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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Best of the World's Classics, 
+Restricted to prose. Volume III (of X) - Great Britain and Ireland I, by Francis W. Halsey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Best of the World's Classics,  Restricted to prose. Volume III (of X) - Great Britain and Ireland I
+
+Author: Francis W. Halsey
+
+Editor: Henry Cabot Lodge
+
+Release Date: June 4, 2007 [EBook #21679]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEST OF THE WORLD'S CLASSICS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joseph R. Hauser, Sankar Viswanathan, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       [Illustration: MILTON, BACON, CHAUCER, and SHAKESPEARE.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE BEST
+
+                               _of the_
+
+                           WORLD'S CLASSICS
+
+
+                         RESTRICTED TO PROSE
+
+
+                          HENRY CABOT LODGE
+
+                          _Editor-in-Chief_
+
+
+                          FRANCIS W. HALSEY
+
+                          _Associate Editor_
+
+
+                With an Introduction, Biographical and
+                       Explanatory Notes, etc.
+
+
+                            IN TEN VOLUMES
+
+
+                               Vol. III
+
+
+                     GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND--I
+
+
+
+
+                       FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
+
+                         NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+
+
+                         COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY
+
+                       FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Best of the World's Classics
+
+VOL. III
+
+GREAT BRITAIN AND
+
+IRELAND--I
+
+1281-1745
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+VOL. III--GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND--I
+
+
+      RICHARD DE BURY--(Born in 1281, died in 1345.)
+
+      In Praise of Books.
+      (From the "Philobiblon")
+
+      SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE--(Reputed author.)
+
+I     The Route from England to Constantinople.
+      (From the "Travels")
+
+II    At the Court of the Great Chan.
+      (From the "Travels")
+
+      JOHN WYCLIF--(Born about 1324, died in 1384.)
+
+      The Baptism of Christ.
+      (Being a translation from the Gospel of Mark)
+
+      GEOFFREY CHAUCER--(Born about 1340, died in 1400.)
+
+      Of Acquiring and Using Riches.
+      (One of the prose "Canterbury Tales")
+
+      WILLIAM CAXTON--(Born about 1422, died in 1491.)
+
+      Of True Nobility and Chivalry.
+      (From the "Game and Playe of Chesse." Translated by Caxton from
+          the French original)
+
+      SIR THOMAS MALORY--(Born about 1430, died after 1470.)
+
+      Of the Finding of a Sword for Arthur. (From the "Morte d'Arthur")
+
+      SIR THOMAS MORE--(Born in 1478, died in 1535.)
+
+      Life in Utopia.
+      (From the "Utopia")
+
+      JOHN KNOX--(Born in 1505, died in 1572.)
+
+      An Interview with Mary Queen of Scots.
+      (From the "History of the Reformation in Scotland")
+
+      ROGER ASCHAM--(Born in 1515, died in 1568.)
+
+      Of Gentle Methods in Teaching.
+      (From the "Schoolmaster")
+
+      JOHN FOXE--(Born in 1516, died in 1587.)
+
+      The Death of Anne Boleyn.
+      (From the "Book of Martyrs")
+
+      SIR WALTER RALEIGH--(Born in 1552, died in 1618.)
+
+      The Mutability of Human Affairs.
+      (From the Preface to the "History of the World")
+
+      FRANCIS BACON--(Born in 1561, died in 1626.)
+
+I     Of Travel.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+II    Of Riches.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+III   Of Youth and Age.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+IV    Of Revenge.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+V     Of Marriage and Single Life.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+VI    Of Envy.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+VII   Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+VIII  Of Studies.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+IX    Of Regiment of Health.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+      WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE--(Born in 1564, died in 1616.)
+
+I     Brutus to His Countrymen.
+      (From "Julius Cæsar")
+
+II    Shylock in Defense of His Race.
+      (From the "Merchant of Venice")
+
+III   Hamlet to the Players.
+      (From "Hamlet, Prince of Denmark")
+
+      BEN JONSON--(Born in 1573, died in 1637.)
+
+      Shakespeare and Other Wits.
+      (From "Timber; or, Discoveries Made Upon Men and Matter")
+
+      IZAAK WALTON--(Born in 1593, died in 1683.)
+
+I     The Antiquity of Angling.
+      (From Part I, Chapter IV, of "The Compleat Angler")
+
+II    Of the Trout.
+      (From Part I, Chapter IV, of "The Compleat Angler")
+
+III   The Death of George Herbert.
+      (From the "Lives")
+
+      JAMES HOWELL--(Born in 1595, died in 1666.)
+
+I     The Bucentaur Ceremony in Venice.
+      (From the "Familiar Letters")
+
+II    The City of Rome in 1621.
+      (From the "Familiar Letters")
+
+      SIR THOMAS BROWNE--(Born in 1605, died in 1682.)
+
+I     Of Charity in Judgments.
+      (From the "Religio Medici")
+
+II    Nothing Strictly Immortal.
+      (From Chapter V of "Urn Burial")
+
+      JOHN MILTON--(Born in 1608, died in 1674.)
+
+I     Of His Own Literary Ambition.
+      (From "The Reason of Church Government")
+
+II    A Complete Education Defined.
+      (From the "Tractate on Education")
+
+III   On Reading in His Youth.
+      (From the "Apology for Smectymnus")
+
+IV    In Defense of Books.
+      (From the "Areopagitica")
+
+V     A Noble and Puissant Nation.
+      (From the "Areopagitica")
+
+VI    Of Fugitive and Cloistered Virtue.
+      (From the "Areopagitica")
+
+      LORD CLARENDON--(Born in 1608, died in 1674.)
+
+      Of Charles I.
+      (From the "History of the Rebellion")
+
+      THOMAS FULLER--(Born in 1608, died in 1661.)
+
+      Qualities of the Good Schoolmaster.
+      (From "The Holy and Profane State")
+
+      JEREMY TAYLOR--(Baptized in 1613, died in 1667.)
+
+      The Benefits of Adversity.
+      (From the "Rules and Exercises of Holy Dying")
+
+      ABRAHAM COWLEY--(Born in 1618, died in 1667.)
+
+I     Of Obscurity.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+II    Of Procrastination.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+      GEORGE FOX--(Born in 1624, died in 1691.)
+
+      An Interview with Oliver Cromwell.
+      (From the "Journal")
+
+      JOHN BUNYAN--(Baptized in 1628, died in 1668.)
+
+I     A Dream of the Celestial City.
+      (From "The Pilgrim's Progress")
+
+II    The Death of Valiant-for-truth and of Stand-fast.
+      (From "The Pilgrim's Progress")
+
+III   Ancient Vanity Fair.
+      (From "The Pilgrim's Progress")
+
+      JOHN DRYDEN--(Born in 1631, died in 1700.)
+
+      Of Elizabethan Dramatists.
+      (From the "Essay on Dramatic Poetry")
+
+      SAMUEL PEPYS--(Born in 1633, died in 1703.)
+
+I     Of Various Doings of Mr. and Mrs. Pepys.
+      (From the "Diary")
+
+II    England Without Cromwell.
+      (From the "Diary")
+
+      GILBERT BURNET--(Born in 1643, died in 1715.)
+
+      Charles II.
+      (From the "History of Our Own Times")
+
+      DANIEL DEFOE--(Born in 1661, died in 1731.)
+
+I     The Shipwreck of Crusoe.
+      (From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures
+          of Robinson Crusoe")
+
+II    The Rescue of Man Friday.
+      (From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures
+          of Robinson Crusoe")
+
+III   In the Time of the Great Plague.
+      (From the "History of the Great Plague")
+
+      JONATHAN SWIFT--(Born in 1667, died in 1745.)
+
+I     On Pretense in Philosophers.
+      (From "Gulliver's Travels")
+
+II    On the Hospitality of the Vulgar.
+      (From No. 1 of _The Tatler_)
+
+III   The Art of Lying in Politics.
+      (From _The Examiner_)
+
+IV    A Meditation upon a Broomstick
+
+V     Gulliver Among the Giants.
+      (From "Gulliver's Travels")
+
+      JOSEPH ADDISON--(Born in 1672, died in 1719.)
+
+I     In Westminster Abbey.
+      (From No. 26 of _The Spectator_)
+
+II    Will Honeycomb and His Marriage.
+      (From Nos. 105 and 530 of _The Spectator_)
+
+III   Pride of Birth.
+      (From No. 137 of _The Guardian_)
+
+IV    Sir Roger and His Home.
+      (From Nos. 2 and 106 of _The Spectator_)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND--I
+
+1281-1745
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD DE BURY
+
+     Born in 1281, died in 1345; the son of Sir Richard
+     Aungerville, his own name being taken from his birthplace,
+     Bury St. Edmonds; educated at Oxford, and became a
+     Benedictine monk; tutor to Edward III; dean of Wells
+     Cathedral in 1333; bishop of Durham the same year; high
+     chancellor of England in 1334; founded a library at Oxford;
+     his "Philobiblon" first printed at Cologne in 1473.
+
+
+
+
+IN PRAISE OF BOOKS[1]
+
+
+The desirable treasure of wisdom and knowledge, which all men covet
+from the impulse of nature, infinitely surpasses all the riches of the
+world; in comparison with which, precious stones are vile, silver is
+clay, and purified gold grains of sand; in the splendor of which, the
+sun and moon grow dim to the sight; in the admirable sweetness of
+which, honey and manna are bitter to the taste. The value of wisdom
+decreaseth not with time; it hath an ever-flourishing virtue that
+cleanseth its possession from every venom. O celestial gift of divine
+liberality, descending from the Father of light to raise up the
+rational soul even to heaven; thou art the celestial alimony of
+intellect, of which whosoever eateth shall yet hunger, and whoso
+drinketh shall yet thirst; a harmony rejoicing the soul of the
+sorrowful, and never in any way discomposing the hearer. Thou art the
+moderator and the rule of morals, operating according to which none
+err. By thee kings reign, and lawgivers decree justly. Through thee,
+rusticity of nature being cast off, wits and tongues being polished,
+and the thorns of vice utterly eradicated, the summit of honor is
+reached and they become fathers of their country and companions of
+princes, who, without thee, might have forged their lances into spades
+and plowshares, or perhaps have fed swine with the prodigal son.
+
+Where, then, most potent, most longed-for treasure, art thou
+concealed? and where shall the thirsty soul find thee? Undoubtedly,
+indeed, thou hast placed thy desirable tabernacle in books, where the
+Most High, the Light of light, the Book of Life, hath established
+thee. There then all who ask receive, all who seek find thee, to those
+who knock thou openest quickly. In books Cherubim expand their wings,
+that the soul of the student may ascend and look around from pole to
+pole, from the rising to the setting sun, from the north and from the
+south. In them the Most High, Incomprehensible God himself is
+contained and worshiped. In them the nature of celestial, terrestrial,
+and infernal beings is laid open. In them the laws by which every
+polity is governed are decreed, the offices of the celestial hierarchy
+are distinguished, and tyrannies of such demons are described as the
+ideas of Plato never surpassed, and the chair of Crito never
+sustained.
+
+In books we find the dead as it were living: in books we foresee
+things to come; in books warlike affairs are methodized; the rights of
+peace proceed from books. All things are corrupted and decay with
+time. Satan never ceases to devour those whom he generates, insomuch
+that the glory of the world would be lost in oblivion, if God had not
+provided mortals with a remedy in books. Alexander, the ruler of the
+world; Julius[2] the invader of the world and the city, the first who
+in unity of person assumed the empire in arms and arts; the faithful
+Fabricius,[3] the rigid Cato, would at this day have been without a
+memorial if the aid of books had failed them. Towers are razed to the
+earth, cities overthrown, triumphal arches moldered to dust; nor can
+the king or pope be found, upon whom the privilege of a lasting name
+can be conferred more easily than by books. A book made renders
+succession to the author; for as long as the book exists, the author,
+remaining immortal, can not perish; as Ptolemy witnesseth; in the
+prolog of his Almagest,[4] he (he says) is not dead, who gave life to
+science.
+
+What learned scribe, therefore, who draws out things new and old from
+an infinite treasury of books, will limit their price by any other
+thing whatsoever of another kind? Truth, overcoming all things, which
+ranks above kings, wine, and women, to honor which above friends
+obtains the benefit of sanctity, which is the way that deviates not,
+and the life without end, to which the holy Boethius attributes a
+threefold existence in the mind, in the voice, and in writing, appears
+to abide most usefully and fructify most productively of advantage in
+books. For the truth of the voice perishes with the sound. Truth,
+latent in the mind, is hidden wisdom and invisible treasure; but the
+truth which illuminates books, desires to manifest itself to every
+disciplinable sense, to the sight when read, to the hearing when
+heard; it, moreover, in a manner commends itself to the touch, when
+submitting to be transcribed, collated, corrected, and preserved.
+Truth confined to the mind, tho it may be the possession of a noble
+soul, while it wants a companion and is not judged of, either by the
+sight or the hearing, appears to be inconsistent with pleasure. But
+the truth of the voice is open to the hearing only, and latent to the
+sight (which shows as many differences of things fixt upon by a most
+subtle motion), beginning and ending as it were simultaneously. But
+the truth written in a book being not fluctuating, but permanent,
+shows itself openly to the sight passing through the spiritual ways of
+the eyes, as the porches and halls of common sense and imagination; it
+enters the chamber of intellect, reposes itself upon the couch of
+memory, and there congenerates the eternal truth of the mind.
+
+Lastly, let us consider how great a commodity of doctrine exists in
+books, how easily, how secretly, how safely they expose the nakedness
+of human ignorance without putting it to shame. These are the masters
+that instruct us without rods and ferulas, without hard words and
+anger, without clothes or money. If you approach them, they are not
+asleep; if investigating you interrogate them, they conceal nothing;
+if you mistake them, they never grumble, if you are ignorant, they can
+not laugh at you.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: From the "Philobiblon," a treatise on books, translated
+from the original Latin into English in 1852 by John Englis. The Latin
+text and a new translation by Andrew J. West were printed by the
+Grolier Club of New York in 1887.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The reference is to Julius Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Roman Consul, general and ambassador to Pyrrhus in
+280, who was noted for inflexible honesty.]
+
+[Footnote 4: The best-known work of Ptolemy of Alexandria, astronomer
+and mathematician, who lived in the first half of the second century.]
+
+
+
+
+SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE
+
+     Reputed author of a book of "Travels" of the fourteenth
+     century, a compilation intended as a guide to pilgrims in
+     the Holy Land, and based upon works by William of Boldensele
+     (1336) and Friar Odoric of Pordenone (1330).
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+THE ROUTE FROM ENGLAND TO CONSTANTINOPLE[5]
+
+
+He that will pass over the sea and come to land, to go to the city of
+Jerusalem, he may wend many ways, both on sea and land, after the
+country that he cometh from; for many of them come to one end. But
+trow not that I will tell you all the towns, and cities and castles
+that men shall go by; for then should I make too long a tale; but all
+only some countries and most principal steads that men shall go
+through to go the right way.
+
+First, if a man come from the west side of the world, as England,
+Ireland, Wales, Scotland, or Norway, he may, if that he will, go
+through Almayne and through the kingdom of Hungary, that marches to
+the land of Polayne, and to the land of Pannonia,[6] and so to
+Silesia.
+
+And the King of Hungary is a great lord and a mighty, and holds great
+lordships and much land in his hand. For he holds the kingdom of
+Hungary, Sclavonia, and of Comania a great part, and of Bulgaria that
+men call the land of Bougiers, and of the realm of Russia a great
+part, whereof he has made a duchy, that lasts unto the land of
+Nyfland,[7] and marches to Prussia. And men go through the land of
+this lord, through a city that is called Cypron,[8] and by the castle
+of Neasburghe, and by the evil town, that sit toward the end of
+Hungary. And there pass men the river Danube. This river of Danube is
+a full great river, and it goeth into Almayne, under the hills of
+Lombardy, and it receives into him forty other rivers, and it runs
+through Hungary and through Greece and through Thrace, and it enters
+into the sea, toward the east so rudely and so sharply, that the water
+of the sea is fresh and holds its sweetness twenty mile within the
+sea.
+
+And after, go men to Belgrade, and enter into the land of Bourgiers;
+and there pass men a bridge of stone that is upon the river of
+Marrok.[9] And men pass through the land of Pyncemartz and come to
+Greece to the city of Nye, and to the city of Fynepape,[10] and after
+to the city of Dadrenoble,[11] and after to Constantinople, that was
+wont to be called Bezanzon.[12] And there dwells commonly the Emperor
+of Greece. And there is the most fair church and the most noble of all
+the world; and it is of Saint Sophie. And before that church is the
+image of Justinian the emperor, covered with gold, and he sits upon a
+horse crowned. And he was wont to hold a round apple of gold in his
+hand; but it is fallen out thereof. And men say there, that it is a
+token that the emperor has lost a great part of his lands and of his
+lordships; for he was wont to be Emperor of Roumania and of Greece, of
+all Asia the less, and of the land of Syria, of the land of Judea in
+the which is Jerusalem, and of the land of Egypt, of Persia, and of
+Arabia. But he has lost all but Greece; and that land he holds all
+only. And men would many times put the apple into the image's hand
+again, but it will not hold it. This apple betokens the lordship that
+he had over all the world, that is round. And the other hand he lifts
+up against the East, in token to menace the misdoers. This image
+stands upon a pillar of marble at Constantinople.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+AT THE COURT OF THE GREAT CHAN[13]
+
+
+The men of Tartary have let make another city that is called Caydon.
+And it has twelve gates, and between the two gates there is always a
+great mile; so that the two cities, that is to say, the old and the
+new, have in circuit more than twenty mile.
+
+In this city is the court of the great Chan in a full great palace and
+the most passing fair in all the world, of the which the walls be in
+circuit more than two mile. And within the walls it is full of other
+palaces. And in the garden of the great palace there is a great hill,
+upon the which there is another palace; and it is the most fair and
+the most rich that any man may devise. And all about the palace and
+the hill be many trees bearing many diverse fruits. And all about the
+hill be ditches great and deep, and beside them be great fish ponds on
+that one part and on that other. And there is a full fair bridge to
+pass over the ditches. And in these vivaries be so many wild geese and
+ganders and wild ducks and swans and herons that it is without number.
+And all about these ditches and vivaries is the great garden full of
+wild beasts. So that when the great Chan will have any disport on
+that, to take any of the wild beasts or of the fowls, he will let
+chase them and take them at the windows without going out of his
+chamber.
+
+This palace, where his court is, is both great and passing fair. And
+within the palace, in the hall, there be twenty-four pillars of fine
+gold. And all the walls be covered within of red skins of beasts that
+men call panthers, that be fair beasts and well smelling; so that for
+the sweet odor of those skins no evil air may enter into the palace.
+Those skins be as red as blood, and they shine so bright against the
+sun, that scarcely no man may behold them. And many folk worship these
+beasts, when they meet them first at morning, for their great virtue
+and for the good smell that they have. And those skins they prize more
+than tho they were plate of fine gold.
+
+And in the midst of this palace is the reservoir for the great Chan,
+that is all wrought of gold and of precious stones and great pearls.
+And at four corners of the reservoir be four serpents of gold. And all
+about there is made large nets of silk and gold and great pearls
+hanging all about the reservoir. And under the reservoir be conduits
+of beverage that they drink in the emperor's court. And beside the
+conduits be many vessels of gold, by the which they that be of
+household drink at the conduit.
+
+And the hall of the palace is full nobly arrayed, and full
+marvellously attired on all parts in all things that men apparel with
+any hall. And first, at the chief of the hall is the emperor's throne,
+full high, where he sits at the meat. And that is of fine precious
+stones, bordered all about with pure gold and precious stones, and
+great pearls. And the steps that he goes up to the table be of
+precious stones mingled with gold.
+
+And at the left side of the emperor's seat is the seat of his first
+wife, one degree lower than the emperor; and it is of jasper, bordered
+with gold and precious stones. And the seat of his second wife is also
+another seat more lower than his first wife; and it is also of jasper,
+bordered with gold, as that other is. And the seat of the third wife
+is also more low, by a degree, than the second wife. For he has always
+three wives with him, where that ever he be.
+
+And after his wives, on the same side, sit the ladies of his lineage
+yet lower, after that they be of estate. And all those that be married
+have a counterfeit made like a man's foot upon their heads, a cubit
+long, all wrought with great pearls, fine and orient, and above made
+with peacocks' feathers and of other shining feathers; and that stands
+upon their heads like a crest, in token that they be under man's foot
+and under subjection of man. And they that be unmarried have none
+such.[14]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 5: From the "Travels," the earliest extant book written in
+English. In this specimen the spelling has been in part modernized.
+First printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1429. "Mandeville" has been called
+the "Father of English Prose."]
+
+[Footnote 6: An old name for Hungary.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Now known as Livonia, one of the Baltic provinces of
+Russia.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Now Oedenburg, a city of Hungary.]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Morava, one of the chief rivers of Servia.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Philippolis.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Adrianople.]
+
+[Footnote 12: An old form of the word Byzantium, a town founded by
+Megariaus in the seventh century B.C. When Constantine founded the
+city to which he gave his own name, Byzantium, lying east of it, was
+included within the city limits.]
+
+[Footnote 13: From the "Travels."]
+
+[Footnote 14: The quaint words in which "Mandeville" concludes his
+book are these: "And I, John Mandeville, knight, above said (altho I
+be unworthy), that departed from our countries and passed the sea, the
+year of grace a thousand three hundred and twenty-two, that have
+passed many lands and many isles and countries, and searched many full
+strange places, and have been in many a full good honorable company,
+and at many a fair deed of arms (albeit that I did none myself, for
+mine unable insuffisance), now I am come home, in spite of myself, to
+rest, for gouts arthritic that me distrain, that define the end of my
+labor; against my will (God knows)."]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN WYCLIF
+
+     Born about 1324, died in 1384; "The Morning Star of the
+     Reformation"; educated at Oxford; rector in Lincolnshire and
+     Buckinghamshire; Royal ambassador to papal nuncios at Bruges
+     in 1374; in sermons attacked the Church of Rome; five papal
+     bulls, authorizing his imprisonment, signed against him;
+     threw off allegiance to the Church and wrote fearlessly
+     against papal claims; died of paralysis; his bones in 1428
+     exhumed and burnt and his ashes cast into the river Swift by
+     order of the synod of Constance; his translation of the
+     Bible from the Vulgate, completed about 1382 was the first
+     complete translation ever made.
+
+
+
+
+THE BAPTISM OF CHRIST[15]
+
+
+1. The bigynnynge of the gospel of Jhesu Crist, the sone of God.
+
+2. As it is writun in Ysaie, the prophete, Lo! I send myn angel bifore
+thi face, that schal make thi weye redy before thee.
+
+3. The voyce of oon cryinge in desert. Make ye redy the weye of the
+Lord, make ye his pathis rihtful.
+
+4. Jhon was in desert baptisynge, and prechinge the baptym of
+penaunce, into remiscioun of synnes.
+
+5. And alle men of Jerusalem wenten out to him, and al the cuntree of
+Judee; and weren baptisid of him in the flood of Jordan, knowlechinge
+her synnes.
+
+6. And John was clothid with heeris of camelis, and a girdil of skyn
+abowte his leendis; and he eet locusts, and hony of the wode, and
+prechide, seyinge:
+
+7. A strengere than I schal come aftir me, of whom I knelinge am not
+worthi for to vndo, _or vnbynde_, the thwong of his schoon.
+
+8. I have baptisid you in water; forsothe he shal baptise you in the
+Holy Goost.
+
+9. And it is don in thoo dayes, Jhesus came fro Nazareth of Galilee,
+and was baptisid of Joon in Jordan.
+
+10. And anoon he styinge vp of the water, sayth heuenes openyd, and
+the Holy Goost cummynge doun as a culuere, and dwellynge in hym.
+
+11. And a voys is maad fro heuenes, thou art my sone loued, in thee I
+haue plesid.
+
+12. And anon the Spirit puttide hym in to desert.
+
+13. And he was in desert fourty dayes and fourty nightis, and was
+temptid of Sathanas, and was with beestis and angelis mynstriden to
+hym.
+
+14. Forsothe aftir that Joon was taken, Jhesus came in to Galilee,
+prechinge the gospel of the kyngdam of God,
+
+15. And seiynge, For tyme is fulfillid, and the kyngdam of God shal
+come niy; forthinke yee, _or do yee penaunce_, and bileue yee to the
+gospel.
+
+16. And he passynge bisidis the see of Galilee, say Symont, and
+Andrew, his brother, sendynge nettis into the see; sothely thei weren
+fishers.
+
+17. And Jhesus seide to hem, Come yee after me; I shal make you to be
+maad fishers of men.
+
+18. And anoon the nettis forsaken, thei sueden hym.
+
+19. And he gon forth thennes a litil, say James of Zebede, and Joon,
+his brother, and hem in the boot makynge nettis.
+
+20. And anoon he clepide him; and Zebede, her fadir, left in the boot
+with hirid seruantis, their sueden hym.
+
+21. And thei wenten forth in to Cafarnaum, and anoon in the sabotis he
+gon yn into the synagoge, taughte them.
+
+22. And thei wondreden on his techynge; sothely he was techynge hem,
+as hauynge power, and not as scribis.
+
+23. And in the synagoge of hem was a man in an vnclene spirit, and he
+cried,
+
+24. Seyinge, What to vs and to thee, thou Jhesu of Nazareth? haste
+thou cummen bifore the tyme for to destroie vs? Y woot thot thou art
+the holy of God.
+
+25. And Jhesus thretenyde to hym, seyinge, Wexe dowmb, and go out of
+the man.
+
+26. And the vnclene goost debrekynge hym, and cryinge with grete vois,
+wente awey fro hym.
+
+27. And alle men wondriden, so that thei soughten togidre among hem,
+seyinge, What is this thinge? what is this newe techyng? for in power
+he comaundith to vnclene spirits, and thei obeyen to hym.
+
+28. And the tale, or _tything_, of hym wente forth anoon in to al the
+cuntree of Galilee.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 15: Part of Chapter I of the Gospel of St. Mark, as
+translated by Wyclif. It will be noted that Wyclif's orthography is
+irregular, the same word being often spelled differently on the same
+page. This selection is printed in the original as a specimen of the
+English of Wyclif's time.]
+
+
+
+
+GEOFFREY CHAUCER
+
+     Born about 1340, died in 1400; son of a London vintner;
+     taken prisoner in Brittany in 1359 while serving with the
+     king's army; sent to Italy on a royal embassy in 1374 and
+     again in 1378; besides the "Canterbury Tales," wrote many
+     books; a large number once attributed to him are now
+     considered spurious.
+
+
+
+
+OF ACQUIRING AND USING RICHES[16]
+
+
+When Prudence had heard her husband avaunt himself of his riches and
+of his money, disparaging the power of his adversaries, she spake and
+said in this wise: Certes, dear sir, I grant you that ye are rich and
+mighty, and that riches are good to 'em that have well obtained 'em,
+and that well can use 'em; for, just as the body of a man may not live
+without soul, no more may it live without temporal goods, and by
+riches may a man get him great friends; and therefore saith Pamphilus:
+If a neatherd's daughter be rich, she may chose of a thousand men
+which she will take to her husband; for of a thousand men one will not
+forsake her nor refuse her. And this Pamphilus saith also: If thou be
+right happy, that is to say, if thou be right rich, thou shalt find a
+great number of fellows and friends; and if thy fortune change, that
+thou wax poor, farewell friendship and fellowship, for thou shalt be
+all alone without any company, except it be the company of poor folk.
+And yet saith this Pamphilus, moreover, that they that are bond and
+thrall of linage should be made worthy and noble by riches.
+
+And just as by riches there come many goods, so by poverty come there
+many harms and evils; and therefore says Cassiodore,[17] poverty the
+mother of ruin, that is to say, the mother of overthrowing or falling
+down; and therefore saith Piers Alphonse: One of the greatest
+adversities of the world is when a free man by kind, or of birth, is
+constrained by poverty to eat the alms of his enemy. And the same
+saith Innocent in one of his books; he saith that sorrowful and
+mishappy is the condition of a poor beggar, for if he asks not his
+meat he dieth of hunger, and if he ask he dieth for shame; and dire
+necessity constraineth him to ask; and therefore saith Solomon: That
+better it is to die than for to have such poverty; and, as the same
+Solomon saith: Better it is to die of bitter death, than for to live
+in such wise.
+
+By these reasons that I have said unto you, and by many other reasons
+that I could say, I grant you that riches are good to 'em that well
+obtained them, and to him that well uses riches; and therefore will I
+shew you how ye should behave you in gathering of your riches, and in
+what manner ye should use 'em. First, ye should get 'em without great
+desire, by good leisure, patiently, and not over hastily, for a man
+that is too desiring to get riches abandoneth him first to theft and
+to all other evils; and therefore saith Solomon: He that hasteth him
+too busily to wax rich, he shall be not innocent: he saith also, that
+the riches that hastily cometh to a man soon lightly goeth and passeth
+from a man, but that riches that cometh little and little waxeth alway
+and multiplieth. And, sir, ye should get riches by your wit and by
+your travail, unto your profit, and that without wrong or harm doing
+to any other person; for the law saith: There maketh no man himself
+rich, if he do harm to another wight; that is to say, that Nature
+defendeth and forbiddeth by right, that no man make himself rich unto
+the harm of another person.
+
+And Tullius[18] saith: That no sorrow, no dread of death, nothing that
+may fall unto a man, is so much against nature as a man to increase
+his owyn profit to harm of another man. And though the great men and
+the mighty men get riches more lightly than thou, yet shalt thou not
+be idle nor slow to do thy profit, for thou shalt in all wise flee
+idleness; for Solomon saith: That idleness teacheth a man to do many
+evils; and the same Solomon saith: That he that travaileth and busieth
+himself to till his land, shall eat bread, but he that is idle, and
+casteth him to no business nor occupation, shall fall into poverty,
+and die for hunger. And he that is idle and slow can never find
+convenient time for to do his profit; for there is a versifier who
+saith, that the idle man excuseth him in winter because of the great
+cold, and in summer then by reason of the heat.
+
+For these causes, saith Cato, waketh and inclineth you not over much
+to sleep, for over much rest nourisheth and causeth many vices; and
+therefore saith St. Jerome: Do some good deeds, that the devil, which
+is our enemy, find you not unoccupied, for the devil he taketh not
+lightly unto his working such as he findeth occupied in good works.
+
+Then thus in getting riches ye must flee idleness; and afterward ye
+should use the riches which ye have got by your wit and by your
+travail, in such manner, that men hold you not too scarce, nor too
+sparing, nor fool-large, that is to say, over large a spender; for
+right as men blame an avaricious man because of his scarcity and
+niggardliness, in the same wise he is to blame that spendeth over
+largely; and therefore saith Cato: Use (saith he) the riches that thou
+hast obtained in such manner, that men have no matter nor cause to
+call thee neither wretch nor miser, for it is a great shame to a man
+to have a poor heart and a rich purse; he saith also: The goods that
+thou hast obtained, use 'em by measure, that is to say, spend
+measurably, for they that foolishly waste and squander the goods that
+they have, when they have no more proper of 'eir own, that they
+prepare to take the goods of another man. I say, then, that ye should
+flee avarice, using your riches in such manner, that men say not that
+your riches are buried, but that ye have 'em in your might and in your
+wielding; for a wise man reproveth the avaricious man, and saith thus
+in two verse: Whereto and why burieth a man his goods by his great
+avarice, and knoweth well that needs must he die, for death is the
+end of every man as in this present life.
+
+And for what cause or reason joineth he him, or knitteth he him so
+fast unto his goods, that all his wits will not dissever him or depart
+him from his goods, and knoweth well, or ought to know, that when he
+is dead he shall nothing bear with him out of this world? And
+therefore saith St. Augustine, that the avaricious man is likened unto
+hell, that the more it swalloweth the more desire it hath to swallow
+and devour. And as well as ye would eschew to be called an avaricious
+man or a chinch, as well should ye keep you and govern you in such
+wise, that men call you not fool-large; therefore, saith Tullius: The
+goods of thine house should not be hid nor kept so close, but that
+they might be opened by pity and debonnairety, that is to say, to give
+'em part that have great need; but the goods should not be so open to
+be every man's goods.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 16: One of the only two "Canterbury Tales" that were written
+in prose, its title being "The Tale of Melibæus." The spelling here
+has been partly modernized.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Statesman and historian; born about 464 A.D.; an
+administrative officer under Odoacer Theodoric, whose works were
+published in 1679.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Cicero.]
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM CAXTON
+
+     Born about 1422, died in 1491; the first English printer;
+     began to translate the "Histories de Troye" in 1469 and
+     issued the work in 1474, either at Cologne or Bruges;
+     translated and had printed in 1475 "The Game and Playe of
+     Chesse," the second printed English book; set up a press in
+     Westminster, London, in 1476, where he continued to print
+     books until his death.
+
+
+
+
+OF TRUE NOBILITY AND CHIVALRY[19]
+
+
+The knight ought to be made all armed upon an apt horse, in such wise
+that he have an helmet on his head, and a spear in his right hand, and
+covered with his shield; a sword and a mace on his left side; clad
+with an hauberk and plates before his breast; leg harness on his legs;
+spurs on his heels; on his hands his gauntlets. His horse well broken
+and taught, and apt to battle, and covered with his arms. When the
+knights be made they be bayned or bathed. That is the sign that they
+should lead a new life and new manners; also they wake all the night
+in prayers and orisons unto God that he will give them grace that they
+may get that thing that they may not get by nature. The king or prince
+girdeth about them a sword, in sign that they should abide and keep
+him of whom they take their dispences and dignity.
+
+Also a knight ought to be wise, liberal, true, strong, and full of
+mercy and pity, and keeper of the people, and of the law, and right as
+chivalry passeth other in virtue, in dignity, in honor, and in
+reverence, right so ought he to surmount all other in virtue; for
+honor is nothing else but to do reverence to another person for the
+good and virtuous disposition that is in him. A noble knight ought to
+be wise and proved before he be made knight; it behoveth him that he
+had long time used the war and arms; that he may be expert and wise
+for to govern others. For since a knight is captain of a battle, the
+life of them that shall be under him lieth in his hand, and therefore
+behooveth him to be wise and well advised. For sometimes art, craft
+and engine is more worth than strength of hardiness of a man that is
+not proved in arms, for otherwhile it happeneth that when the prince
+of the battle relies on and trusteth in his hardiness and strength,
+and will not use wisdom and engine for to run upon his enemies, he is
+vanquished and his people slain. Therefore saith the philosopher that
+no man should choose young people to be captains and governors,
+forasmuch as there is no certainty in their wisdom. Alexander of
+Macedon vanquished and conquered Egypt, Judæa, Chaldee, Africa, and
+Assyria unto the marches of Bragmans more by the counsel of old men
+than by the strength of the young men.
+
+The very true love of the common weal and profit now-a-days is seldom
+found. Where shalt thou find a man in these days that will expose
+himself for the worship and honor of his friend or for the common
+weal. Seldom or never shall he be found. Also the knights should be
+large and liberal, for when a knight hath regard unto his singular
+profit by his covetousness, he despoileth his people. For when the
+soldiers see that they put them in peril, and their master will not
+pay them their wages liberally, but intendeth to his own proper gain
+and profit, then, when the enemies come, they turn soon their backs
+and flee oftentimes. And thus it happeneth by him that intendeth more
+to get money than victory, that his avarice is ofttimes cause of his
+confusion.
+
+Then let every knight take heed to be liberal, in such wise that he
+ween not nor suppose that his scarcity be to him a great winning or
+gain. And for this cause he be the less loved of his people, and that
+his adversary withdraw to him them by large giving. For ofttime battle
+is advanced more for getting of silver than by the force and strength
+of men. For men see all day that such things as may not be achieved by
+force of nature be gotten and achieved by force of money. And
+forsomuch it behooveth to see well to that when the time of battle
+cometh, that he borrow not, nor make no curtailment. For no man may be
+rich that leaveth his own, hoping to get and take of others. Then
+alway all their gain, and winning ought to be common among them except
+their arms. For in like wise as the victory is common, so should the
+despoil and booty be common unto them. And therefore David, that
+gentle knight in the first book of Kings in the last chapter, made a
+law: that he that abode behind by malady or sickness in the tents
+should have as much part of the booty as he that had been in the
+battle. And for the love of this law he was made afterward king of
+Israel.
+
+Alexander of Macedon came in a time like a simple knight unto the
+court of Porus, king of Ind, for to espy the estate of the king and
+of the knights of the court. And the king received him right
+worshipfully and demanded many things of Alexander and of his
+constancy and strength, nothing weening that he had been Alexander,
+but Antigone, one of his knights. And after he had him to dinner; and
+when they had served Alexander in vessel of gold and silver with
+diverse meats, after that he had eaten such as pleased him, he voided
+the meat and took the vessel and held it to himself and put it in his
+bosom or sleeves. Whereof he was accused unto the king. After dinner
+then the king called him and demanded wherefore he had taken his
+vessel, and he answered: Sir King, my lord, I pray thee to understand
+and take heed thyself and also thy knights. I have heard much of thy
+great highness, and that thou art more mighty and puissant in chivalry
+and in dispences than is Alexander, and therefore I am come to thee, a
+poor knight, which am named Antigone, for to serve thee. Then it is
+the custom in the court of Alexander that what thing a knight is
+served with, all is his, meat and vessel and cup. And therefore I had
+supposed that this custom had been kept in thy court, for thou art
+richer than he. When the knights heard this, anon they left Porus, and
+went to serve Alexander, and thus he drew to him the hearts of them by
+gifts, which afterward slew Porus that was king of Ind, and they made
+Alexander king thereof. Therefore remember, knight, alway that with a
+closed and shut purse thou shalt never have victory. Ovid saith that
+he that taketh gifts, he is glad therewith, for they win with gifts
+the hearts of the gods and of men.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 19: From the "Game and Playe of Chesse," translated by
+Caxton from the French original.]
+
+
+
+
+SIR THOMAS MALORY
+
+     Born about 1430, died after 1470; compiler and translator of
+     the "Morte d'Arthur" from French prose romances which had
+     been built up on earlier poems dealing with the life and
+     death of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table; the
+     "Morte d'Arthur" printed by Caxton in 1485.
+
+
+
+
+OF THE FINDING OF A SWORD FOR ARTHUR[20]
+
+
+And so Merlin and he departed, and as they rode King Arthur said, "I
+have no sword." "No matter," said Merlin; "hereby is a sword that
+shall be yours and I may." So they rode till they came to a lake,
+which was a fair water and a broad; and in the midst of the lake King
+Arthur was aware of an arm clothed in white samite, that held a fair
+sword in the hand. "Lo," said Merlin unto the King, "yonder is the
+sword that I spake of."
+
+With that they saw a damsel going upon the lake. "What damsel is
+that?" said the King. "That is the Lady of the Lake," said Merlin;
+"and within that lake is a reach, and therein is as fair a place as
+any is on earth, and richly beseen; and this damsel will come to you
+anon, and then speak fair to her that she will give you that sword."
+Therewith came the damsel to King Arthur, and saluted him, and he her
+again. "Damsel," said the King, "what sword is that which the arm
+holdeth yonder above the water? I would it were mine, for I have no
+sword." "Sir King," said the damsel of the lake, "that sword is mine,
+and if ye will give me a gift when I ask it you, ye shall have it."
+"By my faith," said King Arthur, "I will give you any gift that you
+will ask or desire." "Well," said the damsel, "go ye into yonder
+barge, and row yourself unto the sword, and take it and the scabbard
+with you; and I will ask my gift when I see my time."
+
+So King Arthur and Merlin alighted, tied their horses to two trees,
+and so they went into the barge. And when they came to the sword that
+the hand held, King Arthur took it up by the handles, and took it with
+him; and the arm and the hand went under the water, and so came to the
+land and rode forth.
+
+Then King Arthur saw a rich pavilion. "What signifieth yonder
+pavilion?" "That is the knight's pavilion that ye fought with
+last--Sir Pellinore; but he is out; for he is not there: he hath had
+to do with a knight of yours, that hight Eglame, and they have
+foughten together a great while, but at the last Eglame fled, and else
+he had been dead; and Sir Pellinore hath chased him to Carlion, and we
+shall anon meet with him in the highway." "It is well said," quoth
+King Arthur; "now have I a sword, and now will I wage battle with him
+and be avenged on him." "Sir, ye shall not do so," said Merlin: "for
+the knight is weary of fighting and chasing; so that ye shall have no
+worship to have a do with him. Also he will not lightly be matched of
+one knight living: and therefore my counsel is, that yet let him pass;
+for he shall do you good service in short time, and his sons after his
+days. Also ye shall see that day in short space, that ye shall be
+right glad to give him your sister to wife." "When I see him," said
+King Arthur, "I will do as ye advise me."
+
+Then King Arthur looked upon the sword and liked it passing well.
+"Whether liketh you better," said Merlin, "the sword or the scabbard?"
+"Me liketh better the sword," said King Arthur. "Ye are more unwise,"
+said Merlin; "for the scabbard is worth ten of the sword: for while ye
+have the scabbard upon you, ye shall lose no blood, be ye never so
+sore wounded--therefore keep well the scabbard alway with you." So
+they rode on to Carlion.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 20: From the "Morte d'Arthur."]
+
+
+
+
+SIR THOMAS MORE
+
+     Born in 1478, died in 1535; met Erasmus in London in 1497;
+     after 1503 devoted himself mainly to politics; entered
+     Parliament in 1504; ambassador to Flanders in 1515;
+     published "Utopia" in 1516; privy counsellor to Henry VIII
+     in 1518; present with the King at the Field of the Cloth of
+     Gold in 1520; speaker of the House of Commons in 1523;
+     defended the papacy against Luther; succeeded Wolsey as
+     chancellor in 1529; refused in 1534 to take the oath of
+     adherence to the act vesting the succession in the issue of
+     Anne Boleyn and committed to the Tower, indicted for high
+     treason and executed July 6th, 1535.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE IN UTOPIA[21]
+
+
+There are fifty-four cities in the island, all large and well built,
+the manners, customs, and laws of which are the same, and they are all
+contrived as near in the same manner as the ground on which they stand
+will allow. The nearest lie at least twenty-four miles' distance from
+one another, and the most remote are not so far distant but that a man
+can go on foot in one day from it to that which lies next it. Every
+city sends three of their wisest senators once a year to Amaurot, to
+consult about their common concerns; for that is the chief town of the
+island, being situated near the center of it, so that it is the most
+convenient place for their assemblies. The jurisdiction of every city
+extends at least twenty miles; and where the towns lie wider, they
+have much more ground. No town desires to enlarge its bounds, for the
+people consider themselves rather as tenants than landlords.
+
+They have built, over all the country, farmhouses for husbandmen;
+which are well contrived, and furnished with all things necessary for
+country labor. Inhabitants are sent, by turns, from the cities to
+dwell in them; no country family has fewer than forty men and women in
+it, besides two slaves. There is a master and a mistress set over
+every family, and over thirty families there is a magistrate. Every
+year twenty of this family come back to the town after they have
+stayed two years in the country, and in their room there are other
+twenty sent from the town, that they may learn country work from those
+that have been already one year in the country, as they must teach
+those that come to them the next from the town. By this means such as
+dwell in those country farms are never ignorant of agriculture, and so
+commit no errors which might otherwise be fatal and bring them under a
+scarcity of corn. But tho there is every year such a shifting of the
+husbandmen, to prevent any man being forced against his will to follow
+that hard course of life too long, yet many among them take such
+pleasure in it that they desire leave to continue in it many years.
+
+These husbandmen till the ground, breed cattle, hew wood and convey it
+to the towns either by land or water, as is most convenient. They
+breed an infinite multitude of chickens in a very curious manner: for
+the hens do not sit and hatch them, but a vast number of eggs are laid
+in a gentle and equal heat in order to be hatched; and they are no
+sooner out of the shell, and able to stir about, but they seem to
+consider those that feed them as their mothers, and follow them as
+other chickens do the hen that hatched them. They breed very few
+horses, but those they have are full of mettle, and are kept only for
+exercising their youth in the art of sitting and riding them; for they
+do not put them to any work, either of plowing or carriage, in which
+they employ oxen. For tho their horses are stronger, yet they find
+oxen can hold out longer; and as they are not subject to so many
+diseases, so they are kept upon a less charge and with less trouble.
+And even when they are so worn out that they are no more fit for
+labor, they are good meat at last. They sow no corn but that which is
+to be their bread: for they drink either wine, cider, or perry, and
+often water, sometimes boiled with honey or licorice, with which they
+abound; and tho they know exactly how much corn will serve every town
+and all that tract of country which belongs to it, yet they sow much
+more, and breed more cattle, than are necessary for their consumption,
+and they give that overplus of which they make no use to their
+neighbors.
+
+When they want anything in the country which it does not produce, they
+fetch that from the town, without carrying anything in exchange for
+it. And the magistrates of the town take care to see it given them;
+for they meet generally in the town once a month, upon a festival day.
+When the time of harvest comes, the magistrates in the country send
+to those in the towns, and let them know how many hands they will need
+for reaping the harvest; and the number they call for being sent to
+them, they commonly dispatch it all in one day.
+
+He that knows one of their towns knows them all--they are so like one
+another, except where the situation makes some difference. I shall
+therefore describe one of them, and none is so proper as Amaurot; for
+as none is more eminent (all the rest yielding in precedence to this,
+because it is the seat of their supreme council), so there was none of
+them better known to me, I having lived five years all together in it.
+
+It lies upon the side of a hill, or rather a rising ground. Its figure
+is almost square: for from the one side of it, which shoots up almost
+to the top of the hill, it runs down, in a descent for two miles, to
+the river Anider; but it is a little broader the other way that runs
+along by the bank of that river. The Anider rises about eighty miles
+above Amaurot, in a small spring at first. But other brooks falling
+into it, of which two are more considerable than the rest, as it runs
+by Amaurot it is grown half a mile broad; but it still grows larger
+and larger, till after sixty miles' course below it, it is lost in the
+ocean. Between the town and the sea, and for some miles above the
+town, it ebbs and flows every six hours with a strong current. The
+tide comes up about thirty miles so full that there is nothing but
+salt water in the river, the fresh water being driven back with its
+force; and above that, for some miles, the water is brackish; but a
+little higher, as it runs by the town, it is quite fresh; and when
+the tide ebbs, it continues fresh all along to the sea. There is a
+bridge cast over the river, not of timber, but of fair stone,
+consisting of many stately arches; it lies at that part of the town
+which is farthest from the sea, so that the ships, without any
+hindrance, lie all along the side of the town.
+
+There is likewise another river that runs by it, which, tho it is not
+great, yet it runs pleasantly, for it rises out of the same hill on
+which the town stands, and so runs down through it and falls into the
+Anider. The inhabitants have fortified the fountain-head of this
+river, which springs a little without the towns; that so, if they
+should happen to be besieged, the enemy might not be able to stop or
+divert the course of the water, nor poison it; from thence it is
+carried in earthen pipes to the lower streets. And for those places of
+the town to which the water of that small river can not be conveyed,
+they have great cisterns for receiving the rain-water, which supplies
+the want of the other.
+
+The town is compassed with a high and thick wall, in which there are
+many towers and forts; there is also a broad and deep dry ditch, set
+thick with thorns, cast round three sides of the town, and the river
+is instead of a ditch on the fourth side. The streets are very
+convenient for all carriage, and are well sheltered from the winds.
+Their buildings are good, and are so uniform that a whole side of a
+street looks like one house. The streets are twenty feet broad. There
+lie gardens behind all their houses; these are large, but inclosed
+with buildings, that on all hands face the streets, so that every
+house has both a door to the street and a back door to the garden.
+Their doors have all two leaves, which, as they are easily opened, so
+they shut of their own accord; and there being no property among them,
+every man may freely enter into any house whatsoever. At every ten
+years' end they shift their houses by lots. They cultivate their
+gardens with great care, so that they have both vines, fruits, herbs,
+and flowers in them; and all is so well ordered and so finely kept
+that I never saw gardens anywhere that were both so fruitful and so
+beautiful as theirs. And this humor of ordering their gardens so well
+is not only kept up by the pleasure they find in it, but also by an
+emulation between the inhabitants of the several streets, who vie with
+each other. And there is, indeed, nothing belonging to the whole town
+that is both more useful and more pleasant. So that he who founded the
+town seems to have taken care of nothing more than of their gardens;
+for they say the whole scheme of the town was designed at first by
+Utopus, but he left all that belonged to the ornament and improvement
+of it to be added by those that should come after him, that being too
+much for one man to bring to perfection.
+
+Their records, that contain the history of their town and state, are
+preserved with an exact care, and run backward seventeen hundred and
+sixty years. From these it appears that their houses were at first low
+and mean, like cottages, made of any sort of timber, and were built
+with mud walls and thatched with straw. But now their houses are three
+stories high; the fronts of them are faced either with stone,
+plastering, or brick, and between the facings of their walls they
+throw in their rubbish. Their roofs are flat; and on them they lay a
+sort of plaster, which costs very little, and yet is so tempered that
+it is not apt to take fire, and yet resists the weather more than
+lead. They have great quantities of glass among them, with which they
+glaze their windows; they use also in their windows a thin linen
+cloth, that is so oiled or gummed that it both keeps out the wind and
+gives free admission to the light.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 21: The "Utopia" was written originally in Latin. It derived
+its name from an imaginary island, the seat of an ideal state. Ralph
+Robinson made a translation into English in 1551. Another translation
+was made by Bishop Burnet in 1633.]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN KNOX
+
+     Born in 1505, died in 1572; early influenced by George
+     Wishart, a Lutheran refugee who had found an asylum in
+     Scotland; a royal chaplain in 1550; assisted in the revision
+     of the Prayer-book; fled to the Continent after the
+     accession of Mary Tudor and visited Calvin; preached for a
+     time at Frankfort and afterward traveled and preached in
+     Scotland; occupied himself with the organization of the
+     Presbyterian Church, having frequent dramatic encounters
+     with Mary, Queen of Scots, whose sympathies were Catholic.
+
+
+
+
+AN INTERVIEW WITH MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS[22]
+
+
+The queen, in a vehement fume, began to cry out that never prince was
+handled as she was. "I have," said she, "borne with you in all your
+rigorous manner of speaking, both against myself and against my
+uncles; yea, I have sought your favors by all possible means. I
+offered unto you presence and audience, whensoever it pleased you to
+admonish me, and yet I cannot be quit of you. I avow to God I shall be
+anes [once] revenged." And with these words scarcely could Marnock,
+her secret chamber-boy, get napkins to hold her eyes dry for the
+tears; and the owling, besides womanly weeping, stayed her speech.
+
+The said John did patiently abide all the first fume, and at
+opportunity answered: "True it is, Madam, your Grace and I have been
+at diverse controversies, into the which I never perceived your Grace
+to be offended at me. But when it shall please God to deliver you from
+that bondage of darkness and error, in the which ye have been
+nourished, for the lack of true doctrine, your majesty will find the
+liberty of my tongue nothing offensive. Without the preaching-place,
+Madam, I think few have occasion to be offended at me, and there,
+Madam, I am not master of myself, but man [must] obey Him who commands
+me to speak plain, and to flatter no flesh upon the face of the
+earth."
+
+"But what have ye to do," said she, "with my marriage?"
+
+"If it please your majesty," said he, "patiently to hear me, I shall
+shew the truth in plain words. I grant your Grace offered me more than
+ever I required; but my answer was then, as it is now, that God hath
+not sent me to await upon the courts of princesses, nor upon the
+chambers of ladies; but I am sent to preach the evangel of Jesus
+Christ to such as please to hear it; and it hath two parts--repentance
+and faith. And now, Madam, in preaching repentance, of necessity it
+is, that the sins of men be so noted, that they may know wherein they
+offend; but so it is, that the most part of your nobility are so
+addicted to your affections, that neither God, His word, nor yet their
+commonwealth, are rightly regarded. And therefore, it becomes me so
+to speak that they may know their duty."
+
+"What have ye to do," said she, "with my marriage? Or what are ye
+within this commonwealth?"
+
+"A subject born within the same," said he, "Madam. And, albeit I
+neither be earl, lord, nor baron within it, yet has God made me--how
+abject that ever I be in your eyes--a profitable member within the
+same. Yea, Madam, to me it appertains no less to forewarn of such
+things as may hurt it, if I foresee them, than it does to any of the
+nobility; for both my vocation and conscience craves plainness of me.
+And therefore, Madam, to yourself I say that which I speak in public
+place: whensoever that the nobility of this realm shall consent that
+ye be subject to an unfaithful husband, they do as much as in them
+lieth to renounce Christ, to banish His truth from them, to betray the
+freedom of this realm, and perchance shall in the end do small comfort
+to yourself."
+
+At these words, owling was heard, and tears might have been seen in
+greater abundance than the matter required. John Erskine of Dun--a man
+of meek and gentle spirit--stood beside, and entreated what he could
+to mitigate her anger, and gave unto her many pleasing words of her
+beauty, of her excellence, and how that all the princes of Europe
+would be glad to seek her favors. But all that was to cast oil in the
+flaming fire. The said John stood still, without any alteration of
+countenance, for a long season, while that the queen gave place to her
+inordinate passion, and in the end he said: "Madam, in God's presence
+I speak: I never delighted in the weeping of any of God's creatures;
+yea, I can scarcely well abide the tears of my own boys, whom my own
+hand corrects, much less can I rejoice in your majesty's weeping. But,
+seeing that I have offered unto you no just occasion to be offended,
+but have spoken the truth, as my vocation craves, I may sustain,
+albeit unwillingly, your majesty's tears, rather than hurt my
+conscience, or betray my commonwealth."
+
+Herewith was the queen more offended, and commanded the said John to
+pass forth of the cabinet, and to abide further of her pleasure in the
+chamber. The Laird of Dun tarried, and Lord John of Coldingham came
+into the cabinet, and so they both remained with her near the space of
+an hour. The said John stood in the chamber, as one whom men had never
+seen--so were all effrayed--except that the Lord Ochiltree bare him
+company; and therefore began he to forge talking of the ladies, who
+were there sitting in all their gorgeous apparel, which espied, he
+merrily said: "O fair ladies, how pleasant were this life of yours if
+it should ever abide, and then in the end that we might pass to heaven
+with all this gay gear! But fie upon that knave Death, that will come
+whether we will nor not! And when he has laid on his arrest, the foul
+worms will be busy with this flesh, be it never so tender; and the
+silly soul, I fear, shall be so feeble, that it can neither carry with
+it gold, garnishing, targeting, pearl, nor precious stones." And by
+such means procured he the company of women; and so passed the time
+till that the Laird of Dun willed him to depart to his house.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 22: From the "History of the Reformation in Scotland." The
+spelling has been modernized. After the arrival of Mary in Scotland in
+1561, Knox had several interviews with her, followed by an open
+rupture with her party in the government of Scotland, and by his
+retirement into comparative privacy. Burton, the historian of
+Scotland, believes that the dialog here given took place in French,
+rather than in the language in which Knox reports it. Mary's habitual
+speech was French and Knox knew the language well.]
+
+
+
+
+ROGER ASCHAM
+
+     Born in 1515, died in 1568; educated at Cambridge, where he
+     taught Greek; became a tutor to Princess Elizabeth,
+     afterward to the Queen, in 1548; served as Latin Secretary
+     to Queens Mary and Elizabeth, 1563-68; his work, "The
+     Schoolmaster," published in 1570.
+
+
+
+
+OF GENTLE METHODS IN TEACHING[23]
+
+
+Yet some will say that children, of nature, love pastime, and mislike
+learning; because, in their kind, the one is easy and pleasant, the
+other hard and wearisome. Which is an opinion not so true as some men
+ween. For the matter lieth not so much in the disposition of them that
+be young, as in the order and manner of bringing up by them that be
+old; nor yet in the difference of learning and pastime. For, beat a
+child if he dance not well, and cherish him tho he learn not well, you
+shall have him unwilling to go to dance, and glad to go to his book;
+knock him always when he draweth his shaft ill, and favor him again
+tho he fault at his book, you shall have him very loth to be in the
+field, and very willing to be in the school. Yea, I say more, and not
+of myself, but by the judgment of those from whom few wise men will
+gladly dissent; that if ever the nature of man be given at any time,
+more than other, to receive goodness, it is in innocency of young
+years, before that experience of evil have taken root in him. For the
+pure clean wit of a sweet young babe is like the newest wax, most
+able to receive the best and fairest printing; and like a new bright
+silver dish never occupied, to receive and keep clean any good thing
+that is put into it.
+
+And thus, will in children, wisely wrought withal, may easily be won
+to be very well willing to learn. And wit in children, by nature,
+namely memory, the only key and keeper of all learning, is readiest to
+receive and surest to keep any manner of thing that is learned in
+youth. This, lewd and learned, by common experience know to be most
+true. For we remember nothing so well when we be old as those things
+which we learned when we were young. And this is not strange, but
+common in all nature's works. "Every man seeth (as I said before) new
+wax is best for printing, new clay fittest for working, new-shorn wool
+aptest for soon and surest dyeing, new fresh flesh for good and
+durable salting." And this similitude is not rude, nor borrowed of the
+larder-house, but out of his school-house, of whom the wisest of
+England need not be ashamed to learn. "Young grafts grow not only
+soonest, but also fairest, and bring always forth the best and
+sweetest fruit; young whelps learn easily to carry; young popinjays
+learn quickly to speak." And so, to be short, if in all other things,
+tho they lack reason, sense, and life, the similitude of youth is
+fittest to all goodness, surely nature in mankind is most beneficial
+and effectual in their behalf.
+
+Therefore, if to the goodness of nature be joined the wisdom of the
+teacher, in leading young wits into a right and plain way of
+learning; surely children kept up in God's fear, and governed by His
+grace, may most easily be brought well to serve God and their country,
+both by virtue and wisdom.
+
+But if will and wit, by farther age, be once allured from innocency,
+delighted in vain sights, filled with foul talk, crooked with
+wilfulness, hardened with stubbornness, and let loose to disobedience;
+surely it is hard with gentleness, but impossible with severe cruelty,
+to call them back to good frame again. For where the one perchance may
+bend it, the other shall surely break it: and so, instead of some
+hope, leave an assured desperation, and shameless contempt of all
+goodness; the furthest point in all mischief, as Xenophon doth most
+truly and most wittily mark.
+
+Therefore, to love or to hate, to like or to contemn, to ply this way
+or that way to good or to bad, ye shall have as ye use a child in his
+youth.
+
+And one example whether love or fear doth work more in a child for
+virtue and learning, I will gladly report; which may be heard with
+some pleasure, and followed with more profit.
+
+Before I went into Germany, I came to Broadgate in Leicestershire, to
+take my leave of that noble lady, Jane Grey, to whom I was exceeding
+much beholding. Her parents, the duke and duchess, with all the
+household, gentlemen and gentlewomen, were hunting in the park. I
+found her in her chamber, reading Phædo Platonis in Greek, and that
+with as much delight as some gentlemen would read a merry tale in
+Boccace. After salutation and duty done, with some other talk, I
+asked her why she would leese [lose] such pastime in the park? Smiling
+she answered me: "I wisse, all their sport in the park is but a shadow
+to that pleasure that I find in Plato. Alas! good folk, they never
+felt what true pleasure meant." "And how came you, madame," quoth I,
+"to this deep knowledge of pleasure? and what did chiefly allure you
+unto it, seeing not many women, but very few men, have attained
+thereunto?" "I will tell you," quoth she, "and tell you a truth, which
+perchance ye will marvel at. One of the greatest benefits that ever
+God gave me, is, that He sent me so sharp and severe parents, and so
+gentle a schoolmaster. For when I am in presence either of father or
+mother, whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand, or go, eat, drink,
+be merry, or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else,
+I must do it, as it were, in such weight, measure, and number, even so
+perfectly, as God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so
+cruelly threatened, yea, presently, sometimes with pinches, nibs, and
+bobs, and other ways which I will not name, for the honor I bear them,
+so without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time
+come that I must go to Mr. Elmer; who teacheth me so gently, so
+pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all
+the time nothing whiles I am with him. And when I am called from him,
+I fall on weeping, because whatsoever I do else but learning, is full
+of grief, trouble, fear, and whole misliking unto me. And thus my book
+hath been so much my pleasure, and bringeth daily to me more pleasure
+and more, that in respect of it, all other pleasures, in very deed,
+be but trifles and troubles unto me."
+
+I remember this talk gladly, both because it is so worthy of memory,
+and because also it was the last talk that ever I had, and the last
+time that ever I saw that noble and worthy lady.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 23: From "The Schoolmaster."]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN FOXE
+
+     Born in 1516, died in 1587; educated at Oxford; became in
+     1584 tutor to the children of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey;
+     in order to escape persecution as a Protestant, fled to the
+     Continent at the accession of Mary Tudor; returned to
+     England in 1559, becoming in 1563 prebendary in Salisbury
+     Cathedral; his "Book of Martyrs" first published in 1563.
+
+
+
+
+THE DEATH OF ANNE BOLEYN[24]
+
+
+In certain records thus we find, that the king, being in his justs at
+Greenwich, suddenly, with a few persons, departed to Westminster; and
+the next day after, Queen Anne, his wife, was had to the Tower, with
+the Lord Rochford, her brother, and certain other, and the nineteenth
+day after, was beheaded. The words of this worthy and Christian lady,
+at her death, were these: "Good Christian people, I am come hither to
+die; for, according to the law, and by the law, I am judged to death,
+and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to
+accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that whereof I am accused, and
+condemned to die; but I pray God save the king, and send him long to
+reign over you, for a gentler or a more merciful prince was there
+never; and to me he was a very good, a gentle, and a sovereign lord.
+And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge
+the best. And thus I take my leave of the world, and of you all; and I
+heartily desire you all to pray for me. The Lord have mercy on me; to
+God I recommend my soul." And so she kneeled down, saying, "To Christ
+I commend my soul; Jesus, receive my soul," repeating the same divers
+times, till at length the stroke was given, and her head was stricken
+off.
+
+And this was the end of that godly lady and queen. Godly I call her,
+for sundry respects, whatsoever the cause was, or quarrel objected
+against her. First, her last words, spoken at her death, declared no
+less her sincere faith and trust in Christ than did her quiet modesty
+utter forth the goodness of the cause and matter, whatsoever it was.
+Besides that, to such as wisely can judge upon cases occurrent, this
+also may seem to give a great clearing unto her, that the king, the
+third day after, was married in his whites unto another. Certain this
+was, that for the rare and singular gifts of her mind, so well
+instructed, and given toward God, with such a fervent desire unto the
+truth, and setting forth of sincere religion, joined with like
+gentleness, modesty, and pity toward all men, there have not many such
+queens before her borne the crown of England. Principally, this one
+commendation she left behind her, that, during her life, the religion
+of Christ most happily flourished, and had a right prosperous course.
+
+Many things might be written more of the manifold virtues, and the
+quiet moderation of her mild nature; how lowly she would bear, not
+only to be admonished, but also of her own accord would require her
+chaplains plainly and freely to tell whatsoever they saw in her
+amiss. Also, how bountiful she was to the poor, passing not only the
+poor example of other queens, but also the revenues almost of her
+estate: insomuch that the alms which she gave in three-quarters of a
+year, in distribution, is summed to the number of fourteen or fifteen
+thousand pounds; besides the great piece of money which her Grace
+intended to impart into four sundry quarters of the realm, as for a
+stock, there to be employed to the behoof of poor artificers and
+occupiers. Again, what a zealous defender she was of Christ's gospel
+all the world doth know, and her acts do and will declare to the
+world's end. Amongst which other her acts, this is one, that she
+placed Master Hugh Latimer in the bishopric of Worcester, and also
+preferred Dr. Sharton to his bishopric, being then accounted a good
+man. Furthermore, what a true faith she bore unto the Lord, this one
+example may stand for many: for that, when King Henry was with her at
+Woodstock,[25] and there being afraid of an old blind prophecy, for
+the which neither he nor other kings before him durst hunt in the said
+park of Woodstock, nor enter into the town of Oxford, at last, through
+the Christian and faithful counsel of that queen, he was so armed
+against all infidelity, that both he hunted in the aforesaid park, and
+also entered into the town of Oxford, and had no harm. But because
+touching the memorable virtues of this worthy queen, partly we have
+said something before, partly because more also is promised to be
+declared of her virtuous life (the Lord so permitting), by other who
+then were about her, I will cease in this matter further to proceed.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 24: From the "Book of Martyrs."]
+
+[Footnote 25: At Woodstock was one of the residences of Henry VIII and
+earlier kings. The Black Prince was born there and Elizabeth was there
+imprisoned by Queen Mary. After the battle of Blenheim, the place was
+given in perpetuity to Marlborough, and his famous residence Blenheim
+erected there. It is about eight miles from Oxford.]
+
+
+
+
+SIR WALTER RALEIGH
+
+     Born in 1552, died in 1618; educated at Oxford; commanded an
+     English Company in Ireland in 1580; a favorite of Queen
+     Elizabeth; obtained a charter to colonize Virginia in 1584,
+     and sent out several expeditions, none of which founded
+     permanent settlements; introduced tobacco into Europe, and
+     the potato into Ireland; took an active part against the
+     Armada in 1588; explored the Oronoko in 1595; charged with
+     having plotted to place Arabella Stuart on the throne in
+     1603, and sent to the Tower, where he wrote his "History of
+     the World"; sailed again for the Oronoko in 1616; and on his
+     return, the expedition having failed, condemned and
+     executed.
+
+
+
+
+THE MUTABILITY OF HUMAN AFFAIRS[26]
+
+
+If we truly examine the difference of both conditions--to wit, of the
+rich and mighty, whom we call fortunate, and of the poor and opprest,
+whom we count wretched--we shall find the happiness of the one, and
+the miserable estate of the other, so tied by God to the very instant,
+and both so subject to interchange (witness the sudden downfall of the
+greatest princes, and the speedy uprising of the meanest persons), as
+the one hath nothing so certain whereof to boast, nor the other so
+uncertain whereof to bewail itself.
+
+For there is no man so assured of his honor, of his riches, health, or
+life but that he may be deprived of either, or all, the very next hour
+or day to come. _Quid vesper vehat, incertum est_; what the evening
+will bring with it is uncertain.
+
+And yet ye can not tell, saith St. James, what shall be to-morrow.
+To-day he is set up, and to-morrow he shall not be found, for he is
+turned into dust, and his purpose perisheth. And altho the air which
+compasseth adversity be very obscure, yet therein we better discern
+God than in that shining light which environeth worldly glory; through
+which, for the clearness thereof, there is no vanity which escapeth
+our sight. And let adversity seem what it will--to happy men,
+ridiculous, who make themselves merry at other men's misfortunes; and
+to those under the cross, grievous--yet this is true, that for all
+that is past, to the very instant, the portions remaining are equal to
+either. For, be it that we have lived many years (according to
+Solomon), "and in them all we have rejoiced"; or be it that we have
+measured the same length of days, and therein have evermore sorrowed;
+yet, looking back from our present being, we find both the one and the
+other--to wit, the joy and the wo--sailed out of sight; and death,
+which doth pursue us and hold us in chase from our infancy, hath
+gathered it. _Quicquid ætatis retro est, mors tenet_; whatsoever of
+our age is past, death holds it.
+
+So as, whosoever he be to whom fortune hath been a servant, and the
+time a friend, let him but take the account of his memory (for we have
+no other keeper of our pleasures past), and truly examine what it hath
+reserved, either of beauty and youth, or foregone delights; what it
+hath saved, that it might last, of his dearest affections, or of
+whatever else the amorous springtime gave his thoughts of contentment,
+then invaluable, and he shall find that all the art which his elder
+years have can draw no other vapor out of these dissolutions than
+heavy, secret, and sad sighs. He shall find nothing remaining but
+those sorrows which grow up after our fast-springing youth, overtake
+it when it is at a stand, and overtop it utterly when it begins to
+wither; insomuch as, looking back from the very instant time, and from
+our now being, the poor, diseased, and captive creature hath as little
+sense of all his former miseries and pains as he that is most blest,
+in common opinion, hath of his forepast pleasures and delights. For
+whatsoever is cast behind us is just nothing; and what is to come,
+deceitful hope hath it. _Omniæ quæ eventura sunt in incerto jacent._
+Only those few black swans I must except who, having had the grace to
+value worldly vanities at no more than their own price, do, by
+retaining the comfortable memory of a well-acted life, behold death
+without dread, and the grave without fear, and embrace both as
+necessary guides to endless glory....
+
+If we seek a reason of the succession and continuance of boundless
+ambition in mortal men, we may add, that the kings and princes of the
+world have always laid before them the actions, but not the ends of
+those great ones which preceded them. They are always transported with
+the glory of the one, but they never mind the misery of the other,
+till they find the experience in themselves. They neglect the advice
+of God while they enjoy life, or hope it, but they follow the counsel
+of death upon his first approach. It is he that puts into man all the
+wisdom of the world without speaking a word, which God, with all the
+words of His law, promises, or threats, doth not infuse. Death, which
+hateth and destroyeth man, is believed; God, which hath made him and
+loves him, is always deferred. "I have considered," saith Solomon,
+"all the works that are under the sun, and, behold, all is vanity and
+vexation of spirit"; but who believes it, till death tells it us? It
+was death, which, opening the conscience of Charles V. made him enjoin
+his son Philip to restore Navarre, and King Francis I. of France to
+command that justice should be done upon the murderers of the
+Protestants in Merindol and Cabrieres, which till then he neglected.
+
+It is therefore death alone that can suddenly make man to know
+himself. He tells the proud and insolent that they are but abjects,
+and humbles them at the instant, makes them cry, complain, and repent,
+yea, even to hate their forepassed happiness. He takes the account of
+the rich, and proves him a beggar, a naked beggar, which hath interest
+in nothing but in the gravel that fills his mouth. He holds a glass
+before the eyes of the most beautiful, and makes them see therein
+their deformity and rottenness, and they acknowledge it.
+
+O eloquent, just, and mighty Death! whom none could advise, thou hast
+persuaded; what none hath dared, thou hast done; and whom all the
+world hath flattered, thou only hast cast out of the world and
+despised; thou hast drawn together all the far-stretched greatness,
+all the pride, cruelty, and ambition of man, and covered it all over
+with these two narrow words, _Hic jacet_!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 26: From the preface to the "History of the World."]
+
+
+
+
+FRANCIS BACON
+
+     Born in 1561, died in 1626; commonly styled "Lord" Bacon,
+     but incorrectly, his title being Baron Verulam and Viscount
+     St. Albans; educated at Cambridge; entered Parliament in
+     1584; solicitor-general in 1607; privy counsellor in 1616;
+     lord keeper in 1617; lord chancellor in 1618; tried for
+     bribery, condemned, fined and removed from office in 1621;
+     one of the chief founders of modern inductive science;
+     author of "Advancement of Learning" (1605), the "Novum
+     Organum" (1620), "Essays" (1597-1625), a "History of Henry
+     VII" (1622) and other works.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+OF TRAVEL[27]
+
+
+Travel, in the younger sort, is a part of education, in the elder, a
+part of experience. He that traveleth into a country before he hath
+some entrance into the language, goeth to school, and not to travel.
+That young men travel under some tutor, or grave servant, I allow
+well; so that he be such a one that hath the language, and hath been
+in the country before; whereby he may be able to tell them what things
+are worthy to be seen in the country where they go; what acquaintances
+they are to seek; what exercises or discipline the place yieldeth. For
+else young men shall go hooded, and look abroad little. It is a
+strange thing, that in sea voyages, where there is nothing to be seen
+but sky and sea, men should make diaries; but in land-travel, wherein
+so much is to be observed, for the most part they omit it; as if
+chance were fitter to be registered than observation. Let diaries
+therefore be brought in use. The things to be seen and observed are:
+the courts of princes, specially when they give audience to
+ambassadors; the courts of justice, while they sit and hear causes;
+and so of consistories ecclesiastic; the churches and monasteries,
+with the monuments which are therein extant; the walls and
+fortifications of cities and towns, and so the havens and harbors;
+antiquities and ruins; libraries, colleges, disputations, and
+lectures, where any are; shipping and navies; houses and gardens of
+state and pleasure, near great cities; armories; arsenals; magazines;
+exchanges; burses; warehouses; exercises of horsemanship, fencing,
+training of soldiers, and the like; comedies, such whereunto the
+better sort of persons do resort; treasuries of jewels and robes;
+cabinets and rarities; and, to conclude, whatsoever is memorable in
+the places where they go. After all which the tutors or servants ought
+to make diligent study. As for triumphs, masks, feasts, weddings,
+funerals, capital executions, and such shows, men need not to be put
+in mind of them; yet are they not to be neglected.
+
+If you will have a young man to put his travel into a little room, and
+in short time to gather much, this you must do. First, as was said, he
+must have some entrance into the language before he goeth. Then he
+must have such a servant or tutor as knoweth the country, as was
+likewise said. Let him carry with him also some card or book
+describing the country where he traveleth; which will be a good key to
+his inquiry. Let him keep also a diary. Let him not stay long in one
+city or town; more or less as the place deserveth, but not long; nay,
+when he stayeth in one city or town, let him change his lodging from
+one end and part of the town to another; which is a great adamant of
+acquaintance. Let him sequester himself from the company of his
+countrymen, and diet in such places where there is good company of the
+nation where he traveleth. Let him, upon his removes from one place to
+another, procure recommendation to some person of quality residing in
+the place whither he removeth; that he may use his favor in those
+things he desireth to see or know. Thus he may abridge his travel with
+much profit.
+
+As for the acquaintance which is to be sought in travel; that which is
+most of all profitable is acquaintance with the secretaries and
+employed men of ambassadors: for so in traveling in one country he
+shall suck the experience of many. Let him also see and visit eminent
+persons in all kinds, which are of great name abroad; that he may be
+able to tell how the life agreeth with the fame. For quarrels, they
+are with care and discretion to be avoided. They are commonly for
+mistresses, healths, place, and words. And let a man beware how he
+keepeth company with choleric and quarrelsome persons; for they will
+engage him into their own quarrels. When a traveler returneth home,
+let him not leave the countries where he hath traveled altogether
+behind him; but maintain a correspondence by letters with those of his
+acquaintance which are of most worth. And let his travel appear rather
+in his discourse than in his apparel or gesture; and in his discourse
+let him be rather advised in his answers, than forwards to tell
+stories; and let it appear that he doth not change his country
+manners for those of foreign parts; but only prick in some flowers of
+that he hath learned abroad into the customs of his own country.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+OF RICHES
+
+
+I cannot call riches better than the baggage of virtue. The Roman word
+is better, _impedimenta_. For as the baggage is to an army, so is
+riches to virtue. It cannot be spared nor left behind, but it
+hindereth the march; yea, and the care of it sometimes loseth or
+disturbeth the victory. Of great riches there is no real use, except
+it be in the distribution; the rest is but conceit. So saith Solomon,
+"Where much is, there are many to consume it; and what hath the owner
+but the sight of it with his eyes?" The personal fruition in any man
+cannot reach to feel great riches: there is a custody of them; or a
+power of dole and donative of them; or a fame of them; but no solid
+use to the owner. Do you not see what feigned prices are set upon
+little stones and rarities? and what works of ostentation are
+undertaken, because there might seem to be some use of great riches?
+But then you will say, they may be of use to buy men out of dangers or
+troubles. As Solomon saith, "Riches are as a stronghold, in the
+imagination of the rich man."
+
+But this is excellently exprest, that it is in imagination, and not
+always in fact. For certainly great riches have sold more men than
+they have bought out. Seek not proud riches, but such as thou mayest
+get justly, use soberly, distribute cheerfully, and leave contentedly.
+Yet have no abstract or friarly contempt of them. But distinguish as
+Cicero saith well of Rabirius Posthumus, _In studio rei amplificandæ
+apparebat, non avaritiæ prædam, sed instrumentum bonitari quæri_.[28]
+Harken also to Solomon, and beware of hasty gathering of riches: _Qui
+festinat ad divitias, non erit insons_.[29] The poets feign, that when
+Plutus (which is Riches) is sent from Jupiter, he limps and goes
+slowly; but when he is sent from Pluto, he runs and is swift of foot.
+Meaning that riches gotten by good means and just labor pace slowly;
+but when they come by the death of others (as by the course of
+inheritance, testaments, and the like), they come tumbling upon a man.
+But it might be applied likewise to Pluto, taking him for the devil.
+For when riches come from the devil (as by fraud and oppression and
+unjust means), they come upon speed.
+
+The ways to enrich are many, and most of them foul. Parsimony is one
+of the best, and yet is not innocent; for it withholdeth men from
+works of liberality and charity. The improvement of the ground is the
+most natural obtaining of riches; for it is our great mother's
+blessing, the earth's; but it is slow. And yet where men of great
+wealth do stoop to husbandry, it multiplieth riches exceedingly. I
+knew a nobleman in England, that had the greatest audits of any man in
+my time; a great grazier, a great sheep-master, a great timber man, a
+great collier, a great corn-master, a great lead-man, and so of iron,
+and a number of the like points of husbandry. So as the earth seemed a
+sea to him, in respect of the perpetual importation. It was truly
+observed by one, that himself came very hardly to a little riches, and
+very easily to great riches. For when a man's stock is come to that,
+that he can expect the prime of markets, and overcome those bargains
+which for their greatness are few men's money, and be partner in the
+industries of younger men, he cannot but increase mainly.
+
+The gains of ordinary trades and vocations are honest; and furthered
+by two things chiefly: by diligence, and by a good name for good and
+fair dealing. But the gains of bargains are of a more doubtful nature;
+when men shall wait upon others' necessity, broke by servants and
+instruments to draw them on, put off others cunningly that would be
+better chapmen, and the like practises, which are crafty and naught.
+As for the chopping of bargains, when a man buys not to hold but to
+sell over again, that commonly grindeth double, both upon the seller
+and upon the buyer. Sharings do greatly enrich, if the hands be well
+chosen that are trusted. Usury is the certainest means of gain, tho
+one of the worst; as that whereby a man doth eat his bread in _sudore
+vultus alieni_;[30] and besides, doth plough upon Sundays. But yet
+certain tho it be, it hath flaws; for that the scriveners and brokers
+do value unsound men to serve their own turn. The fortune in being the
+first in an invention or in a privilege doth cause sometimes a
+wonderful overgrowth in riches; as it was with the first sugar man in
+the Canaries.[31] Therefore if a man can play the true logician, to
+have as well judgment as invention, he may do great matters;
+especially if the times be fit.
+
+He that resteth upon gains certain shall hardly grow to great riches;
+and he that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break and come to
+poverty: it is good therefore to guard adventures with certainties,
+that may uphold losses. Monopolies, and co-emption of wares for
+re-sale, where they are not restrained, are great means to enrich;
+especially if the party have intelligence what things are like to come
+into request, and so store himself beforehand. Riches gotten by
+service, tho it be of the best rise, yet when they are gotten by
+flattery, feeding humors, and other servile conditions, they may be
+placed amongst the worst. As for fishing for testaments and
+executorships (as Tacitus saith of Seneca, _testamenta et orbos
+tamquam indagine capi_,[32]) it is yet worse; by how much men submit
+themselves to meaner persons than in service. Believe not much them
+that seem to despise riches; for they despise them that despair of
+them; and none worse when they come to them. Be not penny-wise; riches
+have wings, and sometimes they fly away of themselves, sometimes they
+must be set flying to bring in more. Men leave their riches either to
+their kindred, or to the public; and moderate portions prosper best in
+both. A great estate left to an heir, is as a lure to all the birds of
+prey round about to seize on him, if he be not the better established
+in years and judgment. Likewise glorious gifts and foundations are
+like sacrifices without salt; and but the painted sepulchers of alms,
+which soon will putrefy and corrupt inwardly. Therefore measure not
+thine advancements by quantity, but frame them by measure: and defer
+not charities till death; for, certainly, if a man weigh it rightly,
+he that doth so is rather liberal of another man's than of his own.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+OF YOUTH AND AGE
+
+
+A man that is young in years may be old in hours, if he have lost no
+time. But that happeneth rarely. Generally, youth is like the first
+cogitations, not so wise as the second. For there is a youth in
+thoughts, as well as in ages. And yet the invention of young men is
+more lively than that of old; and imaginations stream into their minds
+better, and as it were more divinely. Natures that have much heat and
+great and violent desires and perturbations are not ripe for action
+till they have passed the meridian of their years; as it was with
+Julius Cæsar and Septimius Severus. Of the latter of whom it is said,
+_Juventutem egit erroribus, imo furoribus, plenam_.[33] And yet he was
+the ablest emperor, almost, of all the list. But reposed natures may
+do well in youth. As it is seen in Augustus Cæsar, Cosmus Duke of
+Florence, Gaston de Foix, and others. On the other side, heat and
+vivacity in age is an excellent composition for business.
+
+Young men are fitter to invent than to judge; fitter for execution
+than for counsel; and fitter for new projects than for settled
+business. For the experience of age, in things that fall within the
+compass of it, directeth them; but in new things, abuseth them. The
+errors of young men are the ruin of business; but the errors of aged
+men amount but to this, that more might have been done, or sooner.
+Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, embrace more than
+they can hold; stir more than they can quiet; fly to the end, without
+consideration of the means and degrees; pursue some few principles
+which they have chanced upon absurdly; care not to innovate, which
+draws unknown inconveniences; use extreme remedies at first; and that
+which doubleth all errors will not acknowledge or retract them; like
+an unready horse, that will neither stop nor turn. Men of age object
+too much, consult too long, adventure too little, repent too soon, and
+seldom drive business home to the full period, but content themselves
+with a mediocrity.
+
+Certainly it is good to compound employments of both; for that will be
+good for the present, because the virtues of either age may correct
+the defects of both; and good for succession, that young men may be
+learners, while men in age are actors; and, lastly, good for extern
+accidents, because authority followeth old men, and favor and
+popularity youth. But for the moral part, perhaps youth will have the
+preeminence, as age hath for the politic. A certain rabbin, upon the
+text, _Your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream
+dreams_, inferreth that young men are admitted nearer to God than old,
+because vision is a clearer revelation than a dream. And certainly,
+the more a man drinketh of the world, the more it intoxicateth; and
+age doth profit rather in the powers of understanding, than in the
+virtues of the will and affections. There be some have an over-early
+ripeness in their years, which fadeth betimes. These are, first, such
+as have brittle wits, the edge whereof is soon turned; such as was
+Hermogenes[34] the rhetorician, whose books are exceeding subtle; who
+afterwards waxed stupid.
+
+A second sort is of those that have some natural dispositions which
+find better grace in youth than in age; such as is a fluent and
+luxuriant speech; which becomes youth well, but not age: so Tully
+saith of Hortensius,[35] _Idem manebat, neque idem decebat_. The
+third is of such as take too high a strain at the first, and are
+magnanimous more than tract of years can uphold. As was Scipio
+Africanus, of whom Livy saith[36] in effect, _Ultima primis cedebant_.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+OF REVENGE
+
+
+Revenge is a kind of wild justice; which the more man's nature runs
+to, the more ought law to weed it out. For as for the first wrong, it
+doth but offend the law; but the revenge of that wrong putteth the law
+out of office. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with
+his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior; for it is a
+prince's part to pardon. And Solomon, I am sure, saith, _It is the
+glory of a man to pass by an offense._ That which is past is gone, and
+irrevocable; and wise men have enough to do with things present and to
+come; therefore they do but trifle with themselves, that labor in past
+matters. There is no man doth a wrong for the wrong's sake; but
+thereby to purchase himself profit, or pleasure, or honor, or the
+like. Therefore why should I be angry with a man for loving himself
+better than me? And if any man should do wrong merely out of
+ill-nature, why, yet it is but like the thorn or brier, which prick
+and scratch, because they can do no other.
+
+The most tolerable sort of revenge is for those wrongs which there is
+no law to remedy; but then let a man take heed the revenge be such as
+there is no law to punish; else a man's enemy is still beforehand, and
+it is two for one. Some, when they take revenge, are desirous the
+party should know whence it cometh. This is the more generous. For the
+delight seemeth to be not so much in doing the hurt as in making the
+party repent. But base and crafty cowards are like the arrow that
+flieth in the dark. Cosmus,[37] Duke of Florence, had a desperate
+saying against perfidious or neglecting friends, as if those wrongs
+were unpardonable: _You shall read_ (saith he) _that we are commanded
+to forgive our enemies; but you never read that we are commanded to
+forgive our friends._ But yet the spirit of Job was in a better tune:
+_Shall we_ (saith he) _take good at God's hands, and not be content to
+take evil also?_ And so of friends in a proportion. This is certain,
+that a man that studieth revenge keeps his own wounds green, which
+otherwise would heal and do well. Public revenges are for the most
+part fortunate; as that for the death of Cæsar; for the death of
+Pertinax;[38] for the death of Henry the Third of France;[39] and many
+more. But in private revenges it is not so. Nay rather, vindictive
+persons live the life of witches; who, as they are mischievous, so end
+they infortunate.
+
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+OF MARRIAGE AND SINGLE LIFE
+
+
+He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for
+they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or
+mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the
+public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both
+in affection and means have married and endowed the public. Yet it
+were great reason that those that have children should have greatest
+care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their
+dearest pledges. Some there are, who tho they lead a single life, yet
+their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times
+impertinences. Nay, there are some other that account wife and
+children but as bills of charges. Nay more, there are some foolish
+rich covetous men, that take a pride in having no children, because
+they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard
+some talk, _Such an one is a great rich, man_, and another except to
+it, _Yea, but he hath a great charge of children_; as if it were an
+abatement to his riches.
+
+But the most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty, especially in
+certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of
+every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and
+garters to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best
+masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are
+light to run away; and almost all fugitives are of that condition. A
+single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water
+the ground where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for
+judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall
+have a servant five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the
+generals commonly in their hortatives put men in mind of their wives
+and children; and I think the despising of marriage among the Turks
+maketh the vulgar soldier more base.
+
+Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and
+single men, tho they may be many times more charitable, because their
+means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel
+and hard-hearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their
+tenderness is not so oft called upon.
+
+Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly
+loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses,[40] _vetulam suam prætulit
+immortalitati_. Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming
+upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds both of
+chastity and obedience in the wife, if she think her husband wise;
+which she will never do if she find him jealous. Wives are young men's
+mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men's nurses. So as a
+man may have a quarrel to marry when he will. But yet he was reputed
+one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man
+should marry--_A young man not yet, an elder man not at all._ It is
+often seen that bad husbands have very good wives; whether it be that
+it raiseth the price of their husband's kindness when it comes; or
+that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails,
+if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends'
+consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+OF ENVY
+
+
+There be none of the affections which have been noted to fascinate or
+bewitch, but love and envy. They both have vehement wishes; they frame
+themselves readily into imaginations and suggestions; and they come
+easily into the eye, especially upon the presence of the objects;
+which are the points that conduce to fascination, if any such thing
+there be. We see likewise the Scripture calleth envy an evil eye; and
+the astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects; so
+that still there seemeth to be acknowledged, in the act of envy, an
+ejaculation or irradiation of the eye. Nay some have been so curious
+as to note that the times when the stroke or percussion of an envious
+eye doth most hurt are when the party envied is beheld in glory or
+triumph; for that sets an edge upon envy: and besides, at such times
+the spirits of the person envied do come forth most into the outward
+parts, and so meet the blow.
+
+But leaving these curiosities (tho not unworthy to be thought on in
+fit place), we will handle, what persons are apt to envy others; what
+persons are most subject to be envied themselves; and what is the
+difference between public and private envy.
+
+A man that hath no virtue in himself, ever envieth virtue in others.
+For men's minds will either feed upon their own good or upon others'
+evil; and who wanteth the one will prey upon the other; and whoso is
+out of hope to attain to another's virtue, will seek to come at even
+hand by depressing another's fortune.
+
+A man that is busy and inquisitive is commonly envious. For to know
+much of other men's matters cannot be because all that ado may concern
+his own estate; therefore it must needs be that he taketh a kind of
+play-pleasure in looking upon the fortunes of others. Neither can he
+that mindeth but his own business find much matter for envy. For envy
+is a gadding passion, and walketh the streets, and doth not keep home:
+_Non est curiosus, guin idem sit malevolus._[41]
+
+Men of noble birth are noted to be envious towards new men when they
+rise. For the distance is altered; and it is like a deceit of the eye,
+that when others come on they think themselves go back.
+
+Deformed persons, and eunuchs, and old men, and bastards, are envious.
+For he that can not possibly mend his own case will do what he can to
+impair another's; except these defects light upon a very brave and
+heroical nature, which thinketh to make his natural wants part of his
+honor; in that it should be said, that an eunuch, or a lame man, did
+such great matters; affecting the honor of a miracle; as it was in
+Narses[42] the eunuch, and Agesilaus[43] and Tamberlanes,[44] that
+were lame men.
+
+The same is the case of men that rise after calamities and
+misfortunes. For they are as men fallen out with the times; and think
+other men's harms a redemption of their own sufferings.
+
+They that desire to excel in too many matters, out of levity and
+vainglory, are ever envious. For they can not want work; it being
+impossible but many in some one of those things should surpass them.
+Which was the character of Adrian[45] the Emperor; that mortally
+envied poets and painters and artificers, in works wherein he had a
+vein to excel.
+
+Lastly, near kinsfolks, and fellows in office, and those that have
+been bred together, are more apt to envy their equals when they are
+raised. For it doth upbraid unto them their own fortunes, and pointeth
+at them, and cometh oftener into their remembrance, and incurreth
+likewise more into the note of others; and envy ever redoubleth from
+speech and fame. Cain's envy was the more vile and malignant towards
+his brother Abel, because when his sacrifice was better accepted there
+was no body to look on. Thus much for those that are apt to envy.
+
+Concerning those that are more or less subject to envy: First, persons
+of eminent virtue, when they are advanced, are less envied. For their
+fortune seemeth but due unto them; and no man envieth the payment of a
+debt, but rewards and liberality rather. Again, envy is ever joined
+with the comparing of a man's self; and where there is no comparison,
+no envy; and therefore kings are not envied but by kings. Nevertheless
+it is to be noted that unworthy persons are most envied at their first
+coming in, and afterwards overcome it better; whereas contrariwise,
+persons of worth and merit are most envied when their fortune
+continueth long. For by that time, tho their virtue be the same, yet
+it hath not the same luster; for fresh men grow up that darken it.
+
+Persons of noble blood are less envied in their rising. For it seemeth
+but right done to their birth. Besides, there seemeth not much added
+to their fortune; and envy is as the sunbeams, that beat hotter upon a
+bank or steep rising ground, than up a flat. And for the same reason
+those that are advanced by degrees are less envied than those that are
+advanced suddenly and _per saltum_ [at a bound].
+
+Those that have joined with their honor great travels, cares, or
+perils, are less subject to envy. For men think that they earn their
+honors hardly, and pity them sometimes; and pity ever healeth envy.
+Wherefore you shall observe that the more deep and sober sort of
+politic persons, in their greatness, are ever bemoaning themselves,
+what a life they lead; chanting a _quanta patimur_. Not that they feel
+it so, but only to abate the edge of envy. But this is to be
+understood of business that is laid upon men, and not such as they
+call unto themselves. For nothing increaseth envy more than an
+unnecessary and ambitious engrossing of business. And nothing doth
+extinguish envy more than for a great person to preserve all other
+inferior officers in their full rights and preeminences of their
+places. For by that means there be so many screens between him and
+envy.
+
+Above all, those are most subject to envy, which carry the greatness
+of their fortunes in an insolent and proud manner; being never well
+but while they are showing how great they are, either by outward pomp,
+or by triumphing over all opposition or competition; whereas wise men
+will rather do sacrifice to envy, in suffering themselves sometimes of
+purpose to be crossed and overborne in things that do not much concern
+them. Notwithstanding, so much is true, that the carriage of greatness
+in a plain and open manner (so it be without arrogancy and vain glory)
+doth draw less envy than if it be in a more crafty and cunning
+fashion. For in that course a man doth but disavow fortune; and
+seemeth to be conscious of his own want in worth; and doth but teach
+others to envy him.
+
+Lastly, to conclude this part; as we said in the beginning that the
+act of envy had somewhat in it of witchcraft, so there is no other
+cure of envy but the cure of witchcraft; and that is, to remove the
+_lot_ (as they call it) and to lay it upon another. For which
+purpose, the wiser sort of great persons bring in ever upon the stage
+somebody upon whom to derive the envy that would come upon themselves;
+sometimes upon ministers and servants; sometimes upon colleagues and
+associates; and the like; and for that turn there are never wanting
+some persons of violent and undertaking nature, who, so they may have
+power and business, will take it at any cost.
+
+Now, to speak of public envy. There is yet some good in public envy,
+whereas in private there is none. For public envy is as an ostracism,
+that eclipseth men when they grow too great. And therefore it is a
+bridle also to great ones, to keep them within bounds.
+
+This envy, being in the Latin word _invidia_, goeth in the modern
+languages by the name of _discontentment_; of which we shall speak in
+handling sedition. It is a disease in a state like to infection. For
+as infection spreadeth upon that which is sound, and tainteth it; so
+when envy is gotten once into a state, it traduceth even the best
+actions thereof, and turneth them into an ill odor. And therefore
+there is little won by intermingling of plausible actions. For that
+doth argue but a weakness and fear of envy, which hurteth so much the
+more, as it is likewise usual in infections; which if you fear them,
+you call them upon you.
+
+This public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon principal officers or
+ministers, rather than upon kings and estates themselves. But this is
+a sure rule, that if the envy upon the minister be great, when the
+cause of it in him is small; or if the envy be general in a manner
+upon all the ministers of an estate; then the envy (tho hidden) is
+truly upon the state itself. And so much of public envy or
+discontentment, and the difference thereof from private envy, which
+was handled in the first place.
+
+We will add this in general, touching the affection of envy; that of
+all other affections it is the most importune and continual. For of
+other affections there is occasion given but now and then; and
+therefore it was well said, _Invidia festos dies non agit_:[46] a for
+it is ever working upon some or other. And it is also noted that love
+and envy do make a man pine, which other affections do not, because
+they are not so continual. It is also the vilest affection, and the
+most depraved; for which cause it is the proper attribute of the
+devil, who is called _the envious man, that soweth tares amongst the
+wheat by night_; as it always cometh to pass, that envy worketh
+subtilly, and in the dark; and to the prejudice of good things, such
+as is the wheat.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+OF GOODNESS AND GOODNESS OF NATURE
+
+
+I take goodness in this sense, the affecting of the weal of men, which
+is that the Grecians call _philanthropia_; and the word _humanity_ (as
+it is used) is a little too light to express it. Goodness I call the
+habit, and goodness of nature the inclination. This of all virtues and
+dignities of the mind is the greatest; being the character of the
+Deity: and without it man is a busy, mischievous, wretched thing; no
+better than a kind of vermin. Goodness answers to the theological
+virtue charity, and admits no excess, but error. The desire of power
+in excess caused the angels to fall; the desire of knowledge in excess
+caused man to fall: but in charity there is no excess; neither can
+angel or man come in danger by it. The inclination to goodness is
+imprinted deeply in the nature of man; insomuch that if it issue not
+towards men, it will take unto other living creatures; as it is seen
+in the Turks, a cruel people, who nevertheless are kind to beasts, and
+give alms to dogs and birds; insomuch as Busbechius[47] reporteth, a
+Christian boy in Constantinople had like to have been stoned for
+gagging in a waggishness a long-billed fowl. Errors indeed in this
+virtue of goodness or charity may be committed. The Italians have an
+ungracious proverb, _Tanto buon che val niente_.[48] And one of the
+doctors of Italy, Nicholas Machiavel,[49] had the confidence to put in
+writing, almost in plain terms, _That the Christian faith had given up
+good men in prey to those that are tyrannical and unjust_. Which he
+spake, because indeed there was never law or sect or opinion did so
+much, magnify goodness as the Christian religion doth.
+
+Therefore, to avoid the scandal and the danger both, it is good to
+take knowledge of the errors of an habit so excellent. Seek the good
+of other men, but be not in bondage to their faces or fancies; for
+that is but facility or softness; which taketh an honest mind
+prisoner. Neither give thou Æsop's cock a gem, who would be better
+pleased and happier if he had had a barley-corn. The example of God
+teacheth the lesson truly: _He sendeth his rain and maketh his sun to
+shine upon the just and unjust_; but He doth not rain wealth, nor
+shine honor and virtues, upon men equally. Common benefits are to be
+communicate with all; but peculiar benefits with choice. And beware
+how in making the portraiture thou breakest the pattern. For divinity
+maketh the love of ourselves the pattern; the love of our neighbors
+but the portraiture. _Sell all thou hast, and give it to the poor, and
+follow me_: but sell not all thou hast, except thou come and follow
+me; that is, except thou have a vocation wherein thou mayest do as
+much good with little means as with great; for otherwise in feeding
+the streams thou driest the fountain.
+
+Neither is there only a habit of goodness, directed by right reason;
+but there is in some men, even in nature, a disposition towards it; as
+on the other side there is a natural malignity. For there be that in
+their nature do not affect the good of others. The lighter sort of
+malignity turneth but to a crossness, or frowardness, or aptness to
+oppose, or difficilness, or the like; but the deeper sort to envy and
+mere mischief. Such men in other men's calamities are, as it were, in
+season, and are ever on the loading part: not so good as the dogs that
+licked Lazarus' sores; but like flies that are still buzzing upon
+anything that is raw; _misanthropi_ [haters of men], that make it
+their practise to bring men to the bough, and yet have never a tree
+for the purpose in their gardens, as Timon[50] had. Such dispositions
+are the very errors of human nature; and yet they are the fittest
+timber to make great politics of; like to knee timber, that is good
+for ships, that are ordained to be tossed; but not for building
+houses, that shall stand firm. The parts and signs of goodness are
+many. If a man be gracious and courteous to strangers, it shows he is
+a citizen of the world, and that his heart is no island cut off from
+other lands, but a continent that joins to them. If he be
+compassionate towards the afflictions of others, it shows that his
+heart is like the noble tree that is wounded itself when it gives the
+balm. If he easily pardons and remits offenses, it shows that his mind
+is planted above injuries; so that he cannot be shot. If he be
+thankful for small benefits, it shows that he weighs men's minds, and
+not their trash. But above all, if he have St. Paul's perfection, that
+he would wish to be an _anathema_ from Christ for the salvation of his
+brethren, it shows much of a divine nature, and a kind of conformity
+with Christ Himself.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+OF STUDIES
+
+
+Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief
+use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament is in
+discourse; and for ability is in the judgment and disposition of
+business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of
+particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and
+marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend
+too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament,
+is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor
+of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience:
+for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning,[51]
+by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at
+large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn
+studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach
+not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them,
+won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe
+and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and
+consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and
+some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read
+only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to
+be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may
+be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would
+be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books;
+else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.
+Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an
+exact man.
+
+And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory;
+if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read
+little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth
+not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile;
+natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to
+contend. _Abeunt studia in mores._[52] Nay, there is no stond or
+impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as
+diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good
+for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle
+walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a
+man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in
+demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must
+begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences,
+let him study the Schoolmen; for they are _cymini sectores_ [splitters
+of hairs]. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one
+thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers'
+cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+OF REGIMENT OF HEALTH
+
+
+There is a wisdom in this beyond the rules of physic: a man's own
+observation, what he finds good of, and what he finds hurt of, is the
+best physic to preserve health. But it is a safer conclusion to say,
+_This agreeth not well with me, therefore I will not continue it_;
+than this, _I find no offense of this, therefore I may use it._ For
+strength of nature in youth passeth over many excesses, which are
+owing a man till his age. Discern of the coming on of years, and think
+not to do the same things still; for age will not be defied. Beware of
+sudden change in any great point of diet, and if necessity inforce it,
+fit the rest to it. For it is a secret in nature and state, that it is
+safer to change many things than one. Examine thy customs of diet,
+sleep, exercise, apparel, and the like; and try, in any thing thou
+shalt judge hurtful, to discontinue it by little and little; but so,
+as if thou dost find any inconvenience by the change, thou come back
+to it again: for it is hard to distinguish that which is generally
+held good and wholesome, from that which is good particularly, and fit
+for thine own body.
+
+To be free-minded and cheerfully disposed at hours of meat and of
+sleep and of exercise, is one of the best precepts of long lasting. As
+for the passions and studies of the mind; avoid envy; anxious fears,
+anger fretting inwards; subtle and knotty inquisitions; joys and
+exhilarations in excess; sadness not communicated. Entertain hopes;
+mirth rather than joy; variety of delights, rather than surfeit of
+them; wonder and admiration, and therefore novelties; studies that
+fill the mind with splendid and illustrious objects, as histories,
+fables, and contemplations of nature. If you fly physic in health
+altogether, it will be too strange for your body when you shall need
+it. If you make it too familiar, it will work no extraordinary effect
+when sickness cometh. I commend rather some diet for certain seasons,
+than frequent use of physic, except it be grown into a custom. For
+those diets alter the body more, and trouble it less.
+
+Despise no new accident in your body, but ask opinion of it. In
+sickness, respect health principally; and in health, action. For those
+that put their bodies to endure in health, may in most sicknesses,
+which are not very sharp, be cured only with diet and tendering.
+Celsus[53] could never have spoken it as a physician, had he not been
+a wise man withal, when he giveth it for one of the great precepts of
+health and lasting, that a man do vary and interchange contraries, but
+with an inclination to the more benign extreme: use fasting and full
+eating, but rather full eating; watching and sleep, but rather sleep;
+sitting and exercise, but rather exercise; and the like. So shall
+nature be cherished, and yet taught masteries. Physicians are some of
+them so pleasing and conformable to the humor of the patient, as they
+press not the true cure of the disease; and some other are so regular
+in proceeding according to art for the disease, as they respect not
+sufficiently the condition of the patient. Take one of a middle
+temper; or if it may not be found in one man, combine two of either
+sort; and forget not to call as well the best acquainted with your
+body, as the best reputed of for his faculty.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 27: The selections here given from Bacon are all from the
+"Essays"]
+
+[Footnote 28: Cicero's meaning is that Rabirius was not prompted by
+avarice so much as by a desire to obtain the means whereby he could do
+good.]
+
+[Footnote 29: This has commonly been translated as "He that maketh
+haste to become rich shall not remain innocent."]
+
+[Footnote 30: The meaning is in the sweat of another man's brow rather
+than one's own.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Sugar is one of the chief products of the Canary
+Islands. These islands are supposed to be identical with those known
+to the ancients as the Fortunate Islands.]
+
+[Footnote 32: The remark of Tacitus means that Seneca took profitable
+places of trust in such numbers that it was as if he had gathered them
+in with a net.]
+
+[Footnote 33: The meaning is that Severus passed his youth, not only
+in errors, but that his youth was so full of them as to have been
+almost one of madness.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Hermogenes, a native of Tarsus, lived in the second
+century A.D.]
+
+[Footnote 35: Hortensius was a Roman orator of Cicero's time and an
+early rival of his. The remark here quoted from Tully (Cicero) means
+that Hortensius continued a line of action until it was not becoming.]
+
+[Footnote 36: Livy's remark means that Scipio in old age was not equal
+to himself in his youth in the things he performed.]
+
+[Footnote 37: Now written Cosmo, or Cosimo. He became duke in 1537.]
+
+[Footnote 38: Pertinax, the Roman emperor, was murdered by the
+Pretorian Guards in 193 A.D. The guards were put to death by order of
+Septimius Severus, his successor.]
+
+[Footnote 39: Henry was murdered by a monk named Clement, who was put
+to death for the crime.]
+
+[Footnote 40: This refers to the refusal of Ulysses to wed a goddess,
+preferring his own wife, who was no longer young.]
