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diff --git a/21645-h/21645-h.htm b/21645-h/21645-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..234d151 --- /dev/null +++ b/21645-h/21645-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7022 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Romance of Old New England Rooftrees, by Mary C. Crawford. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + div.centered {text-align: center;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 1 */ + div.centered table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 2 */ + + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + + .author {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + + + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 80%;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romance of Old New England Rooftrees, by +Mary Caroline Crawford + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Romance of Old New England Rooftrees + +Author: Mary Caroline Crawford + +Release Date: May 30, 2007 [EBook #21645] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD NEW ENGLAND ROOFTREES *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Janet Blenkinship +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img005.jpg" width="285" height="461" + alt="Title Page" /><br /> + + </div> + +<h3>Little Pilgrimages</h3> + + + + + + <h1>The Romance of<br /> + Old New England<br /> + Rooftrees</h1> + + <h4>By</h4> + + <h2>Mary C. Crawford</h2> + + <h3>Illustrated</h3> + + + <p class="center">Boston<br /> + L. C. Page & Company<br /> + Mdcccciii<br /><br /> + + <i>Copyright, 1902</i><br /> + <i>by</i> + <i>L. C. Page & Company</i><br /> + (<i>Incorporated</i>)<br /><br /> + + <i>All rights reserved</i><br /><br /> + + <i>Published, September, 1902</i><br /> + + Colonial Press<br /> + Electrotyped and Printed by C. H. Simonds & Co.<br /> + Boston, Mass., U.S.A.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img004.jpg" width="443" height="600" + alt="SIR HARRY FRANKLAND" /><br /> + <b>SIR HARRY FRANKLAND (<i>See page <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a></i>)</b> + </div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="iii" id="iii"></a></span></p> +<h2><a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a>FOREWORD</h2> + + +<p>These little sketches have been written to supply what seemed to the +author a real need,—a volume which should give clearly, compactly, and +with a fair degree of readableness, the stories connected with the +surviving old houses of New England. That delightful writer, Mr. Samuel +Adams Drake, has in his many works on the historic mansions of colonial +times, provided all necessary data for the serious student, and to him +the deep indebtedness of this work is fully and frankly acknowledged. +Yet there was no volume which gave entire the tales of chief interest to +the majority of readers. It is, therefore, to such searchers after the +romantic in New England's history that the present book is offered.</p> + +<p>It but remains to mention with gratitude the many kind friends far and +near who have helped in the preparation of the material, and especially +to thank Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., publishers of the works of +Hawthorne, Whittier, Longfellow, and Higginson, by permission of and +special arrangement with whom the selections of the authors named, are +used; the Macmillan Co., for permission to use the extracts from Lindsay +Swift's "Brook Farm"; G. P. Putnam's Sons for their kindness in allowing +quotations from their work, "Historic Towns of New England"; Small, +Maynard & Co., for the use of the anecdote credited to their Beacon +Biography of Samuel F. B. Morse; Little, Brown & Co., for their marked +courtesy in the extension of quotation privileges, and Mr. Samuel T. +Pickard, Whittier's literary executor, for the new Whittier material +here given.</p> + +<p class="author"> +M. C. C.<br /> +<i>Charlestown, Massachusetts, 1902.</i> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + +<tr> +<td>"<i>All houses wherein men have lived and died are haunted houses.</i>"</td> +<td align="right"><i>Longfellow.</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>"<i>So very difficult a matter is it to trace and find out the truth +of anything by history.</i>"</td> +<td align="right"><i>Plutarch.</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>"... <i>Common as light is love,<br /> +And its familiar voice wearies not ever.</i>"</td> +<td align="right"><i>Shelley.</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>"... <i>I discern<br /> +Infinite passion and the pain<br /> +Of finite hearts that yearn.</i>"</td> +<td align="right"><i>Browning.</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>"<i>'Tis an old tale and often told.</i>"</td> +<td align="right"><i>Scott.</i></td> +</tr> + +</table></div> + + + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Contents" id="Contents"></a>Contents</h2> + + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'><i>Page</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Foreword</td><td align='right'><a href='#iii'><b>iii</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Heir of Swift's Vanessa</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Maid of Marblehead</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>An American-Born Baronet</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Molly Stark's Gentleman-Son</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Soldier of Fortune</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Message of the Lanterns</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hancock's Dorothy Q.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baroness Riedesel and Her Tory Friends</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Doctor Church: First Traitor to the American Cause</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Victim of Two Revolutions</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Woman Veteran of the Continental Army</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Redeemed Captive</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New England's First "Club Woman"</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>In the Reign of the Witches</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lady Wentworth of the Hall</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_241'><b>241</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>An Historic Tragedy</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_251'><b>251</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Inventor Morse's Unfulfilled Ambition</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_264'><b>264</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Where the "Brothers and Sisters" Met</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_279'><b>279</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Brook Farmers</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_293'><b>293</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Margaret Fuller: Marchesa d'Ossoli</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_307'><b>307</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Old Manse and Some of Its Mosses</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_324'><b>324</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Salem's Chinese God</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_341'><b>341</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Well-Sweep of a Song</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_356'><b>356</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Whittier's Lost Love</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_366'><b>366</b></a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Illustrations"> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><i>Page</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sir Harry Frankland.</td><td align='right'><a href='#frontis'><b><i>Frontispiece</i></b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Whitehall, Newport, R. I.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Agnes Surriage Pump, Marblehead, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Summer House, Royall Estate, Medford, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Royall House, Medford, Mass.—Pepperell House, Kittery, Maine</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stark House, Dunbarton, N. H.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>General Lee's Headquarters, Somerville, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Christ Church—Paul Revere House, Boston, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Robert Newman House, Boston, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Clark House, Lexington, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dorothy Q. House, Quincy, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Riedesel House, Cambridge, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>House Where Doctor Church Was Confined, Cambridge, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swan House, Dorchester, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deborah Sampson Gannett</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gannett House, Sharon, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Williams House, Deerfield, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Reverend Stephen Williams</td><td align='right'><a href='#REVEREND'><b>204</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Old Corner Bookstore, Site of the Hutchinson House, Boston, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Old Witch House, Salem, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rebecca Nourse House, Danvers, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Red Horse Tavern, Sudbury, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_242'><b>242</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Governor Wentworth House, Portsmouth, N. H.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_246'><b>246</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fairbanks House, Dedham, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_260'><b>260</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Edes House, Birthplace of Professor Morse, Charlestown, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_264'><b>264</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oval Parlour, Fay House, Cambridge, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_286'><b>286</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brook Farm, West Roxbury, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_296'><b>296</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fuller House, Cambridgeport, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_312'><b>312</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Old Manse, Concord, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_324'><b>324</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Townsend House, Salem, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_342'><b>342</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Old Oaken Bucket House, Scituate, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_359'><b>359</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Whittier's Birthplace, East Haverhill, Mass.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_380'><b>380</b></a></td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_ROMANCE_OF_OLD_NEW_ENGLAND_ROOFTREES" id="THE_ROMANCE_OF_OLD_NEW_ENGLAND_ROOFTREES"></a>THE ROMANCE OF OLD NEW ENGLAND ROOFTREES</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_HEIR_OF_SWIFTS_VANESSA" id="THE_HEIR_OF_SWIFTS_VANESSA"></a>THE HEIR OF SWIFT'S VANESSA</h2> + + +<p>Nowhere in the annals of our history is recorded an odder phase of +curious fortune than that by which Bishop Berkeley, of Cloyne, was +enabled early in the eighteenth century to sail o'erseas to Newport, +Rhode Island, there to build (in 1729) the beautiful old place, +Whitehall, which is still standing. Hundreds of interested visitors +drive every summer to the old house, to take a cup of tea, to muse on +the strange story<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> with which the ancient dwelling is connected, and to +pay the meed of respectful memory to the eminent philosopher who there +lived and wrote.</p> + +<p>The poet Pope once assigned to this bishop "every virtue under heaven," +and this high reputation a study of the man's character faithfully +confirms. As a student at Dublin University, George Berkeley won many +friends, because of his handsome face and lovable nature, and many +honours by reason of his brilliancy in mathematics. Later he became a +fellow of Trinity College, and made the acquaintance of Swift, Steele, +and the other members of that brilliant Old World literary circle, by +all of whom he seems to have been sincerely beloved.</p> + +<p>A large part of Berkeley's early life was passed as a travelling tutor, +but soon after Pope had introduced him to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> Earl of Burlington, he +was made dean of Derry, through the good offices of that gentleman, and +of his friend, the Duke of Grafton, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. +Berkeley, however, never cared for personal aggrandisement, and he had +long been cherishing a project which he soon announced to his friends as +a "scheme for converting the savage Americans to Christianity by a +college to be erected in the Summer Islands, otherwise called the Isles +of Bermuda."</p> + +<p>In a letter from London to his lifelong friend and patron, Lord +Percival, then at Bath, we find Berkeley, under date of March, 1723, +writing thus of the enterprise which had gradually fired his +imagination: "It is now about ten months since I have determined to +spend the residue of my days in Bermuda, where I trust in Providence I +may be the mean<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> instrument of doing great good to mankind. The +reformation of manners among the English in our western plantations, and +the propagation of the gospel among the American savages, are two points +of high moment. The natural way of doing this is by founding a college +or seminary in some convenient part of the West Indies, where the +English youth of our plantations may be educated in such sort as to +supply their churches with pastors of good morals and good learning—a +thing (God knows) much wanted. In the same seminary a number of young +American savages may also be educated until they have taken the degree +of Master of Arts. And being by that time well instructed in the +Christian religion, practical mathematics, and other liberal arts and +sciences, and early imbued with public-spirited principles and +inclinations, they may become the fittest instru<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>ments for spreading +religion, morals, and civil life among their countrymen, who can +entertain no suspicion or jealousy of men of their own blood and +language, as they might do of English missionaries, who can never be +well qualified for that work."</p> + +<p>Berkeley then goes on to describe the plans of education for American +youths which he had conceived, gives his reasons for preferring the +Bermudas as a site for the college, and presents a bright vision of an +academic centre from which should radiate numerous beautiful influences +that should make for Christian civilisation in America. Even the gift of +the best deanery in England failed to divert him from thoughts of this +Utopia. "Derry," he wrote, "is said to be worth £1,500 per annum, but I +do not consider it with a view to enriching myself. I shall be +perfectly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> contented if it facilitates and recommends my scheme of +Bermuda."</p> + +<p>But the thing which finally made it possible for Berkeley to come to +America, the incident which is responsible for Whitehall's existence +to-day in a grassy valley to the south of Honeyman's Hill, two miles +back from the "second beach," at Newport, was the tragic ending of as +sad and as romantic a story as is to be found anywhere in the literary +life of England.</p> + +<p>Swift, as has been said, was one of the friends who was of great service +to Berkeley when he went up to London for the first time. The witty and +impecunious dean had then been living in London for more than four +years, in his "lodging in Berry Street," absorbed in the political +intrigue of the last years of Queen Anne, and sending to Stella, in +Dublin, the daily<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> journal, which so faithfully preserves the incidents +of those years. Under date of an April Sunday in 1713, we find in this +journal these lines, Swift's first mention of our present hero: "I went +to court to-day on purpose to present Mr. Berkeley, one of our fellows +at Trinity College. That Mr. Berkeley is a very ingenious man, and a +great philosopher, and I have mentioned him to all the ministers, and +have given them some of his writings, and I will favour him as much as I +can."</p> + +<p>In the natural course of things Berkeley soon heard much, though he saw +scarcely anything, of Mrs. Vanhomrigh and her daughter, the latter the +famous and unhappy "Vanessa," both of whom were settled at this time in +Berry Street, near Swift, in a house where, Swift writes to Stella, "I +loitered hot and lazy after my morning's work," and often dined "out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> of +mere listlessness," keeping there "my best gown and perriwig" when at +Chelsea.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Vanhomrigh was the widow of a Dutch merchant, who had followed +William the Third to Ireland, and there obtained places of profit, and +her daughter, Esther, or Hester, as she is variously called, was a girl +of eighteen when she first met Swift, and fell violently in love with +him. This passion eventually proved the girl's perdition,—and was, as +we shall see, the cause of a will which enabled Dean Berkeley to carry +out his dear and cherished scheme of coming to America.</p> + +<p>Swift's journal, frank about nearly everything else in the man's life, +is significantly silent concerning Esther Vanhomrigh. And in truth there +was little to be said to anybody, and nothing at all to be confided to +Stella, in regard to this unhappy affair. That Swift was flattered to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +find this girl of eighteen, with beauty and accomplishment, caring so +much for him, a man now forty-four, and bound by honour, if not by the +Church, to Stella, one cannot doubt. At first, their relations seem to +have been simply those of teacher and pupil, and this phase of the +matter it is which is most particularly described in the famous poem, +"Cadenus and Vanessa," written at Windsor in 1713, and first published +after Vanessa's death.</p> + +<p>Human nature has perhaps never before or since presented the spectacle +of a man of such transcendent powers as Swift involved in such a +pitiable labyrinth of the affections as marked his whole life. Pride or +ambition led him to postpone indefinitely his marriage with Stella, to +whom he was early attached. Though he said he "loved her better than his +life a thousand millions of times," he kept her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> always hanging on in a +state of hope deferred, injurious alike to her peace and her reputation. +And because of Stella, he dared not afterward with manly sincerity admit +his undoubted affection for Vanessa. For, if one may believe Doctor +Johnson, he married Stella in 1716,—though he died without +acknowledging this union, and the date given would indicate that the +ceremony occurred while his devotion to his young pupil was at its +height.</p> + +<p>Touching beyond expression is the story of Vanessa after she had gone to +Ireland, as Stella had gone before, to be near the presence of Swift. +Her life was one of deep seclusion, chequered only by the occasional +visits of the man she adored, each of which she commemorated by planting +with her own hand a laurel in the garden where they met. When all her +devotion and her offerings had failed to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> impress him, she sent him +remonstrances which reflect the agony of her mind:</p> + +<p>"The reason I write to you," she says, "is because I cannot tell it you +should I see you. For when I begin to complain, then you are angry; and +there is something in your looks so awful, that it strikes me dumb. Oh! +that you may have but so much regard for me left that this complaint may +touch your soul with pity. I say as little as ever I can. Did you but +know what I thought, I am sure it would move you to forgive me, and +believe that I cannot help telling you this and live."</p> + +<p>Swift replies with the letter full of excuses for not seeing her +oftener, and advises her to "quit this scoundrel island." Yet he assures +her in the same breath, "que jamais personne du monde a étê aimée, +honorée, estimée, adorée, par votre ami que vous."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<p>The tragedy continued to deepen as it approached the close. Eight years +had Vanessa nursed in solitude the hopeless attachment. At length (in +1723) she wrote to Stella to ascertain the nature of the connection +between her and Swift. The latter obtained the fatal letter, and rode +instantly to Marley Abbey, the residence of Vanessa. "As he entered the +apartment," to quote the picturesque language Scott has used in +recording the scene, "the sternness of his countenance, which was +peculiarly formed to express the stronger passions, struck the +unfortunate Vanessa with such terror, that she could scarce ask whether +he would not sit down. He answered by flinging a letter on the table; +and instantly leaving the house, mounted his horse, and returned to +Dublin. When Vanessa opened the packet, she found only her own letter to +Stella. It was her death-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>warrant. She sunk at once under the +disappointment of the delayed, yet cherished hopes which had so long +sickened her heart, and beneath the unrestrained wrath of him for whose +sake she had indulged them. How long she survived this last interview is +uncertain, but the time does not seem to have exceeded a few weeks."</p> + +<p>Strength to revoke a will made in favour of Swift, and to sign another +(dated May 1, 1723) which divided her estate between Bishop Berkeley and +Judge Marshall, the poor young woman managed to summon from somewhere, +however. Berkeley she knew very slightly, and Marshall scarcely better. +But to them both she entrusted as executors her correspondence with +Swift, and the poem, "Cadenus and Vanessa," which she ordered to be +published after her death.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + +<p>Doctor Johnson, in his "Life of Swift," says of Vanessa's relation to +the misanthropic dean, "She was a young woman fond of literature, whom +Decanus, the dean (called Cadenus by transposition of the letters), took +pleasure in directing and interesting till, from being proud of his +praise, she grew fond of his person. Swift was then about forty-seven, +at the age when vanity is strongly excited by the amorous attention of a +young woman."</p> + +<p>The poem with which these two lovers are always connected, was founded, +according to the story, on an offer of marriage made by Miss Vanhomrigh +to Doctor Swift. In it, Swift thus describes his situation:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Cadenus, common forms apart,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In every scene had kept his heart;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Had sighed and languished, vowed and writ<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For pastime, or to show his wit,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But books and time and state affairs<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Had spoiled his fashionable airs;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He now could praise, esteem, approve,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But understood not what was love:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His conduct might have made him styled<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A father and the nymph his child.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That innocent delight he took<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To see the virgin mind her book,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Was but the master's secret joy<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In school to hear the finest boy."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>That Swift was not always, however, so Platonic and fatherly in his +expressions of affection for Vanessa, is shown in a "Poem to Love," +found in Miss Vanhomrigh's desk after her death, in his handwriting. One +verse of this runs:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"In all I wish how happy should I be,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou grand deluder, were it not for thee.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So weak thou art that fools thy power despise,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And yet so strong, thou triumph'st o'er the wise."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>After the poor girl's unhappy decease, Swift hid himself for two months +in the south of Ireland. Stella was also shocked by the occurrence, but +when some one re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>marked in her presence, apropos of the poem which had +just appeared, that Vanessa must have been a remarkable woman to inspire +such verses, she observed with perfect truth that the dean was quite +capable of writing charmingly upon a broomstick.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Berkeley was informed of the odd stroke of luck by which he +was to gain a small fortune. Characteristically, his thoughts turned now +more than ever to his Bermuda scheme. "This providential event," he +wrote, "having made many things easy in my private affairs which were +otherwise before, I have high hopes for Bermuda."</p> + +<p>Swift bore Berkeley absolutely no hard feeling on account of Vanessa's +substitution of his name in her will. He was quite as cordial as ever. +One of the witty dean's most remarkable letters, addressed to Lord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +Carteret, at Bath, thus describes Berkeley's previous career and present +mission:</p> + +<p>"Going to England very young, about thirteen years ago, the bearer of +this became founder of a sect called the Immaterialists, by the force of +a very curious book upon that subject.... He is an absolute philosopher +with regard to money, titles, and power; and for three years past has +been struck with a notion of founding a university at Bermudas by a +charter from the Crown.... He showed me a little tract which he designs +to publish, and there your Excellency will see his whole scheme of the +life academico-philosophical, of a college founded for Indian scholars +and missionaries, where he most exorbitantly proposes a whole hundred +pounds a year for himself.... His heart will be broke if his deanery be +not taken from him, and left to your Excellency's disposal.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> I +discouraged him by the coldness of Courts and Ministers, who will +interpret all this as impossible and a vision; but nothing will do."</p> + +<p>The history of Berkeley's reception in London, when he came to urge his +project, shows convincingly the magic of the man's presence and +influence. His conquests spread far and fast. In a generation +represented by Sir Robert Walpole, the scheme met with encouragement +from all sorts of people, subscriptions soon reaching £5,000, and the +list of promoters including even Sir Robert himself. Bermuda became the +fashion among the wits of London, and Bolingbroke wrote to Swift that he +would "gladly exchange Europe for its charms—only not in a missionary +capacity."</p> + +<p>But Berkeley was not satisfied with mere subscriptions, and remembering +what Lord Percival had said about the protection and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> aid of government +he interceded with George the First, and obtained royal encouragement to +hope for a grant of £20,000 to endow the Bermuda college. During the +four years that followed, he lived in London, negotiating with brokers, +and otherwise forwarding his enterprise of social idealism. With Queen +Caroline, consort of George the Second, he used to dispute two days a +week concerning his favourite plan.</p> + +<p>At last his patience was rewarded. In September, 1728, we find him at +Greenwich, ready to sail for Rhode Island. "Tomorrow," he writes on +September 3 to Lord Percival, "we sail down the river. Mr. James and Mr. +Dalton go with me; so doth my wife, a daughter of the late Chief Justice +Forster, whom I married since I saw your lordship. I chose her for her +qualities of mind, and her un<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>affected inclination to books. She goes +with great thankfulness, to live a plain farmer's life, and wear stuff +of her own spinning. I have presented her with a spinning-wheel. Her +fortune was £2,000 originally, but travelling and exchange have reduced +it to less than £1,500 English money. I have placed that, and about £600 +of my own, in South Sea annuities."</p> + +<p>Thus in the forty-fourth year of his life, in deep devotion to his +Ideal, and full of glowing visions of a Fifth Empire in the West, +Berkeley sailed for Rhode Island in a "hired ship of two hundred and +fifty tons."</p> + +<p>The <i>New England Courier</i> of that time gives this picture of his +disembarkation at Newport: "Yesterday there arrived here Dean Berkeley, +of Londonderry. He is a gentleman of middle stature, of an agreeable, +pleasant, and erect aspect. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> was ushered into the town with a great +number of gentlemen, to whom he behaved himself after a very complaisant +manner."</p> + + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img035s.jpg" width="650" height="428" + alt=" WHITEHALL, NEWPORT, R. I." /><br /> + <b> WHITEHALL, NEWPORT, R. I.</b> + </div> + +<p>So favourably was Berkeley impressed by Newport that he wrote to Lord +Percival: "I should not demur about situating our college here." And as +it turned out, Newport was the place with which Berkeley's scheme was to +be connected in history. For it was there that he lived all three years +of his stay, hopefully awaiting from England the favourable news that +never came.</p> + +<p>In loyal remembrance of the palace of his monarchs, he named his +spacious home in the sequestered valley Whitehall. Here he began +domestic life, and became the father of a family. The neighbouring +groves and the cliffs that skirt the coast offered shade and silence and +solitude very soothing to his spirit, and one wonders not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> that he +wrote, under the projecting rock that still bears his name, "The Minute +Philosopher," one of his most noted works. The friends with whom he had +crossed the ocean went to stay in Boston, but no solicitations could +withdraw him from the quiet of his island home. "After my long fatigue +of business," he told Lord Percival, "this retirement is very agreeable +to me; and my wife loves a country life and books as well as to pass her +time continually and cheerfully without any other conversation than her +husband and the dead." For the wife was a mystic and a quietist.</p> + +<p>But though Berkeley waited patiently for developments which should +denote the realisation of his hopes, he waited always in vain. From the +first he had so planned his enterprise that it was at the mercy of Sir +Robert Walpole; and at last came the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> crisis of the project, with which +the astute financier had never really sympathised. Early in 1730, +Walpole threw off the mask. "If you put the question to me as a +minister," he wrote Lord Percival, "I must and can assure you that the +money shall most undoubtedly be paid—as soon as suits with public +convenience; but if you ask me as a friend whether Dean Berkeley should +continue in America, expecting the payment of £200,000, I advise him by +all means to return to Europe, and to give up his present expectations."</p> + +<p>When acquainted by his friend Percival with this frank statement, +Berkeley accepted the blow as a philosopher should. Brave and resolutely +patient, he prepared for departure. His books he left as a gift to the +library of Yale College, and his farm of Whitehall was made over to the +same institution, to found three scholar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>ships for the encouragement of +Greek and Latin study. His visit was thus far from being barren of +results. He supplied a decided stimulus to higher education in the +colonies, in that he gave out counsel and help to the men already +working for the cause of learning in the new country. And he helped to +form in Newport a philosophical reunion, the effects of which were long +felt.</p> + +<p>In the autumn of 1731 he sailed from Boston for London, where he arrived +in January of the next year. There a bishopric and twenty years of +useful and honourable labour awaited him. He died at Oxford, whence he +had removed from his see at Cloyne, on Sunday evening, January 14, 1753, +while reading aloud to his family the burial service portion of +Corinthians. He was buried in the Cathedral of Christ Church.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> + +<p>Of the traces he left at Newport, there still remain, beside the house, +a chair in which he was wont to write, a few books and papers, the organ +presented by him to Trinity Church, the big family portrait, by +Smibert—and the little grave in Trinity churchyard, where, on the south +side of the Kay monument, sleeps "Lucia Berkeley, obiit., the fifth of +September, 1731." Moreover the memory of the man's beautiful, unselfish +life pervades this section of Rhode Island, and the story of his +sweetness and patience under a keen and unexpected disappointment +furnishes one of the most satisfying pages in our early history.</p> + +<p>The life of Berkeley is indeed greater than anything that he did, and +one wonders not as one explores the young preacher's noble and endearing +character that the distraught Vanessa fastened upon him, though<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> she +knew him only by reputation, as one who would make it his sacred duty to +do all in his power to set her memory right in a censorious world.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_MAID_OF_MARBLEHEAD" id="THE_MAID_OF_MARBLEHEAD"></a>THE MAID OF MARBLEHEAD</h2> + + +<p>Of all the romantic narratives which enliven the pages of early colonial +history, none appeals more directly to the interest and imagination of +the lover of what is picturesque than the story of Agnes Surriage, the +Maid of Marblehead. The tale is so improbable, according to every-day +standards, so in form with the truest sentiment, and so calculated to +satisfy every exaction of literary art, that even the most credulous +might be forgiven for ascribing it to the fancy of the romancer rather +than to the research of the historian.</p> + +<p>Yet when one remembers that the scene<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> of the first act of Agnes +Surriage's life drama is laid in quaint old Marblehead, the tale itself +instantly gains in credibility. For nothing would be too romantic to fit +Marblehead. This town is fantastic in the extreme, builded, to quote +Miss Alice Brown, who has written delightfully of Agnes and her life, +"as if by a generation of autocratic landowners, each with a wilful bee +in his bonnet."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> For Marblehead is no misnomer, and the early settlers +had to plant their houses and make their streets as best they could. As +a matter of stern fact, every house in Marblehead had to be like the +wise man's in the Bible: "built upon a rock." The dwellings themselves +were founded upon solid ledges, while the principal streets followed the +natural valleys between. The smaller divid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>ing paths led each and +every one of them to the impressive old Town House, and to that other +comfortable centre of social interests, the Fountain Inn, with its +near-by pump. This pump, by the bye, has a very real connection with the +story of Agnes Surriage, for it was here, according to one legend, that +Charles Henry Frankland first saw the maid who is the heroine of our +story.</p> + + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img045.jpg" width="650" height="435" + alt="AGNES SURRIAGE PUMP, MARBLEHEAD, MASS." /><br /> + <b>AGNES SURRIAGE PUMP, MARBLEHEAD, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>The gallant Sir Harry was at this time (1742) collector of the port of +Boston, a place to which he had been appointed shortly before, by virtue +of his family's great influence at the court of George the Second. No +more distinguished house than that of Frankland was indeed to be found +in all England at this time. A lineal descendant of Oliver Cromwell, our +hero was born in Bengal, May 10, 1716, during his father's residence +abroad as governor of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> East India Company's factory. The personal +attractiveness of Frankland's whole family was marked. It is even said +that a lady of this house was sought in marriage by Charles the Second, +in spite of the fact that a Capulet-Montague feud must ever have existed +between the line of Cromwell and that of Charles Stuart.</p> + +<p>Young Harry, too, was clever as well as handsome. The eldest of his +father's seven sons, he was educated as befitted the heir to the title +and to the family estate at Thirkleby and Mattersea. He knew the French +and Latin languages well, and, what is more to the point, used his +mother tongue with grace and elegance. Botany and landscape-gardening +were his chief amusements, while with the great literature of the day he +was as familiar as with the great men who made it.</p> + +<p>As early as 1738, when he was twenty-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>two, he had come into possession +of an ample fortune, but when opportunity offered to go to America with +Shirley, his friend, he accepted the opening with avidity. Both young +men, therefore, entered the same year (1741) on their offices, the one +as Collector of the Port, and the other as Governor of the Colony. And +both represented socially the highest rank of that day in America.</p> + +<p>"A baronet," says Reverend Elias Nason, from whose admirable picture of +Boston in Frankland's time all writers must draw for reliable data +concerning our hero,—"a baronet was then approached with greatest +deference; a coach and four, with an armorial bearing and liveried +servants, was a munition against indignity; in those dignitaries who, in +brocade vest, gold lace coat, broad ruffled sleeves, and small-clothes, +who, with three-cornered hat and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> powdered wig, side-arms and silver +shoe buckles, promenaded Queen Street and the Mall, spread themselves +through the King's Chapel, or discussed the measures of the Pelhams, +Walpole, and Pitt at the Rose and Crown, as much of aristocratic pride, +as much of courtly consequence displayed itself as in the frequenters of +Hyde Park or Regent Street."</p> + +<p>This, then, was the manner of man who, to transact some business +connected with Marblehead's picturesque Fort Sewall, then just +a-building, came riding down to the rock-bound coast on the day our +story opens, and lost his heart at the Fountain Inn, where he had paused +for a long draught of cooling ale.</p> + +<p>For lo! scrubbing the tavern floor there knelt before him a beautiful +child-girl of sixteen, with black curling hair, dark eyes, and a voice +which proved to be of bird-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>like sweetness when the maiden, glancing up, +gave her good-day to the gallant's greeting. The girl's feet were bare, +and this so moved Frankland's compassion that he gently gave her a piece +of gold with which to buy shoes and stockings, and rode thoughtfully +away to conduct his business at the fort.</p> + +<p>Yet he did not forget that charming child just budding into winsome +womanhood whom he had seen performing with patience and grace the duties +that fell to her lot as the poor daughter of some honest, hard-working +fisherfolk of the town. When he happened again to be in Marblehead on +business, he inquired at once for her, and then, seeing her feet still +without shoes and stockings, asked a bit teasingly what she had done +with the money he gave her. Quite frankly she replied, blushing the +while, that the shoes and stockings were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> bought, but that she kept them +to wear to meeting. Soon after this the young collector went to search +out Agnes's parents, Edward and Mary Surriage, from whom he succeeded in +obtaining permission to remove their daughter to Boston to be educated +as his ward.</p> + +<p>When one reads in the old records the entries for Frankland's salary, +and finds that they mount up to not more than £100 sterling a year, one +wonders that the young nobleman should have been so ready to take upon +himself the expenses of a girl's elegant education. But it must be +remembered that the gallant Harry had money in his own right, besides +many perquisites of office, which made his income a really splendid one. +Certainly he spared no expense upon his ward. She was taught reading, +writing, grammar, music, and embroidery by the best tutors the town +could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> provide, and she grew daily, we are told, in beauty and maidenly +charm.</p> + +<p>Yet in acquiring these gifts and graces she did not lose her childish +sweetness and simplicity, nor the pious counsel of her mother, and the +careful care of her Marblehead pastor. Thus several years passed by, +years in which Agnes often visited with her gentle guardian the +residence in Roxbury of Governor Shirley and his gifted wife, as well as +the stately Royall place out on the Medford road.</p> + +<p>The reader who is familiar with Mr. Bynner's story of Agnes Surriage +will recall how delightfully Mrs. Shirley, the wife of the governor, is +introduced into his romance, and will recollect with pleasure his +description of Agnes's ride to Roxbury in the collector's coach. This +old mansion is now called the Governor Eustis House, and there are those +still living who remem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>ber when Madam Eustis lived there. This grand +dame wore a majestic turban, and the tradition still lingers of madame's +pet toad, decked on gala days with a blue ribbon. Now the old house is +sadly dilapidated; it is shorn of its piazzas, the sign "To Let" hangs +often in the windows, and the cupola is adorned with well-filled +clothes-lines. Partitions have cut the house into tenements; one runs +through the hall, but the grand old staircase and the smaller one are +still there, and the marble floor, too, lends dignity to the back hall. +A few of the carved balusters are missing, carried away by relic +hunters. In this house, which was the residence of Governors Shirley and +Eustis, Washington, Hamilton, Burr, Franklin, and other notables were +entertained. The old place is now entirely surrounded by modern +dwelling-houses, and the pilgrim who searches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> for it must leave the +Mount Pleasant electric car at Shirley Street.</p> + +<p>Yet, though Agnes as a maid was received by the most aristocratic people +of Boston, the ladies of the leading families refused to countenance her +when she became a fine young woman whom Sir Harry Frankland loved but +cared not to marry. That her protector had not meant at first to wrong +the girl he had befriended seems fairly certain, but many circumstances, +such as the death of Agnes's father and Frankland's own sudden elevation +to the baronetcy, may be held to have conspired to force them into the +situation for which Agnes was to pay by many a day of tears and Sir +Harry by many a night of bitter self-reproach.</p> + +<p>For Frankland was far from being a libertine. And that he sincerely +loved the beautiful maid of Marblehead is certain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> He has come down to +us as one of the most knightly men of his time, a gentleman and a +scholar, who was also a sincere follower of the Church of England and +its teachings. Both in manner and person he is said to have greatly +resembled the Earl of Chesterfield, and his diary as well as his +portrait show him to have been at once sensitive and virile; quite the +man, indeed, very effectually to fascinate the low-born beauty he had +taught to love him.</p> + +<p>The indignation of the ladies in town toward Frankland and his ward made +the baronet prefer at this stage of the story rural Hopkinton to +censorious Boston. Reverend Roger Price, known to us as rector of King's +Chapel, had already land and a mission church in this village, and so, +when Boston frowned too pointedly, Frankland purchased four hundred odd +acres of him, and there built, in 1751, a commodious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> mansion-house. The +following year he and Agnes took up their abode on the place. Here +Frankland passed his days, contentedly pursuing his horticultural fad, +angling, hunting, overseeing his dozen slaves, and reading with his +intelligent companion the latest works of Richardson, Steele, Swift, +Addison, and Pope, sent over in big boxes from England.</p> + +<p>The country about Hopkinton was then as to-day a wonder of hill and +valley, meadow and stream, while only a dozen miles or so from Frankland +Hall was the famous Wayside Inn. That Sir Harry's Arcady never came to +bore him was, perhaps, due to this last fact. Whenever guests were +desired the men from Boston could easily ride out to the inn and canter +over to the Hall, to enjoy the good wines and the bright talk the place +afforded. Then the village rector was always to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> counted on for +companionship and breezy chat. It is significant that Sir Harry +carefully observed all the forms of his religion, and treated Agnes with +the respect due a wife, though he still continued to neglect the one +duty which would have made her really happy.</p> + +<p>A lawsuit called the two to England in 1754. At Frankland's mother's +home, where the eager son hastened to bring his beloved one, Agnes was +once more subjected to martyrdom and social ostracism. As quickly as +they could get away, therefore, the young people journeyed to Lisbon, a +place conspicuous, even in that day of moral laxity, for its tolerance +of the <i>alliance libre</i>. Henry Fielding (who died in the town) has +photographically described for all times its gay, sensuous life. Into +this unwholesome atmosphere, quite new to her, though she was neither +maid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> nor wife, it was that the sweet Agnes was thrust by Frankland. +Very soon he was to perceive the mistake of this, as well as of several +other phases of his selfishness.</p> + +<p>On All Saint's Day morning, 1755, when the whole populace, from beggar +to priest, courtier to lackey, was making its way to church, the town of +Lisbon was shaken to its foundations by an earthquake. The shock came +about ten o'clock, just as the Misericordia of the mass was being sung +in the crowded churches; and Frankland, who was riding with a lady on +his way to the religious ceremony, was immersed with his companion in +the ruins of some falling houses. The horses attached to their carriage +were instantly killed, and the lady, in her terror and pain, bit through +the sleeve of her escort's red broadcloth coat, tearing the flesh with +her teeth. Frankland had some awful moments for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> thought as he lay there +pinned down by the fallen stones, and tortured by the pain in his arm.