneel down as if she were at prayer, but heard nothing."
+
+Incredible as it seems to-day, this was accepted as "evidence" of Mrs.
+Corey's bewitchment. Then, as so often happened, Giles Corey, the
+accuser, was soon himself accused. He was arrested, taken from his mill,
+and brought before the judges of the special court appointed by Governor
+Phips to hear the witch trials in Salem. Again the girls went through
+their performance, again there was an endeavour to extort a confession.
+But this time Corey acted the part of a man. He had had leisure for
+reflection since he had testified against his wife, and he was now as
+sure that she was guiltless as that he himself was. Bitter, indeed, must
+have been the realisation that he had helped convict her. But he
+atoned, as has been said, to her and to his children by subjecting
+himself to veritable martyrdom. Though an old man whose hair was
+whitened with the snows of eighty winters, he "was laid on his back, a
+board placed on his body with as great a weight upon it as he could
+endure, while his sole diet consisted of a few morsels of bread one day,
+and a draught of water the alternate day until death put an end to his
+sufferings." Rightly must this mode of torture have been named _peine
+forte et dure_. On Gallows Hill three days later occurred the execution
+of eight persons, the last so to suffer in the Colony. Nineteen people
+in all were hanged, and one was pressed to death in Salem, but _there is
+absolutely no foundation for the statement that some were burned_.
+
+The revulsion that followed the cessation of the delusion was as marked
+as was the precipitation that characterised the proceedings. Many of the
+clergy concerned in the trials offered abject apologies, and Judge
+Sewall, noblest of all the civil and ecclesiastical authorities
+implicated in the madness, stood up on Fast Day before a great
+congregation in the South Church, Boston, acknowledged his grievous
+error in accepting "spectral evidence," and to the end of his life did
+penance yearly in the same meeting-house for his part in the
+transactions.
+
+Not inappropriately the gloomy old house in which the fanatical Corwin
+had his home is to-day given over to a dealer in antique furniture.
+Visitors are freely admitted upon application, and very many in the
+course of the year go inside to feast their eyes on the ancient
+wainscoting and timbers. The front door and the overhanging roof are
+just as in the time of the witches, and from a recessed area at the
+back, narrow casements and excrescent stairways are still to be seen.
+The original house had, however, peaked gables, with pineapples carved
+in wood surmounting its latticed windows and colossal chimneys that
+placed it unmistakably in the age of ruffs, Spanish cloaks, and long
+rapiers.
+
+
+
+
+LADY WENTWORTH OF THE HALL
+
+
+On one of those pleasant long evenings, when the group of friends that
+Longfellow represents in his "Tales of the Wayside Inn" had gathered in
+the twilight about the cheery open fire of the house at Sudbury to tell
+each other tales of long ago, we hear best the story of Martha Hilton.
+We seem to catch the poet's voice as he says after the legend from the
+Baltic has been alluringly related by the Musician:
+
+    "These tales you tell are, one and all,
+    Of the Old World,
+    Flowers gathered from a crumbling wall,
+    Dead leaves that rustle as they fall;
+    Let me present you in their stead
+    Something of our New England earth;
+    A tale which, though of no great worth,
+    Has still this merit, that it yields
+    A certain freshness of the fields,
+    A sweetness as of home-made bread."
+
+And then, as the others leaned back to listen, there followed the
+beautiful ballad which celebrates the fashion in which Martha Hilton, a
+kitchen maid, became "Lady Wentworth of the Hall."
+
+The old Wentworth mansion, where, as a beautiful girl, Martha came,
+served, and conquered all who knew her, and even once received as her
+guest the Father of his Country, is still in an admirably preserved
+state, and the Wayside Inn, rechristened the Red Horse Tavern, still
+entertains glad guests.
+
+[Illustration: RED HORSE TAVERN, SUDBURY, MASS.]
+
+This inn was built about 1686, and for almost a century and a half from
+1714 it was kept as a public house by generation after generation of
+Howes, the last of the name at the inn being Lyman Howe, who served
+guests of the house from 1831 to about 1860, and was the good friend
+and comrade of the brilliant group of men Longfellow has poetically
+immortalised in the "Tales." The modern successor of Staver's Inn, or
+the "Earl of Halifax," in the doorway of which Longfellow's worthy dame
+once said, "as plain as day:"
+
+    "Oh, Martha Hilton! Fie! how dare you go
+    About the town half dressed and looking so!"
+
+is also standing, and has recently been decorated by a memorial tablet.
+
+In Portsmouth Martha Hilton is well remembered, thanks to Longfellow and
+tradition, as a slender girl who, barefooted, ragged, with neglected
+hair, bore from the well
+
+    "A pail of water dripping through the street,
+    And bathing as she went her naked feet."
+
+Nor do the worthy people of Portsmouth fail to recall the other actor in
+this memorable drama, upon which the Earl of Halifax once benignly
+smiled:
+
+    "A portly person, with three-cornered hat,
+    A crimson velvet coat, head high in air,
+    Gold-headed cane and nicely powdered hair,
+    And diamond buckles sparkling at his knees,
+    Dignified, stately, florid, much at ease.
+    For this was Governor Wentworth, driving down
+    To Little Harbour, just beyond the town,
+    Where his Great House stood, looking out to sea,
+    A goodly place, where it was good to be."
+
+There are even those who can perfectly recollect when the house was very
+venerable in appearance, and when in its rooms were to be seen the old
+spinet, the Strafford portrait, and many other things delightful to the
+antiquary. Longfellow's description of this ancient domicile is
+particularly beautiful:
+
+    "It was a pleasant mansion, an abode
+    Near and yet hidden from the great highroad,
+    Sequestered among trees, a noble pile,
+    Baronial and Colonial in its style;
+    Gables and dormer windows everywhere--
+    Pandalan pipes, on which all winds that blew
+    Made mournful music the whole winter through.
+    Within, unwonted splendours met the eye,
+    Panels, and floors of oak, and tapestry;
+    Carved chimneypieces, where, on brazen dogs,
+    Revelled and roared the Christmas fire of logs.
+    Doors opening into darkness unawares,
+    Mysterious passages and flights of stairs;
+    And on the walls, in heavy-gilded frames,
+    The ancestral Wentworths, with old Scripture names.
+    Such was the mansion where the great man dwelt."
+
+The place thus prettily pictured is at the mouth of Sagamore Creek, not
+more than, two miles from the town of Portsmouth. The exterior of the
+mansion as it looks to-day does not of itself live up to one's
+preconceived idea of colonial magnificence. A rambling collection of
+buildings, seemingly the result of various "L" expansions, form an
+inharmonious whole which would have made Ruskin quite mad. The site is,
+however, charming, for the place commands a view up and down Little
+Harbour, though concealed by an eminence from the road. The house is
+said to have originally contained as many as fifty-two rooms. If so, it
+has shrunk in recent years. But there is still plenty of elbow space,
+and the cellar is even to-day large enough to accommodate a fair-sized
+troop of soldiery.
+
+As one enters, one notices first the rack in which were wont to be
+deposited the muskets of the governor's guard. And it requires only a
+little imagination to picture the big rooms as they were in the old
+days, with the portrait of Strafford dictating to his secretary just
+before his execution, the rare Copley, the green damask-covered
+furniture, and the sedan-chair, all exhaling an atmosphere of
+old-time splendour and luxury. Something of impressiveness has
+recently been introduced into the interior by the artistic arrangement
+of old furniture which the house's present owner, Mr. Templeton
+Coolidge, has brought about. But the exterior is "spick-span" in modern
+yellow and white paint!
+
+[Illustration: GOVERNOR WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.]
+
+Yet it was in this very house that Martha for seven years served her
+future lord. There, busy with mop and pail----
+
+    "A maid of all work, whether coarse or fine,
+    A servant who made service seem divine!"
+
+she grew from childhood into the lovely woman whom Governor Wentworth
+wooed and won.
+
+In the March of 1760 it was that the host at Little Harbour exclaimed
+abruptly to the good rector of St. John's, who had been dining
+sumptuously at the manor-house:
+
+"This is my birthday; it shall likewise be my wedding-day, and you shall
+marry me!" No wonder the listening guests were greatly mystified, as
+Martha and the portly governor were joined "across the walnuts and the
+wine" by the Reverend Arthur Brown, of the Established Church.
+
+And now, of course, Martha had her chariot, from which she could look
+down as disdainfully as did the Earl of Halifax on the humble folk who
+needs must walk. The sudden elevation seems, indeed, to have gone to my
+lady's head. For tradition says that very shortly after her marriage
+Martha dropped her ring and summoned one of her late kitchen colleagues
+to rescue it from the floor. But the colleague had quickly become
+shortsighted, and Martha, dismissing her hastily, picked up the circlet
+herself.
+
+Before the Reverend Arthur Brown was gathered to his fathers, he had
+another opportunity to marry the fascinating Martha to another
+Wentworth, a man of real soldierly distinction. Her second husband was
+redcoated Michael, of England, who had been in the battle of Culloden.
+
+This Colonel Michael Wentworth was the "great buck" of his day, and was
+wont to fiddle at Stoodley's far into the morning for sheer love of
+fiddling and revelry. Stoodley's has now fallen indeed! It is the brick
+building marked "custom-house," and it stands at the corner of Daniel
+and Penhallow Streets.
+
+To this Lord and Lady Wentworth it was that Washington, in 1789, came as
+a guest, "rowed by white-jacketed sailors straight to their vine-hung,
+hospitable door." At this time there was a younger Martha in the house,
+one who had grown up to play the spinet by the long, low windows, and
+who later joined her fate to that of still another Wentworth, with whom
+she passed to France.
+
+A few years later, in 1795, the "great buck" of his time took to a
+bankrupt's grave in New York, forgetting, so the story goes, the eternal
+canon fixed against self-slaughter.
+
+But for all we tell as a legend this story of Martha Hilton, and for all
+her "capture" of the governor has come down to us almost as a myth, it
+is less than fifty years ago that the daughter of the man who fiddled at
+Stoodley's and of the girl who went barefooted and ragged through the
+streets of Portsmouth, passed in her turn to the Great Beyond. Verily,
+we in America have, after all, only a short historical perspective.
+
+
+
+
+AN HISTORIC TRAGEDY
+
+
+One hundred years ago there was committed in Dedham, Massachusetts, one
+of the most famous murders of this country, a crime, some description of
+which falls naturally enough into these chapters, inasmuch as the person
+punished as the criminal belonged to the illustrious Fairbanks family,
+whose picturesque homestead is widely known as one of the oldest houses
+in New England.
+
+In the _Massachusetts Federalist_ of Saturday, September 12, 1801, we
+find an editorial paragraph which, apart from its intrinsic interest, is
+valuable as an example of the great difference between ancient and
+modern journalistic treatment of murder matter. This paragraph reads, in
+the quaint old type of the time: "On Thursday last Jason Fairbanks was
+executed at Dedham for the murder of Miss Elizabeth Fales. He was taken
+from the gaol in this town at eight o'clock, by the sheriff of this
+county, and delivered to the sheriff of Norfolk County at the boundary
+line between the two counties.
+
+"He was in an open coach, and was attended therein by the Reverend
+Doctor Thatcher and two peace officers. From the county line in Norfolk
+he was conducted to the Dedham gaol by Sheriff Cutler, his deputies, and
+a score of cavalry under Captain Davis; and from the gaol in Dedham to
+the place of execution was guarded by two companies of cavalry and a
+detachment of volunteer infantry.
+
+"He mounted the scaffold about a quarter before three with his usual
+steadiness, and soon after making a signal with his handkerchief, was
+swung off. After hanging about twenty-five minutes, his body was cut
+down and buried near the gallows. His deportment during his journey to
+and at the place of execution was marked with the same apathy and
+indifference which he discovered before and since his trial. We do not
+learn he has made any confession of his guilt."
+
+As a matter of fact, far from making a confession of his guilt, Jason
+Fairbanks denied even to the moment of his execution that he killed
+Elizabeth Fales, and his family and many other worthy citizens of Dedham
+believed, and kept believing to the end of their lives, that the girl
+committed suicide, and that an innocent man was punished for a crime he
+could never have perpetrated.
+
+In the trial it was shown that this beautiful girl of eighteen had been
+for many years extremely fond of the young man, Fairbanks, and that her
+love was ardently reciprocated. Jason Fairbanks had not been allowed,
+however, to visit the girl at the home of her father, though the Fales
+place was only a little more than a mile from his own dwelling, the
+venerable Fairbanks house. None the less, they had been in the habit of
+meeting frequently, in company with others, en route to the weekly
+singing school, the husking bees and the choir practice. Both the young
+people were extremely fond of music, and this mutual interest seems to
+have been one of the several ties which bound them together.
+
+In spite, therefore, of the stern decree that young Fairbanks should not
+visit Miss Fales at her home, there was considerable well-improved
+opportunity for intercourse, and, as was afterward shown, the two often
+had long walks together, apart from the others of their acquaintance.
+One of their appointments was made for the day of the murder, May 18,
+1801. Fairbanks was to meet his sweetheart, he told a friend, in the
+pasture near her home, and it was his intention at that time to persuade
+her to run away with him and be married. Unfortunately for Fairbanks's
+case at the trial, it was shown that he told this same friend that if
+Elizabeth Fales would not run away with him he would do her harm. And
+one other thing which militated against the acquittal of the accused
+youth was the fact that, as an inducement to the girl to elope with him,
+Fairbanks showed her a forged paper, upon which she appeared to have
+declared legally her intention to marry him.
+
+One tragic element of the whole affair was the fact that Fairbanks had
+no definite work and no assured means of support. Young people of good
+family did not marry a hundred years ago without thinking, and thinking
+to some purpose, of what cares and expense the future might bring them.
+The man, if he was an honourable man, expected always to have a home for
+his wife, and since Fairbanks was an invalid, "debilitated in his right
+arm," as the phrasing of the time put it, and had never been able to do
+his part of the farm work, he had lived what his stern forebears would
+have called an idle life, and consequently utterly lacked the means to
+marry. That he was something of a spoiled child also developed at the
+trial, which from the first went against the young man because of the
+testimony of the chums to whom he had confided his intention to do
+Elizabeth Fales an injury if she would not go to Wrentham and marry him.
+
+The prisoner's counsel were two very clever young lawyers who afterward
+came to be men of great distinction in Massachusetts--no others, in
+fact, than Harrison Gray Otis and John Lowell. These men advanced very
+clever arguments to show that Elizabeth Fales, maddened by a love which
+seemed unlikely ever to end in marriage, had seized from Jason the large
+knife which he was using to mend a quill pen as he walked to meet her,
+and with this knife had inflicted upon herself the terrible wounds, from
+the effect of which she died almost instantaneously. The fact that Jason
+was himself wounded in the struggle was ingeniously utilised by the
+defence to show that he had received murderous blows from her hand, for
+the very reason that he had attempted (unsuccessfully, inasmuch as his
+right arm was impaired) to wrest the mad girl's murderous weapon from
+her.