+
+[Footnote 41: The meaning is that no man is possest by curiosity
+unless some malevolence inspires him.]
+
+[Footnote 42: Narses was the associate of Belisarius in command of the
+Roman army in Italy in 538-539, and greatly distinguished himself as
+the sole commander in later years.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Agesilaus was a famous king of Sparta.]
+
+[Footnote 44: Now commonly written Tamerlane, which stands for Timour
+the Lame, Timour being his real name.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Adrian, now commonly called Hadrian, emperor of Rome,
+was born in 76, and died in 138.]
+
+[Footnote 46: This saying has been translated "Envy keeps no
+holidays."]
+
+[Footnote 47: Busbechius, scholar and diplomat of Flanders, was born
+in 1522 and died in 1592.]
+
+[Footnote 48: The meaning is that one may be so good as to be good for
+nothing.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Machiavelli, the famous author of "The Prince."]
+
+[Footnote 50: The reference is to Timon of Athens, a real person, who
+is the subject of one of Shakespeare's plays.]
+
+[Footnote 51: An early form of the word pruning, which once had a
+wider meaning than now.]
+
+[Footnote 52: The meaning is that manners are deeply influenced by
+one's studies.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Aulus Celsus, a Roman writer on medicine, who lived in
+the first half of the first century A.D.]
+
+
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE
+
+     Born in 1564; died in 1616; married Anne Hathaway in 1582;
+     went to London and became an actor in 1587; began to revise,
+     or write, plays in 1589; bought "New Place" at Stratford in
+     1597; retired from the theater in 1610; his plays first
+     collected in the Folio of 1623.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+BRUTUS TO HIS COUNTRYMEN[54]
+
+
+_Brutus._ Be patient till the last.
+
+Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause, and be silent,
+that you may hear; believe me for mine honor, and have respect to mine
+honor, that you may believe; censure me in your wisdom, and awake your
+senses, that you may the better judge. If there be any in this
+assembly, any dear friend of Cæsar's, to him I say, that Brutus' love
+to Cæsar was no less than his. If then that friend demand why Brutus
+rose against Cæsar, this is my answer: Not that I lov'd Cæsar less,
+but that I lov'd Rome more. Had you rather Cæsar were living and die
+all slaves, than that Cæsar were dead, to live all freemen? As Cæsar
+lov'd me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he
+was valiant, I honor him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. There
+is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honor for his valor; and
+death for his ambition. Who is here so base that would be a bondman?
+If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would
+not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so
+vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I
+offended. I pause for reply.
+
+_All._ None, Brutus, none.
+
+_Brutus._ Then none have I offended. I have done no more to Cæsar than
+you shall do to Brutus. The question of his death is enroll'd in the
+Capitol; his glory not extenuated, wherein he was worthy, nor his
+offenses enforc'd, for which he suffered death.
+
+     --_Enter Antony (and others), with Cæsar's body._
+
+Here comes his body, mourn'd by Mark Antony; who, tho he had no hand
+in his death, shall receive the benefit of his dying, a place in the
+commonwealth; as which of you shall not? With this I depart, that, as
+I slew my best lover for the good of Rome, I have the same dagger for
+myself, when it shall please my country to need my death.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+SHYLOCK IN DEFENSE OF HIS RACE[55]
+
+
+_Shylock._ There I have another bad match. A bankrupt, a prodigal, who
+dare scarce show his head on the Rialto; a beggar, that was us'd to
+come so smug upon the mart; let him look to his bond. He was wont to
+call me usurer; let him look to his bond. He was wont to lend money
+for a Christian courtesy; let him look to his bond.
+
+_Salarino._ Why, I am sure, if he forfeit, thou wilt not take his
+flesh. What's that good for?
+
+_Shylock._ To bait fish withal. If it will feed nothing else, it will
+feed my revenge. He hath disgrac'd me, and hind'red me half a million;
+laugh'd at my losses, mock'd at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted
+my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies; and what's his
+reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs,
+dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt
+with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the
+same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a
+Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do
+we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us,
+shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble
+you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility?
+Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by
+Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will
+execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+HAMLET TO THE PLAYERS[56]
+
+
+_Hamlet._ Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounc'd it to you,
+trippingly on the tongue; but if you mouth it, as many of your players
+do, I had as lief the town-crier spoke my lines. Nor do not saw the
+air too much with your hand, thus, but use all gently; for in the very
+torrent, tempest, and, as I may say, the whirlwind of passion, you
+must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smoothness. O, it
+offends me to the soul to see a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a
+passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the
+groundlings, who for the most part are capable of nothing but
+inexplicable dumb-shows and noise. I could have such a fellow whipp'd
+for o'erdoing Termagant. It out-herods Herod. Pray you, avoid it.
+
+_First Player._ I warrant your honor.
+
+_Hamlet._ Be not too tame neither, but let your own discretion be your
+tutor. Suit the action to the word, the word to the action; with this
+special observance, that you o'erstep not the modesty of nature. For
+anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing, whose end, both
+at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as 'twere, the mirror up to
+nature; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the
+very age and body of the time his form and pressure. Now this
+overdone, or come tardy off, tho it make the unskilful laugh, can not
+but make the judicious grieve; the censure of the which one must, in
+your allowance, o'erweigh a whole theater of others. O, there be
+players that I have seen play, and heard others praise, and that
+highly, not to speak it profanely, that, neither having the accent of
+Christians nor the gait of Christian, pagan, nor man, have so strutted
+and bellowed that I have thought some of Nature's journeymen had made
+men and not made them well, they imitated humanity so abominably.
+
+_First Player._ I hope we have reform'd that indifferently with us,
+sir.
+
+_Hamlet._ O, reform it altogether. And let those that play your clowns
+speak no more than is set down for them; for there be of them that
+will themselves laugh to set on some quantity of barren spectators to
+laugh too tho in the mean time some necessary question of the play be
+then to be considered. That's villainous, and shows a most pitiful
+ambition in the Fool that uses it. Go, make you ready.
+
+                                                  [_Exeunt Players._
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 54: From "Julius Cæsar," Act III, Sc. ii.]
+
+[Footnote 55: From "The Merchant of Venice." Act III, Sc. ii.]
+
+[Footnote 56: From "Hamlet, Prince of Denmark," Act III, Sc. ii.]
+
+
+
+
+BEN JONSON
+
+     Born in 1573; died in 1637; became a player in 1597; his
+     first play, "Everyman in His Humor," performed at the Globe
+     Theater in 1598, Shakespeare taking one of the parts; went
+     to France in 1613 as tutor to a son of Raleigh; visited
+     Drummond of Hawthornden in 1618; his library, one of the
+     finest in England, burned about 1621; his works first
+     collected in 1616; buried in Poet's Corner, Westminster,
+     Abbey.
+
+
+
+
+OF SHAKESPEARE AND OTHER WITS[57]
+
+
+I remember the players that have often mentioned it as an honor to
+Shakespeare, that in his writing, whatsoever he penned, he never
+blotted out a line. My answer hath been, "Would he had blotted a
+thousand," which they thought a malevolent speech. I had not told
+posterity this, but for their ignorance who chose that circumstance to
+commend their friend by wherein he most faulted; and to justify mine
+own candor, for I loved the man, and do honor his memory on this side
+idolatry as much as any. He was, indeed, honest, and of an open and
+free nature; had an excellent phantasy, brave notions, and gentle
+expressions, wherein he flowed with that facility, that sometimes it
+was necessary he should be stopt. _Sufflaminandus erat_, as Augustus
+said of Haterius. His wit was in his own power: would the rule of it
+had been so too. Many times he fell into those things which could not
+escape laughter, as when he said in the person of Cæsar, one speaking
+to him, "Cæsar, thou dost me wrong." He replied, "Cæsar did never
+wrong but with just cause"; and such like, which were ridiculous. But
+he redeemed his vices with his virtues. There was ever more in him to
+be praised than to be pardoned.
+
+In the difference of wits I have observed there are many notes; and it
+is a little maistry to know them, to discern what every nature, every
+disposition will bear; for before we sow our land we should plough it.
+There are no fewer forms of minds than of bodies amongst us. The
+variety is incredible, and therefore we must search. Some are fit to
+make divines, some poets, some lawyers, some physicians, some to be
+sent to the plow, and trades.
+
+There is no doctrine will do good where nature is wanting. Some wits
+are swelling and high; others low and still; some hot and fiery;
+others cold and dull; one must have a bridle, the other a spur. There
+be some that are forward and bold; and these will do every little
+thing easily. I mean that is hard by and next them, which they will
+utter unretarded without any shame-facedness. These never perform
+much, but quickly. They are what they are on the sudden; they show
+presently like grain that, scattered on the top the ground, shoots up,
+but takes no root; has a yellow blade, but the ear empty. They are
+wits of good promise at first, but there is an _ingenistitium_; they
+stand still at sixteen, they get no higher. You have others that labor
+only to ostentation; and are ever more busy about the colors and
+surface of a work than in the matter and foundation, for that is hid,
+the other is seen.
+
+Others that in composition are nothing but what is rough and broken.
+_Quæ per salebras, altaque saxa cadunt._ And if it would come gently,
+they trouble it of purpose. They would not have it run without rubs,
+as if that style were more strong and manly that struck the ear with a
+kind of unevenness. These men err not by chance, but knowingly and
+willingly; they are like men that affect a fashion by themselves; have
+some singularity in a ruff, cloak, or hatband; or their beards
+specially cut to provoke beholders, and set a mark upon themselves.
+They would be reprehended while they are looked on. And this vice, one
+that is authority with the rest, loving, delivers over to them to be
+imitated; so that ofttimes the faults which he fell into, the others
+seek for. This is the danger, when vice becomes a precedent.
+
+Others there are that have no composition at all; but a kind of tuning
+and riming fall in what they write. It runs and slides, and only makes
+a sound. Women's poets they are called, as you have women's tailors.
+
+    "They write a verse as smooth, as soft as cream,
+    In which there is no torrent, nor scarce stream."
+
+You may sound these wits and find the depth of them with your middle
+finger. They are cream-bowl, or but puddle-deep.
+
+Some that turn over all books, and are equally searching in all
+papers; that write out of what they presently find or meet, without
+choice. By which means it happens that what they have discredited and
+impugned in one week, they have before or after extolled the same in
+another. Such are all the essayists, even their master Montaigne.
+These, in all they write, confess still what books they have read
+last, and therein their own folly so much that they bring it to the
+stake raw and undigested; not that the place did need it neither, but
+that they thought themselves furnished and would vent it....
+
+It cannot but come to pass that these men who commonly seek to do more
+than enough may sometimes happen on something that is good and great;
+but very seldom: and when it comes it doth not recompense the rest of
+their ill. For their jests, and their sentences (which they only and
+ambitiously seek for) stick out and are more eminent because all is
+sordid and vile about them; as lights are more discerned in a thick
+darkness than a faint shadow. Now, because they speak all they can
+(however unfitly), they are thought to have the greater copy; where
+the learned use ever election and a mean, they look back to what they
+intended at first, and make all an even and proportioned body. The
+true artificer will not run away from Nature as he were afraid of her,
+or depart from life and the likeness of truth, but speak to the
+capacity of his hearers. And tho his language differ from the vulgar
+somewhat, it shall not fly from all humanity, with the Tamerlanes and
+Tamer-chams of the late age, which had nothing in them but the
+scenical strutting and furious vociferation to warrant them to the
+ignorant gapers. He knows it is his only art so to carry it as none
+but artificers perceive it. In the meantime, perhaps, he is called
+barren, dull, lean, a poor writer or by what contumelious word can
+come in their cheeks, by these men who, without labor, judgment,
+knowledge, or almost sense, are received or preferred before him. He
+gratulates them and their fortune. Another age, or juster men, will
+acknowledge the virtues of his studies, his wisdom in dividing, his
+subtlety in arguing, with what strength he doth inspire his readers,
+with what sweetness he strokes them; in inveighing, what sharpness; in
+jest, what urbanity he uses; how he doth reign in men's affections;
+how invade and break in upon them, and makes their minds like the
+thing he writes. Then in his elocution to behold what word is proper,
+which hath ornaments, which height, what is beautifully translated,
+where figures are fit, which gentle, which strong, to show the
+composition manly; and how he hath avoided faint, obscure, obscene,
+sordid, humble, improper, or effeminate phrase; which is not only
+praised of the most, but commended (which is worse), especially for
+that it is naught.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 57: From "Timber; or Discoveries Made upon Men and Matter."]
+
+
+
+
+IZAAK WALTON
+
+     Born in 1593, died in 1683; an ironmonger in London in 1618;
+     his home in Fleet Street in 1624, and from 1628 to 1644 in
+     Chancery Lane, where he had Dr. John Donne, whose life he
+     wrote, for friend and neighbor; living at Clerkenwell in
+     1653, when he published "The Compleat Angler"; after the
+     Restoration lived at Winchester and Salisbury; wrote lives
+     of Donne, Wotton, Hooker, Herbert and Sanderson.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+THE ANTIQUITY OF ANGLING[58]
+
+
+_Piscator_--O sir, doubt not that angling is an art: is it not an art
+to deceive a trout with an artificial fly? a trout that is more
+sharp-sighted than any hawk you have named, and more watchful and
+timorous than your high-mettled merlin is bold; and yet I doubt not to
+catch a brace or two to-morrow for a friend's breakfast. Doubt not,
+therefore, sir, but that angling is an art, and an art worth your
+learning. The question is rather, whether you be capable of learning
+it? for angling is somewhat like poetry--men are to be born so: I
+mean, with inclinations to it, tho both may be heightened by discourse
+and practise; but he that hopes to be a good angler must not only
+bring an inquiring, searching, observing wit, but he must bring a
+large measure of hope and patience, and a love and propensity to the
+art itself; but having once got and practised it, then doubt not but
+angling will prove to be so pleasant that it will prove to be like
+virtue, a reward to itself.
+
+_Venator_--Sir, I am now become so full of expectation, that I long
+much to have you proceed, and in the order you propose.
+
+_Piscator_--Then first, for the antiquity of angling, of which I shall
+not say much, but only this: some say it is as ancient as Deucalion's
+flood,[59] others, that Belus,[60] who was the first inventor of godly
+and virtuous recreations, was the first inventor of angling; and some
+others say--for former times have had their disquisitions about the
+antiquity of it--that Seth, one of the sons of Adam, taught it to his
+sons, and that by them it was derived to posterity; others say that he
+left it engraven on those pillars which he erected, and trusted to
+preserve the knowledge of the mathematics, music, and the rest of that
+precious knowledge and those useful arts, which by God's appointment
+or allowance and his noble industry were thereby preserved from
+perishing in Noah's flood.
+
+These, sir, have been the opinions of several men that have possibly
+endeavored to make angling more ancient than is needful, or may well
+be warranted; but for my part, I shall content myself in telling you
+that angling is much more ancient than the Incarnation of our Savior:
+for in the prophet Amos, mention is made of fish-hooks; and in the
+book of Job, which was long before the days of Amos--for that book is
+said to be writ by Moses--mention is made also of fish-hooks, which
+must imply anglers in those times.
+
+But, my worthy friend, as I would rather prove myself a gentleman by
+being learned and humble, valiant and inoffensive, virtuous and
+communicable, than by any fond ostentation of riches; or, wanting
+those virtues myself, boast that these were in my ancestors (and yet I
+grant that where a noble and ancient descent and such merit meet in
+any man, it is a double dignification of that person);--so if this
+antiquity of angling, which for my part I have not forced, shall, like
+an ancient family, be either an honor or an ornament to this virtuous
+art which I profess to love and practise, I shall be the gladder that
+I made an accidental mention of the antiquity of it, of which I shall
+say no more, but proceed to that just commendation which I think it
+deserves.
+
+And for that, I shall tell you that in ancient times a debate hath
+arisen, and it remains yet unresolved: whether the happiness of man in
+this world doth consist more in contemplation or action?
+
+Concerning which, some have endeavored to maintain their opinion of
+the first, by saying that the nearer we mortals come to God by way of
+imitation, the more happy we are. And they say that God enjoys himself
+only by a contemplation of his own infiniteness, eternity, power, and
+goodness, and the like. And upon this ground, many cloisteral men of
+great learning and devotion prefer contemplation before action. And
+many of the fathers seem to approve this opinion, as may appear in
+their commentaries upon the words of our Savior to Martha (Luke x: 41,
+42).
+
+And on the contrary, there want not men of equal authority and credit,
+that prefer action to be the more excellent; as namely, experiments in
+physic, and the application of it, both for the ease and prolongation
+of man's life; by which each man is enabled to act and do good to
+others, either to serve his country or do good to particular persons.
+And they say also that action is doctrinal, and teaches both art and
+virtue, and is a maintainer of human society; and for these, and other
+like reasons, to be preferred before contemplation.
+
+Concerning which two opinions, I shall forbear to add a third by
+declaring my own; and rest myself contented in telling you, my very
+worthy friend, that both these meet together, and do most properly
+belong to the most honest, ingenious, quiet, and harmless art of
+angling.
+
+And first I shall tell you what some have observed, and I have found
+it to be a real truth--that the very sitting by the river's side is
+not only the quietest and fittest place for contemplation, but will
+invite an angler to it; and this seems to be maintained by the learned
+Peter Du Moulin, who in his discourse on the fulfilling of prophecies,
+observes that when God intended to reveal any future events or high
+notions to His prophets, He then carried them either to the deserts or
+the sea-shore, that having so separated them from amidst the press of
+people and business, and the cares of the world, He might settle their
+mind in a quiet repose, and there make them fit for revelation.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+OF THE TROUT[61]
+
+
+The trout is a fish highly valued both in this and foreign nations; he
+may be justly said, as the old poet said of wine, and we English say
+of venison, to be a generous fish: a fish that is so like the buck
+that he also has his seasons; for it is observed, that he comes in and
+goes out of season with the stag and buck. Gesner says his name is of
+German offspring, and says he is a fish that feeds clean and purely,
+in the swiftest streams, and on the hardest gravel; and that he may
+justly contend with all fresh-water fish, as the mullet may with all
+sea-fish, for precedency and daintiness of taste, and that being in
+right season, the most dainty palates have allowed precedency to him.
+
+And before I go further in my discourse, let me tell you, that you are
+to observe, that as there be some barren does that are good in summer,
+so there be some barren trouts that are good in winter; but there are
+not many that are so, for usually they be in their perfection in the
+month of May, and decline with the buck. Now you are to take notice,
+that in several countries, as in Germany and in other parts, compared
+to ours, fish differ much in their bigness and shape, and other ways,
+and so do trouts: It is well known that in Lake Leman, the lake of
+Geneva, there are trouts taken of three cubits long, as is affirmed by
+Gesner, a writer of good credit; and Mercator says, the trouts that
+are taken in the lake of Geneva are a great part of the merchandise of
+that famous city. And you are further to know, that there be certain
+waters, that breed trouts remarkable both for their number and
+smallness. I know a little brook in Kent that breeds them to a number
+incredible, and you may take them twenty or forty in an hour, but none
+greater than about the size of a gudgeon: there are also in divers
+rivers, especially that relate to or be near to the sea, as
+Winchester, or the Thames about Windsor, a little trout called samlet,
+or skegger trout (in both which places I have caught twenty or forty
+at a standing), that will bite as fast and as freely as minnows; these
+be by some taken to be young salmon; but in those waters they never
+grow to be bigger than a herring.
+
+There is also in Kent, near to Canterbury, a trout called there a
+Fordidge trout, a trout that bears the name of the town where it is
+usually caught, that is accounted the rarest of fish; many of them
+near the bigness of a salmon, but known by their different color; and
+in their best season they cut very white; and none of these have been
+known to be caught with an angle, unless it were one that was caught
+by Sir George Hastings, an excellent angler, and now with God: and he
+hath told me, he thought _that_ trout bit not for hunger but
+wantonness; and it is rather to be believed, because both he, then,
+and many others before him, have been curious to search into their
+bellies, what the food was by which they lived, and have found out
+nothing by which they might satisfy their curiosity.
+
+Concerning which you are to take notice, that it is reported by good
+authors, that grasshoppers, and some fish, have no mouths, but are
+nourished and take breath by the porousness of their gills, man knows
+not how: and this may be believed, if we consider that when the raven
+hath hatched her eggs, she takes no further care, but leaves her young
+ones to the care of the God of nature, who is said, in the Psalms, "to
+feed the young ravens that call upon Him." And they be kept alive and
+fed by dew, or worms that breed in their nests, or some other ways
+that we mortals know not; and this may be believed of the Fordidge
+trout, which, as it is said of the stork (Jerem. viii: 7), that "he
+knows his season," so he knows his times, I think almost his day of
+coming into the river out of the sea, where he lives, and, it is like,
+feeds nine months of the year, and fasts three in the river of
+Fordidge. And you are to note that those townsmen are very punctual in
+observing the time of beginning to fish for them, and boast much that
+their river affords a trout that exceeds all others. And just so does
+Sussex boast of several fish; as namely, a Shelsey cockle, a
+Chichester lobster, an Arundel mullet, and an Amerly trout.
+
+And now for some confirmation of the Fordidge trout: you are to know
+that this trout is thought to eat nothing in the fresh water; and it
+may be better believed, because it is well known, that swallows and
+bats and wagtails, which are called half-year birds, and not seen to
+fly in England for six months in the year, but about Michaelmas leave
+us for a better climate than this; yet some of them that have been
+left behind their fellows, have been found many thousands at a time,
+in hollow trees, or clay caves; where they have been observed to live
+and sleep out the whole winter without meat; and so Albertus observes,
+that there is one kind of frog that hath her mouth naturally shut up
+about the end of August, and that she lives so all the winter; and tho
+it be strange to some, yet it is known to too many among us to be
+doubted.
+
+And so much for these Fordidge trouts, which never afford an angler
+sport, but either live their time of being in the fresh water by their
+meat formerly got in the sea (not unlike the swallow or frog), or by
+the virtue of the fresh water only; or, as the birds of Paradise and
+the chameleon are said to live, by the sun and the air.
+
+There is also in Northumberland a trout called a bull trout, of a much
+greater length and bigness than any in the southern parts. And there
+are, in many rivers that relate to the sea, salmon trouts, as much
+different from others, both in shape and in their spots, as we see
+sheep in some countries differ one from another in their shape and
+bigness, and in the fineness of their wool. And certainly, as some
+pastures breed larger sheep, so do some rivers, by reason of the
+ground over which they run, breed larger trouts.
+
+Now the next thing that I will commend to your consideration is, that
+the trout is of a more sudden growth than other fish. Concerning
+which, you are also to take notice, that he lives not so long as the
+perch and divers other fishes do, as Sir Francis Bacon hath observed
+in his "History of Life and Death."[62]
+
+And now you are to take notice, that he is not like the crocodile,
+which if he lives never so long, yet always thrives till his death.
+And you are to know, that he will about, especially before, the time
+of his spawning, get almost miraculously through weirs and flood-gates
+against the streams; even through such high and swift places as is
+almost incredible. Next, that the trout usually spawns about October
+or November, but in some rivers a little sooner or later; which is the
+more observable, because most other fish spawn in the spring or
+summer, when the sun hath warmed both the earth and the water, and
+made it fit for generation. And you are to note, that he continues
+many months out of season; for it may be observed of the trout, that
+he is like the buck or the ox, that he will not be fat in many months,
+tho he go in the very same pasture that horses do, which will be fat
+in one month; and so you may observe, that most other fishes recover
+strength, and grow sooner far and in season, than the trout doth.
+
+And next you are to note, that till the sun gets to such a height as
+to warm the earth and the water, the trout is sick and lean, and
+lousy, and unwholesome; for you shall in winter find him to have a big
+head, and then to be lank, and thin, and lean; at which time many of
+them have sticking on them sugs, or trout-lice, which is a kind of
+worm, in shape like a clove or pin, with a big head, and sticks close
+to him and sucks his moisture; those I think the trout breeds himself,
+and never thrives till he frees himself from them, which is when warm
+weather comes; and then, as he grows stronger, he gets from the dead,
+still water, into the sharp streams, and the gravel, and there tubs
+off these worms or lice; and then as he grows stronger, so he gets him
+into swifter and swifter streams, and there lies at the watch for any
+fly or minnow that comes near to him; and he especially loves the
+May-fly, which is bred of the cod-worm or caddis; and these make the
+trout bold and lusty, and he is usually fatter and better meat at the
+end of that month (May) than at any time of the year.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE DEATH OF GEORGE HERBERT[63]
+
+
+At the time of Mr. Duncon's leaving Mr. Herbert--which was about three
+weeks before his death--his old and dear friend Mr. Woodnot came from
+London to Bemerton, and never left him till he had seen him draw his
+last breath, and closed his eyes on his death-bed. In this time of his
+decay, he was often visited and prayed for by all the clergy that
+lived near to him, especially by his friends the Bishop and Prebends
+of the Cathedral Church in Salisbury; but by none more devoutly than
+his wife, his three nieces--then a part of his family--and Mr.
+Woodnot, who were the sad witnesses of his daily decay; to whom he
+would often speak to this purpose:
+
+"I now look back upon the pleasures of my life past, and see the
+content I have taken in beauty, in wit, in music, and pleasant
+conversation, are now all past by me like a dream, or as a shadow that
+returns not, and are now all become dead to me, or I to them; and I
+see, that as my father and generation hath done before me, so I also
+shall now suddenly (with Job) make my bed also in the dark; and I
+praise God I am prepared for it; and I praise Him that I am not to
+learn patience now I stand in such need of it; and that I have
+practised mortification, and endeavored to die daily, that I might not
+die eternally; and my hope is, that I shall shortly leave this valley
+of tears, and be free from all fevers and pain; and, which will be a
+more happy condition, I shall be free from sin, and all the
+temptations and anxieties that attend it: and this being past, I shall
+dwell in the New Jerusalem; dwell there with men made perfect; dwell
+where these eyes shall see my Master and Savior Jesus; and with Him
+see my dear mother, and all my relations and friends. But I must die,
+or not come to that happy place. And this is my content, that I am
+going daily towards it: and that every day which I have lived, hath
+taken a part of my appointed time from me; and that I shall live the
+less time, for having lived this and the day past."
+
+These, and the like expressions, which he uttered often, may be said
+to be his enjoyment of Heaven before he enjoyed it. The Sunday before
+his death, he rose suddenly from his bed or couch, called for one of
+his instruments, took it into his hand and said,
+
+    My God, my God,
+    My music shall find Thee,
+      And every string
+    Shall have His attribute to sing.
+
+and having tuned it, he played and sung:
+
+      The Sundays of man's life,
+    Threaded together on time's string,
+    Make bracelets to adorn the wife
+    Of the eternal glorious King:
+    On Sundays Heaven's door stands ope;
+    Blessings are plentiful and rife,
+      More plentiful than hope.
+
+Thus he sung on earth such hymns and anthems, as the angels, and he,
+and Mr. Farrer, now sing in heaven. Thus he continued meditating, and
+praying, and rejoicing, till the day of his death; and on that day
+said to Mr. Woodnot, "My dear friend, I am sorry I have nothing to
+present to my merciful God but sin and misery; but the first is
+pardoned, and a few hours will now put a period to the latter; for I
+shall suddenly go hence, and be no more seen." Upon which expression
+Mr. Woodnot took occasion to remember him of the reedifying Layton
+Church, and his many acts of mercy. To which he made answer, saying,
+"They be good works, if they be sprinkled with the blood of Christ,
+and not otherwise."
+
+After this discourse he became more restless, and his soul seemed to
+be weary of her earthly tabernacle; and this uneasiness became so
+visible, that his wife, his three nieces, and Mr. Woodnot, stood
+constantly about his bed, beholding him with sorrow, and an
+unwillingness to lose the sight of him, whom they could not hope to
+see much longer. As they stood thus beholding him, his wife observed
+him breathe faintly, and with much trouble, and observed him to fall
+into a sudden agony; which so surprized her, that she fell into a
+sudden passion, and required of him to know how he did. To which his
+answer was, "that he had passed a conflict with his last enemy, and
+had overcome him by the merits of his Master Jesus." After which
+answer, he looked up, and saw his wife and nieces weeping to an
+extremity, and charged them, if they loved him to withdraw into the
+next room, and there pray every one alone for him; for nothing but
+their lamentations could make his death uncomfortable. To which
+request their sighs and tears would not suffer them to make any reply;
+but they yielded him a sad obedience, leaving only with him Mr.
+Woodnot and Mr. Bostock.
+
+Immediately after they had left him, he said to Mr. Bostock, "Pray,
+Sir, open that door, then look into that cabinet, in which you may
+easily find my last will, and give it into my hand"; which being done,
+Mr. Herbert delivered it into the hand of Mr. Woodnot, and said, "My
+old friend, I here deliver you my last will, in which you will find
+that I have made you my sole executor for the good of my wife and
+nieces; and I desire you to show kindness to them, as they shall need
+it; I do not desire you to be just; for I know you will be so for your
+own sake: but I charge you, by the religion of our friendship, to be
+careful of them." And having obtained Mr. Woodnot's promise to be so,
+he said, "I am now ready to die." After which words, he said, "Lord,
+forsake me not now my strength faileth me: but grant me mercy for the
+merits of my Jesus. And now, Lord--Lord, now receive my soul." And
+with those words he breathed forth his divine soul, without any
+apparent disturbance, Mr. Woodnot and Mr. Bostock attending his last
+breath, and closing his eyes.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 58: From Part I, Chap. I of "The Compleat Angler."]
+
+[Footnote 59: Deucalion was a legendary king of Phythia in Thessaly.
+According to the legend, a deluge having been sent by Zeus, Deucalion,
+by advice of his father, built a wooden chest in which he and his wife
+were saved, landing after nine days on Mt. Parnassus. By them the
+human race, destroyed in the deluge, was renewed.]
+
+[Footnote 60: A mythological person, son of Poseidon.]
+
+[Footnote 61: From Chapter IV of "The Compleat Angler."]
+
+[Footnote 62: The "Historia Vitæ et Mortis," published in 1623.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Author of "The Temple; Sacred Poems and Private
+Ejaculations," published in 1633, the year of Herbert's death.]
+
+
+
+
+JAMES HOWELL
+
+     Born in 1595, died in 1666; best known as author of the
+     "Letters" (1645-1655); edited a French and English
+     dictionary; and compiled a polyglot dictionary.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+THE BUCENTAUR CEREMONY IN VENICE[64]
+
+
+These wishes come to you from Venice, a place where there is nothing
+wanting that heart can wish; renowned Venice, the admired'st city in
+the world, a city that all Europe is bound unto, for she is her
+greatest rampart against that huge eastern tyrant, the Turk, by sea;
+else, I believe, he had overrun all Christendom by this time. Against
+him this city hath performed notable exploits, and not only against
+him, but divers others: she hath restored emperors to their thrones,
+and popes to their chairs, and with her galleys often preserved St.
+Peter's bark from sinking: for which, by way of reward, one of his
+successors espoused her to the sea, which marriage is solemnly renewed
+every year in solemn procession by the Doge and all the Clarissimos,
+and a gold ring cast into the sea out of the great galeasse, called
+the Bucentoro,[65] wherein the first ceremony was performed by the
+pope himself, above three hundred years since, and they say it is the
+self-same vessel still, tho often put upon the careen and trimmed.
+This made me think of that famous ship at Athens; nay, I fell upon an
+abstracted notion in philosophy, and a speculation touching the body
+of men, which being in perpetual flux, and a kind of succession of
+decays, and consequently requiring, ever and anon, a restoration of
+what it loseth of the virtue of the former aliment, and what was
+converted after the third concoction into a blood and fleshy
+substance, which, as in all other sublunary bodies that have internal
+principles of heat, useth to transpire, breathe out, and waste away
+through invisible pores, by exercise, motion, and sleep, to make room
+still for a supply of new nurriture: I fell, I say, to consider
+whether our bodies may be said to be of like condition with this
+Bucentoro, which, tho it be reputed still the same vessel, yet I
+believe there's not a foot of that timber remaining which it had upon
+the first dock, having been, as they tell me, so often planked and
+ribbed, caulked and pieced.
+
+In like manner, our bodies may be said to be daily repaired by new
+sustenance, which begets new blood, and consequently new spirits, new
+humors, and, I may say, new flesh; the old, by continual deperdition
+and insensible perspirations, evaporating still out of us, and giving
+way to fresh; so that I make a question whether, by reason of these
+perpetual reparations and accretions, the body of man may be said to
+be the same numerical body in his old age that he had in his manhood,
+or the same in his manhood that he had in his youth, the same in his
+youth that he carried about with him in his childhood, or the same in
+his childhood which he wore first in the womb. I make a doubt whether
+I had the same identical, individually numerical body, when I carried
+a calf-leather satchel to school in Hereford, as when I wore a
+lambskin hood in Oxford; or whether I have the same mass of blood in
+my veins, and the same flesh, now in Venice, which I carried about me
+three years since, up and down London streets, having, in lieu of beer
+and ale, drunk wine all this while, and fed upon different viands.
+Now, the stomach is like a crucible, for it hath a chemical kind of
+virtue to transmute one body into another, to transsubstantiate fish
+and fruits into flesh within and about us; but tho it be questionable
+whether I wear the same flesh which is fluxible, I am sure my hair is
+not the same, for you may remember I went flaxen-haired out of
+England, but you shall find me returned with a very dark brown, which
+I impute not only to the heat and air of those hot countries I have
+eat my bread in, but to the quality and difference of food: you will
+say that hair is but an excrementitious thing, and makes not to this
+purpose; moreover, methinks I hear thee say that this may be true only
+in the blood and spirits, or such fluid parts, not in the solid and
+heterogeneal parts.
+
+But I will press no further at this time this philosophical notion,
+which the sight of Bucentoro infused into me, for it hath already made
+me exceed the bounds of a letter, and, I fear me, to trespass too much
+upon your patience; I leave the further disquisition of this point to
+your own contemplations, who are a far riper philosopher than I, and
+have waded deeper into and drunk more of Aristotle's well. But to
+conclude, tho it be doubtful whether I carry about me the same body or
+no in all points that I had in England, I am well assured I bear still
+the same mind, and therein I verify the old verse:
+
+    "Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt."
+      "The air, but not the mind, they change,
+      Who in outlandish countries range."
+
+For, what alterations soever happen in this microcosm, in this little
+world, this small bulk and body of mine, you may be confident that
+nothing shall alter my affections, specially towards you, but that I
+will persevere still the same--the very same.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE CITY OF ROME IN 1621[66]
+
+
+I am now come to Rome, and Rome, they say, is every man's country; she
+is called _Communis Patria_, for every one that is within the compass
+of the Latin Church finds himself here, as it were, at home, and in
+his mother's house, in regard of interest in religion, which is the
+cause that for one native there be five strangers that sojourn in this
+city; and without any distinction or mark of strangeness, they come to
+preferments and offices, both in church and state, according to merit,
+which is more valued and sought after here than anywhere.
+
+But whereas I expected to have found Rome elevated upon seven hills, I
+meet her rather spreading upon a flat, having humbled herself, since
+she was made a Christian, and descended from those hills to Campus
+Martius; with Trastevere and the suburbs of Saint Peter, she hath yet
+in compass about fourteen miles, which is far short of that vast
+circuit she had in Claudius his time; for Vopiscus[67] writes she was
+then of fifty miles' circumference, and she had five hundred thousand
+free citizens in a famous cense that was made, which, allowing but six
+to every family in women, children, and servants, came to three
+millions of souls; but she is now a wilderness in comparison of that
+number.
+
+The pope is grown to be a great temporal prince of late years, for the
+state of the church extends above three hundred miles in length, and
+two hundred miles in breadth; it contains Ferrara, Bologna, Romagnia,
+the Marquisate of Ancona, Umbria, Sabina, Perugia, with a part of
+Tuscany, the patrimony, Rome herself, and Latium. In these there are
+above fifty bishoprics; the pope hath also the duchy of Spoleto, and
+the exarchate of Ravenna; he hath the town of Benevento in the kingdom
+of Naples, and the country of Venissa, called Avignon, in France. He
+hath title also good enough to Naples itself; but, rather than offend
+his champion, the king of Spain, he is contented with a white mule,
+and purse of pistoles about the neck, which he receives every year for
+a heriot or homage, or what you will call it; he pretends also to be
+Lord-paramount of Sicily, Urbia, Parma, and Masseran; of Norway,
+Ireland, and England, since King John did prostrate our crown at
+Pandulfo his legate's feet.[68]
+
+The state of the apostolic see here in Italy lieth 'twixt two seas,
+the Adriatic and the Tyrrhene, and it runs through the midst of Italy,
+which makes the pope powerful to do good or harm, and more capable
+than any other to be an umpire or an enemy. His authority being mixed
+'twixt temporal and spiritual, disperseth itself into so many members,
+that a young man may grow old here before he can well understand the
+form of government.
+
+The consistory of cardinals meet but once a week, and once a week they
+solemnly wait all upon the pope. I am told there are now in
+Christendom but sixty-eight cardinals, whereof there are six cardinal
+bishops, fifty-one cardinal priests, and eleven cardinal deacons. The
+cardinal bishops attend and sit near the pope, when he celebrates any
+festival; the cardinal priests assist him at mass; and the cardinal
+deacons attire him. A cardinal is bade by a short breve or writ from
+the pope in these words: "_Creamus te socium regibus, superiorem
+ducibus, et fratrem nostrum._"[69] If a cardinal bishop should be
+questioned for any offense, there must be twenty-four witnesses
+produced against him. The Bishop of Ostia hath most privilege of any
+other, for he consecrates and installs the pope, and goes always next
+to him. All these cardinals have the repute of princes, and besides
+other incomes, they have the annats of benefices to support their
+greatness.
+
+For point of power, the pope is able to put 50,000 men in the field,
+in case of necessity, besides his naval strength in galleys. We read
+how Paul III sent Charles III twelve thousand foot and five hundred
+horse. Pius V sent a greater aid to Charles IX; and for riches,
+besides the temporal dominions he hath in all the countries before
+named, the datany or dispatching of bulls, the triennial subsidies,
+annats, and other ecclesiastical rights, mount to an unknown sum; and
+it is a common saying here, that as long as the pope can finger a pen,
+he can want no pence. Pius V, notwithstanding his expenses in
+buildings, left four millions in the Castle of Saint Angelo in less
+than five years; more, I believe, than this Gregory XV will, for he
+hath many nephews; and better is it to be the pope's nephew, than to
+be a favorite to any prince in Christendom.
+
+Touching the temporal government of Rome, and oppidan affairs, there
+is a pretor and some choice citizens, which sit in the Capitol. Among
+other pieces of policy, there is a synagog of Jews permitted here--as
+in other places of Italy--under the pope's nose, but they go with a
+mark of distinction in their hats; they are tolerated for advantage of
+commerce, wherein the Jews are wonderful dexterous--tho most of them
+be only brokers and Lombardeers; and they are held to be here as the
+cynic held women to be--_malum necessarium_....
+
+Present Rome may be said to be but a monument of Rome past, when she
+was in that flourish that St. Austin desired to see her in. She who
+tamed the world, tamed herself at last, and falling under her own
+weight, fell to be a prey to time; yet there is a providence seems to
+have a care of her still; for tho her air be not so good, nor her
+circumjacent soil so kindly as it was, yet she hath wherewith to keep
+life and soul together still, by her ecclesiastical courts, which is
+the sole cause of her peopling now; so that it may be said, when the
+pope came to be her head, she was reduced to her first principles; for
+as a shepherd was founder, so a shepherd is still governor and
+preserver.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 64: From the "Familiar Letters," the date of this letter
+being "Venice, 25th June, 1621."]
+
+[Footnote 65: Now written Bucentaur, the state ship of the Venetian
+republic. The ceremony of "espousing the sea" dates from the twelfth
+century. The last of the Bucentaur ships of Venice was destroyed by
+Napoleon in 1798. It was the third that had been built for Venice.]
+
+[Footnote 66: From the "Familiar Letters."]
+
+[Footnote 67: The historian who lived early in the fourth century
+A.D.]
+
+[Footnote 68: King John, in 1213, had made peace with the Pope (who
+had deposed him) by consenting to hold his kingdom in fief for the
+Pope and to pay to him an annual tribute of 1,000 marks.]
+
+[Footnote 69: These words mean "We create thee companion to kings,
+superior to dukes, and our brother."]
+
+
+
+
+SIR THOMAS BROWNE
+
+     Born in 1605, died in 1682; educated at Oxford, Padua and
+     Leyden; in 1633 made Doctor of Medicine; settled at Norwich
+     in 1637; knighted in 1671; his "Religio Medici" published in
+     1643; author of several other works.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+OF CHARITY IN JUDGMENTS[70]
+
+
+Now for that other virtue of charity, without which faith is a mere
+notion and of no existence, I have ever endeavored to nourish the
+merciful disposition and humane inclination I borrowed from my
+parents, and regulate it to the written and prescribed laws of
+charity: and if I hold the true anatomy of myself, I am delineated and
+naturally framed to such a piece of virtue; for I am of a constitution
+so general that it consorts and sympathizeth with all things: I have
+no antipathy, or rather idiosyncrasy, in diet, humor, air, anything. I
+wonder not at the French for their dishes of frogs, snails, and
+toadstools; nor at the Jews for locusts and grasshoppers; but being
+amongst them, make them my common viands, and I find they agree with
+my stomach as well as theirs. I could digest a salad gathered in a
+churchyard as well as in a garden. I cannot start at the presence of a
+serpent, scorpion, lizard, or salamander: at the sight of a toad or
+viper I find in me no desire to take up a stone to destroy them. I
+feel not in myself those common antipathies that I can discover in
+others; those national repugnances do not touch me, nor do I behold
+with prejudice the French, Italian, Spaniard, or Dutch; but where I
+find their actions in balance with my countrymen's, I honor, love, and
+embrace them in the same degree.
+
+I was born in the eighth climate, but seem for to be framed and
+constellated unto all: I am no plant that will not prosper out of a
+garden; all places, all airs, make unto me one country; I am in
+England, everywhere, and under any meridian; I have been shipwrecked,
+yet am not enemy with the sea or winds; I can study, play or sleep in
+a tempest. In brief, I am averse from nothing: my conscience would
+give me the lie if I should absolutely detest or hate any essence but
+the devil; or so at least abhor anything but that we might come to
+composition. If there be any among those common objects of hatred I do
+contemn and laugh at, it is that great enemy of reason, virtue, and
+religion--the multitude: that numerous piece of monstrosity which,
+taken asunder, seem men and the reasonable creatures of God, but
+confused together, make but one great beast and a monstrosity more
+prodigious than Hydra: it is no breach of charity to call these fools;
+it is the style all holy writers have afforded them, set down by
+Solomon in canonical Scripture, and a point of our faith to believe
+so. Neither in the name of multitude do I only include the base and
+minor sort of people: there is a rabble even amongst the gentry, a
+sort of plebeian heads, whose fancy moves with the same wheel as
+these; men in the same level with mechanics, tho their fortunes do
+somewhat gild their infirmities, and their purses compound for their
+follies.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+NOTHING STRICTLY IMMORTAL[71]
+
+
+Darkness and light divide the course of time, and oblivion shares with
+memory a great part even of our living beings; we slightly remember
+our felicities, and the smartest strokes of affliction leave but short
+smart upon us. Sense endureth no extremities, and sorrows destroy us
+or themselves. To weep into stones are fables. Afflictions induce
+callosities; miseries are slippery, or fall like snow upon us, which
+notwithstanding is no unhappy stupidity. To be ignorant of evils to
+come, and forgetful of evils past, is a merciful provision in nature,
+whereby we digest the mixture of our few and evil days, and, our
+delivered senses not relapsing into cutting remembrances, our sorrows
+are not kept raw by the edge of repetitions.
+
+A great part of antiquity contented their hopes of subsistency with a
+transmigration of their souls--a good way to continue their memories,
+while having the advantage of plural successions, they could not but
+act something remarkable in such variety of beings, and enjoying the
+fame of their passed selves, make accumulation of glory unto their
+last durations. Others, rather than be lost in the uncomfortable night
+of nothing, were content to recede into the common being, and make one
+particle of the public soul all things, which was no more than to
+return into their unknown and divine original again. Egyptian
+ingenuity was more unsatisfied, contriving their bodies in sweet
+consistencies, to attend the return of their souls. But all was
+vanity, feeding the wind, and folly. The Egyptian mummies, which
+Cambyses[72] or time hath spared, avarice now consumeth. Mummy is
+become merchandise, Mizraim cures wounds, and Pharaoh is sold for
+balsams.
+
+In vain do individuals hope for immortality, or any patent from
+oblivion, in preservations below the moon; men have been deceived even
+in their flatteries, above the sun, and studied conceits to perpetuate
+their names in heaven. The various cosmography of that part hath
+already varied the names contrived constellations; Nimrod is lost in
+Orion, and Osiris in the Dog-star. While we look for incorruption in
+the heavens, we find they are like the earth--durable in their main
+bodies, alterable in their parts; whereof, beside comets and new
+stars, perspective begin to tell tales, and the spots that wander
+about the sun, with Phaeton's favor, would make clear conviction.
+
+There is nothing strictly immortal but immortality. Whatever hath no
+beginning, may be confident of no end--which is the peculiar of that
+necessary essence that can not destroy itself--and the highest strain
+of omnipotency, to be so powerfully constituted as not to suffer even
+from power of itself; all others have a dependent being and within the
+reach of destruction. But the sufficiency of Christian immortality
+frustrates all earthly glory, and the quality of either states after
+death, makes a folly of posthumous memory. God, who can only destroy
+our souls, and hath assured our resurrection, either of our bodies or
+names, hath directly promised no duration. Wherein there is so much of
+chance, that the boldest expectants have found unhappy frustration;
+and to hold long subsistences, seems but a scape in oblivion. But man
+is a noble animal, splendid in ashes, and pompous in the grave,
+solemnizing nativities and deaths with equal luster, nor omitting
+ceremonies of bravery in the infamy of nature.
+
+Life is a pure flame, and we live by an invisible sum within us. A
+small fire sufficeth for life, great flames seemed too little after
+death, while men vainly affected precious pyres, and to burn like
+Sardanapalus; but wisdom of funeral laws found the folly of prodigal
+blazes, and reduced undoing fires unto the rule of sober obsequies,
+wherein few could be so mean as not to provide wood, pitch, a mourner,
+and an urn.
+
+Five languages secured not the epitaph of Gordianus.[73] The man of
+God lives longer without a tomb than any by one, invisibly interred by
+angels, and adjudged to obscurity, tho not without some marks
+directing human discovery. Enoch and Elias, without either tomb or
+burial, in an anomalous state of being, are the great examples of
+perpetuity, in their long and living memory, in strict account being
+still on this side death, and having a late part yet to act upon this
+stage of earth. If in the decretory term of the world we shall not all
+die but be changed, according to received translation, the last day
+will make but few graves; at least quick resurrections will anticipate
+lasting sepultures. Some graves will be opened before they be quite
+closed, and Lazarus be no wonder. When many that feared to die, shall
+groan that they can die but once, the dismal state is the second and
+living death, when life puts despair on the damned; when men shall
+wish the coverings of mountains, not of monuments, and annihilations
+shall be courted.
+
+While some have studied monuments, others have studiously declined
+them, and some have been so vainly boisterous, that they durst not
+acknowledge their graves; wherein Alaric seems most subtle, who had a
+river turned to hide his bones at the bottom. Even Sylla, that thought
+himself safe in his urn, could not prevent revenging tongues, and
+stones thrown at his monument. Happy are they whom privacy makes
+innocent, who deal so with men in this world, that they are not afraid
+to meet them in the next; who, when they die, make no commotion among
+the dead, and are not touched with that poetical taunt of Isaiah.
+
+Pyramids, arches, obelisks, were but the irregularities of vainglory,
+and wild enormities of ancient magnanimity. But the most magnanimous
+resolution rests in the Christian religion, which trampleth upon
+pride, and sits on the neck of ambition, humbly pursuing that
+infallible perpetuity, unto which all others must diminish their
+diameters, and be poorly seen in angles of contingency.
+
+Pious spirits who passed their days in raptures of futurity, made
+little more of this world, than the world that was before it, while
+they lay obscure in the chaos of pre-ordination, and night of their
+fore-beings. And if any have been so happy as truly to understand
+Christian annihilation, ecstasies, exolution, liquefaction,
+transformation, the kiss of the spouse, gustation of God, and
+ingression into the divine shadow, they have already had an handsome
+anticipation of heaven; the glory of the world is surely over, and the
+earth is ashes unto them.
+
+To subsist in lasting monuments, to live in their productions, to
+exist in their names and predicament of chimeras, was large
+satisfaction unto old expectations, and made one part of their
+elysiums. But all this is nothing in the metaphysicks of true belief.
+To live indeed, is to be again ourselves, which being not only a hope,
+but an evidence in noble believers, 'tis all one to lie in St.
+Innocent's churchyard, as in the sands of Egypt. Ready to be anything,
+in the ecstasy of being ever, and as content with six foot as the
+moles of Hadrianus.[74]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 70: From the "Religio Medici."]
+
+[Footnote 71: From Chapter V of "Urn Burial; or, a Discourse of the
+Sepulchral Urns Lately Found in Norfolk."]
+
+[Footnote 72: Cambyses III, king of Persia who conquered Egypt in 525
+B.C.]
+
+[Footnote 73: A Roman emperor whose epitaph was cut in Greek, Latin,
+Hebrew, Egyptian and Arabic.]
+
+[Footnote 74: Now the Castle of St. Angelo in Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN MILTON
+
+     Born in 1608, died in 1674; visited Italy in 1638; began his
+     poetical writings in 1640; Latin Secretary to the
+     Commonwealth in 1649; became totally blind in 1652; spared
+     at the Restoration under the Indemnity Act; published
+     "Paradise Lost" in 1667.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+ON HIS OWN LITERARY AMBITION[75]
+
+
+After I had, from my first years, by the ceaseless diligence and care
+of my father (whom God recompense!), been exercised to the tongues,
+and some sciences, as my age would suffer, by sundry masters and
+teachers, both at home and at the schools, it was found that whether
+aught was imposed me by them that had the overlooking, or betaken to
+of my own choice in English, or other tongue, prosing or versing, but
+chiefly the latter, the style, by certain vital signs it had, was
+likely to live. But much latelier, in the private academies of Italy,
+whither I was favored to resort, perceiving that some trifles which I
+had in memory, composed at under twenty or thereabout--for the manner
+is, that every one must give some proof of his wit and reading
+there--met with acceptance above what was looked for; and other things
+which I had shifted, in scarcity of books and conveniences, to patch
+up among them, were received with written encomiums, which the
+Italian is not forward to bestow on men of this side the Alps, I began
+thus far to assent both to them and divers of my friends here at home;
+and not less to an inward prompting, which now grew daily upon me,
+that by labor and intent study, which I take to be my portion in this
+life, joined to the strong propensity of nature, I might perhaps leave
+something so written, to after-times, as they should not willingly let
+it die.
+
+These thoughts at once possest me, and these other, that if I were
+certain to write as men buy leases, for three lives and downward,
+there ought no regard be sooner had than to God's glory, by the honor
+and instruction of my country. For which cause, and not only for that
+I knew it would be hard to arrive at the second rank among the Latins,
+I applied myself to that resolution which Ariosto followed against the
+persuasions of Bembo,[76] to fix all the industry and art I could
+unite to the adorning of my native tongue; not to make verbal
+curiosities the end--that were a toilsome vanity; but to be an
+interpreter, and relater of the best and sagest things among mine own
+citizens throughout this island, in the mother dialect. That what the
+greatest and choicest wits of Athens, Rome, or modern Italy, and those
+Hebrews of old did for their country, I, in my proportion, with this
+over and above, of being a Christian, might do for mine; not caring
+to be once named abroad, tho perhaps I could attain to that, but
+content with these British islands as my world; whose fortune hath
+hitherto been, that if the Athenians, as some say, made their small
+deeds great and renowned by their eloquent writers, England hath had
+her noble achievements made small by the unskilful handling of monks
+and mechanics.
+
+Time serves not now, and perhaps I might seem too profuse, to give any
+certain account of what the mind at home, in the spacious circuits of
+her musing, hath liberty to propose to herself, tho of highest hope
+and hardest attempting. Whether that epic form, whereof the two poems
+of Homer, and those other two of Virgil and Tasso are a diffuse, and
+the book of Job a brief, model; or whether the rules of Aristotle
+herein are strictly to be kept, or nature to be followed, which in
+them that know art, and use judgment, is no transgression, but an
+enriching of art. And, lastly, what king or knight before the Conquest
+might be chosen, in whom to lay the pattern of a Christian hero. And
+as Tasso gave to a prince of Italy his choice, whether he would
+command him to write of Godfrey's[77] expedition against the infidels,
+or Belisarius against the Goths, or Charlemagne against the Lombards;
+if to the instinct of nature and the emboldening of art aught may be
+trusted, and that there be nothing adverse in our climate, or the fate
+of this age, it haply would be no rashness, from an equal diligence
+and inclination, to present the like offer in our own ancient
+stories. Or whether those dramatic constitutions, wherein Sophocles
+and Euripides reign, shall be found more doctrinal and exemplary to a
+nation.
+
+The Scripture also affords us a fine pastoral drama in the Song of
+Solomon, consisting of two persons, and a double chorus, as Origen[78]
+rightly judges; and the Apocalypse of St. John is the majestic image
+of a high and stately tragedy, shutting up and intermingling her
+solemn scenes and acts with a seven-fold chorus of hallelujahs and
+harping symphonies. And this my opinion, the grave authority of
+Paræus, commenting that book, is sufficient to confirm. Or if occasion
+shall lead, to imitate those magnific odes and hymns, wherein Pindarus
+and Callimachus are in most things worthy, some others in their frame
+judicious, in their matter most, and end faulty. But those frequent
+songs throughout the law and prophets, beyond all these, not in their
+divine argument alone, but in the very critical art of composition,
+may be easily made appear, over all the kinds of lyric poesy, to be
+incomparable.
+
+These abilities, wheresoever they be found, are the inspired gift of
+God, rarely bestowed, but yet to some--tho most abuse--in every
+nation: and are of power, besides of the office of a pulpit, to
+inbreed and cherish in a great people the seeds of virtue and public
+civility; to allay the perturbations of the mind, and set the
+affections in right tune; to celebrate in glorious and lofty hymns the
+throne and equipage of God's almightiness, and what he suffers to be
+wrought with high providence in his church; to sing victorious agonies
+of martyrs and saints, the deeds and triumphs of just and pious
+nations, doing valiantly through faith against the enemies of Christ;
+to deplore the general relapses of kingdoms and states from justice
+and God's true worship.
+
+Lastly, whatsoever in religion is holy and sublime, in virtue amiable
+or grave, whatsoever hath passion or admiration in all the changes of
+that which is called fortune from without, or the wily subtleties and
+refluxes of man's thoughts from within; all these things, with a solid
+and treatable smoothness, to paint out and describe; teaching over the
+whole book of sanctity and virtue, through all the instances of
+example, with such delight to those, especially of soft and delicious
+temper, who will not so much as look upon Truth herself, unless they
+see her elegantly drest, that whereas the paths of honesty and good
+life appear now rugged and difficult, tho they be indeed easy and
+pleasant, they would then appear to all men both easy and pleasant,
+tho they were rugged and difficult indeed.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+A COMPLETE EDUCATION DEFINED[79]
+
+
+And seeing every nation affords not experience and tradition enough
+for all kind of learning, therefore we are chiefly taught the
+languages of those people who have at any time been most industrious
+after wisdom; so that language is but the instrument conveying to us
+things useful to be known. And tho a linguist should pride himself to
+have all the tongues that Babel cleft the world into, yet, if he have
+not studied the solid things in them, as well as the words and
+lexicons, he were nothing so much to be esteemed a learned man, as any
+yeoman or tradesman competently wise in his mother dialect only. Hence
+appear the many mistakes which have made learning generally so
+unpleasing and so unsuccessful: first, we do amiss to spend seven or
+eight years merely in scraping together so much miserable Latin and
+Greek, as might be learned otherwise easily and delightfully in one
+year.
+
+And that which casts our proficiency therein so much behind, is our
+time lost partly in too oft idle vacancies given both to schools and
+universities; partly in a preposterous exaction, forcing the empty
+wits of children to compose themes, verses, and orations, which are
+the acts of ripest judgment, and the final work of a head filled by
+long reading and observing, with elegant maxims and copious invention.
+These are not matters to be wrung from poor striplings, like blood
+out of the nose, or the plucking of untimely fruit; besides the ill
+habit which they get of wretched barbarizing against the Latin and
+Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms, odious to be read, yet
+not to be avoided without a well-continued and judicious conversing
+among pure authors digested, which they scarce taste: whereas, if
+after some preparatory grounds of speech by their certain forms got
+into memory, they were led to the praxis thereof in some chosen short
+book lessoned thoroughly to them, they might then forthwith proceed to
+learn the substance of good things and arts in due order, which would
+bring the whole language quickly into their power. This I take to be
+the most rational and most profitable way of learning languages, and
+whereby we may best hope to give account to God of our youth spent
+herein.
+
+And for the usual method of teaching arts, I deem it to be an old
+error of universities, not yet well recovered from the scholastic
+grossness of barbarous ages, that instead of beginning with arts most
+easy--and those be such as are most obvious to the sense--they present
+their young unmatriculated novices at first coming with the most
+intellective abstractions of logic and metaphysics, so that they
+having but newly left those grammatic flats and shallows where they
+stuck unreasonably to learn a few words with lamentable construction,
+and now on the sudden transported under another climate, to be tossed
+and turmoiled with their unballasted wits in fathomless and unquiet
+deeps of controversy, do for the most part grow into hatred and
+contempt of learning, mocked and deluded all this while with ragged
+notions and babblements, while they expected worthy and delightful
+knowledge; till poverty or youthful years call them importunately
+their several ways, and hasten them, with the sway of friends, either
+to an ambitious and mercenary, or ignorantly zealous divinity; some
+allured to the trade of law, grounding their purposes, not on the
+prudent and heavenly contemplation of justice and equity, which was
+never taught them, but on the promising and pleasing thoughts of
+litigious terms, fat contentions, and flowing fees; others betake them
+to state affairs, with souls so unprincipled in virtue and true
+generous breeding, that flattery and courtshifts, and tyrannous
+aphorisms, appear to them the highest points of wisdom; instilling
+their barren hearts with a conscientious slavery; if, as I rather
+think, it be not feigned. Others, lastly, of a more delicious and airy
+spirit, retire themselves, knowing no better, to the enjoyments of
+ease and luxury, living out their days in feasts and jollity; which,
+indeed, is the wisest and the safest course of all these, unless they
+were with more integrity undertaken. And these are the errors, and
+these are the fruits of misspending our prime youth at schools and
+universities as we do, either in learning mere words, or such things
+chiefly as were better unlearned.
+
+I shall detain you now no longer in the demonstration of what we
+should do, but straight conduct you to a hillside, while I will point
+you out the right path of a virtuous and noble education; laborious,
+indeed, at the first ascent, but else so smooth, so green, so full of
+goodly prospect and melodious sounds on every side, that the harp of
+Orpheus was not more charming. I doubt not but ye shall have more ado
+to drive our dullest and laziest youth, our stocks and stubs, from the
+infinite desire of such a happy nurture, than we have now to hale and
+drag our choicest and hopefulest wits to that asinine feast of sow
+thistles and brambles which is commonly set before them, as all the
+food and entertainment of their tenderest and most docile age.
+
+I call, therefore, a complete and generous education, that which fits
+a man to perform justly, skilfully, and magnanimously, all the
+offices, both private and public, of peace and war.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+ON READING IN HIS YOUTH[80]
+
+
+He who would not be frustrate of his hope to write well hereafter in
+laudable things ought himself to be a true poem; that is, a
+composition and pattern of the best and honorablest things; not
+presuming to sing high praises of heroic men, or famous cities, unless
+he have in himself the experience and the practise of all that which
+is praiseworthy. These reasonings, together with a certain niceness of
+nature, an honest haughtiness, and self-esteem either of what I was,
+or what I might be (which let envy call pride), and lastly that
+modesty, whereof, tho not in the title-page, yet here I may be excused
+to make some beseeming profession; all these uniting the supply of
+their natural aid together kept me still above those low descents of
+mind, beneath which he must deject and plunge himself, that can agree
+to salable and unlawful prostitutions.
+
+Next (for hear me out now, readers), that I may tell ye whither my
+younger feet wandered; I betook me among those lofty fables and
+romances, which recount in solemn cantos the deeds of knighthood
+founded by our victorious kings, and from hence had in renown over all
+Christendom. There I read it in the oath of every knight, that he
+should defend to the expense of his best blood, or of his life, if it
+so befell him, the honor and chastity of virgin or matron; from whence
+even then I learned what a noble virtue chastity sure must be, to the
+defense of which so many worthies, by such a dear adventure of
+themselves, had sworn. And if I found in the story afterward, any of
+them, by word or deed, breaking that oath, I judged it the same fault
+of the poet, as that which is attributed to Homer, to have written
+indecent things of the gods. Only this my mind gave me, that every
+free and gentle spirit, without that oath, ought to be born a knight,
+nor needed to expect the gilt spur, or the laying of a sword upon his
+shoulder to stir him up both by his counsel and his arms, to secure
+and protect the weakness of any attempted chastity. So that even these
+books, which to many others have been the fuel of wantonness and loose
+living, I can not think how, unless by divine indulgence, proved to
+me so many incitements, as you have heard to the love and stedfast
+observation of that virtue which abhors the society of bordelloes.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+IN DEFENSE OF BOOKS[81]
+
+
+I deny not, but that it is of greatest concernment in the Church and
+Commonwealth, to have a vigilant eye how books demean themselves as
+well as men; and thereafter to confine, imprison, and do sharpest
+justice on them as malefactors. For books are not absolutely dead
+things, but do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as
+that soul was whose progeny they are; nay, they do preserve as in a
+vial the purest efficacy and extraction of that living intellect that
+bred them. I know they are as lively, and as vigorously productive, as
+those fabulous dragon's teeth; and being sown up and down, may chance
+to spring up armed men. And yet, on the other hand, unless wariness be
+used, as good almost kill a man as kill a good book. Who kills a man
+kills a reasonable creature, God's image; but he who destroys a good
+book, kills reason itself, kills the image of God, as it were in the
+eye. Many a man lives a burden to the earth; but a good book is the
+precious life-blood of a master-spirit, embalmed and treasured up on
+purpose to a life beyond life. 'Tis true, no age can restore a life,
+whereof perhaps there is no great loss; and revolutions of ages do not
+oft recover the loss of a rejected truth, for the want of which whole
+nations fare the worse.
+
+We should be wary therefore what persecution we raise against the
+living labors of public men, how we spill that seasoned life of man,
+preserved and stored up in books; since we see a kind of homicide may
+be thus committed, sometimes a martyrdom, and if it extend to the
+whole impression, a kind of massacre; whereof the execution ends not
+in the slaying of an elemental life, but strikes at that ethereal and
+fifth essence, the breath of reason itself, slays an immortality
+rather than a life. But lest I should be condemned of introducing
+license, while I oppose licensing, I refuse not the pains to be so
+much historical, as will serve to show what hath been done by ancient
+and famous commonwealths against this disorder, till the very time
+that this project of licensing crept out of the inquisition, was
+catched up by our prelates and hath caught some of our presbyters.
+
+In Athens, where books and wits were ever busier than in any other
+part of Greece, I find but only two sorts of writings which the
+magistrate cared to take notice of; those either blasphemous and
+atheistical, or libelous. Thus the books of Protagoras were by the
+judges of Areopagus commanded to be burnt, and himself banished the
+territory for a discourse begun with his confessing not to know
+"whether there were gods, or whether not." And against defaming, it
+was agreed that none should be traduced by name, as was the manner of
+Vetus Comoedia, whereby we may guess how they censured libeling.
+And this course was quick enough, as Cicero writes, to quell both the
+desperate wits of other atheists, and the open way of defaming, as the
+event showed. Of other sects and opinions, tho tending to
+voluptuousness, and the denying of Divine Providence, they took no
+heed.
+
+Therefore we do not read that either Epicurus, or that libertine
+school of Cyrene, or what the Cynic impudence uttered, was ever
+questioned by the laws. Neither is it recorded that the writings of
+those old comedians were supprest tho the acting of them were forbid;
+and that Plato commended the reading of Aristophanes, the loosest of
+them all, to his royal scholar Dionysius, is commonly known, and may
+be excused, if holy Chrysostom, as is reported, nightly studied so
+much the same author and had the art to cleanse a scurrilous vehemence
+into the style of a rousing sermon.
+
+That other leading city of Greece, Lacedemon, considering that
+Lycurgus, their lawgiver, was so addicted to elegant learning, as to
+have been the first that brought out of Ionia the scattered works of
+Homer, and sent the poet Thales from Crete to prepare and mollify the
+Spartan surliness with his smooth songs and odes, the better to plant
+among them law end civility, it is to be wondered how useless and
+unbookish they were, minding nought but the feats of war. There needed
+no licensing of books among them, for they disliked all but their own
+laconic apothegms, and took a slight occasion to chase Archilochus out
+of their city, perhaps for composing in a higher strain than their own
+soldierly ballads and roundels could reach to. Or if it were for his
+broad verses, they were not therein so cautious, but were as dissolute
+in their promiscuous conversing; whence Euripides affirms in
+"Andromache," that their women were all unchaste. Thus much may give
+us light after what sort of books were prohibited among the Greeks.
+
+The Romans also for many ages trained up only to a military roughness,
+resembling most the Lacedæmonian guise, knew of learning little but
+what their twelve tables, and the Pontific College with their augurs
+and flamens taught them in religion and law, so unacquainted with
+other learning, that when Carneades and Critolaus, with the Stoic
+Diogenes, coming ambassadors to Rome, took thereby occasion to give
+the city a taste of their philosophy, they were suspected for seducers
+by no less a man than Cato the Censor, who moved it in the Senate to
+dismiss them speedily, and to banish all such Attic babblers out of
+Italy. But Scipio and others of the noblest senators withstood him and
+his old Sabine austerity; honored and admired the men; and the censor
+himself at last, in his old age, fell to the study of that whereof
+before he was so scrupulous. And yet at the same time, Nævius and
+Plautus, the first Latin comedians, had filled the city with all the
+borrowed scenes of Menander and Philemon. Then began to be considered
+there also what was to be done to libelous books and authors; for
+Nævius was quickly cast into prison for his unbridled pen, and
+released by the tribunes upon his recantation; we read also that
+libels were burnt, and the makers punished by Augustus. The like
+severity, no doubt, was used, if aught were impiously written against
+their esteemed gods. Except in these two points, how the world went in
+books, the magistrate kept no reckoning.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+A NOBLE AND PUISSANT NATION[82]
+
+
+Lords and Commons of England, consider what nation it is whereof ye
+are, and whereof ye are the governors: a nation not slow and dull, but
+of a quick, ingenious and piercing spirit, acute to invent, subtle and
+sinewy to discourse, not beneath the reach of any point, the highest
+that human capacity can soar to. Therefore the studies of Learning in
+her deepest sciences have been so ancient and so eminent among us,
+that writers of good antiquity and ablest judgment have been persuaded
+that even the school of Pythagoras and the Persian wisdom took
+beginning from the old philosophy of this island. And that wise and
+civil Roman, Julius Agricola, who governed once here for Cæsar,
+preferred the natural wits of Britain before the labored studies of
+the French. Nor is it for nothing that the grave and frugal
+Transylvanian sends out yearly from as far as the mountainous borders
+of Russia, and beyond the Hercynian wilderness, not their youth, but
+their staid men, to learn our language and our theologic arts.
+
+Yet that which is above all this, the favor and the love of Heaven we
+have great argument to think in a peculiar manner propitious and
+propending toward us. Why else was this nation chosen before any
+other, that out of her, as out of Sion, should be proclaimed and
+sounded forth the first tidings and trumpet of Reformation to all
+Europe? And had it not been the obstinate perverseness of our prelates
+against the divine and admirable spirit of Wycliff, to suppress him as
+a schismatic and innovator, perhaps neither the Bohemian Huss and
+Jerome, no nor the name of Luther or of Calvin, had been ever known:
+the glory of reforming all our neighbors had been completely ours. But
+now, as our obdurate clergy have with violence demeaned the matter, we
+are become hitherto the latest and backwardest scholars, of whom God
+offered to have made us the teachers. Now once again by all
+concurrence of signs, and by the general instinct of holy and devout
+men, as they daily and solemnly express their thoughts, God is
+decreeing to begin some new and great period in His Church, even to
+the reforming of Reformation itself: what does He then but reveal
+Himself to His servants, and as His manner is, first to His
+Englishmen? I say, as His manner is, first to us, tho we mark not the
+method of His counsels, and are unworthy.
+
+Behold now this vast city: a city of refuge, the mansion house of
+liberty, encompassed and surrounded with His protection; the shop of
+war hath not there more anvils and hammers waking, to fashion out the
+plates and instruments of armed Justice in defense of beleaguered
+Truth, than there be pens and heads there, sitting by their studious
+lamps, musing, searching, revolving new notions and ideas wherewith to
+present, as with their homage and their fealty, the approaching
+Reformation: others as fast reading, trying all things, assenting to
+the force of reason and convincement. What could a man require more
+from a nation so pliant and so prone to seek after knowledge? What
+wants there to such a towardly and pregnant soil, but wise and
+faithful laborers, to make a knowing people, a nation of prophets, of
+sages, and of worthies? We reckon more than five months yet to
+harvest; there need not be five weeks; had we but eyes to lift up, the
+fields are white already.
+
+Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much
+arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but
+knowledge in the making. Under these fantastic terrors of sect and
+schism, we wrong the earnest and zealous thirst after knowledge and
+understanding which God hath stirred up in this city. What some lament
+of, we rather should rejoice at, should rather praise this pious
+forwardness among men, to reassume the ill-reputed care of their
+religion into their own hands again. A little generous prudence, a
+little forbearance of one another, and some grain of charity might win
+all these diligences to join, and unite in one general and brotherly
+search after Truth; could we but forego this prelatical tradition of
+crowding free consciences and Christian liberties into canons and
+precepts of men. I doubt not, if some great and worthy stranger should
+come among us, wise to discern the mold and temper of a people, and
+how to govern it, observing the high hopes and aims, the diligent
+alacrity of our extended thoughts and reasonings in the pursuance of
+truth and freedom, but that he would cry out as Pyrrhus did, admiring
+the Roman docility and courage: If such were my Epirots, I would not
+despair the greatest design that could be attempted, to make a church
+or kingdom happy.
+
+Yet these are the men cried out against for schismatics and sectaries;
+as if, while the temple of the Lord was building, some cutting, some
+squaring the marble, others hewing the cedars, there should be a sort
+of irrational men who could not consider there must be many schisms
+and many dissections made in the quarry and in the timber, ere the
+house of God can be built. And when every stone is laid artfully
+together, it can not be united into a continuity, it can but be
+contiguous in this world; neither can every piece of the building be
+of one form; nay rather the perfection consists in this, that, out of
+many moderate varieties and brotherly dissimilitudes that are not
+vastly disproportional, arises the goodly and the graceful symmetry
+that commends the whole pile and structure.
+
+Let us therefore be more considerate builders, more wise in spiritual
+architecture, when great reformation is expected. For now the time
+seems come, wherein Moses the great prophet may sit in heaven
+rejoicing to see that memorable and glorious wish of his fulfilled,
+when not only our seventy elders, but all the Lord's people, are
+become prophets. No marvel then tho some men, and some good men too
+perhaps, but young in goodness, as Joshua then was, envy them. They
+fret, and out of their own weakness are in agony, lest these divisions
+and subdivisions will undo us. The adversary again applauds, and waits
+the hour: When they have branched themselves out, saith he, small
+enough into parties and partitions, then will be our time. Fool! he
+sees not the firm root out of which we all grow, tho into branches:
+nor will beware until he see our small divided maniples cutting
+through at every angle of his ill-united and unwieldy brigade. And
+that we are to hope better of all these supposed sects and schisms,
+and that we shall not need that solicitude, honest perhaps tho
+over-timorous of them that vex in this behalf, but shall laugh in the
+end at those malicious applauders of our differences, I have these
+reasons to persuade me....
+
+Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself
+like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks.
+Methinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youth, and kindling
+her undazzled eyes at the full midday beam: purging and unsealing her
+long-abused sight at the fountain itself of heavenly radiance; while
+the whole noise of timorous and flocking birds, with those also that
+love the twilight, flutter about, amazed at what she means, and in
+their envious gabble would prognosticate a year of sects and schisms.
+
+What should ye do then? should ye suppress all this flowery crop of
+knowledge and new light sprung up and yet springing daily in this
+city? should ye set an oligarchy of twenty engrossers over it, to
+bring a famine upon our minds again, when we shall know nothing but
+what is measured to us by their bushel? Believe it, Lords and Commons,
+they who counsel ye to such a suppressing do as good as bid ye
+suppress yourselves; and I will soon show how. If it be desired to
+know the immediate cause of all this free writing and free speaking,
+there can not be assigned a truer than your own mild and free and
+humane government. It is the liberty, Lords and Commons, which your
+own valorous and happy counsels have purchased us, liberty which is
+the nurse of all great wits; this is that which hath rarefied and
+enlightened our spirits like the influence of heaven; this is that
+which hath enfranchised, enlarged and lifted up our apprehensions
+degrees above themselves.
+
+Ye can not make us now less capable, less knowing, less eagerly
+pursuing of the truth, unless ye first make yourselves, that made us
+so, less the lovers, less the founders of our true liberty. We can
+grow ignorant again, brutish, formal and slavish, as ye found us; but
+you then must first become that which ye can not be, oppressive,
+arbitrary and tyrannous, as they were from whom ye have freed us. That
+our hearts are now more capacious, our thoughts more erected to the
+search and expectation of greatest and exactest things, is the issue
+of your own virtue propagated in us; ye can not suppress that, unless
+ye reinforce an abrogated and merciless law, that fathers may dispatch
+at will their own children. And who shall then stick closest to ye,
+and excite others? not he who takes up arms for coat and conduct, and
+his four nobles of Danegelt. Altho I dispraise not the defense of
+just immunities, yet love my peace better, if that were all. Give me
+the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to
+conscience, above all liberties.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+OF FUGITIVE AND CLOISTERED VIRTUE[83]
+
+
+I can not praise a fugitive and cloistered virtue, unexercised and
+unbreathed, that never sallies out and sees her adversary, but slinks
+out of the race, where that immortal garland is to be run for, not
+without dust and heat. Assuredly we bring not innocence into the
+world, we bring impurity much rather; that which purifies us is trial,
+and trial is by what is contrary. That virtue therefore which is but a
+youngling in the contemplation of evil, and knows not the utmost that
+vice promises to her followers, and rejects it, is but a blank virtue,
+not a pure; her whiteness is but an excremental whiteness. Which was
+the reason why our sage and serious poet Spenser, whom I dare be known
+to think a better teacher than Scotus or Aquinas, describing true
+temperance under the person of Guion, brings him in with his palmer
+through the cave of Mammon, and the bower of earthly bliss, that he
+might see and know, and yet abstain. Since therefore the knowledge and
+survey of vice is in this world so necessary to the constituting of
+human virtue, and the scanning of error to the confirmation of truth,
+how can we more safely, and with less danger, scout into the regions
+of sin and falsity than by reading all manner of tractates and hearing
+all manner of reason? And this is the benefit which may be had of
+books promiscuously read.
+
+But of the harm that may result hence three kinds are usually
+reckoned. First, is feared the infection that may spread; but then all
+human learning and controversy in religious points must remove out of
+the world, yea the Bible itself; for that ofttimes relates blasphemy
+not nicely, it describes the carnal sense of wicked men not
+unelegantly, it brings in holiest men passionately murmuring against
+Providence through all the arguments of Epicurus: in other great
+disputes it answers dubiously and darkly to the common reader. And ask
+a Talmudist what ails the modesty of his marginal Keri, that Moses and
+all the prophets can not persuade him to pronounce the textual Chetiv.
+For these causes we all know the Bible itself put by the Papist into
+the first rank of prohibited books. The ancientest fathers must be
+next removed, as Clement of Alexandria, and that Eusebian book of
+Evangelic preparation, transmitting our ears through a hoard of
+heathenish obscenities to receive the Gospel. Who finds not that
+Irenæus, Epiphanius, Jerome, and others discover more heresies than
+they well confute, and that oft for heresy which is the truer opinion?
+
+Nor boots it to say for these, and all the heathen writers of greatest
+infection, if it must be thought so, with whom is bound up the life of
+human learning, that they writ in an unknown tongue, so long as we
+are sure those languages are known as well to the worst of men, who
+are both most able, and most diligent to instil the poison they suck,
+first into the courts of princes, acquainting them with the choicest
+delights, and criticisms of sin. As perhaps did that Petronius whom
+Nero called his Arbiter, the master of his revels; and the notorious
+ribald of Arezzo,[84] dreaded and yet dear to the Italian courtiers. I
+name not him for posterity's sake, whom Henry VIII named in merriment
+his vicar of hell. By which compendious way all the contagion that
+foreign books can infuse will find a passage to the people far easier
+and shorter than an Indian voyage, tho it could be sailed either by
+the north of Cataio eastward, or of Canada westward, while our Spanish
+licensing gags the English press never so severely.
+
+But on the other side that infection which is from books of
+controversy in religion is more doubtful and dangerous to the learned
+than to the ignorant; and yet those books must be permitted untouched
+by the licenser. It will be hard to instance where any ignorant man
+hath been ever seduced by papistical book in English, unless it were
+commended and expounded to him by some of that clergy: and indeed all
+such tractates, whether false or true, are as the prophecy of Isaiah
+was to the eunuch, not to be understood without a guide.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 75: From "The Reason of Church Government."]
+
+[Footnote 76: Bembo, cardinal and man of letters, was born in Venice
+in 1470 and died in 1547. He wrote poems and other works, and was the
+friend of the first men of culture in his age. Several popes honored
+him, and he had the intimate friendship of Lucretia Borgia.]
+
+[Footnote 77: Godfrey of Bouillon, leader of the First Crusade, died
+in Jerusalem in 1100, a year after he had defeated the Sultan of Egypt
+at Ascalon.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Chief among the Greek fathers of the church, born about
+185 A.D. and the author of many books.]
+
+[Footnote 79: From the "Tractate on Education."]
+
+[Footnote 80: From the "Apology for Smectymnus."]
+
+[Footnote 81: From the "Areopagitica."]
+
+[Footnote 82: From the "Areopagitica."]
+
+[Footnote 83: From the "Areopagitica."]
+
+[Footnote 84: A reference to Pietro Aretino, born in 1492, died in
+1557, a notoriously indecent writer and adventurer. Henry VIII once
+sent him 300 crowns.]
+
+
+
+
+LORD CLARENDON
+
+     Born in 1608, died in 1674; entered Parliament In 1640;
+     chancellor of the Exchequer in 1643; chief adviser of
+     Charles the First during the Civil War; lord chancellor
+     1660-67; impeached and banished; his "History of the
+     Rebellion" published in 1702-04.
+
+
+
+
+OF CHARLES I[85]
+
+
+But it will not be unnecessary to add a short character of his person,
+that posterity may know the inestimable loss which the nation then
+underwent, in being deprived of a prince whose example would have had
+a greater influence upon the manners and piety of the nation, than the
+most strict laws can have. To speak first of his private
+qualifications as a man, before the mention of his princely and royal
+virtues; he was, if ever any, the most worthy of the title of an
+honest man; so great a lover of justice, that no temptation could
+dispose him to a wrongful action, except it was so disguised to him
+that he believed it to be just. He had a tenderness and compassion of
+nature which restrained him from ever doing a hard-hearted thing; and,
+therefore, he was so apt to grant pardon to malefactors, that the
+judges of the land represented to him the damage and insecurity to the
+public that flowed from such his indulgence. And then he restrained
+himself from pardoning either murders or highway robberies, and
+quickly discerned the fruits of his severity by a wonderful
+reformation of those enormities. He was very punctual and regular in
+his devotions; he was never known to enter upon his recreations or
+sports, tho never so early in the morning, before he had been at
+public prayers; so that on hunting-days his chaplains were bound to a
+very early attendance. He was likewise very strict in observing the
+hours of his private cabinet devotions, and was so severe an exacter
+of gravity and reverence in all mention of religion, that he could
+never endure any light or profane word, with what sharpness of wit
+soever it was covered; and tho he was well pleased and delighted with
+reading verses made upon any occasion, no man durst bring before him
+anything that was profane or unclean. That kind of wit had never any
+countenance then. He was so great an example of conjugal affection,
+that they who did not imitate him in that particular, durst not brag
+of their liberty; and he did not only permit, but direct his bishops
+to prosecute those scandalous vices, in the ecclesiastical courts,
+against persons of eminence, and near relation to his service.
+
+His kingly virtues had some mixture and allay that hindered them from
+shining in full luster, and from producing those fruits they should
+have been attended with. He was not in his nature very bountiful, tho
+he gave very much. This appeared more after the Duke of Buckingham's
+death,[86] after which those showers fell very rarely; and he paused
+too long in giving, which made those to whom he gave less sensible of
+the benefit. He kept state to the full, which made his court very
+orderly, no man presuming to be seen in a place where he had no
+pretence to be. He saw and observed men long before he received them
+about his person; and did not love strangers, nor very confident men.
+He was a patient hearer of causes, which he frequently accustomed
+himself to at the council board, and judged very well, and was
+dexterous in the mediating part; so that he often put an end to causes
+by persuasion, which the stubbornness of men's humors made dilatory in
+courts of justice.
+
+He was very fearless in his person; but, in his riper years, not very
+enterprising. He had an excellent understanding, but was not confident
+enough of it; which made him oftentimes change his own opinion for a
+worse, and follow the advice of men that did not judge so well as
+himself. This made him more irresolute than the conjuncture of his
+affairs would admit; if he had been of a rougher and more imperious
+nature, he would have found more respect and duty. And his not
+applying some severe cures to approaching evils proceeded from the
+lenity of his nature, and the tenderness of his conscience, which, in
+all cases of blood, made him choose the softer way, and not hearken to
+severe counsels, how reasonable soever urged. This only restrained him
+from pursuing his advantage.
+
+As he excelled in all other virtues, so in temperance he was so strict
+that he abhorred all debauchery to that degree, that, at a great
+festival solemnity, where he once was, when very many of the nobility
+of the English and Scots were entertained, being told by one who
+withdrew from thence, what vast drafts of wine they drank, and "that
+there was one earl who had drunk most of the rest down, and was not
+himself moved or altered," the king said "that he deserved to be
+hanged"; and that earl coming shortly after into the room where his
+majesty was, in some gaiety, to shew how unhurt he was from that
+battle, the king sent some one to bid him withdraw from his majesty's
+presence; nor did he in some days after appear before him.
+
+So many miraculous circumstances contributed to his ruin, that men
+might well think that heaven and earth conspired it. Tho he was, from
+the first declension of his power, so much betrayed by his own
+servants, that there were very few who remained faithful to him, yet
+that treachery proceeded not always from any treasonable purpose to do
+him any harm, but from particular and personal animosities against
+other men. And afterward, the terror all men were under of the
+parliament, and the guilt they were conscious of themselves, made them
+watch all opportunities to make themselves gracious to those who could
+do them good; and so they became spies upon their master, and from one
+piece of knavery were hardened and confirmed to undertake another,
+till at last they had no hope of preservation but by the destruction
+of their master.
+
+And after all this, when a man might reasonably believe that less than
+a universal defection of three nations could not have reduced a great
+king to so ugly a fate, it is most certain that, in that very hour,
+when he was thus wickedly murdered in the sight of the sun, he had as
+great a share in the hearts and affections of his subjects in general,
+was as much beloved, esteemed and longed for by the people in general
+of the three nations, as any of his predecessors had ever been. To
+conclude, he was the worthiest gentleman, the best master, the best
+friend, the best husband, the best father, and the best Christian that
+the age in which he lived produced. And if he were not the greatest
+king, if, he were without some parts and qualities which have made
+some kings great and happy, no other prince was ever unhappy who was
+possest of half his virtues and endowments, and so much, without any
+kind of vice.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 85: From the "History of the Rebellion."]
+
+[Footnote 86: George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham, the chief
+minister of Charles, was assassinated by John Felton in 1628.]
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS FULLER
+
+     Born in 1608, died in 1661; educated at Cambridge; Joined
+     King Charles I at Oxford in 1643; after the Restoration
+     chaplain to Charles II; published "The Holy State and the
+     Profane State" in 1642, and "Worthies of England" in 1662.
+
+
+
+
+QUALITIES OF THE GOOD SCHOOLMASTER[87]
+
+
+There is scarce any profession in the commonwealth more necessary,
+which is so slightly performed. The reasons whereof I conceive to be
+these: First, young scholars make this calling their refuge; yea,
+perchance, before they have taken any degree in the university,
+commence schoolmasters in the country, as if nothing else were
+required to set up this profession but only a rod and a ferula.
+Secondly, others who are able, use it only as a passage to better
+preferment to patch the rents in their present fortune, till they can
+provide a new one, and betake themselves to some more gainful calling.
+Thirdly, they are disheartened from doing their best with the
+miserable reward which in some places they receive, being masters to
+their children and slaves to their parents. Fourthly, being grown
+rich, they grow negligent, and scorn to touch the school but by the
+proxy of the usher. But see how well our schoolmaster behaves himself.
+
+His genius inclines him with delight to his profession. Some men had
+as well be school-boys as schoolmasters, to be tied to the school, as
+Cooper's Dictionary[88] and Scapula's Lexicon are chained to the desk
+therein; and tho great scholars, and skilful in other arts, are
+bunglers in this. But God, of his goodness, hath fitted several men
+for several callings, that the necessity of church and state, in all
+conditions, may be provided for. So that he who beholds the fabric
+thereof, may say, God hewed out the stone, and appointed it to lie in
+this very place, for it would fit none other so well, and here it doth
+most excellent. And thus God moldeth some for a schoolmaster's life,
+undertaking it with desire and delight, and discharging it with
+dexterity and happy success.
+
+He studieth his scholars' natures as carefully as they their books;
+and ranks their dispositions into several forms. And tho it may seem
+difficult for him in a great school to descend to all particulars, yet
+experienced schoolmasters may quickly make a grammar of boys' natures,
+and reduce them all--saving some few exceptions--to these general
+rules:
+
+1. Those that are ingenious and industrious. The conjunction of two
+such planets in a youth presage much good unto him. To such a lad a
+frown may be a whipping, and a whipping a death; yea, where their
+master whips them once, shame whips them all the week after. Such
+natures he useth with all gentleness.
+
+2. Those that are ingenious and idle. These think with the hare in
+the fable, that running with snails--so they count the rest of their
+schoolfellows--they shall come soon enough to the post, tho sleeping a
+good while before their starting. O! a good rod would finely take them
+napping!
+
+3. Those that are dull and diligent. Wines, the stronger they be, the
+more lees they have when they are new. Many boys are muddy-headed till
+they be clarified with age, and such afterward prove the best. Bristol
+diamonds are both bright, and squared, and pointed by nature, and yet
+are soft and worthless; whereas Orient ones in India are rough and
+rugged naturally. Hard, rugged, and dull natures of youth acquit
+themselves afterward the jewels of the country, and therefore their
+dulness at first is to be borne with, if they be diligent. That
+schoolmaster deserves to be beaten himself who beats nature in a boy
+for a fault. And I question whether all the whipping in the world can
+make their parts which are naturally sluggish rise one minute before
+the hour nature hath appointed.
+
+4. Those that are invincibly dull, and negligent also. Correction may
+reform the latter, not amend the former. All the whetting in the world
+can never set a razor's edge on that which hath no steel in it. Such
+boys he consigneth over to other professions. Shipwrights and
+boat-makers will choose those crooked pieces of timber which other
+carpenters refuse. Those may make excellent merchants and mechanics
+who will not serve for scholars.
+
+He is able, diligent, and methodical in his teaching; not leading them
+rather in a circle than forward. He minces his precepts for children
+to swallow, hanging clogs on the nimbleness of his own soul, that his
+scholars may go along with him.
+
+He is and will be known to be an absolute monarch in his school. If
+cockering mothers proffer him money to purchase their sons an
+exemption from his rod--to live, as it were, in a peculiar, out of
+their master's jurisdiction--with disdain he refuseth it, and scorns
+the late custom in some places of commuting whipping into money, and
+ransoming boys from the rod at a set price. If he hath a stubborn
+youth, correction-proof, he debaseth not his authority by contesting
+with him, but fairly, if he can, puts him away before his obstinacy
+hath infected others.
+
+He is moderate in inflicting deserved correction. Many a schoolmaster
+better answereth the name _paidotribes_ than _paidagogos_, rather
+tearing his scholars' flesh with whipping than giving them good
+education. No wonder if his scholars hate the Muses, being presented
+unto them in the shapes of fiends and furies.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 87: From "The Holy and Profane State."]
+
+[Footnote 88: Cooper's "Latin Dictionary" was first published in 1565
+and was long a standard school-book in England. It received the
+special patronage of Queen Elizabeth. Cooper was made Bishop of
+Winchester in 1584.]
+
+
+
+
+JEREMY TAYLOR
+
+     Baptized in 1618, died in 1667; son of a barber; educated at
+     Cambridge; chaplain to Charles I during the Civil War; after
+     the Restoration made Bishop of Down and Connor, and a member
+     of the Irish Privy Council; his "Holy Living" published in
+     1650, and "Holy Dying" in 1651.
+
+
+
+
+THE BENEFITS OF ADVERSITY[89]
+
+
+No man is more miserable than he that hath no adversity--that man is
+not tried whether he be good or bad: and God never crowns those
+virtues which are only faculties and dispositions; but every act of
+virtue is an ingredient into reward. And we see many children fairly
+planted, whose parts of nature were never drest by art, nor called
+from the furrows of their first possibilities by discipline and
+institution, and they dwell forever in ignorance, and converse with
+beasts; and yet if they had been drest and exercised, might have stood
+at the chairs of princes, or spoken parables amongst the rulers of
+cities. Our virtues are but in the seed when the grace of God comes
+upon us first; but this grace must be thrown into broken furrows, and
+must twice feel the cold and twice feel the heat, and be softened with
+storms and showers, and then it will arise into fruitfulness and
+harvests. And what is there in the world to distinguish virtues from
+dishonors, or the valor of Cæsar from the softness of the Egyptian
+eunuchs, or that can make anything rewardable but the labor and the
+danger, the pain and the difficulty? Virtue could not be anything but
+sensuality if it were the entertainment of our senses and fond
+desires; and Apicius had been the noblest of all the Romans, if
+feeding and great appetite and despising the severities of temperance
+had been the work and proper employment of a wise man. But otherwise
+do fathers and otherwise do mothers handle their children. These
+soften them with kisses and imperfect noises, with the pap and
+breast-milk of soft endearments; they rescue them from tutors and
+snatch them from discipline; they desire to keep them fat and warm,
+and their feet dry, and their bellies full: and then the children
+govern, and cry, and prove fools and troublesome, so long as the
+feminine republic does endure.
+
+But fathers--because they design to have their children wise and
+valiant, apt for counsel or for arms--send them to severe governments,
+and tie them to study, to hard labor, and afflictive contingencies.
+They rejoice when the bold boy strikes a lion with his hunting-spear,
+and shrinks not when the beast comes to affright his early courage.
+Softness is for slaves and beasts, for minstrels and useless persons,
+for such who can not ascend higher than the state of a fair ox or a
+servant entertained for vainer offices; but the man that designs his
+son for nobler employments--to honors and to triumphs, to consular
+dignities and presidencies of councils--loves to see him pale with
+study or panting with labor, hardened with suffrance or eminent by
+dangers. And so God dresses us for heaven: he loves to see us
+struggling with a disease, and resisting the devil, and contesting
+against the weaknesses of nature, and against hope to believe in
+hope--resigning ourselves to God's will, praying Him to choose for us,
+and dying in all things but faith and its blest consequents; _ut ad
+officium cum periculo sinus prompti_--and the danger and the
+resistance shall endear the office. For so have I known the boisterous
+north wind pass through the yielding air, which opened its bosom, and
+appeased its violence by entertaining it with easy compliance in all
+the region of its reception; but when the same breath of heaven hath
+been checked with the stiffness of a tower, or the united strength of
+a wood, it grew mighty and dwelt there, and made the highest branches
+stoop and make a smooth path for it on the top of all its glories.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 89: From the "Rules and Exercises of Holy Dying."]
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM COWLEY
+
+     Born in 1618, died in 1667; son of a stationer; educated at
+     Cambridge and Oxford; identified himself with the Royalists;
+     fled with the Queen to France in 1646; returned to England
+     in 1656, settled afterward at Chertsey; highly esteemed in
+     his own day as a poet; his works first collected in 1668.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+OF OBSCURITY[90]
+
+
+What a brave privilege is it to be free from all contentions, from all
+envying or being envied, from receiving and from paying all kind of
+ceremonies! It is, in my mind, a very delightful pastime for two good
+and agreeable friends to travel up and down together, in places where
+they are by nobody known, nor know anybody. It was the ease of Æneas
+and his Achates, when they walked invisibly about the fields and
+streets of Carthage. Venus herself
+
+    A veil of thickened air around them cast,
+    That none might know, or see them, as they passed.
+
+VIRG.1 _Æn._
+
+The common story of Demosthenes's confession, that he had taken great
+pleasure in hearing of a tanker-woman say, as he passed: "This is that
+Demosthenes," is wonderfully ridiculous from so solid an orator. I
+myself have often met with that temptation to vanity, if it were any;
+but am so far from finding it any pleasure, that it only makes me run
+faster from the place, till I get, as it were, out of sight-shot.
+Democritus[91] relates, and in such a manner as if he gloried in the
+good fortune and commodity of it, that, when he came to Athens, nobody
+there did so much as take notice of him; and Epicurus lived there very
+well, that is, lay hid many years in his gardens, so famous since that
+time, with his friend Metrodorus: after whose death, making, in one of
+his letters, a kind commemoration of the happiness which they two had
+enjoyed together, he adds at last that he thought it no disparagement
+to those great felicities of their life, that, in the midst of the
+most talked-of and talking country in the world, they had lived so
+long, not only without fame, but almost without being heard of; and
+yet, within a very few years afterward, there were no two names of men
+more known or more generally celebrated.
+
+If we engage into a large acquaintance and various familiarities, we
+set open our gates to the invaders of most of our time; we expose our
+life to a quotidian ague of frigid impertinences, which would make a
+wise man tremble to think of. Now, as for being known much by sight,
+and pointed at, I can not comprehend the honor that lies in that;
+whatsoever it be, every mountebank has it more than the best doctor,
+and the hangman more than the lord chief-justice of a city. Every
+creature has it, both of nature and art, if it be anyways
+extraordinary.
+
+It was as often said: "This is that Bucephalus,"[92] or, "This is that
+Incitatus,"[93] when they were led prancing through the streets, as,
+"This is that Alexander," or, "This is that Domitian"; and truly, for
+the latter, I take Incitatus to have been a much more honorable beast
+than his master, and more deserving the consulship than he the empire.
+
+I love and commend a true good fame, because it is the shadow of
+virtue: not that it doth any good to the body which it accompanies,
+but it is an efficacious shadow, and like that of St. Peter, cures the
+diseases of others. The best kind of glory, no doubt, is that which is
+reflected from honesty, such as was the glory of Cato and Aristides;
+but it was harmful to them both, and is seldom beneficial to any man
+whilst he lives; what it is to him after his death, I can not say,
+because I love not philosophy merely notional and conjectural, and no
+man who has made the experiment has been so kind as to come back to
+inform us. Upon the whole matter, I account a person who has a
+moderate mind and fortune, and lives in the conversation of two or
+three agreeable friends, with little commerce in the world besides,
+who is esteemed well enough by his few neighbors that know him, and is
+truly irreproachable by anybody; and so, after a healthful quiet life,
+before the great inconveniences of old age, goes more silently out of
+it than he came in--for I would not have him so much as cry in the
+exit: this innocent deceiver of the world, as Horace calls him, this
+_muta persona_, I take to have been more happy in his part than the
+greatest actors that fill the stage with show and noise; nay, even
+than Augustus himself, who asked, with his last breath, whether he had
+not played his farce very well.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+OF PROCRASTINATION[94]
+
+
+I am glad that you approve and applaud my design of withdrawing myself
+from all tumult and business of the world, and consecrating the little
+rest of my time to those studies to which nature had so motherly
+inclined me, and from which fortune, like a step-mother, has so long
+detained me. But, nevertheless, you say (which _but_ is _ærugo mera_,
+a rust which spoils the good metal it grows upon)--but you say you
+would advise me not to precipitate that resolution, but to stay a
+while longer with patience and complaisance, till I had gotten such an
+estate as might accord me--according to the saying of that person,
+whom you and I love very much, and would believe as soon as another
+man--_cum dignitate otium_. This were excellent advice to Joshua, who
+could bid the sun stay too. But there's no fooling with life, when it
+is once turned beyond forty: the seeking for a fortune then is but a
+desperate after-game; 'tis a hundred to one if a man fling two sixes,
+and recover all; especially if his hand be no luckier than mine.
+
+There is some help for all the defects of fortune; for if a man can
+not attain to the length of his wishes, he may have his remedy by
+cutting of them shorter. Epicurus writes a letter to Idomeneus--who
+was then a very powerful, wealthy, and, it seems, a bountiful
+person--to recommend to him, who had made so many rich, one Pythocles,
+a friend of his, whom he desired might be made a rich man too; "but I
+entreat you that you would not do it just the same way as you have
+done to many less deserving persons; but in the most gentlemanly
+manner of obliging him, which is, not to add anything to his estate,
+but to take something from his desires."
+
+The sum of this is, that for the certain hopes of some conveniences,
+we ought not to defer the execution of a work that is necessary;
+especially when the use of those things which we would stay for may
+otherwise be supplied, but the loss of time never recovered; nay,
+farther yet, tho we were sure to obtain all that we had a mind to, tho
+we were sure of getting never so much by continuing the game, yet when
+the light of life is so near going out, and ought to be so precious,
+_le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle_, the play is not worth the expense
+of the candle; after having been long tossed in a tempest, if our
+masts be standing, and we have still sail and tackling enough to carry
+us to our port, it is no matter for the want of streamers and
+topgallants.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 90: From the "Essays."]
+
+[Footnote 91: Democritus was born about 460 B.C.and died about 857.
+He was often known as "The Laughing Philosopher."]
+
+[Footnote 92: The famous horse ridden by Alexander the Great.]
+
+[Footnote 93: A horse ridden by the Roman Emperor Domitian.]
+
+[Footnote 94: From the "Essays."]
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE FOX
+
+     Born in 1624, died in 1691; founder of the Society of
+     Friends; son of a weaver, apprenticed to a shoemaker; became
+     an itinerant lay preacher at the age of 25, completing the
+     organization of the Society of Friends in 1669; made
+     missionary journeys to Scotland, Ireland, and West Indies,
+     Holland and North America (1671-72); frequently imprisoned
+     for infraction of the laws against Conventicles.
+
+
+
+
+AN INTERVIEW WITH OLIVER CROMWELL[95]
+
+
+After Captain Drury had lodged me at the Mermaid, over against the
+Mews at Charing Cross, he went to give the Protector an account of me.
+When he came to me again, he told me the Protector required that I
+should promise not to take up a carnal sword or weapon against him or
+the government, as it then was; and that I should write it in what
+words I saw good, and set my hand to it. I said little in reply to
+Captain Drury, but the next morning I was moved of the Lord to write a
+paper to the Protector, by the name of Oliver Cromwell, wherein I did,
+in the presence of the Lord God, declare that I did deny the wearing
+or drawing of a "carnal sword, or any other outward weapon, against
+him or any man; and that I was sent of God to stand a witness against
+all violence, and against the works of darkness, and to turn people
+from darkness to light; to bring them from the occasion of war and
+fighting to the peaceable Gospel, and from being evil-doers, which the
+magistrates' sword should be a terror to." When I had written what the
+Lord had given me to write, I set my name to it, and gave it to
+Captain Drury to hand to Oliver Cromwell, which he did. After some
+time, Captain Drury brought me before the Protector himself at
+Whitehall. It was in a morning, before he was drest; and one Harvey,
+who had come a little among friends, but was disobedient, waited upon
+him.
+
+When I came in, I was moved to say: "Peace be in this house"; and I
+exhorted him to keep in the fear of God, that he might receive wisdom
+from Him; that by it he might be ordered, and with it might order all
+things under his hand unto God's glory. I spoke much to him of truth;
+and a great deal of discourse I had with him about religion, wherein
+he carried himself very moderately. But he said we quarreled with the
+priests, whom he called ministers. I told him, "I did not quarrel with
+them, they quarreled with me and my friends. But, said I, if we own
+the prophets, Christ, and the apostles, we can not hold up such
+teachers, prophets, and shepherds, as the prophets, Christ, and the
+apostles declared against; but we must declare against them by the
+same power and spirit." Then I shewed him that the prophets, Christ,
+and the apostles, declared freely, and declared against them that did
+not declare freely; such as preached for filthy lucre, divined for
+money, and preached for hire, and were covetous and greedy, like the
+dumb dogs that could never have enough; and that they who have the
+same spirit that Christ, and the prophets, and the apostles had, could
+not but declare against all such now, as they did then. As I spoke, he
+several times said it was very good, and it was truth. I told him:
+"That all Christendom, so called, had the Scriptures, but they wanted
+the power and spirit that those had who gave forth the Scriptures, and
+that was the reason they were not in fellowship with the Son, nor with
+the Father, nor with the Scriptures, nor one with another."
+
+Many more words I had with him, but people coming in, I drew a little
+back. As I was turning, he catched me by the hand, and with tears in
+his eyes said: "Come again to my house, for if thou and I were but an
+hour of a day together, we should be nearer one to the other"; adding,
+that he wished me no more ill than he did to his own soul. I told him,
+if he did, he wronged his own soul, and admonished him to harken to
+God's voice, that he might stand in His counsel, and obey it; and if
+he did so, that would keep him from hardness of heart; but if he did
+not hear God's voice, his heart would be hardened. He said it was
+true. Then I went out; and when Captain Drury came out after me, he
+told me the lord Protector said I was at liberty, and might go whither
+I would. Then I was brought into a great hall, where the Protector's
+gentlemen were to dine. I asked them what they brought me thither for.
+They said it was by the Protector's order, that I might dine with
+them. I bid them let the Protector know I would not eat of his bread,
+nor drink of his drink. When he heard this, he said: "Now I see there
+is a people risen that I can not win, either with gifts, honors,
+offices, or places; but all other sects and people I can." It was told
+him again, "That we had forsook our own, and were not like to look for
+such things from him."[96]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 95: From the "Journal."]
+
+[Footnote 96: Just before Cromwell's death, Fox had another interview
+with him of which he wrote: "The same day, taking boat, I went down
+(_up_) to Kingston, and from thence to Hampton Court, to speak with
+the Protector about the sufferings of friends. I met him riding into
+Hampton Court Park; and before I came to him, as he rode at the head
+of his life-guard, I saw and felt a waft (_whiff_) of death go forth
+against him; and when I came to him he looked like a dead man. After I
+had laid the sufferings of friends before him, and had warned him
+according as I was moved to speak to him, he bade me come to his
+house. So I returned to Kingston, and the next day went up to Hampton
+Court to speak further with him. But when I came, Harvey, who was one
+that waited on him, told me the doctors were not willing that I should
+speak with him. So I passed away, and never saw him more."