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Agnes, waiting at home, was prey to most terrible anxiety. As +soon as the surging streets would permit a foot passenger, she ran out +with all the money she could lay hands on, to search for her dear Sir +Harry. By a lucky chance, she came to the very spot where he was lying +white with pain, and by her offers of abundant reward and by gold, which +she fairly showered on the men near by, she succeeded in extricating him +from his fearful plight. Tenderly he was borne to a neighbouring house, +and there, as soon as he could stand, a priest was summoned to tie the +knot too long ignored. He had vowed, while pinned down by the weight of +stone, to amend his life and atone to Agnes, if God in his mercy should +see fit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> to deliver him, and he wasted not a moment in executing his +pledge to Heaven. That his spirit had been effectually chastened, one +reads between the lines of this entry in his diary, which may still be +seen in the rooms of the Massachusetts Historical Society in Boston: +"Hope my providential escape will have a lasting good effect upon my +mind."</p> + +<p>In order to make his marriage doubly sure, he had the ceremony performed +again by a clergyman of his own church on board the ship which he took +at once for England. Then the newly married pair proceeded once more to +Frankland's home, and this time there were kisses instead of coldness +for them both. Business in Lisbon soon called them back to the +Continent, however, and it was from Belem that they sailed in April, +1750, for Boston, where both were warmly welcomed by their former +friends.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the celebrated Clarke mansion, on Garden Court Street, which Sir +Harry purchased October 5, 1756, for £1,200, our heroine now reigned +queen. This house, three stories high, with inlaid floors, carved +mantels, and stairs so broad and low that Sir Harry could, and did, ride +his pony up and down them, was the wonder of the time. It contained +twenty-six rooms, and was in every respect a marvel of luxury. That +Agnes did not forget her own people, nor scorn to receive them in her +fine house, one is pleased to note. While here she practically +supported, records show, her sister's children, and she welcomed always +when he came ashore from his voyages her brother Isaac, a poor though +honest seaman.</p> + +<p>Frankland's health was not, however, all that both might have wished, +and the entries in the diaries deal, at this time, al<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>most entirely with +recipes and soothing drinks. In July, 1757, he sought, therefore, the +post of consul-general to Lisbon, where the climate seemed to him to +suit his condition, and there, sobered city that it now was, the two +again took up their residence. Only once more, in 1763, was Sir Harry to +be in Boston. Then he came for a visit, staying for a space in +Hopkinton, as well as in the city. The following year he returned to the +old country, and in Bath, where he was drinking the waters, he died +January 2, 1768, at the age of fifty-two.</p> + +<p>Agnes almost immediately came back to Boston, and, with her sister and +her sister's children, took up her residence at Hopkinton. There she +remained, living a peaceful, happy life among her flowers, her friends, +and her books, until the outbreak of the Revolution, when it seemed to +her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> wise to go in to her town house. She entered Boston, defended by a +guard of six sturdy soldiers, and was cordially received by the officers +in the beleaguered city, especially by Burgoyne, whom she had known in +Lisbon. During the battle of Bunker Hill, she helped nurse wounded +King's men, brought to her in her big dining-room on Garden Court +Street. As an ardent Tory, however, she was <i>persona non grata</i> in the +colony, and she soon found it convenient to sail for England, where, +until 1782, she resided on the estate of the Frankland family.</p> + +<p>At this point, Agnes ceases in a way to be the proper heroine of our +romance, for, contrary to the canons of love-story art, she married +again,—Mr. John Drew, a rich banker, of Chichester, being the happy +man. And at Chichester she died in one year's time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Hopkinton home fell, in the course of time, into the hands of the +Reverend Mr. Nason, who was to be Frankland's biographer, and who, when +the original house was destroyed by fire (January 3, 1858), built a +similar mansion on the same site. Here the Frankland relics were +carefully preserved,—the fireplace, the family portrait (herewith +reproduced), Sir Harry's silver knee buckles, and the famous broadcloth +coat, from the sleeve of which the unfortunate lady had torn a piece +with her teeth on the day of the Lisbon disaster. This coat, we are +told, was brought back to Hopkinton by Sir Harry, and hung in one of the +remote chambers of the house, where each year, till his departure for +the last time from the pleasant village, he was wont to pass the +anniversary of the earthquake in fasting, humiliation, and prayer. The +coat, and all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> other relics, were lost in April, 1902, when, for the +second time, Frankland Hall was razed by fire.</p> + +<p>The ancient Fountain Inn, with its "flapping sign," and the "spreading +elm below," long since disappeared, and its well, years ago filled up, +was only accidentally discovered at a comparatively recent date, when +some workmen were digging a post hole. It was then restored as an +interesting landmark. This inn was a favourite resort, legends tell us, +for jovial sea captains as well as for the gentry of the town. There are +even traditions that pirates bold and smugglers sly at times found +shelter beneath its sloping roof. Yet none of the many stories with +which its ruins are connected compares in interest and charm to the +absolutely true one given us by history of Fair Agnes, the Maid of +Marblehead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="AN_AMERICAN-BORN_BARONET" id="AN_AMERICAN-BORN_BARONET"></a>AN AMERICAN-BORN BARONET</h2> + + +<p>One of the most picturesque houses in all Middlesex County is the Royall +house at Medford, a place to which Sir Harry Frankland and his lady used +often to resort. Few of the great names in colonial history are lacking, +indeed, in the list of guests who were here entertained in the brave +days of old.</p> + +<p>The house stands on the left-hand side of the old Boston Road as you +approach Medford, and to-day attracts the admiration of electric car +travellers just as a century and a half ago it was the focus for all +stage passenger's eyes. Externally the building presents three stories, +the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> upper tier of windows being, as is usual in houses of even a much +later date, smaller than those underneath. The house is of brick, but is +on three sides entirely sheathed in wood, while the south end stands +exposed. Like several of the houses we are noting, it seems to turn its +back on the high road. I am, however, inclined to a belief that the +Royall house set the fashion in this matter, for Isaac, the Indian +nabob, was just the man to assume an attitude of fine indifference to +the world outside his gates. When in 1837, he came, a successful Antigua +merchant, to establish his seat here in old Charlestown, and to rule on +his large estate, sole monarch of twenty-seven slaves, he probably felt +quite indifferent, if not superior, to strangers and casual passers-by.</p> + +<p>His petition of December, 1737, in re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>gard to the "chattels" in his +train, addressed to the General Court, reads:</p> + +<p>"Petition of Isaac Royall, late of Antigua, now of Charlestown, in the +county of Middlesex, that he removed from Antigua and brought with him +among other things and chattels a parcel of negroes, designed for his +own use, and not any of them for merchandise. He prays that he may not +be taxed with impost."</p> + +<p>The brick quarters which the slaves occupied are situated on the south +side of the mansion, and front upon the courtyard, one side of which +they enclose. These may be seen on the extreme right of the picture, and +will remind the reader who is familiar with Washington's home at Mount +Vernon of the quaint little stone buildings in which the Father of his +Country was wont to house his slaves. The slave buildings in Medford +have re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>mained practically unchanged, and according to good authority +are the last visible relics of slavery in New England.</p> + +<p>The Royall estate offered a fine example of the old-fashioned garden. +Fruit trees and shrubbery, pungent box bordering trim gravel paths, and +a wealth of sweet-scented roses and geraniums were here to be found. +Even to-day the trees, the ruins of the flower-beds, and the relics of +magnificent vines, are imposing as one walks from the street gate +seventy paces back to the house-door.</p> + +<p>The carriage visitor—and in the old days all the Royall guests came +under this head—either alighted by the front entrance or passed by the +broad drive under the shade of the fine old elms around into the +courtyard paved with small white pebbles. The driveway has now become a +side street, and what was once an enclosed gar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>den of half an acre or +more, with walks, fruit, and a summer-house at the farther extremity, is +now the site of modern dwellings.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img071.jpg" width="487" height="650" + alt="SUMMER-HOUSE, ROYALL ESTATE, MEDFORD, MASS." /><br /> + <b>SUMMER-HOUSE, ROYALL ESTATE, MEDFORD, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>This summer-house, long the favourite resort of the family and their +guests, was a veritable curiosity in its way. Placed upon an artificial +mound with two terraces, and reached by broad flights of red sandstone +steps, it was architecturally a model of its kind. Hither, to pay their +court to the daughters of the house, used to come George Erving and the +young Sir William Pepperell, and if the dilapidated walls (now taken +down, but still carefully preserved) could speak, they might tell of +many an historic love tryst. The little house is octagonal in form, and +on its bell-shaped roof, surmounted by a cupola, there poises what was +originally a figure of Mercury. At present, however, the statue, bereft +of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> both wings and arms, cannot be said greatly to resemble the dashing +god.</p> + +<p>The exterior of the summer-house is highly ornamented with Ionic +pilasters, and taken as a whole is quaintly ruinous. It is interesting +to discover that it was utility that led to the elevation of the mound, +within which was an ice-house! And to get at the ice the slaves went +through a trap-door in the floor of this Greek structure!</p> + +<p>Isaac Royall, the builder of the fine old mansion, did not long live to +enjoy his noble estate, but he was succeeded by a second Isaac, who, +though a "colonel," was altogether inclined to take more care for his +patrimony than for his king. When the Revolution began, Colonel Royall +fell upon evil times. Appointed a councillor by mandamus, he declined +serving "from timidity," as Gage says to Lord Dart<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>mouth. Royall's own +account of his movements after the beginning of "these troubles," is +such as to confirm the governor's opinion.</p> + +<p>He had prepared, it seems, to take passage for the West Indies, +intending to embark from Salem for Antigua, but having gone into Boston +the Sunday previous to the battle of Lexington, and remained there until +that affair occurred, he was by the course of events shut up in the +town. He sailed for Halifax very soon, still intending, as he says, to +go to Antigua, but on the arrival of his son-in-law, George Erving, and +his daughter, with the troops from Boston, he was by them persuaded to +sail for England, whither his other son-in-law, Sir William Pepperell +(grandson of the hero of Louisburg), had preceded him. It is with this +young Sir William Pepperell that our story particularly deals.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img077.jpg" width="650" height="457" + alt="ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASS." /><br /> + <b>ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASS.</b> + </div> + +<p>The first Sir William had been what is called a "self-made man," and had +raised himself from the ranks of the soldiery through native genius +backed by strength of will. His father is first noticed in the annals of +the Isles of Shoals. The mansion now seen in Kittery Point was built, +indeed, partly by this oldest Pepperell known to us, and partly by his +more eminent son. The building was once much more extensive than it now +appears, having been some years ago shortened at either end. Until the +death of the elder Pepperell, in 1734, the house was occupied by his own +and his son's families. The lawn in front reached to the sea, and an +avenue a quarter of a mile in length, bordered by fine old trees, led to +the neighbouring house of Colonel Sparhawk, east of the village church. +The first Sir William, by his will, made the son of his daughter +Elizabeth and of Colo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>nel Sparhawk, his residuary legatee, requiring +him at the same time to relinquish the name of Sparhawk for that of +Pepperell. Thus it was that the baronetcy, extinct with the death of the +hero of Louisburg, was revived by the king, in 1774, for the benefit of +this grandson.</p> + + + + + +<p>In the Essex Institute at Salem, is preserved a two-thirds length +picture of the first Sir William Pepperell, painted in 1751 by Smibert, +when the baronet was in London. Of this picture, Hawthorne once wrote +the humourous description which follows: "Sir William Pepperell, in +coat, waistcoat and breeches, all of scarlet broadcloth, is in the +cabinet of the Society; he holds a general's truncheon in his right +hand, and points his left toward the army of New Englanders before the +walls of Louisburg. A bomb is represented as fal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>ling through the +air—it has certainly been a long time in its descent."</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img077b.jpg" width="650" height="457" + alt="PEPPERELL HOUSE, KITTERY, MAINE." /><br /> + <b>PEPPERELL HOUSE, KITTERY, MAINE.</b> + </div> + + +<p>The young William Pepperell was graduated from Cambridge in 1766, and +the next year married the beautiful Elizabeth Royall. In 1774 he was +chosen a member of the governor's council. But when this council was +reorganised under the act of Parliament, he fell into disgrace because +of his loyalty to the king. On November 16, 1774, the people of his own +county (York), passed at Wells a resolution in which he was declared to +have "forfeited the confidence and friendship of all true friends of +American liberty, and ought to be detested by all good men."</p> + +<p>Thus denounced, the baronet retired to Boston, and sailed, shortly +before his father-in-law's departure, for England. His beautiful lady, +one is saddened to learn, died of smallpox ere the vessel had been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> many +days out, and was buried at Halifax. In England, Sir William was allowed +£500 per annum by the British government, and was treated with much +deference. He was the good friend of all refugees from America, and +entertained hospitably at his pleasant home. His private life was +irreproachable, and he died in Portman Square, London, in December, +1816, at the age of seventy. His vast possessions and landed estate in +Maine were confiscated, except for the widow's dower enjoyed by Lady +Mary, relict of the hero of Louisburg, and her daughter, Mrs. Sparhawk.</p> + +<p>Colonel Royall, though he acted not unlike his son-in-law, Sir William, +has, because of his vacillation, far less of our respect than the +younger man in the matter of his refusal to cast in his lot with that of +the Revolution. In 1778 he was publicly proscribed and formally +banished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> from Massachusetts. He thereupon took up his abode in +Kensington, Middlesex, and from this place, in 1789, he begged earnestly +to be allowed to return "home" to Medford, declaring he was "ever a good +friend of the Province," and expressing the wish to marry again in his +own country, "where, having already had one good wife, he was in hopes +to get another, and in some degree repair his loss." His prayer was, +however, refused, and he died of smallpox in England, October, 1781. By +his will, Harvard College was given a tract of land in Worcester County, +for the foundation of a professorship, which still bears his name.</p> + +<p>It is not, however, to be supposed that in war time so fine a place as +the Royall mansion should have been left unoccupied. When the yeomen +began pouring into the environs of Boston, encircling it with a belt of +steel, the New Hampshire levies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> pitched their tents in Medford. They +found the Royall mansion in the occupancy of Madam Royall and her +accomplished daughters, who willingly received Colonel John Stark into +the house as a safeguard against insult, or any invasion of the estate +the soldiers might attempt. A few rooms were accordingly set apart for +the use of the bluff old ranger, and he, on his part, treated the family +of the deserter with considerable respect and courtesy. It is odd to +think that while the stately Royalls were living in one part of this +house, General Stark and his plucky wife, Molly, occupied quarters under +the same roof.</p> + +<p>The second American general to be attracted by the luxury of the Royall +mansion was that General Lee whose history furnishes material for a +separate chapter. General Lee it was to whom the house's echoing +corridors suggested the name, Hob<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>goblin Hall. So far as known, however, +no inhabitant of the Royall house has ever been disturbed by strange +visions or frightful dreams. After Lee, by order of Washington, removed +to a house situated nearer his command, General Sullivan, attracted, no +doubt, by the superior comfort of the old country-seat, laid himself +open to similar correction by his chief. In these two cases it will be +seen Washington enforced his own maxim that a general should sleep among +his troops.</p> + +<p>In 1810, the Royall mansion came into the possession of Jacob Tidd, in +whose family it remained half a century, until it had almost lost its +identity with the timid old colonel and his kin. As "Mrs. Tidd's house" +it was long known in Medford. The place was subsequently owned by George +L. Barr, and by George C. Nichols, from whose hands it passed to that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +of Mr. Geer, the present owner. To be sure, it has sadly fallen from its +high estate, but it still remains one of the most interesting and +romantic houses in all New England, and when, as happens once or twice a +year, the charming ladies of the local patriotic society powder their +hair, don their great-grandmother's wedding gowns and entertain in the +fine old rooms, it requires only a slight gift of fancy to see Sir +William Pepperell's lovely bride one among the gay throng of fair +women.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MOLLY_STARKS_GENTLEMAN-SON" id="MOLLY_STARKS_GENTLEMAN-SON"></a>MOLLY STARK'S GENTLEMAN-SON</h2> + + +<p>Of the quaint ancestral homes still standing in the old Granite State, +none is more picturesque or more interesting from the historical +view-point than the Stark house in the little town of Dunbarton, a place +about five miles' drive out from Concord, over one of those charming +country roads, which properly make New Hampshire the summer and autumn +Mecca of those who have been "long in populous city pent." Rather oddly, +this house has, for all its great wealth of historical interest, been +little known to the general public. The Starks are a conserv<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>ative, as +well as an old family, and they have never seen fit to make of their +home a public show-house. Yet those who are privileged to visit +Dunbarton and its chief boast, this famous house, always remember the +experience as a particularly interesting one. Seldom, indeed, can one +find in these days a house like this, which, for more than one hundred +years, has been occupied by the family for whom it was built, and +through all the changes and chances of temporal affairs has preserved +the characteristics of revolutionary times.</p> + +<p>Originally Dunbarton was Starkstown. An ancestor of this family, +Archibald Stark, was one of the original proprietors, owning many +hundred acres, not a few of which are still in the Starks' possession. +Just when and by whom the place received the name of the old Scottish +town and royal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> castle on the Clyde, no historian seems able to state +with definiteness, but that the present Dunbarton represents only a +small part of the original triangular township, all are agreed. Of the +big landowner, Archibald Stark, the General John Stark of our Revolution +was a son.</p> + +<p>Another of the original proprietors of Dunbarton was a certain Captain +Caleb Page, whose name still clings to a rural neighbourhood of the +township, a crossroads section pointed out to visitors as Page's Corner. +And it was to Elizabeth Page, the bright and capable daughter of his +father's old friend and neighbour, that the doughty John Stark was +married in August, 1758, while at home on a furlough. The son of this +marriage was called Caleb, after his maternal grandfather, and he it was +who built the imposing old mansion of our story.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> + +<p>Caleb Stark was a very remarkable man. Born at Dunbarton, December 3, +1759, he was present while only a lad at the battle of Bunker Hill, +standing side by side with some of the veteran rangers of the French +war, near the rail fence, which extended from the redoubt to the beach +of the Mystic River. In order to be at this scene of conflict, the boy +had left home secretly some days before, mounted on his own horse, and +armed only with a musket. After a long, hard journey, he managed to +reach the Royall house in Medford, which was his father's headquarters +at the time, the very night before the great battle. And the general, +though annoyed at his son's manner of coming, recognised that the lad +had done only what a Stark must do at such a time, and permitted him to +take part in the next day's fight.</p> + +<p>After that, there followed for Caleb a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> time of great social +opportunity, which transformed the clever, but unpolished New Hampshire +boy into as fine a young gentleman as was to be found in the whole +country. The Royall house, it will be remembered, was presided over in +the troublous war times by the beautiful ladies of the family, than whom +no more cultured and distinguished women were anywhere to be met. And +these, though Tory to the backbone, were disposed to be very kind and +gracious to the brave boy whom the accident of war had made their guest.</p> + +<p>So it came about that even before he reached manhood's estate, Caleb +Stark had acquired the grace and polish of Europe. Nor was the lad +merely a carpet knight. So ably did he serve his father that he was made +the elder soldier's aid-de-camp, when the father was made a +brigadier-general,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> and by the time the war closed, was himself Major +Stark, though scarcely twenty-four years old.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img091.jpg" width="650" height="453" + alt="STARK HOUSE, DUNBARTON, N. H." /><br /> + <b>STARK HOUSE, DUNBARTON, N. H.</b> + </div> + + + + +<p>Soon after peace was declared, the young major came into his Dunbarton +patrimony, and in 1784, in a very pleasant spot in the midst of his +estate, and facing the broad highway leading from Dunbarton to Weare, he +began to build his now famous house. It was finished the next year, and +in 1787, the young man, having been elected town treasurer of Dunbarton, +resolved to settle down in his new home, and brought there as his wife, +Miss Sarah McKinstrey, a daughter of Doctor William McKinstrey, formerly +of Taunton, Massachusetts, a beautiful and cultivated girl, just twenty +years old.</p> + +<p>It is interesting in this connection to note that all the women of the +Stark family have been beauties, and that they have,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> too, been sweet +and charming in disposition, as well as in face. The old mansion on the +Weare road has been the home during its one hundred and ten years of +life of several women who would have adorned, both by reason of their +personal and intellectual charms, any position in our land. This being +true, it is not odd that the country folk speak of the Stark family with +deepest reverence.</p> + +<p>Beside building the family homestead, Caleb Stark did two other things +which serve to make him distinguished even in a family where all were +great. He entertained Lafayette, and he accumulated the family fortune. +Both these things were accomplished at Pembroke, where the major early +established some successful cotton mills. The date of his entertainment +of Lafayette was, of course, 1825, the year when the marquis, after +laying the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> corner-stone of our monument on Bunker Hill, made his +triumphal tour through New Hampshire.</p> + +<p>The bed upon which the great Frenchman slept during his visit to the +Starks is still carefully preserved, and those guests who have had the +privilege of being entertained by the present owners of the house can +bear testimony to the fact that the couch is an extremely comfortable +one. The room in which this bed is the most prominent article of +furniture bears the name of the Lafayette room, and is in every +particular furnished after the manner of a sleeping apartment of one +hundred years ago. The curtains of the high bedstead, the quaint +toilet-table, the bedside table with its brass candlestick, and the +pictures and the ornaments are all in harmony. Nowhere has a discordant +modern note been struck. The same thing is true<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> of all the other +apartments in the house. The Starks have one and all displayed great +taste and decided skill in preserving the long-ago tone that makes the +place what it is. The second Caleb, who inherited the estate in 1838, +when his father, the brilliant major, died, was a Harvard graduate, and +writer of repute, being the author of a valuable memoir of his father +and grandfather. He collected, even more than they had done, family +relics of interest. When he died in 1865, his two sisters, Harriett and +Charlotte, succeeded him in the possession of the estate.</p> + +<p>Only comparatively recently has this latter sister died, and the place +come into the hands of its present owner, Mr. Charles F. Morris Stark, +an heir who has the traditions of the Morris family to add to those of +the Starks, being on his mother's side a lineal descendant of Robert +Morris,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> the great financier of the Revolution. The present Mrs. Stark +is the representative of still another noted New Hampshire family, being +the granddaughter of General John McNeil, a famous soldier of the +Granite State.</p> + +<p>Few, indeed, are the homes in America which contain so much which, while +of intimate interest to the family, is as well of wide historical +importance. Though a home, the house has the value of a museum. The +portrait of Major Stark, which hangs in the parlour at the right of the +square entrance-hall, was painted by Professor Samuel Finley Breese +Morse, the discoverer of the electric telegraph, a man who wished to +come down to posterity as an artist, but is now remembered by us only as +an inventor.</p> + +<p>This picture is an admirable presentation of its original. The gallant +major looks down upon us with a person rather<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> above the medium in +height, of a slight but muscular frame, with the short waistcoat, the +high collar, and the close, narrow shoulders of the gentleman's costume +of 1830. The carriage of the head is noble, and the strong features, the +deep-set, keen, blue eyes, and the prominent forehead, speak of courage, +intelligence, and cool self-possession.</p> + +<p>Beside this noteworthy portrait hangs a beautiful picture of the first +mistress of this house, the Mrs. Stark who, as a girl, was Miss Sarah +McKinstrey. Her portrait shows her to have been a fine example of the +blonde type of beauty. The splendid coils of her hair are very lustrous, +and the dark hazel eyes look out from the frame with the charm and +dignity of a St. Cecilia. Her costume, too, is singularly appropriate +and becoming, azure silk with great puffs of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> lace around the white arms +and queenly throat. The waist, girdled under the armpits, and the +long-wristed mits stamp the date 1815-21.</p> + +<p>The portrait of General Stark, which was painted by Miss Hannah +Crowninshield, is said not to look so much like the doughty soldier as +does the Morse picture of his son, but Gilbert Stuart's Miss Charlotte +Stark, recently deceased, shows the last daughter of the family to have +fairly sustained in her youth the reputation for beauty which goes with +the Stark women.</p> + +<p>Beside the portraits, there are in the house many other choice and +valuable antiques. Among these the woman visitor notices with particular +interest the fan that was once the property of Lady Pepperell, who was a +daughter, it will be remembered, of the Royall family, who were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> so kind +to Major Caleb Stark in his youth. And to the man who loves historical +things, the cane presented to General Stark when he was a major, for +valiant conduct in defence of Fort William Henry, will be of especial +interest. This cane is made from the bone of a whale and is headed with +ivory. On the mantelpiece stands another very interesting souvenir, a +bronze statuette of Napoleon I., which Lafayette brought with him from +France and presented to Major Stark.</p> + +<p>Apropos of this there is an amusing story. The major was a great admirer +of the distinguished Bonaparte, and made a collection of Napoleonic +busts and pictures, all of which, together with the numerous other +effects of the Stark place, had to be appraised at his death. As it +happened, the appraiser was a countryman of limited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> intelligence, and, +when he was told to put down "twelve Bonapartes," recorded "twelve pony +carts," and it was thus that the item appeared on the legal paper.</p> + +<p>The house itself is a not unworthy imitation of an English manor-house, +with its aspect of old-time grandeur and picturesque repose. It is of +wood, two and a half stories high, with twelve dormer windows, a gambrel +roof, and a large two-story L. In front there are two rows of tall and +stately elms, and the trim little garden is enclosed by a painted iron +fence. On either side of the spacious hall, which extends through the +middle of the house, are to be found handsome trophies of the chase, +collected by the present master of the place, who is a keen sportsman.</p> + +<p>A gorgeous carpet, which dates back fifty years, having been laid in the +days of the beautiful Sarah, supplies the one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> bit of colour in the +parlour, while in the dining-room the rich silver and handsome mahogany +testify to the old-time glories of the place. Of manuscripts which are +simply priceless, the house contains not a few; one, over the quaint +wine-cooler in the dining-room, acknowledging, in George Washington's +own hand, courtesies extended to him and to his lady by a member of the +Morris family, being especially interesting. Up-stairs, in the sunlit +hall, among other treasures, more elegant but not more interesting, +hangs a sunbonnet once worn by Molly Stark herself.</p> + +<p>Not far off down the country road is perhaps the most beautiful and +attractive spot in the whole town, the old family burying-ground of the +Starks, in which are interred all the deceased members of this +remarkable family, from the Revolutionary Major Caleb and his wife down. +Here,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> with grim, towering Kearsarge standing ever like a sentinel, +rests under the yew-trees the dust of this great family's honoured +dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="A_SOLDIER_OF_FORTUNE" id="A_SOLDIER_OF_FORTUNE"></a>A SOLDIER OF FORTUNE</h2> + + +<p>"The only time I ever heard Washington swear," Lafayette once remarked, +"was when he called General Charles Lee a 'damned poltroon,' after the +arrest of that officer for treasonable conduct." Nor was Washington the +only person of self-restraint and good manners whose temper and angry +passions were roused by this same erratic General Lee.</p> + +<p>Lee was an Englishman, born in Cheshire in 1731. He entered the British +army at the age of eleven years, was in Braddock's expedition, and was +wounded at Ticonderoga in 1758. He also served for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> a time in Portugal, +but certain infelicities of temper hindered his advancement, and he +never rose higher in the British service than a half-pay major. As a +"soldier of fortune" he was vastly more successful. In all the pages of +American history, indeed, it would be difficult to find anybody whose +career was more interestingly and picturesquely checkered than was his.</p> + +<p>Lee's purpose in coming to America has never been fully explained. There +are concerning this, as every other step of his career, two +diametrically opposed opinions. The American historians have for the +most agreed in thinking him traitorous and self-seeking, but for my own +part I find little to justify this belief, for I have no difficulty +whatever in accounting for his soldierly vagaries on the score of his +temperament, and the peculiar conditions of his early life. A man who, +while still<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> a youth, was adopted by the Mohawk Indians,—who who +bestowed upon him the significant name of Boiling Water,—who was at one +time aid-de-camp and intimate friend of the King of Poland, who rendered +good service in the Russian war against the Turks,—all before +interesting himself at all in the cause of American freedom,—could +scarcely be expected to be as simple in his us-ward emotions as an +Israel Putnam or a General John Stark might be.</p> + +<p>General Lee arrived in New York from London, on November 10, 1773, his +avowed object in seeking the colonies at such a troublous time being to +investigate the justice of the American cause. He travelled all over the +country in pursuance of facts concerning the fermenting feeling against +England, but he was soon able to enroll himself unequivocally upon the +side<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> of the colonies. In a letter written to Lord Percy, then stationed +at Boston, this eccentric new friend of the American cause—himself, it +must be remembered, still a half-pay officer in the English +army—expressed with great freedom his opinion of England's position: +"Were the principle of taxing America without her consent admitted, +Great Britain would that instant be ruined." And to General Gage, his +warm personal friend, Lee wrote: "I am convinced that the court of +Tiberius was not more treacherous to the rights of mankind than is the +present court of Great Britain."</p> + +<p>It is rather odd to find that General Charles Lee, of whom we know so +little, and that little scarcely to his credit, occupied in the military +court of the American array a position second only to Washington; he was +appointed a major-general on June 17,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> 1775, a date marked for us by the +fact that Bunker Hill's battle was then fought. Not long after his +arrival at the camp, General Lee, with that tendency to independent +action which was afterward to work to his undoing, took up his quarters +in the Royall house. And Lee it was who gave to the fine old place the +name Hobgoblin Hall. From this mansion, emphatically remote from Lee's +command, the eccentric general was summarily recalled by his +commander-in-chief, then, as ever after, quick to administer to this +major-general what he conceived to be needed reproof.</p> + +<p>The house in which General Lee next resided is still standing on +Sycamore Street, Somerville. When the place was occupied by Lee it had +one of those long pitched roofs, descending to a single story at the +back, which are still occasionally met with in our interior New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +England towns. The house was, however, altered to its present appearance +by that John Tufts who occupied it during post-Revolutionary times. From +this lofty dwelling, Lee was able to overlook Boston, and to observe, by +the aid of a strong field-glass, all the activities of the enemy's camp.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img109.jpg" width="650" height="401" + alt="GENERAL LEE'S HEADQUARTERS, SOMERVILLE, MASS." /><br /> + <b>GENERAL LEE'S HEADQUARTERS, SOMERVILLE, MASS.</b> + </div> + + + + +<p>Lee himself was at this time an object of unfriendly espionage. In a +"separate and secret despatch," Lord Dartmouth instructed General Gage +to have a special eye on the ex-English officer. That Lee had resigned +his claim to emolument in the English army does not seem to have made +his countrymen as clear as it should have done concerning his relation +to their cause.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, General Lee, though sleeping in his wind-swept farmhouse and +watching from its windows the movements of the British, indulged when +opportunity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> offered in the social pleasures of the other American +officers. Rough and unattractive in appearance,—he seems to have been a +kind of Cyrano de Bergerac, "a tall man, lank and thin, with a huge +nose,"—he had, when he chose, a certain amount of social grace, and was +often extremely entertaining.</p> + +<p>Mrs. John Adams, who first met General Lee at an evening party at Major +Mifflin's house in Cambridge, describes him as looking like a "careless, +hardy veteran," who brought to her mind his namesake, Charles XII. "The +elegance of his pen far exceeds that of his person," commented this +acute lady. In further describing this evening spent at Major Mifflin's +home, in the Brattle mansion, Mrs. Adams writes: "General Lee was very +urgent for me to tarry in town, and dine with him and the ladies +present, but I excused myself. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> general was determined that I should +not only be acquainted with him, but with his companions, too, and +therefore placed a chair before me, into which he ordered Mr. Spada (his +dog) to mount, and present his paw to me for better acquaintance."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +Lee was very fond indeed of dogs, and was constantly attended by one or +more of them, this Spada being a great, shaggy Pomeranian, described by +unbiased critics as looking more like a bear than a harmless canine. In +this connection, it is interesting to know that Lee has expressed +himself very strongly in regard to the affection of men as compared with +the affection of dogs.</p> + +<p>This love for dogs was, however, one of the more ornamental of General +Lee's traits. His carelessness in regard to his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> personal appearance was +famous, and not a few amusing stories are told of the awkward situations +in which this officer's slovenliness involved him. On one of +Washington's journeys, in which Lee accompanied him, the major-general, +upon arriving at the house where they were to dine, went straight to the +kitchen and demanded something to eat. The cook, taking him for a +servant, told him that she would give him some victuals directly, but +that he must first help her off with the pot—a request with which he +readily complied. He was then told to take a bucket and go to the well +for water, and was actually engaged in drawing it when found by an aide +whom Washington had despatched in quest of him. The cook was in despair +when she heard her assistant addressed by the title of "General." The +mug fell from her hands, and dropping<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> on her knees, she began crying +for pardon, when Lee, who was ever ready to see the impropriety of his +own conduct, but never willing to change it, gave her a crown, and, +turning to the aid-de-camp, observed: "You see, young man, the advantage +of a fine coat; the man of consequence is indebted to it for respect; +neither virtue nor ability, without it, will make you look like a +gentleman."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Perhaps the most remarkable episode in all Lee's social career, was that +connected with Sir William Howe's famous entertainment at Philadelphia, +the Mischianza. This was just after the affair at Monmouth, in the +course of which Washington swore, and Lee was taken prisoner. Yet though +a prisoner, the eccentric general was treated with the greatest +courtesy, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> seems even to have received a card for the famous ball. +But, never too careful of his personal appearance, he must on this +occasion have looked particularly uncouth. Certainly the beautiful Miss +Franks, one of the Philadelphia belles, thought him far from ornamental, +and, with the keen wit for which she was celebrated, spread abroad a +report that General Lee came to the ball clad in green breeches, patched +with leather. To prove to her that entire accuracy had not been used in +describing his garb at the ball, the general sent the young lady the +very articles of clothing which she had criticised! Naturally, neither +the ladies nor their escorts thought any better of Lee's manners after +this bit of horse-play, and it is safe to say he was not soon again +invited to an evening party. Mrs. Hamilton and Mrs. Mercy Warren both +call Lee "a crabbed man." The latter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> described him in a letter to +Samuel Adams as "plain in his person to a degree of ugliness; careless +even to impoliteness; his garb ordinary; his voice rough; his manners +rather morose; yet sensible, learned, judicious, and penetrating."</p> + +<p>Toward the end of his life, Lee took refuge in an estate which he had +purchased in Berkeley County, Virginia. Here he lived, more like a +hermit than a citizen of the world, or a member of a civilised +community. His house was little more than a shell, without partitions, +and it lacked even such articles of furniture as were necessary for the +most common uses. To a gentleman who visited him in this forlorn +retreat, where he found a kitchen in one corner, a bed in another, books +in a third, saddles and harness in a fourth, Lee said: "Sir, it is the +most convenient and economical establishment<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> in the world. The lines of +chalk which you see on the floor mark the divisions of the apartments, +and I can sit in a corner and give orders and overlook the whole without +moving from my chair."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>General Lee died in an obscure inn in Philadelphia, October 2, 1782. His +will was characteristic: "I desire most earnestly that I may not be +buried in any church or churchyard, or within a mile of any Presbyterian +or Baptist meeting-house; for since I have resided in this country I +have kept so much bad company that I do not choose to continue it when +dead." In this will, our singular hero paid a tribute of affectionate +remembrance to several of his intimate friends, and of grateful +generosity to the humble dependents who had adhered to him and +minis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>tered to his wants in his retirement. The bulk of his +property—for he was a man of no small means—was bequeathed to his only +sister, Sydney Lee, to whom he was ever devotedly attached.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_MESSAGE_OF_THE_LANTERNS" id="THE_MESSAGE_OF_THE_LANTERNS"></a>THE MESSAGE OF THE LANTERNS</h2> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/img121as.jpg" width="243" height="502" + alt="CHRIST CHURCH." /><br /> + <b>CHRIST CHURCH.</b> + </div> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/img121bs.jpg" width="500" height="502" + alt="PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASS." /><br /> + <b>PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASS.</b> + </div> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>There are many points of view from which this tale of Paul Revere may be +told, but to the generality of people the interest of the poem, and of +the historical event itself, will always centre around Christ Church, on +Salem Street, in the North End of Boston—the church where the lanterns +were hung out on the night before the battles of Lexington and Concord. +At nearly every hour of the day some one may be seen in the now +unfrequented street looking up at the edifice's lofty spire with an +expression full of reverence and satisfaction. There upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> the +venerable structure, imbedded in the solid masonry of the tower front, +one reads upon a tablet:</p> + + + <h4>THE SIGNAL LANTERNS OF<br /><br /> + + PAUL REVERE<br /><br /> + + DISPLAYED IN THE STEEPLE<br /><br /> + + OF THIS CHURCH,<br /><br /> + + APRIL 18, 1775,<br /><br /> + + WARNED THE COUNTRY OF<br /><br /> + + THE MARCH OF THE<br /><br /> + + BRITISH TROOPS TO LEXINGTON<br /><br /> + + AND CONCORD.</h4> + + +<p>If the pilgrim wishes to get into the very spirit of old Christ Church +and its historical associations, he can even climb the tower——</p> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"By the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To the belfry chamber overhead,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And startle the pigeons from their perch<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On the sombre rafters, that round him make<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Masses and moving shapes of shade"——<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></div></div> + +<p>to look down as sexton Robert Newman did that eventful night on——</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The graves on the hill,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lonely and spectral and sombre and still."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The first time I ever climbed the tower I confess that I was seized with +an overpowering sense of the weirdness and mystery of those same +spectral graves, seen thus from above. It was dark and gloomy going up +the stairs, and if Robert Newman had thought of the prospect, rather +than of his errand, I venture to say he must have been frightened for +all his bravery, in that gloomy tower at midnight.