+
+The counsel also made much of the fact that, though it was at midday and
+many people were not far off, no screams were heard. A vigorous girl
+like Elizabeth Fales would not have submitted easily, they held, to any
+such assault as was charged. In the course of the trial a very moving
+description of the sufferings such a high-strung, ardent nature as this
+girl's must have undergone, because of her hopeless love, was used to
+show the reasons for suicide. And following the habit of the times, the
+lawyers turned their work to moral ends by beseeching the parents in the
+crowded court-room to exercise a greater vigilance over the social life
+of their young people, and so prevent the possibility of their forming
+any such attachment as had moved Elizabeth Fales to take her own life.
+
+Yet all this eloquent pleading was in vain, for the court found Jason
+Fairbanks guilty of murder and sentenced him to be hanged. From the
+court-room he was taken to the Dedham gaol, but on the night of the
+seventeenth of August he was enabled to make his escape through the
+offices of a number of men who believed him innocent, and for some days
+he was at liberty. At length, however, upon a reward of one thousand
+dollars being offered for his apprehension, he was captured near
+Northampton, Massachusetts, which town he had reached on his journey to
+Canada.
+
+The gallows upon which "justice" ultimately asserted itself is said to
+have been constructed of a tree cut from the old Fairbanks place.
+
+The Fairbanks house is still standing, having been occupied for almost
+two hundred and seventy-five years by the same family, which is now in
+the eighth generation of the name. The house is surrounded by
+magnificent old elms, and was built by Jonathan Fairbanks, who came from
+Sowerby, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, in 1633. The
+cupboards are filled with choice china, and even the Fairbanks cats, it
+is said, drink their milk out of ancient blue saucers that would drive a
+collector wild with envy.
+
+The house is now (1902) the home of Miss Rebecca Fairbanks, an old lady
+of seventy-five years, who will occupy it throughout her lifetime,
+although the place is controlled by the Fairbanks Chapter of the
+Daughters of the Revolution, who hold their monthly meetings there.
+
+[Illustration: FAIRBANKS HOUSE, DEDHAM, MASS.]
+
+The way in which this property was acquired by the organisation named
+is interesting recent history. Miss Rebecca Fairbanks was obliged in
+1895 to sell the house to John Crowley, a real estate dealer in Dedham.
+On April 3, 1897, Mrs. Nelson V. Titus, asked through the medium of the
+press for four thousand, five hundred dollars, necessary to purchase the
+house and keep it as a historical relic. Almost immediately Mrs. J.
+Amory Codman and Miss Martha Codman sent a check for the sum desired,
+and thus performed a double act of beneficence. For it was now possible
+to ensure to Miss Fairbanks a life tenancy of the home of her fathers as
+well as to keep for all time this picturesque place as an example of
+early American architecture.
+
+Hundreds of visitors now go every summer to see the interesting old
+house, which stands nestling cosily in a grassy dell just at the corner
+of East Street and the short "Willow Road" across the meadows that lie
+between East Street and Dedham. This road is a "modern convenience," and
+its construction was severely frowned upon by the three old ladies who
+twenty years ago lived together in the family homestead. And though it
+made the road to the village shorter by half than the old way, this had
+no weight with the inflexible women who had inherited from their long
+line of ancestors marked decision and firmness of character. They
+protested against the building of the road, and when it was built in
+spite of their protests they declared they would not use it, and kept
+their word. Constant attendants of the old Congregational church in
+Dedham, they went persistently by the longest way round rather than
+tolerate the road to which they had objected.
+
+That their neighbours called them "set in their ways" goes, of course,
+without saying, but the women of the Fairbanks family have ever been
+rigidly conscientious, and the men a bit obstinate. For, much as one
+would like to think the contrary true, one seems forced to believe that
+it was obstinacy rather than innocency which made Jason Fairbanks
+protest till the hour of his death that he was being unjustly punished.
+
+
+
+
+INVENTOR MORSE'S UNFULFILLED AMBITION
+
+
+The first house erected in Charlestown after the destruction of the
+village by fire in 1775 (the coup d'etat which immediately followed the
+battle of Bunker Hill, it will be remembered), is that which is here
+given as the birthplace of Samuel Finley Breese Morse, the inventor of
+the electric telegraph. The house is still standing at 203 Main Street,
+and in the front chamber of the second story, on the right of the front
+door of the entrance, visitors still pause to render tribute to the
+memory of the babe that there drew his first breath on April 27,
+1791.
+
+[Illustration: EDES HOUSE, BIRTHPLACE OF PROFESSOR MORSE, CHARLESTOWN,
+MASS.]
+
+It was, however, quite by accident that the house became doubly famous,
+for it was during the building of the parsonage, Pastor Morse's proper
+home, that his little son came to gladden his life. Reverend Jedediah
+Morse became minister of the First Parish Church on April 30, 1789, the
+very date of Washington's inauguration in New York as President of the
+United States, and two weeks later married a daughter of Judge Samuel
+Breese, of New York. Shortly afterward it was determined to build a
+parsonage, and during the construction of this dwelling Doctor Morse
+accepted the hospitality of Mr. Thomas Edes, who then owned the "oldest"
+house. And work on the parsonage being delayed beyond expectation, Mrs.
+Morse's little son was born in the Edes house.
+
+Apropos of the brief residence of Doctor Morse in this house comes a
+quaint letter from Reverend Jeremy Belknap, the staid old doctor of
+divinity, and the founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society, which
+shows that girls over a hundred years ago were quite as much interested
+in young unmarried ministers as nice girls ought ever to be. Two or
+three months before the settlement of Mr. Morse in Charlestown, Doctor
+Belknap wrote to his friend, Ebenezer Hazard, of New York, who was a
+relative of Judge Breese:
+
+"You said in one of your late letters that probably Charlestown people
+would soon have to build a house for Mr. Morse. I let this drop in a
+conversation with a daughter of Mr. Carey, and in a day or two it was
+all over Charlestown, and the girls who had been setting their caps for
+him are chagrined. I suppose it would be something to Mr. Morse's
+advantage in point of bands and handkerchiefs, if this report could be
+contradicted; but if it cannot, oh, how heavy will be the
+disappointment. When a young clergyman settles in such a town as
+Charlestown, there is as much looking out for him as there is for a
+thousand-dollar prize in a lottery; and though the girls know that but
+one can have him, yet 'who knows but I may be that one?'"[10]
+
+Doctor Morse's fame has been a good deal obscured by that of his
+distinguished son, but he seems none the less to have been a good deal
+of a man, and it is perhaps no wonder that the feminine portion of a
+little place like Charlestown looked forward with decided interest to
+his settling among them. We can even fancy that the girls of the sewing
+society studied geography with ardour when they learned who was to be
+their new minister. For geography was Doctor Morse's passion; he was,
+indeed, the Alexis Frye of his period. This interest in geography is
+said to have been so tremendous with the man that once being asked by
+his teacher at a Greek recitation where a certain verb was found, he
+replied, "On the coast of Africa." And while he was a tutor at Yale the
+want of geographies there induced him to prepare notes for his pupils,
+to serve as text-books, which he eventually printed.
+
+Young Morse seconded his father's passion for geography by one as
+strongly marked for drawing, and the blank margin of his Virgil occupied
+far more of his thoughts than the text. The inventor came indeed only
+tardily to discover in which direction his real talent lay. All his
+youth he worshipped art and followed (at considerable distance) his
+beloved mistress. His penchant for painting, exhibited in much the same
+manner as Allston's, his future master, did not meet with the same
+encouragement.
+
+A caricature (founded upon some fracas among the students at Yale), in
+which the faculty were burlesqued, was seized during Morse's student
+days, handed to President Dwight, and the author, who was no other than
+our young friend, called up. The delinquent received a severe lecture
+upon his waste of time, violation of college laws, and filial
+disobedience, without exhibiting any sign of contrition; but when at
+length Doctor Dwight said to him, "Morse, you are no painter; this is a
+rude attempt, a complete failure," he was touched to the quick, and
+could not keep back the tears.
+
+The canvas, executed by Morse at the age of nineteen, of the landing of
+the Pilgrims, which may be seen at the Charlestown City Hall, is
+certainly not a masterpiece. Yet the lad was determined to learn to
+paint, and to this end accompanied Allston to Europe, where he became a
+pupil of West, and, it is said, also of Copley.
+
+West had become the foremost painter of his time in England when our
+ambitious young artist was presented to him, but from the beginning he
+took a great interest in the Charlestown lad, and showed him much
+attention. Once in after years Morse related to a friend this most
+interesting anecdote of his great master: "I called upon Mr. West at his
+house in Newman Street one morning, and in conformity to the order given
+to his servant Robert always to admit Mr. Leslie and myself even if he
+was engaged in his private studies, I was shown into his studio.
+
+"As I entered a half-length portrait of George III. stood before me on
+an easel, and Mr. West was sitting with his back toward me copying from
+it upon canvas. My name having been mentioned to him, he did not turn,
+but pointing with the pencil he had in his hand to the portrait from
+which he was copying, he said, 'Do you see that picture, Mr. Morse?'
+
+"'Yes, sir,' I said, 'I perceive it is the portrait of the king.'
+
+"'Well,' said Mr. West, 'the king was sitting to me for that portrait
+when the box containing the American Declaration of Independence was
+handed to him.'
+
+"'Indeed,' I answered; 'and what appeared to be the emotions of the
+king? What did he say?'
+
+"'His reply,' said Mr. West, 'was characteristic of the goodness of his
+heart: "If they can be happier under the government they have chosen
+than under me, I shall be happy."'"[11]
+
+Morse returned to Boston in the autumn of 1815, and there set up a
+studio. But he was not too occupied in painting to turn a hand to
+invention, and we find him the next winter touring New Hampshire and
+Vermont trying to sell to towns and villages a fire-engine pump he had
+invented, while seeking commissions to paint portraits at fifteen
+dollars a head. It was that winter that he met in Concord, New
+Hampshire, Miss Lucretia P. Walker, whom he married in the autumn of
+1818, and whose death in February, 1825, just after he had successfully
+fulfilled a liberal commission to paint General Lafayette, was the great
+blow of his young manhood.
+
+The National Academy of Design Morse helped to found in New York in
+1826, and of this institution he was first president. About the same
+time we find him renewing his early interest in electrical experiments.
+A few years later he is sailing for Europe, there to execute many
+copying commissions. And on his return from this stay abroad the idea of
+the telegraph suggested itself to him.
+
+Of the exact way in which Morse first conceived the idea of making
+electricity the means of conveying intelligence, various accounts have
+been given, the one usually accepted being that while on board the
+packet-ship _Sully_, a fellow passenger related some experiments he had
+witnessed in Paris with the electro-magnet, a recital which made such an
+impression upon one of his auditors that he walked the deck the whole
+night. Professor Morse's own statement was that he gained his knowledge
+of the working of the electro-magnet while attending the lectures of
+Doctor J. Freeman Dana, then professor of chemistry in the University of
+New York, lectures which were delivered before the New York Atheneum.
+
+"I witnessed," says Morse, "the effects of the conjunctive wires in the
+different forms described by him in his lectures, and exhibited to his
+audience. The electro-magnet was put in action by an intense battery; it
+was made to sustain the weight of its armature, when the conjunctive
+wire was connected with the poles of the battery, or the circuit was
+closed; and it was made to 'drop its load' upon opening the circuit."
+
+Yet after the inventor had made his discovery he had the greatest
+difficulty in getting a chance to demonstrate its worth. Heartsick with
+despondency, and with his means utterly exhausted, he finally applied
+to the Twenty-seventh Congress for aid to put his invention to the test
+of practical illustration, and his petition was carried through with a
+majority of only two votes! These two votes to the good were enough,
+however, to save the wonderful discovery, perhaps from present
+obscurity, and with the thirty thousand dollars appropriated by Congress
+Morse stretched his first wires from Washington to Baltimore--wires, it
+will be noted, because the principle of the ground circuit was not then
+known, and only later discovered by accident. So that a wire to go and
+another to return between the cities was deemed necessary by Morse to
+complete his first circuit. The first wire was of copper.
+
+The first message, now in the custody of the Connecticut Historical
+Society, was dictated by Miss Annie G. Ellsworth, and the words of it
+were "What hath God wrought?" The telegraph was at first regarded with
+superstitious dread in some sections of the country. In a Southern State
+a drought was attributed to its occult influences, and the people,
+infatuated with the idea, levelled the wires to the ground. And so
+common was it for the Indians to knock off the insulators with their
+rifles in order to gratify their curiosity in regard to the "singing
+cord," that it was at first extremely difficult to keep the lines in
+repair along the Pacific Railway.
+
+To the man who had been so poor that he had had a very great struggle to
+provide bread for his three motherless children, came now success. The
+impecunious artist was liberally rewarded for his clever invention, and
+in 1847 he married for his second wife Miss Sarah E. Griswold, of
+Poughkeepsie, the daughter of his cousin. She was twenty-five when they
+were married, and he fifty-six, but they lived very happily together on
+the two-hundred acre farm he had bought near Poughkeepsie, and it was
+there that he died at the age of seventy-two, full of honours as an
+inventor, and loving art to the end.
+
+Even after he became a great man, Professor Morse, it is interesting to
+learn, cherished his fondness for the house in which he was born, and
+one of his last visits to Charlestown was on the occasion when he took
+his young daughter to see the old place. And that same day, one is a bit
+amused to note, he took her also to the old parsonage, then still
+standing, in what is now Harvard Street, between the city hall and the
+church--and there pointed out to her with pride some rude sketches he
+had made on the wall of his sleeping-room when still a boy. So, though
+it is as an inventor we remember and honour Samuel Finley Breese Morse
+to-day, it was as a painter that he wished first, last, and above all to
+be famous. But in the realm of the talents as elsewhere man proposes and
+God disposes.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 10: Drake's "Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex."
+Little, Brown & Co., publishers.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Beacon Biographies: S. F. B. Morse, by John Trowbridge;
+Small, Maynard & Co.]
+
+
+
+
+WHERE THE "BROTHERS AND SISTERS" MET
+
+
+No single house in all Massachusetts has survived so many of the
+vicissitudes of fickle fortune and carried the traditions of a glorious
+past up into the realities of a prosperous and useful present more
+successfully than has Fay House, the present home of Radcliffe College,
+Cambridge. The central portion of the Fay House of to-day dates back
+nearly a hundred years, and was built by Nathaniel Ireland, a prosperous
+merchant of Boston. It was indeed a mansion to make farmer-folk stare
+when, with its tower-like bays, running from ground to roof, it was, in
+1806, erected on the highroad to Watertown, the first brick house in the
+vicinity.
+
+To Mr. Ireland did not come the good fortune of living in the fine
+dwelling his ambition had designed. A ship-blacksmith by trade, his
+prospects were ruined by the Jefferson Embargo, and he was obliged to
+leave the work of construction on his house unfinished and allow the
+place to pass, heavily mortgaged, into the hands of others. But the
+house itself and our story concerning it gained by Mr. Ireland's loss,
+for it now became the property of Doctor Joseph McKean (a famous Harvard
+instructor), and the rendezvous of that professor's college associates
+and of the numerous friends of his young family. Oliver Wendell Holmes
+was among those who spent many a social evening here with the McKeans.