+
+Carlyle in his "Life and Letters of Cromwell," quoting this passage,
+says: "His life, if thou knew it, has not been a merry thing for this
+man, now or heretofore! I fancy he has been looking this long while to
+give it up, whenever the Commander-in-chief required. To quit his
+laborious sentry-post; honorably lay up his arms, and be gone to his
+rest--all eternity to rest in, George! Was thy own life merry, for
+example, in the hollow of the tree; clad permanently in leather? And
+does kingly purple, and governing refractory worlds instead of
+stitching coarse shoes, make it merrier? The waft of death is not
+against him, I think--perhaps, against thee, and me, and others, O
+George, when the Nell Gwynne defender and two centuries of
+all-victorious cant have come in upon us!"]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN BUNYAN
+
+     Baptized in 1628, died in 1688; son of a tinker, adopting
+     his father's trade; served two years in the Civil Wars;
+     joined a Non-Conformist body at Bedford about 1645, becoming
+     a traveling preacher in the midland counties; arrested in
+     1660 under statutes against Non-Conformists and spent
+     several years in jail, where he wrote part of his "Pilgrim's
+     Progress," published in 1678-1684; on being released from
+     prison was licensed to preach and remained pastor at Bedford
+     until he died.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+A DREAM OF THE CELESTIAL CITY[97]
+
+
+Now I saw in my dream that by this time the pilgrims were got over the
+Enchanted Ground, and entering into the country of Beulah, whose air
+was very sweet and pleasant, the way lying directly through it, they
+solaced them there for the season. Yea, here they heard continually
+the singing of birds, and saw every day the flowers appear in the
+earth, and heard the voice of the turtle in the land. In this country
+the sun shineth night and day; wherefore it was beyond the Valley of
+the Shadow of Death, and also out of the reach of Giant Despair;
+neither could they from this place so much as see Doubting Castle.
+Here they were within sight of the city they were going to; also here
+met them some of the inhabitants thereof: for in this land the
+shining ones commonly walked, because it was upon the borders of
+Heaven. In this land, also, the contract between the bride and
+bridegroom was renewed; yea, here, "as the bridegroom rejoiceth over
+the bride, so did their God rejoice over them." Here they had no want
+of corn and wine; for in this place they met abundance of what they
+had sought for in all their pilgrimage. Here they heard voices from
+out of the city, loud voices, saying: "Say ye to the daughter of Zion,
+behold thy salvation cometh! Behold, his reward is with him!" Here all
+the inhabitants of the country called them "the holy people, the
+redeemed of the Lord, sought out," etc.
+
+Now, as they walked in this land, they had more rejoicing than in
+parts more remote from the kingdom to which they were bound; and
+drawing nearer to the city yet, they had a more perfect view thereof:
+it was built of pearls and precious stones, also the streets thereof
+were paved with gold; so that, by reason of the natural glory of the
+city, and the reflection of the sunbeams upon it, Christian with
+desire fell sick; Hopeful also had a fit or two of the same disease:
+wherefore here they lay by it a while, crying out, because of their
+pangs: "If you see my Beloved, tell him that I am sick of love."
+
+But being a little strengthened, and better able to bear their
+sickness, they walked on their way, and came yet nearer and nearer,
+where were orchards, vineyards, and gardens, and their gates opened
+into the highway. Now, as they came up to these places, behold the
+gardener stood in the way, to whom the pilgrims said: Whose goodly
+vineyards and gardens are these? He answered: They are the King's, and
+are planted here for his own delight, and also for the solace of
+pilgrims: so the gardener had them into the vineyards and bid them
+refresh themselves with dainties; he also shewed them there the King's
+walks and arbors, where he delighted to be; and here they tarried and
+slept.
+
+Now, I beheld in my dream that they talked more in their sleep at this
+time than ever they did in all their journey; and being in a muse
+thereabout, the gardener said even to me: Wherefore musest thou at the
+matter? It is the nature of the fruit of the grapes of these vineyards
+to go down so sweetly, as to cause the lips of them that are asleep to
+speak.
+
+So I saw that when they awoke, they addrest themselves to go up to the
+city. But, as I said, the reflection of the sun upon the city--for the
+city was pure gold--was so extremely glorious, that they could not as
+yet with open face behold it, but through an instrument made for that
+purpose. So I saw that, as they went on, there met them two men in
+raiment that shone like gold; also their faces shone as the light.
+
+These men asked the pilgrims whence they came; and they told them.
+They also asked them where they had lodged, what difficulties and
+dangers, what comforts and pleasures, they had met with in their way;
+and they told them. Then said the men that met them: You have but two
+difficulties more to meet with, and then you are in the city.
+
+Christian and his companion then asked the men to go along with them;
+so they told them that they would. But, said they, you must obtain it
+by your own faith. So I saw in my dream that they went on together
+till they came in sight of the gate....
+
+Then I saw in my dream that Christian was in a muse a while. To whom,
+also, Hopeful added these words: Be of good cheer; Jesus Christ maketh
+thee whole: and with that Christian brake out with a loud voice--Oh! I
+see him again; and he tells me: "When thou passest through the waters,
+I will be with thee; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow
+thee." Then they both took courage, and the enemy was after that as
+still as a stone, until they were gone over. Christian, therefore,
+presently found ground to stand upon, and so it followed that the rest
+of the river was but shallow; but thus they got over. Now, upon the
+bank of the river on the other side, they saw the two shining men
+again, who there waited for them; wherefore, being come out of the
+river, they saluted them, saying "We are ministering spirits, sent for
+to minister to those that shall be heirs of salvation." Thus they went
+along toward the gate. Now you must note that the city stood upon a
+mighty hill; but the pilgrims went up that hill with ease, because
+they had these two men to lead them up by the arms; they had likewise
+left their mortal garments behind them in the river; for tho they went
+in with them, they came out without them. They therefore went up here
+with much agility and speed, tho the foundation upon which the city
+was framed was higher than the clouds.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE DEATH OF VALIANT-FOR-TRUTH AND OF STAND-FAST[98]
+
+
+It was noised abroad that Mr _Valiant-for-truth_ was taken with a
+Summons by the same Post as the other, and had this for a Token that
+the Summons was true, That his Pitcher was broken at the Fountain.
+When he understood it, he called for his Friends, and told them of it.
+Then said he, I am going to my Fathers, and tho with great difficulty
+I am got hither, yet now I do not repent me of all the Trouble I have
+been at to arrive where I am. My Sword I give to him that shall
+succeed me in my Pilgrimage, and my Courage and Skill to him that can
+get it. My Marks and Scars I carry with me, to be a witness for me
+that I have fought his Battles who now will be my Rewarder. When the
+day that he must go hence was come, many accompanied him to the
+River-side, into which as he went he said, Death, where is thy Sting?
+And as he went down deeper he said, Grave, where is thy Victory? So he
+passed over, and all the Trumpets sounded for him on the other side.
+
+Then there came forth a Summons for Mr _Stand-fast_ (This Mr
+_Stand-fast_ was he that the rest of the Pilgrims found upon his Knees
+in the Inchanted Ground), for the Post brought it him open in his
+hands. The contents whereof were, _that he must prepare for a Change
+of Life, for his Master was not willing that he should be so far from
+him any longer_. At this Mr _Stand-fast_ was put into a muse. Nay,
+said the Messenger, you need not doubt of the truth of my Message, for
+here is a Token of the Truth thereof, _Thy Wheel is broken at the
+Cistern_. Then he called to him Mr _Great-heart_ who was their Guide,
+and said unto him, Sir, altho it was not my hap to be much in your
+good Company in the days of my Pilgrimage, yet since the time I knew
+you, you have been profitable to me. When I came from home, I left
+behind me a Wife and five small Children, let me entreat you at your
+return (for I know that you will go and return to your Master's house,
+in hopes that you yet be a Conductor to more of the holy Pilgrims),
+that you send to my Family, and let them be acquainted with all that
+hath and shall happen unto me. Tell them moreover of my happy Arrival
+to this place, and of the present late blessed condition that I am in.
+Tell them also of _Christian_ and _Christiana_ his Wife, and how she
+and her Children came after her Husband. Tell them also of what a
+happy end she made and whither she is gone. I have little or nothing
+to send to my Family, except it be Prayers and Tears for them; of
+which it will suffice if thou acquaint them, if peradventure they may
+prevail.
+
+When Mr _Stand-fast_ had thus set things in order, and the time being
+come for him to haste him away, he also went down to the River. Now
+there was a great Calm at that time in the River; wherefore Mr
+_Stand-fast_, when he was about half-way in, he stood awhile, and
+talked to his Companions that had waited upon him thither. And he
+said,
+
+This River has been a Terror to many, yea, the thoughts of it also
+have often frighted me. But now methinks I stand easy, my Foot is fixt
+upon that upon which the Feet of the Priests that bare the Ark of the
+Covenant stood while _Israel_ went over this _Jordan_. The Waters
+indeed are to the Palate bitter and to the Stomach cold, yet the
+thoughts of what I am going to and of the Conduct that waits for me on
+the other side doth lie as a glowing Coal at my Heart.
+
+I see myself now at the end of my Journey, my toilsome days are ended.
+I am going now to see that Head that was crowned with Thorns, and that
+Face that was spit upon for me.
+
+I have formerly lived by Hear-say and Faith, but now I go where I
+shall live by sight, and shall be with Him in whose Company I delight
+myself.
+
+I have loved to hear my Lord spoken of, and wherever I have seen the
+print of His Shoe in the Earth, there I have coveted to set my Foot
+too.
+
+His name has been to me as a Civet-box, yea, sweeter than all
+Perfumes. His Voice to me has been most sweet, and his Countenance I
+have more desired than they that have most desired the Light of the
+Sun. His Word I did use to gather for my Food and for Antidotes
+against my Faintings. He has held me, and I have kept me from mine
+iniquities, yea, my Steps hath He strengthened in His Way.
+
+Now while he was thus in Discourse, his Countenance changed, his
+strong man bowed under him, and after he had said, _Take me, for I
+come unto Thee_, he ceased to be seen of them.
+
+But glorious it was to see how the open Region was filled with Horses
+and Chariots, with Trumpeters and Pipers, with Singers and Players on
+Stringed Instruments, to welcome the Pilgrims as they went up, and
+followed one another in at the beautiful Gate of the City.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+ANCIENT VANITY FAIR[99]
+
+
+Then I saw in my Dream, that when they were got out of the Wilderness,
+they presently saw a Town before them, and the name of that Town is
+_Vanity_; and at the Town there is a Fair kept, called _Vanity Fair_:
+it is kept all the year long; it beareth the name of _Vanity Fair_,
+because the Town where 'tis kept is _lighter than Vanity_; and also
+because all that is there sold, or that cometh thither, is _Vanity_.
+As is the saying of the wise, _All that cometh is Vanity_.
+
+This Fair is no new erected business, but a thing of ancient standing;
+I will shew you the original of it.
+
+Almost five thousand years agone, there were Pilgrims walking to the
+Celestial City, as these two honest persons are; and _Beelzebub_,
+_Apollyon_, and _Legion_, with their Companions, perceiving by the
+path that the Pilgrims made, that their way to the city lay through
+this Town of _Vanity_, they contrived here to set up a Fair; a Fair
+wherein should be sold of _all sorts of Vanity_, and that it should
+last all the year long: therefore at this Fair are all such
+Merchandise sold, as Houses, Lands, Trades, Places, Honors,
+Preferments, Titles, Countries, Kingdoms, Lusts, Pleasures, and
+Delights of all sorts, as Whores, Bawds, Wives, Husbands, Children,
+Masters, Servants, Lives, Blood, Bodies, Souls, Silver, Gold, Pearls,
+Precious Stones, and what not....
+
+Now, as I said, the way to the Celestial City lies just through this
+Town where this lusty Fair is kept; and he that will go to the City,
+and yet not go through this Town, must needs _go out of the World_.
+The Prince of Princes himself, when here, went through this Town to
+his own Country, and that upon a _Fair-day_ too; yea, and as I think,
+it was _Beelzebub_, the chief Lord of this Fair, that invited him to
+buy of his Vanities: yea, would have made him Lord of the Fair, would
+he but have done him reverence as he went through the Town. Yea,
+because he was such a person of honor, _Beelzebub_ had him from Street
+to Street, and shewed him all the Kingdoms of the World in a little
+time, that he might (if possible) allure that Blessed One to cheapen
+and buy some of his Vanities. But he had no mind to the Merchandise,
+and therefore left the Town, without laying out so much as one
+Farthing upon these Vanities. This Fair therefore is an ancient thing,
+of long standing, and a very great Fair....
+
+The Pilgrims being patient, and not rendering railing for railing, but
+contrarywise blessing, and giving good words for bad, and kindness
+for injuries done, some men in the Fair that were more observing, and
+less prejudiced than the rest, began to check and blame the baser sort
+for their continual abuses done by them to the men; they therefore in
+angry manner let fly at them again, counting them as bad as the men in
+the Cage, and telling them that they seemed confederates, and should
+be made partakers of their misfortunes. The other replied, that for
+ought they could see, the men were quiet, and sober, and intended
+nobody any harm; and that there were many that traded in their Fair
+that were more worthy to be put into the Cage, yea, and Pillory too,
+than were the men that they had abused. Thus, after divers words had
+passed on both sides (the men behaving themselves all the while very
+wisely and soberly before them), they fell to some blows among
+themselves, and did harm one to another. Then were these two poor men
+brought before their examiners again, and there charged as being
+guilty of the late hubbub that had been in the Fair. So they beat them
+pitifully and hanged irons upon them, and led them in chaines up and
+down the Fair, for an example and a terror to others, lest any should
+further speak in their behalf, or join themselves unto them. But
+_Christian_ and _Faithful_ behaved themselves yet more wisely, and
+received the ignominy and shame that was cast upon them, with so much
+meekness and patience, that it won to their side (tho but few in
+comparison of the rest) several of the men in the Fair. This put the
+other party yet into a greater rage, insomuch that they concluded the
+death of these two men. Wherefore they threatened, that the Cage nor
+irons should serve their turn, but that they should die, for the abuse
+they had done, and for deluding the men of the Fair.
+
+    Behold Vanity Fair; the Pilgrims there
+      Are chained and stoned beside;
+    Even so it was, our Lord past here,
+      And on Mount Calvary died.
+
+Then were they remanded to the Cage again, until further order should
+be taken with them. So they put them in, and made their feet fast in
+the Stocks.
+
+Here also they called again to mind what they had heard from their
+faithful friend _Evangelist_, and were the more confirmed in their way
+and sufferings, by what he told them would happen to them. They also
+now comforted each other, that whose lot it was to suffer, even he
+should have the best on't; therefore each man secretly wished that he
+might have that preferment: but committing themselves to the Allwise
+dispose of Him that ruleth all things, with much content they abode in
+the condition in which they were, until they should be otherwise
+disposed of.
+
+Then a convenient time being appointed, they brought them forth to
+their Tryal, in order to their condemnation. When the time was come,
+they were brought before their enemies, and arraigned. The Judge's
+name was Lord _Hate-good_. Their Indictment was one and the same in
+substance, tho somewhat varying in form, the contents whereof was
+this:
+
+_That they were enemies to and disturbers of their Trade; that they
+had made Commotions and Divisions in the Town, and had won a party to
+their own most dangerous Opinions in contempt of the Law of their
+Prince_.
+
+    Now _Faithful_ play the Man, speak for thy God:
+    Fear not the wickeds' malice, nor their rod:
+    Speak boldly man, the Truth is on thy side;
+    Die for it, and to Life in triumph ride.
+
+Then _Faithful_ began to answer, that he had only set himself against
+that which had set itself against Him that is higher than the highest.
+And said he, as for Disturbance, I make none, being myself a man of
+Peace; the Party that were won to us, were won by beholding our Truth
+and Innocence, and they are only turned from the worse to the better.
+And as to the King you talk of, since he is _Beelzebub_, the enemy of
+our Lord, I defy him and all his Angels.
+
+Then Proclamation was made, that they that had aught to say for their
+Lord the King against the Prisoner at the Bar, should forthwith appear
+and give in their evidence. So there came in three witnesses, to wit,
+_Envy_, _Superstition_, and _Pickthank_. They were then asked if they
+knew the Prisoner at the Bar; and what they had to say for their Lord
+the King against him.
+
+Then stood forth _Envy_, and said to this effect: My Lord, I have
+known this man a long time, and will attest upon my Oath before this
+honorable Bench, that he is--
+
+_Judge._ Hold! Give him life Oath.
+
+So they sware him.
+
+Then he said, My Lord, this man, notwithstanding his plausible name,
+is one of the vilest men in our Country. He neither regardeth Prince
+nor People, Law nor Custom; but doth all that he can to possess all
+men with certain of his disloyal notions, which he in the general
+calls Principles of Faith and Holiness. And in particular, I heard him
+once myself affirm _That Christianity and the Customs of our Town of
+Vanity were diametrically opposite, and could not be reconciled_. By
+which saying, my Lord, he doth at once not only condemn all our
+laudable doings, but us in the doing of them.
+
+_Judge._ Then did the Judge say to him, Hast thou any more to say?
+
+_Envy._ My Lord, I could say much more, only I would not be tedious to
+the Court. Yet if need be, when the other Gentlemen have given in
+their Evidence, rather than anything shall be wanting that will
+despatch him, I will enlarge my Testimony against him.
+
+So he was bid stand by. Then they called _Superstition_, and bid him
+look upon the Prisoner. They also asked, what he could say for their
+Lord the King against him. Then they sware him; so he began:
+
+_Super._ My Lord, I have no great acquaintance with this man, nor do I
+desire to have further knowledge of him; however, this I know, that he
+is a very pestilent fellow, from some discourse that the other day I
+had with him in this Town; for then talking with him, I heard him say,
+That our Religion was naught, and such by which a man could by no
+means please God. Which sayings of his, my Lord, your Lordship very
+well knows, what necessarily thence will follow, to wit, That we still
+do worship in vain, are yet in our sins, and finally shall be damned;
+and this is that which I have to say.
+
+Then was _Pickthank_ sworn, and bid say what he knew, in behalf of
+their Lord the King, against the prisoner at the Bar.
+
+_Pick._ My Lord, and you, Gentlemen all, This fellow I have known of a
+long time, and have heard him speak things that ought not to be spoke;
+for he hath railed on our noble Prince _Beelzebub_, and hath spoken
+contemptibly of his honorable Friends, whose names are the Lord _Old
+Man_, the Lord _Carnal Delight_, the Lord _Luxurious_, the Lord
+_Desire of Vain Glory_, my old Lord _Lechery_, Sir _Having Greedy_,
+with all the rest of our Nobility; and he hath said moreover, That if
+all men were of his mind, if possible, there is not one of these
+Noblemen should have any longer a being in this Town; besides, he hath
+not been afraid to rail on you, my Lord, who are now appointed to be
+his Judge, calling you an ungodly villain, with many other suchlike
+vilifying terms, with which he hath bespattered most of the Gentry of
+our Town.
+
+When this _Pickthank_ had told his tale, the Judge directed his speech
+to the Prisoner at the Bar, saying, Thou Runagate, Heretick, and
+Traitor, hast thou heard what these honest Gentlemen have witnessed
+against thee?
+
+_Faith._ May I speak a few words in my own defense?
+
+_Judge._ Sirrah, sirrah, thou deservest to live no longer, but to be
+slain immediately upon the place; yet that all men may see our
+gentleness towards thee, let us see what thou hast to say.
+
+_Faith._ 1. I say then, in answer to what Mr _Envy_ hath spoken, I
+never said ought but this, _That what Rule or Laws or Custom or
+People, were flat against the Word of God, are diametrically opposite
+to Christianity_. If I have said amiss in this, convince me of my
+error, and I am ready here before you to make my recantation.
+
+2. As to the second, to wit, Mr _Superstition_, and his charge against
+me, I said only this, _That in the worship of God there is required a
+Divine Faith; but there can be no Divine Faith without a Divine
+Revelation of the will of God; therefore whatever is thrust into the
+Worship of God that is not agreeable to a Divine Revelation, cannot be
+done but by an human faith, which faith will not profit to Eternal
+Life_.
+
+3. As to what Mr _Pickthank_ hath said, I say (avoiding terms, as that
+I am said to rail, and the like) that the Prince of this Town, with
+all the rabblement his attendants, by this Gentleman named, are more
+fit for a being in Hell, than in this Town and Country: _and so, the
+Lord have mercy upon me_....
+
+Then went the Jury out, whose names were, Mr _Blind-Man_, Mr
+_No-good_, Mr _Malice_, Mr _Love-lust_, Mr _Live-loose_, Mr _Heady_,
+Mr _High-mind_, Mr _Enmity_, Mr _Lyar_, Mr _Cruelty_, Mr _Hate-light_,
+and Mr _Implacable_; who every one gave in his private Verdict against
+him among themselves, and afterwards unanimously concluded to bring
+him in guilty before the Judge. And first among themselves, Mr
+_Blind-man_ the Foreman, said, _I see clearly that this man is an
+Heretick_. Then said Mr _No-good_, _Away with such a fellow from the
+earth_. _Ay_, said Mr _Malice_, _for I hate the very looks of him_.
+Then said Mr _Love-lust_, _I could never endure him_. _Nor I_, said Mr
+_Live-loose_, _for he would always be condemning my way_. _Hang him,
+hang him_, said Mr _Heady_. _A sorry Scrub_, said Mr _High-mind_. _My
+heart riseth against him_, said Mr _Enmity_. _He is a rogue_, said Mr
+_Lyar_. _Hanging is too good for him_, said Mr _Cruelty_. _Let us
+dispatch him out of the way_, said Mr _Hate-light_. Then said Mr
+_Implacable_, _Might I have all the world given me, I could not be
+reconciled to him; therefore let us forthwith bring him in guilty of
+death_. And so they did; therefore he was presently condemned to be
+had from the place where he was, to the place from whence he came, and
+there to be put to the most cruel death that could be invented.
+
+They therefore brought him out, to do with him according to their Law;
+and first they Scourged him, then they Buffeted him, then they Lanced
+his flesh with Knives; after that they Stoned him with stones, then
+pricked him with their Swords; and last of all they burned him to
+ashes at the Stake. Thus came _Faithful_ to his end.
+
+    Brave _Faithful_, bravely done in Word and Deed;
+    Judge, Witnesses, and Jury have instead
+    Of overcoming thee, but shewn their Rage:
+    When thou art dead, thou'lt live from Age to Age.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 97: From "The Pilgrim's Progress."]
+
+[Footnote 98: From "The Pilgrim's Progress."]
+
+[Footnote 99: From "The Pilgrim's Progress."]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN DRYDEN
+
+     Born in 1631, died in 1700; educated at Cambridge;
+     originally a Parliamentarian, but vent over to the
+     Royalists; made poet-laureate in 1670; converted to
+     Catholicism in 1686; his life written by Samuel Johnson; his
+     works collected in 1808 in eighteen volumes by Sir Walter
+     Scott.
+
+
+
+
+OF ELIZABETHAN DRAMATISTS[100]
+
+
+To begin, then, with Shakespeare. He was the man who, of all modern,
+and perhaps ancient poets, had the largest and most comprehensive
+soul. All the images of nature were still present to him, and he drew
+them not laboriously, but luckily. When he describes anything, you
+more than see it--you feel it too. Those who accused him to have
+wanted learning, give him the greater commendation. He was naturally
+learned; he needed not the spectacles of books to read nature; he
+looked inwards, and found her there. I cannot say he is everywhere
+alike; were he so, I should do him injury to compare him with the
+greatest of mankind. He is many times flat, insipid; his comic wit
+degenerating into clenches, his serious swelling into bombast. But he
+is always great when some great occasion is presented to him; no man
+can say he ever had a fit subject for his wit, and did not then raise
+himself as high above the rest of poets.
+
+    Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi.
+
+The consideration of this made Mr. Hales of Eton[101] say, that there
+was no subject of which any poet ever writ, but he would produce it
+much better done in Shakespeare; and however others are now generally
+preferred before him, yet the age wherein he lived, which had
+contemporaries with him Fletcher and Jonson, never equalled them to
+him in their esteem. And in the last king's court, when Ben's
+reputation was at highest, Sir John Suckling, and with him the greater
+part of the courtiers, set our Shakespeare far above him....
+
+Beaumont and Fletcher, of whom I am next to speak, had with the
+advantage of Shakespeare's wit, which was their precedent, great
+natural gifts, improved by study; Beaumont especially, being so
+accurate a judge of plays, that Ben Jonson, while he lived, submitted
+all his writings to his censure, and 'tis thought, used his judgment
+in correcting, if not contriving, all his plots. What value he had for
+him, appears by the verses he writ to him, and therefore I need speak
+no farther of it. The first play that brought Fletcher and him in
+esteem was their "Philaster"; for before that they had written two or
+three very unsuccessfully: as the like is reported of Ben Jonson,
+before he writ "Every Man in his Humor." Their plots were generally
+more regular than Shakespeare's, especially those which were made
+before Beaumont's death; and they understood and imitated the
+conversation of gentlemen much better; whose wild debaucheries, and
+quickness of wit in repartees, no poet before them could paint as
+they have done. Humor, which Ben Jonson derived from particular
+persons, they made it not their business to describe; they represented
+all the passions very lively, but above all, love. I am apt to believe
+the English language in them arrived to its highest perfection: what
+words have since been taken in, are rather superfluous than
+ornamental. Their plays are now the most pleasant and frequent
+entertainments of the stage; two of theirs being acted through the
+year, for one of Shakespeare's or Jonson's: the reason is, because
+there is a certain gaiety in their comedies, and pathos in their more
+serious plays, which suits generally with all men's humors.
+Shakespeare's language is likewise a little obsolete, and Ben Jonson's
+wit comes short of theirs.
+
+As for Jonson, to whose character I am now arrived, if we look upon
+him while he was himself--for his last plays were but his dotages--I
+think him the most learned and judicious writer which any theater ever
+had. He was a most severe judge of himself, as well as others. One can
+not say he wanted wit, but rather that he was frugal of it. In his
+works you find little to retrench or alter. Wit, and language, and
+humor also in some measure, we had before him; but something of art
+was wanting to the drama, till he came. He managed his strength to
+more advantage than any who preceded him. You seldom find him making
+love in any of his scenes, or endeavoring to move the passions; his
+genius was too sullen and saturnine to do it gracefully, especially
+when he knew he came after those who had performed both to such a
+height. Humor was his proper sphere; and in that he delighted most to
+represent mechanic people. He was deeply conversant in the ancients,
+both Greek and Latin, and he borrowed boldly from them; there is
+scarce a poet or historian among the Roman authors of those times whom
+he has not translated in "Sejanus" and "Catiline." But he has done his
+robberies so openly that one may see he fears not to be taxed by any
+law. He invades authors like a monarch; and what would be theft in
+other poets, is only victory in him. With the spoils of these writers
+he so represents old Rome to us, in its rites, ceremonies, and
+customs, that if one of their poets had written either of his
+tragedies, we had seen less of it than in him.
+
+If there was any fault in his language, 'twas that he weaved it too
+closely and laboriously, in his comedies especially: perhaps, too, he
+did a little too much Romanize our tongue, leaving the words which he
+translated almost as much Latin as he found them; wherein, tho he
+learnedly followed their language, he did not enough comply with the
+idiom of ours. If I would compare him with Shakespeare, I must
+acknowledge him the more correct poet, but Shakespeare the greater
+wit. Shakespeare was the Homer, or father of our dramatic poets:
+Jonson was the Virgil, the pattern of elaborate writing: I admire him,
+but I love Shakespeare. To conclude of him: as he has given us the
+most correct plays, so, in the precepts which he has laid down in his
+"Discoveries," we have as many and profitable rules for perfecting the
+stage, as any wherewith the French can furnish us.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 100: From the "Essay on Dramatic Poetry."]
+
+[Footnote 101: John Hales, "the ever-memorable" canon of Windsor and
+author of "Golden Remains," born in 1584, died in 1656.]
+
+
+
+
+SAMUEL PEPYS
+
+     Born in 1633, died in 1703; son of a London tailor, educated
+     at Cambridge; a clerk in the Admiralty in 1660, becoming
+     finally Secretary; conducted the entire administration
+     during the great plague, when he alone remained in London;
+     assisted in checking the great fire in 1666; elected to
+     Parliament in 1678; President of the Royal Society in
+     1684-86; gave his library of three thousand volumes to one
+     of the colleges at Cambridge; his "Diary," first published
+     in 1825, was written in cipher, without intent of
+     publication.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+OF VARIOUS DOINGS OF MR. AND MRS. PEPYS[102]
+
+
+_August 18, 1660._--Towards Westminster by water. I landed my wife at
+Whitefriars with £5 to buy her a petticoat, and my father persuaded
+her to buy a most fine cloth, of 26_s._ a yard, and a rich lace, that
+the petticoat will come to £5; but she doing it very innocently, I
+could not be angry. Captain Ferrers took me and Creed to the Cockpit
+play, the first that I have had time to see since my coming from sea,
+_The Loyall Subject_, where one Kinaston, a boy, acted the Duke's
+sister, but made the loveliest lady that ever I saw in my life. After
+the play done, we went to drink, and, by Captain Ferrers' means,
+Kinaston, and another that acted Archas the General, came and drank
+with us.
+
+19. (Lord's Day.)--This morning Sir W. Batten, Pen, and myself, went
+to church to the churchwardens, to demand a pew, which at present
+could not be given us; but we are resolved to have one built. So we
+staid, and heard Mr. Mills, a very good minister. Home to dinner,
+where my wife had on her new petticoat that she bought yesterday,
+which indeed is a very fine cloth and a line lace; but that being of a
+light color, and the lace all silver, it makes no great show.
+
+_March 2, 1667._--After dinner, with my wife, to the King's house to
+see _The Maiden Queene_, a new play of Dryden's mightily commended for
+the regularity of it, and the strain and wit; and, the truth is, there
+is a comical part done by Nell Gwynne, which is Florimell, that I
+never can hope ever to see the like done again, by man or woman. The
+King and Duke of York were at the play. But so great performance of a
+comical part was never, I believe, in the world before as Nell do this
+both as a mad girl, then most and best of all, when she comes in like
+a young gallant; and hath the motions and carriage of a spark the most
+that ever I saw any man have. It makes me, I confess, admire her.
+
+_October 5._--To the King's house; and there, going in, met with
+Knipp, and she took us up into the tireing-rooms: and to the woman's
+shift, where Nell was dressing herself, and was all unready, and is
+very pretty, prettier than I thought. And into the scene-room, and
+there sat down, and she gave us fruit: and here I read the questions
+to Knipp, while she answered me, through all her part of _Flora
+Figarys_, which was acted to-day. But, Lord! to see how they were
+both painted would make a man mad, and did make me loath them; and
+what base company of men comes among them, and how lewdly they talk!
+and how poor the men are in clothes, and yet what a show they make on
+the stage by candle-light, is very observable. But to see how Nell
+cursed for having so few people in the pit, was pretty; the other
+house carrying away all the people at the new play, and is said,
+now-a-days, to have generally most company, as being better players.
+By and by into the pit, and there saw the play, which is pretty good.
+
+_December 28._--To the King's house, and there saw _The Mad Couple_,
+which is but an ordinary play; but only Nell's and Hart's mad parts
+are most excellent done, but especially hers: which makes it a miracle
+to me to think how ill she do any serious part, as, the other day,
+just like a fool or changeling; and in a mad part do beyond imitation
+almost. It pleased us mightily to see the natural affection of a poor
+woman, the mother of one of the children, brought on the stage; the
+child crying, she by force got upon the stage, and took up her child,
+and carried it away off of the stage from Hart. Many fine faces here
+to-day.
+
+_February 27, 1667-8._--With my wife to the King's house, to see _The
+Virgin Martyr_, the first time it hath been acted a great while: and
+it is mighty pleasant; not that the play is worth much, but it is
+finely acted by Beck Marshall. But that which did please me beyond
+anything in the whole world was the wind-musick when the angel comes
+down, which is so sweet that it ravished me, and indeed, in a word,
+did wrap up my soul so that it made me really sick, just as I have
+formerly been when in love with my wife; that neither then, nor all
+the evening going home, and at home, I was able to think of anything,
+but remained all night transported, so as I could not believe that
+ever any musick hath that real command over the soul of a man as this
+did upon me: and makes me resolve to practise wind-musick, and to make
+my wife do the like.
+
+_May 26, 1667._--My wife and I to church, where several strangers of
+good condition come to our pew. After dinner, I by water alone to
+Westminster to the parish church, and there did entertain myself with
+my perspective glass up and down the church, by which I had the great
+pleasure of seeing and gazing at a great many very fine women; and
+what with that, and sleeping, I passed away the time till sermon was
+done. I away to my boat, and up with it as far as Barne Elmes, reading
+of Mr. Evelyn's late new book against Solitude, in which I do not find
+much excess of good matter, tho it be pretty for a bye discourse.
+
+_August 18._--To Cree Church, to see it how it is: but I find no
+alteration there, as they there was, for my Lord Mayor and Aldermen to
+come to sermon, as they do every Sunday, as they did formerly to
+Paul's. There dined with me Mr. Turner and his daughter Betty. Betty
+is grown a fine young lady as to carriage and discourse. We had a good
+haunch of venison, powdered and boiled, and a good dinner. I walked
+towards Whitehall, but, being wearied, turned into St. Dunstan's
+Church, where I heard an able sermon of the minister of the place;
+and stood by a pretty, modest maid, whom I did labor to take by the
+hand; but she would not, but got further and further from me; and, at
+last, I could perceive her to take pins out of her pocket to prick me
+if I should touch her again--which, seeing, I did forbear, and was
+glad I did spy her design. And then I fell to gaze upon another pretty
+maid, in a pew close to me, and she on me; and I did go about to take
+her by the hand, which she suffered a little and then withdrew. So the
+sermon ended.
+
+_May 11, 1667._--My wife being drest this day in fair hair did make me
+so mad, that I spoke not one word to her, tho I was ready to burst
+with anger. After that, Creed and I into the Park, and walked, a most
+pleasant evening, and so took coach, and took up my wife, and in my
+way home discovered my trouble to my wife for her white locks,
+swearing several times, which I pray God forgive me for, and bending
+my fist that I would not endure it. She, poor wretch, was surprised
+with it, and made me no answer all the way home; but there we parted,
+and I to the office late, and then home, and without supper to bed,
+vexed.
+
+12. (Lord's Day.)--Up and to my chamber, to settle some accounts
+there, and by and by down comes my wife to me in her night-gown, and
+we begun calmly, that, upon having money to lace her gown for second
+mourning, she would promise to wear white locks no more in my sight,
+which I, like a severe fool, thinking not enough, begun to except
+against, and made her fly out to very high terms and cry, and in her
+heat, told me of keeping company with Mrs. Knipp, saying, that if I
+would promise never to see her more--of whom she hath more reason to
+suspect than I had heretofore of Pembleton--she would never wear white
+locks more. This vexed me, but I restrained myself from saying
+anything, but do think never to see this woman--at least, to have her
+here more--and so all very good friends as ever. My wife and I
+bethought ourselves to go to a French house to dinner, and so inquired
+out Monsieur Robins, my perriwigg-maker, who keeps an ordinary, and in
+an ugly street in Covent Garden, did find him at the door, and so we
+in; and in a moment almost had the table covered, and clean glasses,
+and all in the French manner, and a mess of potage first, and then a
+piece of boeuf-a-la-mode, all exceeding well seasoned, and to our
+great liking; at least it would have been anywhere else but in this
+bad street, and in a perriwigg-maker's house; but to see the pleasant
+and ready attendance that we had, and all things so desirous to
+please, and ingenious in the people, did take me mightily. Our dinner
+cost us 6_s._
+
+_November 30, 1668._--My wife, after dinner, went the first time
+abroad in her coach, calling on Roger Pepys, and visiting Mrs. Creed,
+and my cosen Turner. Thus ended this month with very good content, but
+most expenseful to my purse on things of pleasure, having furnished my
+wife's closet and the best chamber, and a coach and horses, that ever
+I knew in the world; and I am put into the greatest condition of
+outward state that ever I was in, or hoped ever to be, or desired.
+
+_December 2._--Abroad with my wife, the first time that ever I rode in
+my own coach, which do make my heart rejoice, and praise God and pray
+Him to bless it to me and continue it. So she and I to the King's
+playhouse, and there saw _The Usurper_; a pretty good play, in all but
+what is designed to resemble Cromwell and Hugh Peters, which is mighty
+silly. The play done, we to Whitehall; where my wife staid while I up
+to the Duchesse's and Queene's side, to speak with the Duke of York:
+and here saw all the ladies, and heard the silly discourse of the
+King, with his people about him.
+
+_April 11, 1669._--Thence to the Park, my wife and I; and here Sir W.
+Coventry did first see me and my wife in a coach of our own; and so
+did also this night the Duke of York, who did eye my wife mightily.
+But I begin to doubt that my being so much seen in my own coach at
+this time may be observed to my prejudice; but I must venture it now.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+ENGLAND WITHOUT CROMWELL[103]
+
+
+_July 12, 1667._--Up betimes and to my chamber, there doing business,
+and by and by comes Greeting and begun a new month with him, and now
+to learn to set anything from the notes upon the flageolet, but Lord!
+to see how like a fool he goes about to give direction would make a
+man mad. I then out and by coach to White Hall and to the Treasury
+chamber, where did a little business, and thence to the Exchequer to
+Burges, about Tangier business, and so back again stepping into the
+Hall a little, and then homeward by coach, and he with me to the
+Excise Office, there to do a little business also, in the way he
+telling me that undoubtedly the peace is concluded; for he did stand
+where he did hear part of the discourse at the Council table, and
+there did hear the King argue for it.
+
+Among other things that the spirits of the seamen were down, and the
+forces of our enemies are grown too great and many for us, and he
+would not have his subjects overprest, for he knew an Englishman would
+do as much as any man upon hopeful terms; but where he sees he is
+overprest, he despairs soon as any other; and besides that, they have
+already such a load of dejection upon them, that they will not be in
+temper a good while again. He heard my Lord Chancellor say to the
+King, "Sir," says he, "the whole world do complain publickly of
+treachery, that things have been managed falsely by some of his great
+ministers." "Sir," says he, "I am for your Majesty's falling into a
+speedy enquiry into the truth of it, and, where you meet with it,
+punish it. But, at the same time, consider what you have to do, and
+make use of your time for having a peace; for more money will not be
+given without much trouble, nor is it, I fear, to be had of the
+people, nor will a little do it to put us into condition of doing our
+business." But Sir H. Cholmly tells me he (the Chancellor) did say the
+other day at his table, "Treachery," says he; "I could wish we could
+prove there was anything of that in it; for that would imply some wit
+and thoughtfulness; but we are ruined merely by folly and neglect."
+And so Sir H. Cholmly tell me they did all argue for peace and so he
+do believe that the King hath agreed to the three points Mr. Coventry
+brought over, which I have mentioned before, and is gone with them
+back....
+
+While we were at the Excise Office talking with Mr. Ball, it was
+computed that the Parliament had given the King for this war only,
+besides all prizes, and besides the £200,000 which he was to spend of
+his own revenue to guard the sea, above £5,000,000 and odd £100,000;
+which is a most prodigious sum. Sir H. Cholmly, as a true English
+gentleman, do decry the King's expenses of his Privy-purse, which in
+King James's time did not rise to above £5,000 a year, and in King
+Charles's to £10,000, do now cost us above £100,000 besides the great
+charge of the Monarchy, as the Duke of York £100,000 of it, and other
+limbs of the Royal family, and the guards, which, for his part, says
+he, "I would have all disbanded, for the King is not the better by
+them, and would be as safe without them; for we have had no rebellions
+to make him fear anything." But contrarily, he is now raising of a
+land army, which this Parliament and Kingdom will never bear, besides,
+the commanders they put over them are such as will never be able to
+raise or command them; but the design is, and the Duke of York he
+says, is hot for it, to have a land army, and so to make the
+government like that of France, but our princes have not brains, or at
+least care and forecast enough to do that.
+
+It is strange how he and everybody now-a-days do reflect upon
+Oliver,[104] and commend him, what brave things he did, and made all
+the neighbor princes fear him; while here a prince, come in with all
+the love and prayers and good liking of his people, who have given
+greater signs of his loyalty and willingness to serve him with their
+estates than ever was done by any other people, hath lost all so soon,
+that it is a miracle what way a man could devise to lose so much in so
+little time.
+
+Thence he set me down at my Lord Crew's and away, and I up to my Lord,
+where Sir Thomas Crew was, and by and by comes Mr. Cæsar, who teaches
+my Lady's page upon the lute, and here Mr. Cæsar did play some very
+fine things indeed, to my great liking. Here was my Lord Hitchingbroke
+also, newly come from Hitchingbroke, where all well, but methinks I
+knowing in what case he stands for money by his demands to me and the
+report Mr. Moore gives of the management of the family, make me, God
+forgive me! to contemn him, tho I do really honor and pity them, tho
+they deserve it not that have so good an estate and will live beyond
+it. To dinner, and very good discourse with my Lord. And after dinner,
+Sir Thomas Crew and I alone, and he tells me how I am mightily in
+esteem with the Parliament; there being harangues made in the House to
+the Speaker, of Mr. Pepy's readiness and civility to shew them
+everything, which I am this time very glad of.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 102: From the "Diary."]
+
+[Footnote 103: From the "Diary."]
+
+[Footnote 104: Oliver Cromwell had died in 1658, nine years before the
+date of Pepy's paragraph.]
+
+
+
+
+GILBERT BURNET
+
+     Born in 1643, died in 1715; accompanied William III from
+     Holland to England as chaplain in 1688; made Bishop of
+     Salisbury in 1689; his "History of Our Own Times" published
+     after his death in 1723-34, having been edited by his son;
+     other works published in his lifetime.
+
+
+
+
+CHARLES II[105]
+
+
+Thus lived and died King Charles II. He was the greatest instance in
+history of the various revolutions of which any one man seemed
+capable. He was bred up the first twelve years of his life with the
+splendor that became the heir of so great a crown. After that, he
+passed through eighteen years of great inequalities: unhappy in the
+war, in the loss of his father, and of the crown of England. Scotland
+did not only receive him, tho upon terms hard of digestion, but made
+an attempt upon England for him, tho a feeble one. He lost the battle
+of Worcester with too much indifference. And then he shewed more care
+of his person than became one who had so much at stake. He wandered
+about England for ten weeks after that, hiding from place to place.
+But, under all the apprehensions he had then upon him, he shewed a
+temper so careless, and so much turned to levity, that he was then
+diverting himself with little household sports, in as unconcerned a
+manner as if he had made no loss, and had been in no danger at all. He
+got at last out of England. But he had been obliged to so many who had
+been faithful to him, and careful of him, that he seemed afterwards to
+resolve to make an equal return to them all; and finding it not easy
+to reward them all as they deserved, he forgot them all alike. Most
+princes seem to have this pretty deep in them, and to think that they
+ought not to remember past services, but that their acceptance of them
+is a full reward. He, of all in our age, exerted this piece of
+prerogative in the amplest manner; for he never seemed to charge his
+memory, or to trouble his thoughts, with the sense of any of the
+services that had been done him.
+
+While he was abroad at Paris, Cologne, or Brussels, he never seemed to
+lay anything to heart. He pursued all his diversions and irregular
+pleasures in a free career, and seemed to be as serene under the loss
+of a crown as the greatest philosopher could have been. Nor did he
+willingly hearken to any of those projects with which he often
+complained that his chancellor persecuted him. That in which he seemed
+most concerned was, to find money for supporting his expense. And it
+was often said, that if Cromwell would have compounded the matter, and
+have given him a good round pension, that he might have been induced
+to resign his title to him. During his exile, he delivered himself so
+entirely to his pleasures, that he became incapable of application. He
+spent little of his time in reading or study, and yet less in
+thinking. And in the state his affairs were then in, he accustomed
+himself to say to every person, and upon all occasions, that which he
+thought would please most; so that words or promises went very easily
+from him. And he had so ill an opinion of mankind, that he thought,
+the great art of living and governing was, to manage all things and
+all persons with a depth of craft and dissimulation. And in that few
+men in the world could put on the appearances of sincerity better than
+he could; under which so much artifice was usually hid, that in
+conclusion he could deceive none, for all were become mistrustful of
+him.
+
+He had great vices, but scarce any virtues to correct them. He had in
+him some vices that were less hurtful, which corrected his more
+hurtful ones. He was, during the active part of life, given up to
+sloth and lewdness to such a degree, that he hated business, and could
+not bear the engaging in anything that gave him much trouble, or put
+him under any constraint. And tho he desired to become absolute, and
+to overturn both our religion and our laws, yet he would neither run
+the risk, nor give himself the trouble, which so great a design
+required. He had an appearance of gentleness in his outward
+deportment; but he seemed to have no bowels nor tenderness in his
+nature, and in the end of his life he became cruel. He was apt to
+forgive all crimes, even blood itself, yet he never forgave anything
+that was done against himself, after his first and general act of
+indemnity, which was to be reckoned as done rather upon maxims of
+state than inclinations of mercy. He delivered himself up to a most
+enormous course of vice, without any sort of restraint, even from the
+consideration of the nearest relations. The most studied extravagances
+that way seemed, to the very last, to be much delighted in and pursued
+by him. He had the art of making all people grow fond of him at first,
+by a softness in his whole way of conversation, as he was certainly
+the best-bred man of the age. But when it appeared how little could be
+built on his promise, they were cured of the fondness that he was apt
+to raise in them. When he saw young men of quality, who had something
+more than ordinary in them, he drew them about him, and set himself to
+corrupt them both in religion and morality; in which he proved so
+unhappily successful, that he left England much changed at his death
+from what he had found it at his restoration.
+
+He loved to talk over all the stories of his life to every new man
+that came about him. His stay in Scotland, and the share he had in the
+war of Paris, in carrying messages from one side to the other, were
+his common topics. He went over these in a very graceful manner, but
+so often and so copiously, that all those who had been long accustomed
+to them grew weary of them; and when he entered on those stories, they
+usually withdrew: so that he often began them in a full audience, and
+before he had done, there were not above four or five persons left
+about him: which drew a severe jest from Wilmot, Earl of
+Rochester.[106] He said he wondered to see a man have so good a
+memory as to repeat the same story without losing the least
+circumstance; and yet not remember that he had told it to the same
+persons the very day before. This made him fond of strangers, for they
+harkened to all his oft-repeated stories, and went away as in a
+rapture at such an uncommon condescension of a king.
+
+His person and temper, his vices as well as his fortunes, resemble the
+character that we have given us of Tiberius so much, that it were easy
+to draw the parallel between them. Tiberius's banishment, and his
+coming afterward to reign, makes the comparison in that respect come
+pretty near. His hating of business, and his love of pleasures; his
+raising of favorites, and trusting them entirely; and his pulling them
+down, and hating them excessively; his art of covering deep designs,
+particularly of revenge, with an appearance of softness, brings them
+so near a likeness, that I did not wonder much to observe the
+resemblance of their faces and persons. At Rome, I saw one of the last
+statues made for Tiberius, after he had lost his teeth. But, bating
+the alteration which that made, it was so like King Charles, that
+Prince Borghese and Signior Dominico, to whom it belonged, did agree
+with me in thinking that it looked like a statute made for him.
+
+Few things ever went near his heart. The Duke of Gloucester's death
+seemed to touch him much. But those who knew him best, thought it was
+because he had lost him by whom only he could have balanced the
+surviving brother, whom he hated, and yet embroiled all his affairs to
+preserve the succession to him....
+
+No part of his character looked wickeder, as well as meaner, than that
+he, all the while that he was professing to be of the Church of
+England, expressing both zeal and affection to it, was yet secretly
+reconciled to the Church of Rome; thus mocking God, and deceiving the
+world with so gross a prevarication. And his not having the honesty or
+courage to own it at the last; his not shewing any sign of the least
+remorse for his ill-led life, or any tenderness either for his
+subjects in general, or for the queen and his servants; and his
+recommending only his mistresses and their children to his brother's
+care, would have been a strange conclusion to any other's life, but
+was well enough suited to all the other parts of his.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 105: From the "History of Our Own Times."]
+
+[Footnote 106: The profligate earl, of whom the best-known anecdote is
+that he once pinned to the door of the King's chamber the following
+quatrain:
+
+    "Here lies our Sovereign Lord the King,
+      Whose word no man relies on:
+    He never said a foolish thing,
+      And never did a wise one."
+
+It is recorded of the King that, when he saw these lines he remarked
+that they were quite true, inasmuch as his words were his own and his
+acts were those of his ministers.]
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL DEFOE
+
+     Born in 1661, died in 1731; his father a butcher in London;
+     served in the army in 1688; traveled on the Continent; wrote
+     pamphlets in favor of William III; arrested and placed in
+     the pillory for an attack on Dissenters in 1703; engaged in
+     political intrigues and wrote many articles and pamphlets;
+     "Robinson Crusoe" published in 1719, "Moll Flanders" in
+     1722, "The Journal of the Plague" in 1722.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+THE SHIPWRECK OF CRUSOE[107]
+
+
+Nothing can describe the confusion of thought which I felt when I sunk
+into the water; for tho I swam very well, yet I could not deliver
+myself from the waves so as to draw my breath; till that wave having
+driven me or rather carried me a vast way on toward the shore, and
+having spent itself, went back, and left me upon the land almost dry,
+but half dead with the water I took in. I had so much presence of mind
+as well as breath left, that seeing myself nearer the mainland than I
+expected, I got upon my feet, and endeavored to make on toward the
+land as I could, before another wave should return and take me up
+again; but I soon found it was impossible to avoid it; for I saw the
+sea coming after me as high as a great hill, and as furious as an
+enemy which I had no means or strength to contend with: my business
+was to hold my breath, and raise myself upon the water, if I could;
+and so by swimming to preserve my breathing, and pilot myself toward
+the shore if possible; my greatest concern now being that the wave, as
+it would carry me a great way toward the shore when it came on, might
+not carry me back again with it when it gave back toward the sea.
+
+The wave that came upon me again buried me at once twenty or thirty
+feet deep in its own body; and I could feel myself carried with a
+mighty force and swiftness toward the shore, a very great way; but I
+held my breath, and assisted myself to swim still forward with all my
+might. I was ready to burst with holding my breath, when, as I felt
+myself rising up, so to my immediate relief I found my head and hands
+shoot out above the surface of the water; and tho it was not two
+seconds of time that I could keep myself so, yet it relieved me
+greatly, gave me breath and new courage. I was covered again with
+water a good while, but not so long but I held it out; and finding the
+water had spent itself, and began to return, I struck forward against
+the return of the waves, and felt ground again with my feet. I stood
+still a few moments to recover breath, and till the water went from
+me, and then took to my heels and ran with what strength I had farther
+toward the shore. But neither would this deliver me from the fury of
+the sea, which came pouring in after me again; and twice more I was
+lifted up by the waves and carried forward as before, the shore being
+very flat.
+
+The last time of these two had well-nigh been fatal to me; for the sea
+having hurried me along as before, landed me, or rather dashed me
+against a piece of rock, and that with such force that it left me
+senseless, and indeed helpless as to my own deliverance; for the blow
+taking my side and breast, beat the breath as it were quite out of my
+body, and had it returned again immediately I must have been strangled
+in the water; but I recovered a little before the return of the waves,
+and seeing I should again be covered with the water, I resolved to
+hold fast by a piece of the rock, and so to hold my breath if possible
+till the wave went back. Now, as the waves were not so high as the
+first, being nearer land, I held my hold till the wave abated, and
+then fetched another run, which brought me so near the shore that the
+next wave, tho it went over me, yet did not so swallow me up as to
+carry me away; and the next run I took, I got to the mainland, where
+to my great comfort I clambered up the cliffs of the shore, and sat me
+down upon the grass, free from danger and quite out of the reach of
+the water.
+
+I was now landed, and safe on shore; and began to look up and thank
+God that my life was saved, in a case wherein there were, some minutes
+before, scarce any room to hope. I believe it is impossible to
+express, to the life, what the ecstasies and transports of the soul
+are when it is so saved, as I may say, out of the grave: and I did not
+wonder now at the custom, viz., that when a malefactor who has the
+halter about his neck is tied up, and just going to be turned off, and
+has a reprieve brought to him--I say I do not wonder that they bring
+a surgeon with it, to let him blood that very moment they tell him of
+it; that the surprize may not drive the animal spirits from the heart
+and overwhelm him.
+
+    "For sudden joys, like griefs, confound at first."
+
+I walked about the shore, lifting up my hands, and my whole being, as
+I may say, wrapt up in the contemplation of my deliverance; making a
+thousand gestures and motions which I can not describe; reflecting
+upon my comrades that were drowned, and that there should not be one
+soul saved but myself; for as for them, I never saw them afterward, or
+any sign of them, except three of the hats, one cap, and two shoes
+that were not fellows.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE RESCUE OF MAN FRIDAY[108]
+
+
+About a year and a half after I entertained these notions (and by long
+musing had, as it were, resolved them all into nothing, for want of an
+occasion to put them in execution), I was surprized one morning early
+by seeing no less than five canoes all on shore together on my side
+the island, and the people who belonged to them all landed and out of
+my sight. The number of them broke all my measures; for seeing so
+many, and knowing that they always came four or six, or sometimes
+more, in a boat, I could not tell what to think of it, or how to take
+my measures to attack twenty or thirty men single-handed; so lay still
+in my castle, perplexed and discomforted. However, I put myself into
+all the same postures for an attack that I had formerly provided, and
+was just ready for action, if anything had presented. Having waited a
+good while, listening to hear if they made any noise, at length, being
+very impatient, I set my guns at the foot of my ladder, and clambered
+up to the top of the hill, by my two stages, as usual; standing so,
+however, that my head did not appear above the hill, so that they
+could not perceive me by any means. Here I observed, by the help of my
+perspective glass, that they were no less than thirty in number; that
+they had a fire kindled, and that they had meat drest. How they had
+cooked it, I knew not, or what it was; but they were all dancing, in I
+know not how many barbarous gestures and figures, their own way, round
+the fire.
+
+While I was thus looking on them, I perceived, by my perspective, two
+miserable wretches dragged from the boats, where, it seems, they were
+laid by, and were now brought out for the slaughter. I perceived one
+of them immediately fall; being knocked down, I suppose with a club or
+wooden sword, for that was their way; and two or three others were at
+work immediately, cutting him open for their cookery, while the other
+victim was left standing by himself, till they should be ready for
+him. In that very moment, this poor wretch, seeing himself a little at
+liberty, and unbound, Nature inspired him with hopes of life and he
+started away from them, and ran with incredible swiftness along the
+sands, directly toward me; I mean toward that part of the coast where
+my habitation was. I was dreadfully frightened, that I must
+acknowledge, when I perceived him run my way; and especially when, as
+I thought, I saw him pursued by the whole body; and now I expected
+that part of my dream was coming to pass, and that he would certainly
+take shelter in my grove; but I could not depend, by any means, upon
+my dream, that the other savages would not pursue him thither, and
+find him there. However, I kept my station, and my spirits began to
+recover when I found that there was not above three men that followed
+him; and still more was encouraged, when I found that he outstript
+them exceedingly in running, and gained ground on them; so that, if he
+could but hold it for half an hour, I saw easily he would fairly get
+away from them all.
+
+There was, between them and my castle, the creek, which I mentioned
+often in the first part of my story, where I landed my cargoes out of
+the ship; and this I saw plainly he must necessarily swim over, or the
+poor wretch would be taken there; but when the savage escaping came
+thither, he made nothing of it, tho the tide was then up; but,
+plunging in, swam through in about thirty strokes, or thereabouts,
+landed and ran with exceeding strength and swiftness. When the three
+persons came to the creek I found that two of them could swim, but the
+third could not, and that, standing on the other side, he looked at
+the others, but went no farther, and soon after went softly back
+again; which, as it happened, was very well for him in the end. I
+observed that the two who swam were yet more than twice as long
+swimming over the creek than the fellow was that fled from them. It
+came very warmly upon my thoughts, and indeed irresistibly, that now
+was the time to get me a servant, and perhaps a companion or
+assistant; and that I was plainly called by Providence to save this
+poor creature's life. I immediately ran down the ladder with all
+possible expedition, fetched my two guns, for they were both at the
+foot of the ladder, as I observed before, and getting up again with
+the same haste to the top of the hill, I crost toward the sea; and
+having a very short cut, and all down hill, clap'd myself in the way
+between the pursuers and the pursued, hallooing aloud to him that
+fled, who, looking back, was at first perhaps as much frightened at me
+as at them; but I beckoned with my hand to him to come back; and, in
+the mean time, I slowly advanced toward the two that followed; then
+rushing at once upon the foremost, I knocked him down with the stock
+of my piece.
+
+I was loath to fire, because I would not have the rest hear; tho at
+that distance it would not have been easily heard, and being out of
+sight of the smoke, too, they would not have known what to make of it.
+Having knocked this fellow down, the other who pursued him stopt, as
+if he had been frightened, and I advanced toward him; but as I came
+nearer, I perceived presently he had a bow and arrow, and was fitting
+it to shoot at me; so I was then obliged to shoot at him first, which
+I did, and killed him at the first shot. The poor savage who fled,
+but had stopt, tho he saw both his enemies fallen and killed, as he
+thought, yet was so frightened with the fire and noise of my piece
+that he stood stock still, and neither came forward nor went backward,
+tho he seemed rather inclined still to fly than to come on. I hallooed
+again to him, and made signs to come forward, which he easily
+understood, and came a little way; then stopt again, and then a little
+farther, and stopt again; and I could then perceive that he stood
+trembling, as if he had been taken prisoner, and had just been to be
+killed, as his two enemies were. I beckoned to him again to come to
+me, and gave him all the signs of encouragement that I could think of;
+and he came nearer and nearer, kneeling down every ten or twelve
+steps, in token of acknowledgment for saving his life. I smiled at
+him, and looked pleasantly, and beckoned to him to come still nearer;
+at length, he came close to me; and then he kneeled down again, kissed
+the ground, and laid his head upon the ground, and, taking me by the
+foot, set my foot upon his head; this, it seems, was in token of
+swearing to be my slave forever. I took him up, and made much of him,
+and encouraged him all I could.
+
+But there was more work to do yet; for I perceived the savage whom I
+had knocked down was not killed, but stunned with the blow, and began
+to come to himself. So I pointed to him, and showed him the savage,
+that he was not dead; upon this he spoke some words to me, and tho I
+could not understand them, yet I thought they were pleasant to hear;
+for they were the first sound of a man's voice that I had heard, my
+own excepted, for above twenty-five years. But there was no time for
+such reflections now; the savage who was knocked down recovered
+himself so far as to sit up upon the ground, and I perceived that my
+savage began to be afraid; but when I saw that, I presented my other
+piece at the man, as if I would shoot him; upon this my savage, for so
+I call him now, made a motion to me to lend him my sword, which hung
+naked in a belt by my side, which I did. He no sooner had it, but he
+runs to his enemy, and at one blow cut off his head as cleverly, no
+executioner in Germany could have done it sooner or better; which I
+thought very strange for one who, I had reason to believe, never saw a
+sword in his life before, except their own wooden swords: however, it
+seems, as learned afterwards, they make their wooden swords so sharp,
+so heavy, and the wood is so hard, that they will even cut off heads
+with them, ay, and arms, and that at one blow too. When he had done
+this, he comes laughing to me in sign of triumph, and brought me the
+sword again, and with abundance of gestures which I did not
+understand, laid it down, with the head of the savage that he had
+killed just before me. But that which astonished him most, was to know
+how I killed the other Indian so far off; so pointing to him, he made
+signs to me to let him go to him; and I bade him go, as well as I
+could. When he came to him, he stood like one amazed, looking at him,
+turning him first on one side, then on the other; looked at the wound
+the bullet had made, which it seems was just in his breast; where it
+had made a hole, and no great quantity of blood had followed; but he
+had bled inwardly, for he was quite dead.
+
+Upon this he made signs to me that he should bury them with sand, that
+they might not be seen by the rest, if they followed; and so I made
+signs to him again to do so. He fell to work; and in an instant he had
+scraped a hole in the sand with his hands, big enough to bury the
+first in, and then dragged him into it, and covered him; and did so by
+the other also; I believe he had buried them both in a quarter of an
+hour. Then calling him away, I carried him, not to my castle, but
+quite away to my cave, on the farther part of the island; so I did not
+let my dream come to pass in that part, that he came into my grove for
+shelter. Here I gave him bread and a bunch of raisins to eat, and a
+draft of water, which I found he was indeed in great distress for from
+his running; and having refreshed him, I made signs for him to go and
+lie down to sleep, showing him a place where I had laid some rice
+straw, and a blanket upon it, which I used to sleep upon myself
+sometimes; so the poor creature lay down, and went to sleep.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+IN THE TIME OF THE GREAT PLAGUE[109]
+
+
+A blazing star or comet appeared for several months before the plague,
+as there did the year after, another, a little before the fire; the
+old women, and the phlegmatic hypochondriac part of the other sex,
+whom I could almost call the old women too, remarked, especially
+afterward, tho not till both those judgments were over, that those two
+comets passed directly over the city, and that so very near the houses
+that it was plain they imported something peculiar to the city alone.
+That the comet before the pestilence was of a faint, dull, languid
+color, and its motion very heavy, solemn, and slow; but that the comet
+before the fire was bright and sparkling, or as others said, flaming,
+and its motion swift and furious; and that accordingly one foretold a
+heavy judgment, slow but severe, terrible, and frightful, as was the
+plague. But the other foretold a stroke, sudden, swift, and fiery, as
+was the conflagration; nay, so particular some people were, that as
+they looked upon that comet preceding the fire they fancied that they
+not only saw it pass swiftly and fiercely, and could perceive the
+motion with their eye, but they even heard it--that it made a rushing
+mighty noise, fierce and terrible, tho at a distance and but just
+perceivable.
+
+The shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and
+unchristian method, and the poor people so confined made bitter
+lamentations; complaints of the severity of it were also daily brought
+to my lord mayor, of houses causelessly and some maliciously shut up;
+I can not say, but upon inquiry, many that complained so loudly were
+found in a condition to be continued; and others again, inspection
+being made upon the sick person and the sickness not appearing
+infectious, or if uncertain, yet on his being content to be carried to
+the pest-house, was released.
+
+As I went along Houndsditch one morning about eight o'clock there was
+a great noise; it is true indeed that there was not much crowd,
+because the people were not free to gather together, or to stay
+together when they were there, nor did I stay long there; but the
+outcry was loud enough to prompt my curiosity, and I called to one who
+looked out of a window, and asked what was the matter.
+
+A watchman, it seems, had been employed to keep his post at the door
+of a house which was infected, or said to be infected, and was shut
+up; he had been there all night for two nights together, as he told
+his story, and the day watchman had been there one day, and was now
+come to relieve him; all this while no noise had been heard in the
+house, no light had been seen, they called for nothing, sent him on no
+errands, which used to be the chief business of the watchman, neither
+had they given him any disturbance, as he said from Monday afternoon,
+when he heard a great crying and screaming in the house, which as he
+supposed was occasioned by some of the family dying just at that
+time. It seems the night before, the dead-cart, as it was called, had
+been stopt there, and a servant-maid had been brought down to the door
+dead, and the buriers or bearers, as they were called, put her into
+the cart, wrapt only in a green rug, and carried her away.
+
+The watchman had knocked at the door, it seems, when he heard that
+noise and crying as above, and nobody answered a great while; but at
+last one looked out and said with an angry quick tone, and yet a kind
+of crying voice, or a voice of one that was crying, "What d'ye want,
+that you make such a knocking?" He answered, "I am the watchman; how
+do you do? What is the matter?" The person answered, "What is that to
+you? Stop the dead-cart," This, it seems, was about one o'clock; soon
+after, as the fellow said, he stopt the dead-cart, and then knocked
+again, but nobody answered; he continued knocking, and the bellman
+called out several times, "Bring out your dead"; but nobody answered,
+till the man that drove the cart, being called to other houses, would
+stay no longer, and drove away.
+
+The watchman knew not what to make of all this, so he let them alone
+till the morning man, or day watchman, as they called him, came to
+relieve him. Giving him an account of the particulars, they knocked at
+the door a great while, but nobody answered, and they observed that
+the window or casement at which the person looked out who had answered
+before, continued open, being up two pair of stairs.
+
+Upon this the two men, to satisfy their curiosity, got a long ladder,
+and one of them went up to the window and looked into the room, where
+he saw a woman lying dead upon the floor in a dismal manner, having no
+clothes on but her shift; but tho he called aloud, and putting in his
+long staff, knocked hard on the floor, yet nobody stirred or answered;
+neither could he hear any noise in the house.
+
+He came down upon this and acquainted his fellow, who went up also,
+and finding it just so, they resolved to acquaint either the lord
+mayor or some other magistrate of it, but did not offer to go in at
+the window. The magistrate, it seems, upon the information of the two
+men ordered the house to be broken open, a constable and other persons
+being appointed to be present, that nothing might be plundered; and
+accordingly it was so done, when nobody was found in the house but
+that young woman, who having been infected and past recovery, the rest
+had left her to die by herself, and every one gone, having found some
+way to delude the watchman and to get open the door, or get out at
+some back door, or over the tops of the houses, so that he knew
+nothing of it; and as to those cries and shrieks which he heard, it
+was supposed they were the passionate cries of the family at this
+bitter parting, which to be sure it was to them all, this being the
+sister to the mistress of the family. The man of the house, his wife,
+several children and servants, being all gone and fled; whether sick
+or sound, that I could never learn, nor indeed did I make much inquiry
+after it....
+
+This [38,195 deaths in about a month] was a prodigious number of
+itself; but if I should add the reasons which I have to believe that
+this account was deficient, and how deficient it was, you would with
+me make no scruple to believe that there died above 10,000 a week for
+all those weeks, and a proportion for several weeks both before and
+after. The confusion among the people, especially within the city, at
+that time was inexpressible; the terror was so great at last that the
+courage of the people appointed to carry away the dead began to fail
+them; nay, several of them died, altho they had the distemper before,
+and were recovered; and some of them had dropt down when they had been
+carrying the bodies even at the pitside, and just ready to throw them
+in; and this confusion was greater in the city, because they had
+flattered themselves with hopes of escaping, and thought the
+bitterness of death was past. One cart, they told us, going up to
+Shoreditch, was forsaken by the drivers, or being left to one man to
+drive, he died in the street; and the horses, going on, overthrew the
+cart and left the bodies, some thrown here, some there, is a dismal
+manner. Another cart was, it seems, found in the great pit in Finsbury
+Fields, the driver being dead, or having been gone and abandoned it;
+and the horses running too near it, the cart fell in and drew the
+horses in also. It was suggested that the driver was thrown in with it
+and that the cart fell upon him, by reason his whip was seen to be in
+the pit among the bodies; but that, I suppose, could not be certain.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 107: From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures of Robinson
+Crusoe."]
+
+[Footnote 108: From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures of Robinson
+Crusoe."]
+
+[Footnote 109: From the "History of the Great Plague in London." The
+year of the plague was 1665.]
+
+
+
+
+JONATHAN SWIFT
+
+     Born in 1667, died in 1745; educated at Trinity College,
+     Dublin; became secretary to Sir William Temple in 1688; held
+     small livings in Ireland in 1700 and other years; lived
+     mostly in London from 1701 to 1710, when he abandoned the
+     Whigs and became a Tory; appointed by Queen Anne dean of St.
+     Patrick's, Dublin, in 1713; intimate with Bolingbroke,
+     Addison, Steele and Pope; published "Gulliver's Travels" in
+     1726; his mind clouded in later years, and in 1741 he was
+     put under restraint.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+ON PRETENSE IN PHILOSOPHERS[110]
+
+
+I was received very kindly by the warden, and went for many days to
+the academy. Every room hath in it one or more projectors, and I
+believe I could not be in fewer than five hundred rooms.
+
+The first man I saw was of a meager aspect, with sooty hands and face,
+his hair and beard long, ragged, and singed in several places. His
+clothes, shirt, and skin were all of the same color. He had been eight
+years upon a project for extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers, which
+were to be put into phials hermetically sealed, and let out to warm
+the air in raw inclement summers. He told me he did not doubt in eight
+years more that he should be able to supply the governor's gardens
+with sunshine at a reasonable rate; but he complained that his stock
+was low, and entreated me to give him something as an encouragement
+to ingenuity, especially since this had been a very dear season for
+cucumbers. I made him a small present, for my lord had furnished me
+with money on purpose, because he knew their practise of begging from
+all who go to see them.
+
+I saw another at work to calcine ice into gunpowder, who likewise
+shewed me a treatise he had written concerning the malleability of
+fire, which he intended to publish.
+
+There was a most ingenious architect, who had contrived a new method
+for building houses, by beginning at the roof, and working downwards
+to the foundation; which he justified to me by the like practise of
+those two prudent insects, the bee and the spider.
+
+There was an astronomer who had undertaken to place a sun-dial upon
+the great weather-cock on the town-house, by adjusting the annual and
+diurnal motions of the earth and sun, so as to answer and coincide
+with all accidental turning of the winds.
+
+We crossed a walk to the other part of the academy, where, as I have
+already said, the projectors in speculative learning resided.
+
+The first professor I saw was in a very large room, with forty pupils
+about him. After salutation, observing me to look earnestly upon a
+frame which took up the greatest part of both the length and breadth
+of the room, he said, perhaps I might wonder to see him employed in a
+project for improving speculative knowledge by practical and
+mechanical operations. But the world would soon be sensible of its
+usefulness, and he flattered himself that a more noble, exalted
+thought never sprang in any other man's head. Every one knew how
+laborious the usual method is of attaining to arts and sciences;
+whereas by his contrivance, the most ignorant person, at a reasonable
+charge, and with a little bodily labor, may write books in philosophy,
+poetry, politics, law, mathematics, and theology, without the least
+assistance from genius or study. He then led me to the frame, about
+the sides whereof all his pupils stood in ranks. It was twenty feet
+square, placed in the middle of the room. The superficies was composed
+of several bits of wood, about the bigness of a die, but some larger
+than others. They were all linked together by slender wires. These
+bits of wood were covered on every square with paper pasted on them;
+and on these papers were written all the words of their language in
+their several moods, tenses, and declensions, but without any order.
+The professor then desired me to observe, for he was going to set his
+engine at work. The pupils, at his command, took each of them hold of
+an iron handle, whereof there were forty fixt round the edges of the
+frame, and giving them a sudden turn, the whole disposition of the
+words was entirely changed. He then commanded six-and-thirty of the
+lads to read the several lines softly as they appeared upon the frame;
+and where they found three or four words together that might make part
+of a sentence, they dictated to the four remaining boys, who were
+scribes. This work was repeated three or four times, and at every turn
+the engine was so contrived that the words shifted into new places as
+the square bits of wood moved upside down. Six hours a day the young
+students were employed in this labor; and the professor shewed me
+several volumes in large folio, already collected of broken sentences,
+which he intended to piece together, and out of those rich materials
+give the world a complete body of all arts and sciences.
+
+We next went to the school of languages, where three professors sat in
+consultation upon improving that of their own country.
+
+The first project was to shorten discourse by cutting polysyllables
+into one, and leaving out verbs and participles; because, in reality,
+all things imaginable are but nouns. The other was a scheme for
+entirely abolishing all words whatsoever; and this was urged as a
+great advantage in point of health as well as brevity; for, it is
+plain that every word we speak is in some degree a diminution of our
+lungs by corrosion, and consequently contributes to the shortening of
+our lives. An expedient was therefore offered, that since words are
+only names for things, it would be more convenient for all men to
+carry about them such things as were necessary to express the
+particular business they are to discourse on. And this invention would
+certainly have taken place, to the great ease as well as health of the
+subject, if the women, in conjunction with the vulgar and illiterate,
+had not threatened to raise a rebellion, unless they might be allowed
+the liberty to speak with their tongues, after the manner of their
+forefathers; such constant irreconcilable enemies to science are the
+common people.
+
+Another great advantage proposed by this invention was, that it would
+serve as a universal language to be understood in all civilized
+nations, whose goods and utensils are generally of the same kind, or
+nearly resembling, so that their uses might easily be comprehended.
+And thus ambassadors would be qualified to treat with foreign princes
+or ministers of state, to whose tongues they were utter strangers.
+
+I was at the mathematical school, where the master taught his pupils
+after a method scarce imaginable to us in Europe. The proposition and
+demonstration were fairly written on a thin wafer, with ink composed
+of a cephalic tincture. This the student was to swallow upon a fasting
+stomach, and for three days following eat nothing but bread and water.
+As the wafer digested, the tincture mounted to his brain, bearing the
+proposition along with it. But the success hath not hitherto been
+answerable, partly by some error in the quantum or composition, and
+partly by the perverseness of lads, to whom this bolus is so nauseous
+that they generally steal aside, and discharge it upward before it can
+operate; neither have they been yet persuaded to use so long an
+abstinence as the prescription requires.
+
+In the school of political projectors I was but ill entertained, the
+professors appearing in my judgment wholly out of their senses, which
+is a scene that never fails to make me melancholy. These unhappy
+people were proposing schemes for persuading monarchs to choose
+favorites upon the score of their wisdom, capacity and virtue; of
+teaching ministers to consult the public good; of rewarding merit,
+great abilities, and eminent services; of instructing princes to know
+their true interest, by placing it on the same foundation with that
+of their people; of choosing for employments persons qualified to
+exercise them; with many other wild impossible chimeras that never
+entered before into the heart of man to conceive, and confirmed in me
+the old observation, that there is nothing so extravagant and
+irrational which some philosophers have not maintained for truth.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+ON THE HOSPITALITY OF THE VULGAR[111]
+
+
+Those inferior duties of life which the French call _les petites
+morales_, or the smaller morals, are with us distinguished by the name
+of good manners or breeding. This I look upon, in the general notion
+of it, to be a sort of artificial good sense, adapted to the meanest
+capacities, and introduced to make mankind easy in their commerce with
+each other. Low and little understandings, without some rules of this
+kind, would be perpetually wandering into a thousand indecencies and
+irregularities in behavior; and in their ordinary conversation, fall
+into the same boisterous familiarities that one observeth amongst them
+when a debauch hath quite taken away the use of their reason. In other
+instances, it is odd to consider, that for want of common discretion,
+the very end of good breeding is wholly perverted; and civility,
+intended to make us easy, is employed in laying chains and fetters
+upon us, in debarring us of our wishes, and in crossing our most
+reasonable desires and inclinations.
+
+This abuse reigneth chiefly in the country, as I found to my vexation,
+when I was last there, in a visit I made to a neighbor about two miles
+from my cousin. As soon as I entered the parlor, they put me into the
+great chair that stood close by a huge fire, and kept me there by
+force until I was almost stifled. Then a boy came in great hurry to
+pull off my boots, which I in vain opposed, urging that I must return
+soon after dinner. In the meantime, the good lady whispered her eldest
+daughter, and slipt a key into her hand. The girl returned instantly
+with a beer-glass half full of _aqua mirabilis_ and syrup of
+gillyflowers. I took as much as I had a mind for; but madam vowed I
+should drink it off--for she was sure it would do me good, after
+coming out of the cold air--and I was forced to obey; which absolutely
+took away my stomach. When dinner came in, I had a mind to sit at a
+distance from the fire; but they told me it was as much as my life was
+worth, and set me with my back just against it. Altho my appetite was
+quite gone, I resolved to force down as much as I could; and desired
+the leg of a pullet. "Indeed, Mr. Bickerstaff," says the lady, "you
+must eat a wing to oblige me"; and so put a couple upon my plate. I
+was persecuted at this rate during the whole meal. As often as I
+called for small beer, the master tipped the wink, and the servant
+brought me a brimmer of October. Some time after dinner, I ordered my
+cousin's man, who came with me, to get ready the horses, but it was
+resolved I should not stir that night; and when I seemed pretty much
+bent upon going, they ordered the stable door to be locked; and the
+children hid my cloak and boots. The next question was, what I would
+have for supper, I said I never ate anything at night; but was at
+last, in my own defense, obliged to name the first thing that came
+into my head. After three hours spent chiefly in apologies for my
+entertainment, insinuating to me, "that this was the worst time of the
+year for provisions; that they were at a great distance from any
+market; that they were afraid I should be starved; and that they knew
+they kept me to my loss," the lady went and left me to her
+husband--for they took special care I should never be alone. As soon
+as her back was turned, the little misses ran backward and forward
+every moment; and constantly as they came in or went out, made a
+courtesy directly at me, which in good manners I was forced to return
+with a bow, and, "Your humble servant, pretty miss." Exactly at eight
+the mother came up, and discovered by the redness of her face that
+supper was not far off.
+
+It was twice as large as the dinner, and my persecution doubled in
+proportion. I desired at my usual hour to go to my repose, and was
+conducted to my chamber by the gentleman, his lady, and the whole
+train of children. They importuned me to drink something before I went
+to bed; and upon my refusing, at last left a bottle of stingo, as they
+called it, for fear I should wake and be thirsty in the night. I was
+forced in the morning to rise and dress myself in the dark, because
+they would not suffer my kinsman's servant to disturb me at the hour I
+desired to be called. I was now resolved to break through all measures
+to get away; and after sitting down to a monstrous breakfast of cold
+beef, mutton, neats'-tongues, venison-pasty, and stale beer, took
+leave of the family. But the gentleman would needs see me part of my
+way, and carry me a short-cut through his own grounds, which he told
+me would save half a mile's riding. This last piece of civility had
+like to have cost me dear, being once or twice in danger of my neck,
+by leaping over his ditches, and at last forced to alight in the dirt;
+when my horse, having slipt his bridle, ran away and took us up more
+than an hour to recover him again. It is evident that none of the
+absurdities I met with in this visit proceeded from an ill intention,
+but from a wrong judgment of complaisance, and a misapplication in the
+rules of it.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE ART OF LYING IN POLITICS[112]
+
+
+I am prevailed on, through the importunity of friends, to interrupt
+the scheme I had begun in my last paper, by an essay upon the Art of
+Political Lying. We are told the devil is the father of lies, and was
+a liar from the beginning; so that, beyond contradiction, the
+invention is old: and, which is more, his first essay of it was
+purely political, employed in undermining the authority of his prince,
+and seducing a third part of the subjects from their obedience: for
+which he was driven down from heaven, where (as Milton expresses it)
+he had been viceroy of a great western province; and forced to
+exercise his talent in inferior regions among other fallen spirits,
+poor or deluded men, whom he still daily tempts to his own sin, and
+will ever do so, till he be chained in the bottomless pit.
+
+But altho the devil be the father of lies, he seems, like other great
+inventors, to have lost much of his reputation, by the continual
+improvements that have been made upon him.
+
+Who first reduced lying into an art, and adapted it to politics, is
+not so clear from history, altho I have made some diligent inquiries.
+I shall therefore consider it only according to the modern system, as
+it has been cultivated these twenty years past in the southern part of
+our own island.
+
+The poets tell us, that after the giants were overthrown by the gods,
+the earth in revenge produced her last offspring', which was Fame. And
+the fable is thus interpreted: that when tumults and seditions are
+quieted, rumors and false reports are plentifully spread through a
+nation. So that, by this account, lying is the last relief of a
+routed, earth-born, rebellious party in a state. But here the Moderns
+have made great additions, applying this art to the gaining of power
+and preserving it, as well as revenging themselves after they have
+lost it; as the same instruments are made use of by animals to feed
+themselves when they are hungry, and to bite those that tread upon
+them.
+
+But the same genealogy can not always be admitted for political lying;
+I shall therefore desire to refine upon it, by adding some
+circumstances of its birth and parents. A political lie is sometimes
+born out of a discarded statesman's head, and thence delivered to be
+nursed and dandled by the rabble. Sometimes it is produced a monster,
+and licked into shape; at other times it comes into the world
+completely formed, and is spoiled in the licking. It is often born an
+infant in the regular way, and requires time to mature it; and often
+it sees the light in its full growth, but dwindles away by degrees.
+Sometimes it is of noble birth; and sometimes the spawn of a
+stockjobber. Here it screams aloud at the opening of the womb; and
+there it is delivered with a whisper. I know a lie that now disturbs
+half the kingdom with its noise, which, altho too proud and great at
+present to own its parents, I can remember its whisperhood. To
+conclude the nativity of this monster; when it comes into the world
+without a sting, it is stillborn; and whenever it loses its sting, it
+dies.
+
+No wonder if an infant so miraculous in its birth should be destined
+for great adventures; and accordingly we see it hath been the guardian
+spirit of a prevailing party for almost twenty years. It can conquer
+kingdoms without fighting, and sometimes with the loss of a battle. It
+gives and resumes employments; can sink a mountain to a molehill, and
+raise a molehill to a mountain; hath presided for many years at
+committees of elections; can wash a blackamoor white; make a saint of
+an atheist, and a patriot of a profligate; can furnish foreign
+ministers with intelligence and raise or let fall the credit of the
+nation. This goddess flies with a huge looking-glass in her hands, to
+dazzle the crowd, and make them see, according as she turns it, their
+ruin in their interest, and their interest in their ruin. In this
+glass you will behold your best friends, clad in coats powdered with
+fleurs-de-lis, and triple crowns; their girdles hung round with
+chains, and beads, and wooden shoes; and your worst enemies adorned
+with the ensigns of liberty, property, indulgence, moderation, and a
+cornucopia in their hands. Her large wings, like those of a flying
+fish, are of no use but while they are moist; she therefore dips them
+in mud, and soaring aloft scatters it in the eyes of the multitude,
+flying with great swiftness; but at every turn is forced to stoop in
+dirty ways for new supplies.
+
+I have been sometimes thinking, if a man had the art of the second
+sight for seeing lies, as they have in Scotland for seeing spirits,
+how admirably he might entertain himself in this town by observing the
+different shapes, sizes, and colors of those swarms of lies which buzz
+about the heads of some people, like flies about a horses' ears in
+summer; or those legions hovering every afternoon in Exchange alley,
+enough to darken the air; or over a club of discontented grandees, and
+thence sent down in cargoes to be scattered at elections.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+A MEDITATION UPON A BROOMSTICK[113]
+
+
+This single stick, which you now behold ingloriously lying in that
+neglected corner, I once knew in a flourishing state in a forest. It
+was full of sap, full of leaves, and full of boughs; but now in vain
+does the busy art of man pretend to vie with nature, by tying that
+withered bundle of twigs to its sapless trunk; it is now at best but
+the reverse of what it was, a tree turned upside down, the branches on
+the earth, and the root in the air; it is now handled by every dirty
+wench, condemned to do her drudgery, and, by a capricious kind of
+fate, destined to make other things clean, and be nasty itself; at
+length, worn to the stumps in the service of the maids, it is either
+thrown out-of-doors, or condemned to the last use of kindling a fire.
+When I beheld this I sighed, and said within myself, "Surely mortal
+man is a broomstick!" Nature sent him into the world strong and lusty,
+in a thriving condition, wearing his own hair on his head, the proper
+branches of this reasoning vegetable, till the ax of intemperance has
+lopped off his green boughs, and left him a withered trunk; he then
+flies to art, and puts on a periwig, valuing himself upon an unnatural
+bundle of hairs, all covered with powder, that never grew on his head;
+but now should this our broomstick pretend to enter the scene, proud
+of those birchen spoils it never bore, and all covered with dust,
+through the sweepings of the finest lady's chamber, we should be apt
+to ridicule and despise its vanity. Partial judges that we are of our
+own excellences, and other men's defaults!
+
+But a broomstick, perhaps you will say, is an emblem of a tree
+standing on its head; and pray what is a man but a topsy-turvy
+creature, his animal faculties perpetually mounted on his rational,
+his head where his heels should be, groveling on the earth? And yet,
+with all his faults, he sets up to be a universal reformer and
+corrector of abuses, a remover of grievances; rakes into every slut's
+corner of nature, bringing hidden corruptions to the light; and raises
+a mighty dust where there was none before, sharing deeply all the
+while in the very same pollutions he pretends to sweep away. His last
+days are spent in slavery to women, and generally the least deserving;
+till, worn to the stumps, like his brother besom, he is either kicked
+out-of-doors, or made use of to kindle flames for others to warm
+themselves by.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+GULLIVER AMONG THE GIANTS[114]
+
+
+My mistress had a daughter of nine years old, a child of towardly
+parts for her age, very dexterous at her needle, and skilful in
+dressing her baby. Her mother and she contrived to fit up the baby's
+cradle for me against night; the cradle was put into a small drawer of
+a cabinet, and the drawer placed upon a hanging shelf for fear of the
+rats. This was my bed all the time I stayed with those people; tho
+made more convenient by degrees, as I began to learn their language
+and make my wants known. This young girl was so handy, that after I
+had once or twice pulled off my clothes before her, she was able to
+dress and undress me; tho I never gave her that trouble when she would
+let me do either myself. She made me seven shirts, and some other
+linen, of as fine cloth as could be got, which indeed was coarser than
+sackcloth; and these she constantly washed for me with her own hands.
+She was likewise my schoolmistress, to teach me the language: when I
+pointed to anything, she told me the name of it in her own tongue; so
+that in a few days I was able to call for whatever I had a mind to.
+She was very good-natured, and not above forty feet high, being
+little for her age. She gave me the name of Grildrig, which the family
+took up, and afterwards the whole kingdom. The word imports what the
+Latins call _homunculus_, the Italians _homunceletino_, and the
+English _mannikin_. To her I chiefly owe my preservation in that
+country; we never parted while I was there: I called her my
+_Glumdalclitch_, or little nurse; and should be guilty of great
+ingratitude if I omitted this honorable mention of her care and
+affection toward me, which I heartily wish it lay in my power to
+requite as she deserves, instead of being the innocent but unhappy
+instrument of her disgrace, as I have too much reason to fear.
+
+It now began to be known and talked of in the neighborhood that my
+master had found a strange animal in the field, about the bigness of a
+_splacnuck_, but exactly shaped in every part like a human creature,
+which it likewise imitated in all its actions: seemed to speak in a
+little language of its own, had already learned several words of
+theirs, went erect upon two legs, was tame and gentle, would come when
+it was called, do whatever it was bid, had the finest limbs in the
+world, and a complexion fairer than a nobleman's daughter of three
+years old.
+
+Another farmer who lived hard by, and was a particular friend of my
+master, came on a visit on purpose to inquire into the truth of this
+story. I was immediately produced and placed upon a table, where I
+walked as I was commanded, drew my hanger, put it up again, made my
+reverence to my master's guest, asked him in his own language how he
+did, and told him he was welcome--just as my little nurse had
+instructed me. This man who was old and dim-sighted, put on his
+spectacles to behold me better; at which I could not forbear laughing
+very heartily, for his eyes appeared like the full moon shining into a
+chamber at two windows. Our people, who discovered the cause of my
+mirth, bore me company in laughing; at which the old fellow was fool
+enough to be angry and out of countenance. He had the character of a
+great miser; and to my misfortune, he well deserved it, by the cursed
+advice he gave my master to show me as a sight upon a market-day in
+the next town, which was half an hour's riding, about two-and-twenty
+miles from our house. I guessed there was some mischief contriving
+when I observed my master and his friend whispering long together,
+sometimes pointing at me; and my fears made me fancy that I overheard
+and understood some of their words.
+
+But the next morning Glumdalclitch, my little nurse, told me the whole
+matter, which she had cunningly picked out from her mother. The poor
+girl laid me on her bosom, and fell a-weeping with shame and grief.
+She apprehended some mischief would happen to me from rude vulgar
+folks, who might squeeze me to death, or break one of my limbs by
+taking me in their hands. She had also observed how modest I was in my
+nature, how nicely I regarded my honor, and what an indignity I should
+conceive it to be exposed for money as a public spectacle to the
+meanest of the people. She said her papa and mama had promised that
+Grildrig should be hers; but now she found they meant to serve her as
+they did last year, when they pretended to give her a lamb, and yet,
+as soon as it was fat, sold it to a butcher. For my own part, I may
+truly affirm that I was less concerned than my nurse. I had a strong
+hope, which never left me, that I should one day recover my liberty:
+and as to the ignominy of being carried about for a monster, I
+considered myself to be a perfect stranger in the country, and that
+such a misfortune could never be charged upon me as a reproach if ever
+I should return to England, since the King of Great Britain himself,
+in my condition, must have undergone the same distress.
+
+My master, pursuant to the advice of his friend, carried me in a box
+the next market-day to the neighboring town, and took along with him
+his little daughter, my nurse, upon a pillion behind him. The box was
+close on every side, with a little door for me to go in and out, and a
+few gimlet-holes to let in air. The girl had been so careful as to put
+the quilt of her baby's bed into it for me to lie down on. However, I
+was terribly shaken and discomposed in this journey, tho it were but
+of half an hour; for the horse went about forty feet at every step,
+and trotted so high that the agitation was equal to the rising and
+falling of a ship in a great storm, but much more frequent. Our
+journey was somewhat farther than from London to St. Alban's. My
+master alighted at an inn which he used to frequent; and after
+consulting a while with the innkeeper, and making some necessary
+preparations, he hired the "grultrud," or crier, to give notice
+through the town of a strange creature to be seen at the sign of the
+Green Eagle, not so big as a splacnuck (an animal in that country
+very finely shaped, about six feet long), and in every part of the
+body resembling a human creature--could speak several words, and
+perform a hundred diverting tricks.
+
+I was placed upon a table in the largest room of the inn, which might
+be near three hundred feet square. My little nurse stood on a low
+stool close to the table, to take care of me and direct what I should
+do. My master, to avoid a crowd, would suffer only thirty people at a
+time to see me. I walked about on the table as the girl commanded; she
+asked me questions as far as she knew my understanding of the language
+reached, and I answered them as loud as I could. I turned about
+several times to the company, paid my humble respects, said "they were
+welcome," and used some other speeches I had been taught. I took up a
+thimble filled with liquor, which Glumdalclitch had given me for a
+cup, and drank their health. I drew out my hanger, and flourished with
+it after the manner of fencers in England. My nurse gave me a part of
+a straw, which I exercised as a pike, having learned the art in my
+youth. I was that day shown to twelve sets of company, and as often
+forced to act over again the same fopperies, till I was half dead with
+weariness and vexation; for those who had seen me made such wonderful
+reports that the people were ready to break down the doors to come in.
+My master, for his own interest, would not suffer any one to touch me
+except my nurse; and to prevent danger, benches were set round the
+table at such a distance as to put me out of everybody's teach.
+However, an unlucky schoolboy aimed a hazel-nut directly at my head,
+which very narrowly missed me; otherwise it came with so much violence
+that it would have infallibly knocked out my brains, for it was almost
+as large as a small pumpion: but I had the satisfaction to see the
+young rogue well beaten and turned out of the room....
+
+My master's design was to show me in all the towns by the way; and to
+step out of the road, for fifty or a hundred miles, to any village or
+person of quality's house where he might expect custom. We made easy
+journeys, of not above seven or eight score miles a day; for
+Glumdalclitch, on purpose to spare me, complained she was tired with
+the trotting of the horse. She often took me out of my box, at my own
+desire, to give me air and show me the country; but always held me
+fast by a leading-string. We passed over five or six rivers, many
+degrees broader and deeper than the Nile or the Ganges; and there was
+hardly a rivulet so small as the Thames at London Bridge. We were ten
+weeks in our journey, and I was shown in eighteen large towns, besides
+many villages and private families.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 110: From the description of the Academy of Lagade in
+"Gulliver's Travels."]
+
+[Footnote 111: From No. 1 of "The Tatler."]
+
+[Footnote 112: From "The Examiner."]
+
+[Footnote 113: This essay is a satire on the writings of Robert
+Boyle.]
+
+[Footnote 114: From "Gulliver's Travels." At this point in the story
+Gulliver, shipwrecked in the country of Brobdingnag, had by the farmer
+who found him been given as a plaything to his little daughter
+Glumdalclitch, who, altho only nine years old, was forty feet tall.]
+
+
+
+
+JOSEPH ADDISON
+
+     Born in 1672, died in 1719; educated at Oxford, where he
+     wrote a Latin poem which brought him a pension of three
+     hundred pounds; traveled on the Continent in 1699-1703;
+     Under-secretary of State in 1706; Secretary to the Lord
+     Lieutenant of Ireland in 1709; Secretary for Ireland in
+     1715; Secretary of State in 1717; married the Countess of
+     Warwick in 1716; for his periodical _The Spectator_,
+     published daily from March 1st, 1711, to December 6th, 1712,
+     wrote 274 papers; including the Sir Roger de Coverley
+     papers; author of many other writings, among which "Cato: A
+     Tragedy" is notable.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY[115]
+
+
+When I am in a serious humor, I very often walk by myself in
+Westminster Abbey; where the gloominess of the place, and the use to
+which it is applied, with the solemnity of the building, and the
+condition of the people who lie in it, are apt to fill the mind with a
+kind of melancholy, or rather thoughtfulness, that is not
+disagreeable. I yesterday passed a whole afternoon in the churchyard,
+the cloisters, and the church, amusing myself with the tombstones and
+inscriptions that I met with in those several regions of the dead.
+Most of them recorded nothing else of the buried person, but that he
+was born upon one day, and died upon another: the whole history of his
+life being comprehended in those two circumstances, that are common
+to all mankind. I could not but look upon these registers of
+existence, whether of brass or marble, as a kind of satire upon the
+departed persons, who had left no other memorial of them, but that
+they were born and that they died. They put one in mind of several
+persons mentioned in the battles of heroic poems, who have sounding
+names given them, for no other reason but that they may be killed, and
+are celebrated for nothing but being knocked on the head.
+
+    Glaucumque, Medontaque, Thersilochumque.
+
+--VIRG.
+
+The life of these men is finely described in Holy Writ by "the path of
+an arrow," which is immediately closed up and lost.
+
+Upon my going into the church, I entertained myself with the digging
+of a grave; and saw, in every shovelful of it that was thrown up, the
+fragment of a bone or skull intermixt with a kind of fresh moldering
+earth that some time or other had a place in the composition of a
+human body. Upon this I began to consider with myself, what
+innumerable multitudes of people lay confused together under the
+pavement of that ancient cathedral; how men and women, friends and
+enemies, priests and soldiers, monks and prebendaries, were crumbled
+amongst one another, and blended together in the same common mass; how
+beauty, strength and youth, with old age, weakness, and deformity, lay
+undistinguished in the same promiscuous heap of matter.
+
+And having thus surveyed this great magazine of mortality, as it were
+in the lump, I examined it more particularly by the accounts which I
+found on several of the monuments which are raised in every quarter of
+that ancient fabric. Some of them were covered with such extravagant
+epitaphs, that, if it were possible for the dead person to be
+acquainted with them, he would blush at the praises which his friends
+have bestowed upon him. There are others so excessively modest, that
+they deliver the character of the person departed in Greek or Hebrew,
+and by that means are not understood once in a twelvemonth. In the
+poetical quarter, I found there were poets who had no monuments, and
+monuments which had no poets. I observed, indeed, that the present war
+had filled the church with many of these uninhabited monuments, which
+had been erected to the memory of persons whose bodies were perhaps
+buried in the plains of Blenheim, or in the bosom of the ocean.
+
+I could not but be very much delighted with several modern epitaphs,
+which are written with great elegance of expression and justness of
+thought, and therefore do honor to the living as well as to the dead.
+As a foreigner is very apt to conceive an idea of the ignorance or
+politeness of a nation from the turn of their public monuments and
+inscriptions, they should be submitted to the perusal of men of
+learning and genius before they are put in execution. Sir Cloudesley
+Shovel's monument has very often given me great offense; instead of
+the brave, rough English Admiral, which was the distinguishing
+character of that plain, gallant man, he is represented on his tomb by
+the figure of a beau, drest in a long periwig, and reposing himself
+upon velvet cushions under a canopy of state. The inscription is
+answerable to the monument; for instead of celebrating the many
+remarkable actions he had performed in the service of his country, it
+acquaints us only with the manner of his death, in which it was
+impossible for him to reap any honor. The Dutch, whom we are apt to
+despise for want of genius, show an infinitely greater taste of
+antiquity and politeness in their buildings and works of this nature,
+than what we meet with in those of our own country. The monuments of
+their admirals, which have been erected at the public expense,
+represent them like themselves; and are adorned with rostral crowns
+and naval ornaments, with beautiful festoons of seaweed, shells, and
+coral.
+
+But to return to our subject. I have left the repository of our
+English kings for the contemplation of another day, when I shall find
+my mind disposed for so serious an amusement. I know that
+entertainments of this nature are apt to raise dark and dismal
+thoughts in timorous minds and gloomy imaginations: but for my own
+part, tho I am always serious, I do not know what it is to be
+melancholy; and can therefore take a view of nature in her deep and
+solemn scenes, with the same pleasure as in her most gay and
+delightful ones. By this means, I can improve myself with those
+objects which others consider with terror. When I look upon the tombs
+of the great, every emotion of envy dies in me; when I read the
+epitaphs of the beautiful, every inordinate desire goes out; when I
+meet with the grief of parents upon a tombstone, my heart melts with
+compassion; when I see the tomb of the parents themselves, I consider
+the vanity of grieving for those whom we must quickly follow; when I
+see kings lying by those who deposed them, when I consider rival wits
+placed side by side, or the holy men that divided the world with their
+contests and disputes, I reflect with sorrow and astonishment on the
+little competitions, factions, and debates of mankind. When I read the
+several dates of the tombs, of some that died yesterday, and some six
+hundred years ago, I consider that great day when we shall all of us
+be contemporaries, and make our appearance together.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+WILL HONEYCOMB AND HIS MARRIAGE[116]
+
+
+My friend Will Honeycomb values himself very much upon what he calls
+the knowledge of mankind, which has cost him many disasters in his
+youth; for Will reckons every misfortune that he has met with among
+the women, and every encounter among the men, as parts of his
+education, and fancies he should never have been the man he is, had he
+not broke windows, knocked down constables, disturbed honest people
+with his midnight serenades, and beat up Phryne'e quarters, when he
+was a young fellow. The engaging in adventures of this nature, Will
+calls the studying of mankind, and terms this knowledge of the town,
+the knowledge of the world. Will ingenuously confesses, that for half
+his life his head ached every morning with reading of men over night;
+and at present comforts himself under sundry infirmities with the
+reflection that without them he could not have been acquainted with
+the gallantries of the age. This Will looks upon as the learning of a
+gentleman, and regards all other kinds of science as the
+accomplishments of one whom he calls a scholar, a bookish man, or a
+philosopher.
+
+For these reasons Will shines in a mixed company, where he has the
+discretion not to go out of his depth, and has often a certain way of
+making his real ignorance appear a seeming one. Our club, however, has
+frequently caught him tripping, at which times they never spare him.
+For as Will often insults us with the knowledge of the town, we
+sometimes take our revenge upon him by our knowledge of books.
+
+He was last week producing two or three letters which he writ in his
+youth to a coquette lady. The raillery of them was natural, and well
+enough for a mere man of the town; but very unluckily, several of the
+words were wrong spelt. Will laughed this off at first as well as he
+could; but finding himself pushed on all sides, and especially by the
+Templar, he told us with a little passion that he never liked pedantry
+in spelling, and that he spelt like a gentleman and not like a
+scholar: upon this Will had recourse to his old topic of showing the
+narrow-spiritedness, the pride and ignorance, of pedants; which he
+carried so far, that, upon my retiring to my lodgings, I could not
+forbear throwing together such reflections as occurred to me upon
+that subject.
+
+A man who has been brought up among books, and is able to talk of
+nothing else, is a very indifferent companion, and what we call a
+pedant. But, methinks, we should enlarge the title, and give it to
+every one that does not know how to think out of his profession and
+particular way of life.
+
+What is a greater pedant than a mere man of the town? Bar him the
+play-houses, a catalog of the reigning beauties, and an account of a
+few fashionable distempers that have befallen him, and you strike him
+dumb. How many a pretty gentleman's knowledge lies all within the
+verge of the court! He will tell you the names of the principal
+favorites, repeat the shrewd sayings of a man of quality, whisper an
+intrigue that is not yet blown upon by common fame; or, if the sphere
+of his observation is a little larger than ordinary, will perhaps
+enter into all the incidents, turns, and revolutions in a game of
+ombre. When he has gone thus far, he has shown you the whole circle of
+his accomplishments, his parts are drained, and he is disabled from
+any further conversation. What are these but rank pedants? and yet
+these are the men who value themselves most on their exemption from
+the pedantry of colleges.
+
+I might here mention the military pedant, who always talks in a camp,
+and is storming towns, making lodgments, and fighting battles from one
+end of the year to the other. Everything he speaks smells of
+gunpowder: if you take away his artillery from him, he has not a word
+to say for himself. I might likewise mention the law pedant, that is
+perpetually putting eases, repeating the transactions of Westminster
+Hall, wrangling with you upon the most indifferent circumstances of
+life, and not to be convinced of the distance of a place, or of the
+most trivial point in conversation, but by dint of argument. The state
+pedant is wrapt up in news, and lost in politics. If you mention
+either of the kings of Spain or Poland, he talks very notably; but if
+you go out of the Gazette, you drop him. In short, a mere courtier, a
+mere soldier, a mere scholar, a mere anything, is an insipid pedantic
+character, and equally ridiculous.
+
+Of all the species of pedants which I have mentioned, the book pedant
+is much the most supportable: he has at least an exercised
+understanding, and a head which is full tho confused, so that a man
+who converses with him may often receive from him hints of things that
+are worth knowing, and what he may possibly turn to his own advantage,
+tho they are of little use to the owner. The worst kind of pedants
+among learned men are such as are naturally endowed with a very small
+share of common sense, and have read a great number of books without
+taste or distinction....
+
+My friend Will Honeycomb, who was so unmercifully witty upon the
+women, in a couple of letters which I lately communicated to the
+public, has given the ladies ample satisfaction by marrying a farmer's
+daughter; a piece of news which came to our club by the last post. The
+Templar is very positive that he has married a dairymaid; but Will, in
+his letter to me on this occasion, sets the best face upon the matter
+that he can, and gives a more tolerable account of his spouse. I must
+confess I suspected something more than ordinary, when upon opening
+the letter I found that Will was fallen off from his former gaiety,
+having changed Dear Spec, which was his usual salute at the beginning
+of the letter, into "_My worthy friend_," and subscribed himself at
+the latter end of it, at full length, William Honeycomb. In short, the
+gay, the loud, the vain Will Honeycomb, who had made love to every
+great fortune that has appeared in town for above thirty years
+together, and boasted of favors from ladies whom he had never seen, is
+at length wedded to a plain country girl.
+
+His letter gives us the picture of a converted rake. The sober
+character of the husband is dashed with the man of the town, and
+enlivened with those little cant phrases which have made my friend
+Will often thought very pretty company. But let us hear what he says
+for himself.
+
+MY WORTHY FRIEND.
+
+     I question not but you, and the rest of my acquaintance,
+     wonder that I, who have lived in the smoke and gallantries
+     of the town for thirty years together, should all on a
+     sudden grow fond of a country life. Had not my dog of a
+     steward run away as he did, without making up his accounts,
+     I had still been immersed in sin and sea-coal. But since my
+     late forced visit to my estate, I am so pleased with it,
+     that I am resolved to live and die upon it. I am every day
+     abroad among my acres, and can scarce forbear filling my
+     letter with breezes, shades, flowers, meadows, and purling
+     streams. The simplicity of manners which I have heard you so
+     often speak of, and which appears here in perfection, charms
+     me wonderfully. As an instance of it, I must acquaint you,
+     and by your means the whole club, that I have lately married
+     one of my tenants' daughters. She is born of honest parents,
+     and tho she has no portion she has a great deal of virtue.
+     The natural sweetness and innocence of her behavior, the
+     freshness of her complexion, the unaffected turn of her
+     shape and person, shot me through and through every time I
+     saw her, and did more execution upon me in grogram than the
+     greatest beauty in town or court had ever done in brocade.