</p> + +<p>But, of course, his mind was intent on the work he had to do, and on the +signals which would tell how the British were to proceed on their march +to seize the rebel stores at Concord. The signals agreed upon were two +lanterns if the troops went by way of water, one if they were to go<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> by +land. In Longfellow's story we learn that Newman——</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Through alley and street,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wanders and watches with eager ears,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till in the silence around him he hears<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The muster of men at the barrack door,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sound of arms and the tramp of feet,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the measured tread of the grenadiers,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Marching down to their boats on the shore."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>It had been decided that the journey should be made by sea!</p> + +<p>The Province of Massachusetts, it must be understood, was at this time +on the eve of open revolt. It had formed an army, commissioned its +officers, and promulgated orders as if there were no such person as +George III. It was collecting stores in anticipation of the moment when +its army should take the field. It had, moreover, given General +Gage—whom the king had sent to Boston to put down the rebellion +there—to understand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> that the first movement made by the royal troops +into the country would be considered as an act of hostility, and treated +as such. Gage had up to this time hesitated to act. At length his +resolution to strike a crippling blow, and, if possible, to do it +without bloodshed, was taken. Spies had informed him that the patriots' +depot of ammunition was at Concord, and he had determined to send a +secret expedition to destroy those stores. Meanwhile, however, the +patriots were in great doubt as to the time when the definite movement +was to be made.</p> + +<p>Fully appreciating the importance of secrecy, General Gage quietly got +ready eight hundred picked troops, which he meant to convey under cover +of night across the West Bay, and to land on the Cambridge side, thus +baffling the vigilance of the townspeople, and at the same time +con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>siderably shortening the distance his troops would have to march. So +much pains were taken to keep the actual destination of these troops a +profound secret, that even the officer who was selected for the command +only received an order notifying him to hold himself in readiness.</p> + +<p>"The guards in the town were doubled," writes Mr. Drake, "and in order +to intercept any couriers who might slip through them, at the proper +moment mounted patrols were sent out on the roads leading to Concord. +Having done what he could to prevent intelligence from reaching the +country, and to keep the town quiet, the British general gave his orders +for the embarkation; and at between ten and eleven of the night of April +18, the troops destined for this service were taken across the bay in +boats to the Cambridge side of the river. At this hour, Gage's pickets +were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> guarding the deserted roads leading into the country, and up to +this moment no patriot courier had gone out."</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img129.jpg" width="489" height="650" + alt="ROBERT NEWMAN HOUSE, BOSTON, MASS." /><br /> + <b>ROBERT NEWMAN HOUSE, BOSTON, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>Newman with his signals and Paul Revere on his swift horse were able, +however, to baffle successfully the plans of the British general. The +redcoats had scarcely gotten into their boats, when Dawes and Paul +Revere started by different roads to warn Hancock and Adams, and the +people of the country-side, that the regulars were out. Revere rode by +way of Charlestown, and Dawes by the great highroad over the Neck. +Revere had hardly got clear of Charlestown when he discovered that he +had ridden headlong into the middle of the British patrol! Being the +better mounted, however, he soon distanced his pursuers, and entered +Medford, shouting like mad, "Up and arm! Up and arm! The regulars are +out! The regulars are out!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> + +<p>Longfellow has best described the awakening of the country-side:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"A hurry of hoofs in the village street,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And beneath, from the pebbles, in passing, a spark<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Struck out by a steed flying fearless and fleet;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That was all! And yet, through the gloom and the light,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The fate of a nation was riding that night;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the spark struck out by that steed, in its flight,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Kindled the land into flame with its heat."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The Porter house in Medford, at which Revere stopped long enough to +rouse the captain of the Guards, and warn him of the approach of the +regulars, is now no longer standing, but the Clark place, in Lexington, +where the proscribed fellow-patriots, Hancock and Adams, were lodging +that night, is still in a good state of preservation.</p> + +<p>The room occupied by "King" Han<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>cock and "Citizen" Adams is the one on +the lower floor, at the left of the entrance. Hancock was at this time +visiting this particular house because "Dorothy Q," his fiancée, was +just then a guest of the place, and martial pride, coupled, perhaps, +with the feeling that he must show himself in the presence of his +lady-love a soldier worthy of her favour, inclined him to show fight +when he heard from Revere that the regulars were expected. His widow +related, in after years, that it was with great difficulty that she and +the colonel's aunt kept him from facing the British on the day following +the midnight ride. While the bell in the green was sounding the alarm, +Hancock was cleaning his sword and his fusee, and putting his +accoutrements in order. He is said to have been a trifle of a dandy in +his military garb, and his points, sword-knot, and lace, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> always of +the newest fashion. Perhaps it was the desire to show himself in all his +war-paint that made him resist so long the importunities of the ladies, +and the urgency of other friends! The astute Adams, it is recounted, was +a little annoyed at his friend's obstinacy, and, clapping him on the +shoulder, exclaimed, as he looked significantly at the weapons, "That is +not our business; we belong to the cabinet."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>It was Adams who threw light on the whole situation. Half an hour after +Revere reached the house, the other express arrived, and the two rebel +leaders, being now fully convinced that it was Concord which was the +threatened point, hurried the messengers on to the next town, after +allowing them barely time to swallow a few mouth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>fuls of food. Adams did +not believe that Gage would send an army merely to take two men +prisoners. To him, the true object of the expedition was very clear.</p> + +<p>Revere, Dawes, and young Doctor Prescott, of Concord, who had joined +them, had got over half the distance to the next town, when, at a sudden +turning, they came upon the second redcoat patrol. Prescott leaped his +horse over the roadside wall, and so escaped across the fields to +Concord. Revere and Dawes, at the point of the pistol, gave themselves +up. Their business on the road at that hour was demanded by the officer, +who was told in return to listen. Then, through the still morning air, +the distant booming of the alarm bell's peal on peal was borne to their +ears.</p> + +<p>It was the British who were now uneasy. Ordering the prisoners to follow +them, the troop rode off at a gallop toward Lexington,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> and when they +were at the edge of the village, Revere was told to dismount, and was +left to shift for himself. He then ran as fast as his legs could carry +him across the pastures back to the Clark parsonage, to report his +misadventure, while the patrol galloped off toward Boston to announce +theirs. But by this time, the Minute Men of Lexington had rallied to +oppose the march of the troops. Thanks to the intrepidity of Paul +Revere, the North End coppersmith, the redcoats, instead of surprising +the rebels in their beds, found them marshalled on Lexington Green, and +at Concord Bridge, in front, flank, and rear, armed and ready to dispute +their march to the bitter end.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"You know the rest. In the books you have read<br /></span> +<span class="i0">How the British regulars fired and fled—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">How the farmers gave them ball for ball,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From behind each fence and farmyard wall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Chasing the redcoats down the lane,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then crossing the fields to emerge again<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Under the trees at the turn of the road,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And only pausing to fire and load.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"So through the night rode Paul Revere;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And so through the night went his cry of alarm<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To every Middlesex village and farm——<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A cry of defiance and not of fear,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And a word that shall echo for evermore!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For, borne on the night wind of the past,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Through all our history, to the last,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The people will waken and listen to hear<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The hurrying hoof beats of that steed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the midnight message of Paul Revere."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a><br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></div></div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="HANCOCKS_DOROTHY_Q" id="HANCOCKS_DOROTHY_Q"></a>HANCOCK'S DOROTHY Q.</h2> + + +<p>The Dorothy Q. of our present interest is not the little maiden of +Holmes's charming poem—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Grandmother's mother; her age I guess,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thirteen summers, or something less;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Girlish bust, but womanly air;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Smooth, square forehead with uprolled hair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lips that lover has never kissed;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Taper fingers and slender wrist;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hanging sleeves of stiff brocade;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So they painted the little maid.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On her hand a parrot green<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sits unmoving and broods serene."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>but her niece, the Dorothy Q. whom John Hancock loved, and was visiting +at Lexington, when Paul Revere warned him of the redcoats' approach. +This Dorothy hap<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>pened to be staying just then with the Reverend Jonas +Clark, under the protection of Madam Lydia Hancock, the governor's aunt. +And it was to meet her, his fiancée, that Hancock went, on the eve of +the 19th of April, to the house made famous by his visit.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img139.jpg" width="650" height="425" + alt="CLARK HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASS." /><br /> + <b>CLARK HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASS.</b> + </div> + +<p>One imaginative writer has sketched for us the notable group gathered +that April night about the time-honoured hearthstone in the modest +Lexington parsonage: "The last rays of the setting sun have left the +dampness of the meadows to gather about the home; and each guest and +family occupant has gladly taken seats within the house, while Mrs. +Jonas Clark has closed the shutters, added a new forelog, and fanned the +embers to a cheerful flame. The young couple whom Madam Hancock has +studiously brought together exchange sympathetic glances as they take<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +part in the conversation. The hours wear away, and the candles are +snuffed again and again. Then the guests retire, not, to be sure, +without apprehensions of approaching trouble, but with little thought +that the king's strong arm of military authority is already extended +toward their very roof."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> + + + + +<p>Early the next morning, as we know, the lovers were forced to part in +great haste. And for a time John Hancock and his companion, Samuel +Adams, remained in seclusion, that they might not be seized by General +Gage, who was bent on their arrest, and intended to have them sent to +England for trial.</p> + +<p>The first word we are able to find concerning Hancock's whereabouts +during the interim between his escape from Lexington, and his arrival at +the Continental<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> Congress, appointed to convene at Philadelphia, May 10, +1775, is contained in a long letter to Miss Quincy. This letter, which +gives a rather elaborate account of the dangers and triumphs of the +patriot's journey, concludes: "Pray let me hear from you by every Post. +God bless you, my dear girl, and believe me most Sincerely, Yours most +Affectionately, John Hancock."</p> + +<p>A month later, June 10, 1775, we find the charming Dorothy Q., now the +guest at Fairfield, Connecticut, of Thaddeus Burr, receiving this letter +from her lover:</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">My Dear Dolly</span>:—I am almost prevail'd on to think that my letters to my +Aunt & you are not read, for I cannot obtain a reply, I have ask'd +million questions & not an answer to one, I beg'd you to let<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> me know +what things my Aunt wanted & you and many other matters I wanted to know +but not one word in answer. I Really Take it extreme unkind, pray, my +dear, use not so much Ceremony & Reservedness, why can't you use freedom +in writing, be not afraid of me, I want long Letters. I am glad the +little things I sent you were agreeable. Why did you not write me of the +top of the Umbrella. I am sorry it was spoiled, but I will send you +another by my Express which will go in a few days. How did my Aunt like +her gown, & let me know if the Stockings suited her; she had better send +a pattern shoe & stocking, I warrant I will suit her.... I Beg, my dear +Dolly, you will write me often and long Letters, I will forgive the past +if you will mend in future. Do ask my Aunt to make me up and send me<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> a +Watch String, and do you make up another and send me, I wear them out +fast. I want some little thing of your doing. Remember me to all my +Friends with you, as if named. I am Call'd upon and must obey.</p> + +<p>"I have sent you by Doctor Church in a paper Box Directed to you, the +following things, for your acceptance, & which I do insist you wear, if +you do not I shall think the Donor is the objection:</p> + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="40%" cellspacing="0" summary="I have sent you by Doctor Church in a paper Box Directed to you"> + +<tr> +<td>2 pair white silk}<br />4 pair white thread}</td> +<td>}which stockings<br />}which stockings</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>1 pair black satin<br />1 pair Calem Co.</td> +<td>}Shoes, the other,<br />}Shall be sent when done.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>1 very pretty light hat<br />1 neat airy summer Cloak<br />1 neat airy summer Cloak<br />2 caps<br />1 Fann</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +</table></div> + + + + +<p>"I wish these may please you, I shall be gratified if they do, pray +write me, I will attend to all your Commands.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Adieu, my dear Girl, and believe me with great Esteem & affection,</p> + +<p class="center"> +"Yours without reserve,<br /> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 4em;">"John Hancock."<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img145.jpg" width="650" height="431" + alt="DOROTHY Q. HOUSE, QUINCY, MASS." /><br /> + <b>DOROTHY Q. HOUSE, QUINCY, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>It is interesting to know that while Miss Quincy was a guest in +Fairfield, Aaron Burr, the nephew of her host, came to the house, and +that his magnetic influence soon had an effect upon the beautiful young +lady. But watchful Aunt Lydia prevented the charmer from thwarting the +Hancock family plans, and on the 28th day of the following August there +was a great wedding at Fairfield. John Hancock, president of the +Continental Congress, and Miss Dorothy Quincy were joined in marriage in +style befitting the family situations.</p> + +<p>The noted couple went at once to Phila<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>delphia, where the patriot lived +at intervals during the remainder of the session. Mrs. Hancock seems to +have been much of the time in Boston, however, and occasionally, in the +course of the next few years, we catch delightful glimpses through her +husband's letters of his great affection for her, and for their little +one.</p> + +<p>Under date of Philadelphia, March 10, 1777, we read: "I shall make out +as well as I can, but I assure you, my Dear Soul, I long to have you +here, & I know you will be as expeditious as you can in coming. When I +part from you again it must be a very extraordinary occasion. I have +sent everywhere to get a gold or silver rattle for the child with a +coral to send, but cannot get one. I will have one if possible on your +coming. I have sent a sash for her & two little papers of pins for you. +If you do not want them you can give them away<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>.</p> + +<p>"... May every blessing of an Indulgent Providence attend you. I most +sincerely wish you a good journey & hope I shall soon have the happiness +of seeing you with the utmost affection and Love. My dear Dolly, I am +yours forever,</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"<span class="smcap">John Hancock</span>."</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>After two years and a half of enforced absence, the President of the +Continental Congress returned home to that beautiful house on Beacon +Street, which was unfortunately destroyed in 1863, to make room for a +more modern building. Here the united couple lived very happily with +their two children, Lydia and Washington.</p> + +<p>Judging by descriptions that have come down to us, and by the World's +Fair reproduction of the Hancock House, their mansion must have been a +very sumptuous one. It was built of stone, after the manner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> favoured by +Bostonians who could afford it, with massive walls, and a balcony +projecting over the entrance door, upon which a large second-story +window opened. Braintree stone ornamented the corners and window-places, +and the tiled roof was surrounded by a balustrade. From the roof, dormer +windows provided a beautiful view of the surrounding country. The +grounds were enclosed by a low stone wall, on which was placed a light +wooden fence. The house itself was a little distance back from the +street, and the approach was by means of a dozen stone steps and a +carefully paved walk.</p> + +<p>At the right of the entrance was a reception-room of spacious +dimensions, provided with furniture of bird's-eye maple, covered with +rich damask. Out of this opened the dining-room, sixty feet in length, +in which Hancock was wont to entertain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> Opposite was a smaller +apartment, the usual dining-room of the family. Next adjoining were the +china-room and offices, while behind were to be found the coach-house +and barn of the estate.</p> + +<p>The family drawing-room, its lofty walls covered with crimson paper, was +at the left of the entrance. The upper and lower halls of the house were +hung with pictures of game and with hunting scenes. The furniture, +wall-papers and draperies throughout the house had been imported from +England by Thomas Hancock, and expressed the height of luxury for that +day. Passing through the hall, a flight of steps led to a small +summer-house in the garden, near Mount Vernon Street, and here the +grounds were laid out in ornamental box-bordered beds like those still +to be seen in the beautiful Washington home on the Potomac. A highly +interesting corner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> of the garden was that given over to the group of +mulberry-trees, which had been imported from England by Thomas Hancock, +the uncle of John, he being, with others of his time, immensely +interested in the culture of the silkworm.</p> + +<p>Of this beautiful home Dorothy Quincy showed herself well fitted to be +mistress, and through her native grace and dignity admirably performed +her part at the reception of D'Estaing, Lafayette, Washington, Brissot, +Lords Stanley and Wortley, and other noted guests.</p> + +<p>On October 8, 1793, Hancock died, at the age of fifty-six years. The +last recorded letter penned in his letter volume was to Captain James +Scott, his lifelong friend. And it was to this Captain Scott that our +Dorothy Q. gave her hand in a second marriage three years later. She +outlived her second husband many years,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> residing at the end of her life +on Federal Street in Boston. When turned of seventy she had a lithe, +handsome figure, a pair of laughing eyes, and fine yellow ringlets in +which scarcely a gray hair could be seen. And although for the second +time a widow, she was as sprightly as a girl of sixteen. In her advanced +years, Madam Scott received another call from Lafayette, and those who +witnessed the hearty interview say that the once youthful chevalier and +the unrivalled belle met as if only a summer had passed since their +social intercourse during the perils of the Revolution.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="BARONESS_RIEDESEL_AND_HER_TORY_FRIENDS" id="BARONESS_RIEDESEL_AND_HER_TORY_FRIENDS"></a>BARONESS RIEDESEL AND HER TORY FRIENDS</h2> + + +<p>The most beautiful example of wifely devotion to be found in the annals +connected with the war of the Revolution is that afforded by the story +of the lovely Baroness Riedesel, whose husband was deputed to serve at +the head of the German mercenaries allied to the king's troops, and who +was herself, with the baron and her children, made prisoner of war after +the battle of Saratoga.</p> + +<p>Riedesel was a gallant soldier, and his wife a fair and fascinating +young woman at this time. They had not been long married when the war in +America broke out,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> and the wife's love for her husband was such as to +impel her to dare all the hardships of the journey and join him in the +foreign land. Her letters and journal, which give a lively and vivid +account of the perils of this undertaking, and of the pleasures and +difficulties that she experienced after she had succeeded in reaching +her dear spouse, supply what is perhaps the most interesting human +document of those long years of war.</p> + +<p>The baroness landed on the American continent at Quebec, and travelled +amid great hardships to Chambly, where her husband was stationed. For +two days only they were together. After that she returned with her +children to Three Rivers. Soon, however, came the orders to march down +into the enemy's country.</p> + +<p>The description of this journey as the baroness has given it to us +makes, indeed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> moving reading. Once a frightful cannonade was directed +against the house in which the women and the wounded had taken refuge. +In the cellar of this place Madam Riedesel and her children passed the +entire night. It was in this cellar, indeed, that the little family +lived during the long period of waiting that preceded the capitulation +made necessary by Burgoyne's inexcusable delay near Saratoga. Later the +Riedesels were most hospitably entertained at Saratoga by General +Schuyler, his wife and daughters, of whom the baroness never fails to +speak in her journal with the utmost affection.</p> + +<p>The journey from Albany to Boston was full of incident and hardship, but +of it the plucky wife writes only: "In the midst of all my trials God so +supported me that I lost neither my frolicsomeness nor my spirits...." +The contrast be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>tween the station of the Americans and of the Germans +who were their prisoners, is strikingly brought out in this passage of +the diary: "Some of the American generals who were in charge of us on +the march to Boston were shoemakers; and upon our halting days they made +boots for our officers, and also mended nicely the shoes of our +soldiers. They set a great value upon our money coinage, which with them +was scarce. One of our officers had worn his boots entirely into shreds. +He saw that an American general had on a good pair, and said to him, +jestingly, 'I will gladly give you a guinea for them.' Immediately the +general alighted from his horse, took the guinea, gave up his boots, put +on the badly-worn ones of the officer, and again mounted his horse."</p> + +<p>The journey was at length successfully accomplished, however, and in +Massachu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>setts the baroness was on the whole very well treated, it would +seem.</p> + +<p>"We remained three weeks in wretched quarters at Winter Hill," she +writes, "until they transferred us to Cambridge, where they lodged us in +one of the most beautiful houses of the place, which had formerly been +built by the wealth of the royalists. Never had I chanced upon any such +agreeable situation. Seven families, who were connected with each other +partly by the ties of relationship and partly by affection, had here +farms, gardens, and magnificent houses, and not far off plantations of +fruit. The owners of these were in the habit of meeting each other in +the afternoon, now at the house of one, and now at another, and making +themselves merry with music and the dance—living in prosperity united +and happy, until, alas! this ruinous war severed them, and left<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> all +their houses desolate except two, the proprietors of which were also +soon obliged to flee....</p> + +<p>"None of our gentlemen were allowed to go into Boston. Curiosity and +desire urged me, however, to pay a visit, to Madam Carter, the daughter +of General Schuyler, and I dined at her house several times. The city +throughout is pretty, but inhabited by violent patriots, and full of +wicked people. The women especially were so shameless, that they +regarded me with repugnance, and even spit at me when I passed by them. +Madam Carter was as gentle and good as her parents, but her husband was +wicked and treacherous. She came often to visit us, and also dined at +our house with the other generals. We sought to show them by every means +our gratitude. They seemed also to have much friendship for us; and yet +at the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> time this miserable Carter, when the English General Howe +had burned many hamlets and small towns, made the horrible proposition +to the Americans to chop off the heads of our generals, salt them down +in small barrels, and send over to the English one of these barrels for +every hamlet or little town burned down. But this barbarous suggestion +fortunately was not adopted.</p> + +<p>"... I saw here that nothing is more terrible than a civil war. Almost +every family was disunited.... On the third of June, 1778, I gave a ball +and supper in celebration of the birthday of my husband. I had invited +to it all the generals and officers. The Carters also were there. +General Burgoyne sent an excuse after he had made us wait until eight +o'clock in the evening. He invariably excused himself on various +pretences from coming to see<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> us until his departure for England, when +he came and made me a great many apologies, but to which I made no other +answer than that I should be extremely sorry if he had gone out of his +way on our account. We danced considerably, and our cook prepared us a +magnificent supper of more than eighty covers. Moreover, our courtyard +and garden were illuminated. As the birthday of the King of England came +upon the following day, which was the fourth, it was resolved that we +would not separate until his health had been drank; which was done with +the most hearty attachment to his person and his interests.</p> + +<p>"Never, I believe, has 'God Save the King,' been drunk with more +enthusiasm or more genuine good will. Even both my oldest little +daughters were there, having stayed up to see the illumination. All eyes +were full of tears; and it seemed as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> if every one present was proud to +have the spirit to venture to this in the midst of our enemies. Even the +Carters could not shut their hearts against us. As soon as the company +separated, we perceived that the whole house was surrounded by +Americans, who, having seen so many people go into the house, and having +noticed also the illumination, suspected that we were planning a mutiny, +and if the slightest disturbance had arisen it would have cost us +dear....</p> + +<p>"The Americans," says the baroness, further on, "when they desire to +collect their troops together, place burning torches of pitch upon the +hilltops, at which signal every one hastens to the rendezvous. We were +once witnesses of this when General Howe attempted a landing at Boston +in order to rescue the captive troops. They learned of this plan, as +usual, long before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>hand, and opened barrels of pitch, whereupon for +three or four successive days a large number of people without shoes and +stockings, and with guns on their backs, were seen hastily coming from +all directions, by which means so many people came together so soon that +it would have been a very difficult thing to effect a landing.</p> + +<p>"We lived very happily and contented in Cambridge, and were therefore +well pleased at remaining there during the captivity of our troops. As +winter approached, however, we were ordered to Virginia [because of the +difficulty of providing provisions], and in the month of November, 1778, +set out.</p> + +<p>"My husband, fortunately, found a pretty English wagon, and bought it +for me, so that as before I was enabled to travel comfortably. My little +Gustava<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> had entreated one of my husband's adjutants, Captain Edmonston, +not to leave us on the way. The confiding manner of the child touched +him and he gave his promise and faithfully kept it. I travelled always +with the army and often over almost impassable roads....</p> + +<p>"I had always provisions with me, but carried them in a second small +wagon. As this could not go as fast as we, I was often in want of +everything. Once when we were passing a town called Hertford [Hartford, +Connecticut], we made a halt, which, by the by, happened every fourth +day. We there met General Lafayette, whom my husband invited to dinner, +as otherwise he would have been unable to find anything to eat. This +placed me in rather an awkward dilemma as I knew that he loved a good +dinner. Finally, however, I managed to glean from what<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> provisions I had +on hand enough to make him a very respectable meal. He was so polite and +agreeable that he pleased us all very much. He had many Americans in his +train, though, who were ready to leap out of their skins for vexation at +hearing us speak constantly in French. Perhaps they feared, on seeing us +on such a friendly footing with him, that we would be able to alienate +him from their cause, or that he would confide things to us that we +ought not to know.</p> + +<p>"Lafayette spoke much of England, and of the kindness of the king in +having had all objects of interest shown to him. I could not keep myself +from asking him how he could find it in his heart to accept so many +marks of kindness from the king when he was on the point of departing in +order to fight against him. Upon this observation of mine he appeared +somewhat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> ashamed, and answered me: 'It is true that such a thought +passed through my mind one day, when the king offered to show me his +fleet. I answered that I hoped to see it some day, and then quietly +retired, in order to escape from the embarrassment of being obliged to +decline, point blank, the offer, should it be repeated.'"</p> + +<p>The baroness's own meeting with the king soon after her return to +England, in the autumn of 1780, when the prisoners were exchanged, is +thus entertainingly described: "One day when we were yet seated at +table, the queen's first lady of honour, my Lady Howard, sent us a +message to the effect that her Majesty would receive us at six o'clock +that afternoon. As my court dress was not yet ready, and I had nothing +with me proper to wear, I sent my apologies for not going at that time, +which I again repeated when we had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> the honour of being presented to +their Majesties, who were both present at the reception. The queen, +however, as did also the king, received us with extraordinary +graciousness, and replied to my excuses by saying, 'We do not look at +the dress of those persons we are glad to see.'</p> + +<p>"They were surrounded by the princesses, their daughters. We seated +ourselves before the chimney-fire,—the queen, the princesses, the first +lady of honour, and myself,—forming a half-circle, my husband, with the +king, standing in the centre close to the fire. Tea and cakes were then +passed round. I sat between the queen and one of the princesses, and was +obliged to go over a great part of my adventures. Her majesty said to me +very graciously, 'I have followed you everywhere, and have often +inquired after you; and I have always heard with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> delight that you were +well, contented, and beloved by every one.' I happened to have at this +time a shocking cough. Observing this, the Princess Sophia went herself +and brought me a jelly made of black currants, which she represented as +a particularly good remedy, and forced me to accept a jar full.</p> + +<p>"About nine o'clock in the evening the Prince of Wales came in. His +youngest sisters flocked around him, and he embraced them and danced +them around. In short, the royal family had such a peculiar gift for +removing all restraint that one could readily imagine himself to be in a +cheerful family circle of his own station in life. We remained with them +until ten o'clock, and the king conversed much with my husband about +America in German, which he spoke exceedingly well."</p> + + + + +<p>From England the baroness proceeded (in 1783), to her home in +Brunswick, where she was joyfully received, and where, after her +husband's triumph, they enjoyed together respite from war for a period +of four years. In 1794, General Riedesel was appointed commandant of the +city of Brunswick, where he died in 1800. The baroness survived him +eight years, passing away in Berlin, March 29, 1808, at the age of +sixty-two. She rests beside her beloved consort in the family vault<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> at +Lauterbach.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img169.jpg" width="650" height="429" + alt="RIEDESEL HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS." /><br /> + <b>RIEDESEL HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.</b> + </div> + +<p>Her Cambridge residence, which formerly stood at the corner of Sparks +Street, on Brattle, among the beautiful lindens so often mentioned in +the "journal," has recently been remodelled and removed to the next lot +but one from its original site. It now looks as in the picture, and is +numbered 149 Brattle Street. A little street at the right has been +appropriately<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> named Riedesel Avenue. Yet even in history-loving +Cambridge there is little familiarity with the career of the baron and +his charming lady, and there are few persons who have read the +entertaining journal, written in German a century and a quarter ago by +this clever and devoted wife.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="DOCTOR_CHURCH_FIRST_TRAITOR_TO_THE_AMERICAN_CAUSE" id="DOCTOR_CHURCH_FIRST_TRAITOR_TO_THE_AMERICAN_CAUSE"></a>DOCTOR CHURCH: FIRST TRAITOR TO THE AMERICAN CAUSE</h2> + + +<p>Very few old houses retain at the present time so large a share of the +dignity and picturesqueness originally theirs, as does the homestead +whose chief interest for us lies in the fact that it was the +Revolutionary prison of Doctor Benjamin Church, the first-discovered +traitor to the American cause. This house is on Brattle Street, at the +corner of Hawthorn. Built about 1700, it came early into the possession +of Jonathan Belcher, who afterward became Sir Jonathan, and from 1730 +till 1741 was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Colonel John +Vassall the elder was the next owner of the house, acquiring it in 1736, +and somewhat later conveying it, with its adjoining estate of seven +acres, to his brother, Major Henry, an officer in the militia, who died +under its roof in 1769.</p> + +<p>Major Henry Vassall had married Penelope, sister of Isaac Royall, the +proprietor of the beautiful place at Medford, but upon the beginning of +hostilities, this sprightly widow abandoned her spacious home in such +haste that she carried along with her, according to tradition, a young +companion whom she had not time to restore to her friends! Such of her +property as could be used by the colony forces was given in charge of +Colonel Stark, while the rest was allowed to pass into Boston. The barns +and roomy outbuild<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>ings were used for the storage of the colony +forage.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img175.jpg" width="650" height="462" + alt="HOUSE WHERE DOCTOR CHURCH WAS CONFINED, CAMBRIDGE, MASS." /><br /> + <b>HOUSE WHERE DOCTOR CHURCH WAS CONFINED, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>It is highly probable that the Widow Vassall's house at once became the +American hospital, and that it was the residence, as it was certainly +the prison, of Doctor Benjamin Church. Church had been placed at the +head of an army hospital for the accommodation of twenty thousand men, +and till this time had seemed a brave and zealous compatriot of Warren +and the other leading men of the time. Soon after his appointment, he +was, however, detected in secret correspondence with Gage. He had +entrusted to a woman of his acquaintance a letter written in cipher to +be forwarded to the British commander. This letter was found upon the +girl, she was taken to headquarters, and there the contents of the fatal +message were deciphered and the defection of Doctor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> Church established. +When questioned by Washington he appeared utterly confounded, and made +no attempt to vindicate himself.</p> + +<p>The letter itself did not contain any intelligence of importance, but +the discovery that one, until then so high in the esteem of his +countrymen, was engaged in a clandestine correspondence with the enemy +was deemed sufficient evidence of guilt. Church was therefore arrested +at once, and confined in a chamber looking upon Brattle Street. Some of +his leisure, while here imprisoned, he employed in cutting on the door +of a closet:</p> + +<h4> +"<span class="smcap">B Church, jr.</span>" +</h4> + +<p>There the marks still remain, their significance having after a half +century been interpreted by a lady of the house to whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> they had long +been familiar, but who had lacked any clue to their origin until, in the +course of a private investigation, she determined beyond a doubt their +relation to Church. The chamber has two windows in the north front, and +two overlooking the area on the south.</p> + +<p>Church's fall was the more terrible because from a height. He was a +member of a very distinguished family, and he had been afforded in his +youth all the best opportunities of the day. In 1754 he was graduated at +Harvard, and after studying with Doctor Pynchon rose to considerable +eminence as a physician and particularly as a surgeon. Besides talents +and genius of a sort, he was endowed with a rare poetic fancy, many of +his verses being full of daintiness as well as of a very pretty wit. He +was, however, somewhat extravagant in his habits, and about 1768 had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +built himself an elegant country house near Boston. It was to sustain +this, it is believed, that he sold himself to the king's cause.</p> + +<p>To all appearance, however, Church was up to the very hour of his +detection one of the leading patriots of the time. He had been chosen to +deliver the oration in the Old South Meeting-House on March 5, 1773, and +he there pronounced a stirring discourse, which has still power to +thrill the reader, upon the massacre the day celebrates, and the love of +liberty which inspired the patriots' revolt on that memorable occasion. +Yet two years earlier, as we have since discovered from a letter of +Governor Hutchinson, he had been anonymously employing his venal pen in +the service of the government!</p> + +<p>In 1774, when he was a member of the Provincial Congress, he was first +suspected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> of communication with Gage, and of receiving a reward for his +treachery. Paul Revere has written concerning this: "In the fall of '74 +and the winter of '75 I was one of upwards of thirty, chiefly mechanics, +who formed themselves into a committee for the purpose of watching the +movements of the British soldiers and gaining every intelligence of the +Tories. We held our meetings at the Green Dragon Tavern. This committee +were astonished to find all their secrets known to General Gage, +although every time they met every member swore not to reveal any of +their transactions except to Hancock, Adams, Warren, Otis, Church, and +one or two others."</p> + +<p>The traitor, of course, proved to be Doctor Church. One of his students +who kept his books and knew of his money embarrassment first mistrusted +him. Only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> treachery, he felt, could account for his master's sudden +acquisition of some hundreds of new British guineas.</p> + +<p>The doctor was called before a council of war consisting of all the +major-generals and brigadiers of the army, beside the adjutant-general, +Washington himself presiding. This tribunal decided that Church's acts +had been criminal, but remanded him for the decision of the General +Court, of which he was a member. He was taken in a chaise, escorted by +General Gates and a guard of twenty men, to the music of fife and drum, +to Watertown meeting-house, where the court sat. "The galleries," says +an old writer, "were thronged with people of all ranks. The bar was +placed in the middle of the broad aisle, and the doctor arraigned." His +defence at the trial was very ingenious and able:—that the fatal letter +was designed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> for his brother, but that since it was not sent he had +communicated no intelligence; that there was nothing in the letter but +notorious facts; that his exaggerations of the American force could only +be designed to favour the cause of his country; and that his object was +purely patriotic. He added, in a burst of sounding though unconvincing +oratory: "The warmest bosom here does not flame with a brighter zeal for +the security, happiness, and liberties of America than mine."</p> + +<p>These eloquent professions did not avail him, however. He was adjudged +guilty, and expelled from the House of Representatives of Massachusetts. +By order of the General Congress, he was condemned to close confinement +in Norwich jail in Connecticut, "and debarred from the use of pen, ink, +and paper," but his health failing, he was allowed (in 1776) to leave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +the country. He sailed for the West Indies,—and the vessel that bore +him was never afterward heard from.</p> + +<p>Some people in Church's time, as well as our own, have been disposed to +doubt the man's treachery, but Paul Revere was firmly convinced that the +doctor was in the pay of General Gage. Revere's statement runs in part +as follows:</p> + +<p>"The same day I met Doctor Warren. He was president of the Committee of +Safety. He engaged me as a messenger to do the out-of-doors business for +that committee; which gave me an opportunity of being frequently with +them. The Friday evening after, about sunset, I was sitting with some or +near all that committee in their room, which was at Mr. Hastings's house +in Cambridge. Doctor Church all at once started up. 'Doctor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> Warren,' +said he, 'I am determined to go into Boston to-morrow.' (It set them all +a-staring.) Doctor Warren replied, 'Are you serious, Doctor Church? They +will hang you if they catch you in Boston.' He replied, 'I am serious, +and am determined to go at all adventures.' After a considerable +conversation, Doctor Warren said, 'If you are determined, let us make +some business for you.' They agreed that he should go to get medicine +for their and our wounded officers."</p> + +<p>Naturally, Paul Revere, who was an ardent patriot as well as an +exceedingly straightforward man, had little sympathy with Church's +weakness, but to-day as one looks at the initials scratched by the +prisoner on the door of his cell, one's heart expands with pity for the +man, and one wonders long and long whether the vessel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> on which he +sailed was really lost, or whether he escaped on it to foreign shores, +there to expiate as best he could his sin against himself and his +country.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="A_VICTIM_OF_TWO_REVOLUTIONS" id="A_VICTIM_OF_TWO_REVOLUTIONS"></a>A VICTIM OF TWO REVOLUTIONS</h2> + + +<p>In the life of Colonel James Swan, as in that of Doctor Benjamin Church, +money was the root of all evil. Swan was almost a fool because of his +pig-headedness in financial adversity, and Church was ever a knave, +plausible even when proved guilty. Yet both fell from the same cause, +utter inability to keep money and avoid debt.</p> + +<p>Colonel Swan's history reads very like a romance. He was born in +Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1754, and came to America in 1765. He found +employment in Boston, and devoted all his spare time to books. While a +clerk of eighteen, in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> counting-house near Faneuil Hall, he published +a work on the African slave trade, entitled, "A Discussion of Great +Britain and Her Colonies from the Slave Trade," a copy of which, +preserved in the Boston Public Library, is well worth reading for its +flavour and wit.