+
+The next name of importance to be connected with Fay House was that of
+Edward Everett, who lived here for a time. Later Sophia Willard Dana,
+granddaughter of Chief Justice Dana, our first minister to Russia, kept
+a boarding and day school for young ladies in the house. Among her
+pupils were the sisters of James Russell Lowell, Mary Channing, the
+first wife of Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and members of the
+Higginson, Parkman, and Tuckerman families. Lowell himself, and Edmund
+Dana, attended here for a term as a special privilege. Sophia Dana was
+married in the house, August 22, 1827, by the father of Oliver Wendell
+Holmes, to Mr. George Ripley, with whom she afterward took an active
+part in the Brook Farm Colony, of which we are to hear again a bit
+later in this series. After Miss Dana's marriage, her school was carried
+on largely by Miss Elizabeth McKean--the daughter of the Doctor Joseph
+McKean already referred to--a young woman who soon became the wife of
+Doctor Joseph Worcester, the compiler of the dictionary.
+
+Delightful reminiscences of Fay House have been furnished us by Thomas
+Wentworth Higginson, who, as a boy, was often in and out of the place,
+visiting his aunt, Mrs. Channing, who lived here with her son, William
+Henry Channing, the well-known anti-slavery orator. Here Higginson, as a
+youth, used to listen with keenest pleasure, to the singing of his
+cousin, Lucy Channing, especially when the song she chose was, "The
+Mistletoe Hung on the Castle Wall," the story of a bride shut up in a
+chest. "I used firmly to believe," the genial colonel confessed to the
+Radcliffe girls, in reviving for them his memories of the house, "that
+there was a bride shut up in the walls of this house--and there may be
+to-day, for all I know."
+
+For fifty years after June, 1835, the house was in the possession of
+Judge P. P. Fay's family. The surroundings were still country-like.
+Cambridge Common was as yet only a treeless pasture, and the house had
+not been materially changed from its original shape and plan. Judge Fay
+was a jolly gentleman of the old school. A judge of probate for a dozen
+years, an overseer of Harvard College, and a pillar of Christ Church, he
+was withal fond of a well-turned story and a lover of good hunting, as
+well as much given to hospitality. Miss Maria Denny Fay, whose memory is
+now perpetuated in a Radcliffe scholarship, was the sixth of Judge
+Fay's seven children, and the one who finally became both mistress and
+owner of the estate. A girl of fourteen when her father bought the
+house, she was at the time receiving her young-lady education at the
+Convent of St. Ursula, where, in the vine-covered, red-brick convent on
+the summit of Charlestown, she learned, under the guidance of the nuns,
+to sing, play the piano, the harp, and the guitar, to speak French, and
+read Spanish and Italian. But her life on Mt. Benedict was suddenly
+terminated when the convent was burned. So she entered earlier than
+would otherwise have been the case upon the varied interests of her new
+and beautiful home. Here, in the course of a few years, we find her
+presiding, a gracious and lovely maiden, of whom the venerable Colonel
+Higginson has said: "I have never, in looking back, felt more grateful
+to any one than to this charming girl of twenty, who consented to be a
+neighbour to me, an awkward boy of seventeen, to attract me in a manner
+from myself and make me available to other people."
+
+Very happy times were those which the young Wentworth Higginson, then a
+college boy, living with his mother at Vaughan House, was privileged to
+share with Maria Fay and her friends. Who of us does not envy him the
+memory of that Christmas party in 1841, when there were gathered in Fay
+House, among others, Maria White, Lowell's beautiful fiancee; Levi
+Thaxter, afterward the husband of Celia Thaxter; Leverett Saltonstall,
+Mary Story and William Story, the sculptors? And how pleasant it must
+have been to join in the famous charades of that circle of talented
+young people, to partake of refreshments in the quaint dining-room, and
+dance a Virginia reel and galop in the beautiful oval parlour which
+then, as to-day, expressed ideally the acme of charming hospitality!
+What tales this same parlour might relate! How enchantingly it might
+tell, if it could speak, of the graceful Maria White, who, seated in the
+deep window, must have made an exquisite picture in her white gown, with
+her beautiful face shining in the moonlight while she repeated, in her
+soft voice, one of her own ballads, written for the "Brothers and
+Sisters," as this group of young people was called.
+
+[Illustration: OVAL PARLOUR, FAY HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.]
+
+Of a more distinctly academic cast were some of the companies later
+assembled in this same room--Judge Story, Doctor Beck, President Felton,
+Professors Pierce, Lane, Child, and Lowell, with maybe Longfellow,
+listening to one of his own songs, or that strange figure, Professor
+Evangelinus Apostolides Sophocles, oddly ill at ease in his suit of
+dingy black. In his younger days he had been both pirate and priest, and
+he retained, as professor, some of his early habits--seldom being seated
+while he talked, and leaning against the door, shaking and fumbling his
+college keys as the monks shake their rosaries. Mr. Arthur Gilman has
+related in a charming article on Fay House, written for the _Harvard
+Graduates Magazine_ (from which, as from Miss Norris's sketch of the old
+place, printed in a recent number of the _Radcliffe Magazine_, many of
+the incidents here given are drawn), that Professor Sophocles was
+allowed by Miss Fay to keep some hens on the estate, pets which he had
+an odd habit of naming after his friends. When, therefore, some
+accomplishment striking and praiseworthy in a hen was related in company
+as peculiar to one or another of them, the professor innocently calling
+his animals by the name he had borrowed, the effect was apt to be
+startling.
+
+During the latter part of Miss Fay's long tenancy of this house, she had
+with her her elder sister, the handsome Mrs. Greenough, a woman who had
+been so famous a beauty in her youth that, on the occasion of her
+wedding, Harvard students thronged the aisles and climbed the pews of
+old Christ Church to see her. The wedding receptions of Mrs. Greenough's
+daughter and granddaughter were held, too, in Fay House. This latter
+girl was the fascinating and talented Lily Greenough, who was later a
+favourite at the court of Napoleon and Eugenie, and who, after the death
+of her first husband, Mr. Charles Moulton, was married in this house to
+Monsieur De Hegermann Lindencrone, at that time Danish Minister to the
+United States, and now minister at Paris. Her daughter, Suzanne Moulton,
+who has left her name scratched with a diamond on one of the Fay House
+windows, is now the Countess Suzanne Raben-Levetzan of Nystel, Denmark.
+
+In connection with the Fays' life in this house occurred one thing which
+will particularly send the building down into posterity, and will link
+for all time Radcliffe and Harvard traditions. For it was in the upper
+corner room, nearest the Washington Elm, that Doctor Samuel Gilman,
+Judge Fay's brother-in-law, wrote "Fair Harvard," while a guest in this
+hospitable home, during the second centennial celebration of the college
+on the Charles. Radcliffe girls often seem a bit triumphant as they
+point out to visitors this room and its facsimile copy of the famous
+song. Yet they have plenty of pleasant things of their own to remember.
+
+Just one of these, taken at random from among the present writer's own
+memories of pretty happenings at Fay House, will serve: During Duse's
+last tour in this country, the famous actress came out one afternoon, as
+many a famous personage does, to drink a cup of tea with Mrs. Agassiz in
+the stately old parlour, where Mrs. Whitman's famous portrait of the
+president of Radcliffe College vies in attractiveness with the living
+reality graciously presiding over the Wednesday afternoon teacups. As it
+happened, there was a scant attendance at the tea on this day of Duse's
+visit. She had not been expected, and so it fell out that some two or
+three girls who could speak French or Italian were privileged to do the
+honours of the occasion to the great actress whom they had long
+worshipped from afar. Duse was in one of her most charming moods, and
+she listened with the greatest attention to her young hostesses'
+laboured explanations concerning the college and its ancient home.
+
+The best of it all, from the enthusiastic girl-students' point of view,
+was, however, in the dark-eyed Italienne's mode of saying farewell. As
+she entered her carriage--to which she had been escorted by this little
+group--she took from her belt a beautiful bouquet of roses, camellias,
+and violets. And as the smart coachman flicked the impatient horses with
+his whip, Duse threw the girls the precious flowers. Those who caught a
+camellia felt, of course, especially delighted, for it was as the Dame
+aux Camellias that Duse had been winning for weeks the plaudits of
+admiring Boston. My own share of the largesse consisted of a few fresh,
+sweet violets, which I still have tucked away somewhere, together with
+one of the great actress's photographs that bears the date of the
+pleasant afternoon hour passed with her in the parlour where the
+"Brothers and Sisters" met.
+
+
+
+
+THE BROOK FARMERS
+
+
+One of the weddings noted in our Fay House chapter was that of Sophia
+Dana to George Ripley, an event which was celebrated August 22, 1827, in
+the stately parlour of the Cambridge mansion, the ceremony being
+performed by the father of Oliver Wendell Holmes. The time between the
+date of their marriage and the year 1840, when Mr. and Mrs. Ripley
+"discovered" the milk-farm in West Roxbury, which was afterward to be
+developed through their efforts into the most remarkable socialistic
+experiment America has ever known, represented for the young people
+joined together in what is now the home of Radcliffe College some dozen
+years of quiet parsonage life in Boston.
+
+The later years of George Ripley's life held for him a series of
+disappointments before which his courage and ideals never failed. When
+the young student left the Harvard Divinity School, he was appointed
+minister over a Unitarian parish which was gathered for him at the
+corner of Pearl and Purchase Streets, Boston. Here his ministrations
+went faithfully on, but inasmuch as his parishioners failed to take any
+deep interest in the social questions which seemed to him of most vital
+concern, he sent them, in the October of 1840, a letter of resignation,
+which they duly accepted, thus leaving Ripley free to enter upon the
+experiment so dear to him.
+
+The Ripleys, as has been said, had already discovered Brook Farm, a
+pleasant place, varied in contour, with pine woods close at hand, the
+Charles River within easy distance, and plenty of land--whether of a
+sort to produce paying crops or not they were later to learn. That
+winter Ripley wrote to Emerson: "We propose to take a small tract of
+land, which, under skilful husbandry, uniting the garden and the farm,
+will be adequate to the subsistence of the families; and to connect with
+this a school or college in which the most complete instruction shall be
+given, from the first rudiments to the highest culture." Ripley himself
+assumed the responsibility for the management and success of the
+undertaking, and about the middle of April, 1841, he took possession
+with his wife and sister and some fifteen others, including Hawthorne,
+of the farmhouse, which, with a large barn, was already on the estate.
+
+The first six months were spent in "getting started," especially in the
+matter of the school, of which Mrs. Ripley was largely in charge, and it
+was not until early fall--September 29--that the Brook Farm Institute of
+Agriculture and Education was organised as a kind of joint stock
+company, not incorporated.
+
+A seeker after country quiet and beauty might easily be as much
+attracted to-day by the undulating acres of Brook Farm as were those who
+sought it sixty years ago as a refuge from social discouragement. The
+brook still babbles cheerily as it threads its way through the meadows,
+and there are still pleasant pastures and shady groves on the large
+estate. The only one of the community buildings which is still standing,
+however, is that now known as the Martin Luther Orphan Home. This
+house was built at the very start of the community life by Mrs. A. G.
+Alford, one of the members of the colony.
+
+[Illustration: BROOK FARM, WEST ROXBURY, MASS.]
+
+The building was in the form of a Maltese cross with four gables, the
+central space being taken by the staircase. It contained only about half
+a dozen rooms, and probably could not have accommodated more than that
+number of residents. It is said to have been the prettiest and best
+furnished house on the place, but an examination of its simple
+construction will confirm the memory of one of its occupants, who
+remarked that contact with nature was here always admirably close and
+unaffected. From the rough dwelling, which resembled an inexpensive
+beach cottage, to out-doors was hardly a transition, it is chronicled,
+and at all seasons the external and internal temperatures closely
+corresponded. Until lately the cottage wore its original dark-brown
+colour; and it is still the best visible remnant of the early days, and
+gives a pleasant impression of what the daily life of the association
+must have been.
+
+Gay and happy indeed were the dwellers in this community during the
+early stages of its development. Ripley's theory of the wholesomeness of
+combined manual and intellectual work ruled everywhere. He himself
+donned the farmer's blouse, the wide straw hat, and the high boots in
+which he has been pictured at Brook Farm; and whether he cleaned
+stables, milked cows, carried vegetables to market, or taught philosophy
+and discussed religion, he was unfailingly cheerful and inspiring.
+
+Mrs. Ripley was in complete accord with her husband on all vital
+questions, and as the chief of the Wash-Room Group worked blithely eight
+or ten hours a day. Whether this devotion to her husband's ideals grew
+out of her love for him, or whether she was really persuaded of the
+truth of his theory, does not appear. In later life it is interesting to
+learn that she sought in the Church of Rome the comfort which Ripley's
+transcendentalism was not able to afford her. When she died in 1859 she
+had held the faith of Rome for nearly a dozen years, and, curiously
+enough, was buried as a Catholic from that very building in which her
+husband had preached as a Unitarian early in their married life, the
+church having in the interim been purchased by the Catholics. With just
+one glimpse of the later Ripley himself, we must leave this interesting
+couple. In 1866, when, armed with a letter of introduction from Emerson,
+the original Brook Farmer sought Carlyle (who had once described him as
+"a Socinian minister who had left his pulpit to reform the world by
+cultivating onions"), and Carlyle greeted him with a long and violent
+tirade against our government, Ripley sat quietly through it all, but
+when the sage of Chelsea paused for breath, calmly rose and left the
+house, saying no word of remonstrance.
+
+It is, of course, however, in Hawthorne and his descriptions in the
+"Blithedale Romance" of the life at Brook Farm that the principal
+interest of most readers centres. This work has come to be regarded as
+the epic of the community, and it is now generally conceded that
+Hawthorne was in this novel far more of a realist than was at first
+admitted. He did not avoid the impulse to tell the happenings of life at
+the farm pretty nearly as he found them, and substantial as the
+characters may or may not be, the daily life and doings, the scenery,
+the surroundings, and even trivial details are presented with a
+well-nigh faultless accuracy.
+
+The characters, as I have said, are not easily traceable, but even in
+this respect Hawthorne was something of a photographer. Zenobia seems a
+blend of Margaret Fuller and of Mrs. Barlow, who as Miss Penniman was
+once a famous Brookline beauty of lively and attractive disposition. In
+the strongest and most repellant character of the novel, Hollingsworth,
+Hawthorne seems to have incorporated something of the fierce earnestness
+of Brownson and the pathetic zeal of Ripley. And those who best know
+Brook Farm are able to find in the book reflections of other well-known
+members of the community. For the actual life of the place, however,
+readers cannot do better than peruse Lindsay Swift's recent delightful
+work, "Brook Farm, Its Members, Scholars, and Visitors."
+
+There was, we learn here, a charming happy-go-luckiness about the whole
+life. Partly from necessity, partly from choice, the young people used
+to sit on the stairs and on the floor during the evening entertainments.
+Dishes were washed and wiped to the tune of "Oh, Canaan, Bright Canaan,"
+or some other song of the time. When about their work the women wore
+short skirts with knickerbockers; the water-cure and the starving-cure
+both received due attention at the hands of some of the members of the
+household; at table the customary formula was, "Is the butter within the
+sphere of your influence?" And very often the day's work ended in a
+dance, a walk to Eliot's Pulpit, or a moonlight hour on the Charles!