+     In short, she is such a one as promises me a good heir to my
+     estate; and if by her means I can not leave to my children
+     what are falsely called the gifts of birth, high titles and
+     alliances, I hope to convey to them the more real and
+     valuable gifts of birth, strong bodies and healthy
+     constitutions. As for your fine women, I need not tell thee
+     that I know them. I have had my share in their graces, but
+     no more of that. It shall be my business hereafter to live
+     the life of an honest man, and to act as becomes the master
+     of a family. I question not but I shall draw upon me the
+     raillery of the town, and be treated to the tune of "_The
+     Marriage-hater match'd_"; but I am prepared for it. I have
+     been as witty upon others in my time. To tell thee truly, I
+     saw such a tribe of fashionable young fluttering coxcombs
+     shot up, that I did not think my post of an _homme de
+     ruelle_ any longer tenable. I felt a certain stiffness in my
+     limbs, which entirely destroyed that jauntiness of air I
+     was once master of. Besides, for I may now confess my age to
+     thee, I have been eight and forty above these twelve years.
+     Since my retirement into the country will make a vacancy in
+     the club, I could wish you would fill up my place with my
+     friend Tom Dapperwit. He has an infinite deal of fire, and
+     knows the town. For my own part, as I have said before, I
+     shall endeavor to live hereafter suitable to a man in my
+     station, as a prudent head of a family, a good husband, a
+     careful father (when it shall so happen), and as
+
+Your most sincere friend and humble servant,
+
+WILLIAM HONEYCOMB.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+PRIDE OF BIRTH[117]
+
+
+Horace, Juvenal, Boileau, and indeed the greatest writers in almost
+every age, have exposed with all the strength of wit and good sense,
+the vanity of a man's valuing himself upon his ancestors, and
+endeavored to show that true nobility consists in virtue, not in
+birth. With submission, however, to so many great authorities, I think
+they have pushed this matter a little too far. We ought in gratitude
+to honor the posterity of those who have raised either the interest or
+reputation of their country, and by whose labors we ourselves are more
+happy, wise, or virtuous than we should have been without them.
+Besides, naturally speaking, a man bids fairer for greatness of soul,
+who is the descendant of worthy ancestors, and has good blood in his
+veins, than one who is come of an ignoble and obscure parentage. For
+these reasons, I think a man of merit, who is derived from an
+illustrious line, is very justly to be regarded more than a man of
+equal merit who has no claim to hereditary honors. Nay, I think those
+who are indifferent in themselves, and have nothing else to
+distinguish them but the virtues of their forefathers, are to be
+looked upon with a degree of veneration even upon that account, and to
+be more respected than the common run of men who are of low and vulgar
+extraction.
+
+After having thus ascribed due honors to birth and parentage, I must,
+however, take notice of those who arrogate to themselves more honors
+than are due to them upon this account. The first are such who are not
+enough sensible that vice and ignorance taint the blood, and that an
+unworthy behavior degrades and disennobles a man in the eyes of the
+world, as much as birth and family aggrandize and exalt him.
+
+The second are those who believe a _new_ man of an elevated merit is
+not more to be honored than an insignificant and worthless man who is
+descended from a long line of patriots and heroes; or, in other words,
+behold with contempt a person who is such a man as the first founder
+of their family was, upon whose reputation they value themselves.
+
+But I shall chiefly apply myself to those whose quality sits uppermost
+in all their discourses and behavior. An empty man of a great family
+is a creature that is scarce conversible. You read his ancestry in
+his smile, in his air, in his eyebrow. He has, indeed, nothing but his
+nobility to give employment to his thoughts. Rank and precedency are
+the important points which he is always discussing within himself. A
+gentleman of this turn began a speech in one of King Charles's
+parliaments: "Sir, I had the honor to be born at a time"--upon which a
+rough, honest gentleman took him up short, "I would fain know what
+that gentleman means: is there any one in this house that has _not_
+had the honor to be born as well as himself?" The good sense which
+reigns in our nation has pretty well destroyed this starched behavior
+among men who have seen the world, and know that every gentleman will
+be treated upon a foot of equality. But there are many who have had
+their education among women, dependents or flatterers, that lose all
+the respect which would otherwise be paid them by being too assiduous
+in procuring it.
+
+My Lord Froth has been so educated in punctilio, that he governs
+himself by a ceremonial in all the ordinary occurrences of life. He
+measures out his bow to the degree of the person he converses with. I
+have seen him in every inclination of the body, from a familiar nod to
+the low stoop in the salutation-sign. I remember five of us, who were
+acquainted with one another, met together one morning at his lodgings,
+when a wag of the company was saying, it would be worth while to
+observe how he would distinguish us at his first entrance.
+Accordingly, he no sooner came into the room, but, casting his eye
+about, "My lord such a one (says he) your most humble servant.--Sir
+Richard, your humble servant.--Your servant, Mr. Ironside.--Mr.
+Ducker, how do you do?--Hah! Frank, are you there?"
+
+There is nothing more easy than to discover a man whose head is full
+of his family. Weak minds that have imbibed a strong tincture of the
+nursery, younger brothers that have been brought up to nothing,
+superannuated retainers to a great house, have generally their
+thoughts taken up with little else.
+
+I had some years ago an aunt of my own, by name Mrs. Martha Ironside,
+who would never marry beneath herself, and is supposed to have died a
+maid in fourscorth year of her age. She was the chronicle of our
+family, and passed away the greatest part of the last forty years of
+her life in recounting the antiquity, marriages, exploits, and
+alliances of the Ironsides. Mrs. Martha conversed generally with a
+knot of old virgins, who were likewise of good families, and had been
+very cruel all the beginning of the last century. They were every one
+of them as proud as Lucifer, but said their prayers twice a day, and
+in all other respects were the best women in the world. If they saw a
+fine petticoat at church, they immediately took to pieces the pedigree
+of her that wore it, and would lift up their eyes to heaven at the
+confidence of the saucy minx, when they found she was an honest
+tradesman's daughter. It is impossible to describe the pious
+indignation that would rise in them at the sight of a man who lived
+plentifully on an estate of his own getting. They were transported
+with zeal beyond measure, if they heard of a young woman's matching
+into a great family upon account only of her beauty, her merit, or
+her money. In short, there was not a female within ten miles of them
+that was in possession of a gold watch, a pearl necklace, or a piece
+of Mechlin lace, but they examined her title to it.
+
+My aunt Martha used to chide me very frequently for not sufficiently
+valuing myself. She would not eat a bit all dinner-time, if at an
+invitation she found she had been seated below herself; and would
+frown upon me for an hour together, if she saw me give place to any
+man under a baronet. As I was once talking to her of a wealthy citizen
+whom she had refused in her youth, she declared to me with great
+warmth, that she preferred a man of quality in his shirt to the
+richest man upon the change in a coach and six. She pretended that our
+family was nearly related by the mother's side to half a dozen peers;
+but as none of them knew anything of the matter, we always kept it as
+a secret among ourselves. A little before her death, she was reciting
+to me the history of my forefathers; but dwelling a little longer than
+ordinary upon the actions of Sir Gilbert Ironside, who had a horse
+shot under him at Edgehill fight, I gave an unfortunate _pish_! and
+asked, "What was all this to me?" upon which she retired to her closet
+and fell a-scribbling for three hours together; in which time, as I
+afterwards found, she struck me out of her will, and left all that she
+had to my sister Margaret, a wheedling baggage, that used to be asking
+questions about her great-grandfather from morning to night. She now
+lies buried among the family of the Ironsides, with a stone over her,
+acquainting the reader that she died at the age of eighty years, a
+spinster, and that she was descended of the ancient family of the
+Ironsides; after which follows the genealogy drawn up by her own hand.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+SIR ROGER AND HIS HOME[118]
+
+
+The first of our society is a gentleman of Worcestershire, of ancient
+descent, a baronet, his name Sir Roger de Coverley. His
+great-grandfather was inventor of that famous country-dance which is
+called after him. All who know that shire are very well acquainted
+with the parts and merits of Sir Roger. He is a gentleman that is very
+singular in his behavior; but his singularities proceed from his good
+sense, and are contradictions to the manners of the world only as he
+thinks the world is in the wrong. However, this humor creates him no
+enemies, for he does nothing with sourness or obstinacy; and his being
+unconfined to modes and forms makes him but the readier and more
+capable to please and oblige all who know him. When he is in town he
+lives in Soho Square. It is said, he keeps himself a bachelor, by
+reason he was crossed in love by a perverse beautiful widow of the
+next county to him. Before this disappointment, Sir Roger was what you
+call a fine gentleman; had often supped with my Lord Rochester and Sir
+George Etherege, fought a duel upon his first coming to town, and
+kicked Bully Dawson in a public coffee-house, for calling him
+youngster. But, being ill used by the above-mentioned widow, he was
+very serious for a year and a half; and tho, his temper being
+naturally jovial, he at last got over it, he grew careless of himself
+and never drest afterward. He continues to wear a coat and doublet of
+the same cut that were in fashion at the time of his repulse, which,
+in his merry humors he tells us, has been in and out twelve times
+since he first wore it. He is now in his fifty-sixth year, cheerful,
+gay, and hearty; keeps a good house both in town and country; a great
+lover of mankind; but there is such a mirthful east in his behavior
+that he is rather beloved than esteemed. His tenants grow rich, his
+servants look satisfied, all the young women profess love to him, and
+the young men are glad of his company; when he comes into a house, he
+calls the servants by their names, and talks all the way up-stairs to
+a visit. I must not omit that Sir Roger is a justice of the _quorum_;
+that he fills the chair at a quarter-session with great abilities, and
+three months ago gained universal applause by explaining a passage in
+the Game Act.
+
+Having often received an invitation from my friend Sir Roger de
+Coverley to pass away a month with him in the country, I last week
+accompanied him thither, and am settled with him for some time at his
+country-house, where I intend to form several of my ensuing
+speculations. Sir Roger, who is very well acquainted with my humor,
+lets me rise and go to bed when I please; dine at his own table or in
+my chamber as I think fit; sit still and say nothing without bidding
+me be merry. When the gentlemen of the country come to see him, he
+only shows me at a distance: as I have been walking in his fields, I
+have observed them stealing a sight of me over an hedge, and have
+heard the knight desiring them not to let me see them, for that I
+hated to be stared at.
+
+I am the more at ease in Sir Roger's family, because it consists of
+sober and staid persons: for, as the knight is the best master in the
+world, he seldom changes his servants; and, as he is beloved by all
+about him, his servants never care for leaving him; by this means his
+domestics are all in years, and grown old with their master. You would
+take his valet-de-chambre for his brother; his butler is gray-headed;
+his groom is one of the gravest men that I have ever seen; and his
+coachman has the looks of a privy-councillor. You see the goodness of
+the master even in the old house-dog, and in a gray pad that is kept
+in the stable with great care and tenderness, out of regard to his
+past services, tho he has been useless for several years.
+
+I could not but observe with a great deal of pleasure the joy that
+appeared in the countenance of these ancient domestics upon my
+friend's arrival at his country-seat. Some of them could not refrain
+from tears at the sight of their old master; every one of them prest
+forward to do something for him, and seemed discouraged if they were
+not employed. At the same time the good old knight, with a mixture of
+the father and the master of the family, tempered the inquiries after
+his own affairs with several kind questions relating to themselves.
+This humanity and good-nature engages everybody to him, so that, when
+he is pleasant upon any of them, all his family are in good humor, and
+none so much as the person whom he diverts himself with: on the
+contrary, if he coughs, or betrays any infirmity of old age, it is
+easy for a stander-by to observe a secret concern in the looks of all
+his servants.
+
+My worthy friend has put me under the particular care of his butler,
+who is a very prudent man, and, as well as the rest of his fellow
+servants, wonderfully desirous of pleasing me, because they have often
+heard their master talk of me as of his particular friend.
+
+My chief companion, when Sir Roger is diverting himself in the woods
+or the fields, is a very venerable man who is ever with Sir Roger, and
+has lived at his house in the nature of a chaplain above thirty years.
+This gentleman is a person of good sense and some learning, of a very
+regular life and obliging conversation: he heartily loves Sir Roger,
+and knows that he is very much in the old knight's esteem, so that he
+lives in the family rather as a relation than a dependent.
+
+I have observed in several of my papers, that my friend Sir Roger,
+amidst all his good qualities, is something of a humorist; and that
+his virtues, as well as imperfections, are, as it were, tinged by a
+certain extravagance, which makes them particularly his, and
+distinguishes them from those of other men. This cast of mind, as it
+is generally very innocent in itself, so it renders his conversation
+highly agreeable, and more delightful than the same degree of sense
+and virtue would appear in their common or ordinary colors. As I was
+walking with him last night, he asked me how I liked the good man whom
+I have just now mentioned; and, without staying for my answer, told me
+that he was afraid of being insulted with Latin and Greek at his own
+table; for which reason he desired a particular friend of his at the
+university to find him out a clergyman rather of plain sense than much
+learning, of a good aspect, a clear voice, a sociable temper, and if
+possible a man that understood a little about backgammon. "My friend,"
+says Sir Roger, "found me out this gentleman, who, besides the
+endowments required of him, is, they tell me, a good scholar, tho he
+does not show it. I have given him the parsonage of the parish; and,
+because I know his value, have settled upon him a good annuity for
+life. If he outlives me, he shall find that he was higher in my esteem
+than perhaps he thinks he is. He has now been with me thirty years;
+and, tho he does not know I have taken notice of it, has never in all
+that time asked anything of me for himself, tho he is every day
+soliciting me for something in behalf of one or other of my tenants,
+his parishioners."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 115: From "The Spectator," No. 26.]
+
+[Footnote 116: From Nos. 105 and 530 of "The Spectator."]
+
+[Footnote 117: From No. 137 of "The Guardian."]
+
+[Footnote 118: From Nos. 2 and 106 of "The Spectator." It has been
+conjectured that the world owes to Steele rather than to Addison the
+original conception of the character of Sir Roger, altho its
+development was due more largely to Addison.]
+
+
+END OF VOLUME III
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Best of the World's Classics, 
+Restricted to prose. Volume III (of X) - Great Britain and Ireland I, by Francis W. Halsey
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Best of the World's Classics - Volume III of 10 - Great Britain and Ireland&mdash;I
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Best of the World's Classics, 
+Restricted to prose. Volume III (of X) - Great Britain and Ireland I, by Francis W. Halsey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Best of the World's Classics,  Restricted to prose. Volume III (of X) - Great Britain and Ireland I
+
+Author: Francis W. Halsey
+
+Editor: Henry Cabot Lodge
+
+Release Date: June 4, 2007 [EBook #21679]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEST OF THE WORLD'S CLASSICS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joseph R. Hauser, Sankar Viswanathan, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img class="img1" src="images/image_01.jpg" alt="Milton, Bacon, Chaucer, and Shakespeare." width="531" height="783" /><br />
+
+<span class="caption">Milton, Bacon, Chaucer, and Shakespeare.</span></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image_02.jpg" alt="Title Page" width="500" height="802" /></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>THE BEST</h2>
+
+  <h3><i>of the</i></h3>
+
+  <h1><span class="smcap">World's Classics</span></h1>
+
+<h4>RESTRICTED TO PROSE</h4>
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image_03.jpg" alt="Decorative Image" width="400" height="102" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>HENRY CABOT LODGE</h2>
+<h4><i>Editor-in-Chief</i></h4>
+<h2>FRANCIS W. HALSEY</h2>
+<h4><i>Associate Editor</i></h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>With an Introduction, Biographical and<br />
+Explanatory Notes, etc.</h3>
+
+<h3>IN TEN VOLUMES</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>Vol. III</h3>
+
+<h1>GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND&mdash;I</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3>FUNK &amp; WAGNALLS COMPANY</h3>
+
+<h4>NEW YORK AND LONDON</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h5><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1909, <span class="smcap">by</span></h5>
+<h4>FUNK &amp; WAGNALLS COMPANY</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>The Best of the World's Classics</h2>
+
+<h3>VOL. III</h3>
+
+<h1>GREAT BRITAIN AND
+<br />
+IRELAND&mdash;I</h1>
+
+<h4>1281-1745</h4>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Vol. III&mdash;Great Britain and Ireland&mdash;I</span></h2>
+<table summary="Contents">
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td></td>
+  <td></td><td class="tocpg"><i>Page</i></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#RICHARD_DE_BURY">Richard de Bury</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1281, died in 1345.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#IN_PRAISE_OF_BOOKS">In Praise of Books.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Philobiblon")</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SIR_JOHN_MANDEVILLE">Sir John Mandeville</a></span>&mdash;(Reputed author.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I">The Route from England to Constantinople.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Travels")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II">At the Court of the Great Chan.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Travels")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#JOHN_WYCLIF">John Wyclif</a></span>&mdash;(Born about 1324, died in 1384.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#THE_BAPTISM_OF_CHRIST">The Baptism of Christ.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(Being a translation from the Gospel of Mark)</td></tr>
+<tr>
+
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#GEOFFREY_CHAUCER">Geoffrey Chaucer</a></span>&mdash;(Born about 1340, died in 1400.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#OF_ACQUIRING_AND_USING_RICHES">Of Acquiring and Using Riches.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(One of the prose "Canterbury Tales")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#WILLIAM_CAXTON">William Caxton</a></span>&mdash;(Born about 1422, died in 1491.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#OF_TRUE_NOBILITY_AND_CHIVALRY">Of True Nobility and Chivalry.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Game and Playe of Chesse." Translated by Caxton from the French original)</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SIR_THOMAS_MALORY">Sir Thomas Malory</a></span>&mdash;(Born about 1430, died after 1470.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#OF_THE_FINDING_OF_A_SWORD_FOR_ARTHUR">Of the Finding of a Sword for Arthur.</a> </td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Morte d'Arthur")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SIR_THOMAS_MORE">Sir Thomas More</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1478, died in 1535.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#LIFE_IN_UTOPIA">Life in Utopia.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Utopia")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#JOHN_KNOX">John Knox</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1505, died in 1572.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#AN_INTERVIEW_WITH_MARY_QUEEN_OF_SCOTS">An Interview with Mary Queen of Scots.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "History of the Reformation in Scotland")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ROGER_ASCHAM">Roger Ascham</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1515, died in 1568.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#OF_GENTLE_METHODS_IN_TEACHING">Of Gentle Methods in Teaching.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Schoolmaster")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#JOHN_FOXE">John Foxe</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1516, died in 1587.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#THE_DEATH_OF_ANNE_BOLEYN">The Death of Anne Boleyn.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Book of Martyrs")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SIR_WALTER_RALEIGH">Sir Walter Raleigh</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1552, died in 1618.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#THE_MUTABILITY_OF_HUMAN_AFFAIRS">The Mutability of Human Affairs.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the Preface to the "History of the World")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#FRANCIS_BACON">Francis Bacon</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1561, died in 1626.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_I">Of Travel.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_I">Of Riches.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">III</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#III">Of Youth and Age.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">IV</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#IV">Of Revenge.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">V</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#V">Of Marriage and Single Life.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">VI</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#VI">Of Envy.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">VII</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#VII">Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">VIII</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#VIII">Of Studies.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">IX</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#IX">Of Regiment of Health.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SHAKESPEARE">William Shakespeare</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1564, died in 1616.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_II">Brutus to His Countrymen.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "Julius C&aelig;sar")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_III">Shylock in Defense of His Race.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Merchant of Venice")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">III</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#III_I">Hamlet to the Players.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "Hamlet, Prince of Denmark")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#BEN_JONSON">Ben Jonson</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1573, died in 1637.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#OF_SHAKESPEARE_AND_OTHER_WITS">Shakespeare and Other Wits.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "Timber; or, Discoveries Made Upon Men and Matter")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#IZAAK_WALTON">Izaak Walton</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1593, died in 1683.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_3">The Antiquity of Angling.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From Part I, Chapter IV, of "The Compleat Angler")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_3">Of the Trout.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From Part I, Chapter IV, of "The Compleat Angler")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">III</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#III_2">The Death of George Herbert.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Lives")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#JAMES_HOWELL">James Howell</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1595, died in 1666.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_4">The Bucentaur Ceremony in Venice.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Familiar Letters")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_4">The City of Rome in 1621.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Familiar Letters")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SIR_THOMAS_BROWNE">Sir Thomas Browne</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1605, died in 1682.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_5">Of Charity in Judgments.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Religio Medici")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_5">Nothing Strictly Immortal.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From Chapter V of "Urn Burial")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#JOHN_MILTON">John Milton</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1608, died in 1674.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_6">Of His Own Literary Ambition.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "The Reason of Church Government")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_6">A Complete Education Defined.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Tractate on Education")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">III</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#III_3">On Reading in His Youth.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Apology for Smectymnus")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">IV</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#IV_1">In Defense of Books.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Areopagitica")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">V</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#V_1">A Noble and Puissant Nation.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Areopagitica")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">VI</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#VI_1">Of Fugitive and Cloistered Virtue.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Areopagitica")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#LORD_CLARENDON">Lord Clarendon</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1608, died in 1674.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#OF_CHARLES_I">Of Charles I.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "History of the Rebellion")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THOMAS_FULLER">Thomas Fuller</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1608, died in 1661.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#QUALITIES_OF_THE_GOOD_SCHOOLMASTER">Qualities of the Good Schoolmaster.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "The Holy and Profane State")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#JEREMY_TAYLOR">Jeremy Taylor</a></span>&mdash;(Baptized in 1613, died in 1667.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#THE_BENEFITS_OF_ADVERSITY">The Benefits of Adversity.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Rules and Exercises of Holy Dying")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ABRAHAM_COWLEY">Abraham Cowley</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1618, died in 1667.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_7">Of Obscurity.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_7">Of Procrastination.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essays")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#GEORGE_FOX">George Fox</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1624, died in 1691.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#AN_INTERVIEW_WITH_OLIVER_CROMWELL">An Interview with Oliver Cromwell.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Journal")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#JOHN_BUNYAN">John Bunyan</a></span>&mdash;(Baptized in 1628, died in 1668.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_8">A Dream of the Celestial City.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "The Pilgrim's Progress")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_8">The Death of Valiant-for-truth and of Stand-fast.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "The Pilgrim's Progress")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">III</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#III_4">Ancient Vanity Fair.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "The Pilgrim's Progress")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#JOHN_DRYDEN">John Dryden</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1631, died in 1700.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#OF_ELIZABETHAN_DRAMATISTS">Of Elizabethan Dramatists.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Essay on Dramatic Poetry")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SAMUEL_PEPYS">Samuel Pepys</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1633, died in 1703.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_9">Of Various Doings of Mr. and Mrs. Pepys.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Diary")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_9">England Without Cromwell.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "Diary")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#GILBERT_BURNET">Gilbert Burnet</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1643, died in 1715.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#CHARLES_II">Charles II.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "History of Our Own Times")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#DANIEL_DEFOE">Daniel Defoe</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1661, died in 1731.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_10">The Shipwreck of Crusoe.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures
+of Robinson Crusoe")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_10">The Rescue of Man Friday.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures
+of Robinson Crusoe")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">III</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#III_5">In the Time of the Great Plague.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From the "History of the Great Plague")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#JONATHAN_SWIFT">Jonathan Swift</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1667, died in 1745.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_11">On Pretense in Philosophers.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "Gulliver's Travels")</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_11">On the Hospitality of the Vulgar.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From No. 1 of <i>The Tatler</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">III</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#III_6">The Art of Lying in Politics.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From <i>The Examiner</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">IV</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#IV_2">A Meditation upon a Broomstick</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">V</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#V_2">Gulliver Among the Giants.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From "Gulliver's Travels")</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#JOSEPH_ADDISON">Joseph Addison</a></span>&mdash;(Born in 1672, died in 1719.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">I</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#I_12">In Westminster Abbey.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From No. 26 of <i>The Spectator</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">II</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#II_12">Will Honeycomb and His Marriage.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From Nos. 105 and 530 of <i>The Spectator</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">III</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#III_7">Pride of Birth.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From No. 137 of <i>The Guardian</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tocch">IV</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td><a href="#IV_3">Sir Roger and His Home.</a></td><td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>(From Nos. 2 and 106 of <i>The Spectator</i>)</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="GREAT_BRITAIN_AND_IRELAND_I" id="GREAT_BRITAIN_AND_IRELAND_I"></a>GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND&mdash;I</h2>
+
+<h2>1281-1745</h2>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="RICHARD_DE_BURY" id="RICHARD_DE_BURY"></a>RICHARD DE BURY</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1281, died in 1345; the son of Sir Richard
+Aungerville, his own name being taken from his birthplace,
+Bury St. Edmonds; educated at Oxford, and became a
+Benedictine monk; tutor to Edward III; dean of Wells
+Cathedral in 1333; bishop of Durham the same year; high
+chancellor of England in 1334; founded a library at Oxford;
+his "Philobiblon" first printed at Cologne in 1473.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IN_PRAISE_OF_BOOKS" id="IN_PRAISE_OF_BOOKS"></a>IN PRAISE OF BOOKS<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The desirable treasure of wisdom and knowledge, which all men covet
+from the impulse of nature, infinitely surpasses all the riches of the
+world; in comparison with which, precious stones are vile, silver is
+clay, and purified gold grains of sand; in the splendor of which, the
+sun and moon grow dim to the sight; in the admirable sweetness of
+which, honey and manna are bitter to the taste. The value of wisdom
+decreaseth not with time; it hath an ever-flourishing virtue that
+cleanseth its possession from every venom. O celestial gift of divine
+liberality, descending from the Father of light to raise up the
+rational soul even to heaven; thou art the celestial alimony of
+intellect, of which whosoever eateth shall yet hunger, and whoso
+drinketh shall yet <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>thirst; a harmony rejoicing the soul of the
+sorrowful, and never in any way discomposing the hearer. Thou art the
+moderator and the rule of morals, operating according to which none
+err. By thee kings reign, and lawgivers decree justly. Through thee,
+rusticity of nature being cast off, wits and tongues being polished,
+and the thorns of vice utterly eradicated, the summit of honor is
+reached and they become fathers of their country and companions of
+princes, who, without thee, might have forged their lances into spades
+and plowshares, or perhaps have fed swine with the prodigal son.</p>
+
+<p>Where, then, most potent, most longed-for treasure, art thou
+concealed? and where shall the thirsty soul find thee? Undoubtedly,
+indeed, thou hast placed thy desirable tabernacle in books, where the
+Most High, the Light of light, the Book of Life, hath established
+thee. There then all who ask receive, all who seek find thee, to those
+who knock thou openest quickly. In books Cherubim expand their wings,
+that the soul of the student may ascend and look around from pole to
+pole, from the rising to the setting sun, from the north and from the
+south. In them the Most High, Incomprehensible God himself is
+contained and worshiped. In them the nature of celestial, terrestrial,
+and infernal beings is laid open. In them the laws by which every
+polity is governed are decreed, the offices of the celestial hierarchy
+are distinguished, and tyrannies of such demons are described as the
+ideas of Plato never surpassed, and the chair of Crito never
+sustained.</p>
+
+<p>In books we find the dead as it were living:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> in books we foresee
+things to come; in books warlike affairs are methodized; the rights of
+peace proceed from books. All things are corrupted and decay with
+time. Satan never ceases to devour those whom he generates, insomuch
+that the glory of the world would be lost in oblivion, if God had not
+provided mortals with a remedy in books. Alexander, the ruler of the
+world; Julius<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> the invader of the world and the city, the first who
+in unity of person assumed the empire in arms and arts; the faithful
+Fabricius,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> the rigid Cato, would at this day have been without a
+memorial if the aid of books had failed them. Towers are razed to the
+earth, cities overthrown, triumphal arches moldered to dust; nor can
+the king or pope be found, upon whom the privilege of a lasting name
+can be conferred more easily than by books. A book made renders
+succession to the author; for as long as the book exists, the author,
+remaining immortal, can not perish; as Ptolemy witnesseth; in the
+prolog of his Almagest,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> he (he says) is not dead, who gave life to
+science.</p>
+
+<p>What learned scribe, therefore, who draws out things new and old from
+an infinite treasury of books, will limit their price by any other
+thing whatsoever of another kind? Truth, overcoming all things, which
+ranks above kings, wine, and women, to honor which above friends
+obtains the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>benefit of sanctity, which is the way that deviates not,
+and the life without end, to which the holy B&oelig;thius attributes a
+threefold existence in the mind, in the voice, and in writing, appears
+to abide most usefully and fructify most productively of advantage in
+books. For the truth of the voice perishes with the sound. Truth,
+latent in the mind, is hidden wisdom and invisible treasure; but the
+truth which illuminates books, desires to manifest itself to every
+disciplinable sense, to the sight when read, to the hearing when
+heard; it, moreover, in a manner commends itself to the touch, when
+submitting to be transcribed, collated, corrected, and preserved.
+Truth confined to the mind, tho it may be the possession of a noble
+soul, while it wants a companion and is not judged of, either by the
+sight or the hearing, appears to be inconsistent with pleasure. But
+the truth of the voice is open to the hearing only, and latent to the
+sight (which shows as many differences of things fixt upon by a most
+subtle motion), beginning and ending as it were simultaneously. But
+the truth written in a book being not fluctuating, but permanent,
+shows itself openly to the sight passing through the spiritual ways of
+the eyes, as the porches and halls of common sense and imagination; it
+enters the chamber of intellect, reposes itself upon the couch of
+memory, and there congenerates the eternal truth of the mind.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, let us consider how great a commodity of doctrine exists in
+books, how easily, how secretly, how safely they expose the nakedness
+of human ignorance without putting it to shame. These are the masters
+that instruct us without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> rods and ferulas, without hard words and
+anger, without clothes or money. If you approach them, they are not
+asleep; if investigating you interrogate them, they conceal nothing;
+if you mistake them, they never grumble, if you are ignorant, they can
+not laugh at you.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> From the "Philobiblon," a treatise on books, translated
+from the original Latin into English in 1852 by John Englis. The Latin
+text and a new translation by Andrew J. West were printed by the
+Grolier Club of New York in 1887.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The reference is to Julius C&aelig;sar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The Roman Consul, general and ambassador to Pyrrhus in
+280, who was noted for inflexible honesty.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The best-known work of Ptolemy of Alexandria, astronomer
+and mathematician, who lived in the first half of the second century.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SIR_JOHN_MANDEVILLE" id="SIR_JOHN_MANDEVILLE"></a>SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Reputed author of a book of "Travels" of the fourteenth
+century, a compilation intended as a guide to pilgrims in
+the Holy Land, and based upon works by William of Boldensele
+(1336) and Friar Odoric of Pordenone (1330).</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I.</h2>
+
+<h2>THE ROUTE FROM ENGLAND TO CONSTANTINOPLE<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>He that will pass over the sea and come to land, to go to the city of
+Jerusalem, he may wend many ways, both on sea and land, after the
+country that he cometh from; for many of them come to one end. But
+trow not that I will tell you all the towns, and cities and castles
+that men shall go by; for then should I make too long a tale; but all
+only some countries and most principal steads that men shall go
+through to go the right way.</p>
+
+<p>First, if a man come from the west side of the world, as England,
+Ireland, Wales, Scotland, or Norway, he may, if that he will, go
+through Almayne and through the kingdom of Hungary, that marches to
+the land of Polayne, and to the land of Pannonia,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and so to
+Silesia.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p><p>And the King of Hungary is a great lord and a mighty, and holds great
+lordships and much land in his hand. For he holds the kingdom of
+Hungary, Sclavonia, and of Comania a great part, and of Bulgaria that
+men call the land of Bougiers, and of the realm of Russia a great
+part, whereof he has made a duchy, that lasts unto the land of
+Nyfland,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> and marches to Prussia. And men go through the land of
+this lord, through a city that is called Cypron,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> and by the castle
+of Neasburghe, and by the evil town, that sit toward the end of
+Hungary. And there pass men the river Danube. This river of Danube is
+a full great river, and it goeth into Almayne, under the hills of
+Lombardy, and it receives into him forty other rivers, and it runs
+through Hungary and through Greece and through Thrace, and it enters
+into the sea, toward the east so rudely and so sharply, that the water
+of the sea is fresh and holds its sweetness twenty mile within the
+sea.</p>
+
+<p>And after, go men to Belgrade, and enter into the land of Bourgiers;
+and there pass men a bridge of stone that is upon the river of
+Marrok.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> And men pass through the land of Pyncemartz and come to
+Greece to the city of Nye, and to the city of Fynepape,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> and after
+to the city of Dadrenoble,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> and after to Constantinople, that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>was
+wont to be called Bezanzon.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> And there dwells commonly the Emperor
+of Greece. And there is the most fair church and the most noble of all
+the world; and it is of Saint Sophie. And before that church is the
+image of Justinian the emperor, covered with gold, and he sits upon a
+horse crowned. And he was wont to hold a round apple of gold in his
+hand; but it is fallen out thereof. And men say there, that it is a
+token that the emperor has lost a great part of his lands and of his
+lordships; for he was wont to be Emperor of Roumania and of Greece, of
+all Asia the less, and of the land of Syria, of the land of Judea in
+the which is Jerusalem, and of the land of Egypt, of Persia, and of
+Arabia. But he has lost all but Greece; and that land he holds all
+only. And men would many times put the apple into the image's hand
+again, but it will not hold it. This apple betokens the lordship that
+he had over all the world, that is round. And the other hand he lifts
+up against the East, in token to menace the misdoers. This image
+stands upon a pillar of marble at Constantinople.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>AT THE COURT OF THE GREAT CHAN<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The men of Tartary have let make another city that is called Caydon.
+And it has twelve gates, and between the two gates there is always a
+great mile; so that the two cities, that is to say, the old and the
+new, have in circuit more than twenty mile.</p>
+
+<p>In this city is the court of the great Chan in a full great palace and
+the most passing fair in all the world, of the which the walls be in
+circuit more than two mile. And within the walls it is full of other
+palaces. And in the garden of the great palace there is a great hill,
+upon the which there is another palace; and it is the most fair and
+the most rich that any man may devise. And all about the palace and
+the hill be many trees bearing many diverse fruits. And all about the
+hill be ditches great and deep, and beside them be great fish ponds on
+that one part and on that other. And there is a full fair bridge to
+pass over the ditches. And in these vivaries be so many wild geese and
+ganders and wild ducks and swans and herons that it is without number.
+And all about these ditches and vivaries is the great garden full of
+wild beasts. So that when the great Chan will have any disport on
+that, to take any of the wild beasts or of the fowls, he will let
+chase them and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>take them at the windows without going out of his
+chamber.</p>
+
+<p>This palace, where his court is, is both great and passing fair. And
+within the palace, in the hall, there be twenty-four pillars of fine
+gold. And all the walls be covered within of red skins of beasts that
+men call panthers, that be fair beasts and well smelling; so that for
+the sweet odor of those skins no evil air may enter into the palace.
+Those skins be as red as blood, and they shine so bright against the
+sun, that scarcely no man may behold them. And many folk worship these
+beasts, when they meet them first at morning, for their great virtue
+and for the good smell that they have. And those skins they prize more
+than tho they were plate of fine gold.</p>
+
+<p>And in the midst of this palace is the reservoir for the great Chan,
+that is all wrought of gold and of precious stones and great pearls.
+And at four corners of the reservoir be four serpents of gold. And all
+about there is made large nets of silk and gold and great pearls
+hanging all about the reservoir. And under the reservoir be conduits
+of beverage that they drink in the emperor's court. And beside the
+conduits be many vessels of gold, by the which they that be of
+household drink at the conduit.</p>
+
+<p>And the hall of the palace is full nobly arrayed, and full
+marvellously attired on all parts in all things that men apparel with
+any hall. And first, at the chief of the hall is the emperor's throne,
+full high, where he sits at the meat. And that is of fine precious
+stones, bordered all about with pure gold and precious stones, and
+great pearls. And the steps that he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> goes up to the table be of
+precious stones mingled with gold.</p>
+
+<p>And at the left side of the emperor's seat is the seat of his first
+wife, one degree lower than the emperor; and it is of jasper, bordered
+with gold and precious stones. And the seat of his second wife is also
+another seat more lower than his first wife; and it is also of jasper,
+bordered with gold, as that other is. And the seat of the third wife
+is also more low, by a degree, than the second wife. For he has always
+three wives with him, where that ever he be.</p>
+
+<p>And after his wives, on the same side, sit the ladies of his lineage
+yet lower, after that they be of estate. And all those that be married
+have a counterfeit made like a man's foot upon their heads, a cubit
+long, all wrought with great pearls, fine and orient, and above made
+with peacocks' feathers and of other shining feathers; and that stands
+upon their heads like a crest, in token that they be under man's foot
+and under subjection of man. And they that be unmarried have none
+such.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> From the "Travels," the earliest extant book written in
+English. In this specimen the spelling has been in part modernized.
+First printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1429. "Mandeville" has been called
+the "Father of English Prose."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> An old name for Hungary.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Now known as Livonia, one of the Baltic provinces of
+Russia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Now Oedenburg, a city of Hungary.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The Morava, one of the chief rivers of Servia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Philippolis.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Adrianople.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> An old form of the word Byzantium, a town founded by
+Megariaus in the seventh century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> When Constantine founded the
+city to which he gave his own name, Byzantium, lying east of it, was
+included within the city limits.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> From the "Travels."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> The quaint words in which "Mandeville" concludes his
+book are these: "And I, John Mandeville, knight, above said (altho I
+be unworthy), that departed from our countries and passed the sea, the
+year of grace a thousand three hundred and twenty-two, that have
+passed many lands and many isles and countries, and searched many full
+strange places, and have been in many a full good honorable company,
+and at many a fair deed of arms (albeit that I did none myself, for
+mine unable insuffisance), now I am come home, in spite of myself, to
+rest, for gouts arthritic that me distrain, that define the end of my
+labor; against my will (God knows)."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="JOHN_WYCLIF" id="JOHN_WYCLIF"></a>JOHN WYCLIF</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born about 1324, died in 1384; "The Morning Star of the
+Reformation"; educated at Oxford; rector in Lincolnshire and
+Buckinghamshire; Royal ambassador to papal nuncios at Bruges
+in 1374; in sermons attacked the Church of Rome; five papal
+bulls, authorizing his imprisonment, signed against him;
+threw off allegiance to the Church and wrote fearlessly
+against papal claims; died of paralysis; his bones in 1428
+exhumed and burnt and his ashes cast into the river Swift by
+order of the synod of Constance; his translation of the
+Bible from the Vulgate, completed about 1382 was the first
+complete translation ever made.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_BAPTISM_OF_CHRIST" id="THE_BAPTISM_OF_CHRIST"></a>THE BAPTISM OF CHRIST<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>1. The bigynnynge of the gospel of Jhesu Crist, the sone of God.</p>
+
+<p>2. As it is writun in Ysaie, the prophete, Lo! I send myn angel bifore
+thi face, that schal make thi weye redy before thee.</p>
+
+<p>3. The voyce of oon cryinge in desert. Make ye redy the weye of the
+Lord, make ye his pathis rihtful.</p>
+
+<p>4. Jhon was in desert baptisynge, and prechinge the baptym of
+penaunce, into remiscioun of synnes.</p>
+
+<p>5. And alle men of Jerusalem wenten out to him, and al the cuntree of
+Judee; and weren baptisid <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>of him in the flood of Jordan, knowlechinge
+her synnes.</p>
+
+<p>6. And John was clothid with heeris of camelis, and a girdil of skyn
+abowte his leendis; and he eet locusts, and hony of the wode, and
+prechide, seyinge:</p>
+
+<p>7. A strengere than I schal come aftir me, of whom I knelinge am not
+worthi for to vndo, <i>or vnbynde</i>, the thwong of his schoon.</p>
+
+<p>8. I have baptisid you in water; forsothe he shal baptise you in the
+Holy Goost.</p>
+
+<p>9. And it is don in thoo dayes, Jhesus came fro Nazareth of Galilee,
+and was baptisid of Joon in Jordan.</p>
+
+<p>10. And anoon he styinge vp of the water, sayth heuenes openyd, and
+the Holy Goost cummynge doun as a culuere, and dwellynge in hym.</p>
+
+<p>11. And a voys is maad fro heuenes, thou art my sone loued, in thee I
+haue plesid.</p>
+
+<p>12. And anon the Spirit puttide hym in to desert.</p>
+
+<p>13. And he was in desert fourty dayes and fourty nightis, and was
+temptid of Sathanas, and was with beestis and angelis mynstriden to
+hym.</p>
+
+<p>14. Forsothe aftir that Joon was taken, Jhesus came in to Galilee,
+prechinge the gospel of the kyngdam of God,</p>
+
+<p>15. And seiynge, For tyme is fulfillid, and the kyngdam of God shal
+come niy; forthinke yee, <i>or do yee penaunce</i>, and bileue yee to the
+gospel.</p>
+
+<p>16. And he passynge bisidis the see of Galilee, say Symont, and
+Andrew, his brother, sendynge nettis into the see; sothely thei weren
+fishers.</p>
+
+<p>17. And Jhesus seide to hem, Come yee after me; I shal make you to be
+maad fishers of men.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>18. And anoon the nettis forsaken, thei sueden hym.</p>
+
+<p>19. And he gon forth thennes a litil, say James of Zebede, and Joon,
+his brother, and hem in the boot makynge nettis.</p>
+
+<p>20. And anoon he clepide him; and Zebede, her fadir, left in the boot
+with hirid seruantis, their sueden hym.</p>
+
+<p>21. And thei wenten forth in to Cafarnaum, and anoon in the sabotis he
+gon yn into the synagoge, taughte them.</p>
+
+<p>22. And thei wondreden on his techynge; sothely he was techynge hem,
+as hauynge power, and not as scribis.</p>
+
+<p>23. And in the synagoge of hem was a man in an vnclene spirit, and he
+cried,</p>
+
+<p>24. Seyinge, What to vs and to thee, thou Jhesu of Nazareth? haste
+thou cummen bifore the tyme for to destroie vs? Y woot thot thou art
+the holy of God.</p>
+
+<p>25. And Jhesus thretenyde to hym, seyinge, Wexe dowmb, and go out of
+the man.</p>
+
+<p>26. And the vnclene goost debrekynge hym, and cryinge with grete vois,
+wente awey fro hym.</p>
+
+<p>27. And alle men wondriden, so that thei soughten togidre among hem,
+seyinge, What is this thinge? what is this newe techyng? for in power
+he comaundith to vnclene spirits, and thei obeyen to hym.</p>
+
+<p>28. And the tale, or <i>tything</i>, of hym wente forth anoon in to al the
+cuntree of Galilee.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Part of Chapter I of the Gospel of St. Mark, as
+translated by Wyclif. It will be noted that Wyclif's orthography is
+irregular, the same word being often spelled differently on the same
+page. This selection is printed in the original as a specimen of the
+English of Wyclif's time.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="GEOFFREY_CHAUCER" id="GEOFFREY_CHAUCER"></a>GEOFFREY CHAUCER</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born about 1340, died in 1400; son of a London vintner;
+taken prisoner in Brittany in 1359 while serving with the
+king's army; sent to Italy on a royal embassy in 1374 and
+again in 1378; besides the "Canterbury Tales," wrote many
+books; a large number once attributed to him are now
+considered spurious.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OF_ACQUIRING_AND_USING_RICHES" id="OF_ACQUIRING_AND_USING_RICHES"></a>OF ACQUIRING AND USING RICHES<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>When Prudence had heard her husband avaunt himself of his riches and
+of his money, disparaging the power of his adversaries, she spake and
+said in this wise: Certes, dear sir, I grant you that ye are rich and
+mighty, and that riches are good to 'em that have well obtained 'em,
+and that well can use 'em; for, just as the body of a man may not live
+without soul, no more may it live without temporal goods, and by
+riches may a man get him great friends; and therefore saith Pamphilus:
+If a neatherd's daughter be rich, she may chose of a thousand men
+which she will take to her husband; for of a thousand men one will not
+forsake her nor refuse her. And this Pamphilus saith also: If thou be
+right happy, that is to say, if thou be right rich, thou shalt find a
+great number of fellows and friends; and if thy fortune change, that
+thou wax poor, farewell friendship and fellowship, for thou shalt be
+all <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>alone without any company, except it be the company of poor folk.
+And yet saith this Pamphilus, moreover, that they that are bond and
+thrall of linage should be made worthy and noble by riches.</p>
+
+<p>And just as by riches there come many goods, so by poverty come there
+many harms and evils; and therefore says Cassiodore,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> poverty the
+mother of ruin, that is to say, the mother of overthrowing or falling
+down; and therefore saith Piers Alphonse: One of the greatest
+adversities of the world is when a free man by kind, or of birth, is
+constrained by poverty to eat the alms of his enemy. And the same
+saith Innocent in one of his books; he saith that sorrowful and
+mishappy is the condition of a poor beggar, for if he asks not his
+meat he dieth of hunger, and if he ask he dieth for shame; and dire
+necessity constraineth him to ask; and therefore saith Solomon: That
+better it is to die than for to have such poverty; and, as the same
+Solomon saith: Better it is to die of bitter death, than for to live
+in such wise.</p>
+
+<p>By these reasons that I have said unto you, and by many other reasons
+that I could say, I grant you that riches are good to 'em that well
+obtained them, and to him that well uses riches; and therefore will I
+shew you how ye should behave you in gathering of your riches, and in
+what manner ye should use 'em. First, ye should get 'em without great
+desire, by good leisure, patiently, and not over hastily, for a man
+that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>is too desiring to get riches abandoneth him first to theft and
+to all other evils; and therefore saith Solomon: He that hasteth him
+too busily to wax rich, he shall be not innocent: he saith also, that
+the riches that hastily cometh to a man soon lightly goeth and passeth
+from a man, but that riches that cometh little and little waxeth alway
+and multiplieth. And, sir, ye should get riches by your wit and by
+your travail, unto your profit, and that without wrong or harm doing
+to any other person; for the law saith: There maketh no man himself
+rich, if he do harm to another wight; that is to say, that Nature
+defendeth and forbiddeth by right, that no man make himself rich unto
+the harm of another person.</p>
+
+<p>And Tullius<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> saith: That no sorrow, no dread of death, nothing that
+may fall unto a man, is so much against nature as a man to increase
+his owyn profit to harm of another man. And though the great men and
+the mighty men get riches more lightly than thou, yet shalt thou not
+be idle nor slow to do thy profit, for thou shalt in all wise flee
+idleness; for Solomon saith: That idleness teacheth a man to do many
+evils; and the same Solomon saith: That he that travaileth and busieth
+himself to till his land, shall eat bread, but he that is idle, and
+casteth him to no business nor occupation, shall fall into poverty,
+and die for hunger. And he that is idle and slow can never find
+convenient time for to do his profit; for there is a versifier who
+saith, that the idle man excuseth him in winter because of the great
+cold, and in summer then by reason of the heat.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For these causes, saith Cato, waketh and inclineth you not over much
+to sleep, for over much rest nourisheth and causeth many vices; and
+therefore saith St. Jerome: Do some good deeds, that the devil, which
+is our enemy, find you not unoccupied, for the devil he taketh not
+lightly unto his working such as he findeth occupied in good works.</p>
+
+<p>Then thus in getting riches ye must flee idleness; and afterward ye
+should use the riches which ye have got by your wit and by your
+travail, in such manner, that men hold you not too scarce, nor too
+sparing, nor fool-large, that is to say, over large a spender; for
+right as men blame an avaricious man because of his scarcity and
+niggardliness, in the same wise he is to blame that spendeth over
+largely; and therefore saith Cato: Use (saith he) the riches that thou
+hast obtained in such manner, that men have no matter nor cause to
+call thee neither wretch nor miser, for it is a great shame to a man
+to have a poor heart and a rich purse; he saith also: The goods that
+thou hast obtained, use 'em by measure, that is to say, spend
+measurably, for they that foolishly waste and squander the goods that
+they have, when they have no more proper of 'eir own, that they
+prepare to take the goods of another man. I say, then, that ye should
+flee avarice, using your riches in such manner, that men say not that
+your riches are buried, but that ye have 'em in your might and in your
+wielding; for a wise man reproveth the avaricious man, and saith thus
+in two verse: Whereto and why burieth a man his goods by his great
+avarice, and knoweth well that needs must he die, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> death is the
+end of every man as in this present life.</p>
+
+<p>And for what cause or reason joineth he him, or knitteth he him so
+fast unto his goods, that all his wits will not dissever him or depart
+him from his goods, and knoweth well, or ought to know, that when he
+is dead he shall nothing bear with him out of this world? And
+therefore saith St. Augustine, that the avaricious man is likened unto
+hell, that the more it swalloweth the more desire it hath to swallow
+and devour. And as well as ye would eschew to be called an avaricious
+man or a chinch, as well should ye keep you and govern you in such
+wise, that men call you not fool-large; therefore, saith Tullius: The
+goods of thine house should not be hid nor kept so close, but that
+they might be opened by pity and debonnairety, that is to say, to give
+'em part that have great need; but the goods should not be so open to
+be every man's goods.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> One of the only two "Canterbury Tales" that were written
+in prose, its title being "The Tale of Melib&aelig;us." The spelling here
+has been partly modernized.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Statesman and historian; born about 464 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>; an
+administrative officer under Odoacer Theodoric, whose works were
+published in 1679.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Cicero.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="WILLIAM_CAXTON" id="WILLIAM_CAXTON"></a>WILLIAM CAXTON</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born about 1422, died in 1491; the first English printer;
+began to translate the "Histories de Troye" in 1469 and
+issued the work in 1474, either at Cologne or Bruges;
+translated and had printed in 1475 "The Game and Playe of
+Chesse," the second printed English book; set up a press in
+Westminster, London, in 1476, where he continued to print
+books until his death.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OF_TRUE_NOBILITY_AND_CHIVALRY" id="OF_TRUE_NOBILITY_AND_CHIVALRY"></a>OF TRUE NOBILITY AND CHIVALRY<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The knight ought to be made all armed upon an apt horse, in such wise
+that he have an helmet on his head, and a spear in his right hand, and
+covered with his shield; a sword and a mace on his left side; clad
+with an hauberk and plates before his breast; leg harness on his legs;
+spurs on his heels; on his hands his gauntlets. His horse well broken
+and taught, and apt to battle, and covered with his arms. When the
+knights be made they be bayned or bathed. That is the sign that they
+should lead a new life and new manners; also they wake all the night
+in prayers and orisons unto God that he will give them grace that they
+may get that thing that they may not get by nature. The king or prince
+girdeth about them a sword, in sign that they should abide and keep
+him of whom they take their dispences and dignity.</p>
+
+<p>Also a knight ought to be wise, liberal, true, strong, and full of
+mercy and pity, and keeper of the people, and of the law, and right as
+chivalry passeth other in virtue, in dignity, in honor, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>and in
+reverence, right so ought he to surmount all other in virtue; for
+honor is nothing else but to do reverence to another person for the
+good and virtuous disposition that is in him. A noble knight ought to
+be wise and proved before he be made knight; it behoveth him that he
+had long time used the war and arms; that he may be expert and wise
+for to govern others. For since a knight is captain of a battle, the
+life of them that shall be under him lieth in his hand, and therefore
+behooveth him to be wise and well advised. For sometimes art, craft
+and engine is more worth than strength of hardiness of a man that is
+not proved in arms, for otherwhile it happeneth that when the prince
+of the battle relies on and trusteth in his hardiness and strength,
+and will not use wisdom and engine for to run upon his enemies, he is
+vanquished and his people slain. Therefore saith the philosopher that
+no man should choose young people to be captains and governors,
+forasmuch as there is no certainty in their wisdom. Alexander of
+Macedon vanquished and conquered Egypt, Jud&aelig;a, Chaldee, Africa, and
+Assyria unto the marches of Bragmans more by the counsel of old men
+than by the strength of the young men.</p>
+
+<p>The very true love of the common weal and profit now-a-days is seldom
+found. Where shalt thou find a man in these days that will expose
+himself for the worship and honor of his friend or for the common
+weal. Seldom or never shall he be found. Also the knights should be
+large and liberal, for when a knight hath regard unto his singular
+profit by his covetousness, he despoileth his people. For when the
+soldiers see<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> that they put them in peril, and their master will not
+pay them their wages liberally, but intendeth to his own proper gain
+and profit, then, when the enemies come, they turn soon their backs
+and flee oftentimes. And thus it happeneth by him that intendeth more
+to get money than victory, that his avarice is ofttimes cause of his
+confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Then let every knight take heed to be liberal, in such wise that he
+ween not nor suppose that his scarcity be to him a great winning or
+gain. And for this cause he be the less loved of his people, and that
+his adversary withdraw to him them by large giving. For ofttime battle
+is advanced more for getting of silver than by the force and strength
+of men. For men see all day that such things as may not be achieved by
+force of nature be gotten and achieved by force of money. And
+forsomuch it behooveth to see well to that when the time of battle
+cometh, that he borrow not, nor make no curtailment. For no man may be
+rich that leaveth his own, hoping to get and take of others. Then
+alway all their gain, and winning ought to be common among them except
+their arms. For in like wise as the victory is common, so should the
+despoil and booty be common unto them. And therefore David, that
+gentle knight in the first book of Kings in the last chapter, made a
+law: that he that abode behind by malady or sickness in the tents
+should have as much part of the booty as he that had been in the
+battle. And for the love of this law he was made afterward king of
+Israel.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander of Macedon came in a time like a simple knight unto the
+court of Porus, king of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> Ind, for to espy the estate of the king and
+of the knights of the court. And the king received him right
+worshipfully and demanded many things of Alexander and of his
+constancy and strength, nothing weening that he had been Alexander,
+but Antigone, one of his knights. And after he had him to dinner; and
+when they had served Alexander in vessel of gold and silver with
+diverse meats, after that he had eaten such as pleased him, he voided
+the meat and took the vessel and held it to himself and put it in his
+bosom or sleeves. Whereof he was accused unto the king. After dinner
+then the king called him and demanded wherefore he had taken his
+vessel, and he answered: Sir King, my lord, I pray thee to understand
+and take heed thyself and also thy knights. I have heard much of thy
+great highness, and that thou art more mighty and puissant in chivalry
+and in dispences than is Alexander, and therefore I am come to thee, a
+poor knight, which am named Antigone, for to serve thee. Then it is
+the custom in the court of Alexander that what thing a knight is
+served with, all is his, meat and vessel and cup. And therefore I had
+supposed that this custom had been kept in thy court, for thou art
+richer than he. When the knights heard this, anon they left Porus, and
+went to serve Alexander, and thus he drew to him the hearts of them by
+gifts, which afterward slew Porus that was king of Ind, and they made
+Alexander king thereof. Therefore remember, knight, alway that with a
+closed and shut purse thou shalt never have victory. Ovid saith that
+he that taketh gifts, he is glad therewith, for they win with gifts
+the hearts of the gods and of men.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> From the "Game and Playe of Chesse," translated by
+Caxton from the French original.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SIR_THOMAS_MALORY" id="SIR_THOMAS_MALORY"></a>SIR THOMAS MALORY</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born about 1430, died after 1470; compiler and translator of
+the "Morte d'Arthur" from French prose romances which had
+been built up on earlier poems dealing with the life and
+death of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table; the
+"Morte d'Arthur" printed by Caxton in 1485.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OF_THE_FINDING_OF_A_SWORD_FOR_ARTHUR" id="OF_THE_FINDING_OF_A_SWORD_FOR_ARTHUR"></a>OF THE FINDING OF A SWORD FOR ARTHUR<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>And so Merlin and he departed, and as they rode King Arthur said, "I
+have no sword." "No matter," said Merlin; "hereby is a sword that
+shall be yours and I may." So they rode till they came to a lake,
+which was a fair water and a broad; and in the midst of the lake King
+Arthur was aware of an arm clothed in white samite, that held a fair
+sword in the hand. "Lo," said Merlin unto the King, "yonder is the
+sword that I spake of."</p>
+
+<p>With that they saw a damsel going upon the lake. "What damsel is
+that?" said the King. "That is the Lady of the Lake," said Merlin;
+"and within that lake is a reach, and therein is as fair a place as
+any is on earth, and richly beseen; and this damsel will come to you
+anon, and then speak fair to her that she will give you that sword."
+Therewith came the damsel to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>King Arthur, and saluted him, and he her
+again. "Damsel," said the King, "what sword is that which the arm
+holdeth yonder above the water? I would it were mine, for I have no
+sword." "Sir King," said the damsel of the lake, "that sword is mine,
+and if ye will give me a gift when I ask it you, ye shall have it."
+"By my faith," said King Arthur, "I will give you any gift that you
+will ask or desire." "Well," said the damsel, "go ye into yonder
+barge, and row yourself unto the sword, and take it and the scabbard
+with you; and I will ask my gift when I see my time."</p>
+
+<p>So King Arthur and Merlin alighted, tied their horses to two trees,
+and so they went into the barge. And when they came to the sword that
+the hand held, King Arthur took it up by the handles, and took it with
+him; and the arm and the hand went under the water, and so came to the
+land and rode forth.</p>
+
+<p>Then King Arthur saw a rich pavilion. "What signifieth yonder
+pavilion?" "That is the knight's pavilion that ye fought with
+last&mdash;Sir Pellinore; but he is out; for he is not there: he hath had
+to do with a knight of yours, that hight Eglame, and they have
+foughten together a great while, but at the last Eglame fled, and else
+he had been dead; and Sir Pellinore hath chased him to Carlion, and we
+shall anon meet with him in the highway." "It is well said," quoth
+King Arthur; "now have I a sword, and now will I wage battle with him
+and be avenged on him." "Sir, ye shall not do so," said Merlin: "for
+the knight is weary of fighting and chasing; so that ye shall have no
+worship to have a do with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> him. Also he will not lightly be matched of
+one knight living: and therefore my counsel is, that yet let him pass;
+for he shall do you good service in short time, and his sons after his
+days. Also ye shall see that day in short space, that ye shall be
+right glad to give him your sister to wife." "When I see him," said
+King Arthur, "I will do as ye advise me."</p>
+
+<p>Then King Arthur looked upon the sword and liked it passing well.
+"Whether liketh you better," said Merlin, "the sword or the scabbard?"
+"Me liketh better the sword," said King Arthur. "Ye are more unwise,"
+said Merlin; "for the scabbard is worth ten of the sword: for while ye
+have the scabbard upon you, ye shall lose no blood, be ye never so
+sore wounded&mdash;therefore keep well the scabbard alway with you." So
+they rode on to Carlion.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> From the "Morte d'Arthur."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SIR_THOMAS_MORE" id="SIR_THOMAS_MORE"></a>SIR THOMAS MORE</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1478, died in 1535; met Erasmus in London in 1497;
+after 1503 devoted himself mainly to politics; entered
+Parliament in 1504; ambassador to Flanders in 1515;
+published "Utopia" in 1516; privy counsellor to Henry VIII
+in 1518; present with the King at the Field of the Cloth of
+Gold in 1520; speaker of the House of Commons in 1523;
+defended the papacy against Luther; succeeded Wolsey as
+chancellor in 1529; refused in 1534 to take the oath of
+adherence to the act vesting the succession in the issue of
+Anne Boleyn and committed to the Tower, indicted for high
+treason and executed July 6th, 1535.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIFE_IN_UTOPIA" id="LIFE_IN_UTOPIA"></a>LIFE IN UTOPIA<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>There are fifty-four cities in the island, all large and well built,
+the manners, customs, and laws of which are the same, and they are all
+contrived as near in the same manner as the ground on which they stand
+will allow. The nearest lie at least twenty-four miles' distance from
+one another, and the most remote are not so far distant but that a man
+can go on foot in one day from it to that which lies next it. Every
+city sends three of their wisest senators once a year to Amaurot, to
+consult about their common concerns; for that is the chief town of the
+island, being situated near the center of it, so that it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>is the most
+convenient place for their assemblies. The jurisdiction of every city
+extends at least twenty miles; and where the towns lie wider, they
+have much more ground. No town desires to enlarge its bounds, for the
+people consider themselves rather as tenants than landlords.</p>
+
+<p>They have built, over all the country, farmhouses for husbandmen;
+which are well contrived, and furnished with all things necessary for
+country labor. Inhabitants are sent, by turns, from the cities to
+dwell in them; no country family has fewer than forty men and women in
+it, besides two slaves. There is a master and a mistress set over
+every family, and over thirty families there is a magistrate. Every
+year twenty of this family come back to the town after they have
+stayed two years in the country, and in their room there are other
+twenty sent from the town, that they may learn country work from those
+that have been already one year in the country, as they must teach
+those that come to them the next from the town. By this means such as
+dwell in those country farms are never ignorant of agriculture, and so
+commit no errors which might otherwise be fatal and bring them under a
+scarcity of corn. But tho there is every year such a shifting of the
+husbandmen, to prevent any man being forced against his will to follow
+that hard course of life too long, yet many among them take such
+pleasure in it that they desire leave to continue in it many years.</p>
+
+<p>These husbandmen till the ground, breed cattle, hew wood and convey it
+to the towns either by land or water, as is most convenient. They
+breed an infinite multitude of chickens in a very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> curious manner: for
+the hens do not sit and hatch them, but a vast number of eggs are laid
+in a gentle and equal heat in order to be hatched; and they are no
+sooner out of the shell, and able to stir about, but they seem to
+consider those that feed them as their mothers, and follow them as
+other chickens do the hen that hatched them. They breed very few
+horses, but those they have are full of mettle, and are kept only for
+exercising their youth in the art of sitting and riding them; for they
+do not put them to any work, either of plowing or carriage, in which
+they employ oxen. For tho their horses are stronger, yet they find
+oxen can hold out longer; and as they are not subject to so many
+diseases, so they are kept upon a less charge and with less trouble.
+And even when they are so worn out that they are no more fit for
+labor, they are good meat at last. They sow no corn but that which is
+to be their bread: for they drink either wine, cider, or perry, and
+often water, sometimes boiled with honey or licorice, with which they
+abound; and tho they know exactly how much corn will serve every town
+and all that tract of country which belongs to it, yet they sow much
+more, and breed more cattle, than are necessary for their consumption,
+and they give that overplus of which they make no use to their
+neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>When they want anything in the country which it does not produce, they
+fetch that from the town, without carrying anything in exchange for
+it. And the magistrates of the town take care to see it given them;
+for they meet generally in the town once a month, upon a festival day.
+When the time of harvest comes, the magistrates<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> in the country send
+to those in the towns, and let them know how many hands they will need
+for reaping the harvest; and the number they call for being sent to
+them, they commonly dispatch it all in one day.</p>
+
+<p>He that knows one of their towns knows them all&mdash;they are so like one
+another, except where the situation makes some difference. I shall
+therefore describe one of them, and none is so proper as Amaurot; for
+as none is more eminent (all the rest yielding in precedence to this,
+because it is the seat of their supreme council), so there was none of
+them better known to me, I having lived five years all together in it.</p>
+
+<p>It lies upon the side of a hill, or rather a rising ground. Its figure
+is almost square: for from the one side of it, which shoots up almost
+to the top of the hill, it runs down, in a descent for two miles, to
+the river Anider; but it is a little broader the other way that runs
+along by the bank of that river. The Anider rises about eighty miles
+above Amaurot, in a small spring at first. But other brooks falling
+into it, of which two are more considerable than the rest, as it runs
+by Amaurot it is grown half a mile broad; but it still grows larger
+and larger, till after sixty miles' course below it, it is lost in the
+ocean. Between the town and the sea, and for some miles above the
+town, it ebbs and flows every six hours with a strong current. The
+tide comes up about thirty miles so full that there is nothing but
+salt water in the river, the fresh water being driven back with its
+force; and above that, for some miles, the water is brackish; but a
+little higher, as it runs by the town, it is quite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> fresh; and when
+the tide ebbs, it continues fresh all along to the sea. There is a
+bridge cast over the river, not of timber, but of fair stone,
+consisting of many stately arches; it lies at that part of the town
+which is farthest from the sea, so that the ships, without any
+hindrance, lie all along the side of the town.</p>
+
+<p>There is likewise another river that runs by it, which, tho it is not
+great, yet it runs pleasantly, for it rises out of the same hill on
+which the town stands, and so runs down through it and falls into the
+Anider. The inhabitants have fortified the fountain-head of this
+river, which springs a little without the towns; that so, if they
+should happen to be besieged, the enemy might not be able to stop or
+divert the course of the water, nor poison it; from thence it is
+carried in earthen pipes to the lower streets. And for those places of
+the town to which the water of that small river can not be conveyed,
+they have great cisterns for receiving the rain-water, which supplies
+the want of the other.</p>
+
+<p>The town is compassed with a high and thick wall, in which there are
+many towers and forts; there is also a broad and deep dry ditch, set
+thick with thorns, cast round three sides of the town, and the river
+is instead of a ditch on the fourth side. The streets are very
+convenient for all carriage, and are well sheltered from the winds.
+Their buildings are good, and are so uniform that a whole side of a
+street looks like one house. The streets are twenty feet broad. There
+lie gardens behind all their houses; these are large, but inclosed
+with buildings, that on all hands face the streets, so that every
+house<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> has both a door to the street and a back door to the garden.
+Their doors have all two leaves, which, as they are easily opened, so
+they shut of their own accord; and there being no property among them,
+every man may freely enter into any house whatsoever. At every ten
+years' end they shift their houses by lots. They cultivate their
+gardens with great care, so that they have both vines, fruits, herbs,
+and flowers in them; and all is so well ordered and so finely kept
+that I never saw gardens anywhere that were both so fruitful and so
+beautiful as theirs. And this humor of ordering their gardens so well
+is not only kept up by the pleasure they find in it, but also by an
+emulation between the inhabitants of the several streets, who vie with
+each other. And there is, indeed, nothing belonging to the whole town
+that is both more useful and more pleasant. So that he who founded the
+town seems to have taken care of nothing more than of their gardens;
+for they say the whole scheme of the town was designed at first by
+Utopus, but he left all that belonged to the ornament and improvement
+of it to be added by those that should come after him, that being too
+much for one man to bring to perfection.</p>
+
+<p>Their records, that contain the history of their town and state, are
+preserved with an exact care, and run backward seventeen hundred and
+sixty years. From these it appears that their houses were at first low
+and mean, like cottages, made of any sort of timber, and were built
+with mud walls and thatched with straw. But now their houses are three
+stories high; the fronts of them are faced either with stone,
+plastering, or brick,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> and between the facings of their walls they
+throw in their rubbish. Their roofs are flat; and on them they lay a
+sort of plaster, which costs very little, and yet is so tempered that
+it is not apt to take fire, and yet resists the weather more than
+lead. They have great quantities of glass among them, with which they
+glaze their windows; they use also in their windows a thin linen
+cloth, that is so oiled or gummed that it both keeps out the wind and
+gives free admission to the light.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The "Utopia" was written originally in Latin. It derived
+its name from an imaginary island, the seat of an ideal state. Ralph
+Robinson made a translation into English in 1551. Another translation
+was made by Bishop Burnet in 1633.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="JOHN_KNOX" id="JOHN_KNOX"></a>JOHN KNOX</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1505, died in 1572; early influenced by George
+Wishart, a Lutheran refugee who had found an asylum in
+Scotland; a royal chaplain in 1550; assisted in the revision
+of the Prayer-book; fled to the Continent after the
+accession of Mary Tudor and visited Calvin; preached for a
+time at Frankfort and afterward traveled and preached in
+Scotland; occupied himself with the organization of the
+Presbyterian Church, having frequent dramatic encounters
+with Mary, Queen of Scots, whose sympathies were Catholic.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AN_INTERVIEW_WITH_MARY_QUEEN_OF_SCOTS" id="AN_INTERVIEW_WITH_MARY_QUEEN_OF_SCOTS"></a>AN INTERVIEW WITH MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The queen, in a vehement fume, began to cry out that never prince was
+handled as she was. "I have," said she, "borne with you in all your
+rigorous manner of speaking, both against myself and against my
+uncles; yea, I have sought your favors by all possible means. I
+offered unto you presence and audience, whensoever it pleased you to
+admonish me, and yet I cannot be quit of you. I avow to God I shall be
+anes [once] revenged." And with these words scarcely could <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>Marnock,
+her secret chamber-boy, get napkins to hold her eyes dry for the
+tears; and the owling, besides womanly weeping, stayed her speech.</p>
+
+<p>The said John did patiently abide all the first fume, and at
+opportunity answered: "True it is, Madam, your Grace and I have been
+at diverse controversies, into the which I never perceived your Grace
+to be offended at me. But when it shall please God to deliver you from
+that bondage of darkness and error, in the which ye have been
+nourished, for the lack of true doctrine, your majesty will find the
+liberty of my tongue nothing offensive. Without the preaching-place,
+Madam, I think few have occasion to be offended at me, and there,
+Madam, I am not master of myself, but man [must] obey Him who commands
+me to speak plain, and to flatter no flesh upon the face of the
+earth."</p>
+
+<p>"But what have ye to do," said she, "with my marriage?"</p>
+
+<p>"If it please your majesty," said he, "patiently to hear me, I shall
+shew the truth in plain words. I grant your Grace offered me more than
+ever I required; but my answer was then, as it is now, that God hath
+not sent me to await upon the courts of princesses, nor upon the
+chambers of ladies; but I am sent to preach the evangel of Jesus
+Christ to such as please to hear it; and it hath two parts&mdash;repentance
+and faith. And now, Madam, in preaching repentance, of necessity it
+is, that the sins of men be so noted, that they may know wherein they
+offend; but so it is, that the most part of your nobility are so
+addicted to your affections, that neither God, His word, nor yet their
+commonwealth, are rightly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> regarded. And therefore, it becomes me so
+to speak that they may know their duty."</p>
+
+<p>"What have ye to do," said she, "with my marriage? Or what are ye
+within this commonwealth?"</p>
+
+<p>"A subject born within the same," said he, "Madam. And, albeit I
+neither be earl, lord, nor baron within it, yet has God made me&mdash;how
+abject that ever I be in your eyes&mdash;a profitable member within the
+same. Yea, Madam, to me it appertains no less to forewarn of such
+things as may hurt it, if I foresee them, than it does to any of the
+nobility; for both my vocation and conscience craves plainness of me.
+And therefore, Madam, to yourself I say that which I speak in public
+place: whensoever that the nobility of this realm shall consent that
+ye be subject to an unfaithful husband, they do as much as in them
+lieth to renounce Christ, to banish His truth from them, to betray the
+freedom of this realm, and perchance shall in the end do small comfort
+to yourself."</p>
+
+<p>At these words, owling was heard, and tears might have been seen in
+greater abundance than the matter required. John Erskine of Dun&mdash;a man
+of meek and gentle spirit&mdash;stood beside, and entreated what he could
+to mitigate her anger, and gave unto her many pleasing words of her
+beauty, of her excellence, and how that all the princes of Europe
+would be glad to seek her favors. But all that was to cast oil in the
+flaming fire. The said John stood still, without any alteration of
+countenance, for a long season, while that the queen gave place to her
+inordinate passion, and in the end he said: "Madam, in God's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> presence
+I speak: I never delighted in the weeping of any of God's creatures;
+yea, I can scarcely well abide the tears of my own boys, whom my own
+hand corrects, much less can I rejoice in your majesty's weeping. But,
+seeing that I have offered unto you no just occasion to be offended,
+but have spoken the truth, as my vocation craves, I may sustain,
+albeit unwillingly, your majesty's tears, rather than hurt my
+conscience, or betray my commonwealth."</p>
+
+<p>Herewith was the queen more offended, and commanded the said John to
+pass forth of the cabinet, and to abide further of her pleasure in the
+chamber. The Laird of Dun tarried, and Lord John of Coldingham came
+into the cabinet, and so they both remained with her near the space of
+an hour. The said John stood in the chamber, as one whom men had never
+seen&mdash;so were all effrayed&mdash;except that the Lord Ochiltree bare him
+company; and therefore began he to forge talking of the ladies, who
+were there sitting in all their gorgeous apparel, which espied, he
+merrily said: "O fair ladies, how pleasant were this life of yours if
+it should ever abide, and then in the end that we might pass to heaven
+with all this gay gear! But fie upon that knave Death, that will come
+whether we will nor not! And when he has laid on his arrest, the foul
+worms will be busy with this flesh, be it never so tender; and the
+silly soul, I fear, shall be so feeble, that it can neither carry with
+it gold, garnishing, targeting, pearl, nor precious stones." And by
+such means procured he the company of women; and so passed the time
+till that the Laird of Dun willed him to depart to his house.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> From the "History of the Reformation in Scotland." The
+spelling has been modernized. After the arrival of Mary in Scotland in
+1561, Knox had several interviews with her, followed by an open
+rupture with her party in the government of Scotland, and by his
+retirement into comparative privacy. Burton, the historian of
+Scotland, believes that the dialog here given took place in French,
+rather than in the language in which Knox reports it. Mary's habitual
+speech was French and Knox knew the language well.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="ROGER_ASCHAM" id="ROGER_ASCHAM"></a>ROGER ASCHAM</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1515, died in 1568; educated at Cambridge, where he
+taught Greek; became a tutor to Princess Elizabeth,
+afterward to the Queen, in 1548; served as Latin Secretary
+to Queens Mary and Elizabeth, 1563-68; his work, "The
+Schoolmaster," published in 1570.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OF_GENTLE_METHODS_IN_TEACHING" id="OF_GENTLE_METHODS_IN_TEACHING"></a>OF GENTLE METHODS IN TEACHING<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Yet some will say that children, of nature, love pastime, and mislike
+learning; because, in their kind, the one is easy and pleasant, the
+other hard and wearisome. Which is an opinion not so true as some men
+ween. For the matter lieth not so much in the disposition of them that
+be young, as in the order and manner of bringing up by them that be
+old; nor yet in the difference of learning and pastime. For, beat a
+child if he dance not well, and cherish him tho he learn not well, you
+shall have him unwilling to go to dance, and glad to go to his book;
+knock him always when he draweth his shaft ill, and favor him again
+tho he fault at his book, you shall have him very loth to be in the
+field, and very willing to be in the school. Yea, I say more, and not
+of myself, but by the judgment of those from whom few wise men will
+gladly dissent; that if ever the nature of man be given at any time,
+more than other, to receive goodness, it is in innocency of young
+years, before that experience of evil have taken root in him. For the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>pure clean wit of a sweet young babe is like the newest wax, most
+able to receive the best and fairest printing; and like a new bright
+silver dish never occupied, to receive and keep clean any good thing
+that is put into it.</p>
+
+<p>And thus, will in children, wisely wrought withal, may easily be won
+to be very well willing to learn. And wit in children, by nature,
+namely memory, the only key and keeper of all learning, is readiest to
+receive and surest to keep any manner of thing that is learned in
+youth. This, lewd and learned, by common experience know to be most
+true. For we remember nothing so well when we be old as those things
+which we learned when we were young. And this is not strange, but
+common in all nature's works. "Every man seeth (as I said before) new
+wax is best for printing, new clay fittest for working, new-shorn wool
+aptest for soon and surest dyeing, new fresh flesh for good and
+durable salting." And this similitude is not rude, nor borrowed of the
+larder-house, but out of his school-house, of whom the wisest of
+England need not be ashamed to learn. "Young grafts grow not only
+soonest, but also fairest, and bring always forth the best and
+sweetest fruit; young whelps learn easily to carry; young popinjays
+learn quickly to speak." And so, to be short, if in all other things,
+tho they lack reason, sense, and life, the similitude of youth is
+fittest to all goodness, surely nature in mankind is most beneficial
+and effectual in their behalf.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, if to the goodness of nature be joined the wisdom of the
+teacher, in leading young wits into a right and plain way of
+learn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>ing; surely children kept up in God's fear, and governed by His
+grace, may most easily be brought well to serve God and their country,
+both by virtue and wisdom.</p>
+
+<p>But if will and wit, by farther age, be once allured from innocency,
+delighted in vain sights, filled with foul talk, crooked with
+wilfulness, hardened with stubbornness, and let loose to disobedience;
+surely it is hard with gentleness, but impossible with severe cruelty,
+to call them back to good frame again. For where the one perchance may
+bend it, the other shall surely break it: and so, instead of some
+hope, leave an assured desperation, and shameless contempt of all
+goodness; the furthest point in all mischief, as Xenophon doth most
+truly and most wittily mark.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, to love or to hate, to like or to contemn, to ply this way
+or that way to good or to bad, ye shall have as ye use a child in his
+youth.</p>
+
+<p>And one example whether love or fear doth work more in a child for
+virtue and learning, I will gladly report; which may be heard with
+some pleasure, and followed with more profit.</p>
+
+<p>Before I went into Germany, I came to Broadgate in Leicestershire, to
+take my leave of that noble lady, Jane Grey, to whom I was exceeding
+much beholding. Her parents, the duke and duchess, with all the
+household, gentlemen and gentlewomen, were hunting in the park. I
+found her in her chamber, reading Ph&aelig;do Platonis in Greek, and that
+with as much delight as some gentlemen would read a merry tale in
+Boccace. After salutation and duty done, with some other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> talk, I
+asked her why she would leese [lose] such pastime in the park? Smiling
+she answered me: "I wisse, all their sport in the park is but a shadow
+to that pleasure that I find in Plato. Alas! good folk, they never
+felt what true pleasure meant." "And how came you, madame," quoth I,
+"to this deep knowledge of pleasure? and what did chiefly allure you
+unto it, seeing not many women, but very few men, have attained
+thereunto?" "I will tell you," quoth she, "and tell you a truth, which
+perchance ye will marvel at. One of the greatest benefits that ever
+God gave me, is, that He sent me so sharp and severe parents, and so
+gentle a schoolmaster. For when I am in presence either of father or
+mother, whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand, or go, eat, drink,
+be merry, or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else,
+I must do it, as it were, in such weight, measure, and number, even so
+perfectly, as God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so
+cruelly threatened, yea, presently, sometimes with pinches, nibs, and
+bobs, and other ways which I will not name, for the honor I bear them,
+so without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time
+come that I must go to Mr. Elmer; who teacheth me so gently, so
+pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all
+the time nothing whiles I am with him. And when I am called from him,
+I fall on weeping, because whatsoever I do else but learning, is full
+of grief, trouble, fear, and whole misliking unto me. And thus my book
+hath been so much my pleasure, and bringeth daily to me more pleasure
+and more, that in respect of it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> all other pleasures, in very deed,
+be but trifles and troubles unto me."</p>
+
+<p>I remember this talk gladly, both because it is so worthy of memory,
+and because also it was the last talk that ever I had, and the last
+time that ever I saw that noble and worthy lady.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> From "The Schoolmaster."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="JOHN_FOXE" id="JOHN_FOXE"></a>JOHN FOXE</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1516, died in 1587; educated at Oxford; became in
+1584 tutor to the children of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey;
+in order to escape persecution as a Protestant, fled to the
+Continent at the accession of Mary Tudor; returned to
+England in 1559, becoming in 1563 prebendary in Salisbury
+Cathedral; his "Book of Martyrs" first published in 1563.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_DEATH_OF_ANNE_BOLEYN" id="THE_DEATH_OF_ANNE_BOLEYN"></a>THE DEATH OF ANNE BOLEYN<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>In certain records thus we find, that the king, being in his justs at
+Greenwich, suddenly, with a few persons, departed to Westminster; and
+the next day after, Queen Anne, his wife, was had to the Tower, with
+the Lord Rochford, her brother, and certain other, and the nineteenth
+day after, was beheaded. The words of this worthy and Christian lady,
+at her death, were these: "Good Christian people, I am come hither to
+die; for, according to the law, and by the law, I am judged to death,
+and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to
+accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that whereof I am accused, and
+condemned to die; but I pray God save the king, and send him long to
+reign over you, for a gentler or a more merciful prince was there
+never; and to me he was a very good, a gentle, and a sovereign lord.
+And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>judge
+the best. And thus I take my leave of the world, and of you all; and I
+heartily desire you all to pray for me. The Lord have mercy on me; to
+God I recommend my soul." And so she kneeled down, saying, "To Christ
+I commend my soul; Jesus, receive my soul," repeating the same divers
+times, till at length the stroke was given, and her head was stricken
+off.</p>
+
+<p>And this was the end of that godly lady and queen. Godly I call her,
+for sundry respects, whatsoever the cause was, or quarrel objected
+against her. First, her last words, spoken at her death, declared no
+less her sincere faith and trust in Christ than did her quiet modesty
+utter forth the goodness of the cause and matter, whatsoever it was.
+Besides that, to such as wisely can judge upon cases occurrent, this
+also may seem to give a great clearing unto her, that the king, the
+third day after, was married in his whites unto another. Certain this
+was, that for the rare and singular gifts of her mind, so well
+instructed, and given toward God, with such a fervent desire unto the
+truth, and setting forth of sincere religion, joined with like
+gentleness, modesty, and pity toward all men, there have not many such
+queens before her borne the crown of England. Principally, this one
+commendation she left behind her, that, during her life, the religion
+of Christ most happily flourished, and had a right prosperous course.</p>
+
+<p>Many things might be written more of the manifold virtues, and the
+quiet moderation of her mild nature; how lowly she would bear, not
+only to be admonished, but also of her own accord would require her
+chaplains plainly and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> freely to tell whatsoever they saw in her
+amiss. Also, how bountiful she was to the poor, passing not only the
+poor example of other queens, but also the revenues almost of her
+estate: insomuch that the alms which she gave in three-quarters of a
+year, in distribution, is summed to the number of fourteen or fifteen
+thousand pounds; besides the great piece of money which her Grace
+intended to impart into four sundry quarters of the realm, as for a
+stock, there to be employed to the behoof of poor artificers and
+occupiers. Again, what a zealous defender she was of Christ's gospel
+all the world doth know, and her acts do and will declare to the
+world's end. Amongst which other her acts, this is one, that she
+placed Master Hugh Latimer in the bishopric of Worcester, and also
+preferred Dr. Sharton to his bishopric, being then accounted a good
+man. Furthermore, what a true faith she bore unto the Lord, this one
+example may stand for many: for that, when King Henry was with her at
+Woodstock,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> and there being afraid of an old blind prophecy, for
+the which neither he nor other kings before him durst hunt in the said
+park of Woodstock, nor enter into the town of Oxford, at last, through
+the Christian and faithful counsel of that queen, he was so armed
+against all infidelity, that both he hunted in the aforesaid park, and
+also entered into the town of Oxford, and had no harm. But because
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>touching the memorable virtues of this worthy queen, partly we have
+said something before, partly because more also is promised to be
+declared of her virtuous life (the Lord so permitting), by other who
+then were about her, I will cease in this matter further to proceed.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> From the "Book of Martyrs."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> At Woodstock was one of the residences of Henry VIII and
+earlier kings. The Black Prince was born there and Elizabeth was there
+imprisoned by Queen Mary. After the battle of Blenheim, the place was
+given in perpetuity to Marlborough, and his famous residence Blenheim
+erected there. It is about eight miles from Oxford.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SIR_WALTER_RALEIGH" id="SIR_WALTER_RALEIGH"></a>SIR WALTER RALEIGH</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1552, died in 1618; educated at Oxford; commanded an
+English Company in Ireland in 1580; a favorite of Queen
+Elizabeth; obtained a charter to colonize Virginia in 1584,
+and sent out several expeditions, none of which founded
+permanent settlements; introduced tobacco into Europe, and
+the potato into Ireland; took an active part against the
+Armada in 1588; explored the Oronoko in 1595; charged with
+having plotted to place Arabella Stuart on the throne in
+1603, and sent to the Tower, where he wrote his "History of
+the World"; sailed again for the Oronoko in 1616; and on his
+return, the expedition having failed, condemned and
+executed.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_MUTABILITY_OF_HUMAN_AFFAIRS" id="THE_MUTABILITY_OF_HUMAN_AFFAIRS"></a>THE MUTABILITY OF HUMAN AFFAIRS<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>If we truly examine the difference of both conditions&mdash;to wit, of the
+rich and mighty, whom we call fortunate, and of the poor and opprest,
+whom we count wretched&mdash;we shall find the happiness of the one, and
+the miserable estate of the other, so tied by God to the very instant,
+and both so subject to interchange (witness the sudden downfall of the
+greatest princes, and the speedy uprising of the meanest persons), as
+the one hath nothing so certain whereof to boast, nor the other so
+uncertain whereof to bewail itself.</p>
+
+<p>For there is no man so assured of his honor, of his riches, health, or
+life but that he may be deprived of either, or all, the very next hour
+or day to come. <i>Quid vesper vehat, incertum est</i>; what the evening
+will bring with it is uncertain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And yet ye can not tell, saith St. James, what shall be to-morrow.
+To-day he is set up, and to-morrow he shall not be found, for he is
+turned into dust, and his purpose perisheth. And altho the air which
+compasseth adversity be very obscure, yet therein we better discern
+God than in that shining light which environeth worldly glory; through
+which, for the clearness thereof, there is no vanity which escapeth
+our sight. And let adversity seem what it will&mdash;to happy men,
+ridiculous, who make themselves merry at other men's misfortunes; and
+to those under the cross, grievous&mdash;yet this is true, that for all
+that is past, to the very instant, the portions remaining are equal to
+either. For, be it that we have lived many years (according to
+Solomon), "and in them all we have rejoiced"; or be it that we have
+measured the same length of days, and therein have evermore sorrowed;
+yet, looking back from our present being, we find both the one and the
+other&mdash;to wit, the joy and the wo&mdash;sailed out of sight; and death,
+which doth pursue us and hold us in chase from our infancy, hath
+gathered it. <i>Quicquid &aelig;tatis retro est, mors tenet</i>; whatsoever of
+our age is past, death holds it.</p>
+
+<p>So as, whosoever he be to whom fortune hath been a servant, and the
+time a friend, let him but take the account of his memory (for we have
+no other keeper of our pleasures past), and truly examine what it hath
+reserved, either of beauty and youth, or foregone delights; what it
+hath saved, that it might last, of his dearest affections, or of
+whatever else the amorous springtime gave his thoughts of contentment,
+then invaluable, and he shall find that all the art which his elder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+years have can draw no other vapor out of these dissolutions than
+heavy, secret, and sad sighs. He shall find nothing remaining but
+those sorrows which grow up after our fast-springing youth, overtake
+it when it is at a stand, and overtop it utterly when it begins to
+wither; insomuch as, looking back from the very instant time, and from
+our now being, the poor, diseased, and captive creature hath as little
+sense of all his former miseries and pains as he that is most blest,
+in common opinion, hath of his forepast pleasures and delights. For
+whatsoever is cast behind us is just nothing; and what is to come,
+deceitful hope hath it. <i>Omni&aelig; qu&aelig; eventura sunt in incerto jacent.</i>
+Only those few black swans I must except who, having had the grace to
+value worldly vanities at no more than their own price, do, by
+retaining the comfortable memory of a well-acted life, behold death
+without dread, and the grave without fear, and embrace both as
+necessary guides to endless glory....</p>
+
+<p>If we seek a reason of the succession and continuance of boundless
+ambition in mortal men, we may add, that the kings and princes of the
+world have always laid before them the actions, but not the ends of
+those great ones which preceded them. They are always transported with
+the glory of the one, but they never mind the misery of the other,
+till they find the experience in themselves. They neglect the advice
+of God while they enjoy life, or hope it, but they follow the counsel
+of death upon his first approach. It is he that puts into man all the
+wisdom of the world without speaking a word, which God, with all the
+words of His law, promises, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> threats, doth not infuse. Death, which
+hateth and destroyeth man, is believed; God, which hath made him and
+loves him, is always deferred. "I have considered," saith Solomon,
+"all the works that are under the sun, and, behold, all is vanity and
+vexation of spirit"; but who believes it, till death tells it us? It
+was death, which, opening the conscience of Charles V. made him enjoin
+his son Philip to restore Navarre, and King Francis I. of France to
+command that justice should be done upon the murderers of the
+Protestants in Merindol and Cabrieres, which till then he neglected.</p>
+
+<p>It is therefore death alone that can suddenly make man to know
+himself. He tells the proud and insolent that they are but abjects,
+and humbles them at the instant, makes them cry, complain, and repent,
+yea, even to hate their forepassed happiness. He takes the account of
+the rich, and proves him a beggar, a naked beggar, which hath interest
+in nothing but in the gravel that fills his mouth. He holds a glass
+before the eyes of the most beautiful, and makes them see therein
+their deformity and rottenness, and they acknowledge it.</p>
+
+<p>O eloquent, just, and mighty Death! whom none could advise, thou hast
+persuaded; what none hath dared, thou hast done; and whom all the
+world hath flattered, thou only hast cast out of the world and
+despised; thou hast drawn together all the far-stretched greatness,
+all the pride, cruelty, and ambition of man, and covered it all over
+with these two narrow words, <i>Hic jacet</i>!</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> From the preface to the "History of the World."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="FRANCIS_BACON" id="FRANCIS_BACON"></a>FRANCIS BACON</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1561, died in 1626; commonly styled "Lord" Bacon,
+but incorrectly, his title being Baron Verulam and Viscount
+St. Albans; educated at Cambridge; entered Parliament in
+1584; solicitor-general in 1607; privy counsellor in 1616;
+lord keeper in 1617; lord chancellor in 1618; tried for
+bribery, condemned, fined and removed from office in 1621;
+one of the chief founders of modern inductive science;
+author of "Advancement of Learning" (1605), the "Novum
+Organum" (1620), "Essays" (1597-1625), a "History of Henry
+VII" (1622) and other works.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_I" id="I_I"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>OF TRAVEL<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Travel, in the younger sort, is a part of education, in the elder, a
+part of experience. He that traveleth into a country before he hath
+some entrance into the language, goeth to school, and not to travel.
+That young men travel under some tutor, or grave servant, I allow
+well; so that he be such a one that hath the language, and hath been
+in the country before; whereby he may be able to tell them what things
+are worthy to be seen in the country where they go; what acquaintances
+they are to seek; what exercises or discipline the place yieldeth. For
+else young men shall go hooded, and look abroad little. It is a
+strange thing, that in sea voyages, where there is nothing to be seen
+but sky and sea, men should make diaries; but in land-travel, wherein
+so much is to be observed, for the most part they omit it; as if
+chance were fitter to be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>registered than observation. Let diaries
+therefore be brought in use. The things to be seen and observed are:
+the courts of princes, specially when they give audience to
+ambassadors; the courts of justice, while they sit and hear causes;
+and so of consistories ecclesiastic; the churches and monasteries,
+with the monuments which are therein extant; the walls and
+fortifications of cities and towns, and so the havens and harbors;
+antiquities and ruins; libraries, colleges, disputations, and
+lectures, where any are; shipping and navies; houses and gardens of
+state and pleasure, near great cities; armories; arsenals; magazines;
+exchanges; burses; warehouses; exercises of horsemanship, fencing,
+training of soldiers, and the like; comedies, such whereunto the
+better sort of persons do resort; treasuries of jewels and robes;
+cabinets and rarities; and, to conclude, whatsoever is memorable in
+the places where they go. After all which the tutors or servants ought
+to make diligent study. As for triumphs, masks, feasts, weddings,
+funerals, capital executions, and such shows, men need not to be put
+in mind of them; yet are they not to be neglected.</p>
+
+<p>If you will have a young man to put his travel into a little room, and
+in short time to gather much, this you must do. First, as was said, he
+must have some entrance into the language before he goeth. Then he
+must have such a servant or tutor as knoweth the country, as was
+likewise said. Let him carry with him also some card or book
+describing the country where he traveleth; which will be a good key to
+his inquiry. Let him keep also a diary. Let him not stay long in one
+city or town; more or less as the place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> deserveth, but not long; nay,
+when he stayeth in one city or town, let him change his lodging from
+one end and part of the town to another; which is a great adamant of
+acquaintance. Let him sequester himself from the company of his
+countrymen, and diet in such places where there is good company of the
+nation where he traveleth. Let him, upon his removes from one place to
+another, procure recommendation to some person of quality residing in
+the place whither he removeth; that he may use his favor in those
+things he desireth to see or know. Thus he may abridge his travel with
+much profit.</p>
+
+<p>As for the acquaintance which is to be sought in travel; that which is
+most of all profitable is acquaintance with the secretaries and
+employed men of ambassadors: for so in traveling in one country he
+shall suck the experience of many. Let him also see and visit eminent
+persons in all kinds, which are of great name abroad; that he may be
+able to tell how the life agreeth with the fame. For quarrels, they
+are with care and discretion to be avoided. They are commonly for
+mistresses, healths, place, and words. And let a man beware how he
+keepeth company with choleric and quarrelsome persons; for they will
+engage him into their own quarrels. When a traveler returneth home,
+let him not leave the countries where he hath traveled altogether
+behind him; but maintain a correspondence by letters with those of his
+acquaintance which are of most worth. And let his travel appear rather
+in his discourse than in his apparel or gesture; and in his discourse
+let him be rather advised in his answers, than forwards to tell
+stories; and let<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> it appear that he doth not change his country
+manners for those of foreign parts; but only prick in some flowers of
+that he hath learned abroad into the customs of his own country.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_I" id="II_I"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>OF RICHES</h2>
+
+
+<p>I cannot call riches better than the baggage of virtue. The Roman word
+is better, <i>impedimenta</i>. For as the baggage is to an army, so is
+riches to virtue. It cannot be spared nor left behind, but it
+hindereth the march; yea, and the care of it sometimes loseth or
+disturbeth the victory. Of great riches there is no real use, except
+it be in the distribution; the rest is but conceit. So saith Solomon,
+"Where much is, there are many to consume it; and what hath the owner
+but the sight of it with his eyes?" The personal fruition in any man
+cannot reach to feel great riches: there is a custody of them; or a
+power of dole and donative of them; or a fame of them; but no solid
+use to the owner. Do you not see what feigned prices are set upon
+little stones and rarities? and what works of ostentation are
+undertaken, because there might seem to be some use of great riches?
+But then you will say, they may be of use to buy men out of dangers or
+troubles. As Solomon saith, "Riches are as a stronghold, in the
+imagination of the rich man."</p>
+
+<p>But this is excellently exprest, that it is in imagination, and not
+always in fact. For cer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>tainly great riches have sold more men than
+they have bought out. Seek not proud riches, but such as thou mayest
+get justly, use soberly, distribute cheerfully, and leave contentedly.
+Yet have no abstract or friarly contempt of them. But distinguish as
+Cicero saith well of Rabirius Posthumus, <i>In studio rei amplificand&aelig;
+apparebat, non avariti&aelig; pr&aelig;dam, sed instrumentum bonitari qu&aelig;ri</i>.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>
+Harken also to Solomon, and beware of hasty gathering of riches: <i>Qui
+festinat ad divitias, non erit insons</i>.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> The poets feign, that when
+Plutus (which is Riches) is sent from Jupiter, he limps and goes
+slowly; but when he is sent from Pluto, he runs and is swift of foot.
+Meaning that riches gotten by good means and just labor pace slowly;
+but when they come by the death of others (as by the course of
+inheritance, testaments, and the like), they come tumbling upon a man.
+But it might be applied likewise to Pluto, taking him for the devil.
+For when riches come from the devil (as by fraud and oppression and
+unjust means), they come upon speed.</p>
+
+<p>The ways to enrich are many, and most of them foul. Parsimony is one
+of the best, and yet is not innocent; for it withholdeth men from
+works of liberality and charity. The improvement of the ground is the
+most natural obtaining of riches; for it is our great mother's
+blessing, the earth's; but it is slow. And yet where men of great
+wealth do stoop to husbandry, it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>multiplieth riches exceedingly. I
+knew a nobleman in England, that had the greatest audits of any man in
+my time; a great grazier, a great sheep-master, a great timber man, a
+great collier, a great corn-master, a great lead-man, and so of iron,
+and a number of the like points of husbandry. So as the earth seemed a
+sea to him, in respect of the perpetual importation. It was truly
+observed by one, that himself came very hardly to a little riches, and
+very easily to great riches. For when a man's stock is come to that,
+that he can expect the prime of markets, and overcome those bargains
+which for their greatness are few men's money, and be partner in the
+industries of younger men, he cannot but increase mainly.</p>
+
+<p>The gains of ordinary trades and vocations are honest; and furthered
+by two things chiefly: by diligence, and by a good name for good and
+fair dealing. But the gains of bargains are of a more doubtful nature;
+when men shall wait upon others' necessity, broke by servants and
+instruments to draw them on, put off others cunningly that would be
+better chapmen, and the like practises, which are crafty and naught.
+As for the chopping of bargains, when a man buys not to hold but to
+sell over again, that commonly grindeth double, both upon the seller
+and upon the buyer. Sharings do greatly enrich, if the hands be well
+chosen that are trusted. Usury is the certainest means of gain, tho
+one of the worst; as that whereby a man doth eat his bread in <i>sudore
+vultus alieni</i>;<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> and besides, doth <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>plough upon Sundays. But yet
+certain tho it be, it hath flaws; for that the scriveners and brokers
+do value unsound men to serve their own turn. The fortune in being the
+first in an invention or in a privilege doth cause sometimes a
+wonderful overgrowth in riches; as it was with the first sugar man in
+the Canaries.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> Therefore if a man can play the true logician, to
+have as well judgment as invention, he may do great matters;
+especially if the times be fit.</p>
+
+<p>He that resteth upon gains certain shall hardly grow to great riches;
+and he that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break and come to
+poverty: it is good therefore to guard adventures with certainties,
+that may uphold losses. Monopolies, and co-emption of wares for
+re-sale, where they are not restrained, are great means to enrich;
+especially if the party have intelligence what things are like to come
+into request, and so store himself beforehand. Riches gotten by
+service, tho it be of the best rise, yet when they are gotten by
+flattery, feeding humors, and other servile conditions, they may be
+placed amongst the worst. As for fishing for testaments and
+executorships (as Tacitus saith of Seneca, <i>testamenta et orbos
+tamquam indagine capi</i>,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>) it is yet worse; by how much men submit
+themselves to meaner persons than in service. Believe not much them
+that seem to despise riches; for they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>despise them that despair of
+them; and none worse when they come to them. Be not penny-wise; riches
+have wings, and sometimes they fly away of themselves, sometimes they
+must be set flying to bring in more. Men leave their riches either to
+their kindred, or to the public; and moderate portions prosper best in
+both. A great estate left to an heir, is as a lure to all the birds of
+prey round about to seize on him, if he be not the better established
+in years and judgment. Likewise glorious gifts and foundations are
+like sacrifices without salt; and but the painted sepulchers of alms,
+which soon will putrefy and corrupt inwardly. Therefore measure not
+thine advancements by quantity, but frame them by measure: and defer
+not charities till death; for, certainly, if a man weigh it rightly,
+he that doth so is rather liberal of another man's than of his own.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h2>OF YOUTH AND AGE</h2>
+
+
+<p>A man that is young in years may be old in hours, if he have lost no
+time. But that happeneth rarely. Generally, youth is like the first
+cogitations, not so wise as the second. For there is a youth in
+thoughts, as well as in ages. And yet the invention of young men is
+more lively than that of old; and imaginations stream into their minds
+better, and as it were more divinely. Natures that have much heat and
+great and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> violent desires and perturbations are not ripe for action
+till they have passed the meridian of their years; as it was with
+Julius C&aelig;sar and Septimius Severus. Of the latter of whom it is said,
+<i>Juventutem egit erroribus, imo furoribus, plenam</i>.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> And yet he was
+the ablest emperor, almost, of all the list. But reposed natures may
+do well in youth. As it is seen in Augustus C&aelig;sar, Cosmus Duke of
+Florence, Gaston de Foix, and others. On the other side, heat and
+vivacity in age is an excellent composition for business.</p>
+
+<p>Young men are fitter to invent than to judge; fitter for execution
+than for counsel; and fitter for new projects than for settled
+business. For the experience of age, in things that fall within the
+compass of it, directeth them; but in new things, abuseth them. The
+errors of young men are the ruin of business; but the errors of aged
+men amount but to this, that more might have been done, or sooner.
+Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, embrace more than
+they can hold; stir more than they can quiet; fly to the end, without
+consideration of the means and degrees; pursue some few principles
+which they have chanced upon absurdly; care not to innovate, which
+draws unknown inconveniences; use extreme remedies at first; and that
+which doubleth all errors will not acknowledge or retract them; like
+an unready horse, that will neither stop nor turn. Men of age object
+too much, consult too long, adventure too little, repent too soon, and
+seldom drive business home to the full <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>period, but content themselves
+with a mediocrity.</p>
+
+<p>Certainly it is good to compound employments of both; for that will be
+good for the present, because the virtues of either age may correct
+the defects of both; and good for succession, that young men may be
+learners, while men in age are actors; and, lastly, good for extern
+accidents, because authority followeth old men, and favor and
+popularity youth. But for the moral part, perhaps youth will have the
+preeminence, as age hath for the politic. A certain rabbin, upon the
+text, <i>Your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream
+dreams</i>, inferreth that young men are admitted nearer to God than old,
+because vision is a clearer revelation than a dream. And certainly,
+the more a man drinketh of the world, the more it intoxicateth; and
+age doth profit rather in the powers of understanding, than in the
+virtues of the will and affections. There be some have an over-early
+ripeness in their years, which fadeth betimes. These are, first, such
+as have brittle wits, the edge whereof is soon turned; such as was
+Hermogenes<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> the rhetorician, whose books are exceeding subtle; who
+afterwards waxed stupid.</p>
+
+<p>A second sort is of those that have some natural dispositions which
+find better grace in youth than in age; such as is a fluent and
+luxuriant speech; which becomes youth well, but not age: so Tully
+saith of Hortensius,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> <i>Idem manebat, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>neque idem decebat</i>. The
+third is of such as take too high a strain at the first, and are
+magnanimous more than tract of years can uphold. As was Scipio
+Africanus, of whom Livy saith<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> in effect, <i>Ultima primis cedebant</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV</h2>
+
+<h2>OF REVENGE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Revenge is a kind of wild justice; which the more man's nature runs
+to, the more ought law to weed it out. For as for the first wrong, it
+doth but offend the law; but the revenge of that wrong putteth the law
+out of office. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with
+his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior; for it is a
+prince's part to pardon. And Solomon, I am sure, saith, <i>It is the
+glory of a man to pass by an offense.</i> That which is past is gone, and
+irrevocable; and wise men have enough to do with things present and to
+come; therefore they do but trifle with themselves, that labor in past
+matters. There is no man doth a wrong for the wrong's sake; but
+thereby to purchase himself profit, or pleasure, or honor, or the
+like. Therefore why should I be angry with a man for loving himself
+better than me? And if any man should do wrong merely out of
+ill-nature, why, yet it is but like the thorn or brier, which prick
+and scratch, because they can do no other.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The most tolerable sort of revenge is for those wrongs which there is
+no law to remedy; but then let a man take heed the revenge be such as
+there is no law to punish; else a man's enemy is still beforehand, and
+it is two for one. Some, when they take revenge, are desirous the
+party should know whence it cometh. This is the more generous. For the
+delight seemeth to be not so much in doing the hurt as in making the
+party repent. But base and crafty cowards are like the arrow that
+flieth in the dark. Cosmus,<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> Duke of Florence, had a desperate
+saying against perfidious or neglecting friends, as if those wrongs
+were unpardonable: <i>You shall read</i> (saith he) <i>that we are commanded
+to forgive our enemies; but you never read that we are commanded to
+forgive our friends.</i> But yet the spirit of Job was in a better tune:
+<i>Shall we</i> (saith he) <i>take good at God's hands, and not be content to
+take evil also?</i> And so of friends in a proportion. This is certain,
+that a man that studieth revenge keeps his own wounds green, which
+otherwise would heal and do well. Public revenges are for the most
+part fortunate; as that for the death of C&aelig;sar; for the death of
+Pertinax;<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> for the death of Henry the Third of France;<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> and many
+more. But in private revenges it is not so. Nay rather, vindictive
+persons live the life of witches; who, as they are mischievous, so end
+they infortunate.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V</h2>
+
+<h2>OF MARRIAGE AND SINGLE LIFE</h2>
+
+
+<p>He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for
+they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or
+mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the
+public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both
+in affection and means have married and endowed the public. Yet it
+were great reason that those that have children should have greatest
+care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their
+dearest pledges. Some there are, who tho they lead a single life, yet
+their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times
+impertinences. Nay, there are some other that account wife and
+children but as bills of charges. Nay more, there are some foolish
+rich covetous men, that take a pride in having no children, because
+they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard
+some talk, <i>Such an one is a great rich, man</i>, and another except to
+it, <i>Yea, but he hath a great charge of children</i>; as if it were an
+abatement to his riches.</p>
+
+<p>But the most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty, especially in
+certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of
+every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and
+garters to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best
+masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are
+light to run away; and almost all fugitives<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> are of that condition. A
+single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water
+the ground where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for
+judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall
+have a servant five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the
+generals commonly in their hortatives put men in mind of their wives
+and children; and I think the despising of marriage among the Turks
+maketh the vulgar soldier more base.</p>
+
+<p>Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and
+single men, tho they may be many times more charitable, because their
+means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel
+and hard-hearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their
+tenderness is not so oft called upon.</p>
+
+<p>Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly
+loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> <i>vetulam suam pr&aelig;tulit
+immortalitati</i>. Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming
+upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds both of
+chastity and obedience in the wife, if she think her husband wise;
+which she will never do if she find him jealous. Wives are young men's
+mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men's nurses. So as a
+man may have a quarrel to marry when he will. But yet he was reputed
+one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man
+should marry&mdash;<i>A young man not yet, an elder man not at all.</i> It is
+often <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>seen that bad husbands have very good wives; whether it be that
+it raiseth the price of their husband's kindness when it comes; or
+that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails,
+if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends'
+consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI</h2>
+
+<h2>OF ENVY</h2>
+
+
+<p>There be none of the affections which have been noted to fascinate or
+bewitch, but love and envy. They both have vehement wishes; they frame
+themselves readily into imaginations and suggestions; and they come
+easily into the eye, especially upon the presence of the objects;
+which are the points that conduce to fascination, if any such thing
+there be. We see likewise the Scripture calleth envy an evil eye; and
+the astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects; so
+that still there seemeth to be acknowledged, in the act of envy, an
+ejaculation or irradiation of the eye. Nay some have been so curious
+as to note that the times when the stroke or percussion of an envious
+eye doth most hurt are when the party envied is beheld in glory or
+triumph; for that sets an edge upon envy: and besides, at such times
+the spirits of the person envied do come forth most into the outward
+parts, and so meet the blow.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But leaving these curiosities (tho not unworthy to be thought on in
+fit place), we will handle, what persons are apt to envy others; what
+persons are most subject to be envied themselves; and what is the
+difference between public and private envy.</p>
+
+<p>A man that hath no virtue in himself, ever envieth virtue in others.