</p> + +<p>While serving an apprenticeship with Thaxter & Son, he formed an +intimate friendship with several other clerks who, in after years, +became widely known, among them, Benjamin Thompson, afterward made Count +Rumford, and Henry Knox, who later became the bookseller on Cornhill, +and finally a general in the Continental army.</p> + +<p>Swan was a member of the Sons of Liberty, and took part in the famous +Boston tea-party. He was engaged in the battle of Bunker Hill as a +volunteer aid of Warren, and was twice wounded. He also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> witnessed the +evacuation of Boston by the British, March 17, 1776. He later became +secretary of the Massachusetts board of war, and was elected a member of +the legislature. Throughout the whole war he occupied positions of +trust, often requiring great courage and cool judgment, and the fidelity +with which every duty was performed was shown by the honours conferred +upon him after retiring to civil life. By means of a large fortune which +fell to him, he entered mercantile business on a large scale, and became +very wealthy. He owned large tracts of land in different parts of the +country, and bought much of the confiscated property of the Tories, +among other lands the estate belonging to Governor Hutchinson, lying on +Tremont Street, between West and Boylston Streets.</p> + +<p>His large speculations, however, caused him to become deeply involved in +debt.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> In 1787, accordingly, he started out anew to make a fortune, and +through the influence of Lafayette and other men of prominence in Paris, +he secured many government contracts which entailed immense profit. +Through all the dark days of the French Revolution, he tried to serve +the cause of the proscribed French nobility by perfecting plans for them +to colonise on his lands in America. A large number he induced to +immigrate, and a vast quantity of the furniture and belongings of these +unfortunates was received on board his ships. But before the owners +could follow their furniture, the axe had fallen upon their heads.</p> + +<p>When the Reign of Terror was at its height, the <i>Sally</i>, owned by +Colonel Swan, and commanded by Captain Stephen Clough, of Wiscasset, +Maine, came home with a strange cargo and a stranger story.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> The cargo +consisted of French tapestries, marquetry, silver with foreign crests, +rare vases, clocks, costly furniture, and no end of apparelling fit for +a queen. The story was that, only for the failure at the last moment of +a plot for her deliverance, Marie Antoinette would also have been on the +sloop, the plan being that she should be the guest at Wiscasset of the +captain's wife until she could be transferred to a safer retreat.</p> + +<p>However true may be the rumour of a plot to bring Marie Antoinette to +America, it is certain that the furniture brought on the <i>Sally</i>, was of +exceptional value and beauty. It found its resting-place in the old Swan +house of our picture, to which it gave for many years the name of the +Marie Antoinette house. One room was even called the Marie Antoinette +room, and the bedstead of this apartment, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> is to-day in the +possession of the descendants of Colonel Swan, is still known as the +Marie Antoinette bedstead. Whether the unhappy queen ever really rested +on this bed cannot, of course, be said, but tradition has it that it was +designed for her use in America because she had found it comfortable in +France.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img193.jpg" width="650" height="448" + alt="SWAN HOUSE, DORCHESTER, MASS." /><br /> + <b>SWAN HOUSE, DORCHESTER, MASS.</b> + </div> + +<p>Colonel Swan, having paid all his debts, returned in 1795 to the United +States, accompanied by the beautiful and eccentric gentlewoman who was +his wife, and who had been with her husband in Paris during the Terror. +They brought with them on this occasion a very large collection of fine +French furniture, decorations, and paintings. The colonel had become +very wealthy indeed through his commercial enterprises, and was now able +to spend a great deal of money upon his fine Dorchester mansion, which +he finished about the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> year 1796. A prominent figure of the house was +the circular dining-hall, thirty-two feet in diameter, crowned at the +height of perhaps twenty-five feet by a dome, and having three mirror +windows. As originally built, it contained no fireplaces or heating +conveniences of any kind.</p> + + +<p>Mrs. Swan accompanied her husband on several subsequent trips to Paris, +and it was on one of these occasions that the colonel came to great +grief. He had contracted, it is said, a debt claimed in France to be two +million francs. This indebtedness he denied, and in spite of the +persuasion of his friends he would make no concession in the matter. As +a matter of principle he would not pay a debt which, he insisted, he did +not owe. He seems to have believed the claim of his creditor to be a +plot, and he at once resolved to be a martyr. He was thereupon arrested, +and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> confined in St. Pélagie, a debtor's prison, from 1808 to 1830, a +period of twenty-two years!</p> + +<p>He steadfastly denied the charge against him, and, although able to +settle the debt, preferred to remain a prisoner to securing his liberty +on an unjust plea.... He gave up his wife, children, friends, and the +comforts of his Parisian and New England homes for a principle, and made +preparations for a long stay in prison. Lafayette, Swan's sincere +friend, tried in vain to prevail upon him to take his liberty.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Doctor Small, his biographer, tells us that he lived in a little cell in +the prison, and was treated with great respect by the other prisoners, +they putting aside their little furnaces with which they cooked, that he +might have more room for exercise. Not a day passed without some kind +act<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> on his part, and he was known to have been the cause of the +liberation of many poor debtors. When the jailor introduced his +pretended creditor, he would politely salute him, and say to the former: +"My friend, return me to my chamber."</p> + +<p>With funds sent by his wife, Swan hired apartments in the Rue de la +Clif, opposite St. Pélagie, which he caused to be fitted up at great +expense. Here were dining and drawing rooms, coaches, and stables, and +outhouses, and here he invited his guests and lodged his servants, +putting at the disposal of the former his carriages, in which they drove +to the promenade, the ball, the theatre—everywhere in his name. At this +Parisian home he gave great dinners to his constant but bewildered +friends. He seemed happy in thus braving his creditors and judges, we +are told, allowed his beard to grow, dressed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> à la mode, and was +cheerful to the last day of his confinement.</p> + +<p>His wife died in 1825, and five years later the Revolution of July threw +open his doors in the very last hour of his twenty-second year of +captivity. His one desire upon being released was to embrace his friend +Lafayette, and this he did on the steps of the Hôtel de Ville. Then he +returned, July 31, to reinstate himself in prison—for St. Pélagie had +after twenty-two years come to stand to him for home. He was seized +almost immediately upon his second entrance into confinement with a +hemorrhage, and died suddenly in the Rue d'Échiquier, aged seventy-six. +In his will, he donated large sums of money to his four children, and to +the city of Boston to found an institution to be called the Swan Orphan +Academy. But the estate was found to be hopelessly insolvent,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> and the +public legacy was never paid. The colonel's name lives, however, in the +Maine island he purchased in 1786, for the purpose of improving and +settling,—a project which, but for one of his periodic failures, he +would probably have successfully accomplished.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_WOMAN_VETERAN_OF_THE_CONTINENTAL_ARMY" id="THE_WOMAN_VETERAN_OF_THE_CONTINENTAL_ARMY"></a>THE WOMAN VETERAN OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY</h2> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img201.jpg" width="327" height="500" + alt="DEBORAH SAMPSON GANNETT." /><br /> + <b>DEBORAH SAMPSON GANNETT.</b> + </div> + +<p>Deborah Sampson Gannett, of Sharon, has the unique distinction of +presenting the only authenticated case of a woman's enlistment and +service as a regular soldier in the Revolutionary army.</p> + + + + +<p>The proof of her claim's validity can be found in the resolutions of the +General Court of Massachusetts, where, under date of January 20, 1792, +those who take the trouble may find this entry: "On the petition of +Deborah Gannett, praying compensation for services performed in the late +army of the United States.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Whereas, it appears to this court that Deborah Gannett enlisted under +the name of Robert Shurtleff, in Captain Webb's company in the Fourth +Massachusetts regiment, on May 21, 1782, and did actually perform the +duties of a soldier in the late army of the United States to the +twenty-third day of October, 1783, for which she has received no +compensation;</p> + +<p>"And, whereas, it further appears that the said Deborah exhibited an +extraordinary instance of female heroism by discharging the duties of a +faithful, gallant soldier, and at the same time preserved the virtue and +chastity of her sex unsuspected and unblemished, and was discharged from +the service with a fair and honourable character; therefore,</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, that the treasurer of the Commonwealth be, and hereby is, +directed to issue his note to said Deborah for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> sum of £34, bearing +interest from October 23, 1783."</p> + +<p>Thus was the seal of authenticity set upon as extraordinary a story as +can be found in the annals of this country.</p> + +<p>Deborah Sampson was born in Plympton, Plymouth County, December 17, +1760, of a family descended from Governor Bradford. She had many +brothers who enlisted for service early in the war, and it was their +example, according to some accounts, which inspired her unusual course.</p> + +<p>If one may judge from the hints thrown out in the "Female Review," a +quaint little pamphlet probably written by Deborah herself, and +published in 1797, however, it was the ardent wooing of a too +importunate lover which drove the girl to her extraordinary undertaking. +Two copies of this "Review" are now treasured in the Boston Public +Library.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the first chapters, the author discourses upon female education and +the like, and then, after a sympathetic analysis of the educational +aspirations of the heroine (referred to throughout the book as "our +illustrious fair"), and a peroration on the lady's religious beliefs, +describes in Miss Sampson's own words a curious dream she once had.</p> + +<p>The young woman experienced this psychic visitation, the author of the +"Review" would have us believe, a short time before taking her final +step toward the army. In the dream, a serpent bade her "arise, stand on +your feet, gird yourself, and prepare to encounter your enemy." This, +according to the chronicler's interpretation, was one underlying cause +of Deborah's subsequent decision to enlist as a soldier.</p> + +<p>Yet her mother's wish that she should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> marry a man for whom she felt no +love is also suggested as a cause, and there is a hint, too, that the +death in the battle of Long Island, New York, of a man to whom she was +attached, gave the final impulse to her plan. At any rate, it was the +night that she heard the news of this man's death that she started on +her perilous undertaking.</p> + +<p>"Having put in readiness the materials she had judged requisite," writes +her chronicler, "she retired at her usual hour to bed, intending to rise +at twelve.... There was none but the Invisible who could take cognisance +of her passion on assuming her new garb."</p> + +<p>She slipped cautiously away, and travelled carefully to Bellingham, +where she enlisted as a Continental soldier on a three years' term. She +was mustered into the army at Worcester, under the name of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> Robert +Shurtleff. With about fifty other soldiers she soon arrived at West +Point, and it there fell to her lot to be in Captain Webb's company, in +Colonel Shepard's regiment, and in General Patterson's brigade.</p> + +<p>Naturally the girl's disappearance from home had caused her friends and +her family great uneasiness. Her mother reproached herself for having +urged too constantly upon the attention of her child the suit of a man +for whom she did not care, and her lover upbraided himself for having +been too importunate in his wooing. The telephone and telegraph not +having been invented, it was necessary, in order to trace the lost girl, +to visit all the places to which Deborah might have flown. Her brother, +therefore, made an expedition one hundred miles to the eastward among +some of the family relations, and her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> suitor took his route to the west +of Massachusetts and across into New York State.</p> + +<p>In the course of his search he visited, as it happened, the very place +in which Deborah's company was stationed, and saw (though he did not +recognise) his lost sweetheart. She recognised him, however, and hearing +his account to the officers of her mother's grief and anxiety, sent home +as soon as opportunity offered, the following letter:</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Dear Parent</span>:—On the margin of one of those rivers which intersects and +winds itself so beautifully majestic through a vast extent of territory +of the United States is the present situation of your unworthy but +constant and affectionate daughter. I pretend not to justify or even to +palliate my clandestine elopement. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> hopes of pacifying your mind, +which I am sure must be afflicted beyond measure, I write you this +scrawl. Conscious of not having thus abruptly absconded by reason of any +fancied ill treatment from you, or disaffection toward any, the thoughts +of my disobedience are truly poignant. Neither have I a plea that the +insults of man have driven me hence: and let this be your consoling +reflection—that I have not fled to offer more daring insults to them by +a proffered prostitution of that virtue which I have always been taught +to preserve and revere. The motive is truly important; and when I +divulge it my sole ambition and delight shall be to make an expiatory +sacrifice for my transgression.</p> + +<p>"I am in a large but well regulated family. My employment is agreeable, +although it is somewhat different and more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> intense than it was at home. +But I apprehend it is equally as advantageous. My superintendents are +indulgent; but to a punctilio they demand a due observance of decorum +and propriety of conduct. By this you must know I have become mistress +of many useful lessons, though I have many more to learn. Be not too +much troubled, therefore, about my present or future engagements; as I +will endeavour to make that prudence and virtue my model, for which, I +own, I am much indebted to those who took the charge of my youth.</p> + +<p>"My place of residence and the adjoining country are beyond description +delightsome.... Indeed, were it not for the ravages of war, of which I +have seen more here than in Massachusetts, this part of our great +continent would become a paradisiacal elysium. Heaven condescend<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> that a +speedy peace may constitute us a happy and independent nation: when the +husband shall again be restored to his amiable consort, to wipe her +sorrowing tear, the son to the embraces of his mourning parents, and the +lover to the tender, disconsolate, and half-distracted object of his +love.</p> + +<p class="center"> +"Your affectionate<br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">"Daughter."</span> +</p> + +<p>Unfortunately this letter, which had to be entrusted to a stranger, was +intercepted. But Deborah did not know this, and her mind at rest, she +pursued cheerfully the course she had marked out for herself.</p> + +<p>The fatigue and heat of the march oppressed the girl soldier more than +did battle or the fear of death. Yet at White Plains, her first +experience of actual warfare, her left-hand man was shot dead in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> the +second fire, and she herself received two shots through her coat and one +through her cap. In the terrible bayonet charge at this same battle, in +which she was a participant, the sight of the bloodshed proved almost +too much for her strength.</p> + +<p>At Yorktown she was ordered to work on a battery, which she did right +faithfully. Among her comrades, Deborah's young and jaunty appearance +won for her the sobriquet "blooming boy." She was a great favourite in +the ranks. She shirked nothing, and did duty sometimes as a common +soldier and sometimes as a sergeant on the lines, patrolling, collecting +fuel, and performing such other offices as fell to her lot.</p> + +<p>After the battle of White Plains she received two severe wounds, one of +which was in her thigh. Naturally, a surgeon was sent for at once, but +the plucky girl,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> who could far more easily endure pain than the thought +of discovery, extracted the ball herself with penknife and needle before +hospital aid arrived.</p> + +<p>In the spring of 1783 General Patterson selected her for his waiter, and +Deborah so distinguished herself for readiness and courage that the +general often praised to the other men of the regiment the heroism of +his "smock-faced boy."</p> + +<p>It is at this stage of the story that the inevitable dénouement +occurred. The young soldier fell ill with a prevailing epidemic, and +during her attack of unconsciousness her sex was discovered by the +attendant physician, Doctor Bana. Immediately she was removed by the +physician's orders to the apartment of the hospital matron, under whose +care she remained until discharged as well.</p> + +<p>Deborah's appearance in her uniform<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> was sufficiently suggestive, as has +been said, of robust masculinity to attract the favourable attention of +many young women. What she had not counted upon was the arousing in one +of these girls of a degree of interest which should imperil her secret. +Her chagrin, the third morning after the doctor's discovery, was +appreciably deepened, therefore, by the arrival of a love-letter from a +rich and charming young woman of Baltimore whom the soldier, "Robert +Shurtleff," had several times met, but whose identity with the writer of +the letter our heroine by no means suspected. This letter, accompanied +by a gift of fruit, the compiler of the "Female Review" gives as +follows:</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Dear Sir:</span>—Fraught with the feelings of a friend who is doubtless +beyond your conception interested in your health<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> and happiness, I take +liberty to address you with a frankness which nothing but the purest +friendship and affection can palliate,—know, then, that the charms I +first read on your visage brought a passion into my bosom for which I +could not account. If it was from the thing called LOVE, I was before +mostly ignorant of it, and strove to stifle the fugutive; though I +confess the indulgence was agreeable. But repeated interviews with you +kindled it into a flame I do not now blush to own: and should it meet a +generous return, I shall not reproach myself for its indulgence. I have +long sought to hear of your department, and how painful is the news I +this moment received that you are sick, if alive, in the hospital! Your +complicated nerves will not admit of writing, but inform the bearer if +you are necessitated for anything that can con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>duce to your comfort. If +you recover and think proper to inquire my name, I will give you an +opportunity. But if death is to terminate your existence there, let your +last senses be impressed with the reflection that you die not without +one more friend whose tears will bedew your funeral obsequies. Adieu."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The distressed invalid replied to this note that "he" was not in need of +money. The same evening, however, another missive was received, +enclosing two guineas. And the like favours were continued throughout +the soldier's stay at the hospital.</p> + +<p>Upon recovery, the "blooming boy" resumed his uniform to rejoin the +troops. Doctor Bana had kept the secret, and there seemed to Deborah no +reason why she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> should not pursue her soldier career to the end.</p> + +<p>The enamoured maid of Baltimore still remained, however, a thorn in her +conscience. And one day, when near Baltimore on a special duty, our +soldier was summoned by a note to the home of this young woman, who, +confessing herself the writer of the anonymous letter, declared her +love. Just what response was made to this avowal is not known, but that +the attractive person in soldier uniform did not at this time tell the +maid of Baltimore the whole truth is certain.</p> + +<p>Events were soon, however, to force Deborah to perfect frankness with +her admirer. After leaving Baltimore, she went on a special duty +journey, in the course of which she was taken captive by Indians. The +savage who had her in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> charge she was obliged to kill in +self-defence, after which there seemed every prospect that she and the +single Indian lad who escaped with her would perish in the wilderness, a +prey to wild beasts. Thereupon she wrote to her Baltimore admirer thus:</p> + +<p>"Dear Miss ——:—Perhaps you are the nearest friend I have. But a few +hours must inevitably waft me to an infinite distance from all sublunary +enjoyments, and fix me in a state of changeless retribution. Three years +having made me the sport of fortune, I am at length doomed to end my +existence in a dreary wilderness, unattended except by an Indian boy. If +you receive these lines, remember they come from one who sincerely loves +you. But, my amiable friend, forgive my imper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>fections and forget you +ever had affection for one so unworthy the name of</p> + +<p class="author"> +"<span class="smcap">Your Own Sex</span>." +</p> + +<p>No means of sending this letter presented itself, however, and after a +dreary wandering, Deborah was enabled to rejoin her soldier friends. +Then she proceeded to Baltimore for the express purpose of seeing her +girl admirer and telling her the truth. Yet this time, too, she evaded +her duty, and left the maiden still unenlightened, with a promise to +return the ensuing spring—a promise, she afterward declared, she had +every intention of keeping, had not the truth been published to the +world in the intervening time.</p> + +<p>Doctor Bana had been only deferring the uncloaking of "Robert +Shurtleff." Upon Deborah's return to duty, he made the culprit herself +the bearer of a letter to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> General Patterson, which disclosed the +secret.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img221.jpg" width="650" height="448" + alt="GANNETT HOUSE, SHARON, MASS." /><br /> + <b>GANNETT HOUSE, SHARON, MASS.</b> + </div> + +<p>The general, who was at West Point at the time, treated her with all +possible kindness, and commended her for her service, instead of +punishing her, as she had feared. Then he gave her a private apartment, +and made arrangements to have her safely conducted to Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>Not quite yet, however, did Deborah abandon her disguise. She passed the +next winter with distant relatives under the name of her youngest +brother. But she soon resumed her proper name, and returned to her +delighted family.</p> + +<p>After the war, she married Benjamin Gannett, and the homestead in +Sharon, where she lived for the rest of her life, is still standing, +relics of her occupancy, her table and her Bible, being shown there +to-day to interested visitors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> + + + + +<p>In 1802 she made a successful lecturing tour, during which she kept a +very interesting diary, which is still exhibited to those interested by +her great-granddaughter, Mrs. Susan Moody. Her grave in Sharon is +carefully preserved, a street has been named in her honour, and several +patriotic societies have constituted her their principal deity. +Certainly her story is curious enough to entitle her to some +distinction.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_REDEEMED_CAPTIVE" id="THE_REDEEMED_CAPTIVE"></a>THE REDEEMED CAPTIVE</h2> + + +<p>Of all the towns settled by Englishmen in the midst of Indians, none was +more thoroughly peaceful in its aims and origin than Deerfield, in the +old Pocumtuck Valley. Here under the giant trees of the primeval forest +the whitehaired Eliot prayed, and beside the banks of the sluggish +stream he gathered as nucleus for the town the roving savages upon whom +his gospel message had made a deep impression. Quite naturally, +therefore, the men of Pocumtuck were not disquieted by news of Indian +troubles. With the natives about them they had lived on peaceful terms +for many years, and it was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> almost impossible for them to believe that +they would ever come to shudder at the mere presence of redskins. Yet +history tells us, and Deerfield to-day bears witness to the fact, that +no town in all the colonies suffered more at the hands of the Indians +than did this peaceful village in Western Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>In 1702 King William died, and "good" Queen Anne reigned in his stead. +Following closely upon the latter event came another war between France +and England, a conflict which, as in the reign of William and Mary, +renewed the hostilities between the French and English colonies in +America. At an early date, accordingly, the settlement of Deerfield +discovered that it was to be attacked by the French. At once measures +were taken to strengthen the fortifications of the town, and to prepare, +so far as possible, for the dreaded event.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p> + +<p>The blow fell on the night of the twenty-ninth of February, 1704, when +Major Hertel de Rouville, with upwards of three hundred and forty French +and Indians, arrived at a pine bluff overlooking Deerfield meadow, about +two miles north of the village—a locality now known as Petty's Plain. +Here he halted, to await the appropriate hour for an attack, and it was +not until early morning that, leaving their packs upon the spot, his men +started forward for their terrible work of destruction. Rouville took +great pains not to alarm the sentinels in his approach, but the +precaution was unnecessary, as the watch were unfaithful, and had +retired to rest. Arriving at the fortifications, he found the snow +drifted nearly to the top of the palisades, and his entire party entered +the place undiscovered, while the whole population were in profound +sleep.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> Quietly distributing themselves in parties, they broke in the +doors of the houses, dragged out the astonished inhabitants, killed such +as resisted, and took prisoner the majority of the remainder, only a few +escaping from their hands into the woods.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img227.jpg" width="650" height="432" + alt="WILLIAMS HOUSE, DEERFIELD, MASS." /><br /> + <b>WILLIAMS HOUSE, DEERFIELD, MASS.</b> + </div> + + + +<p>The house of Reverend John Williams was assaulted at the beginning of +the attack. Awakened from sleep, Mr. Williams leaped from his bed, and +running to the door found the enemy entering. Calling to two soldiers +who lodged in the house, he sprang back to his bedroom, seized a pistol, +cocked it, and presented it at the breast of an Indian who had followed +him. It missed fire, and it was well, for the room was thronged in an +instant, and he was seized, bound without being allowed the privilege of +dressing, and kept standing in the cold for an hour. Meanwhile, the +savages amused themselves by taunting him,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> swinging their hatchets over +him and threatening him. Two of his children and a negro woman were then +taken to the door and butchered. Mrs. Williams was allowed to dress, and +she and her five children were taken captives. Other houses in the +village were likewise attacked, one of them being defended by seven men, +for whom the women inside cast bullets while the fight was in progress. +But the attacking force was an overpowering one, and De Rouville and his +men had by sunrise done their work most successfully with torch and +tomahawk. The blood of forty-nine murdered men, women and children +reddened the snow. Twenty-nine men, twenty-four women, and fifty-eight +children were made captive, and in a few hours the spoil-encumbered +enemy were en route for Canada.</p> + +<p>Through the midwinter snow which cov<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>ered the fields the poor captives +marched out on their terrible pilgrimage. Two of the prisoners succeeded +in escaping, whereupon Mr. Williams was ordered to inform the others +that if any more slipped away death by fire would be visited upon those +who remained. The first night's lodgings were provided for as +comfortably as circumstances would permit, and all the ablebodied among +the prisoners were made to sleep in barns. On the second day's march Mr. +Williams was permitted to speak with his poor wife, whose youngest child +had been born only a few weeks before, and to assist her on her journey.</p> + +<p>"On the way," says the pastor, in his famous book, "The Redeemed +Captive", "we discoursed on the happiness of those who had a right to an +house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens; and God for a father +and friend; as also it was our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> reasonable duty quietly to submit to the +will of God, and to say, 'The will of the Lord be done.'" Thus imparting +to one another their heroic courage and Christian strength and +consolation, the captive couple pursued their painful way.</p> + +<p>At last the poor woman announced the gradual failure of her strength, +and during the short time she was allowed to remain with her husband, +expressed good wishes and prayers for him and her children. The +narrative proceeds: "She never spake any discontented word as to what +had befallen her, but with suitable expressions justified God in what +had happened.... We soon made a halt, in which time my chief surviving +master came up, upon which I was put into marching with the foremost, +and so made my last farewell of my dear wife, the desire of my eyes, and +companion in many mercies and afflictions. Upon our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> separation from +each other, we asked for each other grace sufficient for what God should +call us to."</p> + +<p>For a short time Mrs. Williams remained where her husband had left her, +occupying her leisure in reading her Bible. He, as was necessary, went +on, and soon had to ford a small and rapid stream, and climb a high +mountain on its other side. Reaching the top very much exhausted, he was +unburdened of his pack. Then his heart went down the steep after his +wife. He entreated his master to let him go down and help her, but his +desire was refused. As the prisoners one after another came up he +inquired for her, and at length the news of her death was told to him. +In wading the river she had been thrown down by the water and entirely +submerged. Yet after great difficulty she had succeeded in reaching the +bank, and had penetrated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> to the foot of the mountain. Here, however, +her master had become discouraged with the idea of her maintaining the +march, and burying his tomahawk in her head he left her dead. Mrs. +Williams was the daughter of Reverend Eleazer Mather, the first minister +of Northampton—an educated, refined, and noble woman. It is pleasant, +while musing upon her sad fate, to recall that her body was found and +brought back to Deerfield, where, long years after, her husband was laid +by her side. And there to-day sleeps the dust of the pair beneath stones +which inform the stranger of the interesting spot.</p> + +<p>Others of the captives were killed upon the journey as convenience +required. A journal kept by Stephen Williams, the pastor's son, who was +only eleven years old when captured, reflects in an artless way every +stage of the terrible journey:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> "They travelled," he writes, "as if they +meant to kill us all, for they travelled thirty-five or forty miles a +day.... Their manner was, if any loitered, to kill them. My feet were +very sore, so I thought they would kill me also."</p> + +<p>When the first Sabbath arrived, Mr. Williams was allowed to preach. His +text was taken from the Lamentations of Jeremiah, the verse in which +occurs the passage, "My virgins and my young men have gone into +captivity."</p> + +<p>Thus they progressed, the life of the captives dependent in every case +upon their ability to keep up with the party. Here an innocent child +would be knocked upon the head and left in the snow, and there some poor +woman dropped by the way and killed by the tomahawk. Arriving at White +River, De Rouville divided his forces, and the parties took separate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +routes to Canada. The group to which Mr. Williams was attached went up +White River, and proceeded, with various adventures, to Sorel in Canada, +to which place some of the captives had preceded him. In Canada, all who +arrived were treated by the French with great humanity, and Mr. Williams +with marked courtesy. He proceeded to Chambly, thence to St. Francis on +the St. Lawrence, afterward to Quebec, and at last to Montreal, where +Governor Vaudreuil accorded him much kindness, and eventually redeemed +him from savage hands.</p> + +<p>Mr. Williams's religious experiences in Canada were characteristic of +the times. He was there thrown among Romanists, a sect against which he +entertained the most profound dislike—profound to the degree of +inflammatory conscientiousness, not to say bigotry. His Indian master +was deter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>mined he should go to church, but he would not, and was once +dragged there, where, he says, he "saw a great confusion instead of any +Gospel order." The Jesuits assailed him on every hand, and gave him but +little peace. His master at one time tried to make him kiss a crucifix, +under the threat that he would dash out his brains with a hatchet if he +should refuse. But he did refuse, and had the good fortune to save his +head as well as his conscience. Mr. Williams's own account of his stay +in Canada is chiefly devoted to anecdotes of the temptations to Romanism +with which he was beset by the Jesuits. His son Samuel was almost +persuaded to embrace the faith of Rome, and his daughter Eunice was, to +his great chagrin, forced to say prayers in Latin. But, for the most, +the Deerfield captives proved intractable, and were still aggressively +Protestant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> when, in 1706, Mr. Williams and all his children (except +Eunice, of whom we shall say more anon), together with the other +captives up to the number of fifty-seven, embarked on board a ship sent +to Quebec by Governor Dudley, and sailed for Boston.</p> + +<p>A committee of the pastor's people met their old clergyman upon his +landing at Boston, and invited him to return to the charge from which he +had, nearly three years before, been torn. And Mr. Williams had the +courage to accept their offer, notwithstanding the fact that the war +continued with unabated bitterness. In 1707 the town voted to build him +a house "as big as Ensign Sheldon's, and a back room as big as may be +thought convenient." This house is still standing (1902), though Ensign +Sheldon's, the "Old Indian House in Deerfield," as it has been +popularly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> called, was destroyed more than half a century ago. The +Indian House stood at the northern end of Deerfield Common, and +exhibited to its latest day the marks of the tomahawk left upon its +front door in the attack of 1704, and the perforations made by the balls +inside. The door is still preserved, and is one of the most interesting +relics now to be seen in Memorial Hall, Deerfield.</p> + +<p>For more than twenty years after his return from captivity, Mr. Williams +served his parish faithfully. He took into his new house a new wife, by +whom he had several children; and in this same house he passed +peacefully away June 12, 1729, in the sixty-fifth year of his age, and +the forty-fifth of his ministry.</p> + +<p>Stephen Williams, who had been taken captive when a lad of eleven, was +redeemed in 1705 with his father. In spite of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> hardships to which he +had been so early exposed, he was a fine strong boy when he returned to +Deerfield, and he went on with his rudely interrupted education to such +good effect that he graduated from Harvard in 1713 at the age of twenty. +In 1716 he settled as minister at Longmeadow, in which place he died in +1772. Yet his manhood was not passed without share in the wars of the +time, for he was chaplain in the Louisburg expedition in 1745, and in +the regiment of Colonel Ephraim Williams in his fatal campaign in 1755, +and again in the Canadian campaign of 1756. The portrait of him which is +here given was painted about 1748, and is now to be seen in the hall of +the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, within four-score rods of the +place where the boy captive was born, and from which he was carried as a +tender child into captivity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> + +<p><a name="REVEREND" id="REVEREND"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img241.jpg" width="413" height="500" + alt="REVEREND STEPHEN WILLIAMS." /><br /> + <b>REVEREND STEPHEN WILLIAMS.</b> + </div> + + + +<p>It has been said that one of the greatest trials of Mr. Williams's stay +in Canada was the discovery that his little daughter, Eunice, had been +taught by her Canadian captors to say prayers in Latin. But this was +only the beginning of the sorrow of the good man's life. Eunice was a +plastic little creature, and she soon adopted not only the religion, but +also the manners and customs of the Indians among whom she had fallen. +In fact and feeling she became a daughter of the Indians, and there +among them she married, on arriving at womanhood, an Indian by whom she +had a family of children. A few years after the war she made her first +visit to her Deerfield relatives, and subsequently she came twice to +Massachusetts dressed in Indian costume. But all the inducements held +out to her to remain there were in vain. During her last visit she was +the subject of many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> prayers and lengthy sermonising on the part of her +clerical relatives, an address delivered at Mansfield August 1, 1741, by +Solomon Williams, A. M., being frankly in her behalf. A portion of this +sermon has come down to us, and offers a curious example of the +eloquence of the time: "It has pleased God," says the worthy minister, +"to incline her, the last summer and now again of her own accord, to +make a visit to her friends; and this seems to encourage us to hope that +He designs to answer the many prayers which have been put up for her."</p> + +<p>But in spite of these many prayers, and in spite, too, of the fact that +the General Court of Massachusetts granted Eunice and her family a piece +of land on condition that they would remain in New England, she refused +on the ground that it would endanger her soul. She lived and died in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> +savage life, though nominally a convert to Romanism. Out of her singular +fate has grown another romance, the marvel of later times. For from her +descended Reverend Eleazer Williams, missionary to the Indians at Green +Bay, Wisconsin, who was in 1851 visited by the Duc de Joinville, and +told that he was that Dauphin (son of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette), +who, according to history, died in prison June 9, 1795. In spite of the +fact that the evidence of this little prince's death was as strong as +any which can he found in history in relation to the death of Louis, his +father, or of Marie Antoinette, his mother, the strange story—first +published in <i>Putnam's Magazine</i> for February, 1853—gained general +credence, even Mr. Williams himself coming gradually to believe it. As a +matter of fact, however, there was proved to be a discrepancy of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> eight +years between the dates of Williams's and the Dauphin's birth, and +nearly every part of the clergyman's life was found to have been spent +in quite a commonplace way. For as a boy, Eleazer Williams lived with +Reverend Mr. Ely, on the Connecticut River, and his kinsman, Doctor +Williams, of Deerfield, at once asserted that he remembered him very +well at all stages of his boyhood.</p> + +<p>Governor Charles K. Williams, of Vermont, writing from Rutland under +date February 26, 1853, said of the Reverend Eleazer and his "claims" to +the throne of France, "I never had any doubt that Williams was of Indian +extraction, and a descendant of Eunice Williams. His father and mother +were both of them at my father's house, although I cannot ascertain +definitely the year. I consider the whole story a humbug, and believe +that it will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> be exploded in the course of a few months." As a matter of +fact, the story has been exploded,—though the features of the Reverend +Eleazer Williams, when in the full flush of manhood, certainly bore a +remarkable resemblance to those of the French kings from whom his +descent was claimed. His mixed blood might account for this, however. +Williams's paternal grandfather was an English physician,—not of the +Deerfield family at all,—and his grandmother the daughter of Eunice +Williams and her redskin mate. His father was Thomas Williams, captain +in the British service during the American Revolution, and his mother a +Frenchwoman. Thus the Reverend Eleazer was part English, part Yankee, +part Indian, and part French, a combination sufficiently complex to +account, perhaps, even for an unmistakably Bourbon chin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="NEW_ENGLANDS_FIRST_CLUB_WOMAN" id="NEW_ENGLANDS_FIRST_CLUB_WOMAN"></a>NEW ENGLAND'S FIRST "CLUB WOMAN"</h2> + + +<p>Even to-day, in this emancipated twentieth century, women ministers and +"female preachers" are not infrequently held up to derision by those who +delight to sit in the seat of the scornful. Trials for heresy are +likewise still common. It is not at all strange, therefore, that +Mistress Ann Hutchinson should, in 1636, have been driven out of Boston +as an enemy dangerous to public order, her specific offence being that +she maintained in her own house that a mere profession of faith could +not evidence sal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>vation, unless the Spirit first revealed itself from +within.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Hutchinson's maiden name was Ann Marbury, and she was the daughter +of a scholar and a theologian—one Francis Marbury—who was first a +minister of Lincolnshire and afterward of London. Naturally, much of the +girl's as well as the greater part of the woman's life was passed in the +society of ministers—men whom she soon learned to esteem more for what +they knew than for what they preached. Theology, indeed, was the +atmosphere in which she lived and moved and had her being. +Intellectually, she was an enthusiast, morally an agitator, a clever +leader, whom Winthrop very aptly described as a "woman of ready wit and +bold spirit."</p> + +<p>While still young, this exceptionally gifted woman married William +Hutchin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>son, a country gentleman of good character and estate, whose +home was also in Lincolnshire. Winthrop has nothing but words of +contempt for Mrs. Hutchinson's husband, but there is little doubt that a +sincere attachment existed between the married pair, and that Hutchinson +was a man of sterling character and worth, even though he was +intellectually the inferior of his remarkable wife. In their +Lincolnshire home the Hutchinsons had been parishioners of the Reverend +John Cotton, and regular attendants at that celebrated divine's church +in Boston, England. To him, her pastor, Mrs. Hutchinson was deeply +attached. And when the minister fled to New England in order to escape +from the tyranny of the bishops, the Hutchinsons also decided to come to +America, and presently the whole family did so. Mrs. Hutchinson's +daughter, who had mar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>ried the Reverend John Wright Wheelwright—another +Lincolnshire minister who had suffered at the hands of Archbishop +Laud—came with her mother. Besides the daughter, there were three grown +sons in the family at the time Mrs. Hutchinson landed in the Boston she +was afterward to rend with religious dissension.</p> + +<p>So it was no young, sentimental, unbalanced girl, but a middle-aged, +matured, and experienced woman of the world who, in the autumn of 1634, +took sail for New England. During the voyage it was learned that Mrs. +Hutchinson came primed for religious controversy. With some Puritan +ministers who were on the same vessel she discussed eagerly abstruse +theological questions, and she hinted in no uncertain way that when they +should arrive in New England they might expect to hear more from her. +Clearly, she regarded herself as one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> with a mission. In unmistakable +terms she avowed her belief that direct revelations are made to the +elect, and asserted that nothing of importance had ever happened to her +which had not been revealed to her beforehand.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img253.jpg" width="650" height="462" + alt="OLD CORNER BOOKSTORE, SITE OF THE HUTCHINSON HOUSE." /><br /> + <b>OLD CORNER BOOKSTORE, SITE OF THE HUTCHINSON HOUSE.</b> + </div> + +<p>Upon their arrival in Boston, the Hutchinsons settled down in a house on +the site of the present Old Corner Book Store, the head of the family +made arrangements to enter upon his business affairs, and in due time +both husband and wife made their application to be received as members +of the church. This step was indispensable to admit the pair into +Christian fellowship and to allow to Mr. Hutchinson the privileges of a +citizen. He came through the questioning more easily than did his wife, +for, in consequence of the reports already spread concerning her +extravagant opinions, Mrs. Hutchinson was subjected to a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> most +searching examination. Finally, however, she, too, passed through the +ordeal safely, the examining ministers, one of whom was her old and +beloved pastor, Mr. Cotton, declaring themselves satisfied with her +answers. So, in November, we find her a "member in good standing" of the +Boston church.