+
+During the earlier years the men, who were in excess of the young women
+in point of numbers, helped very largely in the household labours.
+George William Curtis occasionally trimmed lamps, Charles Dana, who
+afterward founded the _New York Sun_, organised a band of griddle-cake
+servitors composed of "four of the most elegant youths of the
+Community!" One legend, which has the air of probability, records that a
+student confessed his passion while helping his sweetheart at the sink.
+Of love there was indeed not a little at Brook Farm. Cupid is said to
+have made much havoc in the Community, and though very little mismating
+is to be traced to the intimacy of the life there, fourteen marriages
+have been attributed to friendships begun at Brook Farm, and there was
+even one wedding there, that of John Orvis to John Dwight's sister,
+Marianne. At this simple ceremony William Henry Channing was the
+minister, and John Dwight made a speech of exactly five words.
+
+Starting with about fifteen persons, the numbers at the farm increased
+rapidly, though never above one hundred and twenty people were there at
+a time. It is estimated, however, that about two hundred individuals
+were connected with the Community from first to last. Of these all the
+well-known ones are now dead, unless, indeed, one is to count among the
+"Farmers" Mrs. Abby Morton Diaz, who as a very young girl was a teacher
+in the infant department of the school.
+
+Yet though the Farmers have almost all passed beyond, delicious
+anecdotes about them are all the time coming to light. There is one
+story of "Sam" Larned which is almost too good to be true. Larned, it is
+said, steadily refused to drink milk on the ground that his relations
+with the cow did not justify him in drawing on her reserves, and when it
+was pointed out to him that he ought on the same principle to abandon
+shoes, he is said to have made a serious attempt to discover some more
+moral type of footwear.
+
+And then there is another good story of an instance when Brook Farm
+hospitality had fatal results. An Irish baronet, Sir John Caldwell,
+fifth of that title, and treasurer-general at Canada, after supping with
+the Community on its greatest delicacy, pork and beans, returned to the
+now departed Tremont House in Boston, and died suddenly of apoplexy!
+
+This baronet's son was wont later to refer to the early members of the
+Community as "extinct volcanoes of transcendental nonsense and
+humbuggery." But no witty sallies of this sort are able to lessen in
+the popular mind the reverence with which this Brook Farm essay in
+idealism must ever be held. For this Community, when all is said,
+remains the most successful and the most interesting failure the world
+has ever known.
+
+
+
+
+MARGARET FULLER: MARCHESA D'OSSOLI
+
+
+Any account of Brook Farm which should neglect to dwell upon the part
+played in the community life by Margaret Fuller, Marchesa d'Ossoli,
+would be almost like the play of "Hamlet" with the Prince of Denmark
+left out. For although Margaret Fuller never lived at Brook Farm--was,
+indeed, only an occasional visitor there--her influence pervaded the
+place, and, as we feel from reading the "Blithedale Romance," she was
+really, whether absent or present, the strongest personality connected
+with the experiment.
+
+Hawthorne's first bucolic experience was with the famous "transcendental
+heifer" mistakenly said to have been the property of Margaret Fuller. As
+a matter of fact, the beast had been named after Cambridge's most
+intellectual woman, by Ripley, who had a whimsical fashion of thus
+honouring his friends. According to Hawthorne, the name in this case was
+not inapt, for the cow was so recalcitrant and anti-social that it was
+finally sent to Coventry by the more docile kine, always to be counted
+on for moderate conservatism.
+
+This cow's would-be-tamer, not wishing to be unjust, refers to this
+heifer as having "a very intelligent face" and "a reflective cast of
+character." He certainly paid Margaret Fuller herself no such tribute,
+but thus early in his Brook Farm experience let appear his thinly veiled
+contempt for the high priestess of transcendentalism. Even earlier his
+antagonism toward this eminent woman was strong, if it was not frank,
+for he wrote: "I was invited to dine at Mr. Bancroft's yesterday with
+Miss Margaret Fuller, but Providence had given me some business to do
+for which I was very thankful."
+
+The unlovely side of Margaret Fuller must have made a very deep
+impression upon Hawthorne. Gentle as the great romancer undoubtedly was
+by birth and training, he has certainly been very harsh in writing, both
+in his note-book and in his story of Brook Farm, of the woman we
+recognise in Zenobia. One of the most interesting literary wars ever
+carried on in this vicinity, indeed, was that which was waged here some
+fifteen years ago concerning Julian Hawthorne's revelations of his
+father's private opinion of the Marchesa d'Ossoli. The remarks in
+question occurred in the great Hawthorne's "Roman Journal," and were
+certainly sufficiently scathing to call for such warm defence as
+Margaret's surviving friends hastened to offer. Hawthorne said among
+other things:
+
+"Margaret Fuller had a strong and coarse nature which she had done her
+utmost to refine, with infinite pains; but, of course, it could be only
+superficially changed.... Margaret has not left in the hearts and minds
+of those who knew her any deep witness of her integrity and purity. She
+was a great humbug--of course, with much talent and moral reality, or
+else she could never have been so great a humbug.... Toward the last
+there appears to have been a total collapse in poor Margaret, morally
+and intellectually; and tragic as her catastrophe was, Providence was,
+after all, kind in putting her and her clownish husband and their child
+on board that fated ship.... On the whole, I do not know but I like her
+the better, though, because she proved herself a very woman after all,
+and fell as the meanest of her sisters might."
+
+The latter sentences refer to Margaret's marriage to Ossoli, a man some
+ten years the junior of his gifted wife, and by no means her
+intellectual equal. That the marriage was a strange one even Margaret's
+most ardent friends admit, but it was none the less exceedingly human
+and very natural, as Hawthorne implies, for a woman of thirty-seven,
+whose interests had long been of the strictly intellectual kind, to
+yield herself at last to the impulses of an affectionate nature.
+
+But we are getting very much ahead of our story, which should begin, of
+course, far back in May, 1810, when there was born, at the corner of
+Eaton and Cherry Streets, in Cambridgeport, a tiny daughter to Timothy
+Fuller and his wife. The dwelling in which Margaret first saw the light
+still stands, and is easily recognised by the three elms in front,
+planted by the proud father to celebrate the advent of his first child.
+
+The garden in which Margaret and her mother delighted has long since
+vanished; but the house still retains a certain dignity, though now
+divided into three separate tenements, numbered respectively 69, 72, and
+75 Cherry Street, and occupied by a rather migratory class of tenants.
+The pillared doorway and the carved wreaths above it still give an
+old-fashioned grace to the somewhat dilapidated house.
+
+[Illustration: FULLER HOUSE, CAMBRIDGEPORT, MASS.]
+
+The class with which Margaret may be said to have danced through Harvard
+College was that of 1829, which has been made by the wit and poetry
+of Holmes the most eminent class that ever left Harvard. The memory of
+one lady has preserved for us a picture of the girl Margaret as she
+appeared at a ball when she was sixteen.
+
+"She had a very plain face, half-shut eyes, and hair curled all over her
+head; she was dressed in a badly-cut, low-neck pink silk, with white
+muslin over it; and she danced quadrilles very awkwardly, being withal
+so near-sighted that she could hardly see her partner."
+
+With Holmes she was not especially intimate, we learn, though they had
+been schoolmates; but with two of the most conspicuous members of the
+class--William Henry Channing and James Freeman Clarke--she formed a
+lifelong friendship, and these gentlemen became her biographers.
+
+Yet, after all, the most important part of a woman's training is that
+which she obtains from her own sex, and of this Margaret Fuller had
+quite her share. She was one of those maidens who form passionate
+attachments to older women, and there were many Cambridge ladies of the
+college circle who in turn won her ardent loyalty.
+
+"My elder sister," writes Thomas Wentworth Higginson, in his biography
+of Margaret Fuller, "can well remember this studious, self-conscious,
+over-grown girl as sitting at my mother's feet, covering her hands with
+kisses, and treasuring her every word. It was the same at other times
+with other women, most of whom were too much absorbed in their own
+duties to give more than a passing solicitude to this rather odd and
+sometimes inconvenient adorer."
+
+The side of Margaret Fuller to which scant attention has been paid
+heretofore is this ardently affectionate side, and this it is which
+seems to account for what has always before appeared inexplicable--her
+romantic marriage to the young Marchese d'Ossoli. The intellect was in
+truth only a small part of Margaret, and if Hawthorne had improved, as
+he might have done, his opportunities to study the whole nature of the
+woman, he would not have written even for his private diary the harsh
+sentences already quoted. One has only to look at the heroic fashion in
+which, after the death of her father, Margaret took up the task of
+educating her brothers and sisters to feel that there was much besides
+selfishness in this woman's makeup. Nor can one believe that Emerson
+would ever have cared to have for the friend of a lifetime a woman who
+was a "humbug." Of Margaret's school-teaching, conversation classes on
+West Street, Boston, and labours on the _Dial_, a transcendental paper
+in which Emerson was deeply interested, there is not space to speak
+here. But one phase of her work which cannot be ignored is that
+performed on the _Tribune_, in the days of Horace Greeley.
+
+Greeley brought Boston's high priestess to New York for the purpose of
+putting the literary criticism of the _Tribune_ on a higher plane than
+any American newspaper then occupied, as well as that she might discuss
+in a large and stimulating way all philanthropic questions. That she
+rose to the former opportunity her enemies would be the first to grant,
+but only those who, like Margaret herself, believe in the sisterhood of
+women could freely endorse her attitude on philanthropic subjects.
+
+Surely, though, it could not have been a hard woman of whom Horace
+Greeley wrote: "If she had been born to large fortune, a house of
+refuge for all female outcasts desiring to return to the ways of virtue
+would have been one of her most cherished and first realised
+conceptions. She once attended, with other noble women, a gathering of
+outcasts of their sex, and, being asked how they appeared to her,
+replied, 'As women like myself, save that they are victims of wrong and
+misfortune.'"
+
+While labouring for the _Tribune_, Margaret Fuller was all the time
+saving her money for the trip to Europe, which had her life long been
+her dream of felicity; and at last, on the first of August, 1846, she
+sailed for her Elysian Fields. There, in December, 1847, she was
+secretly married, and in September, 1848, her child was born. What these
+experiences must have meant to her we are able to guess from a glimpse
+into her private journal in which she had many years before recorded
+her profoundest feeling about marriage and motherhood.
+
+"I have no home. No one loves me. But I love many a good deal, and see
+some way into their eventful beauty.... I am myself growing better, and
+shall by and by be a worthy object of love, one that will not anywhere
+disappoint or need forbearance.... I have no child, and the woman in me
+has so craved this experience that it has seemed the want of it must
+paralyse me...."
+
+The circumstances under which Margaret Fuller and her husband first met
+are full of interest. Soon after Miss Fuller's arrival in Rome, early in
+1847, she went one day to hear vespers at St. Peter's, and becoming
+separated from her friends after the service, she was noted as she
+examined the church by a young man of gentlemanly address, who,
+perceiving her discomfort and her lack of Italian, offered his services
+as a guide in her endeavour to find her companions.
+
+Not seeing them anywhere, the young Marquis d'Ossoli, for it was he,
+accompanied Miss Fuller home, and they met once or twice again before
+she left Rome for the summer. The following season Miss Fuller had an
+apartment in Rome, and she often received among her guests this young
+patriot with whose labours in behalf of his native city she was
+thoroughly in sympathy.
+
+When the young man after a few months declared his love, Margaret
+refused to marry him, insisting that he should choose a younger woman
+for his wife. "In this way it rested for some weeks," writes Mrs. Story,
+who knew them both, "during which we saw Ossoli pale, dejected, and
+unhappy. He was always with Margaret, but in a sort of hopeless,
+desperate manner, until at length he convinced her of his love, and she
+married him."
+
+Then followed the wife's service in the hospitals while Ossoli was in
+the army outside the city. After the birth of their child, Angelo, the
+happy little family went to Florence.
+
+The letters which passed between the young nobleman and the wife he
+adored are still extant, having been with the body of her beautiful baby
+the only things of Margaret Fuller's saved from the fatal wreck in which
+she and her two loved ones were lost. One of these letters will be
+enough to show the tenderness of the man:
+
+                                         "Rome, 21 October, 1848.
+
+"MIA CARA:--I learn by yours of the 20th that you have received the ten
+scudi, and it makes me more tranquil. I feel also Mogliani's indolence
+in not coming to inoculate our child; but, my love, I pray you not to
+disturb yourself so much, and not to be sad, hoping that our dear love
+will be guarded by God, and will be free from all misfortunes. He will
+keep the child for us and give us the means to sustain him."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In answer to this letter, or one like it, we find the woman whom
+Hawthorne had deemed hard and cold writing:
+
+                                               "Saturday Evening,
+                                                28 October, 1848.
+
+"... It rains very hard every day, but to-day I have been more quiet,
+and our darling has been so good, I have taken so much pleasure in being
+with him. When he smiles in his sleep, how it makes my heart beat! He
+has grown fat and very fair, and begins to play and spring. You will
+have much pleasure in seeing him again. He sends you many kisses. He
+bends his head toward me when he asks a kiss."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Both Madame Ossoli and her husband were very fearful as they embarked on
+the fated ship which was to take them to America. He had been cautioned
+by one who had told his fortune when a boy to beware of the sea, and his
+wife had long cherished a superstition that the year 1850 would be a
+marked epoch in her life. It is remarkable that in writing to a friend
+of her fear Madame Ossoli said: "I pray that if we are lost it may be
+brief anguish, and Ossoli, the babe, and I go together."
+
+They sailed none the less, May 17, 1850, on the _Elizabeth_, a new
+merchant vessel, which set out from Leghorn. Misfortune soon began. The
+captain sickened and died of malignant smallpox, and after his burial
+at sea and a week's detention at Gibraltar, little Angelo caught the
+dread disease and was restored with difficulty. Yet a worse fate was to
+follow.
+
+At noon of July 18, while they were off the coast of New Jersey, there
+was a gale, followed by a hurricane, which dashed the ship on that Fire
+Island Beach which has engulfed so many other vessels. Margaret Fuller
+and her husband were drowned with their child. The bodies of the parents
+were never recovered, but that of little Angelo was buried in a seaman's
+chest among the sandhills, from which it was later disinterred and
+brought to our own Mount Auburn by the relatives who had never seen the
+baby in life.
+
+And there to-day in a little green grave rests the child of this great
+woman's great love.
+
+
+
+
+THE OLD MANSE AND SOME OF ITS MOSSES
+
+
+"The Old Manse," writes Hawthorne, in his charming introduction to the
+quaint stories, "Mosses from an Old Manse", "had never been profaned by
+a lay occupant until that memorable summer afternoon when I entered it
+as my home. A priest had built it; a priest had succeeded to it; other
+priestly men from time to time had dwelt in it; and children born in its
+chambers had grown up to assume the priestly character. It is awful to
+reflect how many sermons must have been written here!... Here it was,
+too, that Emerson wrote 'Nature;' for he was then an inhabitant of
+the Manse, and used to watch the Assyrian dawn and Paphian sunset and
+moon-rise from the summit of our eastern hill."