+For men's minds will either feed upon their own good or upon others'
+evil; and who wanteth the one will prey upon the other; and whoso is
+out of hope to attain to another's virtue, will seek to come at even
+hand by depressing another's fortune.</p>
+
+<p>A man that is busy and inquisitive is commonly envious. For to know
+much of other men's matters cannot be because all that ado may concern
+his own estate; therefore it must needs be that he taketh a kind of
+play-pleasure in looking upon the fortunes of others. Neither can he
+that mindeth but his own business find much matter for envy. For envy
+is a gadding passion, and walketh the streets, and doth not keep home:
+<i>Non est curiosus, guin idem sit malevolus.</i><a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p>
+
+<p>Men of noble birth are noted to be envious towards new men when they
+rise. For the distance is altered; and it is like a deceit of the eye,
+that when others come on they think themselves go back.</p>
+
+<p>Deformed persons, and eunuchs, and old men, and bastards, are envious.
+For he that can not possibly mend his own case will do what he can to
+impair another's; except these defects light <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>upon a very brave and
+heroical nature, which thinketh to make his natural wants part of his
+honor; in that it should be said, that an eunuch, or a lame man, did
+such great matters; affecting the honor of a miracle; as it was in
+Narses<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> the eunuch, and Agesilaus<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> and Tamberlanes,<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> that
+were lame men.</p>
+
+<p>The same is the case of men that rise after calamities and
+misfortunes. For they are as men fallen out with the times; and think
+other men's harms a redemption of their own sufferings.</p>
+
+<p>They that desire to excel in too many matters, out of levity and
+vainglory, are ever envious. For they can not want work; it being
+impossible but many in some one of those things should surpass them.
+Which was the character of Adrian<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> the Emperor; that mortally
+envied poets and painters and artificers, in works wherein he had a
+vein to excel.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, near kinsfolks, and fellows in office, and those that have
+been bred together, are more apt to envy their equals when they are
+raised. For it doth upbraid unto them their own fortunes, and pointeth
+at them, and cometh oftener into their remembrance, and incurreth
+likewise more into the note of others; and envy ever redoubleth from
+speech and fame. Cain's envy <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>was the more vile and malignant towards
+his brother Abel, because when his sacrifice was better accepted there
+was no body to look on. Thus much for those that are apt to envy.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning those that are more or less subject to envy: First, persons
+of eminent virtue, when they are advanced, are less envied. For their
+fortune seemeth but due unto them; and no man envieth the payment of a
+debt, but rewards and liberality rather. Again, envy is ever joined
+with the comparing of a man's self; and where there is no comparison,
+no envy; and therefore kings are not envied but by kings. Nevertheless
+it is to be noted that unworthy persons are most envied at their first
+coming in, and afterwards overcome it better; whereas contrariwise,
+persons of worth and merit are most envied when their fortune
+continueth long. For by that time, tho their virtue be the same, yet
+it hath not the same luster; for fresh men grow up that darken it.</p>
+
+<p>Persons of noble blood are less envied in their rising. For it seemeth
+but right done to their birth. Besides, there seemeth not much added
+to their fortune; and envy is as the sunbeams, that beat hotter upon a
+bank or steep rising ground, than up a flat. And for the same reason
+those that are advanced by degrees are less envied than those that are
+advanced suddenly and <i>per saltum</i> [at a bound].</p>
+
+<p>Those that have joined with their honor great travels, cares, or
+perils, are less subject to envy. For men think that they earn their
+honors hardly, and pity them sometimes; and pity ever healeth envy.
+Wherefore you shall observe that the more deep and sober sort of
+politic persons, in their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> greatness, are ever bemoaning themselves,
+what a life they lead; chanting a <i>quanta patimur</i>. Not that they feel
+it so, but only to abate the edge of envy. But this is to be
+understood of business that is laid upon men, and not such as they
+call unto themselves. For nothing increaseth envy more than an
+unnecessary and ambitious engrossing of business. And nothing doth
+extinguish envy more than for a great person to preserve all other
+inferior officers in their full rights and preeminences of their
+places. For by that means there be so many screens between him and
+envy.</p>
+
+<p>Above all, those are most subject to envy, which carry the greatness
+of their fortunes in an insolent and proud manner; being never well
+but while they are showing how great they are, either by outward pomp,
+or by triumphing over all opposition or competition; whereas wise men
+will rather do sacrifice to envy, in suffering themselves sometimes of
+purpose to be crossed and overborne in things that do not much concern
+them. Notwithstanding, so much is true, that the carriage of greatness
+in a plain and open manner (so it be without arrogancy and vain glory)
+doth draw less envy than if it be in a more crafty and cunning
+fashion. For in that course a man doth but disavow fortune; and
+seemeth to be conscious of his own want in worth; and doth but teach
+others to envy him.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, to conclude this part; as we said in the beginning that the
+act of envy had somewhat in it of witchcraft, so there is no other
+cure of envy but the cure of witchcraft; and that is, to remove the
+<i>lot</i> (as they call it) and to lay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> it upon another. For which
+purpose, the wiser sort of great persons bring in ever upon the stage
+somebody upon whom to derive the envy that would come upon themselves;
+sometimes upon ministers and servants; sometimes upon colleagues and
+associates; and the like; and for that turn there are never wanting
+some persons of violent and undertaking nature, who, so they may have
+power and business, will take it at any cost.</p>
+
+<p>Now, to speak of public envy. There is yet some good in public envy,
+whereas in private there is none. For public envy is as an ostracism,
+that eclipseth men when they grow too great. And therefore it is a
+bridle also to great ones, to keep them within bounds.</p>
+
+<p>This envy, being in the Latin word <i>invidia</i>, goeth in the modern
+languages by the name of <i>discontentment</i>; of which we shall speak in
+handling sedition. It is a disease in a state like to infection. For
+as infection spreadeth upon that which is sound, and tainteth it; so
+when envy is gotten once into a state, it traduceth even the best
+actions thereof, and turneth them into an ill odor. And therefore
+there is little won by intermingling of plausible actions. For that
+doth argue but a weakness and fear of envy, which hurteth so much the
+more, as it is likewise usual in infections; which if you fear them,
+you call them upon you.</p>
+
+<p>This public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon principal officers or
+ministers, rather than upon kings and estates themselves. But this is
+a sure rule, that if the envy upon the minister be great, when the
+cause of it in him is small; or if the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> envy be general in a manner
+upon all the ministers of an estate; then the envy (tho hidden) is
+truly upon the state itself. And so much of public envy or
+discontentment, and the difference thereof from private envy, which
+was handled in the first place.</p>
+
+<p>We will add this in general, touching the affection of envy; that of
+all other affections it is the most importune and continual. For of
+other affections there is occasion given but now and then; and
+therefore it was well said, <i>Invidia festos dies non agit</i>:<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> a for
+it is ever working upon some or other. And it is also noted that love
+and envy do make a man pine, which other affections do not, because
+they are not so continual. It is also the vilest affection, and the
+most depraved; for which cause it is the proper attribute of the
+devil, who is called <i>the envious man, that soweth tares amongst the
+wheat by night</i>; as it always cometh to pass, that envy worketh
+subtilly, and in the dark; and to the prejudice of good things, such
+as is the wheat.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII</h2>
+
+<h2>OF GOODNESS AND GOODNESS OF NATURE</h2>
+
+
+<p>I take goodness in this sense, the affecting of the weal of men, which
+is that the Grecians call <i>philanthropia</i>; and the word <i>humanity</i> (as
+it is used) is a little too light to express it. Goodness I call the
+habit, and goodness of nature the inclination. This of all virtues and
+dignities of the mind is the greatest; being the character of the
+Deity: and without it man is a busy, mischievous, wretched thing; no
+better than a kind of vermin. Goodness answers to the theological
+virtue charity, and admits no excess, but error. The desire of power
+in excess caused the angels to fall; the desire of knowledge in excess
+caused man to fall: but in charity there is no excess; neither can
+angel or man come in danger by it. The inclination to goodness is
+imprinted deeply in the nature of man; insomuch that if it issue not
+towards men, it will take unto other living creatures; as it is seen
+in the Turks, a cruel people, who nevertheless are kind to beasts, and
+give alms to dogs and birds; insomuch as Busbechius<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> reporteth, a
+Christian boy in Constantinople had like to have been stoned for
+gagging in a waggishness a long-billed fowl. Errors indeed in this
+virtue of goodness or charity may be committed. The Italians have an
+ungracious <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>proverb, <i>Tanto buon che val niente</i>.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> And one of the
+doctors of Italy, Nicholas Machiavel,<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> had the confidence to put in
+writing, almost in plain terms, <i>That the Christian faith had given up
+good men in prey to those that are tyrannical and unjust</i>. Which he
+spake, because indeed there was never law or sect or opinion did so
+much, magnify goodness as the Christian religion doth.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, to avoid the scandal and the danger both, it is good to
+take knowledge of the errors of an habit so excellent. Seek the good
+of other men, but be not in bondage to their faces or fancies; for
+that is but facility or softness; which taketh an honest mind
+prisoner. Neither give thou &AElig;sop's cock a gem, who would be better
+pleased and happier if he had had a barley-corn. The example of God
+teacheth the lesson truly: <i>He sendeth his rain and maketh his sun to
+shine upon the just and unjust</i>; but He doth not rain wealth, nor
+shine honor and virtues, upon men equally. Common benefits are to be
+communicate with all; but peculiar benefits with choice. And beware
+how in making the portraiture thou breakest the pattern. For divinity
+maketh the love of ourselves the pattern; the love of our neighbors
+but the portraiture. <i>Sell all thou hast, and give it to the poor, and
+follow me</i>: but sell not all thou hast, except thou come and follow
+me; that is, except thou have a vocation wherein thou mayest do as
+much good with little means as with great; for otherwise in feeding
+the streams thou driest the fountain.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p><p>Neither is there only a habit of goodness, directed by right reason;
+but there is in some men, even in nature, a disposition towards it; as
+on the other side there is a natural malignity. For there be that in
+their nature do not affect the good of others. The lighter sort of
+malignity turneth but to a crossness, or frowardness, or aptness to
+oppose, or difficilness, or the like; but the deeper sort to envy and
+mere mischief. Such men in other men's calamities are, as it were, in
+season, and are ever on the loading part: not so good as the dogs that
+licked Lazarus' sores; but like flies that are still buzzing upon
+anything that is raw; <i>misanthropi</i> [haters of men], that make it
+their practise to bring men to the bough, and yet have never a tree
+for the purpose in their gardens, as Timon<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> had. Such dispositions
+are the very errors of human nature; and yet they are the fittest
+timber to make great politics of; like to knee timber, that is good
+for ships, that are ordained to be tossed; but not for building
+houses, that shall stand firm. The parts and signs of goodness are
+many. If a man be gracious and courteous to strangers, it shows he is
+a citizen of the world, and that his heart is no island cut off from
+other lands, but a continent that joins to them. If he be
+compassionate towards the afflictions of others, it shows that his
+heart is like the noble tree that is wounded itself when it gives the
+balm. If he easily pardons and remits offenses, it shows that his mind
+is planted above injuries; so that he cannot be shot. If he be
+thankful for small <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>benefits, it shows that he weighs men's minds, and
+not their trash. But above all, if he have St. Paul's perfection, that
+he would wish to be an <i>anathema</i> from Christ for the salvation of his
+brethren, it shows much of a divine nature, and a kind of conformity
+with Christ Himself.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII</h2>
+
+<h2>OF STUDIES</h2>
+
+
+<p>Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief
+use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament is in
+discourse; and for ability is in the judgment and disposition of
+business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of
+particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and
+marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend
+too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament,
+is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor
+of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience:
+for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning,<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>
+by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at
+large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn
+studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach
+not their own <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them,
+won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe
+and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and
+consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and
+some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read
+only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to
+be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may
+be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would
+be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books;
+else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.
+Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an
+exact man.</p>
+
+<p>And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory;
+if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read
+little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth
+not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile;
+natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to
+contend. <i>Abeunt studia in mores.</i><a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> Nay, there is no stond or
+impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as
+diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good
+for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle
+walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a
+man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in
+demonstrations, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>if his wit be called away never so little, he must
+begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences,
+let him study the Schoolmen; for they are <i>cymini sectores</i> [splitters
+of hairs]. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one
+thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers'
+cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX</h2>
+
+<h2>OF REGIMENT OF HEALTH</h2>
+
+
+<p>There is a wisdom in this beyond the rules of physic: a man's own
+observation, what he finds good of, and what he finds hurt of, is the
+best physic to preserve health. But it is a safer conclusion to say,
+<i>This agreeth not well with me, therefore I will not continue it</i>;
+than this, <i>I find no offense of this, therefore I may use it.</i> For
+strength of nature in youth passeth over many excesses, which are
+owing a man till his age. Discern of the coming on of years, and think
+not to do the same things still; for age will not be defied. Beware of
+sudden change in any great point of diet, and if necessity inforce it,
+fit the rest to it. For it is a secret in nature and state, that it is
+safer to change many things than one. Examine thy customs of diet,
+sleep, exercise, apparel, and the like; and try, in any thing thou
+shalt judge hurtful, to discontinue it by little and little; but so,
+as if thou dost<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> find any inconvenience by the change, thou come back
+to it again: for it is hard to distinguish that which is generally
+held good and wholesome, from that which is good particularly, and fit
+for thine own body.</p>
+
+<p>To be free-minded and cheerfully disposed at hours of meat and of
+sleep and of exercise, is one of the best precepts of long lasting. As
+for the passions and studies of the mind; avoid envy; anxious fears,
+anger fretting inwards; subtle and knotty inquisitions; joys and
+exhilarations in excess; sadness not communicated. Entertain hopes;
+mirth rather than joy; variety of delights, rather than surfeit of
+them; wonder and admiration, and therefore novelties; studies that
+fill the mind with splendid and illustrious objects, as histories,
+fables, and contemplations of nature. If you fly physic in health
+altogether, it will be too strange for your body when you shall need
+it. If you make it too familiar, it will work no extraordinary effect
+when sickness cometh. I commend rather some diet for certain seasons,
+than frequent use of physic, except it be grown into a custom. For
+those diets alter the body more, and trouble it less.</p>
+
+<p>Despise no new accident in your body, but ask opinion of it. In
+sickness, respect health principally; and in health, action. For those
+that put their bodies to endure in health, may in most sicknesses,
+which are not very sharp, be cured only with diet and tendering.
+Celsus<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> could never have spoken it as a physician, had he not been
+a wise man withal, when he giveth it for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>one of the great precepts of
+health and lasting, that a man do vary and interchange contraries, but
+with an inclination to the more benign extreme: use fasting and full
+eating, but rather full eating; watching and sleep, but rather sleep;
+sitting and exercise, but rather exercise; and the like. So shall
+nature be cherished, and yet taught masteries. Physicians are some of
+them so pleasing and conformable to the humor of the patient, as they
+press not the true cure of the disease; and some other are so regular
+in proceeding according to art for the disease, as they respect not
+sufficiently the condition of the patient. Take one of a middle
+temper; or if it may not be found in one man, combine two of either
+sort; and forget not to call as well the best acquainted with your
+body, as the best reputed of for his faculty.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> The selections here given from Bacon are all from the
+"Essays"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Cicero's meaning is that Rabirius was not prompted by
+avarice so much as by a desire to obtain the means whereby he could do
+good.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> This has commonly been translated as "He that maketh
+haste to become rich shall not remain innocent."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The meaning is in the sweat of another man's brow rather
+than one's own.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Sugar is one of the chief products of the Canary
+Islands. These islands are supposed to be identical with those known
+to the ancients as the Fortunate Islands.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> The remark of Tacitus means that Seneca took profitable
+places of trust in such numbers that it was as if he had gathered them
+in with a net.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> The meaning is that Severus passed his youth, not only
+in errors, but that his youth was so full of them as to have been
+almost one of madness.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Hermogenes, a native of Tarsus, lived in the second
+century <span class="smcap">a.d.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Hortensius was a Roman orator of Cicero's time and an
+early rival of his. The remark here quoted from Tully (Cicero) means
+that Hortensius continued a line of action until it was not becoming.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Livy's remark means that Scipio in old age was not equal
+to himself in his youth in the things he performed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Now written Cosmo, or Cosimo. He became duke in 1537.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Pertinax, the Roman emperor, was murdered by the
+Pretorian Guards in 193 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> The guards were put to death by order of
+Septimius Severus, his successor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Henry was murdered by a monk named Clement, who was put
+to death for the crime.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> This refers to the refusal of Ulysses to wed a goddess,
+preferring his own wife, who was no longer young.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> The meaning is that no man is possest by curiosity
+unless some malevolence inspires him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Narses was the associate of Belisarius in command of the
+Roman army in Italy in 538-539, and greatly distinguished himself as
+the sole commander in later years.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Agesilaus was a famous king of Sparta.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Now commonly written Tamerlane, which stands for Timour
+the Lame, Timour being his real name.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Adrian, now commonly called Hadrian, emperor of Rome,
+was born in 76, and died in 138.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> This saying has been translated "Envy keeps no
+holidays."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Busbechius, scholar and diplomat of Flanders, was born
+in 1522 and died in 1592.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> The meaning is that one may be so good as to be good for
+nothing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Machiavelli, the famous author of "The Prince."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The reference is to Timon of Athens, a real person, who
+is the subject of one of Shakespeare's plays.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> An early form of the word pruning, which once had a
+wider meaning than now.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The meaning is that manners are deeply influenced by
+one's studies.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Aulus Celsus, a Roman writer on medicine, who lived in
+the first half of the first century <span class="smcap">a.d.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SHAKESPEARE" id="SHAKESPEARE"></a>SHAKESPEARE</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1564; died in 1616; married Anne Hathaway in 1582;
+went to London and became an actor in 1587; began to revise,
+or write, plays in 1589; bought "New Place" at Stratford in
+1597; retired from the theater in 1610; his plays first
+collected in the Folio of 1623.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_II" id="I_II"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>BRUTUS TO HIS COUNTRYMEN<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p><i>Brutus.</i> Be patient till the last.</p>
+
+<p>Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause, and be silent,
+that you may hear; believe me for mine honor, and have respect to mine
+honor, that you may believe; censure me in your wisdom, and awake your
+senses, that you may the better judge. If there be any in this
+assembly, any dear friend of C&aelig;sar's, to him I say, that Brutus' love
+to C&aelig;sar was no less than his. If then that friend demand why Brutus
+rose against C&aelig;sar, this is my answer: Not that I lov'd C&aelig;sar less,
+but that I lov'd Rome more. Had you rather C&aelig;sar were living and die
+all slaves, than that C&aelig;sar were dead, to live all freemen? As C&aelig;sar
+lov'd me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he
+was valiant, I honor him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. There
+is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honor for his valor; and
+death for his ambition. Who is here so <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>base that would be a bondman?
+If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would
+not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so
+vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I
+offended. I pause for reply.</p>
+
+<p><i>All.</i> None, Brutus, none.</p>
+
+<p><i>Brutus.</i> Then none have I offended. I have done no more to C&aelig;sar than
+you shall do to Brutus. The question of his death is enroll'd in the
+Capitol; his glory not extenuated, wherein he was worthy, nor his
+offenses enforc'd, for which he suffered death.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&mdash;<i>Enter Antony (and others), with C&aelig;sar's body.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Here comes his body, mourn'd by Mark Antony; who, tho he had no hand
+in his death, shall receive the benefit of his dying, a place in the
+commonwealth; as which of you shall not? With this I depart, that, as
+I slew my best lover for the good of Rome, I have the same dagger for
+myself, when it shall please my country to need my death.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_III" id="I_III"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>SHYLOCK IN DEFENSE OF HIS RACE<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p><i>Shylock.</i> There I have another bad match. A bankrupt, a prodigal, who
+dare scarce show his head on the Rialto; a beggar, that was us'd to
+come so smug upon the mart; let him look to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>his bond. He was wont to
+call me usurer; let him look to his bond. He was wont to lend money
+for a Christian courtesy; let him look to his bond.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salarino.</i> Why, I am sure, if he forfeit, thou wilt not take his
+flesh. What's that good for?</p>
+
+<p><i>Shylock.</i> To bait fish withal. If it will feed nothing else, it will
+feed my revenge. He hath disgrac'd me, and hind'red me half a million;
+laugh'd at my losses, mock'd at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted
+my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies; and what's his
+reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs,
+dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt
+with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the
+same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a
+Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do
+we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us,
+shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble
+you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility?
+Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by
+Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will
+execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="III_I" id="III_I"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h2>HAMLET TO THE PLAYERS<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p><i>Hamlet.</i> Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounc'd it to you,
+trippingly on the tongue; but if you mouth it, as many of your players
+do, I had as lief the town-crier spoke my lines. Nor do not saw the
+air too much with your hand, thus, but use all gently; for in the very
+torrent, tempest, and, as I may say, the whirlwind of passion, you
+must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smoothness. O, it
+offends me to the soul to see a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a
+passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the
+groundlings, who for the most part are capable of nothing but
+inexplicable dumb-shows and noise. I could have such a fellow whipp'd
+for o'erdoing Termagant. It out-herods Herod. Pray you, avoid it.</p>
+
+<p><i>First Player.</i> I warrant your honor.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hamlet.</i> Be not too tame neither, but let your own discretion be your
+tutor. Suit the action to the word, the word to the action; with this
+special observance, that you o'erstep not the modesty of nature. For
+anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing, whose end, both
+at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as 'twere, the mirror up to
+nature; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the
+very age and body of the time his form and pressure. Now this
+overdone, or come tardy <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>off, tho it make the unskilful laugh, can not
+but make the judicious grieve; the censure of the which one must, in
+your allowance, o'erweigh a whole theater of others. O, there be
+players that I have seen play, and heard others praise, and that
+highly, not to speak it profanely, that, neither having the accent of
+Christians nor the gait of Christian, pagan, nor man, have so strutted
+and bellowed that I have thought some of Nature's journeymen had made
+men and not made them well, they imitated humanity so abominably.</p>
+
+<p><i>First Player.</i> I hope we have reform'd that indifferently with us,
+sir.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hamlet.</i> O, reform it altogether. And let those that play your clowns
+speak no more than is set down for them; for there be of them that
+will themselves laugh to set on some quantity of barren spectators to
+laugh too tho in the mean time some necessary question of the play be
+then to be considered. That's villainous, and shows a most pitiful
+ambition in the Fool that uses it. Go, make you ready.</p>
+
+<p class="drama1">[<i>Exeunt Players.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> From "Julius C&aelig;sar," Act III, Sc. ii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> From "The Merchant of Venice." Act III, Sc. ii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> From "Hamlet, Prince of Denmark," Act III, Sc. ii.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="BEN_JONSON" id="BEN_JONSON"></a>BEN JONSON</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1573; died in 1637; became a player in 1597; his
+first play, "Everyman in His Humor," performed at the Globe
+Theater in 1598, Shakespeare taking one of the parts; went
+to France in 1613 as tutor to a son of Raleigh; visited
+Drummond of Hawthornden in 1618; his library, one of the
+finest in England, burned about 1621; his works first
+collected in 1616; buried in Poet's Corner, Westminster,
+Abbey.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OF_SHAKESPEARE_AND_OTHER_WITS" id="OF_SHAKESPEARE_AND_OTHER_WITS"></a>OF SHAKESPEARE AND OTHER WITS<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>I remember the players that have often mentioned it as an honor to
+Shakespeare, that in his writing, whatsoever he penned, he never
+blotted out a line. My answer hath been, "Would he had blotted a
+thousand," which they thought a malevolent speech. I had not told
+posterity this, but for their ignorance who chose that circumstance to
+commend their friend by wherein he most faulted; and to justify mine
+own candor, for I loved the man, and do honor his memory on this side
+idolatry as much as any. He was, indeed, honest, and of an open and
+free nature; had an excellent phantasy, brave notions, and gentle
+expressions, wherein he flowed with that facility, that sometimes it
+was necessary he should be stopt. <i>Sufflaminandus erat</i>, as Augustus
+said of Haterius. His wit was in his own power: would the rule of it
+had been so too. Many times he fell into those things which could <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>not
+escape laughter, as when he said in the person of C&aelig;sar, one speaking
+to him, "C&aelig;sar, thou dost me wrong." He replied, "C&aelig;sar did never
+wrong but with just cause"; and such like, which were ridiculous. But
+he redeemed his vices with his virtues. There was ever more in him to
+be praised than to be pardoned.</p>
+
+<p>In the difference of wits I have observed there are many notes; and it
+is a little maistry to know them, to discern what every nature, every
+disposition will bear; for before we sow our land we should plough it.
+There are no fewer forms of minds than of bodies amongst us. The
+variety is incredible, and therefore we must search. Some are fit to
+make divines, some poets, some lawyers, some physicians, some to be
+sent to the plow, and trades.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doctrine will do good where nature is wanting. Some wits
+are swelling and high; others low and still; some hot and fiery;
+others cold and dull; one must have a bridle, the other a spur. There
+be some that are forward and bold; and these will do every little
+thing easily. I mean that is hard by and next them, which they will
+utter unretarded without any shame-facedness. These never perform
+much, but quickly. They are what they are on the sudden; they show
+presently like grain that, scattered on the top the ground, shoots up,
+but takes no root; has a yellow blade, but the ear empty. They are
+wits of good promise at first, but there is an <i>ingenistitium</i>; they
+stand still at sixteen, they get no higher. You have others that labor
+only to ostentation; and are ever more busy about the colors and
+surface of a work than in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> the matter and foundation, for that is hid,
+the other is seen.</p>
+
+<p>Others that in composition are nothing but what is rough and broken.
+<i>Qu&aelig; per salebras, altaque saxa cadunt.</i> And if it would come gently,
+they trouble it of purpose. They would not have it run without rubs,
+as if that style were more strong and manly that struck the ear with a
+kind of unevenness. These men err not by chance, but knowingly and
+willingly; they are like men that affect a fashion by themselves; have
+some singularity in a ruff, cloak, or hatband; or their beards
+specially cut to provoke beholders, and set a mark upon themselves.
+They would be reprehended while they are looked on. And this vice, one
+that is authority with the rest, loving, delivers over to them to be
+imitated; so that ofttimes the faults which he fell into, the others
+seek for. This is the danger, when vice becomes a precedent.</p>
+
+<p>Others there are that have no composition at all; but a kind of tuning
+and riming fall in what they write. It runs and slides, and only makes
+a sound. Women's poets they are called, as you have women's tailors.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"They write a verse as smooth, as soft as cream,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In which there is no torrent, nor scarce stream."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>You may sound these wits and find the depth of them with your middle
+finger. They are cream-bowl, or but puddle-deep.</p>
+
+<p>Some that turn over all books, and are equally searching in all
+papers; that write out of what<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> they presently find or meet, without
+choice. By which means it happens that what they have discredited and
+impugned in one week, they have before or after extolled the same in
+another. Such are all the essayists, even their master Montaigne.
+These, in all they write, confess still what books they have read
+last, and therein their own folly so much that they bring it to the
+stake raw and undigested; not that the place did need it neither, but
+that they thought themselves furnished and would vent it....</p>
+
+<p>It cannot but come to pass that these men who commonly seek to do more
+than enough may sometimes happen on something that is good and great;
+but very seldom: and when it comes it doth not recompense the rest of
+their ill. For their jests, and their sentences (which they only and
+ambitiously seek for) stick out and are more eminent because all is
+sordid and vile about them; as lights are more discerned in a thick
+darkness than a faint shadow. Now, because they speak all they can
+(however unfitly), they are thought to have the greater copy; where
+the learned use ever election and a mean, they look back to what they
+intended at first, and make all an even and proportioned body. The
+true artificer will not run away from Nature as he were afraid of her,
+or depart from life and the likeness of truth, but speak to the
+capacity of his hearers. And tho his language differ from the vulgar
+somewhat, it shall not fly from all humanity, with the Tamerlanes and
+Tamer-chams of the late age, which had nothing in them but the
+scenical strutting and furious vociferation to warrant them to the
+ignorant gapers. He knows<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> it is his only art so to carry it as none
+but artificers perceive it. In the meantime, perhaps, he is called
+barren, dull, lean, a poor writer or by what contumelious word can
+come in their cheeks, by these men who, without labor, judgment,
+knowledge, or almost sense, are received or preferred before him. He
+gratulates them and their fortune. Another age, or juster men, will
+acknowledge the virtues of his studies, his wisdom in dividing, his
+subtlety in arguing, with what strength he doth inspire his readers,
+with what sweetness he strokes them; in inveighing, what sharpness; in
+jest, what urbanity he uses; how he doth reign in men's affections;
+how invade and break in upon them, and makes their minds like the
+thing he writes. Then in his elocution to behold what word is proper,
+which hath ornaments, which height, what is beautifully translated,
+where figures are fit, which gentle, which strong, to show the
+composition manly; and how he hath avoided faint, obscure, obscene,
+sordid, humble, improper, or effeminate phrase; which is not only
+praised of the most, but commended (which is worse), especially for
+that it is naught.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> From "Timber; or Discoveries Made upon Men and Matter."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IZAAK_WALTON" id="IZAAK_WALTON"></a>IZAAK WALTON</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1593, died in 1683; an ironmonger in London in 1618;
+his home in Fleet Street in 1624, and from 1628 to 1644 in
+Chancery Lane, where he had Dr. John Donne, whose life he
+wrote, for friend and neighbor; living at Clerkenwell in
+1653, when he published "The Compleat Angler"; after the
+Restoration lived at Winchester and Salisbury; wrote lives
+of Donne, Wotton, Hooker, Herbert and Sanderson.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_3" id="I_3"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>THE ANTIQUITY OF ANGLING<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p><i>Piscator</i>&mdash;O sir, doubt not that angling is an art: is it not an art
+to deceive a trout with an artificial fly? a trout that is more
+sharp-sighted than any hawk you have named, and more watchful and
+timorous than your high-mettled merlin is bold; and yet I doubt not to
+catch a brace or two to-morrow for a friend's breakfast. Doubt not,
+therefore, sir, but that angling is an art, and an art worth your
+learning. The question is rather, whether you be capable of learning
+it? for angling is somewhat like poetry&mdash;men are to be born so: I
+mean, with inclinations to it, tho both may be heightened by discourse
+and practise; but he that hopes to be a good angler must not only
+bring an inquiring, searching, observing wit, but he must bring a
+large measure of hope and patience, and a love and propensity to the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>art itself; but having once got and practised it, then doubt not but
+angling will prove to be so pleasant that it will prove to be like
+virtue, a reward to itself.</p>
+
+<p><i>Venator</i>&mdash;Sir, I am now become so full of expectation, that I long
+much to have you proceed, and in the order you propose.</p>
+
+<p><i>Piscator</i>&mdash;Then first, for the antiquity of angling, of which I shall
+not say much, but only this: some say it is as ancient as Deucalion's
+flood,<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> others, that Belus,<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> who was the first inventor of godly
+and virtuous recreations, was the first inventor of angling; and some
+others say&mdash;for former times have had their disquisitions about the
+antiquity of it&mdash;that Seth, one of the sons of Adam, taught it to his
+sons, and that by them it was derived to posterity; others say that he
+left it engraven on those pillars which he erected, and trusted to
+preserve the knowledge of the mathematics, music, and the rest of that
+precious knowledge and those useful arts, which by God's appointment
+or allowance and his noble industry were thereby preserved from
+perishing in Noah's flood.</p>
+
+<p>These, sir, have been the opinions of several men that have possibly
+endeavored to make angling more ancient than is needful, or may well
+be warranted; but for my part, I shall content myself in telling you
+that angling is much more <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>ancient than the Incarnation of our Savior:
+for in the prophet Amos, mention is made of fish-hooks; and in the
+book of Job, which was long before the days of Amos&mdash;for that book is
+said to be writ by Moses&mdash;mention is made also of fish-hooks, which
+must imply anglers in those times.</p>
+
+<p>But, my worthy friend, as I would rather prove myself a gentleman by
+being learned and humble, valiant and inoffensive, virtuous and
+communicable, than by any fond ostentation of riches; or, wanting
+those virtues myself, boast that these were in my ancestors (and yet I
+grant that where a noble and ancient descent and such merit meet in
+any man, it is a double dignification of that person);&mdash;so if this
+antiquity of angling, which for my part I have not forced, shall, like
+an ancient family, be either an honor or an ornament to this virtuous
+art which I profess to love and practise, I shall be the gladder that
+I made an accidental mention of the antiquity of it, of which I shall
+say no more, but proceed to that just commendation which I think it
+deserves.</p>
+
+<p>And for that, I shall tell you that in ancient times a debate hath
+arisen, and it remains yet unresolved: whether the happiness of man in
+this world doth consist more in contemplation or action?</p>
+
+<p>Concerning which, some have endeavored to maintain their opinion of
+the first, by saying that the nearer we mortals come to God by way of
+imitation, the more happy we are. And they say that God enjoys himself
+only by a contemplation of his own infiniteness, eternity, power, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+goodness, and the like. And upon this ground, many cloisteral men of
+great learning and devotion prefer contemplation before action. And
+many of the fathers seem to approve this opinion, as may appear in
+their commentaries upon the words of our Savior to Martha (Luke x: 41,
+42).</p>
+
+<p>And on the contrary, there want not men of equal authority and credit,
+that prefer action to be the more excellent; as namely, experiments in
+physic, and the application of it, both for the ease and prolongation
+of man's life; by which each man is enabled to act and do good to
+others, either to serve his country or do good to particular persons.
+And they say also that action is doctrinal, and teaches both art and
+virtue, and is a maintainer of human society; and for these, and other
+like reasons, to be preferred before contemplation.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning which two opinions, I shall forbear to add a third by
+declaring my own; and rest myself contented in telling you, my very
+worthy friend, that both these meet together, and do most properly
+belong to the most honest, ingenious, quiet, and harmless art of
+angling.</p>
+
+<p>And first I shall tell you what some have observed, and I have found
+it to be a real truth&mdash;that the very sitting by the river's side is
+not only the quietest and fittest place for contemplation, but will
+invite an angler to it; and this seems to be maintained by the learned
+Peter Du Moulin, who in his discourse on the fulfilling of prophecies,
+observes that when God intended to reveal any future events or high
+notions to His prophets, He then carried them either to the deserts or
+the sea-shore, that having so separated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> them from amidst the press of
+people and business, and the cares of the world, He might settle their
+mind in a quiet repose, and there make them fit for revelation.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_3" id="II_3"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>OF THE TROUT<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The trout is a fish highly valued both in this and foreign nations; he
+may be justly said, as the old poet said of wine, and we English say
+of venison, to be a generous fish: a fish that is so like the buck
+that he also has his seasons; for it is observed, that he comes in and
+goes out of season with the stag and buck. Gesner says his name is of
+German offspring, and says he is a fish that feeds clean and purely,
+in the swiftest streams, and on the hardest gravel; and that he may
+justly contend with all fresh-water fish, as the mullet may with all
+sea-fish, for precedency and daintiness of taste, and that being in
+right season, the most dainty palates have allowed precedency to him.</p>
+
+<p>And before I go further in my discourse, let me tell you, that you are
+to observe, that as there be some barren does that are good in summer,
+so there be some barren trouts that are good in winter; but there are
+not many that are so, for usually they be in their perfection in the
+month of May, and decline with the buck. Now you are to take notice,
+that in several <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>countries, as in Germany and in other parts, compared
+to ours, fish differ much in their bigness and shape, and other ways,
+and so do trouts: It is well known that in Lake Leman, the lake of
+Geneva, there are trouts taken of three cubits long, as is affirmed by
+Gesner, a writer of good credit; and Mercator says, the trouts that
+are taken in the lake of Geneva are a great part of the merchandise of
+that famous city. And you are further to know, that there be certain
+waters, that breed trouts remarkable both for their number and
+smallness. I know a little brook in Kent that breeds them to a number
+incredible, and you may take them twenty or forty in an hour, but none
+greater than about the size of a gudgeon: there are also in divers
+rivers, especially that relate to or be near to the sea, as
+Winchester, or the Thames about Windsor, a little trout called samlet,
+or skegger trout (in both which places I have caught twenty or forty
+at a standing), that will bite as fast and as freely as minnows; these
+be by some taken to be young salmon; but in those waters they never
+grow to be bigger than a herring.</p>
+
+<p>There is also in Kent, near to Canterbury, a trout called there a
+Fordidge trout, a trout that bears the name of the town where it is
+usually caught, that is accounted the rarest of fish; many of them
+near the bigness of a salmon, but known by their different color; and
+in their best season they cut very white; and none of these have been
+known to be caught with an angle, unless it were one that was caught
+by Sir George Hastings, an excellent angler, and now with God: and he
+hath told me, he thought <i>that</i> trout bit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> not for hunger but
+wantonness; and it is rather to be believed, because both he, then,
+and many others before him, have been curious to search into their
+bellies, what the food was by which they lived, and have found out
+nothing by which they might satisfy their curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning which you are to take notice, that it is reported by good
+authors, that grasshoppers, and some fish, have no mouths, but are
+nourished and take breath by the porousness of their gills, man knows
+not how: and this may be believed, if we consider that when the raven
+hath hatched her eggs, she takes no further care, but leaves her young
+ones to the care of the God of nature, who is said, in the Psalms, "to
+feed the young ravens that call upon Him." And they be kept alive and
+fed by dew, or worms that breed in their nests, or some other ways
+that we mortals know not; and this may be believed of the Fordidge
+trout, which, as it is said of the stork (Jerem. viii: 7), that "he
+knows his season," so he knows his times, I think almost his day of
+coming into the river out of the sea, where he lives, and, it is like,
+feeds nine months of the year, and fasts three in the river of
+Fordidge. And you are to note that those townsmen are very punctual in
+observing the time of beginning to fish for them, and boast much that
+their river affords a trout that exceeds all others. And just so does
+Sussex boast of several fish; as namely, a Shelsey cockle, a
+Chichester lobster, an Arundel mullet, and an Amerly trout.</p>
+
+<p>And now for some confirmation of the Fordidge trout: you are to know
+that this trout is thought to eat nothing in the fresh water; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> it
+may be better believed, because it is well known, that swallows and
+bats and wagtails, which are called half-year birds, and not seen to
+fly in England for six months in the year, but about Michaelmas leave
+us for a better climate than this; yet some of them that have been
+left behind their fellows, have been found many thousands at a time,
+in hollow trees, or clay caves; where they have been observed to live
+and sleep out the whole winter without meat; and so Albertus observes,
+that there is one kind of frog that hath her mouth naturally shut up
+about the end of August, and that she lives so all the winter; and tho
+it be strange to some, yet it is known to too many among us to be
+doubted.</p>
+
+<p>And so much for these Fordidge trouts, which never afford an angler
+sport, but either live their time of being in the fresh water by their
+meat formerly got in the sea (not unlike the swallow or frog), or by
+the virtue of the fresh water only; or, as the birds of Paradise and
+the chameleon are said to live, by the sun and the air.</p>
+
+<p>There is also in Northumberland a trout called a bull trout, of a much
+greater length and bigness than any in the southern parts. And there
+are, in many rivers that relate to the sea, salmon trouts, as much
+different from others, both in shape and in their spots, as we see
+sheep in some countries differ one from another in their shape and
+bigness, and in the fineness of their wool. And certainly, as some
+pastures breed larger sheep, so do some rivers, by reason of the
+ground over which they run, breed larger trouts.</p>
+
+<p>Now the next thing that I will commend to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> your consideration is, that
+the trout is of a more sudden growth than other fish. Concerning
+which, you are also to take notice, that he lives not so long as the
+perch and divers other fishes do, as Sir Francis Bacon hath observed
+in his "History of Life and Death."<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p>
+
+<p>And now you are to take notice, that he is not like the crocodile,
+which if he lives never so long, yet always thrives till his death.
+And you are to know, that he will about, especially before, the time
+of his spawning, get almost miraculously through weirs and flood-gates
+against the streams; even through such high and swift places as is
+almost incredible. Next, that the trout usually spawns about October
+or November, but in some rivers a little sooner or later; which is the
+more observable, because most other fish spawn in the spring or
+summer, when the sun hath warmed both the earth and the water, and
+made it fit for generation. And you are to note, that he continues
+many months out of season; for it may be observed of the trout, that
+he is like the buck or the ox, that he will not be fat in many months,
+tho he go in the very same pasture that horses do, which will be fat
+in one month; and so you may observe, that most other fishes recover
+strength, and grow sooner far and in season, than the trout doth.</p>
+
+<p>And next you are to note, that till the sun gets to such a height as
+to warm the earth and the water, the trout is sick and lean, and
+lousy, and unwholesome; for you shall in winter find him to have a big
+head, and then to be lank, and thin, and lean; at which time many of
+them <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>have sticking on them sugs, or trout-lice, which is a kind of
+worm, in shape like a clove or pin, with a big head, and sticks close
+to him and sucks his moisture; those I think the trout breeds himself,
+and never thrives till he frees himself from them, which is when warm
+weather comes; and then, as he grows stronger, he gets from the dead,
+still water, into the sharp streams, and the gravel, and there tubs
+off these worms or lice; and then as he grows stronger, so he gets him
+into swifter and swifter streams, and there lies at the watch for any
+fly or minnow that comes near to him; and he especially loves the
+May-fly, which is bred of the cod-worm or caddis; and these make the
+trout bold and lusty, and he is usually fatter and better meat at the
+end of that month (May) than at any time of the year.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="III_2" id="III_2"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h2>THE DEATH OF GEORGE HERBERT<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>At the time of Mr. Duncon's leaving Mr. Herbert&mdash;which was about three
+weeks before his death&mdash;his old and dear friend Mr. Woodnot came from
+London to Bemerton, and never left him till he had seen him draw his
+last breath, and closed his eyes on his death-bed. In this time of his
+decay, he was often visited and prayed for by all the clergy that
+lived near to him, especially by his friends the Bishop and Prebends
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>of the Cathedral Church in Salisbury; but by none more devoutly than
+his wife, his three nieces&mdash;then a part of his family&mdash;and Mr.
+Woodnot, who were the sad witnesses of his daily decay; to whom he
+would often speak to this purpose:</p>
+
+<p>"I now look back upon the pleasures of my life past, and see the
+content I have taken in beauty, in wit, in music, and pleasant
+conversation, are now all past by me like a dream, or as a shadow that
+returns not, and are now all become dead to me, or I to them; and I
+see, that as my father and generation hath done before me, so I also
+shall now suddenly (with Job) make my bed also in the dark; and I
+praise God I am prepared for it; and I praise Him that I am not to
+learn patience now I stand in such need of it; and that I have
+practised mortification, and endeavored to die daily, that I might not
+die eternally; and my hope is, that I shall shortly leave this valley
+of tears, and be free from all fevers and pain; and, which will be a
+more happy condition, I shall be free from sin, and all the
+temptations and anxieties that attend it: and this being past, I shall
+dwell in the New Jerusalem; dwell there with men made perfect; dwell
+where these eyes shall see my Master and Savior Jesus; and with Him
+see my dear mother, and all my relations and friends. But I must die,
+or not come to that happy place. And this is my content, that I am
+going daily towards it: and that every day which I have lived, hath
+taken a part of my appointed time from me; and that I shall live the
+less time, for having lived this and the day past."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These, and the like expressions, which he uttered often, may be said
+to be his enjoyment of Heaven before he enjoyed it. The Sunday before
+his death, he rose suddenly from his bed or couch, called for one of
+his instruments, took it into his hand and said,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">My God, my God,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My music shall find Thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And every string<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall have His attribute to sing.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>and having tuned it, he played and sung:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">The Sundays of man's life,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Threaded together on time's string,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Make bracelets to adorn the wife<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the eternal glorious King:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On Sundays Heaven's door stands ope;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Blessings are plentiful and rife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">More plentiful than hope.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Thus he sung on earth such hymns and anthems, as the angels, and he,
+and Mr. Farrer, now sing in heaven. Thus he continued meditating, and
+praying, and rejoicing, till the day of his death; and on that day
+said to Mr. Woodnot, "My dear friend, I am sorry I have nothing to
+present to my merciful God but sin and misery; but the first is
+pardoned, and a few hours will now put a period to the latter; for I
+shall suddenly go hence, and be no more seen." Upon which expression
+Mr. Woodnot took occasion to remember him of the reedifying Layton
+Church, and his many acts of mercy. To which he made answer, saying,
+"They be good works, if they be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> sprinkled with the blood of Christ,
+and not otherwise."</p>
+
+<p>After this discourse he became more restless, and his soul seemed to
+be weary of her earthly tabernacle; and this uneasiness became so
+visible, that his wife, his three nieces, and Mr. Woodnot, stood
+constantly about his bed, beholding him with sorrow, and an
+unwillingness to lose the sight of him, whom they could not hope to
+see much longer. As they stood thus beholding him, his wife observed
+him breathe faintly, and with much trouble, and observed him to fall
+into a sudden agony; which so surprized her, that she fell into a
+sudden passion, and required of him to know how he did. To which his
+answer was, "that he had passed a conflict with his last enemy, and
+had overcome him by the merits of his Master Jesus." After which
+answer, he looked up, and saw his wife and nieces weeping to an
+extremity, and charged them, if they loved him to withdraw into the
+next room, and there pray every one alone for him; for nothing but
+their lamentations could make his death uncomfortable. To which
+request their sighs and tears would not suffer them to make any reply;
+but they yielded him a sad obedience, leaving only with him Mr.
+Woodnot and Mr. Bostock.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after they had left him, he said to Mr. Bostock, "Pray,
+Sir, open that door, then look into that cabinet, in which you may
+easily find my last will, and give it into my hand"; which being done,
+Mr. Herbert delivered it into the hand of Mr. Woodnot, and said, "My
+old friend, I here deliver you my last will, in which you will find
+that I have made you my sole<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> executor for the good of my wife and
+nieces; and I desire you to show kindness to them, as they shall need
+it; I do not desire you to be just; for I know you will be so for your
+own sake: but I charge you, by the religion of our friendship, to be
+careful of them." And having obtained Mr. Woodnot's promise to be so,
+he said, "I am now ready to die." After which words, he said, "Lord,
+forsake me not now my strength faileth me: but grant me mercy for the
+merits of my Jesus. And now, Lord&mdash;Lord, now receive my soul." And
+with those words he breathed forth his divine soul, without any
+apparent disturbance, Mr. Woodnot and Mr. Bostock attending his last
+breath, and closing his eyes.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> From Part I, Chap. I of "The Compleat Angler."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Deucalion was a legendary king of Phythia in Thessaly.
+According to the legend, a deluge having been sent by Zeus, Deucalion,
+by advice of his father, built a wooden chest in which he and his wife
+were saved, landing after nine days on Mt. Parnassus. By them the
+human race, destroyed in the deluge, was renewed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> A mythological person, son of Poseidon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> From Chapter IV of "The Compleat Angler."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> The "Historia Vit&aelig; et Mortis," published in 1623.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Author of "The Temple; Sacred Poems and Private
+Ejaculations," published in 1633, the year of Herbert's death.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="JAMES_HOWELL" id="JAMES_HOWELL"></a>JAMES HOWELL</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1595, died in 1666; best known as author of the
+"Letters" (1645-1655); edited a French and English
+dictionary; and compiled a polyglot dictionary.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_4" id="I_4"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>THE BUCENTAUR CEREMONY IN VENICE<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>These wishes come to you from Venice, a place where there is nothing
+wanting that heart can wish; renowned Venice, the admired'st city in
+the world, a city that all Europe is bound unto, for she is her
+greatest rampart against that huge eastern tyrant, the Turk, by sea;
+else, I believe, he had overrun all Christendom by this time. Against
+him this city hath performed notable exploits, and not only against
+him, but divers others: she hath restored emperors to their thrones,
+and popes to their chairs, and with her galleys often preserved St.
+Peter's bark from sinking: for which, by way of reward, one of his
+successors espoused her to the sea, which marriage is solemnly renewed
+every year in solemn procession by the Doge and all the Clarissimos,
+and a gold ring cast into the sea out of the great <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>galeasse, called
+the Bucentoro,<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> wherein the first ceremony was performed by the
+pope himself, above three hundred years since, and they say it is the
+self-same vessel still, tho often put upon the careen and trimmed.
+This made me think of that famous ship at Athens; nay, I fell upon an
+abstracted notion in philosophy, and a speculation touching the body
+of men, which being in perpetual flux, and a kind of succession of
+decays, and consequently requiring, ever and anon, a restoration of
+what it loseth of the virtue of the former aliment, and what was
+converted after the third concoction into a blood and fleshy
+substance, which, as in all other sublunary bodies that have internal
+principles of heat, useth to transpire, breathe out, and waste away
+through invisible pores, by exercise, motion, and sleep, to make room
+still for a supply of new nurriture: I fell, I say, to consider
+whether our bodies may be said to be of like condition with this
+Bucentoro, which, tho it be reputed still the same vessel, yet I
+believe there's not a foot of that timber remaining which it had upon
+the first dock, having been, as they tell me, so often planked and
+ribbed, caulked and pieced.</p>
+
+<p>In like manner, our bodies may be said to be daily repaired by new
+sustenance, which begets new blood, and consequently new spirits, new
+humors, and, I may say, new flesh; the old, by continual deperdition
+and insensible perspirations, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>evaporating still out of us, and giving
+way to fresh; so that I make a question whether, by reason of these
+perpetual reparations and accretions, the body of man may be said to
+be the same numerical body in his old age that he had in his manhood,
+or the same in his manhood that he had in his youth, the same in his
+youth that he carried about with him in his childhood, or the same in
+his childhood which he wore first in the womb. I make a doubt whether
+I had the same identical, individually numerical body, when I carried
+a calf-leather satchel to school in Hereford, as when I wore a
+lambskin hood in Oxford; or whether I have the same mass of blood in
+my veins, and the same flesh, now in Venice, which I carried about me
+three years since, up and down London streets, having, in lieu of beer
+and ale, drunk wine all this while, and fed upon different viands.
+Now, the stomach is like a crucible, for it hath a chemical kind of
+virtue to transmute one body into another, to transsubstantiate fish
+and fruits into flesh within and about us; but tho it be questionable
+whether I wear the same flesh which is fluxible, I am sure my hair is
+not the same, for you may remember I went flaxen-haired out of
+England, but you shall find me returned with a very dark brown, which
+I impute not only to the heat and air of those hot countries I have
+eat my bread in, but to the quality and difference of food: you will
+say that hair is but an excrementitious thing, and makes not to this
+purpose; moreover, methinks I hear thee say that this may be true only
+in the blood and spirits, or such fluid parts, not in the solid and
+heterogeneal parts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But I will press no further at this time this philosophical notion,
+which the sight of Bucentoro infused into me, for it hath already made
+me exceed the bounds of a letter, and, I fear me, to trespass too much
+upon your patience; I leave the further disquisition of this point to
+your own contemplations, who are a far riper philosopher than I, and
+have waded deeper into and drunk more of Aristotle's well. But to
+conclude, tho it be doubtful whether I carry about me the same body or
+no in all points that I had in England, I am well assured I bear still
+the same mind, and therein I verify the old verse:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"C&oelig;lum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt."<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">"The air, but not the mind, they change,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Who in outlandish countries range."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>For, what alterations soever happen in this microcosm, in this little
+world, this small bulk and body of mine, you may be confident that
+nothing shall alter my affections, specially towards you, but that I
+will persevere still the same&mdash;the very same.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_4" id="II_4"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>THE CITY OF ROME IN 1621<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>I am now come to Rome, and Rome, they say, is every man's country; she
+is called <i>Communis Patria</i>, for every one that is within the compass
+of the Latin Church finds himself here, as it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>were, at home, and in
+his mother's house, in regard of interest in religion, which is the
+cause that for one native there be five strangers that sojourn in this
+city; and without any distinction or mark of strangeness, they come to
+preferments and offices, both in church and state, according to merit,
+which is more valued and sought after here than anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>But whereas I expected to have found Rome elevated upon seven hills, I
+meet her rather spreading upon a flat, having humbled herself, since
+she was made a Christian, and descended from those hills to Campus
+Martius; with Trastevere and the suburbs of Saint Peter, she hath yet
+in compass about fourteen miles, which is far short of that vast
+circuit she had in Claudius his time; for Vopiscus<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> writes she was
+then of fifty miles' circumference, and she had five hundred thousand
+free citizens in a famous cense that was made, which, allowing but six
+to every family in women, children, and servants, came to three
+millions of souls; but she is now a wilderness in comparison of that
+number.</p>
+
+<p>The pope is grown to be a great temporal prince of late years, for the
+state of the church extends above three hundred miles in length, and
+two hundred miles in breadth; it contains Ferrara, Bologna, Romagnia,
+the Marquisate of Ancona, Umbria, Sabina, Perugia, with a part of
+Tuscany, the patrimony, Rome herself, and Latium. In these there are
+above fifty bishoprics; the pope hath also the duchy of Spoleto, and
+the exarchate of Ravenna; he hath the town of Benevento in the kingdom
+of Naples, and the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>country of Venissa, called Avignon, in France. He
+hath title also good enough to Naples itself; but, rather than offend
+his champion, the king of Spain, he is contented with a white mule,
+and purse of pistoles about the neck, which he receives every year for
+a heriot or homage, or what you will call it; he pretends also to be
+Lord-paramount of Sicily, Urbia, Parma, and Masseran; of Norway,
+Ireland, and England, since King John did prostrate our crown at
+Pandulfo his legate's feet.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<p>The state of the apostolic see here in Italy lieth 'twixt two seas,
+the Adriatic and the Tyrrhene, and it runs through the midst of Italy,
+which makes the pope powerful to do good or harm, and more capable
+than any other to be an umpire or an enemy. His authority being mixed
+'twixt temporal and spiritual, disperseth itself into so many members,
+that a young man may grow old here before he can well understand the
+form of government.</p>
+
+<p>The consistory of cardinals meet but once a week, and once a week they
+solemnly wait all upon the pope. I am told there are now in
+Christendom but sixty-eight cardinals, whereof there are six cardinal
+bishops, fifty-one cardinal priests, and eleven cardinal deacons. The
+cardinal bishops attend and sit near the pope, when he celebrates any
+festival; the cardinal priests assist him at mass; and the cardinal
+deacons attire him. A cardinal is bade by a short breve <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>or writ from
+the pope in these words: "<i>Creamus te socium regibus, superiorem
+ducibus, et fratrem nostrum.</i>"<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> If a cardinal bishop should be
+questioned for any offense, there must be twenty-four witnesses
+produced against him. The Bishop of Ostia hath most privilege of any
+other, for he consecrates and installs the pope, and goes always next
+to him. All these cardinals have the repute of princes, and besides
+other incomes, they have the annats of benefices to support their
+greatness.</p>
+
+<p>For point of power, the pope is able to put 50,000 men in the field,
+in case of necessity, besides his naval strength in galleys. We read
+how Paul III sent Charles III twelve thousand foot and five hundred
+horse. Pius V sent a greater aid to Charles IX; and for riches,
+besides the temporal dominions he hath in all the countries before
+named, the datany or dispatching of bulls, the triennial subsidies,
+annats, and other ecclesiastical rights, mount to an unknown sum; and
+it is a common saying here, that as long as the pope can finger a pen,
+he can want no pence. Pius V, notwithstanding his expenses in
+buildings, left four millions in the Castle of Saint Angelo in less
+than five years; more, I believe, than this Gregory XV will, for he
+hath many nephews; and better is it to be the pope's nephew, than to
+be a favorite to any prince in Christendom.</p>
+
+<p>Touching the temporal government of Rome, and oppidan affairs, there
+is a pretor and some choice citizens, which sit in the Capitol. Among
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>other pieces of policy, there is a synagog of Jews permitted here&mdash;as
+in other places of Italy&mdash;under the pope's nose, but they go with a
+mark of distinction in their hats; they are tolerated for advantage of
+commerce, wherein the Jews are wonderful dexterous&mdash;tho most of them
+be only brokers and Lombardeers; and they are held to be here as the
+cynic held women to be&mdash;<i>malum necessarium</i>....</p>
+
+<p>Present Rome may be said to be but a monument of Rome past, when she
+was in that flourish that St. Austin desired to see her in. She who
+tamed the world, tamed herself at last, and falling under her own
+weight, fell to be a prey to time; yet there is a providence seems to
+have a care of her still; for tho her air be not so good, nor her
+circumjacent soil so kindly as it was, yet she hath wherewith to keep
+life and soul together still, by her ecclesiastical courts, which is
+the sole cause of her peopling now; so that it may be said, when the
+pope came to be her head, she was reduced to her first principles; for
+as a shepherd was founder, so a shepherd is still governor and
+preserver.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> From the "Familiar Letters," the date of this letter
+being "Venice, 25th June, 1621."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Now written Bucentaur, the state ship of the Venetian
+republic. The ceremony of "espousing the sea" dates from the twelfth
+century. The last of the Bucentaur ships of Venice was destroyed by
+Napoleon in 1798. It was the third that had been built for Venice.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> From the "Familiar Letters."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> The historian who lived early in the fourth century
+<span class="smcap">a.d.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> King John, in 1213, had made peace with the Pope (who
+had deposed him) by consenting to hold his kingdom in fief for the
+Pope and to pay to him an annual tribute of 1,000 marks.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> These words mean "We create thee companion to kings,
+superior to dukes, and our brother."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SIR_THOMAS_BROWNE" id="SIR_THOMAS_BROWNE"></a>SIR THOMAS BROWNE</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1605, died in 1682; educated at Oxford, Padua and
+Leyden; in 1633 made Doctor of Medicine; settled at Norwich
+in 1637; knighted in 1671; his "Religio Medici" published in
+1643; author of several other works.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_5" id="I_5"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>OF CHARITY IN JUDGMENTS<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Now for that other virtue of charity, without which faith is a mere
+notion and of no existence, I have ever endeavored to nourish the
+merciful disposition and humane inclination I borrowed from my
+parents, and regulate it to the written and prescribed laws of
+charity: and if I hold the true anatomy of myself, I am delineated and
+naturally framed to such a piece of virtue; for I am of a constitution
+so general that it consorts and sympathizeth with all things: I have
+no antipathy, or rather idiosyncrasy, in diet, humor, air, anything. I
+wonder not at the French for their dishes of frogs, snails, and
+toadstools; nor at the Jews for locusts and grasshoppers; but being
+amongst them, make them my common viands, and I find they agree with
+my stomach as well as theirs. I could digest a salad gathered in a
+churchyard as well as in a garden. I cannot start at the presence of a
+serpent, scorpion, lizard, or salamander: at the sight of a toad or
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>viper I find in me no desire to take up a stone to destroy them. I
+feel not in myself those common antipathies that I can discover in
+others; those national repugnances do not touch me, nor do I behold
+with prejudice the French, Italian, Spaniard, or Dutch; but where I
+find their actions in balance with my countrymen's, I honor, love, and
+embrace them in the same degree.</p>
+
+<p>I was born in the eighth climate, but seem for to be framed and
+constellated unto all: I am no plant that will not prosper out of a
+garden; all places, all airs, make unto me one country; I am in
+England, everywhere, and under any meridian; I have been shipwrecked,
+yet am not enemy with the sea or winds; I can study, play or sleep in
+a tempest. In brief, I am averse from nothing: my conscience would
+give me the lie if I should absolutely detest or hate any essence but
+the devil; or so at least abhor anything but that we might come to
+composition. If there be any among those common objects of hatred I do
+contemn and laugh at, it is that great enemy of reason, virtue, and
+religion&mdash;the multitude: that numerous piece of monstrosity which,
+taken asunder, seem men and the reasonable creatures of God, but
+confused together, make but one great beast and a monstrosity more
+prodigious than Hydra: it is no breach of charity to call these fools;
+it is the style all holy writers have afforded them, set down by
+Solomon in canonical Scripture, and a point of our faith to believe
+so. Neither in the name of multitude do I only include the base and
+minor sort of people: there is a rabble even amongst the gentry, a
+sort of plebeian heads,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> whose fancy moves with the same wheel as
+these; men in the same level with mechanics, tho their fortunes do
+somewhat gild their infirmities, and their purses compound for their
+follies.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_5" id="II_5"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>NOTHING STRICTLY IMMORTAL<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Darkness and light divide the course of time, and oblivion shares with
+memory a great part even of our living beings; we slightly remember
+our felicities, and the smartest strokes of affliction leave but short
+smart upon us. Sense endureth no extremities, and sorrows destroy us
+or themselves. To weep into stones are fables. Afflictions induce
+callosities; miseries are slippery, or fall like snow upon us, which
+notwithstanding is no unhappy stupidity. To be ignorant of evils to
+come, and forgetful of evils past, is a merciful provision in nature,
+whereby we digest the mixture of our few and evil days, and, our
+delivered senses not relapsing into cutting remembrances, our sorrows
+are not kept raw by the edge of repetitions.</p>
+
+<p>A great part of antiquity contented their hopes of subsistency with a
+transmigration of their souls&mdash;a good way to continue their memories,
+while having the advantage of plural successions, they could not but
+act something remarkable in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>such variety of beings, and enjoying the
+fame of their passed selves, make accumulation of glory unto their
+last durations. Others, rather than be lost in the uncomfortable night
+of nothing, were content to recede into the common being, and make one
+particle of the public soul all things, which was no more than to
+return into their unknown and divine original again. Egyptian
+ingenuity was more unsatisfied, contriving their bodies in sweet
+consistencies, to attend the return of their souls. But all was
+vanity, feeding the wind, and folly. The Egyptian mummies, which
+Cambyses<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> or time hath spared, avarice now consumeth. Mummy is
+become merchandise, Mizraim cures wounds, and Pharaoh is sold for
+balsams.</p>
+
+<p>In vain do individuals hope for immortality, or any patent from
+oblivion, in preservations below the moon; men have been deceived even
+in their flatteries, above the sun, and studied conceits to perpetuate
+their names in heaven. The various cosmography of that part hath
+already varied the names contrived constellations; Nimrod is lost in
+Orion, and Osiris in the Dog-star. While we look for incorruption in
+the heavens, we find they are like the earth&mdash;durable in their main
+bodies, alterable in their parts; whereof, beside comets and new
+stars, perspective begin to tell tales, and the spots that wander
+about the sun, with Phaeton's favor, would make clear conviction.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing strictly immortal but immortality. Whatever hath no
+beginning, may <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>be confident of no end&mdash;which is the peculiar of that
+necessary essence that can not destroy itself&mdash;and the highest strain
+of omnipotency, to be so powerfully constituted as not to suffer even
+from power of itself; all others have a dependent being and within the
+reach of destruction. But the sufficiency of Christian immortality
+frustrates all earthly glory, and the quality of either states after
+death, makes a folly of posthumous memory. God, who can only destroy
+our souls, and hath assured our resurrection, either of our bodies or
+names, hath directly promised no duration. Wherein there is so much of
+chance, that the boldest expectants have found unhappy frustration;
+and to hold long subsistences, seems but a scape in oblivion. But man
+is a noble animal, splendid in ashes, and pompous in the grave,
+solemnizing nativities and deaths with equal luster, nor omitting
+ceremonies of bravery in the infamy of nature.</p>
+
+<p>Life is a pure flame, and we live by an invisible sum within us. A
+small fire sufficeth for life, great flames seemed too little after
+death, while men vainly affected precious pyres, and to burn like
+Sardanapalus; but wisdom of funeral laws found the folly of prodigal
+blazes, and reduced undoing fires unto the rule of sober obsequies,
+wherein few could be so mean as not to provide wood, pitch, a mourner,
+and an urn.</p>
+
+<p>Five languages secured not the epitaph of Gordianus.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> The man of
+God lives longer without a tomb than any by one, invisibly interred by
+angels, and adjudged to obscurity, tho not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>without some marks
+directing human discovery. Enoch and Elias, without either tomb or
+burial, in an anomalous state of being, are the great examples of
+perpetuity, in their long and living memory, in strict account being
+still on this side death, and having a late part yet to act upon this
+stage of earth. If in the decretory term of the world we shall not all
+die but be changed, according to received translation, the last day
+will make but few graves; at least quick resurrections will anticipate
+lasting sepultures. Some graves will be opened before they be quite
+closed, and Lazarus be no wonder. When many that feared to die, shall
+groan that they can die but once, the dismal state is the second and
+living death, when life puts despair on the damned; when men shall
+wish the coverings of mountains, not of monuments, and annihilations
+shall be courted.</p>
+
+<p>While some have studied monuments, others have studiously declined
+them, and some have been so vainly boisterous, that they durst not
+acknowledge their graves; wherein Alaric seems most subtle, who had a
+river turned to hide his bones at the bottom. Even Sylla, that thought
+himself safe in his urn, could not prevent revenging tongues, and
+stones thrown at his monument. Happy are they whom privacy makes
+innocent, who deal so with men in this world, that they are not afraid
+to meet them in the next; who, when they die, make no commotion among
+the dead, and are not touched with that poetical taunt of Isaiah.</p>
+
+<p>Pyramids, arches, obelisks, were but the irregularities of vainglory,
+and wild enormities<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> of ancient magnanimity. But the most magnanimous
+resolution rests in the Christian religion, which trampleth upon
+pride, and sits on the neck of ambition, humbly pursuing that
+infallible perpetuity, unto which all others must diminish their
+diameters, and be poorly seen in angles of contingency.</p>
+
+<p>Pious spirits who passed their days in raptures of futurity, made
+little more of this world, than the world that was before it, while
+they lay obscure in the chaos of pre-ordination, and night of their
+fore-beings. And if any have been so happy as truly to understand
+Christian annihilation, ecstasies, exolution, liquefaction,
+transformation, the kiss of the spouse, gustation of God, and
+ingression into the divine shadow, they have already had an handsome
+anticipation of heaven; the glory of the world is surely over, and the
+earth is ashes unto them.</p>
+
+<p>To subsist in lasting monuments, to live in their productions, to
+exist in their names and predicament of chimeras, was large
+satisfaction unto old expectations, and made one part of their
+elysiums. But all this is nothing in the metaphysicks of true belief.
+To live indeed, is to be again ourselves, which being not only a hope,
+but an evidence in noble believers, 'tis all one to lie in St.
+Innocent's churchyard, as in the sands of Egypt. Ready to be anything,
+in the ecstasy of being ever, and as content with six foot as the
+moles of Hadrianus.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> From the "Religio Medici."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> From Chapter V of "Urn Burial; or, a Discourse of the
+Sepulchral Urns Lately Found in Norfolk."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Cambyses III, king of Persia who conquered Egypt in 525
+<span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> A Roman emperor whose epitaph was cut in Greek, Latin,
+Hebrew, Egyptian and Arabic.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Now the Castle of St. Angelo in Rome.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="JOHN_MILTON" id="JOHN_MILTON"></a>JOHN MILTON</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1608, died in 1674; visited Italy in 1638; began his
+poetical writings in 1640; Latin Secretary to the
+Commonwealth in 1649; became totally blind in 1652; spared
+at the Restoration under the Indemnity Act; published
+"Paradise Lost" in 1667.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_6" id="I_6"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>ON HIS OWN LITERARY AMBITION<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>After I had, from my first years, by the ceaseless diligence and care
+of my father (whom God recompense!), been exercised to the tongues,
+and some sciences, as my age would suffer, by sundry masters and
+teachers, both at home and at the schools, it was found that whether
+aught was imposed me by them that had the overlooking, or betaken to
+of my own choice in English, or other tongue, prosing or versing, but
+chiefly the latter, the style, by certain vital signs it had, was
+likely to live. But much latelier, in the private academies of Italy,
+whither I was favored to resort, perceiving that some trifles which I
+had in memory, composed at under twenty or thereabout&mdash;for the manner
+is, that every one must give some proof of his wit and reading
+there&mdash;met with acceptance above what was looked for; and other things
+which I had shifted, in scarcity of books and conveniences, to patch
+up among them, were received with written encomiums, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>which the
+Italian is not forward to bestow on men of this side the Alps, I began
+thus far to assent both to them and divers of my friends here at home;
+and not less to an inward prompting, which now grew daily upon me,
+that by labor and intent study, which I take to be my portion in this
+life, joined to the strong propensity of nature, I might perhaps leave
+something so written, to after-times, as they should not willingly let
+it die.</p>
+
+<p>These thoughts at once possest me, and these other, that if I were
+certain to write as men buy leases, for three lives and downward,
+there ought no regard be sooner had than to God's glory, by the honor
+and instruction of my country. For which cause, and not only for that
+I knew it would be hard to arrive at the second rank among the Latins,
+I applied myself to that resolution which Ariosto followed against the
+persuasions of Bembo,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> to fix all the industry and art I could
+unite to the adorning of my native tongue; not to make verbal
+curiosities the end&mdash;that were a toilsome vanity; but to be an
+interpreter, and relater of the best and sagest things among mine own
+citizens throughout this island, in the mother dialect. That what the
+greatest and choicest wits of Athens, Rome, or modern Italy, and those
+Hebrews of old did for their country, I, in my proportion, with this
+over and above, of being a Christian, might do for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>mine; not caring
+to be once named abroad, tho perhaps I could attain to that, but
+content with these British islands as my world; whose fortune hath
+hitherto been, that if the Athenians, as some say, made their small
+deeds great and renowned by their eloquent writers, England hath had
+her noble achievements made small by the unskilful handling of monks
+and mechanics.</p>
+
+<p>Time serves not now, and perhaps I might seem too profuse, to give any
+certain account of what the mind at home, in the spacious circuits of
+her musing, hath liberty to propose to herself, tho of highest hope
+and hardest attempting. Whether that epic form, whereof the two poems
+of Homer, and those other two of Virgil and Tasso are a diffuse, and
+the book of Job a brief, model; or whether the rules of Aristotle
+herein are strictly to be kept, or nature to be followed, which in
+them that know art, and use judgment, is no transgression, but an
+enriching of art. And, lastly, what king or knight before the Conquest
+might be chosen, in whom to lay the pattern of a Christian hero. And
+as Tasso gave to a prince of Italy his choice, whether he would
+command him to write of Godfrey's<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> expedition against the infidels,
+or Belisarius against the Goths, or Charlemagne against the Lombards;
+if to the instinct of nature and the emboldening of art aught may be
+trusted, and that there be nothing adverse in our climate, or the fate
+of this age, it haply would be no rashness, from an equal diligence
+and inclination, to present the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>like offer in our own ancient
+stories. Or whether those dramatic constitutions, wherein Sophocles
+and Euripides reign, shall be found more doctrinal and exemplary to a
+nation.</p>
+
+<p>The Scripture also affords us a fine pastoral drama in the Song of
+Solomon, consisting of two persons, and a double chorus, as Origen<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>
+rightly judges; and the Apocalypse of St. John is the majestic image
+of a high and stately tragedy, shutting up and intermingling her
+solemn scenes and acts with a seven-fold chorus of hallelujahs and
+harping symphonies. And this my opinion, the grave authority of
+Par&aelig;us, commenting that book, is sufficient to confirm. Or if occasion
+shall lead, to imitate those magnific odes and hymns, wherein Pindarus
+and Callimachus are in most things worthy, some others in their frame
+judicious, in their matter most, and end faulty. But those frequent
+songs throughout the law and prophets, beyond all these, not in their
+divine argument alone, but in the very critical art of composition,
+may be easily made appear, over all the kinds of lyric poesy, to be
+incomparable.</p>
+
+<p>These abilities, wheresoever they be found, are the inspired gift of
+God, rarely bestowed, but yet to some&mdash;tho most abuse&mdash;in every
+nation: and are of power, besides of the office of a pulpit, to
+inbreed and cherish in a great people the seeds of virtue and public
+civility; to allay the perturbations of the mind, and set the
+affections in right tune; to celebrate in glorious and lofty hymns the
+throne and equipage of God's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>almightiness, and what he suffers to be
+wrought with high providence in his church; to sing victorious agonies
+of martyrs and saints, the deeds and triumphs of just and pious
+nations, doing valiantly through faith against the enemies of Christ;
+to deplore the general relapses of kingdoms and states from justice
+and God's true worship.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, whatsoever in religion is holy and sublime, in virtue amiable
+or grave, whatsoever hath passion or admiration in all the changes of
+that which is called fortune from without, or the wily subtleties and
+refluxes of man's thoughts from within; all these things, with a solid
+and treatable smoothness, to paint out and describe; teaching over the
+whole book of sanctity and virtue, through all the instances of
+example, with such delight to those, especially of soft and delicious
+temper, who will not so much as look upon Truth herself, unless they
+see her elegantly drest, that whereas the paths of honesty and good
+life appear now rugged and difficult, tho they be indeed easy and
+pleasant, they would then appear to all men both easy and pleasant,
+tho they were rugged and difficult indeed.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="II_6" id="II_6"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>A COMPLETE EDUCATION DEFINED<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>And seeing every nation affords not experience and tradition enough
+for all kind of learning, therefore we are chiefly taught the
+languages of those people who have at any time been most industrious
+after wisdom; so that language is but the instrument conveying to us
+things useful to be known. And tho a linguist should pride himself to
+have all the tongues that Babel cleft the world into, yet, if he have
+not studied the solid things in them, as well as the words and
+lexicons, he were nothing so much to be esteemed a learned man, as any
+yeoman or tradesman competently wise in his mother dialect only. Hence
+appear the many mistakes which have made learning generally so
+unpleasing and so unsuccessful: first, we do amiss to spend seven or
+eight years merely in scraping together so much miserable Latin and
+Greek, as might be learned otherwise easily and delightfully in one
+year.</p>
+
+<p>And that which casts our proficiency therein so much behind, is our
+time lost partly in too oft idle vacancies given both to schools and
+universities; partly in a preposterous exaction, forcing the empty
+wits of children to compose themes, verses, and orations, which are
+the acts of ripest judgment, and the final work of a head filled by
+long reading and observing, with elegant maxims and copious invention.
+These are not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>matters to be wrung from poor striplings, like blood
+out of the nose, or the plucking of untimely fruit; besides the ill
+habit which they get of wretched barbarizing against the Latin and
+Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms, odious to be read, yet
+not to be avoided without a well-continued and judicious conversing
+among pure authors digested, which they scarce taste: whereas, if
+after some preparatory grounds of speech by their certain forms got
+into memory, they were led to the praxis thereof in some chosen short
+book lessoned thoroughly to them, they might then forthwith proceed to
+learn the substance of good things and arts in due order, which would
+bring the whole language quickly into their power. This I take to be
+the most rational and most profitable way of learning languages, and
+whereby we may best hope to give account to God of our youth spent
+herein.</p>
+
+<p>And for the usual method of teaching arts, I deem it to be an old
+error of universities, not yet well recovered from the scholastic
+grossness of barbarous ages, that instead of beginning with arts most
+easy&mdash;and those be such as are most obvious to the sense&mdash;they present
+their young unmatriculated novices at first coming with the most
+intellective abstractions of logic and metaphysics, so that they
+having but newly left those grammatic flats and shallows where they
+stuck unreasonably to learn a few words with lamentable construction,
+and now on the sudden transported under another climate, to be tossed
+and turmoiled with their unballasted wits in fathomless and unquiet
+deeps of controversy, do for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> the most part grow into hatred and
+contempt of learning, mocked and deluded all this while with ragged
+notions and babblements, while they expected worthy and delightful
+knowledge; till poverty or youthful years call them importunately
+their several ways, and hasten them, with the sway of friends, either
+to an ambitious and mercenary, or ignorantly zealous divinity; some
+allured to the trade of law, grounding their purposes, not on the
+prudent and heavenly contemplation of justice and equity, which was
+never taught them, but on the promising and pleasing thoughts of
+litigious terms, fat contentions, and flowing fees; others betake them
+to state affairs, with souls so unprincipled in virtue and true
+generous breeding, that flattery and courtshifts, and tyrannous
+aphorisms, appear to them the highest points of wisdom; instilling
+their barren hearts with a conscientious slavery; if, as I rather
+think, it be not feigned. Others, lastly, of a more delicious and airy
+spirit, retire themselves, knowing no better, to the enjoyments of
+ease and luxury, living out their days in feasts and jollity; which,
+indeed, is the wisest and the safest course of all these, unless they
+were with more integrity undertaken. And these are the errors, and
+these are the fruits of misspending our prime youth at schools and
+universities as we do, either in learning mere words, or such things
+chiefly as were better unlearned.</p>
+
+<p>I shall detain you now no longer in the demonstration of what we
+should do, but straight conduct you to a hillside, while I will point
+you out the right path of a virtuous and noble education; laborious,
+indeed, at the first ascent, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> else so smooth, so green, so full of
+goodly prospect and melodious sounds on every side, that the harp of
+Orpheus was not more charming. I doubt not but ye shall have more ado
+to drive our dullest and laziest youth, our stocks and stubs, from the
+infinite desire of such a happy nurture, than we have now to hale and
+drag our choicest and hopefulest wits to that asinine feast of sow
+thistles and brambles which is commonly set before them, as all the
+food and entertainment of their tenderest and most docile age.</p>
+
+<p>I call, therefore, a complete and generous education, that which fits
+a man to perform justly, skilfully, and magnanimously, all the
+offices, both private and public, of peace and war.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="III_3" id="III_3"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h2>ON READING IN HIS YOUTH<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>He who would not be frustrate of his hope to write well hereafter in
+laudable things ought himself to be a true poem; that is, a
+composition and pattern of the best and honorablest things; not
+presuming to sing high praises of heroic men, or famous cities, unless
+he have in himself the experience and the practise of all that which
+is praiseworthy. These reasonings, together with a certain niceness of
+nature, an honest haughtiness, and self-esteem either of what I was,
+or what I might be (which let envy <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>call pride), and lastly that
+modesty, whereof, tho not in the title-page, yet here I may be excused
+to make some beseeming profession; all these uniting the supply of
+their natural aid together kept me still above those low descents of
+mind, beneath which he must deject and plunge himself, that can agree
+to salable and unlawful prostitutions.</p>
+
+<p>Next (for hear me out now, readers), that I may tell ye whither my
+younger feet wandered; I betook me among those lofty fables and
+romances, which recount in solemn cantos the deeds of knighthood
+founded by our victorious kings, and from hence had in renown over all
+Christendom. There I read it in the oath of every knight, that he
+should defend to the expense of his best blood, or of his life, if it
+so befell him, the honor and chastity of virgin or matron; from whence
+even then I learned what a noble virtue chastity sure must be, to the
+defense of which so many worthies, by such a dear adventure of
+themselves, had sworn. And if I found in the story afterward, any of
+them, by word or deed, breaking that oath, I judged it the same fault
+of the poet, as that which is attributed to Homer, to have written
+indecent things of the gods. Only this my mind gave me, that every
+free and gentle spirit, without that oath, ought to be born a knight,
+nor needed to expect the gilt spur, or the laying of a sword upon his
+shoulder to stir him up both by his counsel and his arms, to secure
+and protect the weakness of any attempted chastity. So that even these
+books, which to many others have been the fuel of wantonness and loose
+living, I can not think how, unless<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> by divine indulgence, proved to
+me so many incitements, as you have heard to the love and stedfast
+observation of that virtue which abhors the society of bordelloes.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IV_1" id="IV_1"></a>IV</h2>
+
+<h2>IN DEFENSE OF BOOKS<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>I deny not, but that it is of greatest concernment in the Church and
+Commonwealth, to have a vigilant eye how books demean themselves as
+well as men; and thereafter to confine, imprison, and do sharpest
+justice on them as malefactors. For books are not absolutely dead
+things, but do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as
+that soul was whose progeny they are; nay, they do preserve as in a
+vial the purest efficacy and extraction of that living intellect that
+bred them. I know they are as lively, and as vigorously productive, as
+those fabulous dragon's teeth; and being sown up and down, may chance
+to spring up armed men. And yet, on the other hand, unless wariness be
+used, as good almost kill a man as kill a good book. Who kills a man
+kills a reasonable creature, God's image; but he who destroys a good
+book, kills reason itself, kills the image of God, as it were in the
+eye. Many a man lives a burden to the earth; but a good book is the
+precious life-blood of a master-spirit, embalmed and treasured up on
+purpose to a life beyond life. 'Tis true, no age <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>can restore a life,
+whereof perhaps there is no great loss; and revolutions of ages do not
+oft recover the loss of a rejected truth, for the want of which whole
+nations fare the worse.</p>
+
+<p>We should be wary therefore what persecution we raise against the
+living labors of public men, how we spill that seasoned life of man,
+preserved and stored up in books; since we see a kind of homicide may
+be thus committed, sometimes a martyrdom, and if it extend to the
+whole impression, a kind of massacre; whereof the execution ends not
+in the slaying of an elemental life, but strikes at that ethereal and
+fifth essence, the breath of reason itself, slays an immortality
+rather than a life. But lest I should be condemned of introducing
+license, while I oppose licensing, I refuse not the pains to be so
+much historical, as will serve to show what hath been done by ancient
+and famous commonwealths against this disorder, till the very time
+that this project of licensing crept out of the inquisition, was
+catched up by our prelates and hath caught some of our presbyters.</p>
+
+<p>In Athens, where books and wits were ever busier than in any other
+part of Greece, I find but only two sorts of writings which the
+magistrate cared to take notice of; those either blasphemous and
+atheistical, or libelous. Thus the books of Protagoras were by the
+judges of Areopagus commanded to be burnt, and himself banished the
+territory for a discourse begun with his confessing not to know
+"whether there were gods, or whether not." And against defaming, it
+was agreed that none should be traduced by name, as was the manner of
+Vetus Com&oelig;dia, whereby<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> we may guess how they censured libeling.
+And this course was quick enough, as Cicero writes, to quell both the
+desperate wits of other atheists, and the open way of defaming, as the
+event showed. Of other sects and opinions, tho tending to
+voluptuousness, and the denying of Divine Providence, they took no
+heed.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore we do not read that either Epicurus, or that libertine
+school of Cyrene, or what the Cynic impudence uttered, was ever
+questioned by the laws. Neither is it recorded that the writings of
+those old comedians were supprest tho the acting of them were forbid;
+and that Plato commended the reading of Aristophanes, the loosest of
+them all, to his royal scholar Dionysius, is commonly known, and may
+be excused, if holy Chrysostom, as is reported, nightly studied so
+much the same author and had the art to cleanse a scurrilous vehemence
+into the style of a rousing sermon.</p>
+
+<p>That other leading city of Greece, Lacedemon, considering that
+Lycurgus, their lawgiver, was so addicted to elegant learning, as to
+have been the first that brought out of Ionia the scattered works of
+Homer, and sent the poet Thales from Crete to prepare and mollify the
+Spartan surliness with his smooth songs and odes, the better to plant
+among them law end civility, it is to be wondered how useless and
+unbookish they were, minding nought but the feats of war. There needed
+no licensing of books among them, for they disliked all but their own
+laconic apothegms, and took a slight occasion to chase Archilochus out
+of their city, perhaps for composing in a higher strain than their own
+soldierly ballads<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> and roundels could reach to. Or if it were for his
+broad verses, they were not therein so cautious, but were as dissolute
+in their promiscuous conversing; whence Euripides affirms in
+"Andromache," that their women were all unchaste. Thus much may give
+us light after what sort of books were prohibited among the Greeks.</p>
+
+<p>The Romans also for many ages trained up only to a military roughness,
+resembling most the Laced&aelig;monian guise, knew of learning little but
+what their twelve tables, and the Pontific College with their augurs
+and flamens taught them in religion and law, so unacquainted with
+other learning, that when Carneades and Critolaus, with the Stoic
+Diogenes, coming ambassadors to Rome, took thereby occasion to give
+the city a taste of their philosophy, they were suspected for seducers
+by no less a man than Cato the Censor, who moved it in the Senate to
+dismiss them speedily, and to banish all such Attic babblers out of
+Italy. But Scipio and others of the noblest senators withstood him and
+his old Sabine austerity; honored and admired the men; and the censor
+himself at last, in his old age, fell to the study of that whereof
+before he was so scrupulous. And yet at the same time, N&aelig;vius and
+Plautus, the first Latin comedians, had filled the city with all the
+borrowed scenes of Menander and Philemon. Then began to be considered
+there also what was to be done to libelous books and authors; for
+N&aelig;vius was quickly cast into prison for his unbridled pen, and
+released by the tribunes upon his recantation; we read also that
+libels were burnt, and the makers punished by Augustus. The like
+severity, no doubt, was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> used, if aught were impiously written against
+their esteemed gods. Except in these two points, how the world went in
+books, the magistrate kept no reckoning.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="V_1" id="V_1"></a>V</h2>
+
+<h2>A NOBLE AND PUISSANT NATION<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Lords and Commons of England, consider what nation it is whereof ye
+are, and whereof ye are the governors: a nation not slow and dull, but
+of a quick, ingenious and piercing spirit, acute to invent, subtle and
+sinewy to discourse, not beneath the reach of any point, the highest
+that human capacity can soar to. Therefore the studies of Learning in
+her deepest sciences have been so ancient and so eminent among us,
+that writers of good antiquity and ablest judgment have been persuaded
+that even the school of Pythagoras and the Persian wisdom took
+beginning from the old philosophy of this island. And that wise and
+civil Roman, Julius Agricola, who governed once here for C&aelig;sar,
+preferred the natural wits of Britain before the labored studies of
+the French. Nor is it for nothing that the grave and frugal
+Transylvanian sends out yearly from as far as the mountainous borders
+of Russia, and beyond the Hercynian wilderness, not their youth, but
+their staid men, to learn our language and our theologic arts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Yet that which is above all this, the favor and the love of Heaven we
+have great argument to think in a peculiar manner propitious and
+propending toward us. Why else was this nation chosen before any
+other, that out of her, as out of Sion, should be proclaimed and
+sounded forth the first tidings and trumpet of Reformation to all
+Europe? And had it not been the obstinate perverseness of our prelates
+against the divine and admirable spirit of Wycliff, to suppress him as
+a schismatic and innovator, perhaps neither the Bohemian Huss and
+Jerome, no nor the name of Luther or of Calvin, had been ever known:
+the glory of reforming all our neighbors had been completely ours. But
+now, as our obdurate clergy have with violence demeaned the matter, we
+are become hitherto the latest and backwardest scholars, of whom God
+offered to have made us the teachers. Now once again by all
+concurrence of signs, and by the general instinct of holy and devout
+men, as they daily and solemnly express their thoughts, God is
+decreeing to begin some new and great period in His Church, even to
+the reforming of Reformation itself: what does He then but reveal
+Himself to His servants, and as His manner is, first to His
+Englishmen? I say, as His manner is, first to us, tho we mark not the
+method of His counsels, and are unworthy.</p>
+
+<p>Behold now this vast city: a city of refuge, the mansion house of
+liberty, encompassed and surrounded with His protection; the shop of
+war hath not there more anvils and hammers waking, to fashion out the
+plates and instruments of armed Justice in defense of beleaguered
+Truth,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> than there be pens and heads there, sitting by their studious
+lamps, musing, searching, revolving new notions and ideas wherewith to
+present, as with their homage and their fealty, the approaching
+Reformation: others as fast reading, trying all things, assenting to
+the force of reason and convincement. What could a man require more
+from a nation so pliant and so prone to seek after knowledge? What
+wants there to such a towardly and pregnant soil, but wise and
+faithful laborers, to make a knowing people, a nation of prophets, of
+sages, and of worthies? We reckon more than five months yet to
+harvest; there need not be five weeks; had we but eyes to lift up, the
+fields are white already.</p>
+
+<p>Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much
+arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but
+knowledge in the making. Under these fantastic terrors of sect and
+schism, we wrong the earnest and zealous thirst after knowledge and
+understanding which God hath stirred up in this city. What some lament
+of, we rather should rejoice at, should rather praise this pious
+forwardness among men, to reassume the ill-reputed care of their
+religion into their own hands again. A little generous prudence, a
+little forbearance of one another, and some grain of charity might win
+all these diligences to join, and unite in one general and brotherly
+search after Truth; could we but forego this prelatical tradition of
+crowding free consciences and Christian liberties into canons and
+precepts of men. I doubt not, if some great and worthy stranger should
+come among us, wise to discern the mold and temper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> of a people, and
+how to govern it, observing the high hopes and aims, the diligent
+alacrity of our extended thoughts and reasonings in the pursuance of
+truth and freedom, but that he would cry out as Pyrrhus did, admiring
+the Roman docility and courage: If such were my Epirots, I would not
+despair the greatest design that could be attempted, to make a church
+or kingdom happy.</p>
+
+<p>Yet these are the men cried out against for schismatics and sectaries;
+as if, while the temple of the Lord was building, some cutting, some
+squaring the marble, others hewing the cedars, there should be a sort
+of irrational men who could not consider there must be many schisms
+and many dissections made in the quarry and in the timber, ere the
+house of God can be built. And when every stone is laid artfully
+together, it can not be united into a continuity, it can but be
+contiguous in this world; neither can every piece of the building be
+of one form; nay rather the perfection consists in this, that, out of
+many moderate varieties and brotherly dissimilitudes that are not
+vastly disproportional, arises the goodly and the graceful symmetry
+that commends the whole pile and structure.</p>
+
+<p>Let us therefore be more considerate builders, more wise in spiritual
+architecture, when great reformation is expected. For now the time
+seems come, wherein Moses the great prophet may sit in heaven
+rejoicing to see that memorable and glorious wish of his fulfilled,
+when not only our seventy elders, but all the Lord's people, are
+become prophets. No marvel then tho some men, and some good men too
+perhaps, but young in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> goodness, as Joshua then was, envy them. They
+fret, and out of their own weakness are in agony, lest these divisions
+and subdivisions will undo us. The adversary again applauds, and waits
+the hour: When they have branched themselves out, saith he, small
+enough into parties and partitions, then will be our time. Fool! he
+sees not the firm root out of which we all grow, tho into branches:
+nor will beware until he see our small divided maniples cutting
+through at every angle of his ill-united and unwieldy brigade. And
+that we are to hope better of all these supposed sects and schisms,
+and that we shall not need that solicitude, honest perhaps tho
+over-timorous of them that vex in this behalf, but shall laugh in the
+end at those malicious applauders of our differences, I have these
+reasons to persuade me....</p>
+
+<p>Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself
+like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks.
+Methinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youth, and kindling
+her undazzled eyes at the full midday beam: purging and unsealing her
+long-abused sight at the fountain itself of heavenly radiance; while
+the whole noise of timorous and flocking birds, with those also that
+love the twilight, flutter about, amazed at what she means, and in
+their envious gabble would prognosticate a year of sects and schisms.</p>
+
+<p>What should ye do then? should ye suppress all this flowery crop of
+knowledge and new light sprung up and yet springing daily in this
+city? should ye set an oligarchy of twenty engrossers over it, to
+bring a famine upon our minds again,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> when we shall know nothing but
+what is measured to us by their bushel? Believe it, Lords and Commons,
+they who counsel ye to such a suppressing do as good as bid ye
+suppress yourselves; and I will soon show how. If it be desired to
+know the immediate cause of all this free writing and free speaking,
+there can not be assigned a truer than your own mild and free and
+humane government. It is the liberty, Lords and Commons, which your
+own valorous and happy counsels have purchased us, liberty which is
+the nurse of all great wits; this is that which hath rarefied and
+enlightened our spirits like the influence of heaven; this is that
+which hath enfranchised, enlarged and lifted up our apprehensions
+degrees above themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Ye can not make us now less capable, less knowing, less eagerly
+pursuing of the truth, unless ye first make yourselves, that made us
+so, less the lovers, less the founders of our true liberty. We can
+grow ignorant again, brutish, formal and slavish, as ye found us; but
+you then must first become that which ye can not be, oppressive,
+arbitrary and tyrannous, as they were from whom ye have freed us. That
+our hearts are now more capacious, our thoughts more erected to the
+search and expectation of greatest and exactest things, is the issue
+of your own virtue propagated in us; ye can not suppress that, unless
+ye reinforce an abrogated and merciless law, that fathers may dispatch
+at will their own children. And who shall then stick closest to ye,
+and excite others? not he who takes up arms for coat and conduct, and
+his four nobles of Danegelt. Altho I dispraise not the defense<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> of
+just immunities, yet love my peace better, if that were all. Give me
+the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to
+conscience, above all liberties.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VI_1" id="VI_1"></a>VI</h2>
+
+<h2>OF FUGITIVE AND CLOISTERED VIRTUE<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>I can not praise a fugitive and cloistered virtue, unexercised and
+unbreathed, that never sallies out and sees her adversary, but slinks
+out of the race, where that immortal garland is to be run for, not
+without dust and heat. Assuredly we bring not innocence into the
+world, we bring impurity much rather; that which purifies us is trial,
+and trial is by what is contrary. That virtue therefore which is but a
+youngling in the contemplation of evil, and knows not the utmost that
+vice promises to her followers, and rejects it, is but a blank virtue,
+not a pure; her whiteness is but an excremental whiteness. Which was
+the reason why our sage and serious poet Spenser, whom I dare be known
+to think a better teacher than Scotus or Aquinas, describing true
+temperance under the person of Guion, brings him in with his palmer
+through the cave of Mammon, and the bower of earthly bliss, that he
+might see and know, and yet abstain. Since therefore the knowledge and
+survey of vice is in this world so necessary to the constituting of
+human virtue, and the scanning of error to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>confirmation of truth,
+how can we more safely, and with less danger, scout into the regions
+of sin and falsity than by reading all manner of tractates and hearing
+all manner of reason? And this is the benefit which may be had of
+books promiscuously read.</p>
+
+<p>But of the harm that may result hence three kinds are usually
+reckoned. First, is feared the infection that may spread; but then all
+human learning and controversy in religious points must remove out of
+the world, yea the Bible itself; for that ofttimes relates blasphemy
+not nicely, it describes the carnal sense of wicked men not
+unelegantly, it brings in holiest men passionately murmuring against
+Providence through all the arguments of Epicurus: in other great
+disputes it answers dubiously and darkly to the common reader. And ask
+a Talmudist what ails the modesty of his marginal Keri, that Moses and
+all the prophets can not persuade him to pronounce the textual Chetiv.
+For these causes we all know the Bible itself put by the Papist into
+the first rank of prohibited books. The ancientest fathers must be
+next removed, as Clement of Alexandria, and that Eusebian book of
+Evangelic preparation, transmitting our ears through a hoard of
+heathenish obscenities to receive the Gospel. Who finds not that
+Iren&aelig;us, Epiphanius, Jerome, and others discover more heresies than
+they well confute, and that oft for heresy which is the truer opinion?</p>
+
+<p>Nor boots it to say for these, and all the heathen writers of greatest
+infection, if it must be thought so, with whom is bound up the life of
+human learning, that they writ in an unknown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> tongue, so long as we
+are sure those languages are known as well to the worst of men, who
+are both most able, and most diligent to instil the poison they suck,
+first into the courts of princes, acquainting them with the choicest
+delights, and criticisms of sin. As perhaps did that Petronius whom
+Nero called his Arbiter, the master of his revels; and the notorious
+ribald of Arezzo,<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> dreaded and yet dear to the Italian courtiers. I
+name not him for posterity's sake, whom Henry VIII named in merriment
+his vicar of hell. By which compendious way all the contagion that
+foreign books can infuse will find a passage to the people far easier
+and shorter than an Indian voyage, tho it could be sailed either by
+the north of Cataio eastward, or of Canada westward, while our Spanish
+licensing gags the English press never so severely.</p>
+
+<p>But on the other side that infection which is from books of
+controversy in religion is more doubtful and dangerous to the learned
+than to the ignorant; and yet those books must be permitted untouched
+by the licenser. It will be hard to instance where any ignorant man
+hath been ever seduced by papistical book in English, unless it were
+commended and expounded to him by some of that clergy: and indeed all
+such tractates, whether false or true, are as the prophecy of Isaiah
+was to the eunuch, not to be understood without a guide.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> From "The Reason of Church Government."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Bembo, cardinal and man of letters, was born in Venice
+in 1470 and died in 1547. He wrote poems and other works, and was the
+friend of the first men of culture in his age. Several popes honored
+him, and he had the intimate friendship of Lucretia Borgia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Godfrey of Bouillon, leader of the First Crusade, died
+in Jerusalem in 1100, a year after he had defeated the Sultan of Egypt
+at Ascalon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Chief among the Greek fathers of the church, born about
+185 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> and the author of many books.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> From the "Tractate on Education."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> From the "Apology for Smectymnus."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> From the "Areopagitica."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> From the "Areopagitica."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> From the "Areopagitica."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> A reference to Pietro Aretino, born in 1492, died in
+1557, a notoriously indecent writer and adventurer. Henry VIII once
+sent him 300 crowns.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LORD_CLARENDON" id="LORD_CLARENDON"></a>LORD CLARENDON</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1608, died in 1674; entered Parliament In 1640;
+chancellor of the Exchequer in 1643; chief adviser of
+Charles the First during the Civil War; lord chancellor
+1660-67; impeached and banished; his "History of the
+Rebellion" published in 1702-04.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OF_CHARLES_I" id="OF_CHARLES_I"></a>OF CHARLES I<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>But it will not be unnecessary to add a short character of his person,
+that posterity may know the inestimable loss which the nation then
+underwent, in being deprived of a prince whose example would have had
+a greater influence upon the manners and piety of the nation, than the
+most strict laws can have. To speak first of his private
+qualifications as a man, before the mention of his princely and royal
+virtues; he was, if ever any, the most worthy of the title of an
+honest man; so great a lover of justice, that no temptation could
+dispose him to a wrongful action, except it was so disguised to him
+that he believed it to be just. He had a tenderness and compassion of
+nature which restrained him from ever doing a hard-hearted thing; and,
+therefore, he was so apt to grant pardon to malefactors, that the
+judges of the land represented to him the damage and insecurity to the
+public that flowed from such his indulgence. And then he restrained
+himself from pardoning either murders or highway robberies, and
+quickly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>discerned the fruits of his severity by a wonderful
+reformation of those enormities. He was very punctual and regular in
+his devotions; he was never known to enter upon his recreations or
+sports, tho never so early in the morning, before he had been at
+public prayers; so that on hunting-days his chaplains were bound to a
+very early attendance. He was likewise very strict in observing the
+hours of his private cabinet devotions, and was so severe an exacter
+of gravity and reverence in all mention of religion, that he could
+never endure any light or profane word, with what sharpness of wit
+soever it was covered; and tho he was well pleased and delighted with
+reading verses made upon any occasion, no man durst bring before him
+anything that was profane or unclean. That kind of wit had never any
+countenance then. He was so great an example of conjugal affection,
+that they who did not imitate him in that particular, durst not brag
+of their liberty; and he did not only permit, but direct his bishops
+to prosecute those scandalous vices, in the ecclesiastical courts,
+against persons of eminence, and near relation to his service.</p>
+
+<p>His kingly virtues had some mixture and allay that hindered them from
+shining in full luster, and from producing those fruits they should
+have been attended with. He was not in his nature very bountiful, tho
+he gave very much. This appeared more after the Duke of Buckingham's
+death,<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> after which those showers fell <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>very rarely; and he paused
+too long in giving, which made those to whom he gave less sensible of
+the benefit. He kept state to the full, which made his court very
+orderly, no man presuming to be seen in a place where he had no
+pretence to be. He saw and observed men long before he received them
+about his person; and did not love strangers, nor very confident men.