</p> + + +<p>From this time forward Mrs. Hutchinson was a person of great importance +in Boston. Sir Harry Vane, then governor of the colony and the idol of +the people, was pleased, with Mr. Cotton, to take much notice of the +gifted newcomer, and their example was followed by the leading and +influential people of the town, who treated her with much consideration +and respect, and were quick to recognise her intellectuality as far +superior to that of most members of her sex. Mrs. Hutchinson soon came, +indeed, to be that very remarkable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> thing—a prophet honoured in her own +community. Adopting an established custom of the town, she held in her +own home two weekly meetings—one for men and women and one exclusively +for women—at which she was the oracle. And all these meetings were very +generously attended.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Hutchinson seems to have been New England's first clubwoman. Never +before had women come together for independent thought and action. To be +sure, nothing more lively than the sermon preached the Sunday before was +ever discussed at these gatherings, but the talk was always pithy and +bright, the leader's wit was always ready, and soon the house at the +corner of what is now School Street came to be widely celebrated as the +centre of an influence so strong and far-reaching as to make the very +ministers jealous and fearful. At first, to be sure, the parsons<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> +themselves went to the meetings. Cotton, Vane, Wheelwright, and +Coddington, completely embraced the leader's views, and the result upon +Winthrop of attendance at these conferences was to send that official +home to his closet, wrestling with himself, yet more than half +persuaded.</p> + +<p>Hawthorne's genius has conjured up the scene at Boston's first "parlour +talks," so that we too may attend and be one among the "crowd of hooded +women and men in steeple hats and close-cropped hair ... assembled at +the door and open windows of a house newly-built. An earnest expression +glows in every face ... and some press inward as if the bread of life +were to be dealt forth, and they feared to lose their share."</p> + +<p>In plain English Ann Hutchinson's doctrines were these: "She held and +advocated as the highest truth," writes Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> Drake, "that a person could +be justified only by an actual and manifest revelation of the Spirit to +him personally. There could be no other evidence of grace. She +repudiated a doctrine of works, and she denied that holiness of living +alone could be received as evidence of regeneration, since hypocrites +might live outwardly as pure lives as the saints do. The Puritan +churches held that sanctification by the will was evidence of +justification." In advancing these views, Mrs. Hutchinson's pronounced +personal magnetism stood her in good stead. She made many converts, and, +believing herself inspired to do a certain work, and emboldened by the +increasing number of her followers, she soon became unwisely and +unpleasantly aggressive in her criticisms of those ministers who +preached a covenant of works. She seems to have been led into speaking +her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> mind as to doctrines and persons more freely than was consistent +with prudence and moderation, because she was altogether unsuspicious +that what was being said in the privacy of her own house was being +carefully treasured up against her. So she constantly added fuel to the +flame, which was soon to burst forth to her undoing.</p> + +<p>She was accused of fostering sedition in the church, and was then +confronted with charges relative to the meetings of women held at her +house. This she successfully parried.</p> + +<p>It looked indeed as if she would surely be acquitted, when by an +impassioned discourse upon special revelations that had come to her, and +an assertion that God would miraculously protect her whatever the court +might decree, she impugned the position of her judges and roused keen +resentment. Because of this it was that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> she was banished "as unfit for +our society." In the colony records of Massachusetts the sentence +pronounced reads as follows: "Mrs. Hutchinson (the wife of Mr. William +Hutchinson) being convented for traducing the ministers and their +ministry in this country, shee declared voluntarily her revelations for +her ground, and that shee should bee delivred and the Court ruined with +their posterity; and thereupon was banished, and the meanwhile she was +committed to Mr. Joseph Weld untill the Court shall dispose of her."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Hutchinson passed next winter accordingly under the watch and ward +of Thomas Weld, in the house of his brother Joseph, near what is now +Eustis Street, Roxbury. She was there until March, when, returning to +Boston for further trial, she was utterly cast out, even John<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> Cotton, +who had been her friend, turning against her.</p> + +<p>Mr. Cotton did not present an heroic figure in this trial. Had he +chosen, he might have turned the drift of public opinion in Mrs. +Hutchinson's favour, but he was either too weak or too politic to +withstand the pressure brought to bear upon him, and he gave a qualified +adhesion to the proceedings. Winthrop did not hesitate to use severe +measures, and in the course of the struggle Vane, who deeply admired the +Boston prophetess, left the country in disgust. Mrs. Hutchinson was +arraigned at the bar as if she had been a criminal of the most dangerous +kind. Winthrop, who presided, catechised her mercilessly, and all +endeavoured to extort from her some damaging admission. But in this they +were unsuccessful. "Mrs. Hutchinson can tell when to speak and when to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> +hold her tongue," commented the governor, in describing the court +proceedings. Yet when all is said, the "trial" was but a mockery, and +those who read the proceedings as preserved in the "History of +Massachusetts Under the Colony and Province," written by Governor +Hutchinson, a descendant of our heroine, will be quick to condemn the +judgment there pronounced by a court which expounded theology instead of +law against a woman who, as Coddington truly said, "had broken no law, +either of God or of man."</p> + +<p>Banishment was the sentence pronounced, and after the church which had +so lately caressed and courted Mrs. Hutchinson had in its turn visited +upon her the verdict of excommunication, her husband sold all his +property and removed with his family to the island of Aquidneck, as did +also many others whose opinions had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> brought them under the censure of +the governing powers. In this connection it is worth noting that the +head of the house of Hutchinson stood right valiantly by his persecuted +wife, and when a committee of the Boston church went in due time to +Rhode Island for the purpose of bringing back into the fold the sheep +which they adjudged lost, Mr. Hutchinson told them bluntly that, far +from being of their opinion, he accounted his wife "a dear saint and +servant of God."</p> + +<p>The rest of Mrs. Hutchinson's story is soon told. Upon the death of her +husband, which occurred five years after the banishment, she went with +her family into the Dutch territory of New Netherlands, settling near +what is now New Rochelle. And scarcely had she become established in +this place when her house was suddenly assaulted by hostile Indians, +who, in their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> revengeful fury, murdered the whole family, excepting +only one daughter, who was carried away into captivity. Thus in the +tragedy of an Indian massacre was quenched the light of the most +remarkable intellect Boston has ever made historic by misunderstanding.</p> + +<p>Hawthorne, in writing in his early manhood of Mrs. Hutchinson +("Biographical Sketches"), humourously remarked, Seer that he was: +"There are portentous indications, changes gradually taking place in the +habits and feelings of the gentler sex, which seem to threaten our +posterity with many of those public women whereof one was a burden too +grievous for our fathers."</p> + +<p>Fortunately, we of to-day have learned to take our clubwomen less +tragically than Winthrop was able to do.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="IN_THE_REIGN_OF_THE_WITCHES" id="IN_THE_REIGN_OF_THE_WITCHES"></a>IN THE REIGN OF THE WITCHES</h2> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img265.jpg" width="650" height="431" + alt="OLD WITCH HOUSE, SALEM, MASS." /><br /> + <b>OLD WITCH HOUSE, SALEM, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>One of the most interesting of the phenomena to be noted by the student +of historical houses is the tenacity of tradition. People may be told +again and again that a story attributed to a certain site has been +proven untrue, but they still look with veneration on a place which has +been hallowed many years, and refuse to give up any alluring name by +which they have known it. A notable example of this is offered by what +is universally called the Old Witch House, situated at the corner of +Essex and North Streets, Salem. A dark, scowling building, set far +enough back from the street<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> for a modern drugstore to stand in front of +it, the house itself is certainly sufficiently sinister in appearance to +warrant its name, even though one is assured by authorities that no +witch was ever known to have lived there. Its sole connection with +witchcraft, history tells us, is that some of the preliminary +examinations of witches took place here, the house being at the time the +residence of Justice Jonathan Corwin. Yet it is this house that has +absorbed the interest of historical pilgrims to Salem through many +years, just because it looks like a witch-house, and somebody once made +a muddled statement by which it came to be so regarded.</p> + +<p>This house is the oldest standing in Salem or its vicinity, having been +built before 1635. And it really has a claim to fame as the Roger +Williams house, for it was here that the great "Teacher" lived<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> during +his troubled settlement in Salem. The people of Salem, it will be +remembered, persistently sought Williams as their spiritual pastor and +master until the General Court at Boston unseated the Salem deputies for +the acts of their constituents in retaining a man of whom they +disapproved, and the magistrates sent a vessel to Salem to remove Mr. +Williams to England. The minister eluded his persecutors by fleeing +through the wintry snows into the wilderness, to become the founder of +the State of Rhode Island.</p> + +<p>Mr. Williams was a close friend and confidential adviser of Governor +Endicott, and those who were alarmed at the governor's impetuosity in +cutting the cross from the king's colours, attributed the act to his +[Williams's] influence. In taking his departure from the old house of +the picture to make his way to freedom, Williams<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> had no guide save a +pocket compass, which his descendants still exhibit, and no reliance but +the friendly disposition of the Indians toward him.</p> + +<p>But it is of the witchcraft delusion with which the house of our picture +is connected rather than with Williams and his story, that I wish now to +speak. Jonathan Corwin, or Curwin, who was the house's link to +witchcraft, was made a councillor under the new charter granted +Massachusetts by King William in 1692, and was, as has been said, one of +the justices before whom the preliminary witch examinations were held. +He it was who officiated at the trial of Rebecca Nourse, of Danvers, +hanged as a witch July 19, 1692, as well as at many other less +remarkable and less revolting cases.</p> + + + +<p>Rebecca Nourse, aged and infirm and universally beloved by her +neighbours, was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> accused of being a witch—why, one is unable to find +out. The jury was convinced of her innocence, and brought in a verdict +of "not guilty," but the court sent them out again with instructions to +find her guilty. This they did, and she was executed. The tradition is +that her sons disinterred her body by stealth from the foot of the +gallows where it had been thrown, and brought it to the old homestead, +now still standing in Danvers, laying it reverently, and with many +tears, in the little family burying ground near by.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img271.jpg" width="650" height="427" + alt="REBECCA NOURSE HOUSE, DANVERS, MASS." /><br /> + <b>REBECCA NOURSE HOUSE, DANVERS, MASS.</b> + </div> + +<p>The majority of the persons condemned in Salem were either old or +weak-witted, victims who in their testimony condemned themselves, or +seemed to the jury to do so. Tituba, the Indian slave, is an example of +this. She was tried in March, 1692, by the Justice Corwin of the big, +dark house. She confessed that under threats<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> from Satan, who had most +often appeared to her as a man in black, accompanied by a yellow bird, +she had tortured the girls who appeared against her. She named +accomplices, and was condemned to imprisonment. After a few months she +was sold to pay the expenses of her lodging in jail, and is lost to +history. But this was by no means the end of the matter. The "afflicted +children" in Salem who had made trouble before now began to accuse men +and women of unimpeachable character. Within a few months several +hundred people were arrested and thrown into jails. As Governor +Hutchinson, the historian of the time, points out, the only way to +prevent an accusation was to become an accuser oneself. The state of +affairs was indeed analogous to that which obtained in France a century +later, when, during the Reign of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> Terror, men of property and position +lived in the hourly fear of being regarded as "a suspect," and +frequently threw suspicion on their neighbours the better to retain +their own heads.</p> + +<p>We of to-day cannot understand the madness that inspired such cruelty. +But in the light of Michelet's theory,—that in the oppression and +dearth of every kind of ideal interest in rural populations some +safety-valve had to be found, and that there <i>were</i> real organised +secret meetings, witches' Sabbaths, to supply this need of +sensation,—the thing is less difficult to comprehend. The religious +hysteria that resulted in the banishment of Mrs. Hutchinson was but +another phase of the same thing. And the degeneration to be noted to-day +in the remote hill-towns of New England is likewise attributable to +Michelet's "dearth of ideal interest."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p> + +<p>The thing once started, it grew, of course, by what it fed upon. +Professor William James, Harvard's distinguished psychologist, has +traced to torture the so-called "confessions" on which the evil +principally throve. A person, he says, was suddenly found to be +suffering from what we to-day should call hysteria, perhaps, but what in +those days was called a witch disease. A witch then had to be found to +account for the disease; a scapegoat must of necessity be brought +forward. Some poor old woman was thereupon picked out and subjected to +atrocious torture. If she "confessed," the torture ceased. Naturally she +very often "confessed," thus implicating others and damning herself. +Negative suggestion this modern psychologist likewise offers as light +upon witchcraft. The witches seldom cried, no matter what their anguish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> +of mind might be. The inquisitors used to say to them then, "If you're +not a witch, cry, let us see your tears. There, there! you can't cry! +That proves you're a witch!"</p> + +<p>Moreover, that was an age when everybody read the Bible, and believed in +its verbal inspiration. And there in Exodus (22:18), is the plain +command, "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live." Cotton Mather, the +distinguished young divine, had published a work affirming his belief in +witchcraft, and detailing his study of some bewitched children in +Charlestown, one of whom he had taken into his own family, the better to +observe the case. The king believed in it, and Queen Anne, to whose name +we usually prefix the adjective "good," wrote to Governor Phips a letter +which shows that she admitted witchcraft as a thing unquestioned.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is in connection with the witchcraft delusion in Salem that we get +the one instance in New England of the old English penalty for +contumacy, that of a victim's being pressed to death. Giles Corey, who +believed in witchcraft and was instrumental in the conviction of his +wife, so suffered, partly to atone for his early cowardice and partly to +save his property for his children. This latter thing he could not have +done if he had been convicted of witchcraft, so after pleading "not +guilty," he remained mute, refusing to add the necessary technical words +that he would be tried "by God and his country."</p> + +<p>The arrest of Mrs. Corey, we learn, followed closely on the heels of +that of Tituba and her companions. The accused was a woman of sixty, and +the third wife of Corey. She seems to have been a person of unusual +strength of character, and from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> the first denounced the witchcraft +excitement, trying to persuade her husband, who believed all the +monstrous stories then current, not to attend the hearings or in any way +countenance the proceedings. Perhaps it was this well-known attitude of +hers that directed suspicion to her.</p> + +<p>At her trial the usual performance was enacted. The "afflicted girls" +fell on the floor, uttered piercing shrieks, and cried out upon their +victim. "There is a man whispering in her ear!" one of them suddenly +exclaimed. "What does he say to you?" the judge demanded of Martha +Corey, accepting at once the "spectral evidence". "We must not believe +all these distracted children say," was her sensible answer. But good +sense was not much regarded at witch trials, and she was convicted and +not long afterward executed. Her husband's evidence, which went<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> +strongly against her, is here given as a good example of much of the +testimony by which the nineteen Salem victims of the delusion were sent +to Gallows Hill.</p> + +<p>"One evening I was sitting by the fire when my wife asked me to go to +bed. I told her that I would go to prayer, and when I went to prayer I +could not utter my desires with any sense, nor open my mouth to speak. +After a little space I did according to my measure attend the duty. Some +time last week I fetched an ox well out of the woods about noon, and he +laying down in the yard, I went to raise him to yoke him, but he could +not rise, but dragged his hinder parts as if he had been hip shot, but +after did rise. I had a cat some time last week strongly taken on the +sudden, and did make me think she would have died presently. My wife bid +me knock her in the head, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> I did not, and since she is well. My wife +hath been wont to sit up after I went to bed, and I have perceived her +to kneel down as if she were at prayer, but heard nothing."</p> + +<p>Incredible as it seems to-day, this was accepted as "evidence" of Mrs. +Corey's bewitchment. Then, as so often happened, Giles Corey, the +accuser, was soon himself accused. He was arrested, taken from his mill, +and brought before the judges of the special court appointed by Governor +Phips to hear the witch trials in Salem. Again the girls went through +their performance, again there was an endeavour to extort a confession. +But this time Corey acted the part of a man. He had had leisure for +reflection since he had testified against his wife, and he was now as +sure that she was guiltless as that he himself was. Bitter, indeed, must +have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> the realisation that he had helped convict her. But he +atoned, as has been said, to her and to his children by subjecting +himself to veritable martyrdom. Though an old man whose hair was +whitened with the snows of eighty winters, he "was laid on his back, a +board placed on his body with as great a weight upon it as he could +endure, while his sole diet consisted of a few morsels of bread one day, +and a draught of water the alternate day until death put an end to his +sufferings." Rightly must this mode of torture have been named <i>peine +forte et dure</i>. On Gallows Hill three days later occurred the execution +of eight persons, the last so to suffer in the Colony. Nineteen people +in all were hanged, and one was pressed to death in Salem, but <i>there is +absolutely no foundation for the statement that some were burned</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p> + +<p>The revulsion that followed the cessation of the delusion was as marked +as was the precipitation that characterised the proceedings. Many of the +clergy concerned in the trials offered abject apologies, and Judge +Sewall, noblest of all the civil and ecclesiastical authorities +implicated in the madness, stood up on Fast Day before a great +congregation in the South Church, Boston, acknowledged his grievous +error in accepting "spectral evidence," and to the end of his life did +penance yearly in the same meeting-house for his part in the +transactions.</p> + +<p>Not inappropriately the gloomy old house in which the fanatical Corwin +had his home is to-day given over to a dealer in antique furniture. +Visitors are freely admitted upon application, and very many in the +course of the year go inside to feast their eyes on the ancient +wainscoting and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> timbers. The front door and the overhanging roof are +just as in the time of the witches, and from a recessed area at the +back, narrow casements and excrescent stairways are still to be seen. +The original house had, however, peaked gables, with pineapples carved +in wood surmounting its latticed windows and colossal chimneys that +placed it unmistakably in the age of ruffs, Spanish cloaks, and long +rapiers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="LADY_WENTWORTH_OF_THE_HALL" id="LADY_WENTWORTH_OF_THE_HALL"></a>LADY WENTWORTH OF THE HALL</h2> + + +<p>On one of those pleasant long evenings, when the group of friends that +Longfellow represents in his "Tales of the Wayside Inn" had gathered in +the twilight about the cheery open fire of the house at Sudbury to tell +each other tales of long ago, we hear best the story of Martha Hilton. +We seem to catch the poet's voice as he says after the legend from the +Baltic has been alluringly related by the Musician:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"These tales you tell are, one and all,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of the Old World,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Flowers gathered from a crumbling wall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dead leaves that rustle as they fall;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let me present you in their stead<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Something of our New England earth;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A tale which, though of no great worth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Has still this merit, that it yields<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A certain freshness of the fields,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A sweetness as of home-made bread."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p> +<p>And then, as the others leaned back to listen, there followed the +beautiful ballad which celebrates the fashion in which Martha Hilton, a +kitchen maid, became "Lady Wentworth of the Hall."</p> + +<p>The old Wentworth mansion, where, as a beautiful girl, Martha came, +served, and conquered all who knew her, and even once received as her +guest the Father of his Country, is still in an admirably preserved +state, and the Wayside Inn, rechristened the Red Horse Tavern, still +entertains glad guests.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img287.jpg" width="650" height="433" + alt="REBECCA NOURSE HOUSE, DANVERS, MASS." /><br /> + <b>REBECCA NOURSE HOUSE, DANVERS, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>This inn was built about 1686, and for almost a century and a half from +1714 it was kept as a public house by generation after generation of +Howes, the last of the name at the inn being Lyman Howe, who served +guests of the house from 1831<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> to about 1860, and was the good friend +and comrade of the brilliant group of men Longfellow has poetically +immortalised in the "Tales." The modern successor of Staver's Inn, or +the "Earl of Halifax," in the doorway of which Longfellow's worthy dame +once said, "as plain as day:"</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Oh, Martha Hilton! Fie! how dare you go<br /></span> +<span class="i0">About the town half dressed and looking so!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>is also standing, and has recently been decorated by a memorial tablet.</p> + +<p>In Portsmouth Martha Hilton is well remembered, thanks to Longfellow and +tradition, as a slender girl who, barefooted, ragged, with neglected +hair, bore from the well</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"A pail of water dripping through the street,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And bathing as she went her naked feet."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Nor do the worthy people of Portsmouth fail to recall the other actor in +this mem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>orable drama, upon which the Earl of Halifax once benignly +smiled:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"A portly person, with three-cornered hat,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A crimson velvet coat, head high in air,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Gold-headed cane and nicely powdered hair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And diamond buckles sparkling at his knees,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dignified, stately, florid, much at ease.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For this was Governor Wentworth, driving down<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To Little Harbour, just beyond the town,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where his Great House stood, looking out to sea,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A goodly place, where it was good to be."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>There are even those who can perfectly recollect when the house was very +venerable in appearance, and when in its rooms were to be seen the old +spinet, the Strafford portrait, and many other things delightful to the +antiquary. Longfellow's description of this ancient domicile is +particularly beautiful:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"It was a pleasant mansion, an abode<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Near and yet hidden from the great highroad,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sequestered among trees, a noble pile,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Baronial and Colonial in its style;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Gables and dormer windows everywhere—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pandalan pipes, on which all winds that blew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Made mournful music the whole winter through.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Within, unwonted splendours met the eye,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Panels, and floors of oak, and tapestry;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Carved chimneypieces, where, on brazen dogs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Revelled and roared the Christmas fire of logs.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Doors opening into darkness unawares,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mysterious passages and flights of stairs;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And on the walls, in heavy-gilded frames,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The ancestral Wentworths, with old Scripture names.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Such was the mansion where the great man dwelt."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The place thus prettily pictured is at the mouth of Sagamore Creek, not +more than, two miles from the town of Portsmouth. The exterior of the +mansion as it looks to-day does not of itself live up to one's +preconceived idea of colonial magnificence. A rambling collection of +buildings, seemingly the result of various "L" expansions, form an +inharmonious whole<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> which would have made Ruskin quite mad. The site is, +however, charming, for the place commands a view up and down Little +Harbour, though concealed by an eminence from the road. The house is +said to have originally contained as many as fifty-two rooms. If so, it +has shrunk in recent years. But there is still plenty of elbow space, +and the cellar is even to-day large enough to accommodate a fair-sized +troop of soldiery.</p> + +<p>As one enters, one notices first the rack in which were wont to be +deposited the muskets of the governor's guard. And it requires only a +little imagination to picture the big rooms as they were in the old +days, with the portrait of Strafford dictating to his secretary just +before his execution, the rare Copley, the green damask-covered +furniture, and the sedan-chair, all exhaling an atmosphere of +old-time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> splendour and luxury. Something of impressiveness has +recently been introduced into the interior by the artistic arrangement +of old furniture which the house's present owner, Mr. Templeton +Coolidge, has brought about. But the exterior is "spick-span" in modern +yellow and white paint!</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img293.jpg" width="650" height="418" + alt="GOVERNOR WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H." /><br /> + <b>GOVERNOR WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.</b> + </div> + + + +<p>Yet it was in this very house that Martha for seven years served her +future lord. There, busy with mop and pail——</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"A maid of all work, whether coarse or fine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A servant who made service seem divine!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>she grew from childhood into the lovely woman whom Governor Wentworth +wooed and won.</p> + +<p>In the March of 1760 it was that the host at Little Harbour exclaimed +abruptly to the good rector of St. John's, who had been dining +sumptuously at the manor-house:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p> + +<p>"This is my birthday; it shall likewise be my wedding-day, and you shall +marry me!" No wonder the listening guests were greatly mystified, as +Martha and the portly governor were joined "across the walnuts and the +wine" by the Reverend Arthur Brown, of the Established Church.</p> + +<p>And now, of course, Martha had her chariot, from which she could look +down as disdainfully as did the Earl of Halifax on the humble folk who +needs must walk. The sudden elevation seems, indeed, to have gone to my +lady's head. For tradition says that very shortly after her marriage +Martha dropped her ring and summoned one of her late kitchen colleagues +to rescue it from the floor. But the colleague had quickly become +shortsighted, and Martha, dismissing her hastily, picked up the circlet +herself.</p> + +<p>Before the Reverend Arthur Brown was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> gathered to his fathers, he had +another opportunity to marry the fascinating Martha to another +Wentworth, a man of real soldierly distinction. Her second husband was +redcoated Michael, of England, who had been in the battle of Culloden.</p> + +<p>This Colonel Michael Wentworth was the "great buck" of his day, and was +wont to fiddle at Stoodley's far into the morning for sheer love of +fiddling and revelry. Stoodley's has now fallen indeed! It is the brick +building marked "custom-house," and it stands at the corner of Daniel +and Penhallow Streets.</p> + +<p>To this Lord and Lady Wentworth it was that Washington, in 1789, came as +a guest, "rowed by white-jacketed sailors straight to their vine-hung, +hospitable door." At this time there was a younger Martha in the house, +one who had grown up to play the spinet by the long, low<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> windows, and +who later joined her fate to that of still another Wentworth, with whom +she passed to France.</p> + +<p>A few years later, in 1795, the "great buck" of his time took to a +bankrupt's grave in New York, forgetting, so the story goes, the eternal +canon fixed against self-slaughter.</p> + +<p>But for all we tell as a legend this story of Martha Hilton, and for all +her "capture" of the governor has come down to us almost as a myth, it +is less than fifty years ago that the daughter of the man who fiddled at +Stoodley's and of the girl who went barefooted and ragged through the +streets of Portsmouth, passed in her turn to the Great Beyond. Verily, +we in America have, after all, only a short historical perspective.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="AN_HISTORIC_TRAGEDY" id="AN_HISTORIC_TRAGEDY"></a>AN HISTORIC TRAGEDY</h2> + + +<p>One hundred years ago there was committed in Dedham, Massachusetts, one +of the most famous murders of this country, a crime, some description of +which falls naturally enough into these chapters, inasmuch as the person +punished as the criminal belonged to the illustrious Fairbanks family, +whose picturesque homestead is widely known as one of the oldest houses +in New England.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Massachusetts Federalist</i> of Saturday, September 12, 1801, we +find an editorial paragraph which, apart from its intrinsic interest, is +valuable as an example of the great difference between<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> ancient and +modern journalistic treatment of murder matter. This paragraph reads, in +the quaint old type of the time: "On Thursday last Jason Fairbanks was +executed at Dedham for the murder of Miss Elizabeth Fales. He was taken +from the gaol in this town at eight o'clock, by the sheriff of this +county, and delivered to the sheriff of Norfolk County at the boundary +line between the two counties.</p> + +<p>"He was in an open coach, and was attended therein by the Reverend +Doctor Thatcher and two peace officers. From the county line in Norfolk +he was conducted to the Dedham gaol by Sheriff Cutler, his deputies, and +a score of cavalry under Captain Davis; and from the gaol in Dedham to +the place of execution was guarded by two companies of cavalry and a +detachment of volunteer infantry.</p> + +<p>"He mounted the scaffold about a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> quarter before three with his usual +steadiness, and soon after making a signal with his handkerchief, was +swung off. After hanging about twenty-five minutes, his body was cut +down and buried near the gallows. His deportment during his journey to +and at the place of execution was marked with the same apathy and +indifference which he discovered before and since his trial. We do not +learn he has made any confession of his guilt."</p> + +<p>As a matter of fact, far from making a confession of his guilt, Jason +Fairbanks denied even to the moment of his execution that he killed +Elizabeth Fales, and his family and many other worthy citizens of Dedham +believed, and kept believing to the end of their lives, that the girl +committed suicide, and that an innocent man was punished for a crime he +could never have perpetrated.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the trial it was shown that this beautiful girl of eighteen had been +for many years extremely fond of the young man, Fairbanks, and that her +love was ardently reciprocated. Jason Fairbanks had not been allowed, +however, to visit the girl at the home of her father, though the Fales +place was only a little more than a mile from his own dwelling, the +venerable Fairbanks house. None the less, they had been in the habit of +meeting frequently, in company with others, en route to the weekly +singing school, the husking bees and the choir practice. Both the young +people were extremely fond of music, and this mutual interest seems to +have been one of the several ties which bound them together.</p> + +<p>In spite, therefore, of the stern decree that young Fairbanks should not +visit Miss Fales at her home, there was considerable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> well-improved +opportunity for intercourse, and, as was afterward shown, the two often +had long walks together, apart from the others of their acquaintance. +One of their appointments was made for the day of the murder, May 18, +1801. Fairbanks was to meet his sweetheart, he told a friend, in the +pasture near her home, and it was his intention at that time to persuade +her to run away with him and be married. Unfortunately for Fairbanks's +case at the trial, it was shown that he told this same friend that if +Elizabeth Fales would not run away with him he would do her harm. And +one other thing which militated against the acquittal of the accused +youth was the fact that, as an inducement to the girl to elope with him, +Fairbanks showed her a forged paper, upon which she appeared to have +declared legally her intention to marry him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p> + +<p>One tragic element of the whole affair was the fact that Fairbanks had +no definite work and no assured means of support. Young people of good +family did not marry a hundred years ago without thinking, and thinking +to some purpose, of what cares and expense the future might bring them. +The man, if he was an honourable man, expected always to have a home for +his wife, and since Fairbanks was an invalid, "debilitated in his right +arm," as the phrasing of the time put it, and had never been able to do +his part of the farm work, he had lived what his stern forebears would +have called an idle life, and consequently utterly lacked the means to +marry. That he was something of a spoiled child also developed at the +trial, which from the first went against the young man because of the +testimony of the chums to whom he had confided his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> intention to do +Elizabeth Fales an injury if she would not go to Wrentham and marry him.</p> + +<p>The prisoner's counsel were two very clever young lawyers who afterward +came to be men of great distinction in Massachusetts—no others, in +fact, than Harrison Gray Otis and John Lowell. These men advanced very +clever arguments to show that Elizabeth Fales, maddened by a love which +seemed unlikely ever to end in marriage, had seized from Jason the large +knife which he was using to mend a quill pen as he walked to meet her, +and with this knife had inflicted upon herself the terrible wounds, from +the effect of which she died almost instantaneously. The fact that Jason +was himself wounded in the struggle was ingeniously utilised by the +defence to show that he had received murderous blows from her hand, for +the very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> reason that he had attempted (unsuccessfully, inasmuch as his +right arm was impaired) to wrest the mad girl's murderous weapon from +her.</p> + +<p>The counsel also made much of the fact that, though it was at midday and +many people were not far off, no screams were heard. A vigorous girl +like Elizabeth Fales would not have submitted easily, they held, to any +such assault as was charged. In the course of the trial a very moving +description of the sufferings such a high-strung, ardent nature as this +girl's must have undergone, because of her hopeless love, was used to +show the reasons for suicide. And following the habit of the times, the +lawyers turned their work to moral ends by beseeching the parents in the +crowded court-room to exercise a greater vigilance over the social life +of their young people, and so prevent the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> possibility of their forming +any such attachment as had moved Elizabeth Fales to take her own life.</p> + +<p>Yet all this eloquent pleading was in vain, for the court found Jason +Fairbanks guilty of murder and sentenced him to be hanged. From the +court-room he was taken to the Dedham gaol, but on the night of the +seventeenth of August he was enabled to make his escape through the +offices of a number of men who believed him innocent, and for some days +he was at liberty. At length, however, upon a reward of one thousand +dollars being offered for his apprehension, he was captured near +Northampton, Massachusetts, which town he had reached on his journey to +Canada.</p> + +<p>The gallows upon which "justice" ultimately asserted itself is said to +have been constructed of a tree cut from the old Fairbanks place.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Fairbanks house is still standing, having been occupied for almost +two hundred and seventy-five years by the same family, which is now in +the eighth generation of the name. The house is surrounded by +magnificent old elms, and was built by Jonathan Fairbanks, who came from +Sowerby, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, in 1633. The +cupboards are filled with choice china, and even the Fairbanks cats, it +is said, drink their milk out of ancient blue saucers that would drive a +collector wild with envy.</p> + +<p>The house is now (1902) the home of Miss Rebecca Fairbanks, an old lady +of seventy-five years, who will occupy it throughout her lifetime, +although the place is controlled by the Fairbanks Chapter of the +Daughters of the Revolution, who hold their monthly meetings there.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img309.jpg" width="650" height="431" + alt="FAIRBANKS HOUSE, DEDHAM, MASS." /><br /> + <b>FAIRBANKS HOUSE, DEDHAM, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>The way in which this property was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> acquired by the organisation named +is interesting recent history. Miss Rebecca Fairbanks was obliged in +1895 to sell the house to John Crowley, a real estate dealer in Dedham. +On April 3, 1897, Mrs. Nelson V. Titus, asked through the medium of the +press for four thousand, five hundred dollars, necessary to purchase the +house and keep it as a historical relic. Almost immediately Mrs. J. +Amory Codman and Miss Martha Codman sent a check for the sum desired, +and thus performed a double act of beneficence. For it was now possible +to ensure to Miss Fairbanks a life tenancy of the home of her fathers as +well as to keep for all time this picturesque place as an example of +early American architecture.</p> + +<p>Hundreds of visitors now go every summer to see the interesting old +house, which stands nestling cosily in a grassy dell just at the corner +of East Street and the short<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> "Willow Road" across the meadows that lie +between East Street and Dedham. This road is a "modern convenience," and +its construction was severely frowned upon by the three old ladies who +twenty years ago lived together in the family homestead. And though it +made the road to the village shorter by half than the old way, this had +no weight with the inflexible women who had inherited from their long +line of ancestors marked decision and firmness of character. They +protested against the building of the road, and when it was built in +spite of their protests they declared they would not use it, and kept +their word. Constant attendants of the old Congregational church in +Dedham, they went persistently by the longest way round rather than +tolerate the road to which they had objected.</p> + +<p>That their neighbours called them "set<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> in their ways" goes, of course, +without saying, but the women of the Fairbanks family have ever been +rigidly conscientious, and the men a bit obstinate. For, much as one +would like to think the contrary true, one seems forced to believe that +it was obstinacy rather than innocency which made Jason Fairbanks +protest till the hour of his death that he was being unjustly punished.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INVENTOR_MORSES_UNFULFILLED_AMBITION" id="INVENTOR_MORSES_UNFULFILLED_AMBITION"></a>INVENTOR MORSE'S UNFULFILLED AMBITION</h2> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img315.jpg" width="650" height="430" + alt="EDES HOUSE, BIRTHPLACE OF PROFESSOR MORSE, CHARLESTOWN, +MASS." /><br /> + <b>EDES HOUSE, BIRTHPLACE OF PROFESSOR MORSE, CHARLESTOWN, +MASS.</b> + </div> + +<p>The first house erected in Charlestown after the destruction of the +village by fire in 1775 (the coup d'état which immediately followed the +battle of Bunker Hill, it will be remembered), is that which is here +given as the birthplace of Samuel Finley Breese Morse, the inventor of +the electric telegraph. The house is still standing at 203 Main Street, +and in the front chamber of the second story, on the right of the front +door of the entrance, visitors still pause to render tribute to the +memory of the babe that there drew his first breath on April 27, +1791.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p> + + + + +<p>It was, however, quite by accident that the house became doubly famous, +for it was during the building of the parsonage, Pastor Morse's proper +home, that his little son came to gladden his life. Reverend Jedediah +Morse became minister of the First Parish Church on April 30, 1789, the +very date of Washington's inauguration in New York as President of the +United States, and two weeks later married a daughter of Judge Samuel +Breese, of New York. Shortly afterward it was determined to build a +parsonage, and during the construction of this dwelling Doctor Morse +accepted the hospitality of Mr. Thomas Edes, who then owned the "oldest" +house. And work on the parsonage being delayed beyond expectation, Mrs. +Morse's little son was born in the Edes house.</p> + +<p>Apropos of the brief residence of Doctor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> Morse in this house comes a +quaint letter from Reverend Jeremy Belknap, the staid old doctor of +divinity, and the founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society, which +shows that girls over a hundred years ago were quite as much interested +in young unmarried ministers as nice girls ought ever to be. Two or +three months before the settlement of Mr. Morse in Charlestown, Doctor +Belknap wrote to his friend, Ebenezer Hazard, of New York, who was a +relative of Judge Breese:</p> + +<p>"You said in one of your late letters that probably Charlestown people +would soon have to build a house for Mr. Morse. I let this drop in a +conversation with a daughter of Mr. Carey, and in a day or two it was +all over Charlestown, and the girls who had been setting their caps for +him are chagrined. I suppose it would be something to Mr. Morse's +advantage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> in point of bands and handkerchiefs, if this report could be +contradicted; but if it cannot, oh, how heavy will be the +disappointment. When a young clergyman settles in such a town as +Charlestown, there is as much looking out for him as there is for a +thousand-dollar prize in a lottery; and though the girls know that but +one can have him, yet 'who knows but I may be that one?'"