+
+[Illustration: OLD MANSE, CONCORD, MASS.]
+
+Emerson's residence in the Old Manse is to be accounted for by the fact
+that his grandfather was its first inhabitant. And it was while living
+there with his mother and kindred, before his second marriage in 1835,
+that he produced "Nature."
+
+It is to the parson, the Reverend William Emerson, that we owe one of
+the most valuable Revolutionary documents that have come down to us.
+Soon after the young minister came to the old Manse (which was then the
+New Manse), he had occasion to make in his almanac this stirring entry:
+
+"This morning, between one and two o'clock, we were alarmed by the
+ringing of the bell, and upon examination found that the troops, to the
+number of eight hundred, had stole their march from Boston, in boats and
+barges, from the bottom of the Common over to a point in Cambridge, near
+to Inman's farm, and were at Lexington meeting-house half an hour before
+sunrise, where they fired upon a body of our men, and (as we afterward
+heard) had killed several. This intelligence was brought us first by
+Doctor Samuel Prescott, who narrowly escaped the guard that were sent
+before on horses, purposely to prevent all posts and messengers from
+giving us timely information. He, by the help of a very fleet horse,
+crossing several walks and fences, arrived at Concord, at the time above
+mentioned; when several posts were immediately dispatched that,
+returning, confirmed the account of the regulars' arrival at Lexington
+and that they were on their way to Concord. Upon this, a number of our
+minute-men belonging to this town, and Acton, and Lincoln, with several
+others that were in readiness, marched out to meet them; while the alarm
+company was preparing to receive them in the town. Captain Minot, who
+commanded them, thought it proper to take possession of the hill above
+the meeting-house, as the most advantageous situation. No sooner had our
+men gained it, than we were met by the companies that were sent out to
+meet the troops, who informed us that they were just upon us, and that
+we must retreat, as their number was more than treble ours. We then
+retreated from the hill near the Liberty Pole, and took a new post back
+of the town upon an eminence, where we formed into two battalions, and
+waited the arrival of the enemy.
+
+"Scarcely had we formed before we saw the British troops at the
+distance of a quarter of a mile, glittering in arms, advancing toward us
+with the greatest celerity. Some were for making a stand,
+notwithstanding the superiority of their numbers, but others, more
+prudent, thought best to retreat till our strength should be equal to
+the enemy's by recruits from the neighbouring towns, that were
+continually coming in to our assistance. Accordingly we retreated over
+the bridge; when the troops came into the town, set fire to several
+carriages for the artillery, destroyed sixty barrels flour, rifled
+several houses, took possession of the town-house, destroyed five
+hundred pounds of balls, set a guard of one hundred men at the North
+Bridge, and sent a party to the house of Colonel Barrett, where they
+were in the expectation of finding a quantity of warlike stores. But
+these were happily secured just before their arrival, by transportation
+into the woods and other by-places.
+
+"In the meantime the guard sent by the enemy to secure the pass at the
+North Bridge were alarmed by the approach of our people; who had
+retreated as before mentioned, and were now advancing, with special
+orders not to fire upon the troops unless fired upon. These orders were
+so punctually observed that we received the fire of the enemy in three
+several and separate discharges of their pieces before it was returned
+by our commanding officer; the firing then became general for several
+minutes; in which skirmish two were killed on each side, and several of
+the enemy wounded. (It may here be observed, by the way, that we were
+the more cautious to prevent beginning a rupture with the king's troops,
+as we were then uncertain what had happened at Lexington, and knew not
+that they had begun the quarrel there by first firing upon our people,
+and killing eight men upon the spot.) The three companies of troops soon
+quitted their post at the bridge, and retreated in the greatest disorder
+and confusion to the main body, who were soon upon their march to meet
+them.
+
+"For half an hour the enemy, by their marches and countermarches,
+discovered great fickleness and inconstancy of mind,--sometimes
+advancing, sometimes returning to their former posts; till at length
+they quitted the town and retreated by the way they came. In the
+meantime, a party of our men (one hundred and fifty), took the back way
+through the Great Fields into the East Quarter, and had placed
+themselves to advantage, lying in ambush behind walls, fences, and
+buildings, ready to fire upon the enemy on their retreat."[12]
+
+Here ends the important chronicle, the best first-hand account we have
+of the battle of Concord. But for this alone the first resident of the
+Old Manse deserves our memory and thanks.
+
+Mr. Emerson was succeeded at the Manse by a certain Doctor Ripley, a
+venerable scholar who left behind him a reputation for learning and
+sanctity which was reproduced in one of the ladies of his family, long
+the most learned woman in the little Concord circle which Hawthorne soon
+after his marriage came to join.
+
+Few New England villages have retained so much of the charm and
+peacefulness of country life as has Concord, and few dwellings in
+Concord have to-day so nearly the aspect they presented fifty years ago
+as does the Manse, where Hawthorne passed three of the happiest years of
+his life.
+
+In the "American Note-Book," there is a charming description of the
+pleasure the romancer and his young wife experienced in renovating and
+refurnishing the old parsonage which, at the time of their going into
+it, was "given up to ghosts and cobwebs." Some of these ghosts have been
+shiveringly described by Hawthorne himself in the marvellous paragraph
+of the introduction already referred to: "Our [clerical] ghost used to
+heave deep sighs in a particular corner of the parlour, and sometimes
+rustle paper, as if he were turning over a sermon in the long upper
+entry--where, nevertheless, he was invisible, in spite of the bright
+moonshine that fell through the eastern window. Not improbably he
+wished me to edit and publish a selection from a chest full of
+manuscript discourses that stood in the garret.
+
+"Once while Hillard and other friends sat talking with us in the
+twilight, there came a rustling noise as of a minister's silk gown
+sweeping through the very midst of the company, so closely as almost to
+brush against the chairs. Still there was nothing visible.
+
+"A yet stranger business was that of a ghostly servant-maid, who used to
+be heard in the kitchen at deepest midnight, grinding coffee, cooking,
+ironing,--performing, in short, all kinds of domestic labour--although
+no traces of anything accomplished could be detected the next morning.
+Some neglected duty of her servitude--some ill-starched ministerial
+band--disturbed the poor damsel in her grave, and kept her at work
+without wages."
+
+The little drawing-room once remodelled, however, and the kitchen given
+over to the Hawthorne pots and pans--in which the great Hawthorne
+himself used often to have a stake, according to the testimony of his
+wife, who once wrote in this connection, "Imagine those magnificent eyes
+fixed anxiously upon potatoes cooking in an iron kettle!"--the ghosts
+came no more. Of the great people who in the flesh passed pleasant hours
+in the little parlour, Thoreau, Ellery Channing, Emerson, and Margaret
+Fuller are names known by everybody as intimately connected with the
+Concord circle.
+
+Hawthorne himself cared little for society. Often he would go to the
+village and back without speaking to a single soul, he tells us, and
+once when his wife was absent he resolved to pass the whole term of her
+visit to relatives without saying a word to any human being. With
+Thoreau, however, he got on very well. This odd genius was as shy and
+ungregarious as was the dark-eyed "teller of tales," but the two appear
+to have been socially disposed toward each other, and there are
+delightful bits in the preface to the "Mosses" in regard to the hours
+they spent together boating on the large, quiet Concord River. Thoreau
+was a great voyager in a canoe which he had constructed himself (and
+which he eventually made over to Hawthorne), as expert indeed in the use
+of his paddle as the redman who had once haunted the same silent stream.
+
+Of the beauties of the Concord River Hawthorne has written a few
+sentences that will live while the silver stream continues to flow: "It
+comes creeping softly through the mid-most privacy and deepest heart of
+a wood which whispers it to be quiet, while the stream whispers back
+again from its sedgy borders, as if river and wood were hushing one
+another to sleep. Yes; the river sleeps along its course and dreams of
+the sky and the clustering foliage...."
+
+Concerning the visitors attracted to Concord by the great original
+thinker who was Hawthorne's near neighbour, the romancer speaks with
+less delicate sympathy: "Never was a poor little country village
+infested with such a variety of queer, strangely dressed, oddly behaved
+mortals, most of whom look upon themselves to be important agents of the
+world's destiny, yet are simply bores of a very intense character." A
+bit further on Hawthorne speaks of these pilgrims as "hobgoblins of
+flesh and blood," people, he humourously comments, who had lighted on a
+new thought or a thought they fancied new, and "came to Emerson as the
+finder of a glittering gem hastens to a lapidary to ascertain its
+quality and value." With Emerson himself Hawthorne was on terms of easy
+intimacy. "Being happy," as he says, and feeling, therefore, "as if
+there were no question to be put," he was not in any sense desirous of
+metaphysical intercourse with the great philosopher.
+
+It was while on the way home from his friend Emerson's one day that
+Hawthorne had that encounter with Margaret Fuller about which it is so
+pleasant to read because it serves to take away the taste of other less
+complimentary allusions to this lady to be found in Hawthorne's works:
+
+"After leaving Mr. Emerson's I returned through the woods, and entering
+Sleepy Hollow, I perceived a lady reclining near the path which bends
+along its verge. It was Margaret herself. She had been there the whole
+afternoon, meditating or reading, for she had a book in her hand with
+some strange title which I did not understand and have forgotten. She
+said that nobody had broken her solitude, and was just giving utterance
+to a theory that no inhabitant of Concord ever visited Sleepy Hollow,
+when we saw a group of people entering the sacred precincts. Most of
+them followed a path which led them away from us; but an old man passed
+near us, and smiled to see Margaret reclining on the ground and me
+standing by her side. He made some remark upon the beauty of the
+afternoon, and withdrew himself into the shadow of the wood. Then we
+talked about autumn, and about the pleasures of being lost in the woods,
+and about the crows whose voices Margaret had heard; and about the
+experiences of early childhood, whose influence remains upon the
+character after the recollection of them has passed away; and about the
+sight of mountains from a distance, and the view from their summits; and
+about other matters of high and low philosophy."
+
+Nothing that Hawthorne has ever written of Concord is more to be
+cherished to-day than this description of a happy afternoon passed by
+him in Sleepy Hollow talking with Margaret Fuller of "matters of high
+and low philosophy." For there are few parts of Concord to which
+visitors go more religiously than to the still old cemetery, where on
+the hill by Ridge Path Hawthorne himself now sleeps quietly, with the
+grave of Thoreau just behind him, and the grave of Emerson, his
+philosopher-friend, on the opposite side of the way. A great pine stands
+at the head of Hawthorne's last resting-place, and a huge unhewn block
+of pink marble is his formal monument.
+
+Yet the Old Manse will, so long as it stands, be the romancer's most
+intimate relic, for it was here that he lived as a happy bridegroom, and
+here that his first child was born. And from this ancient dwelling it
+was that he drew the inspiration for what is perhaps the most curious
+book of tales in all American literature, a book of which another
+American master of prose[13] has said, "Hawthorne here did for our past
+what Walter Scott did for the past of the mother-country; another Wizard
+of the North, he breathed the breath of life into the dry and dusty
+materials of history, and summoned the great dead again to live and move
+among us."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 12: "Historic Towns of New England." G. P. Putnam's Sons.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Henry James.]
+
+
+
+
+SALEM'S CHINESE GOD
+
+
+Of the romantic figures which grace the history of New England in the
+nineteenth century, none is to be compared in dash and in all those
+other qualities that captivate the imagination with the figure of
+Frederick Townsend Ward, the Salem boy who won a generalship in the
+Chinese military service, suppressed the Tai-Ping rebellion, organised
+the "Ever-Victorious Army"--for whose exploits "Chinese" Gordon always
+gets credit in history--and died fighting at Ning Po for a nation of
+which he had become one, a fair daughter of which he had married, and by
+which he is to-day worshipped as a god. Very far certainly did this
+soldier of fortune wander in the thirty short years of his life from the
+peaceful red-brick Townsend mansion (now, alas! a steam bread bakery),
+at the corner of Derby and Carleton Streets, Salem, in which, in 1831,
+he was born.
+
+This house was built by Ward's grandfather, Townsend, and during
+Frederick's boyhood was a charming place of the comfortable colonial
+sort, to which was joined a big, rambling, old-fashioned garden, and
+from the upper windows of which there was to be had a fascinating view
+of the broad-stretching sea. To the sea it was, therefore, that the lad
+naturally turned when, after ending his education at the Salem High
+School, he was unable to gain admission to the military academy at West
+Point and follow the soldier career in which it had always been his
+ambition to shine. He shipped before the mast on an American vessel
+sailing from New York. Apparently even the hardships of such a common
+sailor's lot could not dampen his ardour for adventure, for he made a
+number of voyages.
+
+[Illustration: TOWNSEND HOUSE, SALEM, MASS.]
+
+At the outbreak of the Crimean war young Ward was in France, and,
+thinking that his long-looked for opportunity had come, he entered the
+French army for service against the Russians. Enlisting as a private, he
+soon, through the influence of friends, rose to be a lieutenant; but,
+becoming embroiled in a quarrel with his superior officer, he resigned
+his commission and returned to New York, without having seen service
+either in Russia or Turkey.
+
+The next few years of the young man's life were passed as a ship broker
+in New York City, but this work-a-day career soon became too humdrum,
+and he looked about for something that promised more adventures. He had
+not to look far. Colonel William Walker and his filibusters were about
+to start on the celebrated expedition against Nicaragua, and with them
+Ward determined to cast in his lot. Through the trial by fire which
+awaited the ill-fated expedition, he passed unhurt, and escaping by some
+means or other its fatal termination, returned to New York.
+
+California next attracted his attention, but here he met with no better
+success, and after a hand-to-mouth existence of a few months he turned
+again to seafaring life, and shipped for China as the mate of an
+American vessel. His arrival at Shanghai in 1859 was most opportune, for
+there the chance for which he had been longing awaited him.
+
+The great Tai-Ping rebellion, that half-Christian, wholly fanatical
+uprising which devastated many flourishing provinces, had, at this time,
+attained alarming proportions. Ching Wang, with a host of blood-crazed
+rebels, had swept over the country in the vicinity of Shanghai with fire
+and sword, and at the time of Ward's arrival these fanatics were within
+eighteen miles of the city.
+
+The Chinese merchants had appealed in vain to the foreign consuls for
+assistance. The imperial government had made no plans for the
+preservation of Shanghai. So the wealthy merchants, fearing for their
+stores, resolved to take the matter into their own hands, and after a
+consultation of many days, offered a reward of two hundred thousand
+dollars to any body of foreigners who should drive the Tai-Pings from
+the city of Sungkiang.
+
+Salem's soldier of fortune, Frederick T. Ward, responded at once to the
+opportunity thus offered. He accepted in June, 1860, the offer of Ta
+Kee, the mandarin at the head of the merchant body, and in less than a
+week--such was the magnetism of the man--had raised a body of one
+hundred foreign sailors, and, with an American by the name of Henry
+Burgevine as his lieutenant, had set out for Sungkiang. The men in
+Ward's company were desperadoes, for the most part, but they were no
+match, of course, for the twelve thousand Tai-Pings. This Ward realised
+as soon as the skirmishing advance had been made, and he returned to
+Shanghai for reinforcements.