+He was a patient hearer of causes, which he frequently accustomed
+himself to at the council board, and judged very well, and was
+dexterous in the mediating part; so that he often put an end to causes
+by persuasion, which the stubbornness of men's humors made dilatory in
+courts of justice.</p>
+
+<p>He was very fearless in his person; but, in his riper years, not very
+enterprising. He had an excellent understanding, but was not confident
+enough of it; which made him oftentimes change his own opinion for a
+worse, and follow the advice of men that did not judge so well as
+himself. This made him more irresolute than the conjuncture of his
+affairs would admit; if he had been of a rougher and more imperious
+nature, he would have found more respect and duty. And his not
+applying some severe cures to approaching evils proceeded from the
+lenity of his nature, and the tenderness of his conscience, which, in
+all cases of blood, made him choose the softer way, and not hearken to
+severe counsels, how reasonable soever urged. This only restrained him
+from pursuing his advantage.</p>
+
+<p>As he excelled in all other virtues, so in temperance he was so strict
+that he abhorred all debauchery to that degree, that, at a great
+festival solemnity, where he once was, when very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> many of the nobility
+of the English and Scots were entertained, being told by one who
+withdrew from thence, what vast drafts of wine they drank, and "that
+there was one earl who had drunk most of the rest down, and was not
+himself moved or altered," the king said "that he deserved to be
+hanged"; and that earl coming shortly after into the room where his
+majesty was, in some gaiety, to shew how unhurt he was from that
+battle, the king sent some one to bid him withdraw from his majesty's
+presence; nor did he in some days after appear before him.</p>
+
+<p>So many miraculous circumstances contributed to his ruin, that men
+might well think that heaven and earth conspired it. Tho he was, from
+the first declension of his power, so much betrayed by his own
+servants, that there were very few who remained faithful to him, yet
+that treachery proceeded not always from any treasonable purpose to do
+him any harm, but from particular and personal animosities against
+other men. And afterward, the terror all men were under of the
+parliament, and the guilt they were conscious of themselves, made them
+watch all opportunities to make themselves gracious to those who could
+do them good; and so they became spies upon their master, and from one
+piece of knavery were hardened and confirmed to undertake another,
+till at last they had no hope of preservation but by the destruction
+of their master.</p>
+
+<p>And after all this, when a man might reasonably believe that less than
+a universal defection of three nations could not have reduced a great
+king to so ugly a fate, it is most certain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> that, in that very hour,
+when he was thus wickedly murdered in the sight of the sun, he had as
+great a share in the hearts and affections of his subjects in general,
+was as much beloved, esteemed and longed for by the people in general
+of the three nations, as any of his predecessors had ever been. To
+conclude, he was the worthiest gentleman, the best master, the best
+friend, the best husband, the best father, and the best Christian that
+the age in which he lived produced. And if he were not the greatest
+king, if, he were without some parts and qualities which have made
+some kings great and happy, no other prince was ever unhappy who was
+possest of half his virtues and endowments, and so much, without any
+kind of vice.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> From the "History of the Rebellion."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham, the chief
+minister of Charles, was assassinated by John Felton in 1628.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THOMAS_FULLER" id="THOMAS_FULLER"></a>THOMAS FULLER</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1608, died in 1661; educated at Cambridge; Joined
+King Charles I at Oxford in 1643; after the Restoration
+chaplain to Charles II; published "The Holy State and the
+Profane State" in 1642, and "Worthies of England" in 1662.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="QUALITIES_OF_THE_GOOD_SCHOOLMASTER" id="QUALITIES_OF_THE_GOOD_SCHOOLMASTER"></a>QUALITIES OF THE GOOD SCHOOLMASTER<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>There is scarce any profession in the commonwealth more necessary,
+which is so slightly performed. The reasons whereof I conceive to be
+these: First, young scholars make this calling their refuge; yea,
+perchance, before they have taken any degree in the university,
+commence schoolmasters in the country, as if nothing else were
+required to set up this profession but only a rod and a ferula.
+Secondly, others who are able, use it only as a passage to better
+preferment to patch the rents in their present fortune, till they can
+provide a new one, and betake themselves to some more gainful calling.
+Thirdly, they are disheartened from doing their best with the
+miserable reward which in some places they receive, being masters to
+their children and slaves to their parents. Fourthly, being grown
+rich, they grow negligent, and scorn to touch the school but by the
+proxy of the usher. But see how well our schoolmaster behaves himself.</p>
+
+<p>His genius inclines him with delight to his profession. Some men had
+as well be school-boys <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>as schoolmasters, to be tied to the school, as
+Cooper's Dictionary<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> and Scapula's Lexicon are chained to the desk
+therein; and tho great scholars, and skilful in other arts, are
+bunglers in this. But God, of his goodness, hath fitted several men
+for several callings, that the necessity of church and state, in all
+conditions, may be provided for. So that he who beholds the fabric
+thereof, may say, God hewed out the stone, and appointed it to lie in
+this very place, for it would fit none other so well, and here it doth
+most excellent. And thus God moldeth some for a schoolmaster's life,
+undertaking it with desire and delight, and discharging it with
+dexterity and happy success.</p>
+
+<p>He studieth his scholars' natures as carefully as they their books;
+and ranks their dispositions into several forms. And tho it may seem
+difficult for him in a great school to descend to all particulars, yet
+experienced schoolmasters may quickly make a grammar of boys' natures,
+and reduce them all&mdash;saving some few exceptions&mdash;to these general
+rules:</p>
+
+<p>1. Those that are ingenious and industrious. The conjunction of two
+such planets in a youth presage much good unto him. To such a lad a
+frown may be a whipping, and a whipping a death; yea, where their
+master whips them once, shame whips them all the week after. Such
+natures he useth with all gentleness.</p>
+
+<p>2. Those that are ingenious and idle. These <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>think with the hare in
+the fable, that running with snails&mdash;so they count the rest of their
+schoolfellows&mdash;they shall come soon enough to the post, tho sleeping a
+good while before their starting. O! a good rod would finely take them
+napping!</p>
+
+<p>3. Those that are dull and diligent. Wines, the stronger they be, the
+more lees they have when they are new. Many boys are muddy-headed till
+they be clarified with age, and such afterward prove the best. Bristol
+diamonds are both bright, and squared, and pointed by nature, and yet
+are soft and worthless; whereas Orient ones in India are rough and
+rugged naturally. Hard, rugged, and dull natures of youth acquit
+themselves afterward the jewels of the country, and therefore their
+dulness at first is to be borne with, if they be diligent. That
+schoolmaster deserves to be beaten himself who beats nature in a boy
+for a fault. And I question whether all the whipping in the world can
+make their parts which are naturally sluggish rise one minute before
+the hour nature hath appointed.</p>
+
+<p>4. Those that are invincibly dull, and negligent also. Correction may
+reform the latter, not amend the former. All the whetting in the world
+can never set a razor's edge on that which hath no steel in it. Such
+boys he consigneth over to other professions. Shipwrights and
+boat-makers will choose those crooked pieces of timber which other
+carpenters refuse. Those may make excellent merchants and mechanics
+who will not serve for scholars.</p>
+
+<p>He is able, diligent, and methodical in his teaching; not leading them
+rather in a circle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> than forward. He minces his precepts for children
+to swallow, hanging clogs on the nimbleness of his own soul, that his
+scholars may go along with him.</p>
+
+<p>He is and will be known to be an absolute monarch in his school. If
+cockering mothers proffer him money to purchase their sons an
+exemption from his rod&mdash;to live, as it were, in a peculiar, out of
+their master's jurisdiction&mdash;with disdain he refuseth it, and scorns
+the late custom in some places of commuting whipping into money, and
+ransoming boys from the rod at a set price. If he hath a stubborn
+youth, correction-proof, he debaseth not his authority by contesting
+with him, but fairly, if he can, puts him away before his obstinacy
+hath infected others.</p>
+
+<p>He is moderate in inflicting deserved correction. Many a schoolmaster
+better answereth the name <i>paidotribes</i> than <i>paidagogos</i>, rather
+tearing his scholars' flesh with whipping than giving them good
+education. No wonder if his scholars hate the Muses, being presented
+unto them in the shapes of fiends and furies.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> From "The Holy and Profane State."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Cooper's "Latin Dictionary" was first published in 1565
+and was long a standard school-book in England. It received the
+special patronage of Queen Elizabeth. Cooper was made Bishop of
+Winchester in 1584.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="JEREMY_TAYLOR" id="JEREMY_TAYLOR"></a>JEREMY TAYLOR</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Baptized in 1618, died in 1667; son of a barber; educated at
+Cambridge; chaplain to Charles I during the Civil War; after
+the Restoration made Bishop of Down and Connor, and a member
+of the Irish Privy Council; his "Holy Living" published in
+1650, and "Holy Dying" in 1651.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_BENEFITS_OF_ADVERSITY" id="THE_BENEFITS_OF_ADVERSITY"></a>THE BENEFITS OF ADVERSITY<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>No man is more miserable than he that hath no adversity&mdash;that man is
+not tried whether he be good or bad: and God never crowns those
+virtues which are only faculties and dispositions; but every act of
+virtue is an ingredient into reward. And we see many children fairly
+planted, whose parts of nature were never drest by art, nor called
+from the furrows of their first possibilities by discipline and
+institution, and they dwell forever in ignorance, and converse with
+beasts; and yet if they had been drest and exercised, might have stood
+at the chairs of princes, or spoken parables amongst the rulers of
+cities. Our virtues are but in the seed when the grace of God comes
+upon us first; but this grace must be thrown into broken furrows, and
+must twice feel the cold and twice feel the heat, and be softened with
+storms and showers, and then it will arise into fruitfulness and
+harvests. And what is there in the world to distinguish virtues from
+dishonors, or the valor of C&aelig;sar <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>from the softness of the Egyptian
+eunuchs, or that can make anything rewardable but the labor and the
+danger, the pain and the difficulty? Virtue could not be anything but
+sensuality if it were the entertainment of our senses and fond
+desires; and Apicius had been the noblest of all the Romans, if
+feeding and great appetite and despising the severities of temperance
+had been the work and proper employment of a wise man. But otherwise
+do fathers and otherwise do mothers handle their children. These
+soften them with kisses and imperfect noises, with the pap and
+breast-milk of soft endearments; they rescue them from tutors and
+snatch them from discipline; they desire to keep them fat and warm,
+and their feet dry, and their bellies full: and then the children
+govern, and cry, and prove fools and troublesome, so long as the
+feminine republic does endure.</p>
+
+<p>But fathers&mdash;because they design to have their children wise and
+valiant, apt for counsel or for arms&mdash;send them to severe governments,
+and tie them to study, to hard labor, and afflictive contingencies.
+They rejoice when the bold boy strikes a lion with his hunting-spear,
+and shrinks not when the beast comes to affright his early courage.
+Softness is for slaves and beasts, for minstrels and useless persons,
+for such who can not ascend higher than the state of a fair ox or a
+servant entertained for vainer offices; but the man that designs his
+son for nobler employments&mdash;to honors and to triumphs, to consular
+dignities and presidencies of councils&mdash;loves to see him pale with
+study or panting with labor, hardened with suffrance or eminent by
+dangers. And<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> so God dresses us for heaven: he loves to see us
+struggling with a disease, and resisting the devil, and contesting
+against the weaknesses of nature, and against hope to believe in
+hope&mdash;resigning ourselves to God's will, praying Him to choose for us,
+and dying in all things but faith and its blest consequents; <i>ut ad
+officium cum periculo sinus prompti</i>&mdash;and the danger and the
+resistance shall endear the office. For so have I known the boisterous
+north wind pass through the yielding air, which opened its bosom, and
+appeased its violence by entertaining it with easy compliance in all
+the region of its reception; but when the same breath of heaven hath
+been checked with the stiffness of a tower, or the united strength of
+a wood, it grew mighty and dwelt there, and made the highest branches
+stoop and make a smooth path for it on the top of all its glories.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> From the "Rules and Exercises of Holy Dying."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="ABRAHAM_COWLEY" id="ABRAHAM_COWLEY"></a>ABRAHAM COWLEY</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1618, died in 1667; son of a stationer; educated at
+Cambridge and Oxford; identified himself with the Royalists;
+fled with the Queen to France in 1646; returned to England
+in 1656, settled afterward at Chertsey; highly esteemed in
+his own day as a poet; his works first collected in 1668.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_7" id="I_7"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>OF OBSCURITY<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>What a brave privilege is it to be free from all contentions, from all
+envying or being envied, from receiving and from paying all kind of
+ceremonies! It is, in my mind, a very delightful pastime for two good
+and agreeable friends to travel up and down together, in places where
+they are by nobody known, nor know anybody. It was the ease of &AElig;neas
+and his Achates, when they walked invisibly about the fields and
+streets of Carthage. Venus herself</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A veil of thickened air around them cast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That none might know, or see them, as they passed.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Virg.</span> 1 <i>&AElig;n.</i></p>
+
+<p>The common story of Demosthenes's confession, that he had taken great
+pleasure in hearing of a tanker-woman say, as he passed: "This is that
+Demosthenes," is wonderfully ridiculous from so solid an orator. I
+myself have often met <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>with that temptation to vanity, if it were any;
+but am so far from finding it any pleasure, that it only makes me run
+faster from the place, till I get, as it were, out of sight-shot.
+Democritus<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> relates, and in such a manner as if he gloried in the
+good fortune and commodity of it, that, when he came to Athens, nobody
+there did so much as take notice of him; and Epicurus lived there very
+well, that is, lay hid many years in his gardens, so famous since that
+time, with his friend Metrodorus: after whose death, making, in one of
+his letters, a kind commemoration of the happiness which they two had
+enjoyed together, he adds at last that he thought it no disparagement
+to those great felicities of their life, that, in the midst of the
+most talked-of and talking country in the world, they had lived so
+long, not only without fame, but almost without being heard of; and
+yet, within a very few years afterward, there were no two names of men
+more known or more generally celebrated.</p>
+
+<p>If we engage into a large acquaintance and various familiarities, we
+set open our gates to the invaders of most of our time; we expose our
+life to a quotidian ague of frigid impertinences, which would make a
+wise man tremble to think of. Now, as for being known much by sight,
+and pointed at, I can not comprehend the honor that lies in that;
+whatsoever it be, every mountebank has it more than the best doctor,
+and the hangman more than the lord chief-justice of a city. Every
+creature has it, both of nature and art, if it be anyways
+extraordinary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was as often said: "This is that Bucephalus,"<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> or, "This is that
+Incitatus,"<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> when they were led prancing through the streets, as,
+"This is that Alexander," or, "This is that Domitian"; and truly, for
+the latter, I take Incitatus to have been a much more honorable beast
+than his master, and more deserving the consulship than he the empire.</p>
+
+<p>I love and commend a true good fame, because it is the shadow of
+virtue: not that it doth any good to the body which it accompanies,
+but it is an efficacious shadow, and like that of St. Peter, cures the
+diseases of others. The best kind of glory, no doubt, is that which is
+reflected from honesty, such as was the glory of Cato and Aristides;
+but it was harmful to them both, and is seldom beneficial to any man
+whilst he lives; what it is to him after his death, I can not say,
+because I love not philosophy merely notional and conjectural, and no
+man who has made the experiment has been so kind as to come back to
+inform us. Upon the whole matter, I account a person who has a
+moderate mind and fortune, and lives in the conversation of two or
+three agreeable friends, with little commerce in the world besides,
+who is esteemed well enough by his few neighbors that know him, and is
+truly irreproachable by anybody; and so, after a healthful quiet life,
+before the great inconveniences of old age, goes more silently out of
+it than he came in&mdash;for I would not have him so much as cry in the
+exit: this innocent <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>deceiver of the world, as Horace calls him, this
+<i>muta persona</i>, I take to have been more happy in his part than the
+greatest actors that fill the stage with show and noise; nay, even
+than Augustus himself, who asked, with his last breath, whether he had
+not played his farce very well.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_7" id="II_7"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>OF PROCRASTINATION<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>I am glad that you approve and applaud my design of withdrawing myself
+from all tumult and business of the world, and consecrating the little
+rest of my time to those studies to which nature had so motherly
+inclined me, and from which fortune, like a step-mother, has so long
+detained me. But, nevertheless, you say (which <i>but</i> is <i>&aelig;rugo mera</i>,
+a rust which spoils the good metal it grows upon)&mdash;but you say you
+would advise me not to precipitate that resolution, but to stay a
+while longer with patience and complaisance, till I had gotten such an
+estate as might accord me&mdash;according to the saying of that person,
+whom you and I love very much, and would believe as soon as another
+man&mdash;<i>cum dignitate otium</i>. This were excellent advice to Joshua, who
+could bid the sun stay too. But there's no fooling with life, when it
+is once turned beyond forty: the seeking for a fortune then is but a
+desperate after-game; 'tis a hundred <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>to one if a man fling two sixes,
+and recover all; especially if his hand be no luckier than mine.</p>
+
+<p>There is some help for all the defects of fortune; for if a man can
+not attain to the length of his wishes, he may have his remedy by
+cutting of them shorter. Epicurus writes a letter to Idomeneus&mdash;who
+was then a very powerful, wealthy, and, it seems, a bountiful
+person&mdash;to recommend to him, who had made so many rich, one Pythocles,
+a friend of his, whom he desired might be made a rich man too; "but I
+entreat you that you would not do it just the same way as you have
+done to many less deserving persons; but in the most gentlemanly
+manner of obliging him, which is, not to add anything to his estate,
+but to take something from his desires."</p>
+
+<p>The sum of this is, that for the certain hopes of some conveniences,
+we ought not to defer the execution of a work that is necessary;
+especially when the use of those things which we would stay for may
+otherwise be supplied, but the loss of time never recovered; nay,
+farther yet, tho we were sure to obtain all that we had a mind to, tho
+we were sure of getting never so much by continuing the game, yet when
+the light of life is so near going out, and ought to be so precious,
+<i>le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle</i>, the play is not worth the expense
+of the candle; after having been long tossed in a tempest, if our
+masts be standing, and we have still sail and tackling enough to carry
+us to our port, it is no matter for the want of streamers and
+topgallants.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> From the "Essays."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Democritus was born about 460 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> and died about 857.
+He was often known as "The Laughing Philosopher."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> The famous horse ridden by Alexander the Great.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> A horse ridden by the Roman Emperor Domitian.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> From the "Essays."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="GEORGE_FOX" id="GEORGE_FOX"></a>GEORGE FOX</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1624, died in 1691; founder of the Society of
+Friends; son of a weaver, apprenticed to a shoemaker; became
+an itinerant lay preacher at the age of 25, completing the
+organization of the Society of Friends in 1669; made
+missionary journeys to Scotland, Ireland, and West Indies,
+Holland and North America (1671-72); frequently imprisoned
+for infraction of the laws against Conventicles.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AN_INTERVIEW_WITH_OLIVER_CROMWELL" id="AN_INTERVIEW_WITH_OLIVER_CROMWELL"></a>AN INTERVIEW WITH OLIVER CROMWELL<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>After Captain Drury had lodged me at the Mermaid, over against the
+Mews at Charing Cross, he went to give the Protector an account of me.
+When he came to me again, he told me the Protector required that I
+should promise not to take up a carnal sword or weapon against him or
+the government, as it then was; and that I should write it in what
+words I saw good, and set my hand to it. I said little in reply to
+Captain Drury, but the next morning I was moved of the Lord to write a
+paper to the Protector, by the name of Oliver Cromwell, wherein I did,
+in the presence of the Lord God, declare that I did deny the wearing
+or drawing of a "carnal sword, or any other outward weapon, against
+him or any man; and that I was sent of God to stand a witness against
+all violence, and against the works of darkness, and to turn people
+from darkness to light; to bring them <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>from the occasion of war and
+fighting to the peaceable Gospel, and from being evil-doers, which the
+magistrates' sword should be a terror to." When I had written what the
+Lord had given me to write, I set my name to it, and gave it to
+Captain Drury to hand to Oliver Cromwell, which he did. After some
+time, Captain Drury brought me before the Protector himself at
+Whitehall. It was in a morning, before he was drest; and one Harvey,
+who had come a little among friends, but was disobedient, waited upon
+him.</p>
+
+<p>When I came in, I was moved to say: "Peace be in this house"; and I
+exhorted him to keep in the fear of God, that he might receive wisdom
+from Him; that by it he might be ordered, and with it might order all
+things under his hand unto God's glory. I spoke much to him of truth;
+and a great deal of discourse I had with him about religion, wherein
+he carried himself very moderately. But he said we quarreled with the
+priests, whom he called ministers. I told him, "I did not quarrel with
+them, they quarreled with me and my friends. But, said I, if we own
+the prophets, Christ, and the apostles, we can not hold up such
+teachers, prophets, and shepherds, as the prophets, Christ, and the
+apostles declared against; but we must declare against them by the
+same power and spirit." Then I shewed him that the prophets, Christ,
+and the apostles, declared freely, and declared against them that did
+not declare freely; such as preached for filthy lucre, divined for
+money, and preached for hire, and were covetous and greedy, like the
+dumb dogs that could never have enough;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> and that they who have the
+same spirit that Christ, and the prophets, and the apostles had, could
+not but declare against all such now, as they did then. As I spoke, he
+several times said it was very good, and it was truth. I told him:
+"That all Christendom, so called, had the Scriptures, but they wanted
+the power and spirit that those had who gave forth the Scriptures, and
+that was the reason they were not in fellowship with the Son, nor with
+the Father, nor with the Scriptures, nor one with another."</p>
+
+<p>Many more words I had with him, but people coming in, I drew a little
+back. As I was turning, he catched me by the hand, and with tears in
+his eyes said: "Come again to my house, for if thou and I were but an
+hour of a day together, we should be nearer one to the other"; adding,
+that he wished me no more ill than he did to his own soul. I told him,
+if he did, he wronged his own soul, and admonished him to harken to
+God's voice, that he might stand in His counsel, and obey it; and if
+he did so, that would keep him from hardness of heart; but if he did
+not hear God's voice, his heart would be hardened. He said it was
+true. Then I went out; and when Captain Drury came out after me, he
+told me the lord Protector said I was at liberty, and might go whither
+I would. Then I was brought into a great hall, where the Protector's
+gentlemen were to dine. I asked them what they brought me thither for.
+They said it was by the Protector's order, that I might dine with
+them. I bid them let the Protector know I would not eat of his bread,
+nor drink of his drink. When he heard this, he said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> "Now I see there
+is a people risen that I can not win, either with gifts, honors,
+offices, or places; but all other sects and people I can." It was told
+him again, "That we had forsook our own, and were not like to look for
+such things from him."<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> From the "Journal."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Just before Cromwell's death, Fox had another interview
+with him of which he wrote: "The same day, taking boat, I went down
+(<i>up</i>) to Kingston, and from thence to Hampton Court, to speak with
+the Protector about the sufferings of friends. I met him riding into
+Hampton Court Park; and before I came to him, as he rode at the head
+of his life-guard, I saw and felt a waft (<i>whiff</i>) of death go forth
+against him; and when I came to him he looked like a dead man. After I
+had laid the sufferings of friends before him, and had warned him
+according as I was moved to speak to him, he bade me come to his
+house. So I returned to Kingston, and the next day went up to Hampton
+Court to speak further with him. But when I came, Harvey, who was one
+that waited on him, told me the doctors were not willing that I should
+speak with him. So I passed away, and never saw him more."
+</p><p>
+Carlyle in his "Life and Letters of Cromwell," quoting this passage,
+says: "His life, if thou knew it, has not been a merry thing for this
+man, now or heretofore! I fancy he has been looking this long while to
+give it up, whenever the Commander-in-chief required. To quit his
+laborious sentry-post; honorably lay up his arms, and be gone to his
+rest&mdash;all eternity to rest in, George! Was thy own life merry, for
+example, in the hollow of the tree; clad permanently in leather? And
+does kingly purple, and governing refractory worlds instead of
+stitching coarse shoes, make it merrier? The waft of death is not
+against him, I think&mdash;perhaps, against thee, and me, and others, O
+George, when the Nell Gwynne defender and two centuries of
+all-victorious cant have come in upon us!"</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="JOHN_BUNYAN" id="JOHN_BUNYAN"></a>JOHN BUNYAN</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Baptized in 1628, died in 1688; son of a tinker, adopting
+his father's trade; served two years in the Civil Wars;
+joined a Non-Conformist body at Bedford about 1645, becoming
+a traveling preacher in the midland counties; arrested in
+1660 under statutes against Non-Conformists and spent
+several years in jail, where he wrote part of his "Pilgrim's
+Progress," published in 1678-1684; on being released from
+prison was licensed to preach and remained pastor at Bedford
+until he died.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_8" id="I_8"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>A DREAM OF THE CELESTIAL CITY<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Now I saw in my dream that by this time the pilgrims were got over the
+Enchanted Ground, and entering into the country of Beulah, whose air
+was very sweet and pleasant, the way lying directly through it, they
+solaced them there for the season. Yea, here they heard continually
+the singing of birds, and saw every day the flowers appear in the
+earth, and heard the voice of the turtle in the land. In this country
+the sun shineth night and day; wherefore it was beyond the Valley of
+the Shadow of Death, and also out of the reach of Giant Despair;
+neither could they from this place so much as see Doubting Castle.
+Here they were within sight of the city they were going to; also here
+met them some of the inhabitants thereof: for in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>this land the
+shining ones commonly walked, because it was upon the borders of
+Heaven. In this land, also, the contract between the bride and
+bridegroom was renewed; yea, here, "as the bridegroom rejoiceth over
+the bride, so did their God rejoice over them." Here they had no want
+of corn and wine; for in this place they met abundance of what they
+had sought for in all their pilgrimage. Here they heard voices from
+out of the city, loud voices, saying: "Say ye to the daughter of Zion,
+behold thy salvation cometh! Behold, his reward is with him!" Here all
+the inhabitants of the country called them "the holy people, the
+redeemed of the Lord, sought out," etc.</p>
+
+<p>Now, as they walked in this land, they had more rejoicing than in
+parts more remote from the kingdom to which they were bound; and
+drawing nearer to the city yet, they had a more perfect view thereof:
+it was built of pearls and precious stones, also the streets thereof
+were paved with gold; so that, by reason of the natural glory of the
+city, and the reflection of the sunbeams upon it, Christian with
+desire fell sick; Hopeful also had a fit or two of the same disease:
+wherefore here they lay by it a while, crying out, because of their
+pangs: "If you see my Beloved, tell him that I am sick of love."</p>
+
+<p>But being a little strengthened, and better able to bear their
+sickness, they walked on their way, and came yet nearer and nearer,
+where were orchards, vineyards, and gardens, and their gates opened
+into the highway. Now, as they came up to these places, behold the
+gardener stood in the way, to whom the pilgrims said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> Whose goodly
+vineyards and gardens are these? He answered: They are the King's, and
+are planted here for his own delight, and also for the solace of
+pilgrims: so the gardener had them into the vineyards and bid them
+refresh themselves with dainties; he also shewed them there the King's
+walks and arbors, where he delighted to be; and here they tarried and
+slept.</p>
+
+<p>Now, I beheld in my dream that they talked more in their sleep at this
+time than ever they did in all their journey; and being in a muse
+thereabout, the gardener said even to me: Wherefore musest thou at the
+matter? It is the nature of the fruit of the grapes of these vineyards
+to go down so sweetly, as to cause the lips of them that are asleep to
+speak.</p>
+
+<p>So I saw that when they awoke, they addrest themselves to go up to the
+city. But, as I said, the reflection of the sun upon the city&mdash;for the
+city was pure gold&mdash;was so extremely glorious, that they could not as
+yet with open face behold it, but through an instrument made for that
+purpose. So I saw that, as they went on, there met them two men in
+raiment that shone like gold; also their faces shone as the light.</p>
+
+<p>These men asked the pilgrims whence they came; and they told them.
+They also asked them where they had lodged, what difficulties and
+dangers, what comforts and pleasures, they had met with in their way;
+and they told them. Then said the men that met them: You have but two
+difficulties more to meet with, and then you are in the city.</p>
+
+<p>Christian and his companion then asked the men to go along with them;
+so they told them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> that they would. But, said they, you must obtain it
+by your own faith. So I saw in my dream that they went on together
+till they came in sight of the gate....</p>
+
+<p>Then I saw in my dream that Christian was in a muse a while. To whom,
+also, Hopeful added these words: Be of good cheer; Jesus Christ maketh
+thee whole: and with that Christian brake out with a loud voice&mdash;Oh! I
+see him again; and he tells me: "When thou passest through the waters,
+I will be with thee; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow
+thee." Then they both took courage, and the enemy was after that as
+still as a stone, until they were gone over. Christian, therefore,
+presently found ground to stand upon, and so it followed that the rest
+of the river was but shallow; but thus they got over. Now, upon the
+bank of the river on the other side, they saw the two shining men
+again, who there waited for them; wherefore, being come out of the
+river, they saluted them, saying "We are ministering spirits, sent for
+to minister to those that shall be heirs of salvation." Thus they went
+along toward the gate. Now you must note that the city stood upon a
+mighty hill; but the pilgrims went up that hill with ease, because
+they had these two men to lead them up by the arms; they had likewise
+left their mortal garments behind them in the river; for tho they went
+in with them, they came out without them. They therefore went up here
+with much agility and speed, tho the foundation upon which the city
+was framed was higher than the clouds.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="II_8" id="II_8"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>THE DEATH OF VALIANT-FOR-TRUTH<br />
+AND OF STAND-FAST<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>It was noised abroad that Mr <i>Valiant-for-truth</i> was taken with a
+Summons by the same Post as the other, and had this for a Token that
+the Summons was true, That his Pitcher was broken at the Fountain.
+When he understood it, he called for his Friends, and told them of it.
+Then said he, I am going to my Fathers, and tho with great difficulty
+I am got hither, yet now I do not repent me of all the Trouble I have
+been at to arrive where I am. My Sword I give to him that shall
+succeed me in my Pilgrimage, and my Courage and Skill to him that can
+get it. My Marks and Scars I carry with me, to be a witness for me
+that I have fought his Battles who now will be my Rewarder. When the
+day that he must go hence was come, many accompanied him to the
+River-side, into which as he went he said, Death, where is thy Sting?
+And as he went down deeper he said, Grave, where is thy Victory? So he
+passed over, and all the Trumpets sounded for him on the other side.</p>
+
+<p>Then there came forth a Summons for Mr <i>Stand-fast</i> (This Mr
+<i>Stand-fast</i> was he that the rest of the Pilgrims found upon his Knees
+in the Inchanted Ground), for the Post brought it him open in his
+hands. The contents whereof <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>were, <i>that he must prepare for a Change
+of Life, for his Master was not willing that he should be so far from
+him any longer</i>. At this Mr <i>Stand-fast</i> was put into a muse. Nay,
+said the Messenger, you need not doubt of the truth of my Message, for
+here is a Token of the Truth thereof, <i>Thy Wheel is broken at the
+Cistern</i>. Then he called to him Mr <i>Great-heart</i> who was their Guide,
+and said unto him, Sir, altho it was not my hap to be much in your
+good Company in the days of my Pilgrimage, yet since the time I knew
+you, you have been profitable to me. When I came from home, I left
+behind me a Wife and five small Children, let me entreat you at your
+return (for I know that you will go and return to your Master's house,
+in hopes that you yet be a Conductor to more of the holy Pilgrims),
+that you send to my Family, and let them be acquainted with all that
+hath and shall happen unto me. Tell them moreover of my happy Arrival
+to this place, and of the present late blessed condition that I am in.
+Tell them also of <i>Christian</i> and <i>Christiana</i> his Wife, and how she
+and her Children came after her Husband. Tell them also of what a
+happy end she made and whither she is gone. I have little or nothing
+to send to my Family, except it be Prayers and Tears for them; of
+which it will suffice if thou acquaint them, if peradventure they may
+prevail.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr <i>Stand-fast</i> had thus set things in order, and the time being
+come for him to haste him away, he also went down to the River. Now
+there was a great Calm at that time in the River; wherefore Mr
+<i>Stand-fast</i>, when he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> about half-way in, he stood awhile, and
+talked to his Companions that had waited upon him thither. And he
+said,</p>
+
+<p>This River has been a Terror to many, yea, the thoughts of it also
+have often frighted me. But now methinks I stand easy, my Foot is fixt
+upon that upon which the Feet of the Priests that bare the Ark of the
+Covenant stood while <i>Israel</i> went over this <i>Jordan</i>. The Waters
+indeed are to the Palate bitter and to the Stomach cold, yet the
+thoughts of what I am going to and of the Conduct that waits for me on
+the other side doth lie as a glowing Coal at my Heart.</p>
+
+<p>I see myself now at the end of my Journey, my toilsome days are ended.
+I am going now to see that Head that was crowned with Thorns, and that
+Face that was spit upon for me.</p>
+
+<p>I have formerly lived by Hear-say and Faith, but now I go where I
+shall live by sight, and shall be with Him in whose Company I delight
+myself.</p>
+
+<p>I have loved to hear my Lord spoken of, and wherever I have seen the
+print of His Shoe in the Earth, there I have coveted to set my Foot
+too.</p>
+
+<p>His name has been to me as a Civet-box, yea, sweeter than all
+Perfumes. His Voice to me has been most sweet, and his Countenance I
+have more desired than they that have most desired the Light of the
+Sun. His Word I did use to gather for my Food and for Antidotes
+against my Faintings. He has held me, and I have kept me from mine
+iniquities, yea, my Steps hath He strengthened in His Way.</p>
+
+<p>Now while he was thus in Discourse, his Coun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>tenance changed, his
+strong man bowed under him, and after he had said, <i>Take me, for I
+come unto Thee</i>, he ceased to be seen of them.</p>
+
+<p>But glorious it was to see how the open Region was filled with Horses
+and Chariots, with Trumpeters and Pipers, with Singers and Players on
+Stringed Instruments, to welcome the Pilgrims as they went up, and
+followed one another in at the beautiful Gate of the City.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="III_4" id="III_4"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h2>ANCIENT VANITY FAIR<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Then I saw in my Dream, that when they were got out of the Wilderness,
+they presently saw a Town before them, and the name of that Town is
+<i>Vanity</i>; and at the Town there is a Fair kept, called <i>Vanity Fair</i>:
+it is kept all the year long; it beareth the name of <i>Vanity Fair</i>,
+because the Town where 'tis kept is <i>lighter than Vanity</i>; and also
+because all that is there sold, or that cometh thither, is <i>Vanity</i>.
+As is the saying of the wise, <i>All that cometh is Vanity</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This Fair is no new erected business, but a thing of ancient standing;
+I will shew you the original of it.</p>
+
+<p>Almost five thousand years agone, there were Pilgrims walking to the
+Celestial City, as these two honest persons are; and <i>Beelzebub</i>,
+<i>Apollyon</i>, and <i>Legion</i>, with their Companions, perceiving by the
+path that the Pilgrims made, that their way to the city lay through
+this Town of <i>Vanity</i>, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span>they contrived here to set up a Fair; a Fair
+wherein should be sold of <i>all sorts of Vanity</i>, and that it should
+last all the year long: therefore at this Fair are all such
+Merchandise sold, as Houses, Lands, Trades, Places, Honors,
+Preferments, Titles, Countries, Kingdoms, Lusts, Pleasures, and
+Delights of all sorts, as Whores, Bawds, Wives, Husbands, Children,
+Masters, Servants, Lives, Blood, Bodies, Souls, Silver, Gold, Pearls,
+Precious Stones, and what not....</p>
+
+<p>Now, as I said, the way to the Celestial City lies just through this
+Town where this lusty Fair is kept; and he that will go to the City,
+and yet not go through this Town, must needs <i>go out of the World</i>.
+The Prince of Princes himself, when here, went through this Town to
+his own Country, and that upon a <i>Fair-day</i> too; yea, and as I think,
+it was <i>Beelzebub</i>, the chief Lord of this Fair, that invited him to
+buy of his Vanities: yea, would have made him Lord of the Fair, would
+he but have done him reverence as he went through the Town. Yea,
+because he was such a person of honor, <i>Beelzebub</i> had him from Street
+to Street, and shewed him all the Kingdoms of the World in a little
+time, that he might (if possible) allure that Blessed One to cheapen
+and buy some of his Vanities. But he had no mind to the Merchandise,
+and therefore left the Town, without laying out so much as one
+Farthing upon these Vanities. This Fair therefore is an ancient thing,
+of long standing, and a very great Fair....</p>
+
+<p>The Pilgrims being patient, and not rendering railing for railing, but
+contrarywise blessing, and giving good words for bad, and kindness
+for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> injuries done, some men in the Fair that were more observing, and
+less prejudiced than the rest, began to check and blame the baser sort
+for their continual abuses done by them to the men; they therefore in
+angry manner let fly at them again, counting them as bad as the men in
+the Cage, and telling them that they seemed confederates, and should
+be made partakers of their misfortunes. The other replied, that for
+ought they could see, the men were quiet, and sober, and intended
+nobody any harm; and that there were many that traded in their Fair
+that were more worthy to be put into the Cage, yea, and Pillory too,
+than were the men that they had abused. Thus, after divers words had
+passed on both sides (the men behaving themselves all the while very
+wisely and soberly before them), they fell to some blows among
+themselves, and did harm one to another. Then were these two poor men
+brought before their examiners again, and there charged as being
+guilty of the late hubbub that had been in the Fair. So they beat them
+pitifully and hanged irons upon them, and led them in chaines up and
+down the Fair, for an example and a terror to others, lest any should
+further speak in their behalf, or join themselves unto them. But
+<i>Christian</i> and <i>Faithful</i> behaved themselves yet more wisely, and
+received the ignominy and shame that was cast upon them, with so much
+meekness and patience, that it won to their side (tho but few in
+comparison of the rest) several of the men in the Fair. This put the
+other party yet into a greater rage, insomuch that they concluded the
+death of these two men. Wherefore they threat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>ened, that the Cage nor
+irons should serve their turn, but that they should die, for the abuse
+they had done, and for deluding the men of the Fair.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Behold Vanity Fair; the Pilgrims there<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are chained and stoned beside;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Even so it was, our Lord past here,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And on Mount Calvary died.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Then were they remanded to the Cage again, until further order should
+be taken with them. So they put them in, and made their feet fast in
+the Stocks.</p>
+
+<p>Here also they called again to mind what they had heard from their
+faithful friend <i>Evangelist</i>, and were the more confirmed in their way
+and sufferings, by what he told them would happen to them. They also
+now comforted each other, that whose lot it was to suffer, even he
+should have the best on't; therefore each man secretly wished that he
+might have that preferment: but committing themselves to the Allwise
+dispose of Him that ruleth all things, with much content they abode in
+the condition in which they were, until they should be otherwise
+disposed of.</p>
+
+<p>Then a convenient time being appointed, they brought them forth to
+their Tryal, in order to their condemnation. When the time was come,
+they were brought before their enemies, and arraigned. The Judge's
+name was Lord <i>Hate-good</i>. Their Indictment was one and the same in
+substance, tho somewhat varying in form, the contents whereof was
+this:</p>
+
+<p><i>That they were enemies to and disturbers of their Trade; that they
+had made Commotions and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> Divisions in the Town, and had won a party to
+their own most dangerous Opinions in contempt of the Law of their
+Prince</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Now <i>Faithful</i> play the Man, speak for thy God:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fear not the wickeds' malice, nor their rod:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Speak boldly man, the Truth is on thy side;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Die for it, and to Life in triumph ride.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Then <i>Faithful</i> began to answer, that he had only set himself against
+that which had set itself against Him that is higher than the highest.
+And said he, as for Disturbance, I make none, being myself a man of
+Peace; the Party that were won to us, were won by beholding our Truth
+and Innocence, and they are only turned from the worse to the better.
+And as to the King you talk of, since he is <i>Beelzebub</i>, the enemy of
+our Lord, I defy him and all his Angels.</p>
+
+<p>Then Proclamation was made, that they that had aught to say for their
+Lord the King against the Prisoner at the Bar, should forthwith appear
+and give in their evidence. So there came in three witnesses, to wit,
+<i>Envy</i>, <i>Superstition</i>, and <i>Pickthank</i>. They were then asked if they
+knew the Prisoner at the Bar; and what they had to say for their Lord
+the King against him.</p>
+
+<p>Then stood forth <i>Envy</i>, and said to this effect: My Lord, I have
+known this man a long time, and will attest upon my Oath before this
+honorable Bench, that he is&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Judge.</i> Hold! Give him life Oath.</p>
+
+<p>So they sware him.</p>
+
+<p>Then he said, My Lord, this man, notwithstanding his plausible name,
+is one of the vilest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> men in our Country. He neither regardeth Prince
+nor People, Law nor Custom; but doth all that he can to possess all
+men with certain of his disloyal notions, which he in the general
+calls Principles of Faith and Holiness. And in particular, I heard him
+once myself affirm <i>That Christianity and the Customs of our Town of
+Vanity were diametrically opposite, and could not be reconciled</i>. By
+which saying, my Lord, he doth at once not only condemn all our
+laudable doings, but us in the doing of them.</p>
+
+<p><i>Judge.</i> Then did the Judge say to him, Hast thou any more to say?</p>
+
+<p><i>Envy.</i> My Lord, I could say much more, only I would not be tedious to
+the Court. Yet if need be, when the other Gentlemen have given in
+their Evidence, rather than anything shall be wanting that will
+despatch him, I will enlarge my Testimony against him.</p>
+
+<p>So he was bid stand by. Then they called <i>Superstition</i>, and bid him
+look upon the Prisoner. They also asked, what he could say for their
+Lord the King against him. Then they sware him; so he began:</p>
+
+<p><i>Super.</i> My Lord, I have no great acquaintance with this man, nor do I
+desire to have further knowledge of him; however, this I know, that he
+is a very pestilent fellow, from some discourse that the other day I
+had with him in this Town; for then talking with him, I heard him say,
+That our Religion was naught, and such by which a man could by no
+means please God. Which sayings of his, my Lord, your Lordship very
+well knows, what necessarily thence will follow, to wit, That we still
+do worship in vain,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> are yet in our sins, and finally shall be damned;
+and this is that which I have to say.</p>
+
+<p>Then was <i>Pickthank</i> sworn, and bid say what he knew, in behalf of
+their Lord the King, against the prisoner at the Bar.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pick.</i> My Lord, and you, Gentlemen all, This fellow I have known of a
+long time, and have heard him speak things that ought not to be spoke;
+for he hath railed on our noble Prince <i>Beelzebub</i>, and hath spoken
+contemptibly of his honorable Friends, whose names are the Lord <i>Old
+Man</i>, the Lord <i>Carnal Delight</i>, the Lord <i>Luxurious</i>, the Lord
+<i>Desire of Vain Glory</i>, my old Lord <i>Lechery</i>, Sir <i>Having Greedy</i>,
+with all the rest of our Nobility; and he hath said moreover, That if
+all men were of his mind, if possible, there is not one of these
+Noblemen should have any longer a being in this Town; besides, he hath
+not been afraid to rail on you, my Lord, who are now appointed to be
+his Judge, calling you an ungodly villain, with many other suchlike
+vilifying terms, with which he hath bespattered most of the Gentry of
+our Town.</p>
+
+<p>When this <i>Pickthank</i> had told his tale, the Judge directed his speech
+to the Prisoner at the Bar, saying, Thou Runagate, Heretick, and
+Traitor, hast thou heard what these honest Gentlemen have witnessed
+against thee?</p>
+
+<p><i>Faith.</i> May I speak a few words in my own defense?</p>
+
+<p><i>Judge.</i> Sirrah, sirrah, thou deservest to live no longer, but to be
+slain immediately upon the place; yet that all men may see our
+gentleness towards thee, let us see what thou hast to say.</p>
+
+<p><i>Faith.</i> 1. I say then, in answer to what Mr<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> <i>Envy</i> hath spoken, I
+never said ought but this, <i>That what Rule or Laws or Custom or
+People, were flat against the Word of God, are diametrically opposite
+to Christianity</i>. If I have said amiss in this, convince me of my
+error, and I am ready here before you to make my recantation.</p>
+
+<p>2. As to the second, to wit, Mr <i>Superstition</i>, and his charge against
+me, I said only this, <i>That in the worship of God there is required a
+Divine Faith; but there can be no Divine Faith without a Divine
+Revelation of the will of God; therefore whatever is thrust into the
+Worship of God that is not agreeable to a Divine Revelation, cannot be
+done but by an human faith, which faith will not profit to Eternal
+Life</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. As to what Mr <i>Pickthank</i> hath said, I say (avoiding terms, as that
+I am said to rail, and the like) that the Prince of this Town, with
+all the rabblement his attendants, by this Gentleman named, are more
+fit for a being in Hell, than in this Town and Country: <i>and so, the
+Lord have mercy upon me</i>....</p>
+
+<p>Then went the Jury out, whose names were, Mr <i>Blind-Man</i>, Mr
+<i>No-good</i>, Mr <i>Malice</i>, Mr <i>Love-lust</i>, Mr <i>Live-loose</i>, Mr <i>Heady</i>,
+Mr <i>High-mind</i>, Mr <i>Enmity</i>, Mr <i>Lyar</i>, Mr <i>Cruelty</i>, Mr <i>Hate-light</i>,
+and Mr <i>Implacable</i>; who every one gave in his private Verdict against
+him among themselves, and afterwards unanimously concluded to bring
+him in guilty before the Judge. And first among themselves, Mr
+<i>Blind-man</i> the Foreman, said, <i>I see clearly that this man is an
+Heretick</i>. Then said Mr <i>No-good</i>, <i>Away with such a fellow from the
+earth</i>. <i>Ay</i>, said Mr <i>Malice</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> <i>for I hate the very looks of him</i>.
+Then said Mr <i>Love-lust</i>, <i>I could never endure him</i>. <i>Nor I</i>, said Mr
+<i>Live-loose</i>, <i>for he would always be condemning my way</i>. <i>Hang him,
+hang him</i>, said Mr <i>Heady</i>. <i>A sorry Scrub</i>, said Mr <i>High-mind</i>. <i>My
+heart riseth against him</i>, said Mr <i>Enmity</i>. <i>He is a rogue</i>, said Mr
+<i>Lyar</i>. <i>Hanging is too good for him</i>, said Mr <i>Cruelty</i>. <i>Let us
+dispatch him out of the way</i>, said Mr <i>Hate-light</i>. Then said Mr
+<i>Implacable</i>, <i>Might I have all the world given me, I could not be
+reconciled to him; therefore let us forthwith bring him in guilty of
+death</i>. And so they did; therefore he was presently condemned to be
+had from the place where he was, to the place from whence he came, and
+there to be put to the most cruel death that could be invented.</p>
+
+<p>They therefore brought him out, to do with him according to their Law;
+and first they Scourged him, then they Buffeted him, then they Lanced
+his flesh with Knives; after that they Stoned him with stones, then
+pricked him with their Swords; and last of all they burned him to
+ashes at the Stake. Thus came <i>Faithful</i> to his end.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Brave <i>Faithful</i>, bravely done in Word and Deed;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Judge, Witnesses, and Jury have instead<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of overcoming thee, but shewn their Rage:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When thou art dead, thou'lt live from Age to Age.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> From "The Pilgrim's Progress."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> From "The Pilgrim's Progress."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> From "The Pilgrim's Progress."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="JOHN_DRYDEN" id="JOHN_DRYDEN"></a>JOHN DRYDEN</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1631, died in 1700; educated at Cambridge;
+originally a Parliamentarian, but vent over to the
+Royalists; made poet-laureate in 1670; converted to
+Catholicism in 1686; his life written by Samuel Johnson; his
+works collected in 1808 in eighteen volumes by Sir Walter
+Scott.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OF_ELIZABETHAN_DRAMATISTS" id="OF_ELIZABETHAN_DRAMATISTS"></a>OF ELIZABETHAN DRAMATISTS<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>To begin, then, with Shakespeare. He was the man who, of all modern,
+and perhaps ancient poets, had the largest and most comprehensive
+soul. All the images of nature were still present to him, and he drew
+them not laboriously, but luckily. When he describes anything, you
+more than see it&mdash;you feel it too. Those who accused him to have
+wanted learning, give him the greater commendation. He was naturally
+learned; he needed not the spectacles of books to read nature; he
+looked inwards, and found her there. I cannot say he is everywhere
+alike; were he so, I should do him injury to compare him with the
+greatest of mankind. He is many times flat, insipid; his comic wit
+degenerating into clenches, his serious swelling into bombast. But he
+is always great when some great occasion is presented to him; no man
+can say he ever had a fit subject for his wit, and did not then raise
+himself as high above the rest of poets.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The consideration of this made Mr. Hales of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>Eton<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> say, that there
+was no subject of which any poet ever writ, but he would produce it
+much better done in Shakespeare; and however others are now generally
+preferred before him, yet the age wherein he lived, which had
+contemporaries with him Fletcher and Jonson, never equalled them to
+him in their esteem. And in the last king's court, when Ben's
+reputation was at highest, Sir John Suckling, and with him the greater
+part of the courtiers, set our Shakespeare far above him....</p>
+
+<p>Beaumont and Fletcher, of whom I am next to speak, had with the
+advantage of Shakespeare's wit, which was their precedent, great
+natural gifts, improved by study; Beaumont especially, being so
+accurate a judge of plays, that Ben Jonson, while he lived, submitted
+all his writings to his censure, and 'tis thought, used his judgment
+in correcting, if not contriving, all his plots. What value he had for
+him, appears by the verses he writ to him, and therefore I need speak
+no farther of it. The first play that brought Fletcher and him in
+esteem was their "Philaster"; for before that they had written two or
+three very unsuccessfully: as the like is reported of Ben Jonson,
+before he writ "Every Man in his Humor." Their plots were generally
+more regular than Shakespeare's, especially those which were made
+before Beaumont's death; and they understood and imitated the
+conversation of gentlemen much better; whose wild debaucheries, and
+quickness of wit in repartees, no poet before <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>them could paint as
+they have done. Humor, which Ben Jonson derived from particular
+persons, they made it not their business to describe; they represented
+all the passions very lively, but above all, love. I am apt to believe
+the English language in them arrived to its highest perfection: what
+words have since been taken in, are rather superfluous than
+ornamental. Their plays are now the most pleasant and frequent
+entertainments of the stage; two of theirs being acted through the
+year, for one of Shakespeare's or Jonson's: the reason is, because
+there is a certain gaiety in their comedies, and pathos in their more
+serious plays, which suits generally with all men's humors.
+Shakespeare's language is likewise a little obsolete, and Ben Jonson's
+wit comes short of theirs.</p>
+
+<p>As for Jonson, to whose character I am now arrived, if we look upon
+him while he was himself&mdash;for his last plays were but his dotages&mdash;I
+think him the most learned and judicious writer which any theater ever
+had. He was a most severe judge of himself, as well as others. One can
+not say he wanted wit, but rather that he was frugal of it. In his
+works you find little to retrench or alter. Wit, and language, and
+humor also in some measure, we had before him; but something of art
+was wanting to the drama, till he came. He managed his strength to
+more advantage than any who preceded him. You seldom find him making
+love in any of his scenes, or endeavoring to move the passions; his
+genius was too sullen and saturnine to do it gracefully, especially
+when he knew he came after those who had performed both to such<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> a
+height. Humor was his proper sphere; and in that he delighted most to
+represent mechanic people. He was deeply conversant in the ancients,
+both Greek and Latin, and he borrowed boldly from them; there is
+scarce a poet or historian among the Roman authors of those times whom
+he has not translated in "Sejanus" and "Catiline." But he has done his
+robberies so openly that one may see he fears not to be taxed by any
+law. He invades authors like a monarch; and what would be theft in
+other poets, is only victory in him. With the spoils of these writers
+he so represents old Rome to us, in its rites, ceremonies, and
+customs, that if one of their poets had written either of his
+tragedies, we had seen less of it than in him.</p>
+
+<p>If there was any fault in his language, 'twas that he weaved it too
+closely and laboriously, in his comedies especially: perhaps, too, he
+did a little too much Romanize our tongue, leaving the words which he
+translated almost as much Latin as he found them; wherein, tho he
+learnedly followed their language, he did not enough comply with the
+idiom of ours. If I would compare him with Shakespeare, I must
+acknowledge him the more correct poet, but Shakespeare the greater
+wit. Shakespeare was the Homer, or father of our dramatic poets:
+Jonson was the Virgil, the pattern of elaborate writing: I admire him,
+but I love Shakespeare. To conclude of him: as he has given us the
+most correct plays, so, in the precepts which he has laid down in his
+"Discoveries," we have as many and profitable rules for perfecting the
+stage, as any wherewith the French can furnish us.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> From the "Essay on Dramatic Poetry."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> John Hales, "the ever-memorable" canon of Windsor and
+author of "Golden Remains," born in 1584, died in 1656.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="SAMUEL_PEPYS" id="SAMUEL_PEPYS"></a>SAMUEL PEPYS</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1633, died in 1703; son of a London tailor, educated
+at Cambridge; a clerk in the Admiralty in 1660, becoming
+finally Secretary; conducted the entire administration
+during the great plague, when he alone remained in London;
+assisted in checking the great fire in 1666; elected to
+Parliament in 1678; President of the Royal Society in
+1684-86; gave his library of three thousand volumes to one
+of the colleges at Cambridge; his "Diary," first published
+in 1825, was written in cipher, without intent of
+publication.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_9" id="I_9"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>OF VARIOUS DOINGS OF MR. AND MRS. PEPYS<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p><i>August 18, 1660.</i>&mdash;Towards Westminster by water. I landed my wife at
+Whitefriars with &pound;5 to buy her a petticoat, and my father persuaded
+her to buy a most fine cloth, of 26<i>s.</i> a yard, and a rich lace, that
+the petticoat will come to &pound;5; but she doing it very innocently, I
+could not be angry. Captain Ferrers took me and Creed to the Cockpit
+play, the first that I have had time to see since my coming from sea,
+<i>The Loyall Subject</i>, where one Kinaston, a boy, acted the Duke's
+sister, but made the loveliest lady that ever I saw in my life. After
+the play done, we went to drink, and, by Captain Ferrers' means,
+Kinaston, and another that acted Archas the General, came and drank
+with us.</p>
+
+<p>19. (Lord's Day.)&mdash;This morning Sir W. Batten, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>Pen, and myself, went
+to church to the churchwardens, to demand a pew, which at present
+could not be given us; but we are resolved to have one built. So we
+staid, and heard Mr. Mills, a very good minister. Home to dinner,
+where my wife had on her new petticoat that she bought yesterday,
+which indeed is a very fine cloth and a line lace; but that being of a
+light color, and the lace all silver, it makes no great show.</p>
+
+<p><i>March 2, 1667.</i>&mdash;After dinner, with my wife, to the King's house to
+see <i>The Maiden Queene</i>, a new play of Dryden's mightily commended for
+the regularity of it, and the strain and wit; and, the truth is, there
+is a comical part done by Nell Gwynne, which is Florimell, that I
+never can hope ever to see the like done again, by man or woman. The
+King and Duke of York were at the play. But so great performance of a
+comical part was never, I believe, in the world before as Nell do this
+both as a mad girl, then most and best of all, when she comes in like
+a young gallant; and hath the motions and carriage of a spark the most
+that ever I saw any man have. It makes me, I confess, admire her.</p>
+
+<p><i>October 5.</i>&mdash;To the King's house; and there, going in, met with
+Knipp, and she took us up into the tireing-rooms: and to the woman's
+shift, where Nell was dressing herself, and was all unready, and is
+very pretty, prettier than I thought. And into the scene-room, and
+there sat down, and she gave us fruit: and here I read the questions
+to Knipp, while she answered me, through all her part of <i>Flora
+Figarys</i>, which was acted to-day. But, Lord! to see how they were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>
+both painted would make a man mad, and did make me loath them; and
+what base company of men comes among them, and how lewdly they talk!
+and how poor the men are in clothes, and yet what a show they make on
+the stage by candle-light, is very observable. But to see how Nell
+cursed for having so few people in the pit, was pretty; the other
+house carrying away all the people at the new play, and is said,
+now-a-days, to have generally most company, as being better players.
+By and by into the pit, and there saw the play, which is pretty good.</p>
+
+<p><i>December 28.</i>&mdash;To the King's house, and there saw <i>The Mad Couple</i>,
+which is but an ordinary play; but only Nell's and Hart's mad parts
+are most excellent done, but especially hers: which makes it a miracle
+to me to think how ill she do any serious part, as, the other day,
+just like a fool or changeling; and in a mad part do beyond imitation
+almost. It pleased us mightily to see the natural affection of a poor
+woman, the mother of one of the children, brought on the stage; the
+child crying, she by force got upon the stage, and took up her child,
+and carried it away off of the stage from Hart. Many fine faces here
+to-day.</p>
+
+<p><i>February 27, 1667-8.</i>&mdash;With my wife to the King's house, to see <i>The
+Virgin Martyr</i>, the first time it hath been acted a great while: and
+it is mighty pleasant; not that the play is worth much, but it is
+finely acted by Beck Marshall. But that which did please me beyond
+anything in the whole world was the wind-musick when the angel comes
+down, which is so sweet that it ravished me, and indeed, in a word,
+did wrap<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> up my soul so that it made me really sick, just as I have
+formerly been when in love with my wife; that neither then, nor all
+the evening going home, and at home, I was able to think of anything,
+but remained all night transported, so as I could not believe that
+ever any musick hath that real command over the soul of a man as this
+did upon me: and makes me resolve to practise wind-musick, and to make
+my wife do the like.</p>
+
+<p><i>May 26, 1667.</i>&mdash;My wife and I to church, where several strangers of
+good condition come to our pew. After dinner, I by water alone to
+Westminster to the parish church, and there did entertain myself with
+my perspective glass up and down the church, by which I had the great
+pleasure of seeing and gazing at a great many very fine women; and
+what with that, and sleeping, I passed away the time till sermon was
+done. I away to my boat, and up with it as far as Barne Elmes, reading
+of Mr. Evelyn's late new book against Solitude, in which I do not find
+much excess of good matter, tho it be pretty for a bye discourse.</p>
+
+<p><i>August 18.</i>&mdash;To Cree Church, to see it how it is: but I find no
+alteration there, as they there was, for my Lord Mayor and Aldermen to
+come to sermon, as they do every Sunday, as they did formerly to
+Paul's. There dined with me Mr. Turner and his daughter Betty. Betty
+is grown a fine young lady as to carriage and discourse. We had a good
+haunch of venison, powdered and boiled, and a good dinner. I walked
+towards Whitehall, but, being wearied, turned into St. Dunstan's
+Church, where I heard an able sermon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> of the minister of the place;
+and stood by a pretty, modest maid, whom I did labor to take by the
+hand; but she would not, but got further and further from me; and, at
+last, I could perceive her to take pins out of her pocket to prick me
+if I should touch her again&mdash;which, seeing, I did forbear, and was
+glad I did spy her design. And then I fell to gaze upon another pretty
+maid, in a pew close to me, and she on me; and I did go about to take
+her by the hand, which she suffered a little and then withdrew. So the
+sermon ended.</p>
+
+<p><i>May 11, 1667.</i>&mdash;My wife being drest this day in fair hair did make me
+so mad, that I spoke not one word to her, tho I was ready to burst
+with anger. After that, Creed and I into the Park, and walked, a most
+pleasant evening, and so took coach, and took up my wife, and in my
+way home discovered my trouble to my wife for her white locks,
+swearing several times, which I pray God forgive me for, and bending
+my fist that I would not endure it. She, poor wretch, was surprised
+with it, and made me no answer all the way home; but there we parted,
+and I to the office late, and then home, and without supper to bed,
+vexed.</p>
+
+<p>12. (Lord's Day.)&mdash;Up and to my chamber, to settle some accounts
+there, and by and by down comes my wife to me in her night-gown, and
+we begun calmly, that, upon having money to lace her gown for second
+mourning, she would promise to wear white locks no more in my sight,
+which I, like a severe fool, thinking not enough, begun to except
+against, and made her fly out to very high terms and cry, and in her
+heat, told me of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> keeping company with Mrs. Knipp, saying, that if I
+would promise never to see her more&mdash;of whom she hath more reason to
+suspect than I had heretofore of Pembleton&mdash;she would never wear white
+locks more. This vexed me, but I restrained myself from saying
+anything, but do think never to see this woman&mdash;at least, to have her
+here more&mdash;and so all very good friends as ever. My wife and I
+bethought ourselves to go to a French house to dinner, and so inquired
+out Monsieur Robins, my perriwigg-maker, who keeps an ordinary, and in
+an ugly street in Covent Garden, did find him at the door, and so we
+in; and in a moment almost had the table covered, and clean glasses,
+and all in the French manner, and a mess of potage first, and then a
+piece of b&oelig;uf-a-la-mode, all exceeding well seasoned, and to our
+great liking; at least it would have been anywhere else but in this
+bad street, and in a perriwigg-maker's house; but to see the pleasant
+and ready attendance that we had, and all things so desirous to
+please, and ingenious in the people, did take me mightily. Our dinner
+cost us 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>November 30, 1668.</i>&mdash;My wife, after dinner, went the first time
+abroad in her coach, calling on Roger Pepys, and visiting Mrs. Creed,
+and my cosen Turner. Thus ended this month with very good content, but
+most expenseful to my purse on things of pleasure, having furnished my
+wife's closet and the best chamber, and a coach and horses, that ever
+I knew in the world; and I am put into the greatest condition of
+outward state that ever I was in, or hoped ever to be, or desired.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>December 2.</i>&mdash;Abroad with my wife, the first time that ever I rode in
+my own coach, which do make my heart rejoice, and praise God and pray
+Him to bless it to me and continue it. So she and I to the King's
+playhouse, and there saw <i>The Usurper</i>; a pretty good play, in all but
+what is designed to resemble Cromwell and Hugh Peters, which is mighty
+silly. The play done, we to Whitehall; where my wife staid while I up
+to the Duchesse's and Queene's side, to speak with the Duke of York:
+and here saw all the ladies, and heard the silly discourse of the
+King, with his people about him.</p>
+
+<p><i>April 11, 1669.</i>&mdash;Thence to the Park, my wife and I; and here Sir W.
+Coventry did first see me and my wife in a coach of our own; and so
+did also this night the Duke of York, who did eye my wife mightily.
+But I begin to doubt that my being so much seen in my own coach at
+this time may be observed to my prejudice; but I must venture it now.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_9" id="II_9"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>ENGLAND WITHOUT CROMWELL<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p><i>July 12, 1667.</i>&mdash;Up betimes and to my chamber, there doing business,
+and by and by comes Greeting and begun a new month with him, and now
+to learn to set anything from the notes upon the flageolet, but Lord!
+to see how like a fool he goes about to give direction would make a
+man mad. I then out and by coach to White <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>Hall and to the Treasury
+chamber, where did a little business, and thence to the Exchequer to
+Burges, about Tangier business, and so back again stepping into the
+Hall a little, and then homeward by coach, and he with me to the
+Excise Office, there to do a little business also, in the way he
+telling me that undoubtedly the peace is concluded; for he did stand
+where he did hear part of the discourse at the Council table, and
+there did hear the King argue for it.</p>
+
+<p>Among other things that the spirits of the seamen were down, and the
+forces of our enemies are grown too great and many for us, and he
+would not have his subjects overprest, for he knew an Englishman would
+do as much as any man upon hopeful terms; but where he sees he is
+overprest, he despairs soon as any other; and besides that, they have
+already such a load of dejection upon them, that they will not be in
+temper a good while again. He heard my Lord Chancellor say to the
+King, "Sir," says he, "the whole world do complain publickly of
+treachery, that things have been managed falsely by some of his great
+ministers." "Sir," says he, "I am for your Majesty's falling into a
+speedy enquiry into the truth of it, and, where you meet with it,
+punish it. But, at the same time, consider what you have to do, and
+make use of your time for having a peace; for more money will not be
+given without much trouble, nor is it, I fear, to be had of the
+people, nor will a little do it to put us into condition of doing our
+business." But Sir H. Cholmly tells me he (the Chancellor) did say the
+other day at his table, "Treachery," says he; "I could wish we could
+prove there was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> anything of that in it; for that would imply some wit
+and thoughtfulness; but we are ruined merely by folly and neglect."
+And so Sir H. Cholmly tell me they did all argue for peace and so he
+do believe that the King hath agreed to the three points Mr. Coventry
+brought over, which I have mentioned before, and is gone with them
+back....</p>
+
+<p>While we were at the Excise Office talking with Mr. Ball, it was
+computed that the Parliament had given the King for this war only,
+besides all prizes, and besides the &pound;200,000 which he was to spend of
+his own revenue to guard the sea, above &pound;5,000,000 and odd &pound;100,000;
+which is a most prodigious sum. Sir H. Cholmly, as a true English
+gentleman, do decry the King's expenses of his Privy-purse, which in
+King James's time did not rise to above &pound;5,000 a year, and in King
+Charles's to &pound;10,000, do now cost us above &pound;100,000 besides the great
+charge of the Monarchy, as the Duke of York &pound;100,000 of it, and other
+limbs of the Royal family, and the guards, which, for his part, says
+he, "I would have all disbanded, for the King is not the better by
+them, and would be as safe without them; for we have had no rebellions
+to make him fear anything." But contrarily, he is now raising of a
+land army, which this Parliament and Kingdom will never bear, besides,
+the commanders they put over them are such as will never be able to
+raise or command them; but the design is, and the Duke of York he
+says, is hot for it, to have a land army, and so to make the
+government like that of France, but our princes have not brains, or at
+least care and forecast enough to do that.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is strange how he and everybody now-a-days do reflect upon
+Oliver,<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> and commend him, what brave things he did, and made all
+the neighbor princes fear him; while here a prince, come in with all
+the love and prayers and good liking of his people, who have given
+greater signs of his loyalty and willingness to serve him with their
+estates than ever was done by any other people, hath lost all so soon,
+that it is a miracle what way a man could devise to lose so much in so
+little time.</p>
+
+<p>Thence he set me down at my Lord Crew's and away, and I up to my Lord,
+where Sir Thomas Crew was, and by and by comes Mr. C&aelig;sar, who teaches
+my Lady's page upon the lute, and here Mr. C&aelig;sar did play some very
+fine things indeed, to my great liking. Here was my Lord Hitchingbroke
+also, newly come from Hitchingbroke, where all well, but methinks I
+knowing in what case he stands for money by his demands to me and the
+report Mr. Moore gives of the management of the family, make me, God
+forgive me! to contemn him, tho I do really honor and pity them, tho
+they deserve it not that have so good an estate and will live beyond
+it. To dinner, and very good discourse with my Lord. And after dinner,
+Sir Thomas Crew and I alone, and he tells me how I am mightily in
+esteem with the Parliament; there being harangues made in the House to
+the Speaker, of Mr. Pepy's readiness and civility to shew them
+everything, which I am this time very glad of.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> From the "Diary."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> From the "Diary."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Oliver Cromwell had died in 1658, nine years before the
+date of Pepy's paragraph.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="GILBERT_BURNET" id="GILBERT_BURNET"></a>GILBERT BURNET</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1643, died in 1715; accompanied William III from
+Holland to England as chaplain in 1688; made Bishop of
+Salisbury in 1689; his "History of Our Own Times" published
+after his death in 1723-34, having been edited by his son;
+other works published in his lifetime.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHARLES_II" id="CHARLES_II"></a>CHARLES II<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Thus lived and died King Charles II. He was the greatest instance in
+history of the various revolutions of which any one man seemed
+capable. He was bred up the first twelve years of his life with the
+splendor that became the heir of so great a crown. After that, he
+passed through eighteen years of great inequalities: unhappy in the
+war, in the loss of his father, and of the crown of England. Scotland
+did not only receive him, tho upon terms hard of digestion, but made
+an attempt upon England for him, tho a feeble one. He lost the battle
+of Worcester with too much indifference. And then he shewed more care
+of his person than became one who had so much at stake. He wandered
+about England for ten weeks after that, hiding from place to place.
+But, under all the apprehensions he had then upon him, he shewed a
+temper so careless, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span>so much turned to levity, that he was then
+diverting himself with little household sports, in as unconcerned a
+manner as if he had made no loss, and had been in no danger at all. He
+got at last out of England. But he had been obliged to so many who had
+been faithful to him, and careful of him, that he seemed afterwards to
+resolve to make an equal return to them all; and finding it not easy
+to reward them all as they deserved, he forgot them all alike. Most
+princes seem to have this pretty deep in them, and to think that they
+ought not to remember past services, but that their acceptance of them
+is a full reward. He, of all in our age, exerted this piece of
+prerogative in the amplest manner; for he never seemed to charge his
+memory, or to trouble his thoughts, with the sense of any of the
+services that had been done him.</p>
+
+<p>While he was abroad at Paris, Cologne, or Brussels, he never seemed to
+lay anything to heart. He pursued all his diversions and irregular
+pleasures in a free career, and seemed to be as serene under the loss
+of a crown as the greatest philosopher could have been. Nor did he
+willingly hearken to any of those projects with which he often
+complained that his chancellor persecuted him. That in which he seemed
+most concerned was, to find money for supporting his expense. And it
+was often said, that if Cromwell would have compounded the matter, and
+have given him a good round pension, that he might have been induced
+to resign his title to him. During his exile, he delivered himself so
+entirely to his pleasures, that he became incapable of application. He
+spent little of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> time in reading or study, and yet less in
+thinking. And in the state his affairs were then in, he accustomed
+himself to say to every person, and upon all occasions, that which he
+thought would please most; so that words or promises went very easily
+from him. And he had so ill an opinion of mankind, that he thought,
+the great art of living and governing was, to manage all things and
+all persons with a depth of craft and dissimulation. And in that few
+men in the world could put on the appearances of sincerity better than
+he could; under which so much artifice was usually hid, that in
+conclusion he could deceive none, for all were become mistrustful of
+him.</p>
+
+<p>He had great vices, but scarce any virtues to correct them. He had in
+him some vices that were less hurtful, which corrected his more
+hurtful ones. He was, during the active part of life, given up to
+sloth and lewdness to such a degree, that he hated business, and could
+not bear the engaging in anything that gave him much trouble, or put
+him under any constraint. And tho he desired to become absolute, and
+to overturn both our religion and our laws, yet he would neither run
+the risk, nor give himself the trouble, which so great a design
+required. He had an appearance of gentleness in his outward
+deportment; but he seemed to have no bowels nor tenderness in his
+nature, and in the end of his life he became cruel. He was apt to
+forgive all crimes, even blood itself, yet he never forgave anything
+that was done against himself, after his first and general act of
+indemnity, which was to be reckoned as done rather upon maxims of
+state than inclinations of mercy. He delivered himself up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> to a most
+enormous course of vice, without any sort of restraint, even from the
+consideration of the nearest relations. The most studied extravagances
+that way seemed, to the very last, to be much delighted in and pursued
+by him. He had the art of making all people grow fond of him at first,
+by a softness in his whole way of conversation, as he was certainly
+the best-bred man of the age. But when it appeared how little could be
+built on his promise, they were cured of the fondness that he was apt
+to raise in them. When he saw young men of quality, who had something
+more than ordinary in them, he drew them about him, and set himself to
+corrupt them both in religion and morality; in which he proved so
+unhappily successful, that he left England much changed at his death
+from what he had found it at his restoration.</p>
+
+<p>He loved to talk over all the stories of his life to every new man
+that came about him. His stay in Scotland, and the share he had in the
+war of Paris, in carrying messages from one side to the other, were
+his common topics. He went over these in a very graceful manner, but
+so often and so copiously, that all those who had been long accustomed
+to them grew weary of them; and when he entered on those stories, they
+usually withdrew: so that he often began them in a full audience, and
+before he had done, there were not above four or five persons left
+about him: which drew a severe jest from Wilmot, Earl of
+Rochester.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> He said he wondered to see a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span>man have so good a
+memory as to repeat the same story without losing the least
+circumstance; and yet not remember that he had told it to the same
+persons the very day before. This made him fond of strangers, for they
+harkened to all his oft-repeated stories, and went away as in a
+rapture at such an uncommon condescension of a king.</p>
+
+<p>His person and temper, his vices as well as his fortunes, resemble the
+character that we have given us of Tiberius so much, that it were easy
+to draw the parallel between them. Tiberius's banishment, and his
+coming afterward to reign, makes the comparison in that respect come
+pretty near. His hating of business, and his love of pleasures; his
+raising of favorites, and trusting them entirely; and his pulling them
+down, and hating them excessively; his art of covering deep designs,
+particularly of revenge, with an appearance of softness, brings them
+so near a likeness, that I did not wonder much to observe the
+resemblance of their faces and persons. At Rome, I saw one of the last
+statues made for Tiberius, after he had lost his teeth. But, bating
+the alteration which that made, it was so like King Charles, that
+Prince Borghese and Signior Dominico, to whom it belonged, did agree
+with me in thinking that it looked like a statute made for him.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p><p>Few things ever went near his heart. The Duke of Gloucester's death
+seemed to touch him much. But those who knew him best, thought it was
+because he had lost him by whom only he could have balanced the
+surviving brother, whom he hated, and yet embroiled all his affairs to
+preserve the succession to him....</p>
+
+<p>No part of his character looked wickeder, as well as meaner, than that
+he, all the while that he was professing to be of the Church of
+England, expressing both zeal and affection to it, was yet secretly
+reconciled to the Church of Rome; thus mocking God, and deceiving the
+world with so gross a prevarication. And his not having the honesty or
+courage to own it at the last; his not shewing any sign of the least
+remorse for his ill-led life, or any tenderness either for his
+subjects in general, or for the queen and his servants; and his
+recommending only his mistresses and their children to his brother's
+care, would have been a strange conclusion to any other's life, but
+was well enough suited to all the other parts of his.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> From the "History of Our Own Times."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> The profligate earl, of whom the best-known anecdote is
+that he once pinned to the door of the King's chamber the following
+quatrain:
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Here lies our Sovereign Lord the King,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Whose word no man relies on:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He never said a foolish thing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And never did a wise one."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+It is recorded of the King that, when he saw these lines he remarked
+that they were quite true, inasmuch as his words were his own and his
+acts were those of his ministers.</div></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="DANIEL_DEFOE" id="DANIEL_DEFOE"></a>DANIEL DEFOE</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1661, died in 1731; his father a butcher in London;
+served in the army in 1688; traveled on the Continent; wrote
+pamphlets in favor of William III; arrested and placed in
+the pillory for an attack on Dissenters in 1703; engaged in
+political intrigues and wrote many articles and pamphlets;
+"Robinson Crusoe" published in 1719, "Moll Flanders" in
+1722, "The Journal of the Plague" in 1722.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_10" id="I_10"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>THE SHIPWRECK OF CRUSOE<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Nothing can describe the confusion of thought which I felt when I sunk
+into the water; for tho I swam very well, yet I could not deliver
+myself from the waves so as to draw my breath; till that wave having
+driven me or rather carried me a vast way on toward the shore, and
+having spent itself, went back, and left me upon the land almost dry,
+but half dead with the water I took in. I had so much presence of mind
+as well as breath left, that seeing myself nearer the mainland than I
+expected, I got upon my feet, and endeavored to make on toward the
+land as I could, before another wave should return and take me up
+again; but I soon found it was impossible to avoid it; for I saw the
+sea coming after me as high as a great hill, and as furious as an
+enemy which I had no means or strength <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>to contend with: my business
+was to hold my breath, and raise myself upon the water, if I could;
+and so by swimming to preserve my breathing, and pilot myself toward
+the shore if possible; my greatest concern now being that the wave, as
+it would carry me a great way toward the shore when it came on, might
+not carry me back again with it when it gave back toward the sea.</p>
+
+<p>The wave that came upon me again buried me at once twenty or thirty
+feet deep in its own body; and I could feel myself carried with a
+mighty force and swiftness toward the shore, a very great way; but I
+held my breath, and assisted myself to swim still forward with all my
+might. I was ready to burst with holding my breath, when, as I felt
+myself rising up, so to my immediate relief I found my head and hands
+shoot out above the surface of the water; and tho it was not two
+seconds of time that I could keep myself so, yet it relieved me
+greatly, gave me breath and new courage. I was covered again with
+water a good while, but not so long but I held it out; and finding the
+water had spent itself, and began to return, I struck forward against
+the return of the waves, and felt ground again with my feet. I stood
+still a few moments to recover breath, and till the water went from
+me, and then took to my heels and ran with what strength I had farther
+toward the shore. But neither would this deliver me from the fury of
+the sea, which came pouring in after me again; and twice more I was
+lifted up by the waves and carried forward as before, the shore being
+very flat.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The last time of these two had well-nigh been fatal to me; for the sea
+having hurried me along as before, landed me, or rather dashed me
+against a piece of rock, and that with such force that it left me
+senseless, and indeed helpless as to my own deliverance; for the blow
+taking my side and breast, beat the breath as it were quite out of my
+body, and had it returned again immediately I must have been strangled
+in the water; but I recovered a little before the return of the waves,
+and seeing I should again be covered with the water, I resolved to
+hold fast by a piece of the rock, and so to hold my breath if possible
+till the wave went back. Now, as the waves were not so high as the
+first, being nearer land, I held my hold till the wave abated, and
+then fetched another run, which brought me so near the shore that the
+next wave, tho it went over me, yet did not so swallow me up as to
+carry me away; and the next run I took, I got to the mainland, where
+to my great comfort I clambered up the cliffs of the shore, and sat me
+down upon the grass, free from danger and quite out of the reach of
+the water.</p>
+
+<p>I was now landed, and safe on shore; and began to look up and thank
+God that my life was saved, in a case wherein there were, some minutes
+before, scarce any room to hope. I believe it is impossible to
+express, to the life, what the ecstasies and transports of the soul
+are when it is so saved, as I may say, out of the grave: and I did not
+wonder now at the custom, viz., that when a malefactor who has the
+halter about his neck is tied up, and just going to be turned off, and
+has a reprieve brought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> to him&mdash;I say I do not wonder that they bring
+a surgeon with it, to let him blood that very moment they tell him of
+it; that the surprize may not drive the animal spirits from the heart
+and overwhelm him.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"For sudden joys, like griefs, confound at first."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I walked about the shore, lifting up my hands, and my whole being, as
+I may say, wrapt up in the contemplation of my deliverance; making a
+thousand gestures and motions which I can not describe; reflecting
+upon my comrades that were drowned, and that there should not be one
+soul saved but myself; for as for them, I never saw them afterward, or
+any sign of them, except three of the hats, one cap, and two shoes
+that were not fellows.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_10" id="II_10"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>THE RESCUE OF MAN FRIDAY<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>About a year and a half after I entertained these notions (and by long
+musing had, as it were, resolved them all into nothing, for want of an
+occasion to put them in execution), I was surprized one morning early
+by seeing no less than five canoes all on shore together on my side
+the island, and the people who belonged to them all landed and out of
+my sight. The number of them broke all my measures; for seeing so
+many, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span>and knowing that they always came four or six, or sometimes
+more, in a boat, I could not tell what to think of it, or how to take
+my measures to attack twenty or thirty men single-handed; so lay still
+in my castle, perplexed and discomforted. However, I put myself into
+all the same postures for an attack that I had formerly provided, and
+was just ready for action, if anything had presented. Having waited a
+good while, listening to hear if they made any noise, at length, being
+very impatient, I set my guns at the foot of my ladder, and clambered
+up to the top of the hill, by my two stages, as usual; standing so,
+however, that my head did not appear above the hill, so that they
+could not perceive me by any means. Here I observed, by the help of my
+perspective glass, that they were no less than thirty in number; that
+they had a fire kindled, and that they had meat drest. How they had
+cooked it, I knew not, or what it was; but they were all dancing, in I
+know not how many barbarous gestures and figures, their own way, round
+the fire.</p>
+
+<p>While I was thus looking on them, I perceived, by my perspective, two
+miserable wretches dragged from the boats, where, it seems, they were
+laid by, and were now brought out for the slaughter. I perceived one
+of them immediately fall; being knocked down, I suppose with a club or
+wooden sword, for that was their way; and two or three others were at
+work immediately, cutting him open for their cookery, while the other
+victim was left standing by himself, till they should be ready for
+him. In that very moment, this poor wretch, seeing himself a little at
+liberty,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> and unbound, Nature inspired him with hopes of life and he
+started away from them, and ran with incredible swiftness along the
+sands, directly toward me; I mean toward that part of the coast where
+my habitation was. I was dreadfully frightened, that I must
+acknowledge, when I perceived him run my way; and especially when, as
+I thought, I saw him pursued by the whole body; and now I expected
+that part of my dream was coming to pass, and that he would certainly
+take shelter in my grove; but I could not depend, by any means, upon
+my dream, that the other savages would not pursue him thither, and
+find him there. However, I kept my station, and my spirits began to
+recover when I found that there was not above three men that followed
+him; and still more was encouraged, when I found that he outstript
+them exceedingly in running, and gained ground on them; so that, if he
+could but hold it for half an hour, I saw easily he would fairly get
+away from them all.</p>
+
+<p>There was, between them and my castle, the creek, which I mentioned
+often in the first part of my story, where I landed my cargoes out of
+the ship; and this I saw plainly he must necessarily swim over, or the
+poor wretch would be taken there; but when the savage escaping came
+thither, he made nothing of it, tho the tide was then up; but,
+plunging in, swam through in about thirty strokes, or thereabouts,
+landed and ran with exceeding strength and swiftness. When the three
+persons came to the creek I found that two of them could swim, but the
+third could not, and that, standing on the other side, he looked at
+the others, but went no farther, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> soon after went softly back
+again; which, as it happened, was very well for him in the end. I
+observed that the two who swam were yet more than twice as long
+swimming over the creek than the fellow was that fled from them. It
+came very warmly upon my thoughts, and indeed irresistibly, that now
+was the time to get me a servant, and perhaps a companion or
+assistant; and that I was plainly called by Providence to save this
+poor creature's life. I immediately ran down the ladder with all
+possible expedition, fetched my two guns, for they were both at the
+foot of the ladder, as I observed before, and getting up again with
+the same haste to the top of the hill, I crost toward the sea; and
+having a very short cut, and all down hill, clap'd myself in the way
+between the pursuers and the pursued, hallooing aloud to him that
+fled, who, looking back, was at first perhaps as much frightened at me
+as at them; but I beckoned with my hand to him to come back; and, in
+the mean time, I slowly advanced toward the two that followed; then
+rushing at once upon the foremost, I knocked him down with the stock
+of my piece.</p>
+
+<p>I was loath to fire, because I would not have the rest hear; tho at
+that distance it would not have been easily heard, and being out of
+sight of the smoke, too, they would not have known what to make of it.
+Having knocked this fellow down, the other who pursued him stopt, as
+if he had been frightened, and I advanced toward him; but as I came
+nearer, I perceived presently he had a bow and arrow, and was fitting
+it to shoot at me; so I was then obliged to shoot at him first, which
+I did, and killed him at the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> shot. The poor savage who fled,
+but had stopt, tho he saw both his enemies fallen and killed, as he
+thought, yet was so frightened with the fire and noise of my piece
+that he stood stock still, and neither came forward nor went backward,
+tho he seemed rather inclined still to fly than to come on. I hallooed
+again to him, and made signs to come forward, which he easily
+understood, and came a little way; then stopt again, and then a little
+farther, and stopt again; and I could then perceive that he stood
+trembling, as if he had been taken prisoner, and had just been to be
+killed, as his two enemies were. I beckoned to him again to come to
+me, and gave him all the signs of encouragement that I could think of;
+and he came nearer and nearer, kneeling down every ten or twelve
+steps, in token of acknowledgment for saving his life. I smiled at
+him, and looked pleasantly, and beckoned to him to come still nearer;
+at length, he came close to me; and then he kneeled down again, kissed
+the ground, and laid his head upon the ground, and, taking me by the
+foot, set my foot upon his head; this, it seems, was in token of
+swearing to be my slave forever. I took him up, and made much of him,
+and encouraged him all I could.</p>
+
+<p>But there was more work to do yet; for I perceived the savage whom I
+had knocked down was not killed, but stunned with the blow, and began
+to come to himself. So I pointed to him, and showed him the savage,
+that he was not dead; upon this he spoke some words to me, and tho I
+could not understand them, yet I thought they were pleasant to hear;
+for they were the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> first sound of a man's voice that I had heard, my
+own excepted, for above twenty-five years. But there was no time for
+such reflections now; the savage who was knocked down recovered
+himself so far as to sit up upon the ground, and I perceived that my
+savage began to be afraid; but when I saw that, I presented my other
+piece at the man, as if I would shoot him; upon this my savage, for so
+I call him now, made a motion to me to lend him my sword, which hung
+naked in a belt by my side, which I did. He no sooner had it, but he
+runs to his enemy, and at one blow cut off his head as cleverly, no
+executioner in Germany could have done it sooner or better; which I
+thought very strange for one who, I had reason to believe, never saw a
+sword in his life before, except their own wooden swords: however, it
+seems, as learned afterwards, they make their wooden swords so sharp,
+so heavy, and the wood is so hard, that they will even cut off heads
+with them, ay, and arms, and that at one blow too. When he had done
+this, he comes laughing to me in sign of triumph, and brought me the
+sword again, and with abundance of gestures which I did not
+understand, laid it down, with the head of the savage that he had
+killed just before me. But that which astonished him most, was to know
+how I killed the other Indian so far off; so pointing to him, he made
+signs to me to let him go to him; and I bade him go, as well as I
+could. When he came to him, he stood like one amazed, looking at him,
+turning him first on one side, then on the other; looked at the wound
+the bullet had made, which it seems was just in his breast; where it
+had made a hole, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> no great quantity of blood had followed; but he
+had bled inwardly, for he was quite dead.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this he made signs to me that he should bury them with sand, that
+they might not be seen by the rest, if they followed; and so I made
+signs to him again to do so. He fell to work; and in an instant he had
+scraped a hole in the sand with his hands, big enough to bury the
+first in, and then dragged him into it, and covered him; and did so by
+the other also; I believe he had buried them both in a quarter of an
+hour. Then calling him away, I carried him, not to my castle, but
+quite away to my cave, on the farther part of the island; so I did not
+let my dream come to pass in that part, that he came into my grove for
+shelter. Here I gave him bread and a bunch of raisins to eat, and a
+draft of water, which I found he was indeed in great distress for from
+his running; and having refreshed him, I made signs for him to go and
+lie down to sleep, showing him a place where I had laid some rice
+straw, and a blanket upon it, which I used to sleep upon myself
+sometimes; so the poor creature lay down, and went to sleep.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="III_5" id="III_5"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h2>IN THE TIME OF THE GREAT PLAGUE<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>A blazing star or comet appeared for several months before the plague,
+as there did the year after, another, a little before the fire; the
+old women, and the phlegmatic hypochondriac part of the other sex,
+whom I could almost call the old women too, remarked, especially
+afterward, tho not till both those judgments were over, that those two
+comets passed directly over the city, and that so very near the houses
+that it was plain they imported something peculiar to the city alone.
+That the comet before the pestilence was of a faint, dull, languid
+color, and its motion very heavy, solemn, and slow; but that the comet
+before the fire was bright and sparkling, or as others said, flaming,
+and its motion swift and furious; and that accordingly one foretold a
+heavy judgment, slow but severe, terrible, and frightful, as was the
+plague. But the other foretold a stroke, sudden, swift, and fiery, as
+was the conflagration; nay, so particular some people were, that as
+they looked upon that comet preceding the fire they fancied that they
+not only saw it pass swiftly and fiercely, and could perceive the
+motion with their eye, but they even heard it&mdash;that it made a rushing
+mighty noise, fierce and terrible, tho at a distance and but just
+perceivable.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and
+unchristian method, and the poor people so confined made bitter
+lamentations; complaints of the severity of it were also daily brought
+to my lord mayor, of houses causelessly and some maliciously shut up;
+I can not say, but upon inquiry, many that complained so loudly were
+found in a condition to be continued; and others again, inspection
+being made upon the sick person and the sickness not appearing
+infectious, or if uncertain, yet on his being content to be carried to
+the pest-house, was released.</p>
+
+<p>As I went along Houndsditch one morning about eight o'clock there was
+a great noise; it is true indeed that there was not much crowd,
+because the people were not free to gather together, or to stay
+together when they were there, nor did I stay long there; but the
+outcry was loud enough to prompt my curiosity, and I called to one who
+looked out of a window, and asked what was the matter.</p>
+
+<p>A watchman, it seems, had been employed to keep his post at the door
+of a house which was infected, or said to be infected, and was shut
+up; he had been there all night for two nights together, as he told
+his story, and the day watchman had been there one day, and was now
+come to relieve him; all this while no noise had been heard in the
+house, no light had been seen, they called for nothing, sent him on no
+errands, which used to be the chief business of the watchman, neither
+had they given him any disturbance, as he said from Monday afternoon,
+when he heard a great crying and screaming in the house, which as he
+supposed was occasioned by some of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> family dying just at that
+time. It seems the night before, the dead-cart, as it was called, had
+been stopt there, and a servant-maid had been brought down to the door
+dead, and the buriers or bearers, as they were called, put her into
+the cart, wrapt only in a green rug, and carried her away.</p>
+
+<p>The watchman had knocked at the door, it seems, when he heard that
+noise and crying as above, and nobody answered a great while; but at
+last one looked out and said with an angry quick tone, and yet a kind
+of crying voice, or a voice of one that was crying, "What d'ye want,
+that you make such a knocking?" He answered, "I am the watchman; how
+do you do? What is the matter?" The person answered, "What is that to
+you? Stop the dead-cart," This, it seems, was about one o'clock; soon
+after, as the fellow said, he stopt the dead-cart, and then knocked
+again, but nobody answered; he continued knocking, and the bellman
+called out several times, "Bring out your dead"; but nobody answered,
+till the man that drove the cart, being called to other houses, would
+stay no longer, and drove away.</p>
+
+<p>The watchman knew not what to make of all this, so he let them alone
+till the morning man, or day watchman, as they called him, came to
+relieve him. Giving him an account of the particulars, they knocked at
+the door a great while, but nobody answered, and they observed that
+the window or casement at which the person looked out who had answered
+before, continued open, being up two pair of stairs.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this the two men, to satisfy their curi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span>osity, got a long ladder,
+and one of them went up to the window and looked into the room, where
+he saw a woman lying dead upon the floor in a dismal manner, having no
+clothes on but her shift; but tho he called aloud, and putting in his
+long staff, knocked hard on the floor, yet nobody stirred or answered;
+neither could he hear any noise in the house.</p>
+
+<p>He came down upon this and acquainted his fellow, who went up also,
+and finding it just so, they resolved to acquaint either the lord
+mayor or some other magistrate of it, but did not offer to go in at
+the window. The magistrate, it seems, upon the information of the two
+men ordered the house to be broken open, a constable and other persons
+being appointed to be present, that nothing might be plundered; and
+accordingly it was so done, when nobody was found in the house but
+that young woman, who having been infected and past recovery, the rest
+had left her to die by herself, and every one gone, having found some
+way to delude the watchman and to get open the door, or get out at
+some back door, or over the tops of the houses, so that he knew
+nothing of it; and as to those cries and shrieks which he heard, it
+was supposed they were the passionate cries of the family at this
+bitter parting, which to be sure it was to them all, this being the
+sister to the mistress of the family. The man of the house, his wife,
+several children and servants, being all gone and fled; whether sick
+or sound, that I could never learn, nor indeed did I make much inquiry
+after it....</p>
+
+<p>This [38,195 deaths in about a month] was a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> prodigious number of
+itself; but if I should add the reasons which I have to believe that
+this account was deficient, and how deficient it was, you would with
+me make no scruple to believe that there died above 10,000 a week for
+all those weeks, and a proportion for several weeks both before and
+after. The confusion among the people, especially within the city, at
+that time was inexpressible; the terror was so great at last that the
+courage of the people appointed to carry away the dead began to fail
+them; nay, several of them died, altho they had the distemper before,
+and were recovered; and some of them had dropt down when they had been
+carrying the bodies even at the pitside, and just ready to throw them
+in; and this confusion was greater in the city, because they had
+flattered themselves with hopes of escaping, and thought the
+bitterness of death was past. One cart, they told us, going up to
+Shoreditch, was forsaken by the drivers, or being left to one man to
+drive, he died in the street; and the horses, going on, overthrew the
+cart and left the bodies, some thrown here, some there, is a dismal
+manner. Another cart was, it seems, found in the great pit in Finsbury
+Fields, the driver being dead, or having been gone and abandoned it;
+and the horses running too near it, the cart fell in and drew the
+horses in also. It was suggested that the driver was thrown in with it
+and that the cart fell upon him, by reason his whip was seen to be in
+the pit among the bodies; but that, I suppose, could not be certain.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures of Robinson
+Crusoe."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures of Robinson
+Crusoe."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> From the "History of the Great Plague in London." The
+year of the plague was 1665.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="JONATHAN_SWIFT" id="JONATHAN_SWIFT"></a>JONATHAN SWIFT</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1667, died in 1745; educated at Trinity College,
+Dublin; became secretary to Sir William Temple in 1688; held
+small livings in Ireland in 1700 and other years; lived
+mostly in London from 1701 to 1710, when he abandoned the
+Whigs and became a Tory; appointed by Queen Anne dean of St.
+Patrick's, Dublin, in 1713; intimate with Bolingbroke,
+Addison, Steele and Pope; published "Gulliver's Travels" in
+1726; his mind clouded in later years, and in 1741 he was
+put under restraint.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_11" id="I_11"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>ON PRETENSE IN PHILOSOPHERS<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>I was received very kindly by the warden, and went for many days to
+the academy. Every room hath in it one or more projectors, and I
+believe I could not be in fewer than five hundred rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The first man I saw was of a meager aspect, with sooty hands and face,
+his hair and beard long, ragged, and singed in several places. His
+clothes, shirt, and skin were all of the same color. He had been eight
+years upon a project for extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers, which
+were to be put into phials hermetically sealed, and let out to warm
+the air in raw inclement summers. He told me he did not doubt in eight
+years more that he should be able to supply the governor's gardens
+with sunshine at a reasonable rate; but he complained that his stock
+was low, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>and entreated me to give him something as an encouragement
+to ingenuity, especially since this had been a very dear season for
+cucumbers. I made him a small present, for my lord had furnished me
+with money on purpose, because he knew their practise of begging from
+all who go to see them.</p>
+
+<p>I saw another at work to calcine ice into gunpowder, who likewise
+shewed me a treatise he had written concerning the malleability of
+fire, which he intended to publish.</p>
+
+<p>There was a most ingenious architect, who had contrived a new method
+for building houses, by beginning at the roof, and working downwards
+to the foundation; which he justified to me by the like practise of
+those two prudent insects, the bee and the spider.</p>
+
+<p>There was an astronomer who had undertaken to place a sun-dial upon
+the great weather-cock on the town-house, by adjusting the annual and
+diurnal motions of the earth and sun, so as to answer and coincide
+with all accidental turning of the winds.</p>
+
+<p>We crossed a walk to the other part of the academy, where, as I have
+already said, the projectors in speculative learning resided.</p>
+
+<p>The first professor I saw was in a very large room, with forty pupils
+about him. After salutation, observing me to look earnestly upon a
+frame which took up the greatest part of both the length and breadth
+of the room, he said, perhaps I might wonder to see him employed in a
+project for improving speculative knowledge by practical and
+mechanical operations. But the world would soon be sensible of its
+usefulness, and he flattered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> himself that a more noble, exalted
+thought never sprang in any other man's head. Every one knew how
+laborious the usual method is of attaining to arts and sciences;
+whereas by his contrivance, the most ignorant person, at a reasonable
+charge, and with a little bodily labor, may write books in philosophy,
+poetry, politics, law, mathematics, and theology, without the least
+assistance from genius or study. He then led me to the frame, about
+the sides whereof all his pupils stood in ranks. It was twenty feet
+square, placed in the middle of the room. The superficies was composed
+of several bits of wood, about the bigness of a die, but some larger
+than others. They were all linked together by slender wires. These
+bits of wood were covered on every square with paper pasted on them;
+and on these papers were written all the words of their language in
+their several moods, tenses, and declensions, but without any order.
+The professor then desired me to observe, for he was going to set his
+engine at work. The pupils, at his command, took each of them hold of
+an iron handle, whereof there were forty fixt round the edges of the
+frame, and giving them a sudden turn, the whole disposition of the
+words was entirely changed. He then commanded six-and-thirty of the
+lads to read the several lines softly as they appeared upon the frame;
+and where they found three or four words together that might make part
+of a sentence, they dictated to the four remaining boys, who were
+scribes. This work was repeated three or four times, and at every turn
+the engine was so contrived that the words shifted into new places as
+the square bits of wood moved upside<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> down. Six hours a day the young
+students were employed in this labor; and the professor shewed me
+several volumes in large folio, already collected of broken sentences,
+which he intended to piece together, and out of those rich materials
+give the world a complete body of all arts and sciences.</p>
+
+<p>We next went to the school of languages, where three professors sat in
+consultation upon improving that of their own country.</p>
+
+<p>The first project was to shorten discourse by cutting polysyllables
+into one, and leaving out verbs and participles; because, in reality,
+all things imaginable are but nouns. The other was a scheme for
+entirely abolishing all words whatsoever; and this was urged as a
+great advantage in point of health as well as brevity; for, it is
+plain that every word we speak is in some degree a diminution of our
+lungs by corrosion, and consequently contributes to the shortening of
+our lives. An expedient was therefore offered, that since words are
+only names for things, it would be more convenient for all men to
+carry about them such things as were necessary to express the
+particular business they are to discourse on. And this invention would
+certainly have taken place, to the great ease as well as health of the
+subject, if the women, in conjunction with the vulgar and illiterate,
+had not threatened to raise a rebellion, unless they might be allowed
+the liberty to speak with their tongues, after the manner of their
+forefathers; such constant irreconcilable enemies to science are the
+common people.</p>
+
+<p>Another great advantage proposed by this in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span>vention was, that it would
+serve as a universal language to be understood in all civilized
+nations, whose goods and utensils are generally of the same kind, or
+nearly resembling, so that their uses might easily be comprehended.
+And thus ambassadors would be qualified to treat with foreign princes
+or ministers of state, to whose tongues they were utter strangers.</p>
+
+<p>I was at the mathematical school, where the master taught his pupils
+after a method scarce imaginable to us in Europe. The proposition and
+demonstration were fairly written on a thin wafer, with ink composed
+of a cephalic tincture. This the student was to swallow upon a fasting
+stomach, and for three days following eat nothing but bread and water.
+As the wafer digested, the tincture mounted to his brain, bearing the
+proposition along with it. But the success hath not hitherto been
+answerable, partly by some error in the quantum or composition, and
+partly by the perverseness of lads, to whom this bolus is so nauseous
+that they generally steal aside, and discharge it upward before it can
+operate; neither have they been yet persuaded to use so long an
+abstinence as the prescription requires.</p>
+
+<p>In the school of political projectors I was but ill entertained, the
+professors appearing in my judgment wholly out of their senses, which
+is a scene that never fails to make me melancholy. These unhappy
+people were proposing schemes for persuading monarchs to choose
+favorites upon the score of their wisdom, capacity and virtue; of
+teaching ministers to consult the public good; of rewarding merit,
+great abilities, and eminent services; of instructing princes to know
+their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> true interest, by placing it on the same foundation with that
+of their people; of choosing for employments persons qualified to
+exercise them; with many other wild impossible chimeras that never
+entered before into the heart of man to conceive, and confirmed in me
+the old observation, that there is nothing so extravagant and
+irrational which some philosophers have not maintained for truth.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_11" id="II_11"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>ON THE HOSPITALITY OF THE VULGAR<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Those inferior duties of life which the French call <i>les petites
+morales</i>, or the smaller morals, are with us distinguished by the name
+of good manners or breeding. This I look upon, in the general notion
+of it, to be a sort of artificial good sense, adapted to the meanest
+capacities, and introduced to make mankind easy in their commerce with
+each other. Low and little understandings, without some rules of this
+kind, would be perpetually wandering into a thousand indecencies and
+irregularities in behavior; and in their ordinary conversation, fall
+into the same boisterous familiarities that one observeth amongst them
+when a debauch hath quite taken away the use of their reason. In other
+instances, it is odd to consider, that for want of common discretion,
+the very end of good breeding is wholly perverted; and civility,
+intended to make <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>us easy, is employed in laying chains and fetters
+upon us, in debarring us of our wishes, and in crossing our most
+reasonable desires and inclinations.</p>
+
+<p>This abuse reigneth chiefly in the country, as I found to my vexation,
+when I was last there, in a visit I made to a neighbor about two miles
+from my cousin. As soon as I entered the parlor, they put me into the
+great chair that stood close by a huge fire, and kept me there by
+force until I was almost stifled. Then a boy came in great hurry to
+pull off my boots, which I in vain opposed, urging that I must return
+soon after dinner. In the meantime, the good lady whispered her eldest
+daughter, and slipt a key into her hand. The girl returned instantly
+with a beer-glass half full of <i>aqua mirabilis</i> and syrup of
+gillyflowers. I took as much as I had a mind for; but madam vowed I
+should drink it off&mdash;for she was sure it would do me good, after
+coming out of the cold air&mdash;and I was forced to obey; which absolutely
+took away my stomach. When dinner came in, I had a mind to sit at a
+distance from the fire; but they told me it was as much as my life was
+worth, and set me with my back just against it. Altho my appetite was
+quite gone, I resolved to force down as much as I could; and desired
+the leg of a pullet. "Indeed, Mr. Bickerstaff," says the lady, "you
+must eat a wing to oblige me"; and so put a couple upon my plate. I
+was persecuted at this rate during the whole meal. As often as I
+called for small beer, the master tipped the wink, and the servant
+brought me a brimmer of October. Some time after dinner, I ordered my
+cousin's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> man, who came with me, to get ready the horses, but it was
+resolved I should not stir that night; and when I seemed pretty much
+bent upon going, they ordered the stable door to be locked; and the
+children hid my cloak and boots. The next question was, what I would
+have for supper, I said I never ate anything at night; but was at
+last, in my own defense, obliged to name the first thing that came
+into my head. After three hours spent chiefly in apologies for my
+entertainment, insinuating to me, "that this was the worst time of the
+year for provisions; that they were at a great distance from any
+market; that they were afraid I should be starved; and that they knew
+they kept me to my loss," the lady went and left me to her
+husband&mdash;for they took special care I should never be alone. As soon
+as her back was turned, the little misses ran backward and forward
+every moment; and constantly as they came in or went out, made a
+courtesy directly at me, which in good manners I was forced to return
+with a bow, and, "Your humble servant, pretty miss." Exactly at eight
+the mother came up, and discovered by the redness of her face that
+supper was not far off.</p>
+
+<p>It was twice as large as the dinner, and my persecution doubled in
+proportion. I desired at my usual hour to go to my repose, and was
+conducted to my chamber by the gentleman, his lady, and the whole
+train of children. They importuned me to drink something before I went
+to bed; and upon my refusing, at last left a bottle of stingo, as they
+called it, for fear I should wake and be thirsty in the night. I was
+forced in the morning to rise and dress myself in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> dark, because
+they would not suffer my kinsman's servant to disturb me at the hour I
+desired to be called. I was now resolved to break through all measures
+to get away; and after sitting down to a monstrous breakfast of cold
+beef, mutton, neats'-tongues, venison-pasty, and stale beer, took
+leave of the family. But the gentleman would needs see me part of my
+way, and carry me a short-cut through his own grounds, which he told
+me would save half a mile's riding. This last piece of civility had
+like to have cost me dear, being once or twice in danger of my neck,
+by leaping over his ditches, and at last forced to alight in the dirt;
+when my horse, having slipt his bridle, ran away and took us up more
+than an hour to recover him again. It is evident that none of the
+absurdities I met with in this visit proceeded from an ill intention,
+but from a wrong judgment of complaisance, and a misapplication in the
+rules of it.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="III_6" id="III_6"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h2>THE ART OF LYING IN POLITICS<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>I am prevailed on, through the importunity of friends, to interrupt
+the scheme I had begun in my last paper, by an essay upon the Art of
+Political Lying. We are told the devil is the father of lies, and was
+a liar from the beginning; so that, beyond contradiction, the
+invention is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>old: and, which is more, his first essay of it was
+purely political, employed in undermining the authority of his prince,
+and seducing a third part of the subjects from their obedience: for
+which he was driven down from heaven, where (as Milton expresses it)
+he had been viceroy of a great western province; and forced to
+exercise his talent in inferior regions among other fallen spirits,
+poor or deluded men, whom he still daily tempts to his own sin, and
+will ever do so, till he be chained in the bottomless pit.</p>
+
+<p>But altho the devil be the father of lies, he seems, like other great
+inventors, to have lost much of his reputation, by the continual
+improvements that have been made upon him.</p>
+
+<p>Who first reduced lying into an art, and adapted it to politics, is
+not so clear from history, altho I have made some diligent inquiries.