<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> + +<p>Doctor Morse's fame has been a good deal obscured by that of his +distinguished son, but he seems none the less to have been a good deal +of a man, and it is perhaps no wonder that the feminine portion of a +little place like Charlestown looked forward with decided interest to +his settling among them. We can even fancy that the girls of the sewing +society studied<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> geography with ardour when they learned who was to be +their new minister. For geography was Doctor Morse's passion; he was, +indeed, the Alexis Frye of his period. This interest in geography is +said to have been so tremendous with the man that once being asked by +his teacher at a Greek recitation where a certain verb was found, he +replied, "On the coast of Africa." And while he was a tutor at Yale the +want of geographies there induced him to prepare notes for his pupils, +to serve as text-books, which he eventually printed.</p> + +<p>Young Morse seconded his father's passion for geography by one as +strongly marked for drawing, and the blank margin of his Virgil occupied +far more of his thoughts than the text. The inventor came indeed only +tardily to discover in which direction his real talent lay. All his +youth he worshipped art and followed (at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> considerable distance) his +beloved mistress. His penchant for painting, exhibited in much the same +manner as Allston's, his future master, did not meet with the same +encouragement.</p> + +<p>A caricature (founded upon some fracas among the students at Yale), in +which the faculty were burlesqued, was seized during Morse's student +days, handed to President Dwight, and the author, who was no other than +our young friend, called up. The delinquent received a severe lecture +upon his waste of time, violation of college laws, and filial +disobedience, without exhibiting any sign of contrition; but when at +length Doctor Dwight said to him, "Morse, you are no painter; this is a +rude attempt, a complete failure," he was touched to the quick, and +could not keep back the tears.</p> + +<p>The canvas, executed by Morse at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> age of nineteen, of the landing of +the Pilgrims, which may be seen at the Charlestown City Hall, is +certainly not a masterpiece. Yet the lad was determined to learn to +paint, and to this end accompanied Allston to Europe, where he became a +pupil of West, and, it is said, also of Copley.</p> + +<p>West had become the foremost painter of his time in England when our +ambitious young artist was presented to him, but from the beginning he +took a great interest in the Charlestown lad, and showed him much +attention. Once in after years Morse related to a friend this most +interesting anecdote of his great master: "I called upon Mr. West at his +house in Newman Street one morning, and in conformity to the order given +to his servant Robert always to admit Mr. Leslie and myself even if he +was engaged in his private studies, I was shown into his studio.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p> + +<p>"As I entered a half-length portrait of George III. stood before me on +an easel, and Mr. West was sitting with his back toward me copying from +it upon canvas. My name having been mentioned to him, he did not turn, +but pointing with the pencil he had in his hand to the portrait from +which he was copying, he said, 'Do you see that picture, Mr. Morse?'</p> + +<p>"'Yes, sir,' I said, 'I perceive it is the portrait of the king.'</p> + +<p>"'Well,' said Mr. West, 'the king was sitting to me for that portrait +when the box containing the American Declaration of Independence was +handed to him.'</p> + +<p>"'Indeed,' I answered; 'and what appeared to be the emotions of the +king? What did he say?'</p> + +<p>"'His reply,' said Mr. West, 'was characteristic of the goodness of his +heart: "If they can be happier under the govern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>ment they have chosen +than under me, I shall be happy."'"<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Morse returned to Boston in the autumn of 1815, and there set up a +studio. But he was not too occupied in painting to turn a hand to +invention, and we find him the next winter touring New Hampshire and +Vermont trying to sell to towns and villages a fire-engine pump he had +invented, while seeking commissions to paint portraits at fifteen +dollars a head. It was that winter that he met in Concord, New +Hampshire, Miss Lucretia P. Walker, whom he married in the autumn of +1818, and whose death in February, 1825, just after he had successfully +fulfilled a liberal commission to paint General Lafayette, was the great +blow of his young manhood.</p> + +<p>The National Academy of Design<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> Morse helped to found in New York in +1826, and of this institution he was first president. About the same +time we find him renewing his early interest in electrical experiments. +A few years later he is sailing for Europe, there to execute many +copying commissions. And on his return from this stay abroad the idea of +the telegraph suggested itself to him.</p> + +<p>Of the exact way in which Morse first conceived the idea of making +electricity the means of conveying intelligence, various accounts have +been given, the one usually accepted being that while on board the +packet-ship <i>Sully</i>, a fellow passenger related some experiments he had +witnessed in Paris with the electro-magnet, a recital which made such an +impression upon one of his auditors that he walked the deck the whole +night. Professor Morse's own statement was that he gained his knowledge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> +of the working of the electro-magnet while attending the lectures of +Doctor J. Freeman Dana, then professor of chemistry in the University of +New York, lectures which were delivered before the New York Atheneum.</p> + +<p>"I witnessed," says Morse, "the effects of the conjunctive wires in the +different forms described by him in his lectures, and exhibited to his +audience. The electro-magnet was put in action by an intense battery; it +was made to sustain the weight of its armature, when the conjunctive +wire was connected with the poles of the battery, or the circuit was +closed; and it was made to 'drop its load' upon opening the circuit."</p> + +<p>Yet after the inventor had made his discovery he had the greatest +difficulty in getting a chance to demonstrate its worth. Heartsick with +despondency, and with his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> means utterly exhausted, he finally applied +to the Twenty-seventh Congress for aid to put his invention to the test +of practical illustration, and his petition was carried through with a +majority of only two votes! These two votes to the good were enough, +however, to save the wonderful discovery, perhaps from present +obscurity, and with the thirty thousand dollars appropriated by Congress +Morse stretched his first wires from Washington to Baltimore—wires, it +will be noted, because the principle of the ground circuit was not then +known, and only later discovered by accident. So that a wire to go and +another to return between the cities was deemed necessary by Morse to +complete his first circuit. The first wire was of copper.</p> + +<p>The first message, now in the custody of the Connecticut Historical +Society, was dictated by Miss Annie G. Ellsworth, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> the words of it +were "What hath God wrought?" The telegraph was at first regarded with +superstitious dread in some sections of the country. In a Southern State +a drought was attributed to its occult influences, and the people, +infatuated with the idea, levelled the wires to the ground. And so +common was it for the Indians to knock off the insulators with their +rifles in order to gratify their curiosity in regard to the "singing +cord," that it was at first extremely difficult to keep the lines in +repair along the Pacific Railway.</p> + +<p>To the man who had been so poor that he had had a very great struggle to +provide bread for his three motherless children, came now success. The +impecunious artist was liberally rewarded for his clever invention, and +in 1847 he married for his second wife Miss Sarah E. Griswold, of +Poughkeepsie, the daughter of his cousin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> She was twenty-five when they +were married, and he fifty-six, but they lived very happily together on +the two-hundred acre farm he had bought near Poughkeepsie, and it was +there that he died at the age of seventy-two, full of honours as an +inventor, and loving art to the end.</p> + +<p>Even after he became a great man, Professor Morse, it is interesting to +learn, cherished his fondness for the house in which he was born, and +one of his last visits to Charlestown was on the occasion when he took +his young daughter to see the old place. And that same day, one is a bit +amused to note, he took her also to the old parsonage, then still +standing, in what is now Harvard Street, between the city hall and the +church—and there pointed out to her with pride some rude sketches he +had made on the wall of his sleeping-room when still a boy. So, though<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> +it is as an inventor we remember and honour Samuel Finley Breese Morse +to-day, it was as a painter that he wished first, last, and above all to +be famous. But in the realm of the talents as elsewhere man proposes and +God disposes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WHERE_THE_BROTHERS_AND_SISTERS_MET" id="WHERE_THE_BROTHERS_AND_SISTERS_MET"></a>WHERE THE "BROTHERS AND SISTERS" MET</h2> + + +<p>No single house in all Massachusetts has survived so many of the +vicissitudes of fickle fortune and carried the traditions of a glorious +past up into the realities of a prosperous and useful present more +successfully than has Fay House, the present home of Radcliffe College, +Cambridge. The central portion of the Fay House of to-day dates back +nearly a hundred years, and was built by Nathaniel Ireland, a prosperous +merchant of Boston. It was indeed a mansion to make farmer-folk stare +when, with its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> tower-like bays, running from ground to roof, it was, in +1806, erected on the highroad to Watertown, the first brick house in the +vicinity.</p> + +<p>To Mr. Ireland did not come the good fortune of living in the fine +dwelling his ambition had designed. A ship-blacksmith by trade, his +prospects were ruined by the Jefferson Embargo, and he was obliged to +leave the work of construction on his house unfinished and allow the +place to pass, heavily mortgaged, into the hands of others. But the +house itself and our story concerning it gained by Mr. Ireland's loss, +for it now became the property of Doctor Joseph McKean (a famous Harvard +instructor), and the rendezvous of that professor's college associates +and of the numerous friends of his young family. Oliver Wendell Holmes +was among those who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> spent many a social evening here with the McKeans.</p> + +<p>The next name of importance to be connected with Fay House was that of +Edward Everett, who lived here for a time. Later Sophia Willard Dana, +granddaughter of Chief Justice Dana, our first minister to Russia, kept +a boarding and day school for young ladies in the house. Among her +pupils were the sisters of James Russell Lowell, Mary Channing, the +first wife of Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and members of the +Higginson, Parkman, and Tuckerman families. Lowell himself, and Edmund +Dana, attended here for a term as a special privilege. Sophia Dana was +married in the house, August 22, 1827, by the father of Oliver Wendell +Holmes, to Mr. George Ripley, with whom she afterward took an active +part in the Brook Farm Colony, of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> which we are to hear again a bit +later in this series. After Miss Dana's marriage, her school was carried +on largely by Miss Elizabeth McKean—the daughter of the Doctor Joseph +McKean already referred to—a young woman who soon became the wife of +Doctor Joseph Worcester, the compiler of the dictionary.</p> + +<p>Delightful reminiscences of Fay House have been furnished us by Thomas +Wentworth Higginson, who, as a boy, was often in and out of the place, +visiting his aunt, Mrs. Channing, who lived here with her son, William +Henry Channing, the well-known anti-slavery orator. Here Higginson, as a +youth, used to listen with keenest pleasure, to the singing of his +cousin, Lucy Channing, especially when the song she chose was, "The +Mistletoe Hung on the Castle Wall," the story of a bride shut up in a +chest. "I used firmly to believe,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> the genial colonel confessed to the +Radcliffe girls, in reviving for them his memories of the house, "that +there was a bride shut up in the walls of this house—and there may be +to-day, for all I know."</p> + +<p>For fifty years after June, 1835, the house was in the possession of +Judge P. P. Fay's family. The surroundings were still country-like. +Cambridge Common was as yet only a treeless pasture, and the house had +not been materially changed from its original shape and plan. Judge Fay +was a jolly gentleman of the old school. A judge of probate for a dozen +years, an overseer of Harvard College, and a pillar of Christ Church, he +was withal fond of a well-turned story and a lover of good hunting, as +well as much given to hospitality. Miss Maria Denny Fay, whose memory is +now perpetuated in a Radcliffe scholarship, was the sixth of Judge +Fay's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> seven children, and the one who finally became both mistress and +owner of the estate. A girl of fourteen when her father bought the +house, she was at the time receiving her young-lady education at the +Convent of St. Ursula, where, in the vine-covered, red-brick convent on +the summit of Charlestown, she learned, under the guidance of the nuns, +to sing, play the piano, the harp, and the guitar, to speak French, and +read Spanish and Italian. But her life on Mt. Benedict was suddenly +terminated when the convent was burned. So she entered earlier than +would otherwise have been the case upon the varied interests of her new +and beautiful home. Here, in the course of a few years, we find her +presiding, a gracious and lovely maiden, of whom the venerable Colonel +Higginson has said: "I have never, in looking back, felt more grateful +to any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> one than to this charming girl of twenty, who consented to be a +neighbour to me, an awkward boy of seventeen, to attract me in a manner +from myself and make me available to other people."</p> + +<p>Very happy times were those which the young Wentworth Higginson, then a +college boy, living with his mother at Vaughan House, was privileged to +share with Maria Fay and her friends. Who of us does not envy him the +memory of that Christmas party in 1841, when there were gathered in Fay +House, among others, Maria White, Lowell's beautiful fiancée; Levi +Thaxter, afterward the husband of Celia Thaxter; Leverett Saltonstall, +Mary Story and William Story, the sculptors? And how pleasant it must +have been to join in the famous charades of that circle of talented +young people, to partake of refreshments in the quaint dining-room, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> +dance a Virginia reel and galop in the beautiful oval parlour which +then, as to-day, expressed ideally the acme of charming hospitality! +What tales this same parlour might relate! How enchantingly it might +tell, if it could speak, of the graceful Maria White, who, seated in the +deep window, must have made an exquisite picture in her white gown, with +her beautiful face shining in the moonlight while she repeated, in her +soft voice, one of her own ballads, written for the "Brothers and +Sisters," as this group of young people was called.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img339.jpg" width="650" height="473" + alt="OVAL PARLOUR, FAY HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS." /><br /> + <b>OVAL PARLOUR, FAY HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>Of a more distinctly academic cast were some of the companies later +assembled in this same room—Judge Story, Doctor Beck, President Felton, +Professors Pierce, Lane, Child, and Lowell, with maybe Longfellow, +listening to one of his own songs, or that strange figure, Professor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> +Evangelinus Apostolides Sophocles, oddly ill at ease in his suit of +dingy black. In his younger days he had been both pirate and priest, and +he retained, as professor, some of his early habits—seldom being seated +while he talked, and leaning against the door, shaking and fumbling his +college keys as the monks shake their rosaries. Mr. Arthur Gilman has +related in a charming article on Fay House, written for the <i>Harvard +Graduates Magazine</i> (from which, as from Miss Norris's sketch of the old +place, printed in a recent number of the <i>Radcliffe Magazine</i>, many of +the incidents here given are drawn), that Professor Sophocles was +allowed by Miss Fay to keep some hens on the estate, pets which he had +an odd habit of naming after his friends. When, therefore, some +accomplishment striking and praiseworthy in a hen was related in company +as peculiar to one or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> another of them, the professor innocently calling +his animals by the name he had borrowed, the effect was apt to be +startling.</p> + +<p>During the latter part of Miss Fay's long tenancy of this house, she had +with her her elder sister, the handsome Mrs. Greenough, a woman who had +been so famous a beauty in her youth that, on the occasion of her +wedding, Harvard students thronged the aisles and climbed the pews of +old Christ Church to see her. The wedding receptions of Mrs. Greenough's +daughter and granddaughter were held, too, in Fay House. This latter +girl was the fascinating and talented Lily Greenough, who was later a +favourite at the court of Napoleon and Eugénie, and who, after the death +of her first husband, Mr. Charles Moulton, was married in this house to +Monsieur De Hegermann Lindencrone, at that time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> Danish Minister to the +United States, and now minister at Paris. Her daughter, Suzanne Moulton, +who has left her name scratched with a diamond on one of the Fay House +windows, is now the Countess Suzanne Raben-Levetzan of Nystel, Denmark.</p> + +<p>In connection with the Fays' life in this house occurred one thing which +will particularly send the building down into posterity, and will link +for all time Radcliffe and Harvard traditions. For it was in the upper +corner room, nearest the Washington Elm, that Doctor Samuel Gilman, +Judge Fay's brother-in-law, wrote "Fair Harvard," while a guest in this +hospitable home, during the second centennial celebration of the college +on the Charles. Radcliffe girls often seem a bit triumphant as they +point out to visitors this room and its facsimile copy of the famous +song. Yet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> they have plenty of pleasant things of their own to remember.</p> + +<p>Just one of these, taken at random from among the present writer's own +memories of pretty happenings at Fay House, will serve: During Duse's +last tour in this country, the famous actress came out one afternoon, as +many a famous personage does, to drink a cup of tea with Mrs. Agassiz in +the stately old parlour, where Mrs. Whitman's famous portrait of the +president of Radcliffe College vies in attractiveness with the living +reality graciously presiding over the Wednesday afternoon teacups. As it +happened, there was a scant attendance at the tea on this day of Duse's +visit. She had not been expected, and so it fell out that some two or +three girls who could speak French or Italian were privileged to do the +honours of the occasion to the great actress whom they had long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> +worshipped from afar. Duse was in one of her most charming moods, and +she listened with the greatest attention to her young hostesses' +laboured explanations concerning the college and its ancient home.</p> + +<p>The best of it all, from the enthusiastic girl-students' point of view, +was, however, in the dark-eyed Italienne's mode of saying farewell. As +she entered her carriage—to which she had been escorted by this little +group—she took from her belt a beautiful bouquet of roses, camellias, +and violets. And as the smart coachman flicked the impatient horses with +his whip, Duse threw the girls the precious flowers. Those who caught a +camellia felt, of course, especially delighted, for it was as the Dame +aux Camellias that Duse had been winning for weeks the plaudits of +admiring Boston. My own share of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> largesse consisted of a few fresh, +sweet violets, which I still have tucked away somewhere, together with +one of the great actress's photographs that bears the date of the +pleasant afternoon hour passed with her in the parlour where the +"Brothers and Sisters" met.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_BROOK_FARMERS" id="THE_BROOK_FARMERS"></a>THE BROOK FARMERS</h2> + + +<p>One of the weddings noted in our Fay House chapter was that of Sophia +Dana to George Ripley, an event which was celebrated August 22, 1827, in +the stately parlour of the Cambridge mansion, the ceremony being +performed by the father of Oliver Wendell Holmes. The time between the +date of their marriage and the year 1840, when Mr. and Mrs. Ripley +"discovered" the milk-farm in West Roxbury, which was afterward to be +developed through their efforts into the most remarkable socialistic +experiment America has ever known,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> represented for the young people +joined together in what is now the home of Radcliffe College some dozen +years of quiet parsonage life in Boston.</p> + +<p>The later years of George Ripley's life held for him a series of +disappointments before which his courage and ideals never failed. When +the young student left the Harvard Divinity School, he was appointed +minister over a Unitarian parish which was gathered for him at the +corner of Pearl and Purchase Streets, Boston. Here his ministrations +went faithfully on, but inasmuch as his parishioners failed to take any +deep interest in the social questions which seemed to him of most vital +concern, he sent them, in the October of 1840, a letter of resignation, +which they duly accepted, thus leaving Ripley free to enter upon the +experiment so dear to him.</p> + +<p>The Ripleys, as has been said, had al<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>ready discovered Brook Farm, a +pleasant place, varied in contour, with pine woods close at hand, the +Charles River within easy distance, and plenty of land—whether of a +sort to produce paying crops or not they were later to learn. That +winter Ripley wrote to Emerson: "We propose to take a small tract of +land, which, under skilful husbandry, uniting the garden and the farm, +will be adequate to the subsistence of the families; and to connect with +this a school or college in which the most complete instruction shall be +given, from the first rudiments to the highest culture." Ripley himself +assumed the responsibility for the management and success of the +undertaking, and about the middle of April, 1841, he took possession +with his wife and sister and some fifteen others, including Hawthorne, +of the farm<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>house, which, with a large barn, was already on the estate.</p> + + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img351.jpg" width="650" height="429" + alt="BROOK FARM, WEST ROXBURY, MASS." /><br /> + <b>BROOK FARM, WEST ROXBURY, MASS.</b> + </div> + +<p>The first six months were spent in "getting started," especially in the +matter of the school, of which Mrs. Ripley was largely in charge, and it +was not until early fall—September 29—that the Brook Farm Institute of +Agriculture and Education was organised as a kind of joint stock +company, not incorporated.</p> + +<p>A seeker after country quiet and beauty might easily be as much +attracted to-day by the undulating acres of Brook Farm as were those who +sought it sixty years ago as a refuge from social discouragement. The +brook still babbles cheerily as it threads its way through the meadows, +and there are still pleasant pastures and shady groves on the large +estate. The only one of the community buildings which is still standing, +however, is that now known as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> the Martin Luther Orphan Home. This +house was built at the very start of the community life by Mrs. A. G. +Alford, one of the members of the colony.</p> + + + +<p>The building was in the form of a Maltese cross with four gables, the +central space being taken by the staircase. It contained only about half +a dozen rooms, and probably could not have accommodated more than that +number of residents. It is said to have been the prettiest and best +furnished house on the place, but an examination of its simple +construction will confirm the memory of one of its occupants, who +remarked that contact with nature was here always admirably close and +unaffected. From the rough dwelling, which resembled an inexpensive +beach cottage, to out-doors was hardly a transition, it is chronicled, +and at all seasons the external and internal temperatures closely +corresponded. Until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> lately the cottage wore its original dark-brown +colour; and it is still the best visible remnant of the early days, and +gives a pleasant impression of what the daily life of the association +must have been.</p> + +<p>Gay and happy indeed were the dwellers in this community during the +early stages of its development. Ripley's theory of the wholesomeness of +combined manual and intellectual work ruled everywhere. He himself +donned the farmer's blouse, the wide straw hat, and the high boots in +which he has been pictured at Brook Farm; and whether he cleaned +stables, milked cows, carried vegetables to market, or taught philosophy +and discussed religion, he was unfailingly cheerful and inspiring.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Ripley was in complete accord with her husband on all vital +questions, and as the chief of the Wash-Room Group worked blithely eight +or ten hours a day. Whether<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> this devotion to her husband's ideals grew +out of her love for him, or whether she was really persuaded of the +truth of his theory, does not appear. In later life it is interesting to +learn that she sought in the Church of Rome the comfort which Ripley's +transcendentalism was not able to afford her. When she died in 1859 she +had held the faith of Rome for nearly a dozen years, and, curiously +enough, was buried as a Catholic from that very building in which her +husband had preached as a Unitarian early in their married life, the +church having in the interim been purchased by the Catholics. With just +one glimpse of the later Ripley himself, we must leave this interesting +couple. In 1866, when, armed with a letter of introduction from Emerson, +the original Brook Farmer sought Carlyle (who had once described him as +"a Socinian minister who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> had left his pulpit to reform the world by +cultivating onions"), and Carlyle greeted him with a long and violent +tirade against our government, Ripley sat quietly through it all, but +when the sage of Chelsea paused for breath, calmly rose and left the +house, saying no word of remonstrance.</p> + +<p>It is, of course, however, in Hawthorne and his descriptions in the +"Blithedale Romance" of the life at Brook Farm that the principal +interest of most readers centres. This work has come to be regarded as +the epic of the community, and it is now generally conceded that +Hawthorne was in this novel far more of a realist than was at first +admitted. He did not avoid the impulse to tell the happenings of life at +the farm pretty nearly as he found them, and substantial as the +characters may or may not be, the daily life and doings, the scenery, +the surroundings, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> even trivial details are presented with a +well-nigh faultless accuracy.</p> + +<p>The characters, as I have said, are not easily traceable, but even in +this respect Hawthorne was something of a photographer. Zenobia seems a +blend of Margaret Fuller and of Mrs. Barlow, who as Miss Penniman was +once a famous Brookline beauty of lively and attractive disposition. In +the strongest and most repellant character of the novel, Hollingsworth, +Hawthorne seems to have incorporated something of the fierce earnestness +of Brownson and the pathetic zeal of Ripley. And those who best know +Brook Farm are able to find in the book reflections of other well-known +members of the community. For the actual life of the place, however, +readers cannot do better than peruse Lindsay Swift's recent delightful +work,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> "Brook Farm, Its Members, Scholars, and Visitors."</p> + +<p>There was, we learn here, a charming happy-go-luckiness about the whole +life. Partly from necessity, partly from choice, the young people used +to sit on the stairs and on the floor during the evening entertainments. +Dishes were washed and wiped to the tune of "Oh, Canaan, Bright Canaan," +or some other song of the time. When about their work the women wore +short skirts with knickerbockers; the water-cure and the starving-cure +both received due attention at the hands of some of the members of the +household; at table the customary formula was, "Is the butter within the +sphere of your influence?" And very often the day's work ended in a +dance, a walk to Eliot's Pulpit, or a moonlight hour on the Charles!</p> + +<p>During the earlier years the men, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> were in excess of the young women +in point of numbers, helped very largely in the household labours. +George William Curtis occasionally trimmed lamps, Charles Dana, who +afterward founded the <i>New York Sun</i>, organised a band of griddle-cake +servitors composed of "four of the most elegant youths of the +Community!" One legend, which has the air of probability, records that a +student confessed his passion while helping his sweetheart at the sink. +Of love there was indeed not a little at Brook Farm. Cupid is said to +have made much havoc in the Community, and though very little mismating +is to be traced to the intimacy of the life there, fourteen marriages +have been attributed to friendships begun at Brook Farm, and there was +even one wedding there, that of John Orvis to John Dwight's sister, +Marianne. At this simple ceremony Will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>iam Henry Channing was the +minister, and John Dwight made a speech of exactly five words.</p> + +<p>Starting with about fifteen persons, the numbers at the farm increased +rapidly, though never above one hundred and twenty people were there at +a time. It is estimated, however, that about two hundred individuals +were connected with the Community from first to last. Of these all the +well-known ones are now dead, unless, indeed, one is to count among the +"Farmers" Mrs. Abby Morton Diaz, who as a very young girl was a teacher +in the infant department of the school.</p> + +<p>Yet though the Farmers have almost all passed beyond, delicious +anecdotes about them are all the time coming to light. There is one +story of "Sam" Larned which is almost too good to be true. Larned, it is +said, steadily refused to drink milk on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> the ground that his relations +with the cow did not justify him in drawing on her reserves, and when it +was pointed out to him that he ought on the same principle to abandon +shoes, he is said to have made a serious attempt to discover some more +moral type of footwear.</p> + +<p>And then there is another good story of an instance when Brook Farm +hospitality had fatal results. An Irish baronet, Sir John Caldwell, +fifth of that title, and treasurer-general at Canada, after supping with +the Community on its greatest delicacy, pork and beans, returned to the +now departed Tremont House in Boston, and died suddenly of apoplexy!</p> + +<p>This baronet's son was wont later to refer to the early members of the +Community as "extinct volcanoes of transcendental nonsense and +humbuggery." But no witty sallies of this sort are able to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> lessen in +the popular mind the reverence with which this Brook Farm essay in +idealism must ever be held. For this Community, when all is said, +remains the most successful and the most interesting failure the world +has ever known.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MARGARET_FULLER_MARCHESA_DOSSOLI" id="MARGARET_FULLER_MARCHESA_DOSSOLI"></a>MARGARET FULLER: MARCHESA D'OSSOLI</h2> + + +<p>Any account of Brook Farm which should neglect to dwell upon the part +played in the community life by Margaret Fuller, Marchesa d'Ossoli, +would be almost like the play of "Hamlet" with the Prince of Denmark +left out. For although Margaret Fuller never lived at Brook Farm—was, +indeed, only an occasional visitor there—her influence pervaded the +place, and, as we feel from reading the "Blithedale Romance," she was +really, whether absent or present, the strongest personality connected +with the experiment.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span></p> + +<p>Hawthorne's first bucolic experience was with the famous "transcendental +heifer" mistakenly said to have been the property of Margaret Fuller. As +a matter of fact, the beast had been named after Cambridge's most +intellectual woman, by Ripley, who had a whimsical fashion of thus +honouring his friends. According to Hawthorne, the name in this case was +not inapt, for the cow was so recalcitrant and anti-social that it was +finally sent to Coventry by the more docile kine, always to be counted +on for moderate conservatism.</p> + +<p>This cow's would-be-tamer, not wishing to be unjust, refers to this +heifer as having "a very intelligent face" and "a reflective cast of +character." He certainly paid Margaret Fuller herself no such tribute, +but thus early in his Brook Farm experience let appear his thinly veiled +contempt for the high priestess of transcendentalism.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> Even earlier his +antagonism toward this eminent woman was strong, if it was not frank, +for he wrote: "I was invited to dine at Mr. Bancroft's yesterday with +Miss Margaret Fuller, but Providence had given me some business to do +for which I was very thankful."</p> + +<p>The unlovely side of Margaret Fuller must have made a very deep +impression upon Hawthorne. Gentle as the great romancer undoubtedly was +by birth and training, he has certainly been very harsh in writing, both +in his note-book and in his story of Brook Farm, of the woman we +recognise in Zenobia. One of the most interesting literary wars ever +carried on in this vicinity, indeed, was that which was waged here some +fifteen years ago concerning Julian Hawthorne's revelations of his +father's private opinion of the Marchesa d'Ossoli. The remarks in +question oc<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>curred in the great Hawthorne's "Roman Journal," and were +certainly sufficiently scathing to call for such warm defence as +Margaret's surviving friends hastened to offer. Hawthorne said among +other things:</p> + +<p>"Margaret Fuller had a strong and coarse nature which she had done her +utmost to refine, with infinite pains; but, of course, it could be only +superficially changed.... Margaret has not left in the hearts and minds +of those who knew her any deep witness of her integrity and purity. She +was a great humbug—of course, with much talent and moral reality, or +else she could never have been so great a humbug.... Toward the last +there appears to have been a total collapse in poor Margaret, morally +and intellectually; and tragic as her catastrophe was, Providence was, +after all, kind in putting her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> and her clownish husband and their child +on board that fated ship.... On the whole, I do not know but I like her +the better, though, because she proved herself a very woman after all, +and fell as the meanest of her sisters might."</p> + +<p>The latter sentences refer to Margaret's marriage to Ossoli, a man some +ten years the junior of his gifted wife, and by no means her +intellectual equal. That the marriage was a strange one even Margaret's +most ardent friends admit, but it was none the less exceedingly human +and very natural, as Hawthorne implies, for a woman of thirty-seven, +whose interests had long been of the strictly intellectual kind, to +yield herself at last to the impulses of an affectionate nature.</p> + +<p>But we are getting very much ahead of our story, which should begin, of +course, far back in May, 1810, when there was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> born, at the corner of +Eaton and Cherry Streets, in Cambridgeport, a tiny daughter to Timothy +Fuller and his wife. The dwelling in which Margaret first saw the light +still stands, and is easily recognised by the three elms in front, +planted by the proud father to celebrate the advent of his first child.</p> + +<p>The garden in which Margaret and her mother delighted has long since +vanished; but the house still retains a certain dignity, though now +divided into three separate tenements, numbered respectively 69, 72, and +75 Cherry Street, and occupied by a rather migratory class of tenants. +The pillared doorway and the carved wreaths above it still give an +old-fashioned grace to the somewhat dilapidated house.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img369.jpg" width="650" height="435" + alt="FULLER HOUSE, CAMBRIDGEPORT, MASS." /><br /> + <b>FULLER HOUSE, CAMBRIDGEPORT, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>The class with which Margaret may be said to have danced through Harvard +College was that of 1829, which has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> made by the wit and poetry +of Holmes the most eminent class that ever left Harvard. The memory of +one lady has preserved for us a picture of the girl Margaret as she +appeared at a ball when she was sixteen.</p> + +<p>"She had a very plain face, half-shut eyes, and hair curled all over her +head; she was dressed in a badly-cut, low-neck pink silk, with white +muslin over it; and she danced quadrilles very awkwardly, being withal +so near-sighted that she could hardly see her partner."</p> + +<p>With Holmes she was not especially intimate, we learn, though they had +been schoolmates; but with two of the most conspicuous members of the +class—William Henry Channing and James Freeman Clarke—she formed a +lifelong friendship, and these gentlemen became her biographers.</p> + +<p>Yet, after all, the most important part<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> of a woman's training is that +which she obtains from her own sex, and of this Margaret Fuller had +quite her share. She was one of those maidens who form passionate +attachments to older women, and there were many Cambridge ladies of the +college circle who in turn won her ardent loyalty.</p> + +<p>"My elder sister," writes Thomas Wentworth Higginson, in his biography +of Margaret Fuller, "can well remember this studious, self-conscious, +over-grown girl as sitting at my mother's feet, covering her hands with +kisses, and treasuring her every word. It was the same at other times +with other women, most of whom were too much absorbed in their own +duties to give more than a passing solicitude to this rather odd and +sometimes inconvenient adorer."</p> + +<p>The side of Margaret Fuller to which scant attention has been paid +heretofore is this ardently affectionate side, and this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> it is which +seems to account for what has always before appeared inexplicable—her +romantic marriage to the young Marchese d'Ossoli. The intellect was in +truth only a small part of Margaret, and if Hawthorne had improved, as +he might have done, his opportunities to study the whole nature of the +woman, he would not have written even for his private diary the harsh +sentences already quoted. One has only to look at the heroic fashion in +which, after the death of her father, Margaret took up the task of +educating her brothers and sisters to feel that there was much besides +selfishness in this woman's makeup. Nor can one believe that Emerson +would ever have cared to have for the friend of a lifetime a woman who +was a "humbug." Of Margaret's school-teaching, conversation classes on +West Street, Boston, and labours on the <i>Dial</i>, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> transcendental paper +in which Emerson was deeply interested, there is not space to speak +here. But one phase of her work which cannot be ignored is that +performed on the <i>Tribune</i>, in the days of Horace Greeley.</p> + +<p>Greeley brought Boston's high priestess to New York for the purpose of +putting the literary criticism of the <i>Tribune</i> on a higher plane than +any American newspaper then occupied, as well as that she might discuss +in a large and stimulating way all philanthropic questions. That she +rose to the former opportunity her enemies would be the first to grant, +but only those who, like Margaret herself, believe in the sisterhood of +women could freely endorse her attitude on philanthropic subjects.</p> + +<p>Surely, though, it could not have been a hard woman of whom Horace +Greeley wrote: "If she had been born to large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> fortune, a house of +refuge for all female outcasts desiring to return to the ways of virtue +would have been one of her most cherished and first realised +conceptions. She once attended, with other noble women, a gathering of +outcasts of their sex, and, being asked how they appeared to her, +replied, 'As women like myself, save that they are victims of wrong and +misfortune.'"</p> + +<p>While labouring for the <i>Tribune</i>, Margaret Fuller was all the time +saving her money for the trip to Europe, which had her life long been +her dream of felicity; and at last, on the first of August, 1846, she +sailed for her Elysian Fields. There, in December, 1847, she was +secretly married, and in September, 1848, her child was born. What these +experiences must have meant to her we are able to guess from a glimpse +into her private journal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> in which she had many years before recorded +her profoundest feeling about marriage and motherhood.</p> + +<p>"I have no home. No one loves me. But I love many a good deal, and see +some way into their eventful beauty.... I am myself growing better, and +shall by and by be a worthy object of love, one that will not anywhere +disappoint or need forbearance.... I have no child, and the woman in me +has so craved this experience that it has seemed the want of it must +paralyse me...."</p> + +<p>The circumstances under which Margaret Fuller and her husband first met +are full of interest. Soon after Miss Fuller's arrival in Rome, early in +1847, she went one day to hear vespers at St. Peter's, and becoming +separated from her friends after the service, she was noted as she +examined the church by a young man of gentlemanly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> address, who, +perceiving her discomfort and her lack of Italian, offered his services +as a guide in her endeavour to find her companions.</p> + +<p>Not seeing them anywhere, the young Marquis d'Ossoli, for it was he, +accompanied Miss Fuller home, and they met once or twice again before +she left Rome for the summer. The following season Miss Fuller had an +apartment in Rome, and she often received among her guests this young +patriot with whose labours in behalf of his native city she was +thoroughly in sympathy.</p> + +<p>When the young man after a few months declared his love, Margaret +refused to marry him, insisting that he should choose a younger woman +for his wife. "In this way it rested for some weeks," writes Mrs. Story, +who knew them both, "during which we saw Ossoli pale, dejected, and +unhappy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> He was always with Margaret, but in a sort of hopeless, +desperate manner, until at length he convinced her of his love, and she +married him."</p> + +<p>Then followed the wife's service in the hospitals while Ossoli was in +the army outside the city. After the birth of their child, Angelo, the +happy little family went to Florence.</p> + +<p>The letters which passed between the young nobleman and the wife he +adored are still extant, having been with the body of her beautiful baby +the only things of Margaret Fuller's saved from the fatal wreck in which +she and her two loved ones were lost. One of these letters will be +enough to show the tenderness of the man:</p> + +<p class="author"> +"Rome, 21 October, 1848. +</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Mia Cara</span>:—I learn by yours of the 20th that you have received the ten +scudi,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> and it makes me more tranquil. I feel also Mogliani's indolence +in not coming to inoculate our child; but, my love, I pray you not to +disturb yourself so much, and not to be sad, hoping that our dear love +will be guarded by God, and will be free from all misfortunes. He will +keep the child for us and give us the means to sustain him."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>In answer to this letter, or one like it, we find the woman whom +Hawthorne had deemed hard and cold writing:</p> + +<p class="author"> +"Saturday Evening,<br /> +28 October, 1848. +</p> + +<p>"... It rains very hard every day, but to-day I have been more quiet, +and our darling has been so good, I have taken so much pleasure in being +with him. When he smiles in his sleep, how it makes my heart beat! He +has grown fat and very fair, and begins to play and spring. You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> will +have much pleasure in seeing him again. He sends you many kisses. He +bends his head toward me when he asks a kiss."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Both Madame Ossoli and her husband were very fearful as they embarked on +the fated ship which was to take them to America. He had been cautioned +by one who had told his fortune when a boy to beware of the sea, and his +wife had long cherished a superstition that the year 1850 would be a +marked epoch in her life. It is remarkable that in writing to a friend +of her fear Madame Ossoli said: "I pray that if we are lost it may be +brief anguish, and Ossoli, the babe, and I go together."</p> + +<p>They sailed none the less, May 17, 1850, on the <i>Elizabeth</i>, a new +merchant vessel, which set out from Leghorn. Misfortune soon began. The +captain sickened and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> died of malignant smallpox, and after his burial +at sea and a week's detention at Gibraltar, little Angelo caught the +dread disease and was restored with difficulty. Yet a worse fate was to +follow.</p> + +<p>At noon of July 18, while they were off the coast of New Jersey, there +was a gale, followed by a hurricane, which dashed the ship on that Fire +Island Beach which has engulfed so many other vessels. Margaret Fuller +and her husband were drowned with their child. The bodies of the parents +were never recovered, but that of little Angelo was buried in a seaman's +chest among the sandhills, from which it was later disinterred and +brought to our own Mount Auburn by the relatives who had never seen the +baby in life.