+
+From the Chinese imperial troops he obtained men to garrison whatever
+courts the foreign legation might capture, an arrangement which left the
+adventurers free to go wherever their action could be most effective.
+
+Thus reinforced, Ward once more set out for Sungkiang. Even on this
+occasion his men were outnumbered one hundred to one, but, such was the
+desperation of the attacking force, the rebels were driven like sheep to
+the slaughter, and the defeat of the Tai-Pings was overwhelming. It was
+during this battle, it is interesting to know, that the term "foreign
+devils" first found place in the Chinese vocabulary.
+
+The promised reward was forthwith presented to the gifted American
+soldier, and immediately Ward accepted a second commission against the
+rebels at Singpo. The Tai-Pings of this city were under the leadership
+of a renegade Englishman named Savage, and the fighting was fast and
+furious. Ward and his men performed many feats of valour, and actually
+scaled the city wall, thirty feet in height, to fight like demons upon
+its top. But it was without avail. With heavy losses, they were driven
+back.
+
+But the attempt was not abandoned. Retiring to Shanghai, Ward secured
+the assistance of about one hundred new foreign recruits, and with them
+returned once more to the scene of his defeat. Half a mile from the
+walls of Singpo the little band of foreign soldiers of fortune and
+poorly organised imperial troops were met by Savage and the Tai-Pings,
+and the battle that resulted waged for hours. The rebels were the
+aggressors, and ten miles of Ward's retreat upon Sungkiang saw fighting
+every inch of the way. The line of retreat was strewn with rebel dead,
+and such were their losses that they retired from the province
+altogether.
+
+Later Savage was killed, and the Tai-Pings quieted down. For his
+exploits Ward received the monetary rewards agreed upon, and was also
+granted the button of a mandarin of the fourth degree.
+
+He had received severe wounds during the campaigns, and was taking time
+to recuperate from them at Shanghai when the jealousy of other
+foreigners made itself felt, and the soldier from Salem was obliged to
+face a charge before the United States consul that he had violated the
+neutrality laws. The matter was dropped, however, because the hero of
+Sungkiang promptly swore that he was no longer an American citizen, as
+he had become a naturalised subject of the Chinese emperor!
+
+Realising the value of the Chinese as fighting men, Ward now determined
+to organise a number of Chinese regiments, officer them with Europeans,
+and arm and equip them after American methods. This he did, and in six
+months he appeared at Shanghai at the head of three bodies of Chinese,
+splendidly drilled and under iron discipline. He arrived in the nick of
+time, and, routing a vastly superior force, saved the city from capture.
+
+After this exploit he was no longer shunned by Europeans as an
+adventurer and an outlaw. He was too prominent to be overlooked. His
+Ever-Victorious Army, as it was afterward termed, entered upon a
+campaign of glorious victory. One after another of the rebel strongholds
+fell before it, and its leader was made a mandarin of the highest grade,
+with the title of admiral-general.
+
+Ward then assumed the Chinese name of Hwa, and married Changmei, a
+maiden of high degree, who was nineteen at the time of her wedding, and
+as the daughter of one of the richest and most exalted mandarins of the
+red button, was considered in China an exceedingly good match for the
+Salem youth. According to oriental standards she was a beauty, too.
+
+Ward did not rest long from his campaigns, however, for we find that he
+was soon besieged in the city of Sungkiang with a few men. A relieving
+force of the Ever-Victorious Army here came to his assistance.
+
+He did not win all his victories easily. In the battle of Ningpo, toward
+the end of the first division of the Tai-Ping rebellion, the carnage was
+frightful. Outnumbered, but not outgeneralled, the government forces
+fought valiantly. Ward was shot through the stomach while leading a
+charge, but refused to leave the field while the battle was on. Through
+his field officers he directed his men, and when the victory was
+assured, fell back unconscious in the arms of his companion, Burgevine.
+He was carried to Ningpo, where he died the following morning, a gallant
+and distinguished soldier, although still only thirty years old.
+
+In the Confucian cemetery at Ningpo his body was laid at rest with all
+possible honours and with military ceremony becoming his rank. Over his
+grave, and that of his young wife, who survived him only a few months, a
+mausoleum was erected, and monuments were placed on the scenes of his
+victories. The mausoleum soon became a shrine invested with miraculous
+power, and a number of years after his death General Ward was solemnly
+declared to be a joss or god. The manuscript of the imperial edict to
+this effect is now preserved in the Essex Institute.
+
+The command of the Ever-Victorious army reverted to Burgevine, but
+later, through British intrigue, to General Gordon. It was Ward,
+however, the Salem lad, who organised the army by which Chinese Gordon
+gained his fame. The British made a saint and martyr of Gordon, and
+called Ward an adventurer and a common sailor, but the Chinese rated him
+more nearly as he deserved.
+
+In a little red-bound volume printed in Shanghai in 1863, and translated
+from the Chinese for the benefit of a few of General Ward's relatives in
+this country--a work which I have been permitted to examine--the native
+chronicler says of our hero:
+
+"What General Ward has done to and for China is as yet but imperfectly
+known, for those whose duty it is to transfer to posterity a record of
+this great man are either so wrapped in speculation as to how to build
+themselves up on his deeds of the past time, or are so fearful that any
+comment on any subject regarding him may detract from their ability,
+that with his last breath they allow all that appertains to him to be
+buried in the tomb. Not one in ten thousand of them could at all
+approach him in military genius, in courage, and in resource, or do
+anything like what he did."
+
+In his native land Ward has never been honoured as he deserves to be. On
+the contrary, severe criticism has been accorded him because he was
+fighting in China for money during our civil war, "when," said his
+detractors, "he might have been using his talents for the protection of
+the flag under which he was born."
+
+But this was the fault of circumstances rather than of intention. Ward
+wished, above everything, to be a soldier, and when he found fighting
+waiting for him in China, it was the most natural thing in the world
+for him to accept the opportunity the gods provided. But he did what he
+could under the circumstances for his country. He offered ten thousand
+dollars to the national cause--and was killed in the Chinese war before
+the answer to his proffer of financial aid came from Minister Anson
+Burlingame.
+
+It is rather odd that just the amount that he wished to be used by the
+North for the advancement of the Union cause has recently (1901) been
+bequeathed to the Essex Institute at Salem by Miss Elizabeth C. Ward,
+his lately deceased sister, to found a Chinese library in memory of
+Salem's soldier of fortune. Thus is rounded out this very romantic
+chapter of modern American history.
+
+
+
+
+THE WELL-SWEEP OF A SONG
+
+
+That the wise Shakespeare spoke the truth when he observed that "one
+touch of nature makes the whole world kin" has never been better
+exemplified than in the affectionate tenderness with which all sorts and
+conditions of men join in singing a song like "The Old Oaken Bucket." As
+one hears this ballad in a crowded room, or even as so often given--in a
+New England play like "The Old Homestead," one does not stop to analyse
+one's sensations; one forgets the homely phrase; one simply feels and
+knows oneself the better for the memories of happy and innocent
+childhood which the simple song invokes.
+
+Dear, delightful Goldsmith has wonderfully expressed in "The Deserted
+Village" the inextinguishable yearning for the spot we call "home":
+
+    "In all my wanderings round this world of care,
+    In all my griefs--and God has given my share--
+    I still had hopes, my long vexations past,
+    Here to return and die at home at last,"
+
+and it is this same lyric cry that has been crystallised for all time,
+so far as the American people are concerned, in "The Old Oaken Bucket."
+
+The day will not improbably come when the allusions in this poem will
+demand as careful an explanation as some of Shakespeare's archaic
+references now call for. But even when this time does come, and an
+elaborate description of the strange old custom of drawing water from a
+hole in the ground by means of a long pole and a rude pail will be
+necessary to an understanding of the poem, men's voices will grow husky
+and their eyes will dim at the music of "The Old Oaken Bucket."
+
+It is to the town of Scituate, Massachusetts, one of the most ancient
+settlements of the old colony, that we trace back the local colour which
+pervades the poem. The history of the place is memorable and
+interesting. The people come of a hardy and determined ancestry, who
+fought for every inch of ground that their descendants now hold. To this
+fact may perhaps be attributed the strength of those associations,
+clinging like ivy around some of the most notable of the ancient
+homesteads.
+
+The scene so vividly described in the charming ballad we are considering
+is a little valley through which Herring Brook pursues its devious way
+to meet the tidal waters of North River. "The view of it from Coleman
+Heights, with its neat cottages, its maple groves, and apple orchards,
+is remarkably beautiful," writes one appreciative author. The
+"wide-spreading pond," the "mill," the "dairy-house," the "rock where
+the cataract fell," and even the "old well," if not the original
+"moss-covered bucket" itself, may still be seen just as the poet
+described them.
+
+[Illustration: OLD OAKEN BUCKET HOUSE, SCITUATE, MASS.]
+
+In quaint, homely Scituate, Samuel Woodworth, the people's poet, was
+indeed born and reared. Although the original house is no longer there,
+a pretty place called "The Old Oaken Bucket House" still stands, a
+modern successor to the poet's home, and at another bucket, oaken if not
+old, the pilgrim of to-day may stop to slake his thirst from the very
+waters, the recollection of which gave the poet such exquisite pleasure
+in after years. One would fain have the surroundings unchanged--the cot
+where Woodworth dwelt, the ponderous well-sweep, creaking with age, at
+which his youthful hands were wont to tug strongly; and finally the
+mossy bucket, overflowing with crystal nectar fresh from the cool depths
+below. Yet in spite of the changes, one gets fairly well the illusion of
+the ancient spot, and comes away well content to have quaffed a draught
+of such excellent water to the memory of this Scituate poet.
+
+The circumstances under which the popular ballad was composed and
+written are said to be as follows: Samuel Woodworth was a printer who
+had served his apprenticeship under the veteran Major Russell of the
+_Columbian Centinel_, a journal which was in its day the leading
+Federalist organ of New England. He had inherited the wandering
+propensity of his craft, and yielding to the desire for change he was
+successively in Hartford and New York, doing what he could in a
+journalistic way. In the latter city he became associated, after an
+unsuccessful career as a publisher, in the editorship of the _Mirror_.
+And it was while living in New York in the Bohemian fashion of his
+class, that, in company with some brother printers, he one day dropped
+in at a well-known establishment then kept by one Mallory to take a
+social glass of wine.
+
+The cognac was pronounced excellent. After drinking it, Woodworth set
+his glass down on the table, and, smacking his lips, declared
+emphatically that Mallory's _eau de vie_ was superior to anything that
+he had ever tasted.
+
+"There you are mistaken," said one of his comrades, quietly; then added,
+"there certainly was one thing that far surpassed this in the way of
+drinking, as you, too, will readily acknowledge."
+
+"Indeed; and, pray, what was that?" Woodworth asked, with apparent
+incredulity that anything could surpass the liquor then before him.
+
+"The draught of pure and sparkling spring water that we used to get from
+the old oaken bucket that hung in the well, after our return from the
+labours of the field on a sultry summer's day."
+
+No one spoke; all were busy with their own thoughts.
+
+Woodworth's eyes became dimmed. "True, true," he exclaimed; and soon
+after quitted the place. With his heart overflowing with the
+recollections that this chance allusion in a barroom had inspired, the
+scene of his happier childhood life rushed upon him in a flood of
+feeling. He hastened back to the office in which he then worked, seized
+a pen, and in half an hour had written his popular ballad:
+
+    "How dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood,
+      When fond recollection presents them to view!
+    The orchard, the meadow, the deep-tangled wildwood,
+      And every loved spot which my infancy knew,--
+    The wide-spreading pond and the mill which stood by it,
+      The bridge and the rock where the cataract fell;
+    The cot of my father, the dairy-house nigh it,
+      And e'en the rude bucket that hung in the well,--
+    The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket,
+      The moss-covered bucket which hung in the well.
+
+    "The moss-covered vessel I hail as a treasure;
+      For often at noon when returned from the field,
+    I found it the source of an exquisite pleasure,
+      The purest and sweetest that nature can yield.
+    How ardent I seized it with hands that were glowing!
+      And quick to the white-pebbled bottom it fell;
+    Then soon with the emblem of truth overflowing,
+      And dripping with coolness it rose from the well,--
+    The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket,
+      The moss-covered bucket, arose from the well.
+
+    "How sweet from the green mossy brim to receive it,
+      As, poised from the curb, it inclined to my lips!
+    Not a full blushing goblet could tempt me to leave it,
+      Though filled with the nectar that Jupiter sips.
+    And now, far removed from the loved situation,
+      The tear of regret will intrusively swell,
+    As fancy reverts to my father's plantation,
+      And sighs for the bucket which hangs in the well,--
+    The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket,
+      The moss-covered bucket which hangs in the well."
+
+Woodworth's reputation rests upon this one stroke of genius. He died in
+1842 at the age of fifty-seven. But after almost fifty years his memory
+is still green, and we still delight to pay tender homage to the spot
+which inspired one of the most beautiful songs America has yet
+produced.
+
+
+
+
+WHITTIER'S LOST LOVE
+
+
+In the life of the Quaker poet there is an unwritten chapter of personal
+history full to the brim of romance. It will be remembered that Whittier
+in his will left ten thousand dollars for an Amesbury Home for Aged
+Women. One room in this home Mrs. Elizabeth W. Pickard (the niece to
+whom the poet bequeathed his Amesbury homestead, and who passed away in
+the early spring of this year [1902], in an illness contracted while
+decorating her beloved uncle's grave on the anniversary of his birth),
+caused to be furnished with a massive black walnut set formerly used in
+the "spare-room" of her uncle's house--the room where Lucy Larcom, Gail
+Hamilton, the Cary sisters, and George Macdonald were in former times
+entertained. A stipulation of this gift was that the particular room in
+the Home thus to be furnished was to be known as the Whittier room.
+
+In connection with this Home and this room comes the story of romantic
+interest. Two years after the death of Mr. Whittier an old lady made
+application for admission to the Home on the ground that in her youth
+she was a schoolmate and friend of the poet. And although she was not
+entitled to admission by being a resident of the town, she would no
+doubt have been received if she had not died soon after making the
+application.
+
+This aged woman was Mrs. Evelina Bray Downey, concerning whose
+schoolgirl friendship for Whittier many inaccurate newspaper articles
+were current at the time of her death, in the spring of 1895. The story
+as here told is, however, authentic.
+
+Evelina Bray was born at Marblehead, October 10, 1810. She was the
+youngest of ten children of a ship master, who made many voyages to the
+East Indies and to European ports. In a letter written in 1884, Mrs
+Downey said of herself: "My father, an East India sea captain, made
+frequent and long voyages. For safekeeping and improvement he sent me to
+Haverhill, bearing a letter of introduction from Captain William Story
+to the family of Judge Bartley. They passed me over to Mr. Jonathan K.
+Smith, and Mrs. Smith gave me as a roommate her only daughter, Mary.