+I shall therefore consider it only according to the modern system, as
+it has been cultivated these twenty years past in the southern part of
+our own island.</p>
+
+<p>The poets tell us, that after the giants were overthrown by the gods,
+the earth in revenge produced her last offspring', which was Fame. And
+the fable is thus interpreted: that when tumults and seditions are
+quieted, rumors and false reports are plentifully spread through a
+nation. So that, by this account, lying is the last relief of a
+routed, earth-born, rebellious party in a state. But here the Moderns
+have made great additions, applying this art to the gaining of power
+and preserving it, as well as revenging themselves after they have
+lost it; as the same instruments are made use of by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> animals to feed
+themselves when they are hungry, and to bite those that tread upon
+them.</p>
+
+<p>But the same genealogy can not always be admitted for political lying;
+I shall therefore desire to refine upon it, by adding some
+circumstances of its birth and parents. A political lie is sometimes
+born out of a discarded statesman's head, and thence delivered to be
+nursed and dandled by the rabble. Sometimes it is produced a monster,
+and licked into shape; at other times it comes into the world
+completely formed, and is spoiled in the licking. It is often born an
+infant in the regular way, and requires time to mature it; and often
+it sees the light in its full growth, but dwindles away by degrees.
+Sometimes it is of noble birth; and sometimes the spawn of a
+stockjobber. Here it screams aloud at the opening of the womb; and
+there it is delivered with a whisper. I know a lie that now disturbs
+half the kingdom with its noise, which, altho too proud and great at
+present to own its parents, I can remember its whisperhood. To
+conclude the nativity of this monster; when it comes into the world
+without a sting, it is stillborn; and whenever it loses its sting, it
+dies.</p>
+
+<p>No wonder if an infant so miraculous in its birth should be destined
+for great adventures; and accordingly we see it hath been the guardian
+spirit of a prevailing party for almost twenty years. It can conquer
+kingdoms without fighting, and sometimes with the loss of a battle. It
+gives and resumes employments; can sink a mountain to a molehill, and
+raise a molehill to a mountain; hath presided for many years at
+committees of elections; can wash a blackamoor white; make a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> saint of
+an atheist, and a patriot of a profligate; can furnish foreign
+ministers with intelligence and raise or let fall the credit of the
+nation. This goddess flies with a huge looking-glass in her hands, to
+dazzle the crowd, and make them see, according as she turns it, their
+ruin in their interest, and their interest in their ruin. In this
+glass you will behold your best friends, clad in coats powdered with
+fleurs-de-lis, and triple crowns; their girdles hung round with
+chains, and beads, and wooden shoes; and your worst enemies adorned
+with the ensigns of liberty, property, indulgence, moderation, and a
+cornucopia in their hands. Her large wings, like those of a flying
+fish, are of no use but while they are moist; she therefore dips them
+in mud, and soaring aloft scatters it in the eyes of the multitude,
+flying with great swiftness; but at every turn is forced to stoop in
+dirty ways for new supplies.</p>
+
+<p>I have been sometimes thinking, if a man had the art of the second
+sight for seeing lies, as they have in Scotland for seeing spirits,
+how admirably he might entertain himself in this town by observing the
+different shapes, sizes, and colors of those swarms of lies which buzz
+about the heads of some people, like flies about a horses' ears in
+summer; or those legions hovering every afternoon in Exchange alley,
+enough to darken the air; or over a club of discontented grandees, and
+thence sent down in cargoes to be scattered at elections.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IV_2" id="IV_2"></a>IV</h2>
+
+<h2>A MEDITATION UPON A BROOMSTICK<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>This single stick, which you now behold ingloriously lying in that
+neglected corner, I once knew in a flourishing state in a forest. It
+was full of sap, full of leaves, and full of boughs; but now in vain
+does the busy art of man pretend to vie with nature, by tying that
+withered bundle of twigs to its sapless trunk; it is now at best but
+the reverse of what it was, a tree turned upside down, the branches on
+the earth, and the root in the air; it is now handled by every dirty
+wench, condemned to do her drudgery, and, by a capricious kind of
+fate, destined to make other things clean, and be nasty itself; at
+length, worn to the stumps in the service of the maids, it is either
+thrown out-of-doors, or condemned to the last use of kindling a fire.
+When I beheld this I sighed, and said within myself, "Surely mortal
+man is a broomstick!" Nature sent him into the world strong and lusty,
+in a thriving condition, wearing his own hair on his head, the proper
+branches of this reasoning vegetable, till the ax of intemperance has
+lopped off his green boughs, and left him a withered trunk; he then
+flies to art, and puts on a periwig, valuing himself upon an unnatural
+bundle of hairs, all covered with powder, that never grew on his head;
+but now should this our broomstick pretend to enter the scene, proud
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>of those birchen spoils it never bore, and all covered with dust,
+through the sweepings of the finest lady's chamber, we should be apt
+to ridicule and despise its vanity. Partial judges that we are of our
+own excellences, and other men's defaults!</p>
+
+<p>But a broomstick, perhaps you will say, is an emblem of a tree
+standing on its head; and pray what is a man but a topsy-turvy
+creature, his animal faculties perpetually mounted on his rational,
+his head where his heels should be, groveling on the earth? And yet,
+with all his faults, he sets up to be a universal reformer and
+corrector of abuses, a remover of grievances; rakes into every slut's
+corner of nature, bringing hidden corruptions to the light; and raises
+a mighty dust where there was none before, sharing deeply all the
+while in the very same pollutions he pretends to sweep away. His last
+days are spent in slavery to women, and generally the least deserving;
+till, worn to the stumps, like his brother besom, he is either kicked
+out-of-doors, or made use of to kindle flames for others to warm
+themselves by.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="V_2" id="V_2"></a>V</h2>
+
+<h2>GULLIVER AMONG THE GIANTS<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>My mistress had a daughter of nine years old, a child of towardly
+parts for her age, very dexterous at her needle, and skilful in
+dressing her baby. Her mother and she contrived to fit up the baby's
+cradle for me against night; the cradle was put into a small drawer of
+a cabinet, and the drawer placed upon a hanging shelf for fear of the
+rats. This was my bed all the time I stayed with those people; tho
+made more convenient by degrees, as I began to learn their language
+and make my wants known. This young girl was so handy, that after I
+had once or twice pulled off my clothes before her, she was able to
+dress and undress me; tho I never gave her that trouble when she would
+let me do either myself. She made me seven shirts, and some other
+linen, of as fine cloth as could be got, which indeed was coarser than
+sackcloth; and these she constantly washed for me with her own hands.
+She was likewise my schoolmistress, to teach me the language: when I
+pointed to anything, she told me the name of it in her own tongue; so
+that in a few days I was able to call for whatever I had a mind to.
+She was very good-natured, and not above forty <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>feet high, being
+little for her age. She gave me the name of Grildrig, which the family
+took up, and afterwards the whole kingdom. The word imports what the
+Latins call <i>homunculus</i>, the Italians <i>homunceletino</i>, and the
+English <i>mannikin</i>. To her I chiefly owe my preservation in that
+country; we never parted while I was there: I called her my
+<i>Glumdalclitch</i>, or little nurse; and should be guilty of great
+ingratitude if I omitted this honorable mention of her care and
+affection toward me, which I heartily wish it lay in my power to
+requite as she deserves, instead of being the innocent but unhappy
+instrument of her disgrace, as I have too much reason to fear.</p>
+
+<p>It now began to be known and talked of in the neighborhood that my
+master had found a strange animal in the field, about the bigness of a
+<i>splacnuck</i>, but exactly shaped in every part like a human creature,
+which it likewise imitated in all its actions: seemed to speak in a
+little language of its own, had already learned several words of
+theirs, went erect upon two legs, was tame and gentle, would come when
+it was called, do whatever it was bid, had the finest limbs in the
+world, and a complexion fairer than a nobleman's daughter of three
+years old.</p>
+
+<p>Another farmer who lived hard by, and was a particular friend of my
+master, came on a visit on purpose to inquire into the truth of this
+story. I was immediately produced and placed upon a table, where I
+walked as I was commanded, drew my hanger, put it up again, made my
+reverence to my master's guest, asked him in his own language how he
+did, and told him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> he was welcome&mdash;just as my little nurse had
+instructed me. This man who was old and dim-sighted, put on his
+spectacles to behold me better; at which I could not forbear laughing
+very heartily, for his eyes appeared like the full moon shining into a
+chamber at two windows. Our people, who discovered the cause of my
+mirth, bore me company in laughing; at which the old fellow was fool
+enough to be angry and out of countenance. He had the character of a
+great miser; and to my misfortune, he well deserved it, by the cursed
+advice he gave my master to show me as a sight upon a market-day in
+the next town, which was half an hour's riding, about two-and-twenty
+miles from our house. I guessed there was some mischief contriving
+when I observed my master and his friend whispering long together,
+sometimes pointing at me; and my fears made me fancy that I overheard
+and understood some of their words.</p>
+
+<p>But the next morning Glumdalclitch, my little nurse, told me the whole
+matter, which she had cunningly picked out from her mother. The poor
+girl laid me on her bosom, and fell a-weeping with shame and grief.
+She apprehended some mischief would happen to me from rude vulgar
+folks, who might squeeze me to death, or break one of my limbs by
+taking me in their hands. She had also observed how modest I was in my
+nature, how nicely I regarded my honor, and what an indignity I should
+conceive it to be exposed for money as a public spectacle to the
+meanest of the people. She said her papa and mama had promised that
+Grildrig should be hers; but now she found they meant to serve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> her as
+they did last year, when they pretended to give her a lamb, and yet,
+as soon as it was fat, sold it to a butcher. For my own part, I may
+truly affirm that I was less concerned than my nurse. I had a strong
+hope, which never left me, that I should one day recover my liberty:
+and as to the ignominy of being carried about for a monster, I
+considered myself to be a perfect stranger in the country, and that
+such a misfortune could never be charged upon me as a reproach if ever
+I should return to England, since the King of Great Britain himself,
+in my condition, must have undergone the same distress.</p>
+
+<p>My master, pursuant to the advice of his friend, carried me in a box
+the next market-day to the neighboring town, and took along with him
+his little daughter, my nurse, upon a pillion behind him. The box was
+close on every side, with a little door for me to go in and out, and a
+few gimlet-holes to let in air. The girl had been so careful as to put
+the quilt of her baby's bed into it for me to lie down on. However, I
+was terribly shaken and discomposed in this journey, tho it were but
+of half an hour; for the horse went about forty feet at every step,
+and trotted so high that the agitation was equal to the rising and
+falling of a ship in a great storm, but much more frequent. Our
+journey was somewhat farther than from London to St. Alban's. My
+master alighted at an inn which he used to frequent; and after
+consulting a while with the innkeeper, and making some necessary
+preparations, he hired the "grultrud," or crier, to give notice
+through the town of a strange creature to be seen at the sign of the
+Green<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> Eagle, not so big as a splacnuck (an animal in that country
+very finely shaped, about six feet long), and in every part of the
+body resembling a human creature&mdash;could speak several words, and
+perform a hundred diverting tricks.</p>
+
+<p>I was placed upon a table in the largest room of the inn, which might
+be near three hundred feet square. My little nurse stood on a low
+stool close to the table, to take care of me and direct what I should
+do. My master, to avoid a crowd, would suffer only thirty people at a
+time to see me. I walked about on the table as the girl commanded; she
+asked me questions as far as she knew my understanding of the language
+reached, and I answered them as loud as I could. I turned about
+several times to the company, paid my humble respects, said "they were
+welcome," and used some other speeches I had been taught. I took up a
+thimble filled with liquor, which Glumdalclitch had given me for a
+cup, and drank their health. I drew out my hanger, and flourished with
+it after the manner of fencers in England. My nurse gave me a part of
+a straw, which I exercised as a pike, having learned the art in my
+youth. I was that day shown to twelve sets of company, and as often
+forced to act over again the same fopperies, till I was half dead with
+weariness and vexation; for those who had seen me made such wonderful
+reports that the people were ready to break down the doors to come in.
+My master, for his own interest, would not suffer any one to touch me
+except my nurse; and to prevent danger, benches were set round the
+table at such a distance as to put me out of everybody's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> teach.
+However, an unlucky schoolboy aimed a hazel-nut directly at my head,
+which very narrowly missed me; otherwise it came with so much violence
+that it would have infallibly knocked out my brains, for it was almost
+as large as a small pumpion: but I had the satisfaction to see the
+young rogue well beaten and turned out of the room....</p>
+
+<p>My master's design was to show me in all the towns by the way; and to
+step out of the road, for fifty or a hundred miles, to any village or
+person of quality's house where he might expect custom. We made easy
+journeys, of not above seven or eight score miles a day; for
+Glumdalclitch, on purpose to spare me, complained she was tired with
+the trotting of the horse. She often took me out of my box, at my own
+desire, to give me air and show me the country; but always held me
+fast by a leading-string. We passed over five or six rivers, many
+degrees broader and deeper than the Nile or the Ganges; and there was
+hardly a rivulet so small as the Thames at London Bridge. We were ten
+weeks in our journey, and I was shown in eighteen large towns, besides
+many villages and private families.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> From the description of the Academy of Lagade in
+"Gulliver's Travels."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> From No. 1 of "The Tatler."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> From "The Examiner."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> This essay is a satire on the writings of Robert
+Boyle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> From "Gulliver's Travels." At this point in the story
+Gulliver, shipwrecked in the country of Brobdingnag, had by the farmer
+who found him been given as a plaything to his little daughter
+Glumdalclitch, who, altho only nine years old, was forty feet tall.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="JOSEPH_ADDISON" id="JOSEPH_ADDISON"></a>JOSEPH ADDISON</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Born in 1672, died in 1719; educated at Oxford, where he
+wrote a Latin poem which brought him a pension of three
+hundred pounds; traveled on the Continent in 1699-1703;
+Under-secretary of State in 1706; Secretary to the Lord
+Lieutenant of Ireland in 1709; Secretary for Ireland in
+1715; Secretary of State in 1717; married the Countess of
+Warwick in 1716; for his periodical <i>The Spectator</i>,
+published daily from March 1st, 1711, to December 6th, 1712,
+wrote 274 papers; including the Sir Roger de Coverley
+papers; author of many other writings, among which "Cato: A
+Tragedy" is notable.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_12" id="I_12"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>When I am in a serious humor, I very often walk by myself in
+Westminster Abbey; where the gloominess of the place, and the use to
+which it is applied, with the solemnity of the building, and the
+condition of the people who lie in it, are apt to fill the mind with a
+kind of melancholy, or rather thoughtfulness, that is not
+disagreeable. I yesterday passed a whole afternoon in the churchyard,
+the cloisters, and the church, amusing myself with the tombstones and
+inscriptions that I met with in those several regions of the dead.
+Most of them recorded nothing else of the buried person, but that he
+was born upon one day, and died upon another: the whole history of his
+life being comprehended in those <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span>two circumstances, that are common
+to all mankind. I could not but look upon these registers of
+existence, whether of brass or marble, as a kind of satire upon the
+departed persons, who had left no other memorial of them, but that
+they were born and that they died. They put one in mind of several
+persons mentioned in the battles of heroic poems, who have sounding
+names given them, for no other reason but that they may be killed, and
+are celebrated for nothing but being knocked on the head.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Glaucumque, Medontaque, Thersilochumque.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="sig">&mdash;<span class="smcap">Virg.</span></p>
+
+<p>The life of these men is finely described in Holy Writ by "the path of
+an arrow," which is immediately closed up and lost.</p>
+
+<p>Upon my going into the church, I entertained myself with the digging
+of a grave; and saw, in every shovelful of it that was thrown up, the
+fragment of a bone or skull intermixt with a kind of fresh moldering
+earth that some time or other had a place in the composition of a
+human body. Upon this I began to consider with myself, what
+innumerable multitudes of people lay confused together under the
+pavement of that ancient cathedral; how men and women, friends and
+enemies, priests and soldiers, monks and prebendaries, were crumbled
+amongst one another, and blended together in the same common mass; how
+beauty, strength and youth, with old age, weakness, and deformity, lay
+undistinguished in the same promiscuous heap of matter.</p>
+
+<p>And having thus surveyed this great magazine of mortality, as it were
+in the lump, I ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span>amined it more particularly by the accounts which I
+found on several of the monuments which are raised in every quarter of
+that ancient fabric. Some of them were covered with such extravagant
+epitaphs, that, if it were possible for the dead person to be
+acquainted with them, he would blush at the praises which his friends
+have bestowed upon him. There are others so excessively modest, that
+they deliver the character of the person departed in Greek or Hebrew,
+and by that means are not understood once in a twelvemonth. In the
+poetical quarter, I found there were poets who had no monuments, and
+monuments which had no poets. I observed, indeed, that the present war
+had filled the church with many of these uninhabited monuments, which
+had been erected to the memory of persons whose bodies were perhaps
+buried in the plains of Blenheim, or in the bosom of the ocean.</p>
+
+<p>I could not but be very much delighted with several modern epitaphs,
+which are written with great elegance of expression and justness of
+thought, and therefore do honor to the living as well as to the dead.
+As a foreigner is very apt to conceive an idea of the ignorance or
+politeness of a nation from the turn of their public monuments and
+inscriptions, they should be submitted to the perusal of men of
+learning and genius before they are put in execution. Sir Cloudesley
+Shovel's monument has very often given me great offense; instead of
+the brave, rough English Admiral, which was the distinguishing
+character of that plain, gallant man, he is represented on his tomb by
+the figure of a beau, drest in a long periwig, and reposing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> himself
+upon velvet cushions under a canopy of state. The inscription is
+answerable to the monument; for instead of celebrating the many
+remarkable actions he had performed in the service of his country, it
+acquaints us only with the manner of his death, in which it was
+impossible for him to reap any honor. The Dutch, whom we are apt to
+despise for want of genius, show an infinitely greater taste of
+antiquity and politeness in their buildings and works of this nature,
+than what we meet with in those of our own country. The monuments of
+their admirals, which have been erected at the public expense,
+represent them like themselves; and are adorned with rostral crowns
+and naval ornaments, with beautiful festoons of seaweed, shells, and
+coral.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to our subject. I have left the repository of our
+English kings for the contemplation of another day, when I shall find
+my mind disposed for so serious an amusement. I know that
+entertainments of this nature are apt to raise dark and dismal
+thoughts in timorous minds and gloomy imaginations: but for my own
+part, tho I am always serious, I do not know what it is to be
+melancholy; and can therefore take a view of nature in her deep and
+solemn scenes, with the same pleasure as in her most gay and
+delightful ones. By this means, I can improve myself with those
+objects which others consider with terror. When I look upon the tombs
+of the great, every emotion of envy dies in me; when I read the
+epitaphs of the beautiful, every inordinate desire goes out; when I
+meet with the grief of parents upon a tombstone, my heart melts with
+compassion; when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> I see the tomb of the parents themselves, I consider
+the vanity of grieving for those whom we must quickly follow; when I
+see kings lying by those who deposed them, when I consider rival wits
+placed side by side, or the holy men that divided the world with their
+contests and disputes, I reflect with sorrow and astonishment on the
+little competitions, factions, and debates of mankind. When I read the
+several dates of the tombs, of some that died yesterday, and some six
+hundred years ago, I consider that great day when we shall all of us
+be contemporaries, and make our appearance together.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_12" id="II_12"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>WILL HONEYCOMB AND HIS MARRIAGE<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>My friend Will Honeycomb values himself very much upon what he calls
+the knowledge of mankind, which has cost him many disasters in his
+youth; for Will reckons every misfortune that he has met with among
+the women, and every encounter among the men, as parts of his
+education, and fancies he should never have been the man he is, had he
+not broke windows, knocked down constables, disturbed honest people
+with his midnight serenades, and beat up Phryne'e quarters, when he
+was a young fellow. The engaging in adventures of this nature, Will
+calls the studying of mankind, and terms this knowledge <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>of the town,
+the knowledge of the world. Will ingenuously confesses, that for half
+his life his head ached every morning with reading of men over night;
+and at present comforts himself under sundry infirmities with the
+reflection that without them he could not have been acquainted with
+the gallantries of the age. This Will looks upon as the learning of a
+gentleman, and regards all other kinds of science as the
+accomplishments of one whom he calls a scholar, a bookish man, or a
+philosopher.</p>
+
+<p>For these reasons Will shines in a mixed company, where he has the
+discretion not to go out of his depth, and has often a certain way of
+making his real ignorance appear a seeming one. Our club, however, has
+frequently caught him tripping, at which times they never spare him.
+For as Will often insults us with the knowledge of the town, we
+sometimes take our revenge upon him by our knowledge of books.</p>
+
+<p>He was last week producing two or three letters which he writ in his
+youth to a coquette lady. The raillery of them was natural, and well
+enough for a mere man of the town; but very unluckily, several of the
+words were wrong spelt. Will laughed this off at first as well as he
+could; but finding himself pushed on all sides, and especially by the
+Templar, he told us with a little passion that he never liked pedantry
+in spelling, and that he spelt like a gentleman and not like a
+scholar: upon this Will had recourse to his old topic of showing the
+narrow-spiritedness, the pride and ignorance, of pedants; which he
+carried so far, that, upon my retiring to my lodgings, I could not
+forbear throwing together<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> such reflections as occurred to me upon
+that subject.</p>
+
+<p>A man who has been brought up among books, and is able to talk of
+nothing else, is a very indifferent companion, and what we call a
+pedant. But, methinks, we should enlarge the title, and give it to
+every one that does not know how to think out of his profession and
+particular way of life.</p>
+
+<p>What is a greater pedant than a mere man of the town? Bar him the
+play-houses, a catalog of the reigning beauties, and an account of a
+few fashionable distempers that have befallen him, and you strike him
+dumb. How many a pretty gentleman's knowledge lies all within the
+verge of the court! He will tell you the names of the principal
+favorites, repeat the shrewd sayings of a man of quality, whisper an
+intrigue that is not yet blown upon by common fame; or, if the sphere
+of his observation is a little larger than ordinary, will perhaps
+enter into all the incidents, turns, and revolutions in a game of
+ombre. When he has gone thus far, he has shown you the whole circle of
+his accomplishments, his parts are drained, and he is disabled from
+any further conversation. What are these but rank pedants? and yet
+these are the men who value themselves most on their exemption from
+the pedantry of colleges.</p>
+
+<p>I might here mention the military pedant, who always talks in a camp,
+and is storming towns, making lodgments, and fighting battles from one
+end of the year to the other. Everything he speaks smells of
+gunpowder: if you take away his artillery from him, he has not a word
+to say<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> for himself. I might likewise mention the law pedant, that is
+perpetually putting eases, repeating the transactions of Westminster
+Hall, wrangling with you upon the most indifferent circumstances of
+life, and not to be convinced of the distance of a place, or of the
+most trivial point in conversation, but by dint of argument. The state
+pedant is wrapt up in news, and lost in politics. If you mention
+either of the kings of Spain or Poland, he talks very notably; but if
+you go out of the Gazette, you drop him. In short, a mere courtier, a
+mere soldier, a mere scholar, a mere anything, is an insipid pedantic
+character, and equally ridiculous.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the species of pedants which I have mentioned, the book pedant
+is much the most supportable: he has at least an exercised
+understanding, and a head which is full tho confused, so that a man
+who converses with him may often receive from him hints of things that
+are worth knowing, and what he may possibly turn to his own advantage,
+tho they are of little use to the owner. The worst kind of pedants
+among learned men are such as are naturally endowed with a very small
+share of common sense, and have read a great number of books without
+taste or distinction....</p>
+
+<p>My friend Will Honeycomb, who was so unmercifully witty upon the
+women, in a couple of letters which I lately communicated to the
+public, has given the ladies ample satisfaction by marrying a farmer's
+daughter; a piece of news which came to our club by the last post. The
+Templar is very positive that he has married a dairymaid; but Will, in
+his letter to me on this occa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span>sion, sets the best face upon the matter
+that he can, and gives a more tolerable account of his spouse. I must
+confess I suspected something more than ordinary, when upon opening
+the letter I found that Will was fallen off from his former gaiety,
+having changed Dear Spec, which was his usual salute at the beginning
+of the letter, into "<i>My worthy friend</i>," and subscribed himself at
+the latter end of it, at full length, William Honeycomb. In short, the
+gay, the loud, the vain Will Honeycomb, who had made love to every
+great fortune that has appeared in town for above thirty years
+together, and boasted of favors from ladies whom he had never seen, is
+at length wedded to a plain country girl.</p>
+
+<p>His letter gives us the picture of a converted rake. The sober
+character of the husband is dashed with the man of the town, and
+enlivened with those little cant phrases which have made my friend
+Will often thought very pretty company. But let us hear what he says
+for himself.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Worthy Friend.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I question not but you, and the rest of my acquaintance,
+wonder that I, who have lived in the smoke and gallantries
+of the town for thirty years together, should all on a
+sudden grow fond of a country life. Had not my dog of a
+steward run away as he did, without making up his accounts,
+I had still been immersed in sin and sea-coal. But since my
+late forced visit to my estate, I am so pleased with it,
+that I am resolved to live and die upon it. I am every day
+abroad among my acres, and can scarce forbear filling my
+letter with breezes, shades, flowers, meadows,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> and purling
+streams. The simplicity of manners which I have heard you so
+often speak of, and which appears here in perfection, charms
+me wonderfully. As an instance of it, I must acquaint you,
+and by your means the whole club, that I have lately married
+one of my tenants' daughters. She is born of honest parents,
+and tho she has no portion she has a great deal of virtue.
+The natural sweetness and innocence of her behavior, the
+freshness of her complexion, the unaffected turn of her
+shape and person, shot me through and through every time I
+saw her, and did more execution upon me in grogram than the
+greatest beauty in town or court had ever done in brocade.
+In short, she is such a one as promises me a good heir to my
+estate; and if by her means I can not leave to my children
+what are falsely called the gifts of birth, high titles and
+alliances, I hope to convey to them the more real and
+valuable gifts of birth, strong bodies and healthy
+constitutions. As for your fine women, I need not tell thee
+that I know them. I have had my share in their graces, but
+no more of that. It shall be my business hereafter to live
+the life of an honest man, and to act as becomes the master
+of a family. I question not but I shall draw upon me the
+raillery of the town, and be treated to the tune of "<i>The
+Marriage-hater match'd</i>"; but I am prepared for it. I have
+been as witty upon others in my time. To tell thee truly, I
+saw such a tribe of fashionable young fluttering coxcombs
+shot up, that I did not think my post of an <i>homme de
+ruelle</i> any longer tenable. I felt a certain stiffness in my
+limbs, which entirely destroyed that jaun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>tiness of air I
+was once master of. Besides, for I may now confess my age to
+thee, I have been eight and forty above these twelve years.
+Since my retirement into the country will make a vacancy in
+the club, I could wish you would fill up my place with my
+friend Tom Dapperwit. He has an infinite deal of fire, and
+knows the town. For my own part, as I have said before, I
+shall endeavor to live hereafter suitable to a man in my
+station, as a prudent head of a family, a good husband, a
+careful father (when it shall so happen), and as</p></div>
+
+<p class="sig1">Your most sincere friend and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig2"><span class="smcap">William Honeycomb.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="III_7" id="III_7"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h2>PRIDE OF BIRTH<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Horace, Juvenal, Boileau, and indeed the greatest writers in almost
+every age, have exposed with all the strength of wit and good sense,
+the vanity of a man's valuing himself upon his ancestors, and
+endeavored to show that true nobility consists in virtue, not in
+birth. With submission, however, to so many great authorities, I think
+they have pushed this matter a little too far. We ought in gratitude
+to honor the posterity of those who have raised either the interest or
+reputation of their country, and by whose labors we ourselves are more
+happy, wise, or virtuous than we should have been without them.
+Besides, naturally speaking, a man bids fairer for greatness <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span>of soul,
+who is the descendant of worthy ancestors, and has good blood in his
+veins, than one who is come of an ignoble and obscure parentage. For
+these reasons, I think a man of merit, who is derived from an
+illustrious line, is very justly to be regarded more than a man of
+equal merit who has no claim to hereditary honors. Nay, I think those
+who are indifferent in themselves, and have nothing else to
+distinguish them but the virtues of their forefathers, are to be
+looked upon with a degree of veneration even upon that account, and to
+be more respected than the common run of men who are of low and vulgar
+extraction.</p>
+
+<p>After having thus ascribed due honors to birth and parentage, I must,
+however, take notice of those who arrogate to themselves more honors
+than are due to them upon this account. The first are such who are not
+enough sensible that vice and ignorance taint the blood, and that an
+unworthy behavior degrades and disennobles a man in the eyes of the
+world, as much as birth and family aggrandize and exalt him.</p>
+
+<p>The second are those who believe a <i>new</i> man of an elevated merit is
+not more to be honored than an insignificant and worthless man who is
+descended from a long line of patriots and heroes; or, in other words,
+behold with contempt a person who is such a man as the first founder
+of their family was, upon whose reputation they value themselves.</p>
+
+<p>But I shall chiefly apply myself to those whose quality sits uppermost
+in all their discourses and behavior. An empty man of a great family
+is a creature that is scarce conversible. You read his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> ancestry in
+his smile, in his air, in his eyebrow. He has, indeed, nothing but his
+nobility to give employment to his thoughts. Rank and precedency are
+the important points which he is always discussing within himself. A
+gentleman of this turn began a speech in one of King Charles's
+parliaments: "Sir, I had the honor to be born at a time"&mdash;upon which a
+rough, honest gentleman took him up short, "I would fain know what
+that gentleman means: is there any one in this house that has <i>not</i>
+had the honor to be born as well as himself?" The good sense which
+reigns in our nation has pretty well destroyed this starched behavior
+among men who have seen the world, and know that every gentleman will
+be treated upon a foot of equality. But there are many who have had
+their education among women, dependents or flatterers, that lose all
+the respect which would otherwise be paid them by being too assiduous
+in procuring it.</p>
+
+<p>My Lord Froth has been so educated in punctilio, that he governs
+himself by a ceremonial in all the ordinary occurrences of life. He
+measures out his bow to the degree of the person he converses with. I
+have seen him in every inclination of the body, from a familiar nod to
+the low stoop in the salutation-sign. I remember five of us, who were
+acquainted with one another, met together one morning at his lodgings,
+when a wag of the company was saying, it would be worth while to
+observe how he would distinguish us at his first entrance.
+Accordingly, he no sooner came into the room, but, casting his eye
+about, "My lord such a one (says he) your most humble servant.&mdash;Sir
+Richard, your humble serv<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span>ant.&mdash;Your servant, Mr. Ironside.&mdash;Mr.
+Ducker, how do you do?&mdash;Hah! Frank, are you there?"</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing more easy than to discover a man whose head is full
+of his family. Weak minds that have imbibed a strong tincture of the
+nursery, younger brothers that have been brought up to nothing,
+superannuated retainers to a great house, have generally their
+thoughts taken up with little else.</p>
+
+<p>I had some years ago an aunt of my own, by name Mrs. Martha Ironside,
+who would never marry beneath herself, and is supposed to have died a
+maid in fourscorth year of her age. She was the chronicle of our
+family, and passed away the greatest part of the last forty years of
+her life in recounting the antiquity, marriages, exploits, and
+alliances of the Ironsides. Mrs. Martha conversed generally with a
+knot of old virgins, who were likewise of good families, and had been
+very cruel all the beginning of the last century. They were every one
+of them as proud as Lucifer, but said their prayers twice a day, and
+in all other respects were the best women in the world. If they saw a
+fine petticoat at church, they immediately took to pieces the pedigree
+of her that wore it, and would lift up their eyes to heaven at the
+confidence of the saucy minx, when they found she was an honest
+tradesman's daughter. It is impossible to describe the pious
+indignation that would rise in them at the sight of a man who lived
+plentifully on an estate of his own getting. They were transported
+with zeal beyond measure, if they heard of a young woman's matching
+into a great family upon account only of her beauty, her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> merit, or
+her money. In short, there was not a female within ten miles of them
+that was in possession of a gold watch, a pearl necklace, or a piece
+of Mechlin lace, but they examined her title to it.</p>
+
+<p>My aunt Martha used to chide me very frequently for not sufficiently
+valuing myself. She would not eat a bit all dinner-time, if at an
+invitation she found she had been seated below herself; and would
+frown upon me for an hour together, if she saw me give place to any
+man under a baronet. As I was once talking to her of a wealthy citizen
+whom she had refused in her youth, she declared to me with great
+warmth, that she preferred a man of quality in his shirt to the
+richest man upon the change in a coach and six. She pretended that our
+family was nearly related by the mother's side to half a dozen peers;
+but as none of them knew anything of the matter, we always kept it as
+a secret among ourselves. A little before her death, she was reciting
+to me the history of my forefathers; but dwelling a little longer than
+ordinary upon the actions of Sir Gilbert Ironside, who had a horse
+shot under him at Edgehill fight, I gave an unfortunate <i>pish</i>! and
+asked, "What was all this to me?" upon which she retired to her closet
+and fell a-scribbling for three hours together; in which time, as I
+afterwards found, she struck me out of her will, and left all that she
+had to my sister Margaret, a wheedling baggage, that used to be asking
+questions about her great-grandfather from morning to night. She now
+lies buried among the family of the Ironsides, with a stone over her,
+acquainting the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> reader that she died at the age of eighty years, a
+spinster, and that she was descended of the ancient family of the
+Ironsides; after which follows the genealogy drawn up by her own hand.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IV_3" id="IV_3"></a>IV</h2>
+
+<h2>SIR ROGER AND HIS HOME<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The first of our society is a gentleman of Worcestershire, of ancient
+descent, a baronet, his name Sir Roger de Coverley. His
+great-grandfather was inventor of that famous country-dance which is
+called after him. All who know that shire are very well acquainted
+with the parts and merits of Sir Roger. He is a gentleman that is very
+singular in his behavior; but his singularities proceed from his good
+sense, and are contradictions to the manners of the world only as he
+thinks the world is in the wrong. However, this humor creates him no
+enemies, for he does nothing with sourness or obstinacy; and his being
+unconfined to modes and forms makes him but the readier and more
+capable to please and oblige all who know him. When he is in town he
+lives in Soho Square. It is said, he keeps himself a bachelor, by
+reason he was crossed in love by a perverse beautiful widow <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span>of the
+next county to him. Before this disappointment, Sir Roger was what you
+call a fine gentleman; had often supped with my Lord Rochester and Sir
+George Etherege, fought a duel upon his first coming to town, and
+kicked Bully Dawson in a public coffee-house, for calling him
+youngster. But, being ill used by the above-mentioned widow, he was
+very serious for a year and a half; and tho, his temper being
+naturally jovial, he at last got over it, he grew careless of himself
+and never drest afterward. He continues to wear a coat and doublet of
+the same cut that were in fashion at the time of his repulse, which,
+in his merry humors he tells us, has been in and out twelve times
+since he first wore it. He is now in his fifty-sixth year, cheerful,
+gay, and hearty; keeps a good house both in town and country; a great
+lover of mankind; but there is such a mirthful east in his behavior
+that he is rather beloved than esteemed. His tenants grow rich, his
+servants look satisfied, all the young women profess love to him, and
+the young men are glad of his company; when he comes into a house, he
+calls the servants by their names, and talks all the way up-stairs to
+a visit. I must not omit that Sir Roger is a justice of the <i>quorum</i>;
+that he fills the chair at a quarter-session with great abilities, and
+three months ago gained universal applause by explaining a passage in
+the Game Act.</p>
+
+<p>Having often received an invitation from my friend Sir Roger de
+Coverley to pass away a month with him in the country, I last week
+accompanied him thither, and am settled with him for some time at his
+country-house, where I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> intend to form several of my ensuing
+speculations. Sir Roger, who is very well acquainted with my humor,
+lets me rise and go to bed when I please; dine at his own table or in
+my chamber as I think fit; sit still and say nothing without bidding
+me be merry. When the gentlemen of the country come to see him, he
+only shows me at a distance: as I have been walking in his fields, I
+have observed them stealing a sight of me over an hedge, and have
+heard the knight desiring them not to let me see them, for that I
+hated to be stared at.</p>
+
+<p>I am the more at ease in Sir Roger's family, because it consists of
+sober and staid persons: for, as the knight is the best master in the
+world, he seldom changes his servants; and, as he is beloved by all
+about him, his servants never care for leaving him; by this means his
+domestics are all in years, and grown old with their master. You would
+take his valet-de-chambre for his brother; his butler is gray-headed;
+his groom is one of the gravest men that I have ever seen; and his
+coachman has the looks of a privy-councillor. You see the goodness of
+the master even in the old house-dog, and in a gray pad that is kept
+in the stable with great care and tenderness, out of regard to his
+past services, tho he has been useless for several years.</p>
+
+<p>I could not but observe with a great deal of pleasure the joy that
+appeared in the countenance of these ancient domestics upon my
+friend's arrival at his country-seat. Some of them could not refrain
+from tears at the sight of their old master; every one of them prest
+forward to do something for him, and seemed discouraged if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> they were
+not employed. At the same time the good old knight, with a mixture of
+the father and the master of the family, tempered the inquiries after
+his own affairs with several kind questions relating to themselves.
+This humanity and good-nature engages everybody to him, so that, when
+he is pleasant upon any of them, all his family are in good humor, and
+none so much as the person whom he diverts himself with: on the
+contrary, if he coughs, or betrays any infirmity of old age, it is
+easy for a stander-by to observe a secret concern in the looks of all
+his servants.</p>
+
+<p>My worthy friend has put me under the particular care of his butler,
+who is a very prudent man, and, as well as the rest of his fellow
+servants, wonderfully desirous of pleasing me, because they have often
+heard their master talk of me as of his particular friend.</p>
+
+<p>My chief companion, when Sir Roger is diverting himself in the woods
+or the fields, is a very venerable man who is ever with Sir Roger, and
+has lived at his house in the nature of a chaplain above thirty years.
+This gentleman is a person of good sense and some learning, of a very
+regular life and obliging conversation: he heartily loves Sir Roger,
+and knows that he is very much in the old knight's esteem, so that he
+lives in the family rather as a relation than a dependent.</p>
+
+<p>I have observed in several of my papers, that my friend Sir Roger,
+amidst all his good qualities, is something of a humorist; and that
+his virtues, as well as imperfections, are, as it were, tinged by a
+certain extravagance, which makes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> them particularly his, and
+distinguishes them from those of other men. This cast of mind, as it
+is generally very innocent in itself, so it renders his conversation
+highly agreeable, and more delightful than the same degree of sense
+and virtue would appear in their common or ordinary colors. As I was
+walking with him last night, he asked me how I liked the good man whom
+I have just now mentioned; and, without staying for my answer, told me
+that he was afraid of being insulted with Latin and Greek at his own
+table; for which reason he desired a particular friend of his at the
+university to find him out a clergyman rather of plain sense than much
+learning, of a good aspect, a clear voice, a sociable temper, and if
+possible a man that understood a little about backgammon. "My friend,"
+says Sir Roger, "found me out this gentleman, who, besides the
+endowments required of him, is, they tell me, a good scholar, tho he
+does not show it. I have given him the parsonage of the parish; and,
+because I know his value, have settled upon him a good annuity for
+life. If he outlives me, he shall find that he was higher in my esteem
+than perhaps he thinks he is. He has now been with me thirty years;
+and, tho he does not know I have taken notice of it, has never in all
+that time asked anything of me for himself, tho he is every day
+soliciting me for something in behalf of one or other of my tenants,
+his parishioners."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> From "The Spectator," No. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> From Nos. 105 and 530 of "The Spectator."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> From No. 137 of "The Guardian."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> From Nos. 2 and 106 of "The Spectator." It has been
+conjectured that the world owes to Steele rather than to Addison the
+original conception of the character of Sir Roger, altho its
+development was due more largely to Addison.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<h3>END OF VOLUME III</h3>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Best of the World's Classics,
+Restricted to prose. Volume III (of X) - Great Britain and Ireland I, by Francis W. Halsey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Best of the World's Classics,  Restricted to prose. Volume III (of X) - Great Britain and Ireland I
+
+Author: Francis W. Halsey
+
+Editor: Henry Cabot Lodge
+
+Release Date: June 4, 2007 [EBook #21679]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEST OF THE WORLD'S CLASSICS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joseph R. Hauser, Sankar Viswanathan, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       [Illustration: MILTON, BACON, CHAUCER, and SHAKESPEARE.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE BEST
+
+                               _of the_
+
+                           WORLD'S CLASSICS
+
+
+                         RESTRICTED TO PROSE
+
+
+                          HENRY CABOT LODGE
+
+                          _Editor-in-Chief_
+
+
+                          FRANCIS W. HALSEY
+
+                          _Associate Editor_
+
+
+                With an Introduction, Biographical and
+                       Explanatory Notes, etc.
+
+
+                            IN TEN VOLUMES
+
+
+                               Vol. III
+
+
+                     GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND--I
+
+
+
+
+                       FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
+
+                         NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+
+
+                         COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY
+
+                       FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Best of the World's Classics
+
+VOL. III
+
+GREAT BRITAIN AND
+
+IRELAND--I
+
+1281-1745
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+VOL. III--GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND--I
+
+
+      RICHARD DE BURY--(Born in 1281, died in 1345.)
+
+      In Praise of Books.
+      (From the "Philobiblon")
+
+      SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE--(Reputed author.)
+
+I     The Route from England to Constantinople.
+      (From the "Travels")
+
+II    At the Court of the Great Chan.
+      (From the "Travels")
+
+      JOHN WYCLIF--(Born about 1324, died in 1384.)
+
+      The Baptism of Christ.
+      (Being a translation from the Gospel of Mark)
+
+      GEOFFREY CHAUCER--(Born about 1340, died in 1400.)
+
+      Of Acquiring and Using Riches.
+      (One of the prose "Canterbury Tales")
+
+      WILLIAM CAXTON--(Born about 1422, died in 1491.)
+
+      Of True Nobility and Chivalry.
+      (From the "Game and Playe of Chesse." Translated by Caxton from
+          the French original)
+
+      SIR THOMAS MALORY--(Born about 1430, died after 1470.)
+
+      Of the Finding of a Sword for Arthur. (From the "Morte d'Arthur")
+
+      SIR THOMAS MORE--(Born in 1478, died in 1535.)
+
+      Life in Utopia.
+      (From the "Utopia")
+
+      JOHN KNOX--(Born in 1505, died in 1572.)
+
+      An Interview with Mary Queen of Scots.
+      (From the "History of the Reformation in Scotland")
+
+      ROGER ASCHAM--(Born in 1515, died in 1568.)
+
+      Of Gentle Methods in Teaching.
+      (From the "Schoolmaster")
+
+      JOHN FOXE--(Born in 1516, died in 1587.)
+
+      The Death of Anne Boleyn.
+      (From the "Book of Martyrs")
+
+      SIR WALTER RALEIGH--(Born in 1552, died in 1618.)
+
+      The Mutability of Human Affairs.
+      (From the Preface to the "History of the World")
+
+      FRANCIS BACON--(Born in 1561, died in 1626.)
+
+I     Of Travel.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+II    Of Riches.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+III   Of Youth and Age.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+IV    Of Revenge.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+V     Of Marriage and Single Life.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+VI    Of Envy.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+VII   Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+VIII  Of Studies.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+IX    Of Regiment of Health.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+      WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE--(Born in 1564, died in 1616.)
+
+I     Brutus to His Countrymen.
+      (From "Julius Caesar")
+
+II    Shylock in Defense of His Race.
+      (From the "Merchant of Venice")
+
+III   Hamlet to the Players.
+      (From "Hamlet, Prince of Denmark")
+
+      BEN JONSON--(Born in 1573, died in 1637.)
+
+      Shakespeare and Other Wits.
+      (From "Timber; or, Discoveries Made Upon Men and Matter")
+
+      IZAAK WALTON--(Born in 1593, died in 1683.)
+
+I     The Antiquity of Angling.
+      (From Part I, Chapter IV, of "The Compleat Angler")
+
+II    Of the Trout.
+      (From Part I, Chapter IV, of "The Compleat Angler")
+
+III   The Death of George Herbert.
+      (From the "Lives")
+
+      JAMES HOWELL--(Born in 1595, died in 1666.)
+
+I     The Bucentaur Ceremony in Venice.
+      (From the "Familiar Letters")
+
+II    The City of Rome in 1621.
+      (From the "Familiar Letters")
+
+      SIR THOMAS BROWNE--(Born in 1605, died in 1682.)
+
+I     Of Charity in Judgments.
+      (From the "Religio Medici")
+
+II    Nothing Strictly Immortal.
+      (From Chapter V of "Urn Burial")
+
+      JOHN MILTON--(Born in 1608, died in 1674.)
+
+I     Of His Own Literary Ambition.
+      (From "The Reason of Church Government")
+
+II    A Complete Education Defined.
+      (From the "Tractate on Education")
+
+III   On Reading in His Youth.
+      (From the "Apology for Smectymnus")
+
+IV    In Defense of Books.
+      (From the "Areopagitica")
+
+V     A Noble and Puissant Nation.
+      (From the "Areopagitica")
+
+VI    Of Fugitive and Cloistered Virtue.
+      (From the "Areopagitica")
+
+      LORD CLARENDON--(Born in 1608, died in 1674.)
+
+      Of Charles I.
+      (From the "History of the Rebellion")
+
+      THOMAS FULLER--(Born in 1608, died in 1661.)
+
+      Qualities of the Good Schoolmaster.
+      (From "The Holy and Profane State")
+
+      JEREMY TAYLOR--(Baptized in 1613, died in 1667.)
+
+      The Benefits of Adversity.
+      (From the "Rules and Exercises of Holy Dying")
+
+      ABRAHAM COWLEY--(Born in 1618, died in 1667.)
+
+I     Of Obscurity.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+II    Of Procrastination.
+      (From the "Essays")
+
+      GEORGE FOX--(Born in 1624, died in 1691.)
+
+      An Interview with Oliver Cromwell.
+      (From the "Journal")
+
+      JOHN BUNYAN--(Baptized in 1628, died in 1668.)
+
+I     A Dream of the Celestial City.
+      (From "The Pilgrim's Progress")
+
+II    The Death of Valiant-for-truth and of Stand-fast.
+      (From "The Pilgrim's Progress")
+
+III   Ancient Vanity Fair.
+      (From "The Pilgrim's Progress")
+
+      JOHN DRYDEN--(Born in 1631, died in 1700.)
+
+      Of Elizabethan Dramatists.
+      (From the "Essay on Dramatic Poetry")
+
+      SAMUEL PEPYS--(Born in 1633, died in 1703.)
+
+I     Of Various Doings of Mr. and Mrs. Pepys.
+      (From the "Diary")
+
+II    England Without Cromwell.
+      (From the "Diary")
+
+      GILBERT BURNET--(Born in 1643, died in 1715.)
+
+      Charles II.
+      (From the "History of Our Own Times")
+
+      DANIEL DEFOE--(Born in 1661, died in 1731.)
+
+I     The Shipwreck of Crusoe.
+      (From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures
+          of Robinson Crusoe")
+
+II    The Rescue of Man Friday.
+      (From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures
+          of Robinson Crusoe")
+
+III   In the Time of the Great Plague.
+      (From the "History of the Great Plague")
+
+      JONATHAN SWIFT--(Born in 1667, died in 1745.)
+
+I     On Pretense in Philosophers.
+      (From "Gulliver's Travels")
+
+II    On the Hospitality of the Vulgar.
+      (From No. 1 of _The Tatler_)
+
+III   The Art of Lying in Politics.
+      (From _The Examiner_)
+
+IV    A Meditation upon a Broomstick
+
+V     Gulliver Among the Giants.
+      (From "Gulliver's Travels")
+
+      JOSEPH ADDISON--(Born in 1672, died in 1719.)
+
+I     In Westminster Abbey.
+      (From No. 26 of _The Spectator_)
+
+II    Will Honeycomb and His Marriage.
+      (From Nos. 105 and 530 of _The Spectator_)
+
+III   Pride of Birth.
+      (From No. 137 of _The Guardian_)
+
+IV    Sir Roger and His Home.
+      (From Nos. 2 and 106 of _The Spectator_)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND--I
+
+1281-1745
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD DE BURY
+
+     Born in 1281, died in 1345; the son of Sir Richard
+     Aungerville, his own name being taken from his birthplace,
+     Bury St. Edmonds; educated at Oxford, and became a
+     Benedictine monk; tutor to Edward III; dean of Wells
+     Cathedral in 1333; bishop of Durham the same year; high
+     chancellor of England in 1334; founded a library at Oxford;
+     his "Philobiblon" first printed at Cologne in 1473.
+
+
+
+
+IN PRAISE OF BOOKS[1]
+
+
+The desirable treasure of wisdom and knowledge, which all men covet
+from the impulse of nature, infinitely surpasses all the riches of the
+world; in comparison with which, precious stones are vile, silver is
+clay, and purified gold grains of sand; in the splendor of which, the
+sun and moon grow dim to the sight; in the admirable sweetness of
+which, honey and manna are bitter to the taste. The value of wisdom
+decreaseth not with time; it hath an ever-flourishing virtue that
+cleanseth its possession from every venom. O celestial gift of divine
+liberality, descending from the Father of light to raise up the
+rational soul even to heaven; thou art the celestial alimony of
+intellect, of which whosoever eateth shall yet hunger, and whoso
+drinketh shall yet thirst; a harmony rejoicing the soul of the
+sorrowful, and never in any way discomposing the hearer. Thou art the
+moderator and the rule of morals, operating according to which none
+err. By thee kings reign, and lawgivers decree justly. Through thee,
+rusticity of nature being cast off, wits and tongues being polished,
+and the thorns of vice utterly eradicated, the summit of honor is
+reached and they become fathers of their country and companions of
+princes, who, without thee, might have forged their lances into spades
+and plowshares, or perhaps have fed swine with the prodigal son.
+
+Where, then, most potent, most longed-for treasure, art thou
+concealed? and where shall the thirsty soul find thee? Undoubtedly,
+indeed, thou hast placed thy desirable tabernacle in books, where the
+Most High, the Light of light, the Book of Life, hath established
+thee. There then all who ask receive, all who seek find thee, to those
+who knock thou openest quickly. In books Cherubim expand their wings,
+that the soul of the student may ascend and look around from pole to
+pole, from the rising to the setting sun, from the north and from the
+south. In them the Most High, Incomprehensible God himself is
+contained and worshiped. In them the nature of celestial, terrestrial,
+and infernal beings is laid open. In them the laws by which every
+polity is governed are decreed, the offices of the celestial hierarchy
+are distinguished, and tyrannies of such demons are described as the
+ideas of Plato never surpassed, and the chair of Crito never
+sustained.
+
+In books we find the dead as it were living: in books we foresee
+things to come; in books warlike affairs are methodized; the rights of
+peace proceed from books. All things are corrupted and decay with
+time. Satan never ceases to devour those whom he generates, insomuch
+that the glory of the world would be lost in oblivion, if God had not
+provided mortals with a remedy in books. Alexander, the ruler of the
+world; Julius[2] the invader of the world and the city, the first who
+in unity of person assumed the empire in arms and arts; the faithful
+Fabricius,[3] the rigid Cato, would at this day have been without a
+memorial if the aid of books had failed them. Towers are razed to the
+earth, cities overthrown, triumphal arches moldered to dust; nor can
+the king or pope be found, upon whom the privilege of a lasting name
+can be conferred more easily than by books. A book made renders
+succession to the author; for as long as the book exists, the author,
+remaining immortal, can not perish; as Ptolemy witnesseth; in the
+prolog of his Almagest,[4] he (he says) is not dead, who gave life to
+science.
+
+What learned scribe, therefore, who draws out things new and old from
+an infinite treasury of books, will limit their price by any other
+thing whatsoever of another kind? Truth, overcoming all things, which
+ranks above kings, wine, and women, to honor which above friends
+obtains the benefit of sanctity, which is the way that deviates not,
+and the life without end, to which the holy Boethius attributes a
+threefold existence in the mind, in the voice, and in writing, appears
+to abide most usefully and fructify most productively of advantage in
+books. For the truth of the voice perishes with the sound. Truth,
+latent in the mind, is hidden wisdom and invisible treasure; but the
+truth which illuminates books, desires to manifest itself to every
+disciplinable sense, to the sight when read, to the hearing when
+heard; it, moreover, in a manner commends itself to the touch, when
+submitting to be transcribed, collated, corrected, and preserved.
+Truth confined to the mind, tho it may be the possession of a noble
+soul, while it wants a companion and is not judged of, either by the
+sight or the hearing, appears to be inconsistent with pleasure. But
+the truth of the voice is open to the hearing only, and latent to the
+sight (which shows as many differences of things fixt upon by a most
+subtle motion), beginning and ending as it were simultaneously. But
+the truth written in a book being not fluctuating, but permanent,
+shows itself openly to the sight passing through the spiritual ways of
+the eyes, as the porches and halls of common sense and imagination; it
+enters the chamber of intellect, reposes itself upon the couch of
+memory, and there congenerates the eternal truth of the mind.
+
+Lastly, let us consider how great a commodity of doctrine exists in
+books, how easily, how secretly, how safely they expose the nakedness
+of human ignorance without putting it to shame. These are the masters
+that instruct us without rods and ferulas, without hard words and
+anger, without clothes or money. If you approach them, they are not
+asleep; if investigating you interrogate them, they conceal nothing;
+if you mistake them, they never grumble, if you are ignorant, they can
+not laugh at you.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: From the "Philobiblon," a treatise on books, translated
+from the original Latin into English in 1852 by John Englis. The Latin
+text and a new translation by Andrew J. West were printed by the
+Grolier Club of New York in 1887.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The reference is to Julius Caesar.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Roman Consul, general and ambassador to Pyrrhus in
+280, who was noted for inflexible honesty.]
+
+[Footnote 4: The best-known work of Ptolemy of Alexandria, astronomer
+and mathematician, who lived in the first half of the second century.]
+
+
+
+
+SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE
+
+     Reputed author of a book of "Travels" of the fourteenth
+     century, a compilation intended as a guide to pilgrims in
+     the Holy Land, and based upon works by William of Boldensele
+     (1336) and Friar Odoric of Pordenone (1330).
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+THE ROUTE FROM ENGLAND TO CONSTANTINOPLE[5]
+
+
+He that will pass over the sea and come to land, to go to the city of
+Jerusalem, he may wend many ways, both on sea and land, after the
+country that he cometh from; for many of them come to one end. But
+trow not that I will tell you all the towns, and cities and castles
+that men shall go by; for then should I make too long a tale; but all
+only some countries and most principal steads that men shall go
+through to go the right way.
+
+First, if a man come from the west side of the world, as England,
+Ireland, Wales, Scotland, or Norway, he may, if that he will, go
+through Almayne and through the kingdom of Hungary, that marches to
+the land of Polayne, and to the land of Pannonia,[6] and so to
+Silesia.
+
+And the King of Hungary is a great lord and a mighty, and holds great
+lordships and much land in his hand. For he holds the kingdom of
+Hungary, Sclavonia, and of Comania a great part, and of Bulgaria that
+men call the land of Bougiers, and of the realm of Russia a great
+part, whereof he has made a duchy, that lasts unto the land of
+Nyfland,[7] and marches to Prussia. And men go through the land of
+this lord, through a city that is called Cypron,[8] and by the castle
+of Neasburghe, and by the evil town, that sit toward the end of
+Hungary. And there pass men the river Danube. This river of Danube is
+a full great river, and it goeth into Almayne, under the hills of
+Lombardy, and it receives into him forty other rivers, and it runs
+through Hungary and through Greece and through Thrace, and it enters
+into the sea, toward the east so rudely and so sharply, that the water
+of the sea is fresh and holds its sweetness twenty mile within the
+sea.
+
+And after, go men to Belgrade, and enter into the land of Bourgiers;
+and there pass men a bridge of stone that is upon the river of
+Marrok.[9] And men pass through the land of Pyncemartz and come to
+Greece to the city of Nye, and to the city of Fynepape,[10] and after
+to the city of Dadrenoble,[11] and after to Constantinople, that was
+wont to be called Bezanzon.[12] And there dwells commonly the Emperor
+of Greece. And there is the most fair church and the most noble of all
+the world; and it is of Saint Sophie. And before that church is the
+image of Justinian the emperor, covered with gold, and he sits upon a
+horse crowned. And he was wont to hold a round apple of gold in his
+hand; but it is fallen out thereof. And men say there, that it is a
+token that the emperor has lost a great part of his lands and of his
+lordships; for he was wont to be Emperor of Roumania and of Greece, of
+all Asia the less, and of the land of Syria, of the land of Judea in
+the which is Jerusalem, and of the land of Egypt, of Persia, and of
+Arabia. But he has lost all but Greece; and that land he holds all
+only. And men would many times put the apple into the image's hand
+again, but it will not hold it. This apple betokens the lordship that
+he had over all the world, that is round. And the other hand he lifts
+up against the East, in token to menace the misdoers. This image
+stands upon a pillar of marble at Constantinople.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+AT THE COURT OF THE GREAT CHAN[13]
+
+
+The men of Tartary have let make another city that is called Caydon.
+And it has twelve gates, and between the two gates there is always a
+great mile; so that the two cities, that is to say, the old and the
+new, have in circuit more than twenty mile.
+
+In this city is the court of the great Chan in a full great palace and
+the most passing fair in all the world, of the which the walls be in
+circuit more than two mile. And within the walls it is full of other
+palaces. And in the garden of the great palace there is a great hill,
+upon the which there is another palace; and it is the most fair and
+the most rich that any man may devise. And all about the palace and
+the hill be many trees bearing many diverse fruits. And all about the
+hill be ditches great and deep, and beside them be great fish ponds on
+that one part and on that other. And there is a full fair bridge to
+pass over the ditches. And in these vivaries be so many wild geese and
+ganders and wild ducks and swans and herons that it is without number.
+And all about these ditches and vivaries is the great garden full of
+wild beasts. So that when the great Chan will have any disport on
+that, to take any of the wild beasts or of the fowls, he will let
+chase them and take them at the windows without going out of his
+chamber.
+
+This palace, where his court is, is both great and passing fair. And
+within the palace, in the hall, there be twenty-four pillars of fine
+gold. And all the walls be covered within of red skins of beasts that
+men call panthers, that be fair beasts and well smelling; so that for
+the sweet odor of those skins no evil air may enter into the palace.
+Those skins be as red as blood, and they shine so bright against the
+sun, that scarcely no man may behold them. And many folk worship these
+beasts, when they meet them first at morning, for their great virtue
+and for the good smell that they have. And those skins they prize more
+than tho they were plate of fine gold.
+
+And in the midst of this palace is the reservoir for the great Chan,
+that is all wrought of gold and of precious stones and great pearls.
+And at four corners of the reservoir be four serpents of gold. And all
+about there is made large nets of silk and gold and great pearls
+hanging all about the reservoir. And under the reservoir be conduits
+of beverage that they drink in the emperor's court. And beside the
+conduits be many vessels of gold, by the which they that be of
+household drink at the conduit.
+
+And the hall of the palace is full nobly arrayed, and full
+marvellously attired on all parts in all things that men apparel with
+any hall. And first, at the chief of the hall is the emperor's throne,
+full high, where he sits at the meat. And that is of fine precious
+stones, bordered all about with pure gold and precious stones, and
+great pearls. And the steps that he goes up to the table be of
+precious stones mingled with gold.
+
+And at the left side of the emperor's seat is the seat of his first
+wife, one degree lower than the emperor; and it is of jasper, bordered
+with gold and precious stones. And the seat of his second wife is also
+another seat more lower than his first wife; and it is also of jasper,
+bordered with gold, as that other is. And the seat of the third wife
+is also more low, by a degree, than the second wife. For he has always
+three wives with him, where that ever he be.
+
+And after his wives, on the same side, sit the ladies of his lineage
+yet lower, after that they be of estate. And all those that be married
+have a counterfeit made like a man's foot upon their heads, a cubit
+long, all wrought with great pearls, fine and orient, and above made
+with peacocks' feathers and of other shining feathers; and that stands
+upon their heads like a crest, in token that they be under man's foot
+and under subjection of man. And they that be unmarried have none
+such.[14]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 5: From the "Travels," the earliest extant book written in
+English. In this specimen the spelling has been in part modernized.
+First printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1429. "Mandeville" has been called
+the "Father of English Prose."]
+
+[Footnote 6: An old name for Hungary.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Now known as Livonia, one of the Baltic provinces of
+Russia.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Now Oedenburg, a city of Hungary.]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Morava, one of the chief rivers of Servia.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Philippolis.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Adrianople.]
+
+[Footnote 12: An old form of the word Byzantium, a town founded by
+Megariaus in the seventh century B.C. When Constantine founded the
+city to which he gave his own name, Byzantium, lying east of it, was
+included within the city limits.]
+
+[Footnote 13: From the "Travels."]
+
+[Footnote 14: The quaint words in which "Mandeville" concludes his
+book are these: "And I, John Mandeville, knight, above said (altho I
+be unworthy), that departed from our countries and passed the sea, the
+year of grace a thousand three hundred and twenty-two, that have
+passed many lands and many isles and countries, and searched many full
+strange places, and have been in many a full good honorable company,
+and at many a fair deed of arms (albeit that I did none myself, for
+mine unable insuffisance), now I am come home, in spite of myself, to
+rest, for gouts arthritic that me distrain, that define the end of my
+labor; against my will (God knows)."]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN WYCLIF
+
+     Born about 1324, died in 1384; "The Morning Star of the
+     Reformation"; educated at Oxford; rector in Lincolnshire and
+     Buckinghamshire; Royal ambassador to papal nuncios at Bruges
+     in 1374; in sermons attacked the Church of Rome; five papal
+     bulls, authorizing his imprisonment, signed against him;
+     threw off allegiance to the Church and wrote fearlessly
+     against papal claims; died of paralysis; his bones in 1428
+     exhumed and burnt and his ashes cast into the river Swift by
+     order of the synod of Constance; his translation of the
+     Bible from the Vulgate, completed about 1382 was the first
+     complete translation ever made.
+
+
+
+
+THE BAPTISM OF CHRIST[15]
+
+
+1. The bigynnynge of the gospel of Jhesu Crist, the sone of God.
+
+2. As it is writun in Ysaie, the prophete, Lo! I send myn angel bifore
+thi face, that schal make thi weye redy before thee.
+
+3. The voyce of oon cryinge in desert. Make ye redy the weye of the
+Lord, make ye his pathis rihtful.
+
+4. Jhon was in desert baptisynge, and prechinge the baptym of
+penaunce, into remiscioun of synnes.
+
+5. And alle men of Jerusalem wenten out to him, and al the cuntree of
+Judee; and weren baptisid of him in the flood of Jordan, knowlechinge
+her synnes.
+
+6. And John was clothid with heeris of camelis, and a girdil of skyn
+abowte his leendis; and he eet locusts, and hony of the wode, and
+prechide, seyinge:
+
+7. A strengere than I schal come aftir me, of whom I knelinge am not
+worthi for to vndo, _or vnbynde_, the thwong of his schoon.
+
+8. I have baptisid you in water; forsothe he shal baptise you in the
+Holy Goost.
+
+9. And it is don in thoo dayes, Jhesus came fro Nazareth of Galilee,
+and was baptisid of Joon in Jordan.
+
+10. And anoon he styinge vp of the water, sayth heuenes openyd, and
+the Holy Goost cummynge doun as a culuere, and dwellynge in hym.
+
+11. And a voys is maad fro heuenes, thou art my sone loued, in thee I
+haue plesid.
+
+12. And anon the Spirit puttide hym in to desert.
+
+13. And he was in desert fourty dayes and fourty nightis, and was
+temptid of Sathanas, and was with beestis and angelis mynstriden to
+hym.
+
+14. Forsothe aftir that Joon was taken, Jhesus came in to Galilee,
+prechinge the gospel of the kyngdam of God,
+
+15. And seiynge, For tyme is fulfillid, and the kyngdam of God shal
+come niy; forthinke yee, _or do yee penaunce_, and bileue yee to the
+gospel.
+
+16. And he passynge bisidis the see of Galilee, say Symont, and
+Andrew, his brother, sendynge nettis into the see; sothely thei weren
+fishers.
+
+17. And Jhesus seide to hem, Come yee after me; I shal make you to be
+maad fishers of men.
+
+18. And anoon the nettis forsaken, thei sueden hym.
+
+19. And he gon forth thennes a litil, say James of Zebede, and Joon,
+his brother, and hem in the boot makynge nettis.
+
+20. And anoon he clepide him; and Zebede, her fadir, left in the boot
+with hirid seruantis, their sueden hym.
+
+21. And thei wenten forth in to Cafarnaum, and anoon in the sabotis he
+gon yn into the synagoge, taughte them.
+
+22. And thei wondreden on his techynge; sothely he was techynge hem,
+as hauynge power, and not as scribis.
+
+23. And in the synagoge of hem was a man in an vnclene spirit, and he
+cried,
+
+24. Seyinge, What to vs and to thee, thou Jhesu of Nazareth? haste
+thou cummen bifore the tyme for to destroie vs? Y woot thot thou art
+the holy of God.
+
+25. And Jhesus thretenyde to hym, seyinge, Wexe dowmb, and go out of
+the man.
+
+26. And the vnclene goost debrekynge hym, and cryinge with grete vois,
+wente awey fro hym.
+
+27. And alle men wondriden, so that thei soughten togidre among hem,
+seyinge, What is this thinge? what is this newe techyng? for in power
+he comaundith to vnclene spirits, and thei obeyen to hym.
+
+28. And the tale, or _tything_, of hym wente forth anoon in to al the
+cuntree of Galilee.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 15: Part of Chapter I of the Gospel of St. Mark, as
+translated by Wyclif. It will be noted that Wyclif's orthography is
+irregular, the same word being often spelled differently on the same
+page. This selection is printed in the original as a specimen of the
+English of Wyclif's time.]
+
+
+
+
+GEOFFREY CHAUCER
+
+     Born about 1340, died in 1400; son of a London vintner;
+     taken prisoner in Brittany in 1359 while serving with the
+     king's army; sent to Italy on a royal embassy in 1374 and
+     again in 1378; besides the "Canterbury Tales," wrote many
+     books; a large number once attributed to him are now
+     considered spurious.
+
+
+
+
+OF ACQUIRING AND USING RICHES[16]
+
+
+When Prudence had heard her husband avaunt himself of his riches and
+of his money, disparaging the power of his adversaries, she spake and
+said in this wise: Certes, dear sir, I grant you that ye are rich and
+mighty, and that riches are good to 'em that have well obtained 'em,
+and that well can use 'em; for, just as the body of a man may not live
+without soul, no more may it live without temporal goods, and by
+riches may a man get him great friends; and therefore saith Pamphilus:
+If a neatherd's daughter be rich, she may chose of a thousand men
+which she will take to her husband; for of a thousand men one will not
+forsake her nor refuse her. And this Pamphilus saith also: If thou be
+right happy, that is to say, if thou be right rich, thou shalt find a
+great number of fellows and friends; and if thy fortune change, that
+thou wax poor, farewell friendship and fellowship, for thou shalt be
+all alone without any company, except it be the company of poor folk.
+And yet saith this Pamphilus, moreover, that they that are bond and
+thrall of linage should be made worthy and noble by riches.
+
+And just as by riches there come many goods, so by poverty come there
+many harms and evils; and therefore says Cassiodore,[17] poverty the
+mother of ruin, that is to say, the mother of overthrowing or falling
+down; and therefore saith Piers Alphonse: One of the greatest
+adversities of the world is when a free man by kind, or of birth, is
+constrained by poverty to eat the alms of his enemy. And the same
+saith Innocent in one of his books; he saith that sorrowful and
+mishappy is the condition of a poor beggar, for if he asks not his
+meat he dieth of hunger, and if he ask he dieth for shame; and dire
+necessity constraineth him to ask; and therefore saith Solomon: That
+better it is to die than for to have such poverty; and, as the same
+Solomon saith: Better it is to die of bitter death, than for to live
+in such wise.
+
+By these reasons that I have said unto you, and by many other reasons
+that I could say, I grant you that riches are good to 'em that well
+obtained them, and to him that well uses riches; and therefore will I
+shew you how ye should behave you in gathering of your riches, and in
+what manner ye should use 'em. First, ye should get 'em without great
+desire, by good leisure, patiently, and not over hastily, for a man
+that is too desiring to get riches abandoneth him first to theft and
+to all other evils; and therefore saith Solomon: He that hasteth him
+too busily to wax rich, he shall be not innocent: he saith also, that
+the riches that hastily cometh to a man soon lightly goeth and passeth
+from a man, but that riches that cometh little and little waxeth alway
+and multiplieth. And, sir, ye should get riches by your wit and by
+your travail, unto your profit, and that without wrong or harm doing
+to any other person; for the law saith: There maketh no man himself
+rich, if he do harm to another wight; that is to say, that Nature
+defendeth and forbiddeth by right, that no man make himself rich unto
+the harm of another person.
+
+And Tullius[18] saith: That no sorrow, no dread of death, nothing that
+may fall unto a man, is so much against nature as a man to increase
+his owyn profit to harm of another man. And though the great men and
+the mighty men get riches more lightly than thou, yet shalt thou not
+be idle nor slow to do thy profit, for thou shalt in all wise flee
+idleness; for Solomon saith: That idleness teacheth a man to do many
+evils; and the same Solomon saith: That he that travaileth and busieth
+himself to till his land, shall eat bread, but he that is idle, and
+casteth him to no business nor occupation, shall fall into poverty,
+and die for hunger. And he that is idle and slow can never find
+convenient time for to do his profit; for there is a versifier who
+saith, that the idle man excuseth him in winter because of the great
+cold, and in summer then by reason of the heat.
+
+For these causes, saith Cato, waketh and inclineth you not over much
+to sleep, for over much rest nourisheth and causeth many vices; and
+therefore saith St. Jerome: Do some good deeds, that the devil, which
+is our enemy, find you not unoccupied, for the devil he taketh not
+lightly unto his working such as he findeth occupied in good works.
+
+Then thus in getting riches ye must flee idleness; and afterward ye
+should use the riches which ye have got by your wit and by your
+travail, in such manner, that men hold you not too scarce, nor too
+sparing, nor fool-large, that is to say, over large a spender; for
+right as men blame an avaricious man because of his scarcity and
+niggardliness, in the same wise he is to blame that spendeth over
+largely; and therefore saith Cato: Use (saith he) the riches that thou
+hast obtained in such manner, that men have no matter nor cause to
+call thee neither wretch nor miser, for it is a great shame to a man
+to have a poor heart and a rich purse; he saith also: The goods that
+thou hast obtained, use 'em by measure, that is to say, spend
+measurably, for they that foolishly waste and squander the goods that
+they have, when they have no more proper of 'eir own, that they
+prepare to take the goods of another man. I say, then, that ye should
+flee avarice, using your riches in such manner, that men say not that
+your riches are buried, but that ye have 'em in your might and in your
+wielding; for a wise man reproveth the avaricious man, and saith thus
+in two verse: Whereto and why burieth a man his goods by his great
+avarice, and knoweth well that needs must he die, for death is the
+end of every man as in this present life.
+
+And for what cause or reason joineth he him, or knitteth he him so
+fast unto his goods, that all his wits will not dissever him or depart
+him from his goods, and knoweth well, or ought to know, that when he
+is dead he shall nothing bear with him out of this world? And
+therefore saith St. Augustine, that the avaricious man is likened unto
+hell, that the more it swalloweth the more desire it hath to swallow
+and devour. And as well as ye would eschew to be called an avaricious
+man or a chinch, as well should ye keep you and govern you in such
+wise, that men call you not fool-large; therefore, saith Tullius: The
+goods of thine house should not be hid nor kept so close, but that
+they might be opened by pity and debonnairety, that is to say, to give
+'em part that have great need; but the goods should not be so open to
+be every man's goods.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 16: One of the only two "Canterbury Tales" that were written
+in prose, its title being "The Tale of Melibaeus." The spelling here
+has been partly modernized.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Statesman and historian; born about 464 A.D.; an
+administrative officer under Odoacer Theodoric, whose works were
+published in 1679.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Cicero.]
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM CAXTON
+
+     Born about 1422, died in 1491; the first English printer;
+     began to translate the "Histories de Troye" in 1469 and
+     issued the work in 1474, either at Cologne or Bruges;
+     translated and had printed in 1475 "The Game and Playe of
+     Chesse," the second printed English book; set up a press in
+     Westminster, London, in 1476, where he continued to print
+     books until his death.
+
+
+
+
+OF TRUE NOBILITY AND CHIVALRY[19]
+
+
+The knight ought to be made all armed upon an apt horse, in such wise
+that he have an helmet on his head, and a spear in his right hand, and
+covered with his shield; a sword and a mace on his left side; clad
+with an hauberk and plates before his breast; leg harness on his legs;
+spurs on his heels; on his hands his gauntlets. His horse well broken
+and taught, and apt to battle, and covered with his arms. When the
+knights be made they be bayned or bathed. That is the sign that they
+should lead a new life and new manners; also they wake all the night
+in prayers and orisons unto God that he will give them grace that they
+may get that thing that they may not get by nature. The king or prince
+girdeth about them a sword, in sign that they should abide and keep
+him of whom they take their dispences and dignity.
+
+Also a knight ought to be wise, liberal, true, strong, and full of
+mercy and pity, and keeper of the people, and of the law, and right as
+chivalry passeth other in virtue, in dignity, in honor, and in
+reverence, right so ought he to surmount all other in virtue; for
+honor is nothing else but to do reverence to another person for the
+good and virtuous disposition that is in him. A noble knight ought to
+be wise and proved before he be made knight; it behoveth him that he
+had long time used the war and arms; that he may be expert and wise
+for to govern others. For since a knight is captain of a battle, the
+life of them that shall be under him lieth in his hand, and therefore
+behooveth him to be wise and well advised. For sometimes art, craft
+and engine is more worth than strength of hardiness of a man that is
+not proved in arms, for otherwhile it happeneth that when the prince
+of the battle relies on and trusteth in his hardiness and strength,
+and will not use wisdom and engine for to run upon his enemies, he is
+vanquished and his people slain. Therefore saith the philosopher that
+no man should choose young people to be captains and governors,
+forasmuch as there is no certainty in their wisdom. Alexander of
+Macedon vanquished and conquered Egypt, Judaea, Chaldee, Africa, and
+Assyria unto the marches of Bragmans more by the counsel of old men
+than by the strength of the young men.
+
+The very true love of the common weal and profit now-a-days is seldom
+found. Where shalt thou find a man in these days that will expose
+himself for the worship and honor of his friend or for the common
+weal. Seldom or never shall he be found. Also the knights should be
+large and liberal, for when a knight hath regard unto his singular
+profit by his covetousness, he despoileth his people. For when the
+soldiers see that they put them in peril, and their master will not
+pay them their wages liberally, but intendeth to his own proper gain
+and profit, then, when the enemies come, they turn soon their backs
+and flee oftentimes. And thus it happeneth by him that intendeth more
+to get money than victory, that his avarice is ofttimes cause of his
+confusion.
+
+Then let every knight take heed to be liberal, in such wise that he
+ween not nor suppose that his scarcity be to him a great winning or
+gain. And for this cause he be the less loved of his people, and that
+his adversary withdraw to him them by large giving. For ofttime battle
+is advanced more for getting of silver than by the force and strength
+of men. For men see all day that such things as may not be achieved by
+force of nature be gotten and achieved by force of money. And
+forsomuch it behooveth to see well to that when the time of battle
+cometh, that he borrow not, nor make no curtailment. For no man may be
+rich that leaveth his own, hoping to get and take of others. Then
+alway all their gain, and winning ought to be common among them except
+their arms. For in like wise as the victory is common, so should the
+despoil and booty be common unto them. And therefore David, that
+gentle knight in the first book of Kings in the last chapter, made a
+law: that he that abode behind by malady or sickness in the tents
+should have as much part of the booty as he that had been in the
+battle. And for the love of this law he was made afterward king of
+Israel.
+
+Alexander of Macedon came in a time like a simple knight unto the
+court of Porus, king of Ind, for to espy the estate of the king and
+of the knights of the court. And the king received him right
+worshipfully and demanded many things of Alexander and of his
+constancy and strength, nothing weening that he had been Alexander,
+but Antigone, one of his knights. And after he had him to dinner; and
+when they had served Alexander in vessel of gold and silver with
+diverse meats, after that he had eaten such as pleased him, he voided
+the meat and took the vessel and held it to himself and put it in his
+bosom or sleeves. Whereof he was accused unto the king. After dinner
+then the king called him and demanded wherefore he had taken his
+vessel, and he answered: Sir King, my lord, I pray thee to understand
+and take heed thyself and also thy knights. I have heard much of thy
+great highness, and that thou art more mighty and puissant in chivalry
+and in dispences than is Alexander, and therefore I am come to thee, a
+poor knight, which am named Antigone, for to serve thee. Then it is
+the custom in the court of Alexander that what thing a knight is
+served with, all is his, meat and vessel and cup. And therefore I had
+supposed that this custom had been kept in thy court, for thou art
+richer than he. When the knights heard this, anon they left Porus, and
+went to serve Alexander, and thus he drew to him the hearts of them by
+gifts, which afterward slew Porus that was king of Ind, and they made
+Alexander king thereof. Therefore remember, knight, alway that with a
+closed and shut purse thou shalt never have victory. Ovid saith that
+he that taketh gifts, he is glad therewith, for they win with gifts
+the hearts of the gods and of men.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 19: From the "Game and Playe of Chesse," translated by
+Caxton from the French original.]
+
+
+
+
+SIR THOMAS MALORY
+
+     Born about 1430, died after 1470; compiler and translator of
+     the "Morte d'Arthur" from French prose romances which had
+     been built up on earlier poems dealing with the life and
+     death of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table; the
+     "Morte d'Arthur" printed by Caxton in 1485.
+
+
+
+
+OF THE FINDING OF A SWORD FOR ARTHUR[20]
+
+
+And so Merlin and he departed, and as they rode King Arthur said, "I
+have no sword." "No matter," said Merlin; "hereby is a sword that
+shall be yours and I may." So they rode till they came to a lake,
+which was a fair water and a broad; and in the midst of the lake King
+Arthur was aware of an arm clothed in white samite, that held a fair
+sword in the hand. "Lo," said Merlin unto the King, "yonder is the
+sword that I spake of."
+
+With that they saw a damsel going upon the lake. "What damsel is
+that?" said the King. "That is the Lady of the Lake," said Merlin;
+"and within that lake is a reach, and therein is as fair a place as
+any is on earth, and richly beseen; and this damsel will come to you
+anon, and then speak fair to her that she will give you that sword."
+Therewith came the damsel to King Arthur, and saluted him, and he her
+again. "Damsel," said the King, "what sword is that which the arm
+holdeth yonder above the water? I would it were mine, for I have no
+sword." "Sir King," said the damsel of the lake, "that sword is mine,
+and if ye will give me a gift when I ask it you, ye shall have it."
+"By my faith," said King Arthur, "I will give you any gift that you
+will ask or desire." "Well," said the damsel, "go ye into yonder
+barge, and row yourself unto the sword, and take it and the scabbard
+with you; and I will ask my gift when I see my time."
+
+So King Arthur and Merlin alighted, tied their horses to two trees,
+and so they went into the barge. And when they came to the sword that
+the hand held, King Arthur took it up by the handles, and took it with
+him; and the arm and the hand went under the water, and so came to the
+land and rode forth.
+
+Then King Arthur saw a rich pavilion. "What signifieth yonder
+pavilion?" "That is the knight's pavilion that ye fought with
+last--Sir Pellinore; but he is out; for he is not there: he hath had
+to do with a knight of yours, that hight Eglame, and they have
+foughten together a great while, but at the last Eglame fled, and else
+he had been dead; and Sir Pellinore hath chased him to Carlion, and we
+shall anon meet with him in the highway." "It is well said," quoth
+King Arthur; "now have I a sword, and now will I wage battle with him
+and be avenged on him." "Sir, ye shall not do so," said Merlin: "for
+the knight is weary of fighting and chasing; so that ye shall have no
+worship to have a do with him. Also he will not lightly be matched of
+one knight living: and therefore my counsel is, that yet let him pass;
+for he shall do you good service in short time, and his sons after his
+days. Also ye shall see that day in short space, that ye shall be
+right glad to give him your sister to wife." "When I see him," said
+King Arthur, "I will do as ye advise me."
+
+Then King Arthur looked upon the sword and liked it passing well.
+"Whether liketh you better," said Merlin, "the sword or the scabbard?"
+"Me liketh better the sword," said King Arthur. "Ye are more unwise,"
+said Merlin; "for the scabbard is worth ten of the sword: for while ye
+have the scabbard upon you, ye shall lose no blood, be ye never so
+sore wounded--therefore keep well the scabbard alway with you." So
+they rode on to Carlion.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 20: From the "Morte d'Arthur."]
+
+
+
+
+SIR THOMAS MORE
+
+     Born in 1478, died in 1535; met Erasmus in London in 1497;
+     after 1503 devoted himself mainly to politics; entered
+     Parliament in 1504; ambassador to Flanders in 1515;
+     published "Utopia" in 1516; privy counsellor to Henry VIII
+     in 1518; present with the King at the Field of the Cloth of
+     Gold in 1520; speaker of the House of Commons in 1523;
+     defended the papacy against Luther; succeeded Wolsey as
+     chancellor in 1529; refused in 1534 to take the oath of
+     adherence to the act vesting the succession in the issue of
+     Anne Boleyn and committed to the Tower, indicted for high
+     treason and executed July 6th, 1535.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE IN UTOPIA[21]
+
+
+There are fifty-four cities in the island, all large and well built,
+the manners, customs, and laws of which are the same, and they are all
+contrived as near in the same manner as the ground on which they stand
+will allow. The nearest lie at least twenty-four miles' distance from
+one another, and the most remote are not so far distant but that a man
+can go on foot in one day from it to that which lies next it. Every
+city sends three of their wisest senators once a year to Amaurot, to
+consult about their common concerns; for that is the chief town of the
+island, being situated near the center of it, so that it is the most
+convenient place for their assemblies. The jurisdiction of every city
+extends at least twenty miles; and where the towns lie wider, they
+have much more ground. No town desires to enlarge its bounds, for the
+people consider themselves rather as tenants than landlords.
+
+They have built, over all the country, farmhouses for husbandmen;
+which are well contrived, and furnished with all things necessary for
+country labor. Inhabitants are sent, by turns, from the cities to
+dwell in them; no country family has fewer than forty men and women in
+it, besides two slaves. There is a master and a mistress set over
+every family, and over thirty families there is a magistrate. Every
+year twenty of this family come back to the town after they have
+stayed two years in the country, and in their room there are other
+twenty sent from the town, that they may learn country work from those
+that have been already one year in the country, as they must teach
+those that come to them the next from the town. By this means such as
+dwell in those country farms are never ignorant of agriculture, and so
+commit no errors which might otherwise be fatal and bring them under a
+scarcity of corn. But tho there is every year such a shifting of the
+husbandmen, to prevent any man being forced against his will to follow
+that hard course of life too long, yet many among them take such
+pleasure in it that they desire leave to continue in it many years.
+
+These husbandmen till the ground, breed cattle, hew wood and convey it
+to the towns either by land or water, as is most convenient. They
+breed an infinite multitude of chickens in a very curious manner: for
+the hens do not sit and hatch them, but a vast number of eggs are laid
+in a gentle and equal heat in order to be hatched; and they are no
+sooner out of the shell, and able to stir about, but they seem to
+consider those that feed them as their mothers, and follow them as
+other chickens do the hen that hatched them. They breed very few
+horses, but those they have are full of mettle, and are kept only for
+exercising their youth in the art of sitting and riding them; for they
+do not put them to any work, either of plowing or carriage, in which
+they employ oxen. For tho their horses are stronger, yet they find
+oxen can hold out longer; and as they are not subject to so many
+diseases, so they are kept upon a less charge and with less trouble.
+And even when they are so worn out that they are no more fit for
+labor, they are good meat at last. They sow no corn but that which is
+to be their bread: for they drink either wine, cider, or perry, and
+often water, sometimes boiled with honey or licorice, with which they
+abound; and tho they know exactly how much corn will serve every town
+and all that tract of country which belongs to it, yet they sow much
+more, and breed more cattle, than are necessary for their consumption,
+and they give that overplus of which they make no use to their
+neighbors.
+
+When they want anything in the country which it does not produce, they
+fetch that from the town, without carrying anything in exchange for
+it. And the magistrates of the town take care to see it given them;
+for they meet generally in the town once a month, upon a festival day.
+When the time of harvest comes, the magistrates in the country send
+to those in the towns, and let them know how many hands they will need
+for reaping the harvest; and the number they call for being sent to
+them, they commonly dispatch it all in one day.
+
+He that knows one of their towns knows them all--they are so like one
+another, except where the situation makes some difference. I shall
+therefore describe one of them, and none is so proper as Amaurot; for
+as none is more eminent (all the rest yielding in precedence to this,
+because it is the seat of their supreme council), so there was none of
+them better known to me, I having lived five years all together in it.
+
+It lies upon the side of a hill, or rather a rising ground. Its figure
+is almost square: for from the one side of it, which shoots up almost
+to the top of the hill, it runs down, in a descent for two miles, to
+the river Anider; but it is a little broader the other way that runs
+along by the bank of that river. The Anider rises about eighty miles
+above Amaurot, in a small spring at first. But other brooks falling
+into it, of which two are more considerable than the rest, as it runs
+by Amaurot it is grown half a mile broad; but it still grows larger
+and larger, till after sixty miles' course below it, it is lost in the
+ocean. Between the town and the sea, and for some miles above the
+town, it ebbs and flows every six hours with a strong current. The
+tide comes up about thirty miles so full that there is nothing but
+salt water in the river, the fresh water being driven back with its
+force; and above that, for some miles, the water is brackish; but a
+little higher, as it runs by the town, it is quite fresh; and when
+the tide ebbs, it continues fresh all along to the sea. There is a
+bridge cast over the river, not of timber, but of fair stone,
+consisting of many stately arches; it lies at that part of the town
+which is farthest from the sea, so that the ships, without any
+hindrance, lie all along the side of the town.
+
+There is likewise another river that runs by it, which, tho it is not
+great, yet it runs pleasantly, for it rises out of the same hill on
+which the town stands, and so runs down through it and falls into the
+Anider. The inhabitants have fortified the fountain-head of this
+river, which springs a little without the towns; that so, if they
+should happen to be besieged, the enemy might not be able to stop or
+divert the course of the water, nor poison it; from thence it is
+carried in earthen pipes to the lower streets. And for those places of
+the town to which the water of that small river can not be conveyed,
+they have great cisterns for receiving the rain-water, which supplies
+the want of the other.
+
+The town is compassed with a high and thick wall, in which there are
+many towers and forts; there is also a broad and deep dry ditch, set
+thick with thorns, cast round three sides of the town, and the river
+is instead of a ditch on the fourth side. The streets are very
+convenient for all carriage, and are well sheltered from the winds.
+Their buildings are good, and are so uniform that a whole side of a
+street looks like one house. The streets are twenty feet broad. There
+lie gardens behind all their houses; these are large, but inclosed
+with buildings, that on all hands face the streets, so that every
+house has both a door to the street and a back door to the garden.
+Their doors have all two leaves, which, as they are easily opened, so
+they shut of their own accord; and there being no property among them,
+every man may freely enter into any house whatsoever. At every ten
+years' end they shift their houses by lots. They cultivate their
+gardens with great care, so that they have both vines, fruits, herbs,
+and flowers in them; and all is so well ordered and so finely kept
+that I never saw gardens anywhere that were both so fruitful and so
+beautiful as theirs. And this humor of ordering their gardens so well
+is not only kept up by the pleasure they find in it, but also by an
+emulation between the inhabitants of the several streets, who vie with
+each other. And there is, indeed, nothing belonging to the whole town
+that is both more useful and more pleasant. So that he who founded the
+town seems to have taken care of nothing more than of their gardens;
+for they say the whole scheme of the town was designed at first by
+Utopus, but he left all that belonged to the ornament and improvement
+of it to be added by those that should come after him, that being too
+much for one man to bring to perfection.
+
+Their records, that contain the history of their town and state, are
+preserved with an exact care, and run backward seventeen hundred and
+sixty years. From these it appears that their houses were at first low
+and mean, like cottages, made of any sort of timber, and were built
+with mud walls and thatched with straw. But now their houses are three
+stories high; the fronts of them are faced either with stone,
+plastering, or brick, and between the facings of their walls they
+throw in their rubbish. Their roofs are flat; and on them they lay a
+sort of plaster, which costs very little, and yet is so tempered that
+it is not apt to take fire, and yet resists the weather more than
+lead. They have great quantities of glass among them, with which they
+glaze their windows; they use also in their windows a thin linen
+cloth, that is so oiled or gummed that it both keeps out the wind and
+gives free admission to the light.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 21: The "Utopia" was written originally in Latin. It derived
+its name from an imaginary island, the seat of an ideal state. Ralph
+Robinson made a translation into English in 1551. Another translation
+was made by Bishop Burnet in 1633.]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN KNOX
+
+     Born in 1505, died in 1572; early influenced by George
+     Wishart, a Lutheran refugee who had found an asylum in
+     Scotland; a royal chaplain in 1550; assisted in the revision
+     of the Prayer-book; fled to the Continent after the
+     accession of Mary Tudor and visited Calvin; preached for a
+     time at Frankfort and afterward traveled and preached in
+     Scotland; occupied himself with the organization of the
+     Presbyterian Church, having frequent dramatic encounters
+     with Mary, Queen of Scots, whose sympathies were Catholic.
+
+
+
+
+AN INTERVIEW WITH MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS[22]
+
+
+The queen, in a vehement fume, began to cry out that never prince was
+handled as she was. "I have," said she, "borne with you in all your
+rigorous manner of speaking, both against myself and against my
+uncles; yea, I have sought your favors by all possible means. I
+offered unto you presence and audience, whensoever it pleased you to
+admonish me, and yet I cannot be quit of you. I avow to God I shall be
+anes [once] revenged." And with these words scarcely could Marnock,
+her secret chamber-boy, get napkins to hold her eyes dry for the
+tears; and the owling, besides womanly weeping, stayed her speech.
+
+The said John did patiently abide all the first fume, and at
+opportunity answered: "True it is, Madam, your Grace and I have been
+at diverse controversies, into the which I never perceived your Grace
+to be offended at me. But when it shall please God to deliver you from
+that bondage of darkness and error, in the which ye have been
+nourished, for the lack of true doctrine, your majesty will find the
+liberty of my tongue nothing offensive. Without the preaching-place,
+Madam, I think few have occasion to be offended at me, and there,
+Madam, I am not master of myself, but man [must] obey Him who commands
+me to speak plain, and to flatter no flesh upon the face of the
+earth."
+
+"But what have ye to do," said she, "with my marriage?"
+
+"If it please your majesty," said he, "patiently to hear me, I shall
+shew the truth in plain words. I grant your Grace offered me more than
+ever I required; but my answer was then, as it is now, that God hath
+not sent me to await upon the courts of princesses, nor upon the
+chambers of ladies; but I am sent to preach the evangel of Jesus
+Christ to such as please to hear it; and it hath two parts--repentance
+and faith. And now, Madam, in preaching repentance, of necessity it
+is, that the sins of men be so noted, that they may know wherein they
+offend; but so it is, that the most part of your nobility are so
+addicted to your affections, that neither God, His word, nor yet their
+commonwealth, are rightly regarded. And therefore, it becomes me so
+to speak that they may know their duty."
+
+"What have ye to do," said she, "with my marriage? Or what are ye
+within this commonwealth?"
+
+"A subject born within the same," said he, "Madam. And, albeit I
+neither be earl, lord, nor baron within it, yet has God made me--how
+abject that ever I be in your eyes--a profitable member within the
+same. Yea, Madam, to me it appertains no less to forewarn of such
+things as may hurt it, if I foresee them, than it does to any of the
+nobility; for both my vocation and conscience craves plainness of me.
+And therefore, Madam, to yourself I say that which I speak in public
+place: whensoever that the nobility of this realm shall consent that
+ye be subject to an unfaithful husband, they do as much as in them
+lieth to renounce Christ, to banish His truth from them, to betray the
+freedom of this realm, and perchance shall in the end do small comfort
+to yourself."
+
+At these words, owling was heard, and tears might have been seen in
+greater abundance than the matter required. John Erskine of Dun--a man
+of meek and gentle spirit--stood beside, and entreated what he could
+to mitigate her anger, and gave unto her many pleasing words of her
+beauty, of her excellence, and how that all the princes of Europe
+would be glad to seek her favors. But all that was to cast oil in the
+flaming fire. The said John stood still, without any alteration of
+countenance, for a long season, while that the queen gave place to her
+inordinate passion, and in the end he said: "Madam, in God's presence
+I speak: I never delighted in the weeping of any of God's creatures;
+yea, I can scarcely well abide the tears of my own boys, whom my own
+hand corrects, much less can I rejoice in your majesty's weeping. But,
+seeing that I have offered unto you no just occasion to be offended,
+but have spoken the truth, as my vocation craves, I may sustain,
+albeit unwillingly, your majesty's tears, rather than hurt my
+conscience, or betray my commonwealth."
+
+Herewith was the queen more offended, and commanded the said John to
+pass forth of the cabinet, and to abide further of her pleasure in the
+chamber. The Laird of Dun tarried, and Lord John of Coldingham came
+into the cabinet, and so they both remained with her near the space of
+an hour. The said John stood in the chamber, as one whom men had never
+seen--so were all effrayed--except that the Lord Ochiltree bare him
+company; and therefore began he to forge talking of the ladies, who
+were there sitting in all their gorgeous apparel, which espied, he
+merrily said: "O fair ladies, how pleasant were this life of yours if
+it should ever abide, and then in the end that we might pass to heaven
+with all this gay gear! But fie upon that knave Death, that will come
+whether we will nor not! And when he has laid on his arrest, the foul
+worms will be busy with this flesh, be it never so tender; and the
+silly soul, I fear, shall be so feeble, that it can neither carry with
+it gold, garnishing, targeting, pearl, nor precious stones." And by
+such means procured he the company of women; and so passed the time
+till that the Laird of Dun willed him to depart to his house.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 22: From the "History of the Reformation in Scotland." The
+spelling has been modernized. After the arrival of Mary in Scotland in
+1561, Knox had several interviews with her, followed by an open
+rupture with her party in the government of Scotland, and by his
+retirement into comparative privacy. Burton, the historian of
+Scotland, believes that the dialog here given took place in French,
+rather than in the language in which Knox reports it. Mary's habitual
+speech was French and Knox knew the language well.]
+
+
+
+
+ROGER ASCHAM
+
+     Born in 1515, died in 1568; educated at Cambridge, where he
+     taught Greek; became a tutor to Princess Elizabeth,
+     afterward to the Queen, in 1548; served as Latin Secretary
+     to Queens Mary and Elizabeth, 1563-68; his work, "The
+     Schoolmaster," published in 1570.
+
+
+
+
+OF GENTLE METHODS IN TEACHING[23]
+
+
+Yet some will say that children, of nature, love pastime, and mislike
+learning; because, in their kind, the one is easy and pleasant, the
+other hard and wearisome. Which is an opinion not so true as some men
+ween. For the matter lieth not so much in the disposition of them that
+be young, as in the order and manner of bringing up by them that be
+old; nor yet in the difference of learning and pastime. For, beat a
+child if he dance not well, and cherish him tho he learn not well, you
+shall have him unwilling to go to dance, and glad to go to his book;
+knock him always when he draweth his shaft ill, and favor him again
+tho he fault at his book, you shall have him very loth to be in the
+field, and very willing to be in the school. Yea, I say more, and not
+of myself, but by the judgment of those from whom few wise men will
+gladly dissent; that if ever the nature of man be given at any time,
+more than other, to receive goodness, it is in innocency of young
+years, before that experience of evil have taken root in him. For the
+pure clean wit of a sweet young babe is like the newest wax, most
+able to receive the best and fairest printing; and like a new bright
+silver dish never occupied, to receive and keep clean any good thing
+that is put into it.
+
+And thus, will in children, wisely wrought withal, may easily be won
+to be very well willing to learn. And wit in children, by nature,
+namely memory, the only key and keeper of all learning, is readiest to
+receive and surest to keep any manner of thing that is learned in
+youth. This, lewd and learned, by common experience know to be most
+true. For we remember nothing so well when we be old as those things
+which we learned when we were young. And this is not strange, but
+common in all nature's works. "Every man seeth (as I said before) new
+wax is best for printing, new clay fittest for working, new-shorn wool
+aptest for soon and surest dyeing, new fresh flesh for good and
+durable salting." And this similitude is not rude, nor borrowed of the
+larder-house, but out of his school-house, of whom the wisest of
+England need not be ashamed to learn. "Young grafts grow not only
+soonest, but also fairest, and bring always forth the best and
+sweetest fruit; young whelps learn easily to carry; young popinjays
+learn quickly to speak." And so, to be short, if in all other things,
+tho they lack reason, sense, and life, the similitude of youth is
+fittest to all goodness, surely nature in mankind is most beneficial
+and effectual in their behalf.
+
+Therefore, if to the goodness of nature be joined the wisdom of the
+teacher, in leading young wits into a right and plain way of
+learning; surely children kept up in God's fear, and governed by His
+grace, may most easily be brought well to serve God and their country,
+both by virtue and wisdom.
+
+But if will and wit, by farther age, be once allured from innocency,
+delighted in vain sights, filled with foul talk, crooked with
+wilfulness, hardened with stubbornness, and let loose to disobedience;
+surely it is hard with gentleness, but impossible with severe cruelty,
+to call them back to good frame again. For where the one perchance may
+bend it, the other shall surely break it: and so, instead of some
+hope, leave an assured desperation, and shameless contempt of all
+goodness; the furthest point in all mischief, as Xenophon doth most
+truly and most wittily mark.
+
+Therefore, to love or to hate, to like or to contemn, to ply this way
+or that way to good or to bad, ye shall have as ye use a child in his
+youth.
+
+And one example whether love or fear doth work more in a child for
+virtue and learning, I will gladly report; which may be heard with
+some pleasure, and followed with more profit.
+
+Before I went into Germany, I came to Broadgate in Leicestershire, to
+take my leave of that noble lady, Jane Grey, to whom I was exceeding
+much beholding. Her parents, the duke and duchess, with all the
+household, gentlemen and gentlewomen, were hunting in the park. I
+found her in her chamber, reading Phaedo Platonis in Greek, and that
+with as much delight as some gentlemen would read a merry tale in
+Boccace. After salutation and duty done, with some other talk, I
+asked her why she would leese [lose] such pastime in the park? Smiling
+she answered me: "I wisse, all their sport in the park is but a shadow
+to that pleasure that I find in Plato. Alas! good folk, they never
+felt what true pleasure meant." "And how came you, madame," quoth I,
+"to this deep knowledge of pleasure? and what did chiefly allure you
+unto it, seeing not many women, but very few men, have attained
+thereunto?" "I will tell you," quoth she, "and tell you a truth, which
+perchance ye will marvel at. One of the greatest benefits that ever
+God gave me, is, that He sent me so sharp and severe parents, and so
+gentle a schoolmaster. For when I am in presence either of father or
+mother, whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand, or go, eat, drink,
+be merry, or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else,
+I must do it, as it were, in such weight, measure, and number, even so
+perfectly, as God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so
+cruelly threatened, yea, presently, sometimes with pinches, nibs, and
+bobs, and other ways which I will not name, for the honor I bear them,
+so without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time
+come that I must go to Mr. Elmer; who teacheth me so gently, so
+pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all
+the time nothing whiles I am with him. And when I am called from him,
+I fall on weeping, because whatsoever I do else but learning, is full
+of grief, trouble, fear, and whole misliking unto me. And thus my book
+hath been so much my pleasure, and bringeth daily to me more pleasure
+and more, that in respect of it, all other pleasures, in very deed,
+be but trifles and troubles unto me."
+
+I remember this talk gladly, both because it is so worthy of memory,
+and because also it was the last talk that ever I had, and the last
+time that ever I saw that noble and worthy lady.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 23: From "The Schoolmaster."]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN FOXE
+
+     Born in 1516, died in 1587; educated at Oxford; became in
+     1584 tutor to the children of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey;
+     in order to escape persecution as a Protestant, fled to the
+     Continent at the accession of Mary Tudor; returned to
+     England in 1559, becoming in 1563 prebendary in Salisbury
+     Cathedral; his "Book of Martyrs" first published in 1563.
+
+
+
+
+THE DEATH OF ANNE BOLEYN[24]
+
+
+In certain records thus we find, that the king, being in his justs at
+Greenwich, suddenly, with a few persons, departed to Westminster; and
+the next day after, Queen Anne, his wife, was had to the Tower, with
+the Lord Rochford, her brother, and certain other, and the nineteenth
+day after, was beheaded. The words of this worthy and Christian lady,
+at her death, were these: "Good Christian people, I am come hither to
+die; for, according to the law, and by the law, I am judged to death,
+and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to
+accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that whereof I am accused, and
+condemned to die; but I pray God save the king, and send him long to
+reign over you, for a gentler or a more merciful prince was there
+never; and to me he was a very good, a gentle, and a sovereign lord.
+And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge
+the best. And thus I take my leave of the world, and of you all; and I
+heartily desire you all to pray for me. The Lord have mercy on me; to
+God I recommend my soul." And so she kneeled down, saying, "To Christ
+I commend my soul; Jesus, receive my soul," repeating the same divers
+times, till at length the stroke was given, and her head was stricken
+off.
+
+And this was the end of that godly lady and queen. Godly I call her,
+for sundry respects, whatsoever the cause was, or quarrel objected
+against her. First, her last words, spoken at her death, declared no
+less her sincere faith and trust in Christ than did her quiet modesty
+utter forth the goodness of the cause and matter, whatsoever it was.
+Besides that, to such as wisely can judge upon cases occurrent, this
+also may seem to give a great clearing unto her, that the king, the
+third day after, was married in his whites unto another. Certain this
+was, that for the rare and singular gifts of her mind, so well
+instructed, and given toward God, with such a fervent desire unto the
+truth, and setting forth of sincere religion, joined with like
+gentleness, modesty, and pity toward all men, there have not many such
+queens before her borne the crown of England. Principally, this one
+commendation she left behind her, that, during her life, the religion
+of Christ most happily flourished, and had a right prosperous course.
+
+Many things might be written more of the manifold virtues, and the
+quiet moderation of her mild nature; how lowly she would bear, not
+only to be admonished, but also of her own accord would require her
+chaplains plainly and freely to tell whatsoever they saw in her
+amiss. Also, how bountiful she was to the poor, passing not only the
+poor example of other queens, but also the revenues almost of her
+estate: insomuch that the alms which she gave in three-quarters of a
+year, in distribution, is summed to the number of fourteen or fifteen
+thousand pounds; besides the great piece of money which her Grace
+intended to impart into four sundry quarters of the realm, as for a
+stock, there to be employed to the behoof of poor artificers and
+occupiers. Again, what a zealous defender she was of Christ's gospel
+all the world doth know, and her acts do and will declare to the
+world's end. Amongst which other her acts, this is one, that she
+placed Master Hugh Latimer in the bishopric of Worcester, and also
+preferred Dr. Sharton to his bishopric, being then accounted a good
+man. Furthermore, what a true faith she bore unto the Lord, this one
+example may stand for many: for that, when King Henry was with her at
+Woodstock,[25] and there being afraid of an old blind prophecy, for
+the which neither he nor other kings before him durst hunt in the said
+park of Woodstock, nor enter into the town of Oxford, at last, through
+the Christian and faithful counsel of that queen, he was so armed
+against all infidelity, that both he hunted in the aforesaid park, and
+also entered into the town of Oxford, and had no harm. But because
+touching the memorable virtues of this worthy queen, partly we have
+said something before, partly because more also is promised to be
+declared of her virtuous life (the Lord so permitting), by other who
+then were about her, I will cease in this matter further to proceed.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 24: From the "Book of Martyrs."]