</p> + +<p>And there to-day in a little green grave rests the child of this great +woman's great love.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_OLD_MANSE_AND_SOME_OF_ITS_MOSSES" id="THE_OLD_MANSE_AND_SOME_OF_ITS_MOSSES"></a>THE OLD MANSE AND SOME OF ITS MOSSES</h2> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img383.jpg" width="650" height="432" + alt="OLD MANSE, CONCORD, MASS." /><br /> + <b>OLD MANSE, CONCORD, MASS.</b> + </div> + +<p>"The Old Manse," writes Hawthorne, in his charming introduction to the +quaint stories, "Mosses from an Old Manse", "had never been profaned by +a lay occupant until that memorable summer afternoon when I entered it +as my home. A priest had built it; a priest had succeeded to it; other +priestly men from time to time had dwelt in it; and children born in its +chambers had grown up to assume the priestly character. It is awful to +reflect how many sermons must have been written here!... Here it was, +too, that Emerson wrote<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> 'Nature;' for he was then an inhabitant of +the Manse, and used to watch the Assyrian dawn and Paphian sunset and +moon-rise from the summit of our eastern hill."</p> + + + +<p>Emerson's residence in the Old Manse is to be accounted for by the fact +that his grandfather was its first inhabitant. And it was while living +there with his mother and kindred, before his second marriage in 1835, +that he produced "Nature."</p> + +<p>It is to the parson, the Reverend William Emerson, that we owe one of +the most valuable Revolutionary documents that have come down to us. +Soon after the young minister came to the old Manse (which was then the +New Manse), he had occasion to make in his almanac this stirring entry:</p> + +<p>"This morning, between one and two o'clock, we were alarmed by the +ringing of the bell, and upon examination found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> that the troops, to the +number of eight hundred, had stole their march from Boston, in boats and +barges, from the bottom of the Common over to a point in Cambridge, near +to Inman's farm, and were at Lexington meeting-house half an hour before +sunrise, where they fired upon a body of our men, and (as we afterward +heard) had killed several. This intelligence was brought us first by +Doctor Samuel Prescott, who narrowly escaped the guard that were sent +before on horses, purposely to prevent all posts and messengers from +giving us timely information. He, by the help of a very fleet horse, +crossing several walks and fences, arrived at Concord, at the time above +mentioned; when several posts were immediately dispatched that, +returning, confirmed the account of the regulars' arrival at Lexington +and that they were on their way to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> Concord. Upon this, a number of our +minute-men belonging to this town, and Acton, and Lincoln, with several +others that were in readiness, marched out to meet them; while the alarm +company was preparing to receive them in the town. Captain Minot, who +commanded them, thought it proper to take possession of the hill above +the meeting-house, as the most advantageous situation. No sooner had our +men gained it, than we were met by the companies that were sent out to +meet the troops, who informed us that they were just upon us, and that +we must retreat, as their number was more than treble ours. We then +retreated from the hill near the Liberty Pole, and took a new post back +of the town upon an eminence, where we formed into two battalions, and +waited the arrival of the enemy.</p> + +<p>"Scarcely had we formed before we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> saw the British troops at the +distance of a quarter of a mile, glittering in arms, advancing toward us +with the greatest celerity. Some were for making a stand, +notwithstanding the superiority of their numbers, but others, more +prudent, thought best to retreat till our strength should be equal to +the enemy's by recruits from the neighbouring towns, that were +continually coming in to our assistance. Accordingly we retreated over +the bridge; when the troops came into the town, set fire to several +carriages for the artillery, destroyed sixty barrels flour, rifled +several houses, took possession of the town-house, destroyed five +hundred pounds of balls, set a guard of one hundred men at the North +Bridge, and sent a party to the house of Colonel Barrett, where they +were in the expectation of finding a quantity of warlike stores. But +these were happily secured just before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> their arrival, by transportation +into the woods and other by-places.</p> + +<p>"In the meantime the guard sent by the enemy to secure the pass at the +North Bridge were alarmed by the approach of our people; who had +retreated as before mentioned, and were now advancing, with special +orders not to fire upon the troops unless fired upon. These orders were +so punctually observed that we received the fire of the enemy in three +several and separate discharges of their pieces before it was returned +by our commanding officer; the firing then became general for several +minutes; in which skirmish two were killed on each side, and several of +the enemy wounded. (It may here be observed, by the way, that we were +the more cautious to prevent beginning a rupture with the king's troops, +as we were then uncertain what had happened at Lexington,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> and knew not +that they had begun the quarrel there by first firing upon our people, +and killing eight men upon the spot.) The three companies of troops soon +quitted their post at the bridge, and retreated in the greatest disorder +and confusion to the main body, who were soon upon their march to meet +them.</p> + +<p>"For half an hour the enemy, by their marches and countermarches, +discovered great fickleness and inconstancy of mind,—sometimes +advancing, sometimes returning to their former posts; till at length +they quitted the town and retreated by the way they came. In the +meantime, a party of our men (one hundred and fifty), took the back way +through the Great Fields into the East Quarter, and had placed +themselves to advantage, lying in ambush behind walls, fences, and +buildings, ready<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> to fire upon the enemy on their retreat."<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Here ends the important chronicle, the best first-hand account we have +of the battle of Concord. But for this alone the first resident of the +Old Manse deserves our memory and thanks.</p> + +<p>Mr. Emerson was succeeded at the Manse by a certain Doctor Ripley, a +venerable scholar who left behind him a reputation for learning and +sanctity which was reproduced in one of the ladies of his family, long +the most learned woman in the little Concord circle which Hawthorne soon +after his marriage came to join.</p> + +<p>Few New England villages have retained so much of the charm and +peacefulness of country life as has Concord, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> few dwellings in +Concord have to-day so nearly the aspect they presented fifty years ago +as does the Manse, where Hawthorne passed three of the happiest years of +his life.</p> + +<p>In the "American Note-Book," there is a charming description of the +pleasure the romancer and his young wife experienced in renovating and +refurnishing the old parsonage which, at the time of their going into +it, was "given up to ghosts and cobwebs." Some of these ghosts have been +shiveringly described by Hawthorne himself in the marvellous paragraph +of the introduction already referred to: "Our [clerical] ghost used to +heave deep sighs in a particular corner of the parlour, and sometimes +rustle paper, as if he were turning over a sermon in the long upper +entry—where, nevertheless, he was invisible, in spite of the bright +moonshine that fell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> through the eastern window. Not improbably he +wished me to edit and publish a selection from a chest full of +manuscript discourses that stood in the garret.</p> + +<p>"Once while Hillard and other friends sat talking with us in the +twilight, there came a rustling noise as of a minister's silk gown +sweeping through the very midst of the company, so closely as almost to +brush against the chairs. Still there was nothing visible.</p> + +<p>"A yet stranger business was that of a ghostly servant-maid, who used to +be heard in the kitchen at deepest midnight, grinding coffee, cooking, +ironing,—performing, in short, all kinds of domestic labour—although +no traces of anything accomplished could be detected the next morning. +Some neglected duty of her servitude—some ill-starched ministerial +band<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>—disturbed the poor damsel in her grave, and kept her at work +without wages."</p> + +<p>The little drawing-room once remodelled, however, and the kitchen given +over to the Hawthorne pots and pans—in which the great Hawthorne +himself used often to have a stake, according to the testimony of his +wife, who once wrote in this connection, "Imagine those magnificent eyes +fixed anxiously upon potatoes cooking in an iron kettle!"—the ghosts +came no more. Of the great people who in the flesh passed pleasant hours +in the little parlour, Thoreau, Ellery Channing, Emerson, and Margaret +Fuller are names known by everybody as intimately connected with the +Concord circle.</p> + +<p>Hawthorne himself cared little for society. Often he would go to the +village and back without speaking to a single soul, he tells us, and +once when his wife was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> absent he resolved to pass the whole term of her +visit to relatives without saying a word to any human being. With +Thoreau, however, he got on very well. This odd genius was as shy and +ungregarious as was the dark-eyed "teller of tales," but the two appear +to have been socially disposed toward each other, and there are +delightful bits in the preface to the "Mosses" in regard to the hours +they spent together boating on the large, quiet Concord River. Thoreau +was a great voyager in a canoe which he had constructed himself (and +which he eventually made over to Hawthorne), as expert indeed in the use +of his paddle as the redman who had once haunted the same silent stream.</p> + +<p>Of the beauties of the Concord River Hawthorne has written a few +sentences that will live while the silver stream continues to flow: "It +comes creeping softly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> through the mid-most privacy and deepest heart of +a wood which whispers it to be quiet, while the stream whispers back +again from its sedgy borders, as if river and wood were hushing one +another to sleep. Yes; the river sleeps along its course and dreams of +the sky and the clustering foliage...."</p> + +<p>Concerning the visitors attracted to Concord by the great original +thinker who was Hawthorne's near neighbour, the romancer speaks with +less delicate sympathy: "Never was a poor little country village +infested with such a variety of queer, strangely dressed, oddly behaved +mortals, most of whom look upon themselves to be important agents of the +world's destiny, yet are simply bores of a very intense character." A +bit further on Hawthorne speaks of these pilgrims as "hobgoblins of +flesh and blood," people, he humourously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> comments, who had lighted on a +new thought or a thought they fancied new, and "came to Emerson as the +finder of a glittering gem hastens to a lapidary to ascertain its +quality and value." With Emerson himself Hawthorne was on terms of easy +intimacy. "Being happy," as he says, and feeling, therefore, "as if +there were no question to be put," he was not in any sense desirous of +metaphysical intercourse with the great philosopher.</p> + +<p>It was while on the way home from his friend Emerson's one day that +Hawthorne had that encounter with Margaret Fuller about which it is so +pleasant to read because it serves to take away the taste of other less +complimentary allusions to this lady to be found in Hawthorne's works:</p> + +<p>"After leaving Mr. Emerson's I returned through the woods, and entering +Sleepy Hollow, I perceived a lady reclining near<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> the path which bends +along its verge. It was Margaret herself. She had been there the whole +afternoon, meditating or reading, for she had a book in her hand with +some strange title which I did not understand and have forgotten. She +said that nobody had broken her solitude, and was just giving utterance +to a theory that no inhabitant of Concord ever visited Sleepy Hollow, +when we saw a group of people entering the sacred precincts. Most of +them followed a path which led them away from us; but an old man passed +near us, and smiled to see Margaret reclining on the ground and me +standing by her side. He made some remark upon the beauty of the +afternoon, and withdrew himself into the shadow of the wood. Then we +talked about autumn, and about the pleasures of being lost in the woods, +and about the crows whose voices Margaret had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> heard; and about the +experiences of early childhood, whose influence remains upon the +character after the recollection of them has passed away; and about the +sight of mountains from a distance, and the view from their summits; and +about other matters of high and low philosophy."</p> + +<p>Nothing that Hawthorne has ever written of Concord is more to be +cherished to-day than this description of a happy afternoon passed by +him in Sleepy Hollow talking with Margaret Fuller of "matters of high +and low philosophy." For there are few parts of Concord to which +visitors go more religiously than to the still old cemetery, where on +the hill by Ridge Path Hawthorne himself now sleeps quietly, with the +grave of Thoreau just behind him, and the grave of Emerson, his +philosopher-friend, on the opposite side of the way. A great pine stands +at the head of Haw<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>thorne's last resting-place, and a huge unhewn block +of pink marble is his formal monument.</p> + +<p>Yet the Old Manse will, so long as it stands, be the romancer's most +intimate relic, for it was here that he lived as a happy bridegroom, and +here that his first child was born. And from this ancient dwelling it +was that he drew the inspiration for what is perhaps the most curious +book of tales in all American literature, a book of which another +American master of prose<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> has said, "Hawthorne here did for our past +what Walter Scott did for the past of the mother-country; another Wizard +of the North, he breathed the breath of life into the dry and dusty +materials of history, and summoned the great dead again to live and move +among us."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SALEMS_CHINESE_GOD" id="SALEMS_CHINESE_GOD"></a>SALEM'S CHINESE GOD</h2> + + +<p>Of the romantic figures which grace the history of New England in the +nineteenth century, none is to be compared in dash and in all those +other qualities that captivate the imagination with the figure of +Frederick Townsend Ward, the Salem boy who won a generalship in the +Chinese military service, suppressed the Tai-Ping rebellion, organised +the "Ever-Victorious Army"—for whose exploits "Chinese" Gordon always +gets credit in history—and died fighting at Ning Po for a nation of +which he had become one, a fair daughter of which he had married, and by +which he is to-day wor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>shipped as a god. Very far certainly did this +soldier of fortune wander in the thirty short years of his life from the +peaceful red-brick Townsend mansion (now, alas! a steam bread bakery), +at the corner of Derby and Carleton Streets, Salem, in which, in 1831, +he was born.</p> + +<p>This house was built by Ward's grandfather, Townsend, and during +Frederick's boyhood was a charming place of the comfortable colonial +sort, to which was joined a big, rambling, old-fashioned garden, and +from the upper windows of which there was to be had a fascinating view +of the broad-stretching sea. To the sea it was, therefore, that the lad +naturally turned when, after ending his education at the Salem High +School, he was unable to gain admission to the military academy at West +Point and follow the soldier career in which it had always been his +ambition to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> shine. He shipped before the mast on an American vessel +sailing from New York. Apparently even the hardships of such a common +sailor's lot could not dampen his ardour for adventure, for he made a +number of voyages.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img403.jpg" width="650" height="436" + alt="TOWNSEND HOUSE, SALEM, MASS." /><br /> + <b>TOWNSEND HOUSE, SALEM, MASS.</b> + </div> + + +<p>At the outbreak of the Crimean war young Ward was in France, and, +thinking that his long-looked for opportunity had come, he entered the +French army for service against the Russians. Enlisting as a private, he +soon, through the influence of friends, rose to be a lieutenant; but, +becoming embroiled in a quarrel with his superior officer, he resigned +his commission and returned to New York, without having seen service +either in Russia or Turkey.</p> + +<p>The next few years of the young man's life were passed as a ship broker +in New York City, but this work-a-day career soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> became too humdrum, +and he looked about for something that promised more adventures. He had +not to look far. Colonel William Walker and his filibusters were about +to start on the celebrated expedition against Nicaragua, and with them +Ward determined to cast in his lot. Through the trial by fire which +awaited the ill-fated expedition, he passed unhurt, and escaping by some +means or other its fatal termination, returned to New York.</p> + +<p>California next attracted his attention, but here he met with no better +success, and after a hand-to-mouth existence of a few months he turned +again to seafaring life, and shipped for China as the mate of an +American vessel. His arrival at Shanghai in 1859 was most opportune, for +there the chance for which he had been longing awaited him.</p> + +<p>The great Tai-Ping rebellion, that half-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>Christian, wholly fanatical +uprising which devastated many flourishing provinces, had, at this time, +attained alarming proportions. Ching Wang, with a host of blood-crazed +rebels, had swept over the country in the vicinity of Shanghai with fire +and sword, and at the time of Ward's arrival these fanatics were within +eighteen miles of the city.</p> + +<p>The Chinese merchants had appealed in vain to the foreign consuls for +assistance. The imperial government had made no plans for the +preservation of Shanghai. So the wealthy merchants, fearing for their +stores, resolved to take the matter into their own hands, and after a +consultation of many days, offered a reward of two hundred thousand +dollars to any body of foreigners who should drive the Tai-Pings from +the city of Sungkiang.</p> + +<p>Salem's soldier of fortune, Frederick T.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> Ward, responded at once to the +opportunity thus offered. He accepted in June, 1860, the offer of Ta +Kee, the mandarin at the head of the merchant body, and in less than a +week—such was the magnetism of the man—had raised a body of one +hundred foreign sailors, and, with an American by the name of Henry +Burgevine as his lieutenant, had set out for Sungkiang. The men in +Ward's company were desperadoes, for the most part, but they were no +match, of course, for the twelve thousand Tai-Pings. This Ward realised +as soon as the skirmishing advance had been made, and he returned to +Shanghai for reinforcements.</p> + +<p>From the Chinese imperial troops he obtained men to garrison whatever +courts the foreign legation might capture, an arrangement which left the +adventurers free<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> to go wherever their action could be most effective.</p> + +<p>Thus reinforced, Ward once more set out for Sungkiang. Even on this +occasion his men were outnumbered one hundred to one, but, such was the +desperation of the attacking force, the rebels were driven like sheep to +the slaughter, and the defeat of the Tai-Pings was overwhelming. It was +during this battle, it is interesting to know, that the term "foreign +devils" first found place in the Chinese vocabulary.</p> + +<p>The promised reward was forthwith presented to the gifted American +soldier, and immediately Ward accepted a second commission against the +rebels at Singpo. The Tai-Pings of this city were under the leadership +of a renegade Englishman named Savage, and the fighting was fast and +furious. Ward and his men performed many feats of valour, and actually +scaled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> the city wall, thirty feet in height, to fight like demons upon +its top. But it was without avail. With heavy losses, they were driven +back.</p> + +<p>But the attempt was not abandoned. Retiring to Shanghai, Ward secured +the assistance of about one hundred new foreign recruits, and with them +returned once more to the scene of his defeat. Half a mile from the +walls of Singpo the little band of foreign soldiers of fortune and +poorly organised imperial troops were met by Savage and the Tai-Pings, +and the battle that resulted waged for hours. The rebels were the +aggressors, and ten miles of Ward's retreat upon Sungkiang saw fighting +every inch of the way. The line of retreat was strewn with rebel dead, +and such were their losses that they retired from the province +altogether.</p> + +<p>Later Savage was killed, and the Tai-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>Pings quieted down. For his +exploits Ward received the monetary rewards agreed upon, and was also +granted the button of a mandarin of the fourth degree.</p> + +<p>He had received severe wounds during the campaigns, and was taking time +to recuperate from them at Shanghai when the jealousy of other +foreigners made itself felt, and the soldier from Salem was obliged to +face a charge before the United States consul that he had violated the +neutrality laws. The matter was dropped, however, because the hero of +Sungkiang promptly swore that he was no longer an American citizen, as +he had become a naturalised subject of the Chinese emperor!</p> + +<p>Realising the value of the Chinese as fighting men, Ward now determined +to organise a number of Chinese regiments, officer them with Europeans, +and arm and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> equip them after American methods. This he did, and in six +months he appeared at Shanghai at the head of three bodies of Chinese, +splendidly drilled and under iron discipline. He arrived in the nick of +time, and, routing a vastly superior force, saved the city from capture.</p> + +<p>After this exploit he was no longer shunned by Europeans as an +adventurer and an outlaw. He was too prominent to be overlooked. His +Ever-Victorious Army, as it was afterward termed, entered upon a +campaign of glorious victory. One after another of the rebel strongholds +fell before it, and its leader was made a mandarin of the highest grade, +with the title of admiral-general.</p> + +<p>Ward then assumed the Chinese name of Hwa, and married Changmei, a +maiden of high degree, who was nineteen at the time of her wedding, and +as the daughter of one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> of the richest and most exalted mandarins of the +red button, was considered in China an exceedingly good match for the +Salem youth. According to oriental standards she was a beauty, too.</p> + +<p>Ward did not rest long from his campaigns, however, for we find that he +was soon besieged in the city of Sungkiang with a few men. A relieving +force of the Ever-Victorious Army here came to his assistance.</p> + +<p>He did not win all his victories easily. In the battle of Ningpo, toward +the end of the first division of the Tai-Ping rebellion, the carnage was +frightful. Outnumbered, but not outgeneralled, the government forces +fought valiantly. Ward was shot through the stomach while leading a +charge, but refused to leave the field while the battle was on. Through +his field officers he directed his men, and when the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> victory was +assured, fell back unconscious in the arms of his companion, Burgevine. +He was carried to Ningpo, where he died the following morning, a gallant +and distinguished soldier, although still only thirty years old.</p> + +<p>In the Confucian cemetery at Ningpo his body was laid at rest with all +possible honours and with military ceremony becoming his rank. Over his +grave, and that of his young wife, who survived him only a few months, a +mausoleum was erected, and monuments were placed on the scenes of his +victories. The mausoleum soon became a shrine invested with miraculous +power, and a number of years after his death General Ward was solemnly +declared to be a joss or god. The manuscript of the imperial edict to +this effect is now preserved in the Essex Institute.</p> + +<p>The command of the Ever-Victorious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> army reverted to Burgevine, but +later, through British intrigue, to General Gordon. It was Ward, +however, the Salem lad, who organised the army by which Chinese Gordon +gained his fame. The British made a saint and martyr of Gordon, and +called Ward an adventurer and a common sailor, but the Chinese rated him +more nearly as he deserved.</p> + +<p>In a little red-bound volume printed in Shanghai in 1863, and translated +from the Chinese for the benefit of a few of General Ward's relatives in +this country—a work which I have been permitted to examine—the native +chronicler says of our hero:</p> + +<p>"What General Ward has done to and for China is as yet but imperfectly +known, for those whose duty it is to transfer to posterity a record of +this great man are either so wrapped in speculation as to how to build +themselves up on his deeds of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> past time, or are so fearful that any +comment on any subject regarding him may detract from their ability, +that with his last breath they allow all that appertains to him to be +buried in the tomb. Not one in ten thousand of them could at all +approach him in military genius, in courage, and in resource, or do +anything like what he did."</p> + +<p>In his native land Ward has never been honoured as he deserves to be. On +the contrary, severe criticism has been accorded him because he was +fighting in China for money during our civil war, "when," said his +detractors, "he might have been using his talents for the protection of +the flag under which he was born."</p> + +<p>But this was the fault of circumstances rather than of intention. Ward +wished, above everything, to be a soldier, and when he found fighting +waiting for him in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> China, it was the most natural thing in the world +for him to accept the opportunity the gods provided. But he did what he +could under the circumstances for his country. He offered ten thousand +dollars to the national cause—and was killed in the Chinese war before +the answer to his proffer of financial aid came from Minister Anson +Burlingame.</p> + +<p>It is rather odd that just the amount that he wished to be used by the +North for the advancement of the Union cause has recently (1901) been +bequeathed to the Essex Institute at Salem by Miss Elizabeth C. Ward, +his lately deceased sister, to found a Chinese library in memory of +Salem's soldier of fortune. Thus is rounded out this very romantic +chapter of modern American history.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_WELL-SWEEP_OF_A_SONG" id="THE_WELL-SWEEP_OF_A_SONG"></a>THE WELL-SWEEP OF A SONG</h2> + + +<p>That the wise Shakespeare spoke the truth when he observed that "one +touch of nature makes the whole world kin" has never been better +exemplified than in the affectionate tenderness with which all sorts and +conditions of men join in singing a song like "The Old Oaken Bucket." As +one hears this ballad in a crowded room, or even as so often given—in a +New England play like "The Old Homestead," one does not stop to analyse +one's sensations; one forgets the homely phrase; one simply feels and +knows oneself the better for the memories<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> of happy and innocent +childhood which the simple song invokes.</p> + +<p>Dear, delightful Goldsmith has wonderfully expressed in "The Deserted +Village" the inextinguishable yearning for the spot we call "home":</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"In all my wanderings round this world of care,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In all my griefs—and God has given my share—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I still had hopes, my long vexations past,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Here to return and die at home at last,"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>and it is this same lyric cry that has been crystallised for all time, +so far as the American people are concerned, in "The Old Oaken Bucket."</p> + +<p>The day will not improbably come when the allusions in this poem will +demand as careful an explanation as some of Shakespeare's archaic +references now call for. But even when this time does come, and an +elaborate description of the strange old custom of drawing water from a +hole in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> the ground by means of a long pole and a rude pail will be +necessary to an understanding of the poem, men's voices will grow husky +and their eyes will dim at the music of "The Old Oaken Bucket."</p> + +<p>It is to the town of Scituate, Massachusetts, one of the most ancient +settlements of the old colony, that we trace back the local colour which +pervades the poem. The history of the place is memorable and +interesting. The people come of a hardy and determined ancestry, who +fought for every inch of ground that their descendants now hold. To this +fact may perhaps be attributed the strength of those associations, +clinging like ivy around some of the most notable of the ancient +homesteads.</p> + +<p>The scene so vividly described in the charming ballad we are considering +is a little valley through which Herring Brook pursues its devious way +to meet the tidal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> waters of North River. "The view of it from Coleman +Heights, with its neat cottages, its maple groves, and apple orchards, +is remarkably beautiful," writes one appreciative author. The +"wide-spreading pond," the "mill," the "dairy-house," the "rock where +the cataract fell," and even the "old well," if not the original +"moss-covered bucket" itself, may still be seen just as the poet +described them.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img421.jpg" width="650" height="430" + alt="OLD OAKEN BUCKET HOUSE, SCITUATE, MASS." /><br /> + <b>OLD OAKEN BUCKET HOUSE, SCITUATE, MASS.</b> + </div> + + + +<p>In quaint, homely Scituate, Samuel Woodworth, the people's poet, was +indeed born and reared. Although the original house is no longer there, +a pretty place called "The Old Oaken Bucket House" still stands, a +modern successor to the poet's home, and at another bucket, oaken if not +old, the pilgrim of to-day may stop to slake his thirst from the very +waters, the recollection of which gave the poet such exquisite pleasure +in after years. One<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> would fain have the surroundings unchanged—the cot +where Woodworth dwelt, the ponderous well-sweep, creaking with age, at +which his youthful hands were wont to tug strongly; and finally the +mossy bucket, overflowing with crystal nectar fresh from the cool depths +below. Yet in spite of the changes, one gets fairly well the illusion of +the ancient spot, and comes away well content to have quaffed a draught +of such excellent water to the memory of this Scituate poet.</p> + +<p>The circumstances under which the popular ballad was composed and +written are said to be as follows: Samuel Woodworth was a printer who +had served his apprenticeship under the veteran Major Russell of the +<i>Columbian Centinel</i>, a journal which was in its day the leading +Federalist organ of New England. He had inherited the wandering +propensity of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> craft, and yielding to the desire for change he was +successively in Hartford and New York, doing what he could in a +journalistic way. In the latter city he became associated, after an +unsuccessful career as a publisher, in the editorship of the <i>Mirror</i>. +And it was while living in New York in the Bohemian fashion of his +class, that, in company with some brother printers, he one day dropped +in at a well-known establishment then kept by one Mallory to take a +social glass of wine.</p> + +<p>The cognac was pronounced excellent. After drinking it, Woodworth set +his glass down on the table, and, smacking his lips, declared +emphatically that Mallory's <i>eau de vie</i> was superior to anything that +he had ever tasted.</p> + +<p>"There you are mistaken," said one of his comrades, quietly; then added, +"there certainly was one thing that far surpassed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> this in the way of +drinking, as you, too, will readily acknowledge."</p> + +<p>"Indeed; and, pray, what was that?" Woodworth asked, with apparent +incredulity that anything could surpass the liquor then before him.</p> + +<p>"The draught of pure and sparkling spring water that we used to get from +the old oaken bucket that hung in the well, after our return from the +labours of the field on a sultry summer's day."</p> + +<p>No one spoke; all were busy with their own thoughts.</p> + +<p>Woodworth's eyes became dimmed. "True, true," he exclaimed; and soon +after quitted the place. With his heart overflowing with the +recollections that this chance allusion in a barroom had inspired, the +scene of his happier childhood life rushed upon him in a flood of +feeling. He hastened back to the office in which he then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> worked, seized +a pen, and in half an hour had written his popular ballad:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"How dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">When fond recollection presents them to view!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The orchard, the meadow, the deep-tangled wildwood,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And every loved spot which my infancy knew,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The wide-spreading pond and the mill which stood by it,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The bridge and the rock where the cataract fell;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The cot of my father, the dairy-house nigh it,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And e'en the rude bucket that hung in the well,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The moss-covered bucket which hung in the well.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The moss-covered vessel I hail as a treasure;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For often at noon when returned from the field,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I found it the source of an exquisite pleasure,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The purest and sweetest that nature can yield.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">How ardent I seized it with hands that were glowing!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And quick to the white-pebbled bottom it fell;<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Then soon with the emblem of truth overflowing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And dripping with coolness it rose from the well,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The moss-covered bucket, arose from the well.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"How sweet from the green mossy brim to receive it,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">As, poised from the curb, it inclined to my lips!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Not a full blushing goblet could tempt me to leave it,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Though filled with the nectar that Jupiter sips.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And now, far removed from the loved situation,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The tear of regret will intrusively swell,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As fancy reverts to my father's plantation,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And sighs for the bucket which hangs in the well,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The moss-covered bucket which hangs in the well."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Woodworth's reputation rests upon this one stroke of genius. He died in +1842 at the age of fifty-seven. But after almost<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> fifty years his memory +is still green, and we still delight to pay tender homage to the spot +which inspired one of the most beautiful songs America has yet +produced.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WHITTIERS_LOST_LOVE" id="WHITTIERS_LOST_LOVE"></a>WHITTIER'S LOST LOVE</h2> + + +<p>In the life of the Quaker poet there is an unwritten chapter of personal +history full to the brim of romance. It will be remembered that Whittier +in his will left ten thousand dollars for an Amesbury Home for Aged +Women. One room in this home Mrs. Elizabeth W. Pickard (the niece to +whom the poet bequeathed his Amesbury homestead, and who passed away in +the early spring of this year [1902], in an illness contracted while +decorating her beloved uncle's grave on the anniversary of his birth), +caused to be furnished with a massive black walnut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> set formerly used in +the "spare-room" of her uncle's house—the room where Lucy Larcom, Gail +Hamilton, the Cary sisters, and George Macdonald were in former times +entertained. A stipulation of this gift was that the particular room in +the Home thus to be furnished was to be known as the Whittier room.</p> + +<p>In connection with this Home and this room comes the story of romantic +interest. Two years after the death of Mr. Whittier an old lady made +application for admission to the Home on the ground that in her youth +she was a schoolmate and friend of the poet. And although she was not +entitled to admission by being a resident of the town, she would no +doubt have been received if she had not died soon after making the +application.</p> + +<p>This aged woman was Mrs. Evelina Bray Downey, concerning whose +schoolgirl<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> friendship for Whittier many inaccurate newspaper articles +were current at the time of her death, in the spring of 1895. The story +as here told is, however, authentic.</p> + +<p>Evelina Bray was born at Marblehead, October 10, 1810. She was the +youngest of ten children of a ship master, who made many voyages to the +East Indies and to European ports. In a letter written in 1884, Mrs +Downey said of herself: "My father, an East India sea captain, made +frequent and long voyages. For safekeeping and improvement he sent me to +Haverhill, bearing a letter of introduction from Captain William Story +to the family of Judge Bartley. They passed me over to Mr. Jonathan K. +Smith, and Mrs. Smith gave me as a roommate her only daughter, Mary. +This was the opening season of the New Haverhill Academy, a sort of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> +rival to the Bradford Academy. Subsequently I graduated from the Ipswich +Female Seminary, in the old Mary Lyon days."</p> + +<p>Mary Smith, Miss Bray's roommate at Haverhill, and her lifelong +friend—though for fifty years they were lost to each other—was +afterward the wife of Reverend Doctor S. F. Smith, the author of +"America."</p> + +<p>Evelina is described as a tall and strikingly beautiful brunette, with +remarkable richness of colouring, and she took high rank in scholarship. +The house on Water Street at which she boarded was directly opposite +that of Abijah W. Thayer, editor of the <i>Haverhill Gazette</i>, with whom +Whittier boarded while at the academy. Whittier was then nineteen years +old, and Evelina was seventeen. Naturally, they walked to and from the +school together,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> and their interest in each other was noticeable.</p> + +<p>If the Quaker lad harboured thoughts of marriage, and even gave +expression to them, it would not be strange. But the traditions of +Whittier's sect included disapproval of music, and Evelina's father had +given her a piano, and she was fascinated with the study of the art +proscribed by the Quakers. Then, too, Whittier was poor, and his gift of +versification, which had already given him quite a reputation, was not +considered in those days of much consequence as a means of livelihood. +If they did not at first realise, both of them, the hopelessness of +their love, they found it out after Miss Bray's return to her home.</p> + +<p>About this time Mr. Whittier accompanied his mother to a quarterly +meeting of the Society of Friends at Salem, and one morning before +breakfast took a walk<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> of a few miles to the quaint old town of +Marblehead, where he paid a visit to the home of his schoolmate. She +could not invite him in, but instead suggested a stroll along the +picturesque, rocky shore of the bay.</p> + +<p>This was in the spring or early summer of 1828, and the poet was twenty +years old, a farmer's boy, with high ambitions, but with no outlook as +yet toward any profession. It may be imagined that the young couple, +after a discussion of the situation, saw the hopelessness of securing +the needed consent of their parents, and returned from their morning's +walk with saddened hearts. Whatever dreams they may have cherished were +from that hour abandoned, and they parted with this understanding.</p> + +<p>In the next fifty years they met but once again, four or five years +after the morning<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> walk, and this once was at Marblehead, along the +shore. Miss Bray had in the meantime been teaching in a seminary in +Mississippi, and Whittier had been editing papers in Boston and +Hartford, and had published his first book, a copy of which he had sent +her. There was no renewal at this time of their lover-like relations, +and they parted in friendship.</p> + +<p>I have said that they met but once in the half-century after that +morning's walk; the truth is they were once again close together, but +Whittier was not conscious of it. This was while he was editing the +<i>Pennsylvania Freeman</i>, at Philadelphia. Miss Bray was then associated +with a Miss Catherine Beecher, in an educational movement of +considerable importance, and was visiting Philadelphia. Just at this +time a noted Massachusetts divine, Reverend Doctor Todd, was announced +to preach in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> the Presbyterian church, and both these Haverhill +schoolmates were moved to hear him. By a singular chance they occupied +the same pew, and sat close together, but Miss Bray was the only one who +was conscious of this, and she was too shy to reveal herself. It must +have been her bonnet hid her face, for otherwise Whittier's remarkably +keen eyes could not have failed to recognise the dear friend of his +school-days.</p> + +<p>Their next meeting was at the reunion of the Haverhill Academy class of +1827, which was held in 1885, half a century after their second +interview at Marblehead. It was said by some that it was this schoolboy +love which Whittier commemorated in his poem, "Memories." But Mr. +Pickard, the poet's biographer, affirms that, so far as known, the only +direct reference made by Whittier to the affair under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> consideration +occurred in the fine poem, "A Sea Dream," written in 1874.</p> + +<p>In the poet, now an old man, the sight of Marblehead awakens the memory +of that morning walk, and he writes:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Is this the wind, the soft sea wind<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That stirred thy locks of brown?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Are these the rocks whose mosses knew<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The trail of thy light gown,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Where boy and girl sat down?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"I see the gray fort's broken wall,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The boats that rock below;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And, out at sea, the passing sails<br /></span> +<span class="i2">We saw so long ago,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Rose-red in morning's glow.<br /></span> +</div></div> +<hr style="width: 30%; Margin-left: 4em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" /> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Thou art not here, thou art not there,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Thy place I cannot see;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I only know that where thou art<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The blessed angels be,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And heaven is glad for thee.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<hr style="width: 30%; Margin-left: 4em; Margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" /> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"But turn to me thy dear girl-face<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Without the angel's crown,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> +<span class="i0">The wedded roses of thy lips,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Thy loose hair rippling down<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In waves of golden brown.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Look forth once more through space and time<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And let thy sweet shade fall<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In tenderest grace of soul and form<br /></span> +<span class="i2">On memory's frescoed wall,—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">A shadow, and yet all!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Whittier, it will be seen, believed that the love of his youth was dead. +He was soon to find out, in a very odd way, that this was not the case.</p> + +<p>Early in the forties, Miss Bray became principal of the "female +department" of the Benton School at St. Louis. In 1849, during the +prevalence of a fearful epidemic, the school building was converted into +a hospital, and one of the patients was an Episcopal clergyman, Reverend +William S. Downey, an Englishman, claiming to be of noble birth. He +recovered his health, but was entirely deaf, not being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> able to hear the +loudest sound for the remainder of his life. Miss Bray married him, and +for forty years endured martyrdom, for he was of a tyrannous disposition +and disagreeably eccentric.