+This was the opening season of the New Haverhill Academy, a sort of
+rival to the Bradford Academy. Subsequently I graduated from the Ipswich
+Female Seminary, in the old Mary Lyon days."
+
+Mary Smith, Miss Bray's roommate at Haverhill, and her lifelong
+friend--though for fifty years they were lost to each other--was
+afterward the wife of Reverend Doctor S. F. Smith, the author of
+"America."
+
+Evelina is described as a tall and strikingly beautiful brunette, with
+remarkable richness of colouring, and she took high rank in scholarship.
+The house on Water Street at which she boarded was directly opposite
+that of Abijah W. Thayer, editor of the _Haverhill Gazette_, with whom
+Whittier boarded while at the academy. Whittier was then nineteen years
+old, and Evelina was seventeen. Naturally, they walked to and from the
+school together, and their interest in each other was noticeable.
+
+If the Quaker lad harboured thoughts of marriage, and even gave
+expression to them, it would not be strange. But the traditions of
+Whittier's sect included disapproval of music, and Evelina's father had
+given her a piano, and she was fascinated with the study of the art
+proscribed by the Quakers. Then, too, Whittier was poor, and his gift of
+versification, which had already given him quite a reputation, was not
+considered in those days of much consequence as a means of livelihood.
+If they did not at first realise, both of them, the hopelessness of
+their love, they found it out after Miss Bray's return to her home.
+
+About this time Mr. Whittier accompanied his mother to a quarterly
+meeting of the Society of Friends at Salem, and one morning before
+breakfast took a walk of a few miles to the quaint old town of
+Marblehead, where he paid a visit to the home of his schoolmate. She
+could not invite him in, but instead suggested a stroll along the
+picturesque, rocky shore of the bay.
+
+This was in the spring or early summer of 1828, and the poet was twenty
+years old, a farmer's boy, with high ambitions, but with no outlook as
+yet toward any profession. It may be imagined that the young couple,
+after a discussion of the situation, saw the hopelessness of securing
+the needed consent of their parents, and returned from their morning's
+walk with saddened hearts. Whatever dreams they may have cherished were
+from that hour abandoned, and they parted with this understanding.
+
+In the next fifty years they met but once again, four or five years
+after the morning walk, and this once was at Marblehead, along the
+shore. Miss Bray had in the meantime been teaching in a seminary in
+Mississippi, and Whittier had been editing papers in Boston and
+Hartford, and had published his first book, a copy of which he had sent
+her. There was no renewal at this time of their lover-like relations,
+and they parted in friendship.
+
+I have said that they met but once in the half-century after that
+morning's walk; the truth is they were once again close together, but
+Whittier was not conscious of it. This was while he was editing the
+_Pennsylvania Freeman_, at Philadelphia. Miss Bray was then associated
+with a Miss Catherine Beecher, in an educational movement of
+considerable importance, and was visiting Philadelphia. Just at this
+time a noted Massachusetts divine, Reverend Doctor Todd, was announced
+to preach in the Presbyterian church, and both these Haverhill
+schoolmates were moved to hear him. By a singular chance they occupied
+the same pew, and sat close together, but Miss Bray was the only one who
+was conscious of this, and she was too shy to reveal herself. It must
+have been her bonnet hid her face, for otherwise Whittier's remarkably
+keen eyes could not have failed to recognise the dear friend of his
+school-days.
+
+Their next meeting was at the reunion of the Haverhill Academy class of
+1827, which was held in 1885, half a century after their second
+interview at Marblehead. It was said by some that it was this schoolboy
+love which Whittier commemorated in his poem, "Memories." But Mr.
+Pickard, the poet's biographer, affirms that, so far as known, the only
+direct reference made by Whittier to the affair under consideration
+occurred in the fine poem, "A Sea Dream," written in 1874.
+
+In the poet, now an old man, the sight of Marblehead awakens the memory
+of that morning walk, and he writes:
+
+    "Is this the wind, the soft sea wind
+      That stirred thy locks of brown?
+    Are these the rocks whose mosses knew
+      The trail of thy light gown,
+      Where boy and girl sat down?
+
+    "I see the gray fort's broken wall,
+      The boats that rock below;
+    And, out at sea, the passing sails
+      We saw so long ago,
+      Rose-red in morning's glow.
+
+    *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Thou art not here, thou art not there,
+      Thy place I cannot see;
+    I only know that where thou art
+      The blessed angels be,
+      And heaven is glad for thee.
+
+    *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "But turn to me thy dear girl-face
+      Without the angel's crown,
+    The wedded roses of thy lips,
+      Thy loose hair rippling down
+      In waves of golden brown.
+
+    "Look forth once more through space and time
+      And let thy sweet shade fall
+    In tenderest grace of soul and form
+      On memory's frescoed wall,--
+      A shadow, and yet all!"
+
+Whittier, it will be seen, believed that the love of his youth was dead.
+He was soon to find out, in a very odd way, that this was not the case.
+
+Early in the forties, Miss Bray became principal of the "female
+department" of the Benton School at St. Louis. In 1849, during the
+prevalence of a fearful epidemic, the school building was converted into
+a hospital, and one of the patients was an Episcopal clergyman, Reverend
+William S. Downey, an Englishman, claiming to be of noble birth. He
+recovered his health, but was entirely deaf, not being able to hear the
+loudest sound for the remainder of his life. Miss Bray married him, and
+for forty years endured martyrdom, for he was of a tyrannous disposition
+and disagreeably eccentric.
+
+Mrs. Downey had never told her husband of her early acquaintance with
+Whittier, but he found it out by a singular chance. When Reverend S. F.
+Smith and his wife celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of their marriage
+the event was mentioned in the papers, and the fact that Mrs. Smith was
+a schoolmate of Whittier was chronicled. Mr. Downey had heard his wife
+speak of being a schoolmate of the wife of the author of "America," and,
+putting these two circumstances together, he concluded that his wife
+must also have known the Quaker poet in his youth. He said nothing to
+her about this, however, but wrote a letter to Whittier himself, and
+sent with it a tract he had written in severe denunciation of Colonel
+Robert G. Ingersoll. As a postscript to this letter he asked: "Did you
+ever know Evelina Bray?" Whittier at once replied, acknowledging the
+receipt of the tract, and making this characteristic comment upon it:
+
+"It occurs to me to say, however, that in thy tract thee has hardly
+charity enough for that unfortunate man, Ingersoll, who, it seems to me,
+is much to be pitied for his darkness of unbelief. We must remember that
+one of the great causes of infidelity is the worldliness, selfishness,
+and evil dealing of professed Christians. An awful weight of
+responsibility rests upon the Christian church in this respect."
+
+And to this letter Whittier added as a postscript: "Can you give me the
+address of Evelina Bray?" Mr. Downey at once wrote that he was her
+husband, told of his service of the Master, and indirectly begged for
+assistance in his work of spreading the gospel. At this time he was an
+evangelist of the Baptist church, having some time since abandoned the
+mother faith. And, though he was not reduced to poverty, he accepted
+alms, as if poor, thus trying sorely the proud spirit of his wife. So it
+was not an unwonted request.
+
+Of course, the poet had no sympathy with the work of attack Mr. Downey
+was evidently engaged in. But he feared the girl friend of his youth
+might be in destitute circumstances, and, for her sake, he made a
+liberal remittance. All this the miserable husband tried to keep from
+his wife, who he knew would at once return the money, but she came upon
+the fact of the remittance by finding Whittier's letter in her husband's
+pocket.
+
+Naturally, she was very indignant, but her letter to Whittier returning
+the money was couched in the most delicate terms, and gave no hint of
+the misery of her life. Until the year of his death she was an
+occasional correspondent with the poet, one of his last letters, written
+at Hampton Falls in the summer of 1892, being addressed to her. Their
+only meeting was at the Haverhill Academy reunion of 1885, fifty-eight
+years after the love episode of their school-days.
+
+When they met at Haverhill the poet took the love of his youth apart
+from the other schoolmates, and they then exchanged souvenirs, he
+receiving her miniature painted on ivory, by Porter, the same artist who
+painted the first likeness ever taken of Whittier. This latter miniature
+is now in the possession of Mr. Pickard. The portrait of Miss Bray,
+representing her in the full flush of her girlish beauty, wearing as a
+crown a wreath of roses, was returned to Mrs. Downey after the poet's
+death, by the niece of Whittier, into whose possession it came.
+
+Mrs. Downey spent her last days in the family of Judge Bradley, at West
+Newbury, Massachusetts. After her death some valuable china of hers was
+sold at auction, and several pieces were secured by a neighbour, Mrs.
+Ladd. The Ladd family has since taken charge of the Whittier birthplace
+at East Haverhill, and by this chain of circumstances Evelina Bray's
+china now rests on the Whittier shelves, together with the genuine
+Whittier china, put in its old place by Mrs. Pickard.
+
+[Illustration: WHITTIER'S BIRTHPLACE, EAST HAVERHILL, MASS.]
+
+It was not because of destitution that Mrs. Downey made application to
+enter the Old Ladies' Home which Whittier endowed, but, because,
+cherishing until the day of her death her youthful fondness for the
+poet, she longed to live during the sunset time of her life near his
+grave. In all probability her request would have been granted, had not
+she, too, been suddenly called to the land where there is neither
+marriage nor giving in marriage.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Adams, John, 96.
+
+  Adams, Mrs. John, 111.
+
+  Adams, Samuel, 119.
+
+  Agassiz, Mrs., 290.
+
+  Alford, Mrs. A. G., 297.
+
+  Allston, 270.
+
+  Antigua merchant, 60.
+
+  Auburn, Mount, 323.
+
+
+  Bana, Doctor, discovers Deborah Sampson's secret, 181;
+    sends letter to General Patterson, 188.
+
+  Bancroft, 309.
+
+  Barlow, Mrs., 301.
+
+  Barr, George L., buys Royall House, 72.
+
+  Bartley, Judge, 368.
+
+  Bath, 13;
+    death of Frankland at, 55.
+
+  Beck, Doctor, 286.
+
+  Belem, Frankland sails from, 53.
+
+  Belknap, Jeremy, letter of, 265.
+
+  Berkeley, Bishop, 11;
+    student at Dublin University, 12;
+    fellow at Trinity College, 12;
+    life as a tutor, 12;
+    reception in London, 28:
+    marriage, 29;
+    sails for Rhode Island, 30;
+    arrives at Newport, 30;
+    writes "Minute Philosopher," 32;
+    bequeaths books to Yale College, 33;
+    dies at Oxford, 34;
+    portrait by Smibert, 35.
+
+  Bermuda, proposed college at, 13.
+
+  "Blithedale Romance," 300, 307.
+
+  Bradley, Judge, 380.
+
+  Bray, Evelina, born at Marblehead, 368.
+
+  Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education organised, 296.
+
+  "Brothers and Sisters" at Fay House, 292.
+
+  Brown, Rev. Arthur, 248.
+
+  Brownson, 301.
+
+  Brunswick, triumphs of Riedesels at, 145.
+
+  Burgevine, Henry, 346.
+
+  Burlingame, Anson, 355.
+
+  Burgoyne, 56, 136.
+
+  Burr, Aaron, 123.
+
+  Burr, Thaddeus, 120.
+
+  Bynner's story, Agnes Surriage, 45.
+
+
+  Cadenus and Vanessa, poem, 24.
+
+  Caldwell, Sir John, 305.
+
+  Carlyle visited by Ripley, 299.
+
+  Caroline, Queen (consort George Second), 29.
+
+  Carter, Madam, 135.
+
+  Cary Sisters, 367.
+
+  Channing, Ellery, 334.
+
+  Channing, Lucy, 282.
+
+  Channing, Mary, 281.
+
+  Channing, William Henry, 282, 314.
+
+  Chambly, Baroness Riedesel at, 131.
+
+  Charlestown City Hall, 270.
+
+  Chichester, Eng., 56.
+
+  Child, Professor, 286.
+
+  Christ Church, Boston, 104.
+
+  Church, Doctor, 122;
+    fall of, 147;
+    imprisoned, 150;
+    education of, 151;
+    delivers Old South Oration, 152;
+    tried at Watertown, 154;
+    confined in Norwich Jail, 155;
+    lost at sea (?), 156.
+
+  Clark, Rev. Jonas, 111.
+
+  Clark, Mrs. Jonas, 118.
+
+  Clarke mansion purchased by Frankland, 54.
+
+  Clough, Capt. Stephen, 162.
+
+  Codman, Mrs. J. Amory, 261.
+
+  Codman, Martha, 261.
+
+  _Columbian Centinel_, 360.
+
+  Coolidge, J. Templeton, 247.
+
+  Corey, Giles, pressed to death, 238.
+
+  Corey, Mrs. Martha, condemned as witch, 234.
+
+  Corwin, Justice Jonathan, 226, 228.
+
+  Cotton, Rev. John, 212, 221.
+
+  _Courier, New England_, 30.
+
+  Congress, Continental, 120.
+
+  Copley, 270.
+
+  Crowninshield, Hannah, 85.
+
+  Curtis, George William, at Brook Farm, 303.
+
+
+  Dana, Charles, 303.
+
+  Dana, Dr. J. Freeman, 274.
+
+  Dana, Edmund, 281.
+
+  Dana, Sophia Willard, 281;
+    marries George Ripley, 293;
+    goes over to Rome, 299.
+
+  Danvers, 228.
+
+  Dawes at Lexington, 114.
+
+  Deerfield, 190.
+
+  Diaz, Abby Morton, 304.
+
+  Dorothy Q. at Lexington, 112, 117;
+    marries John Hancock, 123;
+    marries Captain Scott, 128;
+    receives Lafayette, 129.
+
+  Downey, Evelina Bray, 367.
+
+  Downey, Rev. William S., 375, 376.
+
+  Drew, Mr. John, 56.
+
+  Duse, Eleanora, at Fay House, 290.
+
+  Dunbarton, Stark House at, 74.
+
+  Dwight, John, 303.
+
+  Dwight, Marianne, 303.
+
+  Dwight, President of Yale College, 269.
+
+
+  Edmonston, Captain, 140.
+
+  _Elizabeth_, loss of the Ossolis on, 322.
+
+  Eliot, John, at Deerfield, 190.
+
+  Ellsworth, Annie G., 275.
+
+  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, at The Manse, 325;
+    Hawthorne and, 337.
+
+  Emerson, William, at The Manse, 325.
+
+  Endicott, Governor, 227.
+
+  Erving, George, at Medford, 63.
+
+  Essex Institute, 67;
+    Ward bequest to, 355.
+
+  Eustis, Madam, 46.
+
+  Everett, Edward, 281.
+
+
+  Fairbanks, Jason, 252;
+    trial of, 258;
+    escape of, 259;
+    hanging of, 259.
+
+  Fairbanks, Jonathan, 260.
+
+  Fairbanks, Rebecca, 260.
+
+  Fairbanks, Chapter D. R., 260.
+
+  "Fair Harvard" written in Fay House, 289.
+
+  Fales, Elizabeth, 252;
+    murder of, 257.
+
+  Fay House, 279.
+
+  Fay, Maria Denny, 283.
+
+  Fay, P. P., 283.
+
+  Felton, President, 286.
+
+  Fielding, Henry, describes Lisbon, 50.
+
+  Fire Island Beach, loss of the Ossolis off, 323.
+
+  Fountain Inn, Marblehead, 58.
+
+  Frankland, Charles Henry, 39;
+    born in Bengal, 39;
+    collector of Boston port, 39;
+    meets Agnes Surriage, 43;
+    adopts Agnes Surriage, 44;
+    builds home at Hopkinton, 48;
+    dies at Lisbon, 55.
+
+  Franks, Miss, 100.
+
+  Fuller, Margaret, at Brook Farm, 301;
+    born in Cambridge, 312;
+    joins _Tribune_ staff, 316;
+    at Concord, 338;
+    goes abroad, 317;
+    marries Ossoli, 320;
+    is lost at sea, 322.
+
+  Fuller, Timothy, 312.
+
+
+  Gage, General, at Boston, 107;
+    in correspondence with Church, 149.
+
+  Geer, Mr., present owner Royall House, 73.
+
+  George First, 29.
+
+  George Third entertains the Riedesels, 142;
+    West's anecdote of, 271.
+
+  Gilman, Arthur, 287.
+
+  Gilman, Dr. Samuel, 289.
+
+  Goldsmith, 357.
+
+  Gordon, "Chinese", 341.
+
+  Greeley, Horace, 316.
+
+  Greenough, Lily, 288.
+
+  Greenough, Mrs., 288.
+
+  Griswold, Sarah E., 276.
+
+
+  Hamilton, Gail, 367.
+
+  Hancock, John, at Lexington, 111;
+    letters of, 120, 122;
+    marries Miss Quincy, 123;
+    occupies home on Beacon Street, 125;
+    dies, 128.
+
+  Hancock, Lydia, at Lexington, 118.
+
+  Hartford, Conn., Riedesels entertain Lafayette at, 140.
+
+  Haverhill Academy, 368.
+
+  Haverhill _Gazette_, 369.
+
+  Hawthorne writes of Sir Wm. Pepperell, 67;
+    goes to Brook Farm, 295;
+    writes of Margaret Fuller, 310;
+    at The Manse, 324.
+
+  Higginson, Col. Thomas Wentworth, 281;
+    writes of Margaret Fuller, 314.
+
+  Hilliard at The Manse, 333.
+
+  Hilton, Martha, 242;
+    marries Governor Wentworth, 248.
+
+  Hobgoblin Hall, 72.
+
+  Hollingsworth, 301.
+
+  Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 280.
+
+  Honeyman's Hill (Newport, R. I.), 16.
+
+  Hopkinton (Mass.), 48;
+    home of Frankland burned, 57;
+    residence of Frankland, 55;
+    Agnes Surriage at, 55.
+
+  Howard, Lady, 142.
+
+  Howe, Sir William, 99, 136, 138.
+
+  Hutchinson, Ann, Mrs., 210;
+    arrives in Boston, 214;
+    holds meetings, 216;
+    accused of heresy, 219:
+    sentenced, 220;
+    banished, 222;
+    murdered, 224.
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, 222, 230.
+
+
+  Inman's Farm, 326.
+
+  Ireland, Nathaniel, 279.
+
+  Isle of Shoals, 66.
+
+
+  James, Professor William, 232.
+
+  Johnson, Doctor, 20, 24.
+
+
+  Kittery Point, 66.
+
+
+  Ladd, Mrs., 380.
+
+  Lafayette entertained by Starks, 80;
+    on Washington and Lee, 90;
+    entertained by John Hancock, 128;
+    received by Madame Scott, 129;
+    dines with Baroness Riedesel, 140;
+    visits George Third, 142.
+
+  Lane, Professor, 286.
+
+  Larcom, Lucy, 367.
+
+  Larned, "Sam," 304.
+
+  Lauterbach, family vault of Riedesels at, 145.
+
+  Lee, General, at Royall House, 71.
+
+  Lee, General, in British army, 90;
+    arrives in New York, 92;
+    at Medford, 94;
+    at Somerville, 95;
+    dies in Virginia, 103.
+
+  Lee, Sydney, 103.
+
+  Lexington, affair at, 110.
+
+  Lindencrone, De Hegermann, 288.
+
+  Lisbon, Frankland at, 50;
+    earthquake at, 51;
+    Agnes Surriage's experience at, 56;
+    Frankland consul-general at, 55.
+
+  Longfellow, 286.
+
+  Louisburg, 67.
+
+  Lowell, James Russell, 281.
+
+  Lowell, John, 257.
+
+  Luther, Martin, Orphan Home, 297.
+
+
+  Macdonald, George, 367.
+
+  Marblehead, Maid of, 37;
+    Town House, 39;
+    Fountain Inn, 42;
+    Whittier at, 371.
+
+  Marie Antoinette, plot to rescue, 163.
+
+  Marley Abbey (residence of "Vanessa"), 22.
+
+  Marshall, Judge, 23.
+
+  Massachusetts Historical Society, 53.
+
+  Mather, Rev. Cotton, 233.
+
+  McKean, Elizabeth, 282.
+
+  McKean, Joseph, 280.
+
+  McKinstrey, Sarah, marries Caleb Stark, 79;
+    portrait of, 84.
+
+  McNeil, Gen. John, 83.
+
+  Michelet, 231.
+
+  Minot, Captain, 327.
+
+  Morris, Robert, 82.
+
+  Morse, Rev. Jedediah, 265.
+
+  Morse, Samuel F. B., 83;
+    birthplace of, 264;
+    student at Yale, 269;
+    studies painting in Europe, 270;
+    returns to America, 272;
+    paints Lafayette, 272;
+    invents the telegraph, 273.
+
+  Moulton, Mr. Charles, 288.
+
+  Moulton, Suzanne, 289.
+
+
+  Nason, Rev. Elias, 41.
+
+  Newman, Robert, 106, 110.
+
+  Nichols, George C., buys Royall House, 72.
+
+  Norris, Miss, 287.
+
+  Nourse, Rebecca, 228.
+
+
+  "Old Oaken Bucket," 356.
+
+  Orvis, John, marries Marianne Dwight, 303.
+
+  Ossoli, Angelo, Marchese d', 320.
+
+  Ossoli, Marchesa d' (See Margaret Fuller).
+
+  Otis, Harrison Gray, 257.
+
+  Oxford, death of Berkeley at, 34.
+
+
+  Page, Capt. Caleb, 76.
+
+  Pennsylvania _Freeman_, 372.
+
+  Pepperell, Sir William, 1st, 66.
+
+  Pepperell, Sir William, 2d, at Medford, 63;
+    graduated, 68;
+    marries Miss Royall, 68;
+    denounced, 68;
+    sails for England, 68;
+    dies, 69.
+
+  Pepperell, Lady, 85.
+
+  Pepperell House built, 66.
+
+  Percival, Lord, 13;
+    letter from Walpole, 33.
+
+  Phips, Governor, 233.
+
+  Pickard, Elizabeth W., 366.
+
+  Pickard, Samuel, 374.
+
+  Pierce, Professor, 286.
+
+  Porter House in Medford, 111.
+
+  Prescott, Doctor, at Lexington, 114, 326.
+
+  Price, Rev. Roger, 48.
+
+
+  Quebec, Baroness Riedesel at, 131.
+
+  Quincy, Miss, 120;
+    marries John Hancock, 123.
+
+
+  Raben-Levetzan, Suzanne, 289.
+
+  Radcliffe College, 279.
+
+  _Radcliffe Magazine_, 287.
+
+  Revere, Paul, 104, 110, 111;
+    writes of Church, 156.
+
+  Revolution, Agnes Surriage in, 56.
+
+  Riedesel, Baron, 130;
+    entertains Lafayette, 140;
+    visits George Third, 142;
+    returns to Brunswick, 145;
+    dies at Brunswick, 145.
+
+  Riedesel, Baroness, 130;
+    letters of, 131;
+    lands in America, 131;
+    reaches Cambridge, 134;
+    dies at Berlin, 145;
+    Cambridge street named for, 146.
+
+  Ripley, Doctor, 331.
+
+  Ripley, George, 281;
+    marries Sophia Dana, 293;
+    goes to Brook Farm, 295;
+    visits Carlyle, 299.
+
+  Rouville, Maj. Hertel de, 192.
+
+  Royall House visited by Frankland, 45;
+    built at Medford, 60.
+
+  Royall, Isaac, the nabob, 61.
+
+  Royall, Col. Isaac, proscribed, 69;
+    leaves land to Harvard, 70.
+
+  Russell, Major, 360.
+
+
+  Salem, Isaac Royall to sail from, 65.
+
+  Saltonstall, 285.
+
+  Sampson, Deborah (Gannett), 170;
+    early life, 172;
+    enlists in Continental Army, 174;
+    writes her mother, 176;
+    in battle of White Plains, 179;
+    sex discovered by physician, 181;
+    receives love letter, 182;
+    returns to her home, 188;
+    marries, 188;
+    conducts lecture tour, 189.
+
+  Savage, 347.
+
+  Scituate, 358.
+
+  Scott, Sir Walter, 340.
+
+  Schuyler, General, at Saratoga, 132;
+    daughter of, 135
+
+  Sewall, Judge, 239.
+
+  Shirley, governor Massachusetts, 41.
+
+  Shirley House, 45.
+
+  Shurtleff, Robert (See Deborah Sampson).
+
+  Sleepy Hollow, 338, 339.
+
+  Smibert paints Berkeley, 35;
+    paints Sir Wm. Pepperell, 1st, 67.
+
+  Smith, Mary, 368;
+    marries S. F. Smith, 369.
+
+  Sophia, Princess, and Madame Riedesel, 144.
+
+  Sophocles, Evangelinus Apostolides, 287.
+
+  Sparhawk, Colonel, 66.
+
+  Stark, General, at Royall House, 71.
+
+  Stark, Archibald, 75.
+
+  Stark, Caleb, born at Dunbarton, 77;
+    marries Miss McKinstrey, 79;
+    entertains Lafayette, 80.
+
+  Stark, Charlotte, 82.
+
+  Stark, Harriett, 82.
+
+  Stark, Charles F. Morris, 82.
+
+  Stark Burying-ground, 88.
+
+  Stella, journal of, 17;
+    marriage to Swift, 20.
+
+  Story, Capt. William, 368.
+
+  Story, Judge, 286.
+
+  Story, Mary, 285.
+
+  Story, William, 285.
+
+  Sully steamship, 273.
+
+  Surriage, Agnes, 37.
+
+  Swan, Col. James, 159;
+    member Sons of Liberty, 160;
+    at Bunker Hill, 160;
+    secretary Mass. Board of War, 161;
+    makes fortune, 161;
+    loses fortune, 161;
+    secures government contracts, 162;
+    returns to America, 164;
+    arrested at Paris, 165;
+    confined in St. Pelagie, 166;
+    dies, 168.
+
+  Swift, Dean, friend to Berkeley, 16;
+    at lodging in Bury Street, 17;
+    letter to Vanessa, 21;
+    letter to Lord Carteret, 27.
+
+  Swift, Lindsay, 301.
+
+
+  Tai-Ping Rebellion, 346.
+
+  Thayer, Abijah W., 369.
+
+  Thaxter, Celia, 285.
+
+  Thaxter, Levi, 285.
+
+  Thoreau and Hawthorne, 335;
+    grave of, 339.
+
+  Three Rivers, Baroness Riedesel at, 131.
+
+  Tidd, Jacob, buys Royall House, 72.
+
+  Tituba, the Indian slave, 229.
+
+  Titus, Mrs. Nelson V., 261.
+
+  Tremont House, 305.
+
+
+  Ursuline Convent, 284.
+
+
+  Vane, Sir Harry, 215.
+
+  Vanessa (Cadenus and Vanessa), 19;
+    goes to Ireland, 20;
+    letter to Swift, 21;
+    letter to Stella, 22;
+    legacy to Berkeley, 23;
+    death of, 25.
+
+  Vanhomrigh, Esther (See Vanessa), 17.
+
+  Vassall House, 148;
+    becomes hospital, 149;
+    Doctor Church there confined, 150.
+
+  Vaudreuil, Governor, 200.
+
+  Walker, Lucretia P., 272.
+
+  Walpole, Sir Robert, 28;
+    writes to Lord Percival, 33.
+
+  Ward, Elizabeth C., founds Chinese library, 355.
+
+  Ward, Frederick Townsend, born at Salem, 342;
+    enters French army, 343;
+    enlists in Nicaraguan expedition, 344;
+    arrives at Shanghai, 344;
+    defeats Tai-Pings, 347;
+    is made a mandarin, 349;
+    organises Ever-Victorious Army, 350;
+    marries Changmei, 350;
+    buried at Ning Po, 352;
+    is made a god, 352.
+
+  Warren, Doctor, and Church, 157.
+
+  Warren, Mrs. Mercy, 100.
+
+  Washington, George, letter of, 88.
+
+  Wayside Inn, 49, 241.
+
+  Wentworth, Governor, marriage of, 248.
+
+  Wentworth, Michael, 249.
+
+  West, Benjamin, 270.
+
+  West Indies, proposed seminary at, 14.
+
+  Whitehall (built at Newport, R. I.), 11;
+    made over to Yale College, 33.
+
+  White, Maria, 285, 286.
+
+  Whitman, Mrs. Sarah, 290.
+
+  Whittier at Marblehead, 371;
+    at Philadelphia, 372;
+    "A Sea Dream," written by, 374;
+    at Haverhill Seminary reunion, 379;
+    endows Amesbury Home, 366.
+
+  Williams, Gov. Charles K., 208.
+
+  Williams, Rev. Eleazer (Dauphin?), 207.
+
+  Williams, Eunice, captured, 194;
+    is converted by Jesuits, 205;
+    marries a savage, 205;
+    revisits Deerfield, 205.
+
+  Williams, Rev. John, 193;
+    captured, 194;
+    redeemed, 203.
+
+  Williams, Roger, 226.
+
+  Williams, Rev. Stephen, 198;
+    captured by Indians, 194;
+    redeemed, 203;
+    settles at Longmeadow, 204.
+
+  Winthrop, John, 217.
+
+  Wiscasset, Me., plan to entertain Marie Antoinette at, 163.
+
+  Woodworth, Samuel, born at Scituate, 359;
+    writes "Old Oaken Bucket," 362;
+    dies, 364.
+
+
+  Yale College, bequest from Berkeley, 33;
+    S. F. B. Morse at, 269.
+
+
+  Zenobia, 301.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  _Little Pilgrimages Series_
+
+
+  _Little Pilgrimages Among the Men
+  Who Have Written Famous Books
+  By E. F. Harkins_
+
+  _Little Pilgrimages Among the Women
+  Who Have Written Famous Books
+  By E. F. Harkins and C. H. L. Johnston_
+
+  _Literary Boston of To-Day
+  By Helen M. Winslow_
+
+  _The Romance of Old New England
+  Rooftrees
+  By Mary C. Crawford_
+
+
+  L. C. PAGE & COMPANY
+  New England Building
+  Boston, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romance of Old New England
+Rooftrees, by Mary Caroline Crawford
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