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Downey had never told her husband of her early acquaintance with +Whittier, but he found it out by a singular chance. When Reverend S. F. +Smith and his wife celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of their marriage +the event was mentioned in the papers, and the fact that Mrs. Smith was +a schoolmate of Whittier was chronicled. Mr. Downey had heard his wife +speak of being a schoolmate of the wife of the author of "America," and, +putting these two circumstances together, he concluded that his wife +must also have known the Quaker poet in his youth. He said nothing to +her about this, however, but wrote a letter to Whittier himself, and +sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> with it a tract he had written in severe denunciation of Colonel +Robert G. Ingersoll. As a postscript to this letter he asked: "Did you +ever know Evelina Bray?" Whittier at once replied, acknowledging the +receipt of the tract, and making this characteristic comment upon it:</p> + +<p>"It occurs to me to say, however, that in thy tract thee has hardly +charity enough for that unfortunate man, Ingersoll, who, it seems to me, +is much to be pitied for his darkness of unbelief. We must remember that +one of the great causes of infidelity is the worldliness, selfishness, +and evil dealing of professed Christians. An awful weight of +responsibility rests upon the Christian church in this respect."</p> + +<p>And to this letter Whittier added as a postscript: "Can you give me the +address of Evelina Bray?" Mr. Downey at once<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> wrote that he was her +husband, told of his service of the Master, and indirectly begged for +assistance in his work of spreading the gospel. At this time he was an +evangelist of the Baptist church, having some time since abandoned the +mother faith. And, though he was not reduced to poverty, he accepted +alms, as if poor, thus trying sorely the proud spirit of his wife. So it +was not an unwonted request.</p> + +<p>Of course, the poet had no sympathy with the work of attack Mr. Downey +was evidently engaged in. But he feared the girl friend of his youth +might be in destitute circumstances, and, for her sake, he made a +liberal remittance. All this the miserable husband tried to keep from +his wife, who he knew would at once return the money, but she came upon +the fact of the remittance by finding Whittier's letter in her husband's +pocket.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span></p> + +<p>Naturally, she was very indignant, but her letter to Whittier returning +the money was couched in the most delicate terms, and gave no hint of +the misery of her life. Until the year of his death she was an +occasional correspondent with the poet, one of his last letters, written +at Hampton Falls in the summer of 1892, being addressed to her. Their +only meeting was at the Haverhill Academy reunion of 1885, fifty-eight +years after the love episode of their school-days.</p> + +<p>When they met at Haverhill the poet took the love of his youth apart +from the other schoolmates, and they then exchanged souvenirs, he +receiving her miniature painted on ivory, by Porter, the same artist who +painted the first likeness ever taken of Whittier. This latter miniature +is now in the possession of Mr. Pickard. The portrait of Miss Bray, +representing her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> in the full flush of her girlish beauty, wearing as a +crown a wreath of roses, was returned to Mrs. Downey after the poet's +death, by the niece of Whittier, into whose possession it came.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Downey spent her last days in the family of Judge Bradley, at West +Newbury, Massachusetts. After her death some valuable china of hers was +sold at auction, and several pieces were secured by a neighbour, Mrs. +Ladd. The Ladd family has since taken charge of the Whittier birthplace +at East Haverhill, and by this chain of circumstances Evelina Bray's +china now rests on the Whittier shelves, together with the genuine +Whittier china, put in its old place by Mrs. Pickard.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/img445.jpg" width="650" height="431" + alt="WHITTIER'S BIRTHPLACE, EAST HAVERHILL, MASS." /><br /> + <b>WHITTIER'S BIRTHPLACE, EAST HAVERHILL, MASS.</b> + </div> + + + +<p>It was not because of destitution that Mrs. Downey made application to +enter the Old Ladies' Home which Whittier endowed, but, because, +cherishing until the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> day of her death her youthful fondness for the +poet, she longed to live during the sunset time of her life near his +grave. In all probability her request would have been granted, had not +she, too, been suddenly called to the land where there is neither +marriage nor giving in marriage.</p> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p> +<h4><a name="THE_END" id="THE_END"></a>THE END.</h4> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> + + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams, John, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams, Mrs. John, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams, Samuel, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agassiz, Mrs., <a href='#Page_290'><b>290</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alford, Mrs. A. G., <a href='#Page_297'><b>297</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allston, <a href='#Page_270'><b>270</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antigua merchant, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auburn, Mount, <a href='#Page_323'><b>323</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bana, Doctor, discovers Deborah Sampson's secret, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sends letter to General Patterson, <a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bancroft, <a href='#Page_309'><b>309</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barlow, Mrs., <a href='#Page_301'><b>301</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barr, George L., buys Royall House, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bartley, Judge, <a href='#Page_368'><b>368</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bath, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">death of Frankland at, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beck, Doctor, <a href='#Page_286'><b>286</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Belem, Frankland sails from, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Belknap, Jeremy, letter of, <a href='#Page_265'><b>265</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Berkeley, Bishop, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">student at Dublin University, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fellow at Trinity College, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">life as a tutor, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reception in London, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marriage, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sails for Rhode Island, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arrives at Newport, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes "Minute Philosopher," <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">bequeaths books to Yale College, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dies at Oxford, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">portrait by Smibert, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bermuda, proposed college at, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Blithedale Romance," <a href='#Page_300'><b>300</b></a>, <a href='#Page_307'><b>307</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bradley, Judge, <a href='#Page_380'><b>380</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bray, Evelina, born at Marblehead, <a href='#Page_368'><b>368</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education organised, <a href='#Page_296'><b>296</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Brothers and Sisters" at Fay House, <a href='#Page_292'><b>292</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brown, Rev. Arthur, <a href='#Page_248'><b>248</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brownson, <a href='#Page_301'><b>301</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brunswick, triumphs of Riedesels at, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burgevine, Henry, <a href='#Page_346'><b>346</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burlingame, Anson, <a href='#Page_355'><b>355</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burgoyne, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burr, Aaron, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burr, Thaddeus, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bynner's story, Agnes Surriage, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cadenus and Vanessa, poem, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caldwell, Sir John, <a href='#Page_305'><b>305</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carlyle visited by Ripley, <a href='#Page_299'><b>299</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caroline, Queen (consort George Second), <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carter, Madam, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cary Sisters, <a href='#Page_367'><b>367</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Channing, Ellery, <a href='#Page_334'><b>334</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Channing, Lucy, <a href='#Page_282'><b>282</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Channing, Mary, <a href='#Page_281'><b>281</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Channing, William Henry, <a href='#Page_282'><b>282</b></a>, <a href='#Page_314'><b>314</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chambly, Baroness Riedesel at, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlestown City Hall, <a href='#Page_270'><b>270</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chichester, Eng., <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Child, Professor, <a href='#Page_286'><b>286</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christ Church, Boston, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Church, Doctor, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fall of, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">imprisoned, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">education of, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">delivers Old South Oration, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tried at Watertown, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">confined in Norwich Jail, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lost at sea (?), <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clark, Rev. Jonas, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clark, Mrs. Jonas, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clarke mansion purchased by Frankland, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clough, Capt. Stephen, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Codman, Mrs. J. Amory, <a href='#Page_261'><b>261</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Codman, Martha, <a href='#Page_261'><b>261</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Columbian Centinel</i>, <a href='#Page_360'><b>360</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coolidge, J. Templeton, <a href='#Page_247'><b>247</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corey, Giles, pressed to death, <a href='#Page_238'><b>238</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corey, Mrs. Martha, condemned as witch, <a href='#Page_234'><b>234</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corwin, Justice Jonathan, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>, <a href='#Page_228'><b>228</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cotton, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>, <a href='#Page_221'><b>221</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Courier, New England</i>, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Congress, Continental, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Copley, <a href='#Page_270'><b>270</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crowninshield, Hannah, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Curtis, George William, at Brook Farm, <a href='#Page_303'><b>303</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dana, Charles, <a href='#Page_303'><b>303</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dana, Dr. J. Freeman, <a href='#Page_274'><b>274</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dana, Edmund, <a href='#Page_281'><b>281</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dana, Sophia Willard, <a href='#Page_281'><b>281</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries George Ripley, <a href='#Page_293'><b>293</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">goes over to Rome, <a href='#Page_299'><b>299</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Danvers, <a href='#Page_228'><b>228</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dawes at Lexington, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deerfield, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diaz, Abby Morton, <a href='#Page_304'><b>304</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothy Q. at Lexington, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries John Hancock, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries Captain Scott, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">receives Lafayette, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Downey, Evelina Bray, <a href='#Page_367'><b>367</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Downey, Rev. William S., <a href='#Page_375'><b>375</b></a>, <a href='#Page_376'><b>376</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drew, Mr. John, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duse, Eleanora, at Fay House, <a href='#Page_290'><b>290</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dunbarton, Stark House at, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dwight, John, <a href='#Page_303'><b>303</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dwight, Marianne, <a href='#Page_303'><b>303</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dwight, President of Yale College, <a href='#Page_269'><b>269</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edmonston, Captain, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Elizabeth</i>, loss of the Ossolis on, <a href='#Page_322'><b>322</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eliot, John, at Deerfield, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellsworth, Annie G., <a href='#Page_275'><b>275</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emerson, Ralph Waldo, at The Manse, <a href='#Page_325'><b>325</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hawthorne and, <a href='#Page_337'><b>337</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emerson, William, at The Manse, <a href='#Page_325'><b>325</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Endicott, Governor, <a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erving, George, at Medford, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Essex Institute, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ward bequest to, <a href='#Page_355'><b>355</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eustis, Madam, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Everett, Edward, <a href='#Page_281'><b>281</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairbanks, Jason, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">trial of, <a href='#Page_258'><b>258</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">escape of, <a href='#Page_259'><b>259</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hanging of, <a href='#Page_259'><b>259</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairbanks, Jonathan, <a href='#Page_260'><b>260</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairbanks, Rebecca, <a href='#Page_260'><b>260</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairbanks, Chapter D. R., <a href='#Page_260'><b>260</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Fair Harvard" written in Fay House, <a href='#Page_289'><b>289</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fales, Elizabeth, <a href='#Page_252'><b>252</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">murder of, <a href='#Page_257'><b>257</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fay House, <a href='#Page_279'><b>279</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fay, Maria Denny, <a href='#Page_283'><b>283</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fay, P. P., <a href='#Page_283'><b>283</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Felton, President, <a href='#Page_286'><b>286</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fielding, Henry, describes Lisbon, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fire Island Beach, loss of the Ossolis off, <a href='#Page_323'><b>323</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fountain Inn, Marblehead, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frankland, Charles Henry, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">born in Bengal, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">collector of Boston port, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">meets Agnes Surriage, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">adopts Agnes Surriage, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">builds home at Hopkinton, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dies at Lisbon, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franks, Miss, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fuller, Margaret, at Brook Farm, <a href='#Page_301'><b>301</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">born in Cambridge, <a href='#Page_312'><b>312</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">joins <i>Tribune</i> staff, <a href='#Page_316'><b>316</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Concord, <a href='#Page_338'><b>338</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">goes abroad, <a href='#Page_317'><b>317</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries Ossoli, <a href='#Page_320'><b>320</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">is lost at sea, <a href='#Page_322'><b>322</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fuller, Timothy, <a href='#Page_312'><b>312</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gage, General, at Boston, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in correspondence with Church, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Geer, Mr., present owner Royall House, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George First, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George Third entertains the Riedesels, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">West's anecdote of, <a href='#Page_271'><b>271</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilman, Arthur, <a href='#Page_287'><b>287</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilman, Dr. Samuel, <a href='#Page_289'><b>289</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goldsmith, <a href='#Page_357'><b>357</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gordon, "Chinese", <a href='#Page_341'><b>341</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greeley, Horace, <a href='#Page_316'><b>316</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenough, Lily, <a href='#Page_288'><b>288</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenough, Mrs., <a href='#Page_288'><b>288</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Griswold, Sarah E., <a href='#Page_276'><b>276</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hamilton, Gail, <a href='#Page_367'><b>367</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hancock, John, at Lexington, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letters of, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries Miss Quincy, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">occupies home on Beacon Street, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dies, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hancock, Lydia, at Lexington, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hartford, Conn., Riedesels entertain Lafayette at, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haverhill Academy, <a href='#Page_368'><b>368</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haverhill <i>Gazette</i>, <a href='#Page_369'><b>369</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawthorne writes of Sir Wm. Pepperell, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">goes to Brook Farm, <a href='#Page_295'><b>295</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes of Margaret Fuller, <a href='#Page_310'><b>310</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at The Manse, <a href='#Page_324'><b>324</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Higginson, Col. Thomas Wentworth, <a href='#Page_281'><b>281</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes of Margaret Fuller, <a href='#Page_314'><b>314</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hilliard at The Manse, <a href='#Page_333'><b>333</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hilton, Martha, <a href='#Page_242'><b>242</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries Governor Wentworth, <a href='#Page_248'><b>248</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hobgoblin Hall, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hollingsworth, <a href='#Page_301'><b>301</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holmes, Oliver Wendell, <a href='#Page_280'><b>280</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Honeyman's Hill (Newport, R. I.), <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hopkinton (Mass.), <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">home of Frankland burned, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">residence of Frankland, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Agnes Surriage at, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Howard, Lady, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Howe, Sir William, <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hutchinson, Ann, Mrs., <a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arrives in Boston, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">holds meetings, <a href='#Page_216'><b>216</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">accused of heresy, <a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sentenced, <a href='#Page_220'><b>220</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">banished, <a href='#Page_222'><b>222</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">murdered, <a href='#Page_224'><b>224</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hutchinson, Governor, <a href='#Page_222'><b>222</b></a>, <a href='#Page_230'><b>230</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inman's Farm, <a href='#Page_326'><b>326</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Nathaniel, <a href='#Page_279'><b>279</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isle of Shoals, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, Professor William, <a href='#Page_232'><b>232</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnson, Doctor, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kittery Point, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ladd, Mrs., <a href='#Page_380'><b>380</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lafayette entertained by Starks, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Washington and Lee, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">entertained by John Hancock, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">received by Madame Scott, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dines with Baroness Riedesel, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visits George Third, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane, Professor, <a href='#Page_286'><b>286</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Larcom, Lucy, <a href='#Page_367'><b>367</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Larned, "Sam," <a href='#Page_304'><b>304</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lauterbach, family vault of Riedesels at, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lee, General, at Royall House, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lee, General, in British army, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arrives in New York, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Medford, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Somerville, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dies in Virginia, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lee, Sydney, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lexington, affair at, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lindencrone, De Hegermann, <a href='#Page_288'><b>288</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lisbon, Frankland at, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">earthquake at, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Agnes Surriage's experience at, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Frankland consul-general at, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longfellow, <a href='#Page_286'><b>286</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louisburg, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lowell, James Russell, <a href='#Page_281'><b>281</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lowell, John, <a href='#Page_257'><b>257</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luther, Martin, Orphan Home, <a href='#Page_297'><b>297</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macdonald, George, <a href='#Page_367'><b>367</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marblehead, Maid of, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Town House, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fountain Inn, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Whittier at, <a href='#Page_371'><b>371</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Antoinette, plot to rescue, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marley Abbey (residence of "Vanessa"), <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marshall, Judge, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Massachusetts Historical Society, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mather, Rev. Cotton, <a href='#Page_233'><b>233</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McKean, Elizabeth, <a href='#Page_282'><b>282</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McKean, Joseph, <a href='#Page_280'><b>280</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McKinstrey, Sarah, marries Caleb Stark, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">portrait of, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McNeil, Gen. John, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michelet, <a href='#Page_231'><b>231</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minot, Captain, <a href='#Page_327'><b>327</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morris, Robert, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morse, Rev. Jedediah, <a href='#Page_265'><b>265</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morse, Samuel F. B., <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">birthplace of, <a href='#Page_264'><b>264</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">student at Yale, <a href='#Page_269'><b>269</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">studies painting in Europe, <a href='#Page_270'><b>270</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">returns to America, <a href='#Page_272'><b>272</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">paints Lafayette, <a href='#Page_272'><b>272</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">invents the telegraph, <a href='#Page_273'><b>273</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moulton, Mr. Charles, <a href='#Page_288'><b>288</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moulton, Suzanne, <a href='#Page_289'><b>289</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nason, Rev. Elias, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newman, Robert, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nichols, George C., buys Royall House, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Norris, Miss, <a href='#Page_287'><b>287</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nourse, Rebecca, <a href='#Page_228'><b>228</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Old Oaken Bucket," <a href='#Page_356'><b>356</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orvis, John, marries Marianne Dwight, <a href='#Page_303'><b>303</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ossoli, Angelo, Marchese d', <a href='#Page_320'><b>320</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ossoli, Marchesa d' (See Margaret Fuller).</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Otis, Harrison Gray, <a href='#Page_257'><b>257</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oxford, death of Berkeley at, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Page, Capt. Caleb, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pennsylvania <i>Freeman</i>, <a href='#Page_372'><b>372</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pepperell, Sir William, 1st, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pepperell, Sir William, 2d, at Medford, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">graduated, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries Miss Royall, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">denounced, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sails for England, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dies, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pepperell, Lady, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pepperell House built, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Percival, Lord, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter from Walpole, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phips, Governor, <a href='#Page_233'><b>233</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pickard, Elizabeth W., <a href='#Page_366'><b>366</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pickard, Samuel, <a href='#Page_374'><b>374</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierce, Professor, <a href='#Page_286'><b>286</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porter House in Medford, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prescott, Doctor, at Lexington, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>, <a href='#Page_326'><b>326</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Price, Rev. Roger, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quebec, Baroness Riedesel at, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quincy, Miss, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries John Hancock, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raben-Levetzan, Suzanne, <a href='#Page_289'><b>289</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Radcliffe College, <a href='#Page_279'><b>279</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Radcliffe Magazine</i>, <a href='#Page_287'><b>287</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Revere, Paul, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes of Church, <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Revolution, Agnes Surriage in, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riedesel, Baron, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">entertains Lafayette, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visits George Third, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">returns to Brunswick, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dies at Brunswick, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riedesel, Baroness, <a href='#Page_130'><b>130</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letters of, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lands in America, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reaches Cambridge, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dies at Berlin, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cambridge street named for, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ripley, Doctor, <a href='#Page_331'><b>331</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ripley, George, <a href='#Page_281'><b>281</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries Sophia Dana, <a href='#Page_293'><b>293</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">goes to Brook Farm, <a href='#Page_295'><b>295</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visits Carlyle, <a href='#Page_299'><b>299</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rouville, Maj. Hertel de, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royall House visited by Frankland, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">built at Medford, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royall, Isaac, the nabob, <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royall, Col. Isaac, proscribed, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">leaves land to Harvard, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russell, Major, <a href='#Page_360'><b>360</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salem, Isaac Royall to sail from, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saltonstall, <a href='#Page_285'><b>285</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sampson, Deborah (Gannett), <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">early life, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">enlists in Continental Army, <a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes her mother, <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in battle of White Plains, <a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sex discovered by physician, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">receives love letter, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">returns to her home, <a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries, <a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conducts lecture tour, <a href='#Page_189'><b>189</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savage, <a href='#Page_347'><b>347</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scituate, <a href='#Page_358'><b>358</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scott, Sir Walter, <a href='#Page_340'><b>340</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schuyler, General, at Saratoga, <a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">daughter of, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sewall, Judge, <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shirley, governor Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shirley House, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shurtleff, Robert (See Deborah Sampson).</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sleepy Hollow, <a href='#Page_338'><b>338</b></a>, <a href='#Page_339'><b>339</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smibert paints Berkeley, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">paints Sir Wm. Pepperell, 1st, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, Mary, <a href='#Page_368'><b>368</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries S. F. Smith, <a href='#Page_369'><b>369</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sophia, Princess, and Madame Riedesel, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sophocles, Evangelinus Apostolides, <a href='#Page_287'><b>287</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sparhawk, Colonel, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stark, General, at Royall House, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stark, Archibald, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stark, Caleb, born at Dunbarton, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries Miss McKinstrey, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">entertains Lafayette, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stark, Charlotte, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stark, Harriett, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stark, Charles F. Morris, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stark Burying-ground, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stella, journal of, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marriage to Swift, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Story, Capt. William, <a href='#Page_368'><b>368</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Story, Judge, <a href='#Page_286'><b>286</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Story, Mary, <a href='#Page_285'><b>285</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Story, William, <a href='#Page_285'><b>285</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sully steamship, <a href='#Page_273'><b>273</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Surriage, Agnes, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swan, Col. James, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">member Sons of Liberty, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Bunker Hill, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">secretary Mass. Board of War, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">makes fortune, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">loses fortune, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">secures government contracts, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">returns to America, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arrested at Paris, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">confined in St. Pélagie, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dies, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swift, Dean, friend to Berkeley, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at lodging in Bury Street, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter to Vanessa, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter to Lord Carteret, <a href='#Page_27'><b>27</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swift, Lindsay, <a href='#Page_301'><b>301</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tai-Ping Rebellion, <a href='#Page_346'><b>346</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thayer, Abijah W., <a href='#Page_369'><b>369</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thaxter, Celia, <a href='#Page_285'><b>285</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thaxter, Levi, <a href='#Page_285'><b>285</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thoreau and Hawthorne, <a href='#Page_335'><b>335</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grave of, <a href='#Page_339'><b>339</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Three Rivers, Baroness Riedesel at, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tidd, Jacob, buys Royall House, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tituba, the Indian slave, <a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Titus, Mrs. Nelson V., <a href='#Page_261'><b>261</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tremont House, <a href='#Page_305'><b>305</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ursuline Convent, <a href='#Page_284'><b>284</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vane, Sir Harry, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vanessa (Cadenus and Vanessa), <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">goes to Ireland, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter to Swift, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter to Stella, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">legacy to Berkeley, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">death of, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vanhomrigh, Esther (See Vanessa), <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vassall House, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">becomes hospital, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Doctor Church there confined, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vaudreuil, Governor, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walker, Lucretia P., <a href='#Page_272'><b>272</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walpole, Sir Robert, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes to Lord Percival, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ward, Elizabeth C., founds Chinese library, <a href='#Page_355'><b>355</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ward, Frederick Townsend, born at Salem, <a href='#Page_342'><b>342</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">enters French army, <a href='#Page_343'><b>343</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">enlists in Nicaraguan expedition, <a href='#Page_344'><b>344</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arrives at Shanghai, <a href='#Page_344'><b>344</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">defeats Tai-Pings, <a href='#Page_347'><b>347</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">is made a mandarin, <a href='#Page_349'><b>349</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">organises Ever-Victorious Army, <a href='#Page_350'><b>350</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries Changmei, <a href='#Page_350'><b>350</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">buried at Ning Po, <a href='#Page_352'><b>352</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">is made a god, <a href='#Page_352'><b>352</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warren, Doctor, and Church, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warren, Mrs. Mercy, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington, George, letter of, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wayside Inn, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>, <a href='#Page_241'><b>241</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wentworth, Governor, marriage of, <a href='#Page_248'><b>248</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wentworth, Michael, <a href='#Page_249'><b>249</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West, Benjamin, <a href='#Page_270'><b>270</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West Indies, proposed seminary at, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whitehall (built at Newport, R. I.), <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">made over to Yale College, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White, Maria, <a href='#Page_285'><b>285</b></a>, <a href='#Page_286'><b>286</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whitman, Mrs. Sarah, <a href='#Page_290'><b>290</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whittier at Marblehead, <a href='#Page_371'><b>371</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Philadelphia, <a href='#Page_372'><b>372</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"A Sea Dream," written by, <a href='#Page_374'><b>374</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Haverhill Seminary reunion, <a href='#Page_379'><b>379</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">endows Amesbury Home, <a href='#Page_366'><b>366</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, Gov. Charles K., <a href='#Page_208'><b>208</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, Rev. Eleazer (Dauphin?), <a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, Eunice, captured, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">is converted by Jesuits, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries a savage, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">revisits Deerfield, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">captured, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">redeemed, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, Roger, <a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, Rev. Stephen, <a href='#Page_198'><b>198</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">captured by Indians, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">redeemed, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">settles at Longmeadow, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winthrop, John, <a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wiscasset, Me., plan to entertain Marie Antoinette at, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woodworth, Samuel, born at Scituate, <a href='#Page_359'><b>359</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes "Old Oaken Bucket," <a href='#Page_362'><b>362</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dies, <a href='#Page_364'><b>364</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yale College, bequest from Berkeley, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. F. B. Morse at, <a href='#Page_269'><b>269</b></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zenobia, <a href='#Page_301'><b>301</b></a>.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> "Three Heroines of New England Romance." Little, Brown & +Co.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Drake's "Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex." +Little, Brown & Co., publishers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Drake's "Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Sparks's "Life of Charles Lee." Little, Brown & Co.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Drake's "Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex." +Little, Brown & Co., publishers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> "Paul Revere's Ride:" Longfellow's Poems. Houghton, Mifflin +& Co., publishers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Drake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>New England Magazine.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> "History of Swan's Island."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Drake's "Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex." +Little, Brown & Co., publishers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Beacon Biographies: S. F. B. Morse, by John Trowbridge; +Small, Maynard & Co.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> "Historic Towns of New England." G. P. Putnam's Sons.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Henry James.</p></div> + + +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2>Little Pilgrimages Series</h2> + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>Little Pilgrimages Among the Men</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Who Have Written Famous Books</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>By E. F. Harkins</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Little Pilgrimages Among the Women</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Who Have Written Famous Books</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>By E. F. Harkins and C. H. L. Johnston</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Literary Boston of To-Day</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>By Helen M. Winslow</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Romance of Old New England</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rooftrees</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>By Mary C. Crawford</td></tr> + +</table></div> + +<p class="center"><i>L. C. PAGE & COMPANY<br /> +New England Building<br /> +Boston, Mass.</i></p> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romance of Old New England +Rooftrees, by Mary Caroline Crawford + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD NEW ENGLAND ROOFTREES *** + +***** This file should be named 21645-h.htm or 21645-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/1/6/4/21645/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Janet Blenkinship +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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