+
+[Footnote 25: At Woodstock was one of the residences of Henry VIII and
+earlier kings. The Black Prince was born there and Elizabeth was there
+imprisoned by Queen Mary. After the battle of Blenheim, the place was
+given in perpetuity to Marlborough, and his famous residence Blenheim
+erected there. It is about eight miles from Oxford.]
+
+
+
+
+SIR WALTER RALEIGH
+
+     Born in 1552, died in 1618; educated at Oxford; commanded an
+     English Company in Ireland in 1580; a favorite of Queen
+     Elizabeth; obtained a charter to colonize Virginia in 1584,
+     and sent out several expeditions, none of which founded
+     permanent settlements; introduced tobacco into Europe, and
+     the potato into Ireland; took an active part against the
+     Armada in 1588; explored the Oronoko in 1595; charged with
+     having plotted to place Arabella Stuart on the throne in
+     1603, and sent to the Tower, where he wrote his "History of
+     the World"; sailed again for the Oronoko in 1616; and on his
+     return, the expedition having failed, condemned and
+     executed.
+
+
+
+
+THE MUTABILITY OF HUMAN AFFAIRS[26]
+
+
+If we truly examine the difference of both conditions--to wit, of the
+rich and mighty, whom we call fortunate, and of the poor and opprest,
+whom we count wretched--we shall find the happiness of the one, and
+the miserable estate of the other, so tied by God to the very instant,
+and both so subject to interchange (witness the sudden downfall of the
+greatest princes, and the speedy uprising of the meanest persons), as
+the one hath nothing so certain whereof to boast, nor the other so
+uncertain whereof to bewail itself.
+
+For there is no man so assured of his honor, of his riches, health, or
+life but that he may be deprived of either, or all, the very next hour
+or day to come. _Quid vesper vehat, incertum est_; what the evening
+will bring with it is uncertain.
+
+And yet ye can not tell, saith St. James, what shall be to-morrow.
+To-day he is set up, and to-morrow he shall not be found, for he is
+turned into dust, and his purpose perisheth. And altho the air which
+compasseth adversity be very obscure, yet therein we better discern
+God than in that shining light which environeth worldly glory; through
+which, for the clearness thereof, there is no vanity which escapeth
+our sight. And let adversity seem what it will--to happy men,
+ridiculous, who make themselves merry at other men's misfortunes; and
+to those under the cross, grievous--yet this is true, that for all
+that is past, to the very instant, the portions remaining are equal to
+either. For, be it that we have lived many years (according to
+Solomon), "and in them all we have rejoiced"; or be it that we have
+measured the same length of days, and therein have evermore sorrowed;
+yet, looking back from our present being, we find both the one and the
+other--to wit, the joy and the wo--sailed out of sight; and death,
+which doth pursue us and hold us in chase from our infancy, hath
+gathered it. _Quicquid aetatis retro est, mors tenet_; whatsoever of
+our age is past, death holds it.
+
+So as, whosoever he be to whom fortune hath been a servant, and the
+time a friend, let him but take the account of his memory (for we have
+no other keeper of our pleasures past), and truly examine what it hath
+reserved, either of beauty and youth, or foregone delights; what it
+hath saved, that it might last, of his dearest affections, or of
+whatever else the amorous springtime gave his thoughts of contentment,
+then invaluable, and he shall find that all the art which his elder
+years have can draw no other vapor out of these dissolutions than
+heavy, secret, and sad sighs. He shall find nothing remaining but
+those sorrows which grow up after our fast-springing youth, overtake
+it when it is at a stand, and overtop it utterly when it begins to
+wither; insomuch as, looking back from the very instant time, and from
+our now being, the poor, diseased, and captive creature hath as little
+sense of all his former miseries and pains as he that is most blest,
+in common opinion, hath of his forepast pleasures and delights. For
+whatsoever is cast behind us is just nothing; and what is to come,
+deceitful hope hath it. _Omniae quae eventura sunt in incerto jacent._
+Only those few black swans I must except who, having had the grace to
+value worldly vanities at no more than their own price, do, by
+retaining the comfortable memory of a well-acted life, behold death
+without dread, and the grave without fear, and embrace both as
+necessary guides to endless glory....
+
+If we seek a reason of the succession and continuance of boundless
+ambition in mortal men, we may add, that the kings and princes of the
+world have always laid before them the actions, but not the ends of
+those great ones which preceded them. They are always transported with
+the glory of the one, but they never mind the misery of the other,
+till they find the experience in themselves. They neglect the advice
+of God while they enjoy life, or hope it, but they follow the counsel
+of death upon his first approach. It is he that puts into man all the
+wisdom of the world without speaking a word, which God, with all the
+words of His law, promises, or threats, doth not infuse. Death, which
+hateth and destroyeth man, is believed; God, which hath made him and
+loves him, is always deferred. "I have considered," saith Solomon,
+"all the works that are under the sun, and, behold, all is vanity and
+vexation of spirit"; but who believes it, till death tells it us? It
+was death, which, opening the conscience of Charles V. made him enjoin
+his son Philip to restore Navarre, and King Francis I. of France to
+command that justice should be done upon the murderers of the
+Protestants in Merindol and Cabrieres, which till then he neglected.
+
+It is therefore death alone that can suddenly make man to know
+himself. He tells the proud and insolent that they are but abjects,
+and humbles them at the instant, makes them cry, complain, and repent,
+yea, even to hate their forepassed happiness. He takes the account of
+the rich, and proves him a beggar, a naked beggar, which hath interest
+in nothing but in the gravel that fills his mouth. He holds a glass
+before the eyes of the most beautiful, and makes them see therein
+their deformity and rottenness, and they acknowledge it.
+
+O eloquent, just, and mighty Death! whom none could advise, thou hast
+persuaded; what none hath dared, thou hast done; and whom all the
+world hath flattered, thou only hast cast out of the world and
+despised; thou hast drawn together all the far-stretched greatness,
+all the pride, cruelty, and ambition of man, and covered it all over
+with these two narrow words, _Hic jacet_!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 26: From the preface to the "History of the World."]
+
+
+
+
+FRANCIS BACON
+
+     Born in 1561, died in 1626; commonly styled "Lord" Bacon,
+     but incorrectly, his title being Baron Verulam and Viscount
+     St. Albans; educated at Cambridge; entered Parliament in
+     1584; solicitor-general in 1607; privy counsellor in 1616;
+     lord keeper in 1617; lord chancellor in 1618; tried for
+     bribery, condemned, fined and removed from office in 1621;
+     one of the chief founders of modern inductive science;
+     author of "Advancement of Learning" (1605), the "Novum
+     Organum" (1620), "Essays" (1597-1625), a "History of Henry
+     VII" (1622) and other works.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+OF TRAVEL[27]
+
+
+Travel, in the younger sort, is a part of education, in the elder, a
+part of experience. He that traveleth into a country before he hath
+some entrance into the language, goeth to school, and not to travel.
+That young men travel under some tutor, or grave servant, I allow
+well; so that he be such a one that hath the language, and hath been
+in the country before; whereby he may be able to tell them what things
+are worthy to be seen in the country where they go; what acquaintances
+they are to seek; what exercises or discipline the place yieldeth. For
+else young men shall go hooded, and look abroad little. It is a
+strange thing, that in sea voyages, where there is nothing to be seen
+but sky and sea, men should make diaries; but in land-travel, wherein
+so much is to be observed, for the most part they omit it; as if
+chance were fitter to be registered than observation. Let diaries
+therefore be brought in use. The things to be seen and observed are:
+the courts of princes, specially when they give audience to
+ambassadors; the courts of justice, while they sit and hear causes;
+and so of consistories ecclesiastic; the churches and monasteries,
+with the monuments which are therein extant; the walls and
+fortifications of cities and towns, and so the havens and harbors;
+antiquities and ruins; libraries, colleges, disputations, and
+lectures, where any are; shipping and navies; houses and gardens of
+state and pleasure, near great cities; armories; arsenals; magazines;
+exchanges; burses; warehouses; exercises of horsemanship, fencing,
+training of soldiers, and the like; comedies, such whereunto the
+better sort of persons do resort; treasuries of jewels and robes;
+cabinets and rarities; and, to conclude, whatsoever is memorable in
+the places where they go. After all which the tutors or servants ought
+to make diligent study. As for triumphs, masks, feasts, weddings,
+funerals, capital executions, and such shows, men need not to be put
+in mind of them; yet are they not to be neglected.
+
+If you will have a young man to put his travel into a little room, and
+in short time to gather much, this you must do. First, as was said, he
+must have some entrance into the language before he goeth. Then he
+must have such a servant or tutor as knoweth the country, as was
+likewise said. Let him carry with him also some card or book
+describing the country where he traveleth; which will be a good key to
+his inquiry. Let him keep also a diary. Let him not stay long in one
+city or town; more or less as the place deserveth, but not long; nay,
+when he stayeth in one city or town, let him change his lodging from
+one end and part of the town to another; which is a great adamant of
+acquaintance. Let him sequester himself from the company of his
+countrymen, and diet in such places where there is good company of the
+nation where he traveleth. Let him, upon his removes from one place to
+another, procure recommendation to some person of quality residing in
+the place whither he removeth; that he may use his favor in those
+things he desireth to see or know. Thus he may abridge his travel with
+much profit.
+
+As for the acquaintance which is to be sought in travel; that which is
+most of all profitable is acquaintance with the secretaries and
+employed men of ambassadors: for so in traveling in one country he
+shall suck the experience of many. Let him also see and visit eminent
+persons in all kinds, which are of great name abroad; that he may be
+able to tell how the life agreeth with the fame. For quarrels, they
+are with care and discretion to be avoided. They are commonly for
+mistresses, healths, place, and words. And let a man beware how he
+keepeth company with choleric and quarrelsome persons; for they will
+engage him into their own quarrels. When a traveler returneth home,
+let him not leave the countries where he hath traveled altogether
+behind him; but maintain a correspondence by letters with those of his
+acquaintance which are of most worth. And let his travel appear rather
+in his discourse than in his apparel or gesture; and in his discourse
+let him be rather advised in his answers, than forwards to tell
+stories; and let it appear that he doth not change his country
+manners for those of foreign parts; but only prick in some flowers of
+that he hath learned abroad into the customs of his own country.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+OF RICHES
+
+
+I cannot call riches better than the baggage of virtue. The Roman word
+is better, _impedimenta_. For as the baggage is to an army, so is
+riches to virtue. It cannot be spared nor left behind, but it
+hindereth the march; yea, and the care of it sometimes loseth or
+disturbeth the victory. Of great riches there is no real use, except
+it be in the distribution; the rest is but conceit. So saith Solomon,
+"Where much is, there are many to consume it; and what hath the owner
+but the sight of it with his eyes?" The personal fruition in any man
+cannot reach to feel great riches: there is a custody of them; or a
+power of dole and donative of them; or a fame of them; but no solid
+use to the owner. Do you not see what feigned prices are set upon
+little stones and rarities? and what works of ostentation are
+undertaken, because there might seem to be some use of great riches?
+But then you will say, they may be of use to buy men out of dangers or
+troubles. As Solomon saith, "Riches are as a stronghold, in the
+imagination of the rich man."
+
+But this is excellently exprest, that it is in imagination, and not
+always in fact. For certainly great riches have sold more men than
+they have bought out. Seek not proud riches, but such as thou mayest
+get justly, use soberly, distribute cheerfully, and leave contentedly.
+Yet have no abstract or friarly contempt of them. But distinguish as
+Cicero saith well of Rabirius Posthumus, _In studio rei amplificandae
+apparebat, non avaritiae praedam, sed instrumentum bonitari quaeri_.[28]
+Harken also to Solomon, and beware of hasty gathering of riches: _Qui
+festinat ad divitias, non erit insons_.[29] The poets feign, that when
+Plutus (which is Riches) is sent from Jupiter, he limps and goes
+slowly; but when he is sent from Pluto, he runs and is swift of foot.
+Meaning that riches gotten by good means and just labor pace slowly;
+but when they come by the death of others (as by the course of
+inheritance, testaments, and the like), they come tumbling upon a man.
+But it might be applied likewise to Pluto, taking him for the devil.
+For when riches come from the devil (as by fraud and oppression and
+unjust means), they come upon speed.
+
+The ways to enrich are many, and most of them foul. Parsimony is one
+of the best, and yet is not innocent; for it withholdeth men from
+works of liberality and charity. The improvement of the ground is the
+most natural obtaining of riches; for it is our great mother's
+blessing, the earth's; but it is slow. And yet where men of great
+wealth do stoop to husbandry, it multiplieth riches exceedingly. I
+knew a nobleman in England, that had the greatest audits of any man in
+my time; a great grazier, a great sheep-master, a great timber man, a
+great collier, a great corn-master, a great lead-man, and so of iron,
+and a number of the like points of husbandry. So as the earth seemed a
+sea to him, in respect of the perpetual importation. It was truly
+observed by one, that himself came very hardly to a little riches, and
+very easily to great riches. For when a man's stock is come to that,
+that he can expect the prime of markets, and overcome those bargains
+which for their greatness are few men's money, and be partner in the
+industries of younger men, he cannot but increase mainly.
+
+The gains of ordinary trades and vocations are honest; and furthered
+by two things chiefly: by diligence, and by a good name for good and
+fair dealing. But the gains of bargains are of a more doubtful nature;
+when men shall wait upon others' necessity, broke by servants and
+instruments to draw them on, put off others cunningly that would be
+better chapmen, and the like practises, which are crafty and naught.
+As for the chopping of bargains, when a man buys not to hold but to
+sell over again, that commonly grindeth double, both upon the seller
+and upon the buyer. Sharings do greatly enrich, if the hands be well
+chosen that are trusted. Usury is the certainest means of gain, tho
+one of the worst; as that whereby a man doth eat his bread in _sudore
+vultus alieni_;[30] and besides, doth plough upon Sundays. But yet
+certain tho it be, it hath flaws; for that the scriveners and brokers
+do value unsound men to serve their own turn. The fortune in being the
+first in an invention or in a privilege doth cause sometimes a
+wonderful overgrowth in riches; as it was with the first sugar man in
+the Canaries.[31] Therefore if a man can play the true logician, to
+have as well judgment as invention, he may do great matters;
+especially if the times be fit.
+
+He that resteth upon gains certain shall hardly grow to great riches;
+and he that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break and come to
+poverty: it is good therefore to guard adventures with certainties,
+that may uphold losses. Monopolies, and co-emption of wares for
+re-sale, where they are not restrained, are great means to enrich;
+especially if the party have intelligence what things are like to come
+into request, and so store himself beforehand. Riches gotten by
+service, tho it be of the best rise, yet when they are gotten by
+flattery, feeding humors, and other servile conditions, they may be
+placed amongst the worst. As for fishing for testaments and
+executorships (as Tacitus saith of Seneca, _testamenta et orbos
+tamquam indagine capi_,[32]) it is yet worse; by how much men submit
+themselves to meaner persons than in service. Believe not much them
+that seem to despise riches; for they despise them that despair of
+them; and none worse when they come to them. Be not penny-wise; riches
+have wings, and sometimes they fly away of themselves, sometimes they
+must be set flying to bring in more. Men leave their riches either to
+their kindred, or to the public; and moderate portions prosper best in
+both. A great estate left to an heir, is as a lure to all the birds of
+prey round about to seize on him, if he be not the better established
+in years and judgment. Likewise glorious gifts and foundations are
+like sacrifices without salt; and but the painted sepulchers of alms,
+which soon will putrefy and corrupt inwardly. Therefore measure not
+thine advancements by quantity, but frame them by measure: and defer
+not charities till death; for, certainly, if a man weigh it rightly,
+he that doth so is rather liberal of another man's than of his own.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+OF YOUTH AND AGE
+
+
+A man that is young in years may be old in hours, if he have lost no
+time. But that happeneth rarely. Generally, youth is like the first
+cogitations, not so wise as the second. For there is a youth in
+thoughts, as well as in ages. And yet the invention of young men is
+more lively than that of old; and imaginations stream into their minds
+better, and as it were more divinely. Natures that have much heat and
+great and violent desires and perturbations are not ripe for action
+till they have passed the meridian of their years; as it was with
+Julius Caesar and Septimius Severus. Of the latter of whom it is said,
+_Juventutem egit erroribus, imo furoribus, plenam_.[33] And yet he was
+the ablest emperor, almost, of all the list. But reposed natures may
+do well in youth. As it is seen in Augustus Caesar, Cosmus Duke of
+Florence, Gaston de Foix, and others. On the other side, heat and
+vivacity in age is an excellent composition for business.
+
+Young men are fitter to invent than to judge; fitter for execution
+than for counsel; and fitter for new projects than for settled
+business. For the experience of age, in things that fall within the
+compass of it, directeth them; but in new things, abuseth them. The
+errors of young men are the ruin of business; but the errors of aged
+men amount but to this, that more might have been done, or sooner.
+Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, embrace more than
+they can hold; stir more than they can quiet; fly to the end, without
+consideration of the means and degrees; pursue some few principles
+which they have chanced upon absurdly; care not to innovate, which
+draws unknown inconveniences; use extreme remedies at first; and that
+which doubleth all errors will not acknowledge or retract them; like
+an unready horse, that will neither stop nor turn. Men of age object
+too much, consult too long, adventure too little, repent too soon, and
+seldom drive business home to the full period, but content themselves
+with a mediocrity.
+
+Certainly it is good to compound employments of both; for that will be
+good for the present, because the virtues of either age may correct
+the defects of both; and good for succession, that young men may be
+learners, while men in age are actors; and, lastly, good for extern
+accidents, because authority followeth old men, and favor and
+popularity youth. But for the moral part, perhaps youth will have the
+preeminence, as age hath for the politic. A certain rabbin, upon the
+text, _Your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream
+dreams_, inferreth that young men are admitted nearer to God than old,
+because vision is a clearer revelation than a dream. And certainly,
+the more a man drinketh of the world, the more it intoxicateth; and
+age doth profit rather in the powers of understanding, than in the
+virtues of the will and affections. There be some have an over-early
+ripeness in their years, which fadeth betimes. These are, first, such
+as have brittle wits, the edge whereof is soon turned; such as was
+Hermogenes[34] the rhetorician, whose books are exceeding subtle; who
+afterwards waxed stupid.
+
+A second sort is of those that have some natural dispositions which
+find better grace in youth than in age; such as is a fluent and
+luxuriant speech; which becomes youth well, but not age: so Tully
+saith of Hortensius,[35] _Idem manebat, neque idem decebat_. The
+third is of such as take too high a strain at the first, and are
+magnanimous more than tract of years can uphold. As was Scipio
+Africanus, of whom Livy saith[36] in effect, _Ultima primis cedebant_.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+OF REVENGE
+
+
+Revenge is a kind of wild justice; which the more man's nature runs
+to, the more ought law to weed it out. For as for the first wrong, it
+doth but offend the law; but the revenge of that wrong putteth the law
+out of office. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with
+his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior; for it is a
+prince's part to pardon. And Solomon, I am sure, saith, _It is the
+glory of a man to pass by an offense._ That which is past is gone, and
+irrevocable; and wise men have enough to do with things present and to
+come; therefore they do but trifle with themselves, that labor in past
+matters. There is no man doth a wrong for the wrong's sake; but
+thereby to purchase himself profit, or pleasure, or honor, or the
+like. Therefore why should I be angry with a man for loving himself
+better than me? And if any man should do wrong merely out of
+ill-nature, why, yet it is but like the thorn or brier, which prick
+and scratch, because they can do no other.
+
+The most tolerable sort of revenge is for those wrongs which there is
+no law to remedy; but then let a man take heed the revenge be such as
+there is no law to punish; else a man's enemy is still beforehand, and
+it is two for one. Some, when they take revenge, are desirous the
+party should know whence it cometh. This is the more generous. For the
+delight seemeth to be not so much in doing the hurt as in making the
+party repent. But base and crafty cowards are like the arrow that
+flieth in the dark. Cosmus,[37] Duke of Florence, had a desperate
+saying against perfidious or neglecting friends, as if those wrongs
+were unpardonable: _You shall read_ (saith he) _that we are commanded
+to forgive our enemies; but you never read that we are commanded to
+forgive our friends._ But yet the spirit of Job was in a better tune:
+_Shall we_ (saith he) _take good at God's hands, and not be content to
+take evil also?_ And so of friends in a proportion. This is certain,
+that a man that studieth revenge keeps his own wounds green, which
+otherwise would heal and do well. Public revenges are for the most
+part fortunate; as that for the death of Caesar; for the death of
+Pertinax;[38] for the death of Henry the Third of France;[39] and many
+more. But in private revenges it is not so. Nay rather, vindictive
+persons live the life of witches; who, as they are mischievous, so end
+they infortunate.
+
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+OF MARRIAGE AND SINGLE LIFE
+
+
+He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for
+they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or
+mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the
+public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both
+in affection and means have married and endowed the public. Yet it
+were great reason that those that have children should have greatest
+care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their
+dearest pledges. Some there are, who tho they lead a single life, yet
+their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times
+impertinences. Nay, there are some other that account wife and
+children but as bills of charges. Nay more, there are some foolish
+rich covetous men, that take a pride in having no children, because
+they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard
+some talk, _Such an one is a great rich, man_, and another except to
+it, _Yea, but he hath a great charge of children_; as if it were an
+abatement to his riches.
+
+But the most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty, especially in
+certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of
+every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and
+garters to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best
+masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are
+light to run away; and almost all fugitives are of that condition. A
+single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water
+the ground where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for
+judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall
+have a servant five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the
+generals commonly in their hortatives put men in mind of their wives
+and children; and I think the despising of marriage among the Turks
+maketh the vulgar soldier more base.
+
+Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and
+single men, tho they may be many times more charitable, because their
+means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel
+and hard-hearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their
+tenderness is not so oft called upon.
+
+Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly
+loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses,[40] _vetulam suam praetulit
+immortalitati_. Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming
+upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds both of
+chastity and obedience in the wife, if she think her husband wise;
+which she will never do if she find him jealous. Wives are young men's
+mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men's nurses. So as a
+man may have a quarrel to marry when he will. But yet he was reputed
+one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man
+should marry--_A young man not yet, an elder man not at all._ It is
+often seen that bad husbands have very good wives; whether it be that
+it raiseth the price of their husband's kindness when it comes; or
+that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails,
+if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends'
+consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+OF ENVY
+
+
+There be none of the affections which have been noted to fascinate or
+bewitch, but love and envy. They both have vehement wishes; they frame
+themselves readily into imaginations and suggestions; and they come
+easily into the eye, especially upon the presence of the objects;
+which are the points that conduce to fascination, if any such thing
+there be. We see likewise the Scripture calleth envy an evil eye; and
+the astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects; so
+that still there seemeth to be acknowledged, in the act of envy, an
+ejaculation or irradiation of the eye. Nay some have been so curious
+as to note that the times when the stroke or percussion of an envious
+eye doth most hurt are when the party envied is beheld in glory or
+triumph; for that sets an edge upon envy: and besides, at such times
+the spirits of the person envied do come forth most into the outward
+parts, and so meet the blow.
+
+But leaving these curiosities (tho not unworthy to be thought on in
+fit place), we will handle, what persons are apt to envy others; what
+persons are most subject to be envied themselves; and what is the
+difference between public and private envy.
+
+A man that hath no virtue in himself, ever envieth virtue in others.
+For men's minds will either feed upon their own good or upon others'
+evil; and who wanteth the one will prey upon the other; and whoso is
+out of hope to attain to another's virtue, will seek to come at even
+hand by depressing another's fortune.
+
+A man that is busy and inquisitive is commonly envious. For to know
+much of other men's matters cannot be because all that ado may concern
+his own estate; therefore it must needs be that he taketh a kind of
+play-pleasure in looking upon the fortunes of others. Neither can he
+that mindeth but his own business find much matter for envy. For envy
+is a gadding passion, and walketh the streets, and doth not keep home:
+_Non est curiosus, guin idem sit malevolus._[41]
+
+Men of noble birth are noted to be envious towards new men when they
+rise. For the distance is altered; and it is like a deceit of the eye,
+that when others come on they think themselves go back.
+
+Deformed persons, and eunuchs, and old men, and bastards, are envious.
+For he that can not possibly mend his own case will do what he can to
+impair another's; except these defects light upon a very brave and
+heroical nature, which thinketh to make his natural wants part of his
+honor; in that it should be said, that an eunuch, or a lame man, did
+such great matters; affecting the honor of a miracle; as it was in
+Narses[42] the eunuch, and Agesilaus[43] and Tamberlanes,[44] that
+were lame men.
+
+The same is the case of men that rise after calamities and
+misfortunes. For they are as men fallen out with the times; and think
+other men's harms a redemption of their own sufferings.
+
+They that desire to excel in too many matters, out of levity and
+vainglory, are ever envious. For they can not want work; it being
+impossible but many in some one of those things should surpass them.
+Which was the character of Adrian[45] the Emperor; that mortally
+envied poets and painters and artificers, in works wherein he had a
+vein to excel.
+
+Lastly, near kinsfolks, and fellows in office, and those that have
+been bred together, are more apt to envy their equals when they are
+raised. For it doth upbraid unto them their own fortunes, and pointeth
+at them, and cometh oftener into their remembrance, and incurreth
+likewise more into the note of others; and envy ever redoubleth from
+speech and fame. Cain's envy was the more vile and malignant towards
+his brother Abel, because when his sacrifice was better accepted there
+was no body to look on. Thus much for those that are apt to envy.
+
+Concerning those that are more or less subject to envy: First, persons
+of eminent virtue, when they are advanced, are less envied. For their
+fortune seemeth but due unto them; and no man envieth the payment of a
+debt, but rewards and liberality rather. Again, envy is ever joined
+with the comparing of a man's self; and where there is no comparison,
+no envy; and therefore kings are not envied but by kings. Nevertheless
+it is to be noted that unworthy persons are most envied at their first
+coming in, and afterwards overcome it better; whereas contrariwise,
+persons of worth and merit are most envied when their fortune
+continueth long. For by that time, tho their virtue be the same, yet
+it hath not the same luster; for fresh men grow up that darken it.
+
+Persons of noble blood are less envied in their rising. For it seemeth
+but right done to their birth. Besides, there seemeth not much added
+to their fortune; and envy is as the sunbeams, that beat hotter upon a
+bank or steep rising ground, than up a flat. And for the same reason
+those that are advanced by degrees are less envied than those that are
+advanced suddenly and _per saltum_ [at a bound].
+
+Those that have joined with their honor great travels, cares, or
+perils, are less subject to envy. For men think that they earn their
+honors hardly, and pity them sometimes; and pity ever healeth envy.
+Wherefore you shall observe that the more deep and sober sort of
+politic persons, in their greatness, are ever bemoaning themselves,
+what a life they lead; chanting a _quanta patimur_. Not that they feel
+it so, but only to abate the edge of envy. But this is to be
+understood of business that is laid upon men, and not such as they
+call unto themselves. For nothing increaseth envy more than an
+unnecessary and ambitious engrossing of business. And nothing doth
+extinguish envy more than for a great person to preserve all other
+inferior officers in their full rights and preeminences of their
+places. For by that means there be so many screens between him and
+envy.
+
+Above all, those are most subject to envy, which carry the greatness
+of their fortunes in an insolent and proud manner; being never well
+but while they are showing how great they are, either by outward pomp,
+or by triumphing over all opposition or competition; whereas wise men
+will rather do sacrifice to envy, in suffering themselves sometimes of
+purpose to be crossed and overborne in things that do not much concern
+them. Notwithstanding, so much is true, that the carriage of greatness
+in a plain and open manner (so it be without arrogancy and vain glory)
+doth draw less envy than if it be in a more crafty and cunning
+fashion. For in that course a man doth but disavow fortune; and
+seemeth to be conscious of his own want in worth; and doth but teach
+others to envy him.
+
+Lastly, to conclude this part; as we said in the beginning that the
+act of envy had somewhat in it of witchcraft, so there is no other
+cure of envy but the cure of witchcraft; and that is, to remove the
+_lot_ (as they call it) and to lay it upon another. For which
+purpose, the wiser sort of great persons bring in ever upon the stage
+somebody upon whom to derive the envy that would come upon themselves;
+sometimes upon ministers and servants; sometimes upon colleagues and
+associates; and the like; and for that turn there are never wanting
+some persons of violent and undertaking nature, who, so they may have
+power and business, will take it at any cost.
+
+Now, to speak of public envy. There is yet some good in public envy,
+whereas in private there is none. For public envy is as an ostracism,
+that eclipseth men when they grow too great. And therefore it is a
+bridle also to great ones, to keep them within bounds.
+
+This envy, being in the Latin word _invidia_, goeth in the modern
+languages by the name of _discontentment_; of which we shall speak in
+handling sedition. It is a disease in a state like to infection. For
+as infection spreadeth upon that which is sound, and tainteth it; so
+when envy is gotten once into a state, it traduceth even the best
+actions thereof, and turneth them into an ill odor. And therefore
+there is little won by intermingling of plausible actions. For that
+doth argue but a weakness and fear of envy, which hurteth so much the
+more, as it is likewise usual in infections; which if you fear them,
+you call them upon you.
+
+This public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon principal officers or
+ministers, rather than upon kings and estates themselves. But this is
+a sure rule, that if the envy upon the minister be great, when the
+cause of it in him is small; or if the envy be general in a manner
+upon all the ministers of an estate; then the envy (tho hidden) is
+truly upon the state itself. And so much of public envy or
+discontentment, and the difference thereof from private envy, which
+was handled in the first place.
+
+We will add this in general, touching the affection of envy; that of
+all other affections it is the most importune and continual. For of
+other affections there is occasion given but now and then; and
+therefore it was well said, _Invidia festos dies non agit_:[46] a for
+it is ever working upon some or other. And it is also noted that love
+and envy do make a man pine, which other affections do not, because
+they are not so continual. It is also the vilest affection, and the
+most depraved; for which cause it is the proper attribute of the
+devil, who is called _the envious man, that soweth tares amongst the
+wheat by night_; as it always cometh to pass, that envy worketh
+subtilly, and in the dark; and to the prejudice of good things, such
+as is the wheat.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+OF GOODNESS AND GOODNESS OF NATURE
+
+
+I take goodness in this sense, the affecting of the weal of men, which
+is that the Grecians call _philanthropia_; and the word _humanity_ (as
+it is used) is a little too light to express it. Goodness I call the
+habit, and goodness of nature the inclination. This of all virtues and
+dignities of the mind is the greatest; being the character of the
+Deity: and without it man is a busy, mischievous, wretched thing; no
+better than a kind of vermin. Goodness answers to the theological
+virtue charity, and admits no excess, but error. The desire of power
+in excess caused the angels to fall; the desire of knowledge in excess
+caused man to fall: but in charity there is no excess; neither can
+angel or man come in danger by it. The inclination to goodness is
+imprinted deeply in the nature of man; insomuch that if it issue not
+towards men, it will take unto other living creatures; as it is seen
+in the Turks, a cruel people, who nevertheless are kind to beasts, and
+give alms to dogs and birds; insomuch as Busbechius[47] reporteth, a
+Christian boy in Constantinople had like to have been stoned for
+gagging in a waggishness a long-billed fowl. Errors indeed in this
+virtue of goodness or charity may be committed. The Italians have an
+ungracious proverb, _Tanto buon che val niente_.[48] And one of the
+doctors of Italy, Nicholas Machiavel,[49] had the confidence to put in
+writing, almost in plain terms, _That the Christian faith had given up
+good men in prey to those that are tyrannical and unjust_. Which he
+spake, because indeed there was never law or sect or opinion did so
+much, magnify goodness as the Christian religion doth.
+
+Therefore, to avoid the scandal and the danger both, it is good to
+take knowledge of the errors of an habit so excellent. Seek the good
+of other men, but be not in bondage to their faces or fancies; for
+that is but facility or softness; which taketh an honest mind
+prisoner. Neither give thou AEsop's cock a gem, who would be better
+pleased and happier if he had had a barley-corn. The example of God
+teacheth the lesson truly: _He sendeth his rain and maketh his sun to
+shine upon the just and unjust_; but He doth not rain wealth, nor
+shine honor and virtues, upon men equally. Common benefits are to be
+communicate with all; but peculiar benefits with choice. And beware
+how in making the portraiture thou breakest the pattern. For divinity
+maketh the love of ourselves the pattern; the love of our neighbors
+but the portraiture. _Sell all thou hast, and give it to the poor, and
+follow me_: but sell not all thou hast, except thou come and follow
+me; that is, except thou have a vocation wherein thou mayest do as
+much good with little means as with great; for otherwise in feeding
+the streams thou driest the fountain.
+
+Neither is there only a habit of goodness, directed by right reason;
+but there is in some men, even in nature, a disposition towards it; as
+on the other side there is a natural malignity. For there be that in
+their nature do not affect the good of others. The lighter sort of
+malignity turneth but to a crossness, or frowardness, or aptness to
+oppose, or difficilness, or the like; but the deeper sort to envy and
+mere mischief. Such men in other men's calamities are, as it were, in
+season, and are ever on the loading part: not so good as the dogs that
+licked Lazarus' sores; but like flies that are still buzzing upon
+anything that is raw; _misanthropi_ [haters of men], that make it
+their practise to bring men to the bough, and yet have never a tree
+for the purpose in their gardens, as Timon[50] had. Such dispositions
+are the very errors of human nature; and yet they are the fittest
+timber to make great politics of; like to knee timber, that is good
+for ships, that are ordained to be tossed; but not for building
+houses, that shall stand firm. The parts and signs of goodness are
+many. If a man be gracious and courteous to strangers, it shows he is
+a citizen of the world, and that his heart is no island cut off from
+other lands, but a continent that joins to them. If he be
+compassionate towards the afflictions of others, it shows that his
+heart is like the noble tree that is wounded itself when it gives the
+balm. If he easily pardons and remits offenses, it shows that his mind
+is planted above injuries; so that he cannot be shot. If he be
+thankful for small benefits, it shows that he weighs men's minds, and
+not their trash. But above all, if he have St. Paul's perfection, that
+he would wish to be an _anathema_ from Christ for the salvation of his
+brethren, it shows much of a divine nature, and a kind of conformity
+with Christ Himself.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+OF STUDIES
+
+
+Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief
+use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament is in
+discourse; and for ability is in the judgment and disposition of
+business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of
+particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and
+marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend
+too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament,
+is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor
+of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience:
+for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning,[51]
+by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at
+large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn
+studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach
+not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them,
+won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe
+and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and
+consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and
+some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read
+only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to
+be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may
+be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would
+be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books;
+else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.
+Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an
+exact man.
+
+And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory;
+if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read
+little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth
+not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile;
+natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to
+contend. _Abeunt studia in mores._[52] Nay, there is no stond or
+impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as
+diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good
+for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle
+walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a
+man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in
+demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must
+begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences,
+let him study the Schoolmen; for they are _cymini sectores_ [splitters
+of hairs]. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one
+thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers'
+cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+OF REGIMENT OF HEALTH
+
+
+There is a wisdom in this beyond the rules of physic: a man's own
+observation, what he finds good of, and what he finds hurt of, is the
+best physic to preserve health. But it is a safer conclusion to say,
+_This agreeth not well with me, therefore I will not continue it_;
+than this, _I find no offense of this, therefore I may use it._ For
+strength of nature in youth passeth over many excesses, which are
+owing a man till his age. Discern of the coming on of years, and think
+not to do the same things still; for age will not be defied. Beware of
+sudden change in any great point of diet, and if necessity inforce it,
+fit the rest to it. For it is a secret in nature and state, that it is
+safer to change many things than one. Examine thy customs of diet,
+sleep, exercise, apparel, and the like; and try, in any thing thou
+shalt judge hurtful, to discontinue it by little and little; but so,
+as if thou dost find any inconvenience by the change, thou come back
+to it again: for it is hard to distinguish that which is generally
+held good and wholesome, from that which is good particularly, and fit
+for thine own body.
+
+To be free-minded and cheerfully disposed at hours of meat and of
+sleep and of exercise, is one of the best precepts of long lasting. As
+for the passions and studies of the mind; avoid envy; anxious fears,
+anger fretting inwards; subtle and knotty inquisitions; joys and
+exhilarations in excess; sadness not communicated. Entertain hopes;
+mirth rather than joy; variety of delights, rather than surfeit of
+them; wonder and admiration, and therefore novelties; studies that
+fill the mind with splendid and illustrious objects, as histories,
+fables, and contemplations of nature. If you fly physic in health
+altogether, it will be too strange for your body when you shall need
+it. If you make it too familiar, it will work no extraordinary effect
+when sickness cometh. I commend rather some diet for certain seasons,
+than frequent use of physic, except it be grown into a custom. For
+those diets alter the body more, and trouble it less.
+
+Despise no new accident in your body, but ask opinion of it. In
+sickness, respect health principally; and in health, action. For those
+that put their bodies to endure in health, may in most sicknesses,
+which are not very sharp, be cured only with diet and tendering.
+Celsus[53] could never have spoken it as a physician, had he not been
+a wise man withal, when he giveth it for one of the great precepts of
+health and lasting, that a man do vary and interchange contraries, but
+with an inclination to the more benign extreme: use fasting and full
+eating, but rather full eating; watching and sleep, but rather sleep;
+sitting and exercise, but rather exercise; and the like. So shall
+nature be cherished, and yet taught masteries. Physicians are some of
+them so pleasing and conformable to the humor of the patient, as they
+press not the true cure of the disease; and some other are so regular
+in proceeding according to art for the disease, as they respect not
+sufficiently the condition of the patient. Take one of a middle
+temper; or if it may not be found in one man, combine two of either
+sort; and forget not to call as well the best acquainted with your
+body, as the best reputed of for his faculty.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 27: The selections here given from Bacon are all from the
+"Essays"]
+
+[Footnote 28: Cicero's meaning is that Rabirius was not prompted by
+avarice so much as by a desire to obtain the means whereby he could do
+good.]
+
+[Footnote 29: This has commonly been translated as "He that maketh
+haste to become rich shall not remain innocent."]
+
+[Footnote 30: The meaning is in the sweat of another man's brow rather
+than one's own.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Sugar is one of the chief products of the Canary
+Islands. These islands are supposed to be identical with those known
+to the ancients as the Fortunate Islands.]
+
+[Footnote 32: The remark of Tacitus means that Seneca took profitable
+places of trust in such numbers that it was as if he had gathered them
+in with a net.]
+
+[Footnote 33: The meaning is that Severus passed his youth, not only
+in errors, but that his youth was so full of them as to have been
+almost one of madness.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Hermogenes, a native of Tarsus, lived in the second
+century A.D.]
+
+[Footnote 35: Hortensius was a Roman orator of Cicero's time and an
+early rival of his. The remark here quoted from Tully (Cicero) means
+that Hortensius continued a line of action until it was not becoming.]
+
+[Footnote 36: Livy's remark means that Scipio in old age was not equal
+to himself in his youth in the things he performed.]
+
+[Footnote 37: Now written Cosmo, or Cosimo. He became duke in 1537.]
+
+[Footnote 38: Pertinax, the Roman emperor, was murdered by the
+Pretorian Guards in 193 A.D. The guards were put to death by order of
+Septimius Severus, his successor.]
+
+[Footnote 39: Henry was murdered by a monk named Clement, who was put
+to death for the crime.]
+
+[Footnote 40: This refers to the refusal of Ulysses to wed a goddess,
+preferring his own wife, who was no longer young.]
+
+[Footnote 41: The meaning is that no man is possest by curiosity
+unless some malevolence inspires him.]
+
+[Footnote 42: Narses was the associate of Belisarius in command of the
+Roman army in Italy in 538-539, and greatly distinguished himself as
+the sole commander in later years.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Agesilaus was a famous king of Sparta.]
+
+[Footnote 44: Now commonly written Tamerlane, which stands for Timour
+the Lame, Timour being his real name.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Adrian, now commonly called Hadrian, emperor of Rome,
+was born in 76, and died in 138.]
+
+[Footnote 46: This saying has been translated "Envy keeps no
+holidays."]
+
+[Footnote 47: Busbechius, scholar and diplomat of Flanders, was born
+in 1522 and died in 1592.]
+
+[Footnote 48: The meaning is that one may be so good as to be good for
+nothing.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Machiavelli, the famous author of "The Prince."]
+
+[Footnote 50: The reference is to Timon of Athens, a real person, who
+is the subject of one of Shakespeare's plays.]
+
+[Footnote 51: An early form of the word pruning, which once had a
+wider meaning than now.]
+
+[Footnote 52: The meaning is that manners are deeply influenced by
+one's studies.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Aulus Celsus, a Roman writer on medicine, who lived in
+the first half of the first century A.D.]
+
+
+
+
+SHAKESPEARE
+
+     Born in 1564; died in 1616; married Anne Hathaway in 1582;
+     went to London and became an actor in 1587; began to revise,
+     or write, plays in 1589; bought "New Place" at Stratford in
+     1597; retired from the theater in 1610; his plays first
+     collected in the Folio of 1623.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+BRUTUS TO HIS COUNTRYMEN[54]
+
+
+_Brutus._ Be patient till the last.
+
+Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause, and be silent,
+that you may hear; believe me for mine honor, and have respect to mine
+honor, that you may believe; censure me in your wisdom, and awake your
+senses, that you may the better judge. If there be any in this
+assembly, any dear friend of Caesar's, to him I say, that Brutus' love
+to Caesar was no less than his. If then that friend demand why Brutus
+rose against Caesar, this is my answer: Not that I lov'd Caesar less,
+but that I lov'd Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living and die
+all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all freemen? As Caesar
+lov'd me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he
+was valiant, I honor him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. There
+is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honor for his valor; and
+death for his ambition. Who is here so base that would be a bondman?
+If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would
+not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so
+vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I
+offended. I pause for reply.
+
+_All._ None, Brutus, none.
+
+_Brutus._ Then none have I offended. I have done no more to Caesar than
+you shall do to Brutus. The question of his death is enroll'd in the
+Capitol; his glory not extenuated, wherein he was worthy, nor his
+offenses enforc'd, for which he suffered death.
+
+     --_Enter Antony (and others), with Caesar's body._
+
+Here comes his body, mourn'd by Mark Antony; who, tho he had no hand
+in his death, shall receive the benefit of his dying, a place in the
+commonwealth; as which of you shall not? With this I depart, that, as
+I slew my best lover for the good of Rome, I have the same dagger for
+myself, when it shall please my country to need my death.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+SHYLOCK IN DEFENSE OF HIS RACE[55]
+
+
+_Shylock._ There I have another bad match. A bankrupt, a prodigal, who
+dare scarce show his head on the Rialto; a beggar, that was us'd to
+come so smug upon the mart; let him look to his bond. He was wont to
+call me usurer; let him look to his bond. He was wont to lend money
+for a Christian courtesy; let him look to his bond.
+
+_Salarino._ Why, I am sure, if he forfeit, thou wilt not take his
+flesh. What's that good for?
+
+_Shylock._ To bait fish withal. If it will feed nothing else, it will
+feed my revenge. He hath disgrac'd me, and hind'red me half a million;
+laugh'd at my losses, mock'd at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted
+my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies; and what's his
+reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs,
+dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt
+with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the
+same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a
+Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do
+we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us,
+shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble
+you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility?
+Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by
+Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will
+execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+HAMLET TO THE PLAYERS[56]
+
+
+_Hamlet._ Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounc'd it to you,
+trippingly on the tongue; but if you mouth it, as many of your players
+do, I had as lief the town-crier spoke my lines. Nor do not saw the
+air too much with your hand, thus, but use all gently; for in the very
+torrent, tempest, and, as I may say, the whirlwind of passion, you
+must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smoothness. O, it
+offends me to the soul to see a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a
+passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the
+groundlings, who for the most part are capable of nothing but
+inexplicable dumb-shows and noise. I could have such a fellow whipp'd
+for o'erdoing Termagant. It out-herods Herod. Pray you, avoid it.
+
+_First Player._ I warrant your honor.
+
+_Hamlet._ Be not too tame neither, but let your own discretion be your
+tutor. Suit the action to the word, the word to the action; with this
+special observance, that you o'erstep not the modesty of nature. For
+anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing, whose end, both
+at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as 'twere, the mirror up to
+nature; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the
+very age and body of the time his form and pressure. Now this
+overdone, or come tardy off, tho it make the unskilful laugh, can not
+but make the judicious grieve; the censure of the which one must, in
+your allowance, o'erweigh a whole theater of others. O, there be
+players that I have seen play, and heard others praise, and that
+highly, not to speak it profanely, that, neither having the accent of
+Christians nor the gait of Christian, pagan, nor man, have so strutted
+and bellowed that I have thought some of Nature's journeymen had made
+men and not made them well, they imitated humanity so abominably.
+
+_First Player._ I hope we have reform'd that indifferently with us,
+sir.
+
+_Hamlet._ O, reform it altogether. And let those that play your clowns
+speak no more than is set down for them; for there be of them that
+will themselves laugh to set on some quantity of barren spectators to
+laugh too tho in the mean time some necessary question of the play be
+then to be considered. That's villainous, and shows a most pitiful
+ambition in the Fool that uses it. Go, make you ready.
+
+                                                  [_Exeunt Players._
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 54: From "Julius Caesar," Act III, Sc. ii.]
+
+[Footnote 55: From "The Merchant of Venice." Act III, Sc. ii.]
+
+[Footnote 56: From "Hamlet, Prince of Denmark," Act III, Sc. ii.]
+
+
+
+
+BEN JONSON
+
+     Born in 1573; died in 1637; became a player in 1597; his
+     first play, "Everyman in His Humor," performed at the Globe
+     Theater in 1598, Shakespeare taking one of the parts; went
+     to France in 1613 as tutor to a son of Raleigh; visited
+     Drummond of Hawthornden in 1618; his library, one of the
+     finest in England, burned about 1621; his works first
+     collected in 1616; buried in Poet's Corner, Westminster,
+     Abbey.
+
+
+
+
+OF SHAKESPEARE AND OTHER WITS[57]
+
+
+I remember the players that have often mentioned it as an honor to
+Shakespeare, that in his writing, whatsoever he penned, he never
+blotted out a line. My answer hath been, "Would he had blotted a
+thousand," which they thought a malevolent speech. I had not told
+posterity this, but for their ignorance who chose that circumstance to
+commend their friend by wherein he most faulted; and to justify mine
+own candor, for I loved the man, and do honor his memory on this side
+idolatry as much as any. He was, indeed, honest, and of an open and
+free nature; had an excellent phantasy, brave notions, and gentle
+expressions, wherein he flowed with that facility, that sometimes it
+was necessary he should be stopt. _Sufflaminandus erat_, as Augustus
+said of Haterius. His wit was in his own power: would the rule of it
+had been so too. Many times he fell into those things which could not
+escape laughter, as when he said in the person of Caesar, one speaking
+to him, "Caesar, thou dost me wrong." He replied, "Caesar did never
+wrong but with just cause"; and such like, which were ridiculous. But
+he redeemed his vices with his virtues. There was ever more in him to
+be praised than to be pardoned.
+
+In the difference of wits I have observed there are many notes; and it
+is a little maistry to know them, to discern what every nature, every
+disposition will bear; for before we sow our land we should plough it.
+There are no fewer forms of minds than of bodies amongst us. The
+variety is incredible, and therefore we must search. Some are fit to
+make divines, some poets, some lawyers, some physicians, some to be
+sent to the plow, and trades.
+
+There is no doctrine will do good where nature is wanting. Some wits
+are swelling and high; others low and still; some hot and fiery;
+others cold and dull; one must have a bridle, the other a spur. There
+be some that are forward and bold; and these will do every little
+thing easily. I mean that is hard by and next them, which they will
+utter unretarded without any shame-facedness. These never perform
+much, but quickly. They are what they are on the sudden; they show
+presently like grain that, scattered on the top the ground, shoots up,
+but takes no root; has a yellow blade, but the ear empty. They are
+wits of good promise at first, but there is an _ingenistitium_; they
+stand still at sixteen, they get no higher. You have others that labor
+only to ostentation; and are ever more busy about the colors and
+surface of a work than in the matter and foundation, for that is hid,
+the other is seen.
+
+Others that in composition are nothing but what is rough and broken.
+_Quae per salebras, altaque saxa cadunt._ And if it would come gently,
+they trouble it of purpose. They would not have it run without rubs,
+as if that style were more strong and manly that struck the ear with a
+kind of unevenness. These men err not by chance, but knowingly and
+willingly; they are like men that affect a fashion by themselves; have
+some singularity in a ruff, cloak, or hatband; or their beards
+specially cut to provoke beholders, and set a mark upon themselves.
+They would be reprehended while they are looked on. And this vice, one
+that is authority with the rest, loving, delivers over to them to be
+imitated; so that ofttimes the faults which he fell into, the others
+seek for. This is the danger, when vice becomes a precedent.
+
+Others there are that have no composition at all; but a kind of tuning
+and riming fall in what they write. It runs and slides, and only makes
+a sound. Women's poets they are called, as you have women's tailors.
+
+    "They write a verse as smooth, as soft as cream,
+    In which there is no torrent, nor scarce stream."
+
+You may sound these wits and find the depth of them with your middle
+finger. They are cream-bowl, or but puddle-deep.
+
+Some that turn over all books, and are equally searching in all
+papers; that write out of what they presently find or meet, without
+choice. By which means it happens that what they have discredited and
+impugned in one week, they have before or after extolled the same in
+another. Such are all the essayists, even their master Montaigne.
+These, in all they write, confess still what books they have read
+last, and therein their own folly so much that they bring it to the
+stake raw and undigested; not that the place did need it neither, but
+that they thought themselves furnished and would vent it....
+
+It cannot but come to pass that these men who commonly seek to do more
+than enough may sometimes happen on something that is good and great;
+but very seldom: and when it comes it doth not recompense the rest of
+their ill. For their jests, and their sentences (which they only and
+ambitiously seek for) stick out and are more eminent because all is
+sordid and vile about them; as lights are more discerned in a thick
+darkness than a faint shadow. Now, because they speak all they can
+(however unfitly), they are thought to have the greater copy; where
+the learned use ever election and a mean, they look back to what they
+intended at first, and make all an even and proportioned body. The
+true artificer will not run away from Nature as he were afraid of her,
+or depart from life and the likeness of truth, but speak to the
+capacity of his hearers. And tho his language differ from the vulgar
+somewhat, it shall not fly from all humanity, with the Tamerlanes and
+Tamer-chams of the late age, which had nothing in them but the
+scenical strutting and furious vociferation to warrant them to the
+ignorant gapers. He knows it is his only art so to carry it as none
+but artificers perceive it. In the meantime, perhaps, he is called
+barren, dull, lean, a poor writer or by what contumelious word can
+come in their cheeks, by these men who, without labor, judgment,
+knowledge, or almost sense, are received or preferred before him. He
+gratulates them and their fortune. Another age, or juster men, will
+acknowledge the virtues of his studies, his wisdom in dividing, his
+subtlety in arguing, with what strength he doth inspire his readers,
+with what sweetness he strokes them; in inveighing, what sharpness; in
+jest, what urbanity he uses; how he doth reign in men's affections;
+how invade and break in upon them, and makes their minds like the
+thing he writes. Then in his elocution to behold what word is proper,
+which hath ornaments, which height, what is beautifully translated,
+where figures are fit, which gentle, which strong, to show the
+composition manly; and how he hath avoided faint, obscure, obscene,
+sordid, humble, improper, or effeminate phrase; which is not only
+praised of the most, but commended (which is worse), especially for
+that it is naught.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 57: From "Timber; or Discoveries Made upon Men and Matter."]
+
+
+
+
+IZAAK WALTON
+
+     Born in 1593, died in 1683; an ironmonger in London in 1618;
+     his home in Fleet Street in 1624, and from 1628 to 1644 in
+     Chancery Lane, where he had Dr. John Donne, whose life he
+     wrote, for friend and neighbor; living at Clerkenwell in
+     1653, when he published "The Compleat Angler"; after the
+     Restoration lived at Winchester and Salisbury; wrote lives
+     of Donne, Wotton, Hooker, Herbert and Sanderson.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+THE ANTIQUITY OF ANGLING[58]
+
+
+_Piscator_--O sir, doubt not that angling is an art: is it not an art
+to deceive a trout with an artificial fly? a trout that is more
+sharp-sighted than any hawk you have named, and more watchful and
+timorous than your high-mettled merlin is bold; and yet I doubt not to
+catch a brace or two to-morrow for a friend's breakfast. Doubt not,
+therefore, sir, but that angling is an art, and an art worth your
+learning. The question is rather, whether you be capable of learning
+it? for angling is somewhat like poetry--men are to be born so: I
+mean, with inclinations to it, tho both may be heightened by discourse
+and practise; but he that hopes to be a good angler must not only
+bring an inquiring, searching, observing wit, but he must bring a
+large measure of hope and patience, and a love and propensity to the
+art itself; but having once got and practised it, then doubt not but
+angling will prove to be so pleasant that it will prove to be like
+virtue, a reward to itself.
+
+_Venator_--Sir, I am now become so full of expectation, that I long
+much to have you proceed, and in the order you propose.
+
+_Piscator_--Then first, for the antiquity of angling, of which I shall
+not say much, but only this: some say it is as ancient as Deucalion's
+flood,[59] others, that Belus,[60] who was the first inventor of godly
+and virtuous recreations, was the first inventor of angling; and some
+others say--for former times have had their disquisitions about the
+antiquity of it--that Seth, one of the sons of Adam, taught it to his
+sons, and that by them it was derived to posterity; others say that he
+left it engraven on those pillars which he erected, and trusted to
+preserve the knowledge of the mathematics, music, and the rest of that
+precious knowledge and those useful arts, which by God's appointment
+or allowance and his noble industry were thereby preserved from
+perishing in Noah's flood.
+
+These, sir, have been the opinions of several men that have possibly
+endeavored to make angling more ancient than is needful, or may well
+be warranted; but for my part, I shall content myself in telling you
+that angling is much more ancient than the Incarnation of our Savior:
+for in the prophet Amos, mention is made of fish-hooks; and in the
+book of Job, which was long before the days of Amos--for that book is
+said to be writ by Moses--mention is made also of fish-hooks, which
+must imply anglers in those times.
+
+But, my worthy friend, as I would rather prove myself a gentleman by
+being learned and humble, valiant and inoffensive, virtuous and
+communicable, than by any fond ostentation of riches; or, wanting
+those virtues myself, boast that these were in my ancestors (and yet I
+grant that where a noble and ancient descent and such merit meet in
+any man, it is a double dignification of that person);--so if this
+antiquity of angling, which for my part I have not forced, shall, like
+an ancient family, be either an honor or an ornament to this virtuous
+art which I profess to love and practise, I shall be the gladder that
+I made an accidental mention of the antiquity of it, of which I shall
+say no more, but proceed to that just commendation which I think it
+deserves.
+
+And for that, I shall tell you that in ancient times a debate hath
+arisen, and it remains yet unresolved: whether the happiness of man in
+this world doth consist more in contemplation or action?
+
+Concerning which, some have endeavored to maintain their opinion of
+the first, by saying that the nearer we mortals come to God by way of
+imitation, the more happy we are. And they say that God enjoys himself
+only by a contemplation of his own infiniteness, eternity, power, and
+goodness, and the like. And upon this ground, many cloisteral men of
+great learning and devotion prefer contemplation before action. And
+many of the fathers seem to approve this opinion, as may appear in
+their commentaries upon the words of our Savior to Martha (Luke x: 41,
+42).
+
+And on the contrary, there want not men of equal authority and credit,
+that prefer action to be the more excellent; as namely, experiments in
+physic, and the application of it, both for the ease and prolongation
+of man's life; by which each man is enabled to act and do good to
+others, either to serve his country or do good to particular persons.
+And they say also that action is doctrinal, and teaches both art and
+virtue, and is a maintainer of human society; and for these, and other
+like reasons, to be preferred before contemplation.
+
+Concerning which two opinions, I shall forbear to add a third by
+declaring my own; and rest myself contented in telling you, my very
+worthy friend, that both these meet together, and do most properly
+belong to the most honest, ingenious, quiet, and harmless art of
+angling.
+
+And first I shall tell you what some have observed, and I have found
+it to be a real truth--that the very sitting by the river's side is
+not only the quietest and fittest place for contemplation, but will
+invite an angler to it; and this seems to be maintained by the learned
+Peter Du Moulin, who in his discourse on the fulfilling of prophecies,
+observes that when God intended to reveal any future events or high
+notions to His prophets, He then carried them either to the deserts or
+the sea-shore, that having so separated them from amidst the press of
+people and business, and the cares of the world, He might settle their
+mind in a quiet repose, and there make them fit for revelation.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+OF THE TROUT[61]
+
+
+The trout is a fish highly valued both in this and foreign nations; he
+may be justly said, as the old poet said of wine, and we English say
+of venison, to be a generous fish: a fish that is so like the buck
+that he also has his seasons; for it is observed, that he comes in and
+goes out of season with the stag and buck. Gesner says his name is of
+German offspring, and says he is a fish that feeds clean and purely,
+in the swiftest streams, and on the hardest gravel; and that he may
+justly contend with all fresh-water fish, as the mullet may with all
+sea-fish, for precedency and daintiness of taste, and that being in
+right season, the most dainty palates have allowed precedency to him.
+
+And before I go further in my discourse, let me tell you, that you are
+to observe, that as there be some barren does that are good in summer,
+so there be some barren trouts that are good in winter; but there are
+not many that are so, for usually they be in their perfection in the
+month of May, and decline with the buck. Now you are to take notice,
+that in several countries, as in Germany and in other parts, compared
+to ours, fish differ much in their bigness and shape, and other ways,
+and so do trouts: It is well known that in Lake Leman, the lake of
+Geneva, there are trouts taken of three cubits long, as is affirmed by
+Gesner, a writer of good credit; and Mercator says, the trouts that
+are taken in the lake of Geneva are a great part of the merchandise of
+that famous city. And you are further to know, that there be certain
+waters, that breed trouts remarkable both for their number and
+smallness. I know a little brook in Kent that breeds them to a number
+incredible, and you may take them twenty or forty in an hour, but none
+greater than about the size of a gudgeon: there are also in divers
+rivers, especially that relate to or be near to the sea, as
+Winchester, or the Thames about Windsor, a little trout called samlet,
+or skegger trout (in both which places I have caught twenty or forty
+at a standing), that will bite as fast and as freely as minnows; these
+be by some taken to be young salmon; but in those waters they never
+grow to be bigger than a herring.
+
+There is also in Kent, near to Canterbury, a trout called there a
+Fordidge trout, a trout that bears the name of the town where it is
+usually caught, that is accounted the rarest of fish; many of them
+near the bigness of a salmon, but known by their different color; and
+in their best season they cut very white; and none of these have been
+known to be caught with an angle, unless it were one that was caught
+by Sir George Hastings, an excellent angler, and now with God: and he
+hath told me, he thought _that_ trout bit not for hunger but
+wantonness; and it is rather to be believed, because both he, then,
+and many others before him, have been curious to search into their
+bellies, what the food was by which they lived, and have found out
+nothing by which they might satisfy their curiosity.
+
+Concerning which you are to take notice, that it is reported by good
+authors, that grasshoppers, and some fish, have no mouths, but are
+nourished and take breath by the porousness of their gills, man knows
+not how: and this may be believed, if we consider that when the raven
+hath hatched her eggs, she takes no further care, but leaves her young
+ones to the care of the God of nature, who is said, in the Psalms, "to
+feed the young ravens that call upon Him." And they be kept alive and
+fed by dew, or worms that breed in their nests, or some other ways
+that we mortals know not; and this may be believed of the Fordidge
+trout, which, as it is said of the stork (Jerem. viii: 7), that "he
+knows his season," so he knows his times, I think almost his day of
+coming into the river out of the sea, where he lives, and, it is like,
+feeds nine months of the year, and fasts three in the river of
+Fordidge. And you are to note that those townsmen are very punctual in
+observing the time of beginning to fish for them, and boast much that
+their river affords a trout that exceeds all others. And just so does
+Sussex boast of several fish; as namely, a Shelsey cockle, a
+Chichester lobster, an Arundel mullet, and an Amerly trout.
+
+And now for some confirmation of the Fordidge trout: you are to know
+that this trout is thought to eat nothing in the fresh water; and it
+may be better believed, because it is well known, that swallows and
+bats and wagtails, which are called half-year birds, and not seen to
+fly in England for six months in the year, but about Michaelmas leave
+us for a better climate than this; yet some of them that have been
+left behind their fellows, have been found many thousands at a time,
+in hollow trees, or clay caves; where they have been observed to live
+and sleep out the whole winter without meat; and so Albertus observes,
+that there is one kind of frog that hath her mouth naturally shut up
+about the end of August, and that she lives so all the winter; and tho
+it be strange to some, yet it is known to too many among us to be
+doubted.
+
+And so much for these Fordidge trouts, which never afford an angler
+sport, but either live their time of being in the fresh water by their
+meat formerly got in the sea (not unlike the swallow or frog), or by
+the virtue of the fresh water only; or, as the birds of Paradise and
+the chameleon are said to live, by the sun and the air.
+
+There is also in Northumberland a trout called a bull trout, of a much
+greater length and bigness than any in the southern parts. And there
+are, in many rivers that relate to the sea, salmon trouts, as much
+different from others, both in shape and in their spots, as we see
+sheep in some countries differ one from another in their shape and
+bigness, and in the fineness of their wool. And certainly, as some
+pastures breed larger sheep, so do some rivers, by reason of the
+ground over which they run, breed larger trouts.
+
+Now the next thing that I will commend to your consideration is, that
+the trout is of a more sudden growth than other fish. Concerning
+which, you are also to take notice, that he lives not so long as the
+perch and divers other fishes do, as Sir Francis Bacon hath observed
+in his "History of Life and Death."[62]
+
+And now you are to take notice, that he is not like the crocodile,
+which if he lives never so long, yet always thrives till his death.
+And you are to know, that he will about, especially before, the time
+of his spawning, get almost miraculously through weirs and flood-gates
+against the streams; even through such high and swift places as is
+almost incredible. Next, that the trout usually spawns about October
+or November, but in some rivers a little sooner or later; which is the
+more observable, because most other fish spawn in the spring or
+summer, when the sun hath warmed both the earth and the water, and
+made it fit for generation. And you are to note, that he continues
+many months out of season; for it may be observed of the trout, that
+he is like the buck or the ox, that he will not be fat in many months,
+tho he go in the very same pasture that horses do, which will be fat
+in one month; and so you may observe, that most other fishes recover
+strength, and grow sooner far and in season, than the trout doth.
+
+And next you are to note, that till the sun gets to such a height as
+to warm the earth and the water, the trout is sick and lean, and
+lousy, and unwholesome; for you shall in winter find him to have a big
+head, and then to be lank, and thin, and lean; at which time many of
+them have sticking on them sugs, or trout-lice, which is a kind of
+worm, in shape like a clove or pin, with a big head, and sticks close
+to him and sucks his moisture; those I think the trout breeds himself,
+and never thrives till he frees himself from them, which is when warm
+weather comes; and then, as he grows stronger, he gets from the dead,
+still water, into the sharp streams, and the gravel, and there tubs
+off these worms or lice; and then as he grows stronger, so he gets him
+into swifter and swifter streams, and there lies at the watch for any
+fly or minnow that comes near to him; and he especially loves the
+May-fly, which is bred of the cod-worm or caddis; and these make the
+trout bold and lusty, and he is usually fatter and better meat at the
+end of that month (May) than at any time of the year.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE DEATH OF GEORGE HERBERT[63]
+
+
+At the time of Mr. Duncon's leaving Mr. Herbert--which was about three
+weeks before his death--his old and dear friend Mr. Woodnot came from
+London to Bemerton, and never left him till he had seen him draw his
+last breath, and closed his eyes on his death-bed. In this time of his
+decay, he was often visited and prayed for by all the clergy that
+lived near to him, especially by his friends the Bishop and Prebends
+of the Cathedral Church in Salisbury; but by none more devoutly than
+his wife, his three nieces--then a part of his family--and Mr.
+Woodnot, who were the sad witnesses of his daily decay; to whom he
+would often speak to this purpose:
+
+"I now look back upon the pleasures of my life past, and see the
+content I have taken in beauty, in wit, in music, and pleasant
+conversation, are now all past by me like a dream, or as a shadow that
+returns not, and are now all become dead to me, or I to them; and I
+see, that as my father and generation hath done before me, so I also
+shall now suddenly (with Job) make my bed also in the dark; and I
+praise God I am prepared for it; and I praise Him that I am not to
+learn patience now I stand in such need of it; and that I have
+practised mortification, and endeavored to die daily, that I might not
+die eternally; and my hope is, that I shall shortly leave this valley
+of tears, and be free from all fevers and pain; and, which will be a
+more happy condition, I shall be free from sin, and all the
+temptations and anxieties that attend it: and this being past, I shall
+dwell in the New Jerusalem; dwell there with men made perfect; dwell
+where these eyes shall see my Master and Savior Jesus; and with Him
+see my dear mother, and all my relations and friends. But I must die,
+or not come to that happy place. And this is my content, that I am
+going daily towards it: and that every day which I have lived, hath
+taken a part of my appointed time from me; and that I shall live the
+less time, for having lived this and the day past."
+
+These, and the like expressions, which he uttered often, may be said
+to be his enjoyment of Heaven before he enjoyed it. The Sunday before
+his death, he rose suddenly from his bed or couch, called for one of
+his instruments, took it into his hand and said,
+
+    My God, my God,
+    My music shall find Thee,
+      And every string
+    Shall have His attribute to sing.
+
+and having tuned it, he played and sung:
+
+      The Sundays of man's life,
+    Threaded together on time's string,
+    Make bracelets to adorn the wife
+    Of the eternal glorious King:
+    On Sundays Heaven's door stands ope;
+    Blessings are plentiful and rife,
+      More plentiful than hope.
+
+Thus he sung on earth such hymns and anthems, as the angels, and he,
+and Mr. Farrer, now sing in heaven. Thus he continued meditating, and
+praying, and rejoicing, till the day of his death; and on that day
+said to Mr. Woodnot, "My dear friend, I am sorry I have nothing to
+present to my merciful God but sin and misery; but the first is
+pardoned, and a few hours will now put a period to the latter; for I
+shall suddenly go hence, and be no more seen." Upon which expression
+Mr. Woodnot took occasion to remember him of the reedifying Layton
+Church, and his many acts of mercy. To which he made answer, saying,
+"They be good works, if they be sprinkled with the blood of Christ,
+and not otherwise."
+
+After this discourse he became more restless, and his soul seemed to
+be weary of her earthly tabernacle; and this uneasiness became so
+visible, that his wife, his three nieces, and Mr. Woodnot, stood
+constantly about his bed, beholding him with sorrow, and an
+unwillingness to lose the sight of him, whom they could not hope to
+see much longer. As they stood thus beholding him, his wife observed
+him breathe faintly, and with much trouble, and observed him to fall
+into a sudden agony; which so surprized her, that she fell into a
+sudden passion, and required of him to know how he did. To which his
+answer was, "that he had passed a conflict with his last enemy, and
+had overcome him by the merits of his Master Jesus." After which
+answer, he looked up, and saw his wife and nieces weeping to an
+extremity, and charged them, if they loved him to withdraw into the
+next room, and there pray every one alone for him; for nothing but
+their lamentations could make his death uncomfortable. To which
+request their sighs and tears would not suffer them to make any reply;
+but they yielded him a sad obedience, leaving only with him Mr.
+Woodnot and Mr. Bostock.
+
+Immediately after they had left him, he said to Mr. Bostock, "Pray,
+Sir, open that door, then look into that cabinet, in which you may
+easily find my last will, and give it into my hand"; which being done,
+Mr. Herbert delivered it into the hand of Mr. Woodnot, and said, "My
+old friend, I here deliver you my last will, in which you will find
+that I have made you my sole executor for the good of my wife and
+nieces; and I desire you to show kindness to them, as they shall need
+it; I do not desire you to be just; for I know you will be so for your
+own sake: but I charge you, by the religion of our friendship, to be
+careful of them." And having obtained Mr. Woodnot's promise to be so,
+he said, "I am now ready to die." After which words, he said, "Lord,
+forsake me not now my strength faileth me: but grant me mercy for the
+merits of my Jesus. And now, Lord--Lord, now receive my soul." And
+with those words he breathed forth his divine soul, without any
+apparent disturbance, Mr. Woodnot and Mr. Bostock attending his last
+breath, and closing his eyes.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 58: From Part I, Chap. I of "The Compleat Angler."]
+
+[Footnote 59: Deucalion was a legendary king of Phythia in Thessaly.
+According to the legend, a deluge having been sent by Zeus, Deucalion,
+by advice of his father, built a wooden chest in which he and his wife
+were saved, landing after nine days on Mt. Parnassus. By them the
+human race, destroyed in the deluge, was renewed.]
+
+[Footnote 60: A mythological person, son of Poseidon.]
+
+[Footnote 61: From Chapter IV of "The Compleat Angler."]
+
+[Footnote 62: The "Historia Vitae et Mortis," published in 1623.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Author of "The Temple; Sacred Poems and Private
+Ejaculations," published in 1633, the year of Herbert's death.]
+
+
+
+
+JAMES HOWELL
+
+     Born in 1595, died in 1666; best known as author of the
+     "Letters" (1645-1655); edited a French and English
+     dictionary; and compiled a polyglot dictionary.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+THE BUCENTAUR CEREMONY IN VENICE[64]
+
+
+These wishes come to you from Venice, a place where there is nothing
+wanting that heart can wish; renowned Venice, the admired'st city in
+the world, a city that all Europe is bound unto, for she is her
+greatest rampart against that huge eastern tyrant, the Turk, by sea;
+else, I believe, he had overrun all Christendom by this time. Against
+him this city hath performed notable exploits, and not only against
+him, but divers others: she hath restored emperors to their thrones,
+and popes to their chairs, and with her galleys often preserved St.
+Peter's bark from sinking: for which, by way of reward, one of his
+successors espoused her to the sea, which marriage is solemnly renewed
+every year in solemn procession by the Doge and all the Clarissimos,
+and a gold ring cast into the sea out of the great galeasse, called
+the Bucentoro,[65] wherein the first ceremony was performed by the
+pope himself, above three hundred years since, and they say it is the
+self-same vessel still, tho often put upon the careen and trimmed.
+This made me think of that famous ship at Athens; nay, I fell upon an
+abstracted notion in philosophy, and a speculation touching the body
+of men, which being in perpetual flux, and a kind of succession of
+decays, and consequently requiring, ever and anon, a restoration of
+what it loseth of the virtue of the former aliment, and what was
+converted after the third concoction into a blood and fleshy
+substance, which, as in all other sublunary bodies that have internal
+principles of heat, useth to transpire, breathe out, and waste away
+through invisible pores, by exercise, motion, and sleep, to make room
+still for a supply of new nurriture: I fell, I say, to consider
+whether our bodies may be said to be of like condition with this
+Bucentoro, which, tho it be reputed still the same vessel, yet I
+believe there's not a foot of that timber remaining which it had upon
+the first dock, having been, as they tell me, so often planked and
+ribbed, caulked and pieced.
+
+In like manner, our bodies may be said to be daily repaired by new
+sustenance, which begets new blood, and consequently new spirits, new
+humors, and, I may say, new flesh; the old, by continual deperdition
+and insensible perspirations, evaporating still out of us, and giving
+way to fresh; so that I make a question whether, by reason of these
+perpetual reparations and accretions, the body of man may be said to
+be the same numerical body in his old age that he had in his manhood,
+or the same in his manhood that he had in his youth, the same in his
+youth that he carried about with him in his childhood, or the same in
+his childhood which he wore first in the womb. I make a doubt whether
+I had the same identical, individually numerical body, when I carried
+a calf-leather satchel to school in Hereford, as when I wore a
+lambskin hood in Oxford; or whether I have the same mass of blood in
+my veins, and the same flesh, now in Venice, which I carried about me
+three years since, up and down London streets, having, in lieu of beer
+and ale, drunk wine all this while, and fed upon different viands.
+Now, the stomach is like a crucible, for it hath a chemical kind of
+virtue to transmute one body into another, to transsubstantiate fish
+and fruits into flesh within and about us; but tho it be questionable
+whether I wear the same flesh which is fluxible, I am sure my hair is
+not the same, for you may remember I went flaxen-haired out of
+England, but you shall find me returned with a very dark brown, which
+I impute not only to the heat and air of those hot countries I have
+eat my bread in, but to the quality and difference of food: you will
+say that hair is but an excrementitious thing, and makes not to this
+purpose; moreover, methinks I hear thee say that this may be true only
+in the blood and spirits, or such fluid parts, not in the solid and
+heterogeneal parts.
+
+But I will press no further at this time this philosophical notion,
+which the sight of Bucentoro infused into me, for it hath already made
+me exceed the bounds of a letter, and, I fear me, to trespass too much
+upon your patience; I leave the further disquisition of this point to
+your own contemplations, who are a far riper philosopher than I, and
+have waded deeper into and drunk more of Aristotle's well. But to
+conclude, tho it be doubtful whether I carry about me the same body or
+no in all points that I had in England, I am well assured I bear still
+the same mind, and therein I verify the old verse:
+
+    "Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt."
+      "The air, but not the mind, they change,
+      Who in outlandish countries range."
+
+For, what alterations soever happen in this microcosm, in this little
+world, this small bulk and body of mine, you may be confident that
+nothing shall alter my affections, specially towards you, but that I
+will persevere still the same--the very same.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE CITY OF ROME IN 1621[66]
+
+
+I am now come to Rome, and Rome, they say, is every man's country; she
+is called _Communis Patria_, for every one that is within the compass
+of the Latin Church finds himself here, as it were, at home, and in
+his mother's house, in regard of interest in religion, which is the
+cause that for one native there be five strangers that sojourn in this
+city; and without any distinction or mark of strangeness, they come to
+preferments and offices, both in church and state, according to merit,
+which is more valued and sought after here than anywhere.
+
+But whereas I expected to have found Rome elevated upon seven hills, I
+meet her rather spreading upon a flat, having humbled herself, since
+she was made a Christian, and descended from those hills to Campus
+Martius; with Trastevere and the suburbs of Saint Peter, she hath yet
+in compass about fourteen miles, which is far short of that vast
+circuit she had in Claudius his time; for Vopiscus[67] writes she was
+then of fifty miles' circumference, and she had five hundred thousand
+free citizens in a famous cense that was made, which, allowing but six
+to every family in women, children, and servants, came to three
+millions of souls; but she is now a wilderness in comparison of that
+number.
+
+The pope is grown to be a great temporal prince of late years, for the
+state of the church extends above three hundred miles in length, and
+two hundred miles in breadth; it contains Ferrara, Bologna, Romagnia,
+the Marquisate of Ancona, Umbria, Sabina, Perugia, with a part of
+Tuscany, the patrimony, Rome herself, and Latium. In these there are
+above fifty bishoprics; the pope hath also the duchy of Spoleto, and
+the exarchate of Ravenna; he hath the town of Benevento in the kingdom
+of Naples, and the country of Venissa, called Avignon, in France. He
+hath title also good enough to Naples itself; but, rather than offend
+his champion, the king of Spain, he is contented with a white mule,
+and purse of pistoles about the neck, which he receives every year for
+a heriot or homage, or what you will call it; he pretends also to be
+Lord-paramount of Sicily, Urbia, Parma, and Masseran; of Norway,
+Ireland, and England, since King John did prostrate our crown at
+Pandulfo his legate's feet.[68]
+
+The state of the apostolic see here in Italy lieth 'twixt two seas,
+the Adriatic and the Tyrrhene, and it runs through the midst of Italy,
+which makes the pope powerful to do good or harm, and more capable
+than any other to be an umpire or an enemy. His authority being mixed
+'twixt temporal and spiritual, disperseth itself into so many members,
+that a young man may grow old here before he can well understand the
+form of government.
+
+The consistory of cardinals meet but once a week, and once a week they
+solemnly wait all upon the pope. I am told there are now in
+Christendom but sixty-eight cardinals, whereof there are six cardinal
+bishops, fifty-one cardinal priests, and eleven cardinal deacons. The
+cardinal bishops attend and sit near the pope, when he celebrates any
+festival; the cardinal priests assist him at mass; and the cardinal
+deacons attire him. A cardinal is bade by a short breve or writ from
+the pope in these words: "_Creamus te socium regibus, superiorem
+ducibus, et fratrem nostrum._"[69] If a cardinal bishop should be
+questioned for any offense, there must be twenty-four witnesses
+produced against him. The Bishop of Ostia hath most privilege of any
+other, for he consecrates and installs the pope, and goes always next
+to him. All these cardinals have the repute of princes, and besides
+other incomes, they have the annats of benefices to support their
+greatness.
+
+For point of power, the pope is able to put 50,000 men in the field,
+in case of necessity, besides his naval strength in galleys. We read
+how Paul III sent Charles III twelve thousand foot and five hundred
+horse. Pius V sent a greater aid to Charles IX; and for riches,
+besides the temporal dominions he hath in all the countries before
+named, the datany or dispatching of bulls, the triennial subsidies,
+annats, and other ecclesiastical rights, mount to an unknown sum; and
+it is a common saying here, that as long as the pope can finger a pen,
+he can want no pence. Pius V, notwithstanding his expenses in
+buildings, left four millions in the Castle of Saint Angelo in less
+than five years; more, I believe, than this Gregory XV will, for he
+hath many nephews; and better is it to be the pope's nephew, than to
+be a favorite to any prince in Christendom.
+
+Touching the temporal government of Rome, and oppidan affairs, there
+is a pretor and some choice citizens, which sit in the Capitol. Among
+other pieces of policy, there is a synagog of Jews permitted here--as
+in other places of Italy--under the pope's nose, but they go with a
+mark of distinction in their hats; they are tolerated for advantage of
+commerce, wherein the Jews are wonderful dexterous--tho most of them
+be only brokers and Lombardeers; and they are held to be here as the
+cynic held women to be--_malum necessarium_....
+
+Present Rome may be said to be but a monument of Rome past, when she
+was in that flourish that St. Austin desired to see her in. She who
+tamed the world, tamed herself at last, and falling under her own
+weight, fell to be a prey to time; yet there is a providence seems to
+have a care of her still; for tho her air be not so good, nor her
+circumjacent soil so kindly as it was, yet she hath wherewith to keep
+life and soul together still, by her ecclesiastical courts, which is
+the sole cause of her peopling now; so that it may be said, when the
+pope came to be her head, she was reduced to her first principles; for
+as a shepherd was founder, so a shepherd is still governor and
+preserver.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 64: From the "Familiar Letters," the date of this letter
+being "Venice, 25th June, 1621."]
+
+[Footnote 65: Now written Bucentaur, the state ship of the Venetian
+republic. The ceremony of "espousing the sea" dates from the twelfth
+century. The last of the Bucentaur ships of Venice was destroyed by
+Napoleon in 1798. It was the third that had been built for Venice.]
+
+[Footnote 66: From the "Familiar Letters."]
+
+[Footnote 67: The historian who lived early in the fourth century
+A.D.]
+
+[Footnote 68: King John, in 1213, had made peace with the Pope (who
+had deposed him) by consenting to hold his kingdom in fief for the
+Pope and to pay to him an annual tribute of 1,000 marks.]
+
+[Footnote 69: These words mean "We create thee companion to kings,
+superior to dukes, and our brother."]
+
+
+
+
+SIR THOMAS BROWNE
+
+     Born in 1605, died in 1682; educated at Oxford, Padua and
+     Leyden; in 1633 made Doctor of Medicine; settled at Norwich
+     in 1637; knighted in 1671; his "Religio Medici" published in
+     1643; author of several other works.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+OF CHARITY IN JUDGMENTS[70]
+
+
+Now for that other virtue of charity, without which faith is a mere
+notion and of no existence, I have ever endeavored to nourish the
+merciful disposition and humane inclination I borrowed from my
+parents, and regulate it to the written and prescribed laws of
+charity: and if I hold the true anatomy of myself, I am delineated and
+naturally framed to such a piece of virtue; for I am of a constitution
+so general that it consorts and sympathizeth with all things: I have
+no antipathy, or rather idiosyncrasy, in diet, humor, air, anything. I
+wonder not at the French for their dishes of frogs, snails, and
+toadstools; nor at the Jews for locusts and grasshoppers; but being
+amongst them, make them my common viands, and I find they agree with
+my stomach as well as theirs. I could digest a salad gathered in a
+churchyard as well as in a garden. I cannot start at the presence of a
+serpent, scorpion, lizard, or salamander: at the sight of a toad or
+viper I find in me no desire to take up a stone to destroy them. I
+feel not in myself those common antipathies that I can discover in
+others; those national repugnances do not touch me, nor do I behold
+with prejudice the French, Italian, Spaniard, or Dutch; but where I
+find their actions in balance with my countrymen's, I honor, love, and
+embrace them in the same degree.
+
+I was born in the eighth climate, but seem for to be framed and
+constellated unto all: I am no plant that will not prosper out of a
+garden; all places, all airs, make unto me one country; I am in
+England, everywhere, and under any meridian; I have been shipwrecked,
+yet am not enemy with the sea or winds; I can study, play or sleep in
+a tempest. In brief, I am averse from nothing: my conscience would
+give me the lie if I should absolutely detest or hate any essence but
+the devil; or so at least abhor anything but that we might come to
+composition. If there be any among those common objects of hatred I do
+contemn and laugh at, it is that great enemy of reason, virtue, and
+religion--the multitude: that numerous piece of monstrosity which,
+taken asunder, seem men and the reasonable creatures of God, but
+confused together, make but one great beast and a monstrosity more
+prodigious than Hydra: it is no breach of charity to call these fools;
+it is the style all holy writers have afforded them, set down by
+Solomon in canonical Scripture, and a point of our faith to believe
+so. Neither in the name of multitude do I only include the base and
+minor sort of people: there is a rabble even amongst the gentry, a
+sort of plebeian heads, whose fancy moves with the same wheel as
+these; men in the same level with mechanics, tho their fortunes do
+somewhat gild their infirmities, and their purses compound for their
+follies.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+NOTHING STRICTLY IMMORTAL[71]
+
+
+Darkness and light divide the course of time, and oblivion shares with
+memory a great part even of our living beings; we slightly remember
+our felicities, and the smartest strokes of affliction leave but short
+smart upon us. Sense endureth no extremities, and sorrows destroy us
+or themselves. To weep into stones are fables. Afflictions induce
+callosities; miseries are slippery, or fall like snow upon us, which
+notwithstanding is no unhappy stupidity. To be ignorant of evils to
+come, and forgetful of evils past, is a merciful provision in nature,
+whereby we digest the mixture of our few and evil days, and, our
+delivered senses not relapsing into cutting remembrances, our sorrows
+are not kept raw by the edge of repetitions.
+
+A great part of antiquity contented their hopes of subsistency with a
+transmigration of their souls--a good way to continue their memories,
+while having the advantage of plural successions, they could not but
+act something remarkable in such variety of beings, and enjoying the
+fame of their passed selves, make accumulation of glory unto their
+last durations. Others, rather than be lost in the uncomfortable night
+of nothing, were content to recede into the common being, and make one
+particle of the public soul all things, which was no more than to
+return into their unknown and divine original again. Egyptian
+ingenuity was more unsatisfied, contriving their bodies in sweet
+consistencies, to attend the return of their souls. But all was
+vanity, feeding the wind, and folly. The Egyptian mummies, which
+Cambyses[72] or time hath spared, avarice now consumeth. Mummy is
+become merchandise, Mizraim cures wounds, and Pharaoh is sold for
+balsams.
+
+In vain do individuals hope for immortality, or any patent from
+oblivion, in preservations below the moon; men have been deceived even
+in their flatteries, above the sun, and studied conceits to perpetuate
+their names in heaven. The various cosmography of that part hath
+already varied the names contrived constellations; Nimrod is lost in
+Orion, and Osiris in the Dog-star. While we look for incorruption in
+the heavens, we find they are like the earth--durable in their main
+bodies, alterable in their parts; whereof, beside comets and new
+stars, perspective begin to tell tales, and the spots that wander
+about the sun, with Phaeton's favor, would make clear conviction.
+
+There is nothing strictly immortal but immortality. Whatever hath no
+beginning, may be confident of no end--which is the peculiar of that
+necessary essence that can not destroy itself--and the highest strain
+of omnipotency, to be so powerfully constituted as not to suffer even
+from power of itself; all others have a dependent being and within the
+reach of destruction. But the sufficiency of Christian immortality
+frustrates all earthly glory, and the quality of either states after
+death, makes a folly of posthumous memory. God, who can only destroy
+our souls, and hath assured our resurrection, either of our bodies or
+names, hath directly promised no duration. Wherein there is so much of
+chance, that the boldest expectants have found unhappy frustration;
+and to hold long subsistences, seems but a scape in oblivion. But man
+is a noble animal, splendid in ashes, and pompous in the grave,
+solemnizing nativities and deaths with equal luster, nor omitting
+ceremonies of bravery in the infamy of nature.
+
+Life is a pure flame, and we live by an invisible sum within us. A
+small fire sufficeth for life, great flames seemed too little after
+death, while men vainly affected precious pyres, and to burn like
+Sardanapalus; but wisdom of funeral laws found the folly of prodigal
+blazes, and reduced undoing fires unto the rule of sober obsequies,
+wherein few could be so mean as not to provide wood, pitch, a mourner,
+and an urn.
+
+Five languages secured not the epitaph of Gordianus.[73] The man of
+God lives longer without a tomb than any by one, invisibly interred by
+angels, and adjudged to obscurity, tho not without some marks
+directing human discovery. Enoch and Elias, without either tomb or
+burial, in an anomalous state of being, are the great examples of
+perpetuity, in their long and living memory, in strict account being
+still on this side death, and having a late part yet to act upon this
+stage of earth. If in the decretory term of the world we shall not all
+die but be changed, according to received translation, the last day
+will make but few graves; at least quick resurrections will anticipate
+lasting sepultures. Some graves will be opened before they be quite
+closed, and Lazarus be no wonder. When many that feared to die, shall
+groan that they can die but once, the dismal state is the second and
+living death, when life puts despair on the damned; when men shall
+wish the coverings of mountains, not of monuments, and annihilations
+shall be courted.
+
+While some have studied monuments, others have studiously declined
+them, and some have been so vainly boisterous, that they durst not
+acknowledge their graves; wherein Alaric seems most subtle, who had a
+river turned to hide his bones at the bottom. Even Sylla, that thought
+himself safe in his urn, could not prevent revenging tongues, and
+stones thrown at his monument. Happy are they whom privacy makes
+innocent, who deal so with men in this world, that they are not afraid
+to meet them in the next; who, when they die, make no commotion among
+the dead, and are not touched with that poetical taunt of Isaiah.
+
+Pyramids, arches, obelisks, were but the irregularities of vainglory,
+and wild enormities of ancient magnanimity. But the most magnanimous
+resolution rests in the Christian religion, which trampleth upon
+pride, and sits on the neck of ambition, humbly pursuing that
+infallible perpetuity, unto which all others must diminish their
+diameters, and be poorly seen in angles of contingency.
+
+Pious spirits who passed their days in raptures of futurity, made
+little more of this world, than the world that was before it, while
+they lay obscure in the chaos of pre-ordination, and night of their
+fore-beings. And if any have been so happy as truly to understand
+Christian annihilation, ecstasies, exolution, liquefaction,
+transformation, the kiss of the spouse, gustation of God, and
+ingression into the divine shadow, they have already had an handsome
+anticipation of heaven; the glory of the world is surely over, and the
+earth is ashes unto them.
+
+To subsist in lasting monuments, to live in their productions, to
+exist in their names and predicament of chimeras, was large
+satisfaction unto old expectations, and made one part of their
+elysiums. But all this is nothing in the metaphysicks of true belief.
+To live indeed, is to be again ourselves, which being not only a hope,
+but an evidence in noble believers, 'tis all one to lie in St.
+Innocent's churchyard, as in the sands of Egypt. Ready to be anything,
+in the ecstasy of being ever, and as content with six foot as the
+moles of Hadrianus.[74]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 70: From the "Religio Medici."]
+
+[Footnote 71: From Chapter V of "Urn Burial; or, a Discourse of the
+Sepulchral Urns Lately Found in Norfolk."]
+
+[Footnote 72: Cambyses III, king of Persia who conquered Egypt in 525
+B.C.]
+
+[Footnote 73: A Roman emperor whose epitaph was cut in Greek, Latin,
+Hebrew, Egyptian and Arabic.]
+
+[Footnote 74: Now the Castle of St. Angelo in Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN MILTON
+
+     Born in 1608, died in 1674; visited Italy in 1638; began his
+     poetical writings in 1640; Latin Secretary to the
+     Commonwealth in 1649; became totally blind in 1652; spared
+     at the Restoration under the Indemnity Act; published
+     "Paradise Lost" in 1667.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+ON HIS OWN LITERARY AMBITION[75]
+
+
+After I had, from my first years, by the ceaseless diligence and care
+of my father (whom God recompense!), been exercised to the tongues,
+and some sciences, as my age would suffer, by sundry masters and
+teachers, both at home and at the schools, it was found that whether
+aught was imposed me by them that had the overlooking, or betaken to
+of my own choice in English, or other tongue, prosing or versing, but
+chiefly the latter, the style, by certain vital signs it had, was
+likely to live. But much latelier, in the private academies of Italy,
+whither I was favored to resort, perceiving that some trifles which I
+had in memory, composed at under twenty or thereabout--for the manner
+is, that every one must give some proof of his wit and reading
+there--met with acceptance above what was looked for; and other things
+which I had shifted, in scarcity of books and conveniences, to patch
+up among them, were received with written encomiums, which the
+Italian is not forward to bestow on men of this side the Alps, I began
+thus far to assent both to them and divers of my friends here at home;
+and not less to an inward prompting, which now grew daily upon me,
+that by labor and intent study, which I take to be my portion in this
+life, joined to the strong propensity of nature, I might perhaps leave
+something so written, to after-times, as they should not willingly let
+it die.
+
+These thoughts at once possest me, and these other, that if I were
+certain to write as men buy leases, for three lives and downward,
+there ought no regard be sooner had than to God's glory, by the honor
+and instruction of my country. For which cause, and not only for that
+I knew it would be hard to arrive at the second rank among the Latins,
+I applied myself to that resolution which Ariosto followed against the
+persuasions of Bembo,[76] to fix all the industry and art I could
+unite to the adorning of my native tongue; not to make verbal
+curiosities the end--that were a toilsome vanity; but to be an
+interpreter, and relater of the best and sagest things among mine own
+citizens throughout this island, in the mother dialect. That what the
+greatest and choicest wits of Athens, Rome, or modern Italy, and those
+Hebrews of old did for their country, I, in my proportion, with this
+over and above, of being a Christian, might do for mine; not caring
+to be once named abroad, tho perhaps I could attain to that, but
+content with these British islands as my world; whose fortune hath
+hitherto been, that if the Athenians, as some say, made their small
+deeds great and renowned by their eloquent writers, England hath had
+her noble achievements made small by the unskilful handling of monks
+and mechanics.
+
+Time serves not now, and perhaps I might seem too profuse, to give any
+certain account of what the mind at home, in the spacious circuits of
+her musing, hath liberty to propose to herself, tho of highest hope
+and hardest attempting. Whether that epic form, whereof the two poems
+of Homer, and those other two of Virgil and Tasso are a diffuse, and
+the book of Job a brief, model; or whether the rules of Aristotle
+herein are strictly to be kept, or nature to be followed, which in
+them that know art, and use judgment, is no transgression, but an
+enriching of art. And, lastly, what king or knight before the Conquest
+might be chosen, in whom to lay the pattern of a Christian hero. And
+as Tasso gave to a prince of Italy his choice, whether he would
+command him to write of Godfrey's[77] expedition against the infidels,
+or Belisarius against the Goths, or Charlemagne against the Lombards;
+if to the instinct of nature and the emboldening of art aught may be
+trusted, and that there be nothing adverse in our climate, or the fate
+of this age, it haply would be no rashness, from an equal diligence
+and inclination, to present the like offer in our own ancient
+stories. Or whether those dramatic constitutions, wherein Sophocles
+and Euripides reign, shall be found more doctrinal and exemplary to a
+nation.
+
+The Scripture also affords us a fine pastoral drama in the Song of
+Solomon, consisting of two persons, and a double chorus, as Origen[78]
+rightly judges; and the Apocalypse of St. John is the majestic image
+of a high and stately tragedy, shutting up and intermingling her
+solemn scenes and acts with a seven-fold chorus of hallelujahs and
+harping symphonies. And this my opinion, the grave authority of
+Paraeus, commenting that book, is sufficient to confirm. Or if occasion
+shall lead, to imitate those magnific odes and hymns, wherein Pindarus
+and Callimachus are in most things worthy, some others in their frame
+judicious, in their matter most, and end faulty. But those frequent
+songs throughout the law and prophets, beyond all these, not in their
+divine argument alone, but in the very critical art of composition,
+may be easily made appear, over all the kinds of lyric poesy, to be
+incomparable.
+
+These abilities, wheresoever they be found, are the inspired gift of
+God, rarely bestowed, but yet to some--tho most abuse--in every
+nation: and are of power, besides of the office of a pulpit, to
+inbreed and cherish in a great people the seeds of virtue and public
+civility; to allay the perturbations of the mind, and set the
+affections in right tune; to celebrate in glorious and lofty hymns the
+throne and equipage of God's almightiness, and what he suffers to be
+wrought with high providence in his church; to sing victorious agonies
+of martyrs and saints, the deeds and triumphs of just and pious
+nations, doing valiantly through faith against the enemies of Christ;
+to deplore the general relapses of kingdoms and states from justice
+and God's true worship.
+
+Lastly, whatsoever in religion is holy and sublime, in virtue amiable
+or grave, whatsoever hath passion or admiration in all the changes of
+that which is called fortune from without, or the wily subtleties and
+refluxes of man's thoughts from within; all these things, with a solid
+and treatable smoothness, to paint out and describe; teaching over the
+whole book of sanctity and virtue, through all the instances of
+example, with such delight to those, especially of soft and delicious
+temper, who will not so much as look upon Truth herself, unless they
+see her elegantly drest, that whereas the paths of honesty and good
+life appear now rugged and difficult, tho they be indeed easy and
+pleasant, they would then appear to all men both easy and pleasant,
+tho they were rugged and difficult indeed.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+A COMPLETE EDUCATION DEFINED[79]
+
+
+And seeing every nation affords not experience and tradition enough
+for all kind of learning, therefore we are chiefly taught the
+languages of those people who have at any time been most industrious
+after wisdom; so that language is but the instrument conveying to us
+things useful to be known. And tho a linguist should pride himself to
+have all the tongues that Babel cleft the world into, yet, if he have
+not studied the solid things in them, as well as the words and
+lexicons, he were nothing so much to be esteemed a learned man, as any
+yeoman or tradesman competently wise in his mother dialect only. Hence
+appear the many mistakes which have made learning generally so
+unpleasing and so unsuccessful: first, we do amiss to spend seven or
+eight years merely in scraping together so much miserable Latin and
+Greek, as might be learned otherwise easily and delightfully in one
+year.
+
+And that which casts our proficiency therein so much behind, is our
+time lost partly in too oft idle vacancies given both to schools and
+universities; partly in a preposterous exaction, forcing the empty
+wits of children to compose themes, verses, and orations, which are
+the acts of ripest judgment, and the final work of a head filled by
+long reading and observing, with elegant maxims and copious invention.
+These are not matters to be wrung from poor striplings, like blood
+out of the nose, or the plucking of untimely fruit; besides the ill
+habit which they get of wretched barbarizing against the Latin and
+Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms, odious to be read, yet
+not to be avoided without a well-continued and judicious conversing
+among pure authors digested, which they scarce taste: whereas, if
+after some preparatory grounds of speech by their certain forms got
+into memory, they were led to the praxis thereof in some chosen short
+book lessoned thoroughly to them, they might then forthwith proceed to
+learn the substance of good things and arts in due order, which would
+bring the whole language quickly into their power. This I take to be
+the most rational and most profitable way of learning languages, and
+whereby we may best hope to give account to God of our youth spent
+herein.
+
+And for the usual method of teaching arts, I deem it to be an old
+error of universities, not yet well recovered from the scholastic
+grossness of barbarous ages, that instead of beginning with arts most
+easy--and those be such as are most obvious to the sense--they present
+their young unmatriculated novices at first coming with the most
+intellective abstractions of logic and metaphysics, so that they
+having but newly left those grammatic flats and shallows where they
+stuck unreasonably to learn a few words with lamentable construction,
+and now on the sudden transported under another climate, to be tossed
+and turmoiled with their unballasted wits in fathomless and unquiet
+deeps of controversy, do for the most part grow into hatred and
+contempt of learning, mocked and deluded all this while with ragged
+notions and babblements, while they expected worthy and delightful
+knowledge; till poverty or youthful years call them importunately
+their several ways, and hasten them, with the sway of friends, either
+to an ambitious and mercenary, or ignorantly zealous divinity; some
+allured to the trade of law, grounding their purposes, not on the
+prudent and heavenly contemplation of justice and equity, which was
+never taught them, but on the promising and pleasing thoughts of
+litigious terms, fat contentions, and flowing fees; others betake them
+to state affairs, with souls so unprincipled in virtue and true
+generous breeding, that flattery and courtshifts, and tyrannous
+aphorisms, appear to them the highest points of wisdom; instilling
+their barren hearts with a conscientious slavery; if, as I rather
+think, it be not feigned. Others, lastly, of a more delicious and airy
+spirit, retire themselves, knowing no better, to the enjoyments of
+ease and luxury, living out their days in feasts and jollity; which,
+indeed, is the wisest and the safest course of all these, unless they
+were with more integrity undertaken. And these are the errors, and
+these are the fruits of misspending our prime youth at schools and
+universities as we do, either in learning mere words, or such things
+chiefly as were better unlearned.
+
+I shall detain you now no longer in the demonstration of what we
+should do, but straight conduct you to a hillside, while I will point
+you out the right path of a virtuous and noble education; laborious,
+indeed, at the first ascent, but else so smooth, so green, so full of
+goodly prospect and melodious sounds on every side, that the harp of
+Orpheus was not more charming. I doubt not but ye shall have more ado
+to drive our dullest and laziest youth, our stocks and stubs, from the
+infinite desire of such a happy nurture, than we have now to hale and
+drag our choicest and hopefulest wits to that asinine feast of sow
+thistles and brambles which is commonly set before them, as all the
+food and entertainment of their tenderest and most docile age.
+
+I call, therefore, a complete and generous education, that which fits
+a man to perform justly, skilfully, and magnanimously, all the
+offices, both private and public, of peace and war.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+ON READING IN HIS YOUTH[80]
+
+
+He who would not be frustrate of his hope to write well hereafter in
+laudable things ought himself to be a true poem; that is, a
+composition and pattern of the best and honorablest things; not
+presuming to sing high praises of heroic men, or famous cities, unless
+he have in himself the experience and the practise of all that which
+is praiseworthy. These reasonings, together with a certain niceness of
+nature, an honest haughtiness, and self-esteem either of what I was,
+or what I might be (which let envy call pride), and lastly that
+modesty, whereof, tho not in the title-page, yet here I may be excused
+to make some beseeming profession; all these uniting the supply of
+their natural aid together kept me still above those low descents of
+mind, beneath which he must deject and plunge himself, that can agree
+to salable and unlawful prostitutions.
+
+Next (for hear me out now, readers), that I may tell ye whither my
+younger feet wandered; I betook me among those lofty fables and
+romances, which recount in solemn cantos the deeds of knighthood
+founded by our victorious kings, and from hence had in renown over all
+Christendom. There I read it in the oath of every knight, that he
+should defend to the expense of his best blood, or of his life, if it
+so befell him, the honor and chastity of virgin or matron; from whence
+even then I learned what a noble virtue chastity sure must be, to the
+defense of which so many worthies, by such a dear adventure of
+themselves, had sworn. And if I found in the story afterward, any of
+them, by word or deed, breaking that oath, I judged it the same fault
+of the poet, as that which is attributed to Homer, to have written
+indecent things of the gods. Only this my mind gave me, that every
+free and gentle spirit, without that oath, ought to be born a knight,
+nor needed to expect the gilt spur, or the laying of a sword upon his
+shoulder to stir him up both by his counsel and his arms, to secure
+and protect the weakness of any attempted chastity. So that even these
+books, which to many others have been the fuel of wantonness and loose
+living, I can not think how, unless by divine indulgence, proved to
+me so many incitements, as you have heard to the love and stedfast
+observation of that virtue which abhors the society of bordelloes.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+IN DEFENSE OF BOOKS[81]
+
+
+I deny not, but that it is of greatest concernment in the Church and
+Commonwealth, to have a vigilant eye how books demean themselves as
+well as men; and thereafter to confine, imprison, and do sharpest
+justice on them as malefactors. For books are not absolutely dead
+things, but do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as
+that soul was whose progeny they are; nay, they do preserve as in a
+vial the purest efficacy and extraction of that living intellect that
+bred them. I know they are as lively, and as vigorously productive, as
+those fabulous dragon's teeth; and being sown up and down, may chance
+to spring up armed men. And yet, on the other hand, unless wariness be
+used, as good almost kill a man as kill a good book. Who kills a man
+kills a reasonable creature, God's image; but he who destroys a good
+book, kills reason itself, kills the image of God, as it were in the
+eye. Many a man lives a burden to the earth; but a good book is the
+precious life-blood of a master-spirit, embalmed and treasured up on
+purpose to a life beyond life. 'Tis true, no age can restore a life,
+whereof perhaps there is no great loss; and revolutions of ages do not
+oft recover the loss of a rejected truth, for the want of which whole
+nations fare the worse.
+
+We should be wary therefore what persecution we raise against the
+living labors of public men, how we spill that seasoned life of man,
+preserved and stored up in books; since we see a kind of homicide may
+be thus committed, sometimes a martyrdom, and if it extend to the
+whole impression, a kind of massacre; whereof the execution ends not
+in the slaying of an elemental life, but strikes at that ethereal and
+fifth essence, the breath of reason itself, slays an immortality
+rather than a life. But lest I should be condemned of introducing
+license, while I oppose licensing, I refuse not the pains to be so
+much historical, as will serve to show what hath been done by ancient
+and famous commonwealths against this disorder, till the very time
+that this project of licensing crept out of the inquisition, was
+catched up by our prelates and hath caught some of our presbyters.
+
+In Athens, where books and wits were ever busier than in any other
+part of Greece, I find but only two sorts of writings which the
+magistrate cared to take notice of; those either blasphemous and
+atheistical, or libelous. Thus the books of Protagoras were by the
+judges of Areopagus commanded to be burnt, and himself banished the
+territory for a discourse begun with his confessing not to know
+"whether there were gods, or whether not." And against defaming, it
+was agreed that none should be traduced by name, as was the manner of
+Vetus Comoedia, whereby we may guess how they censured libeling.
+And this course was quick enough, as Cicero writes, to quell both the
+desperate wits of other atheists, and the open way of defaming, as the
+event showed. Of other sects and opinions, tho tending to
+voluptuousness, and the denying of Divine Providence, they took no
+heed.
+
+Therefore we do not read that either Epicurus, or that libertine
+school of Cyrene, or what the Cynic impudence uttered, was ever
+questioned by the laws. Neither is it recorded that the writings of
+those old comedians were supprest tho the acting of them were forbid;
+and that Plato commended the reading of Aristophanes, the loosest of
+them all, to his royal scholar Dionysius, is commonly known, and may
+be excused, if holy Chrysostom, as is reported, nightly studied so
+much the same author and had the art to cleanse a scurrilous vehemence
+into the style of a rousing sermon.
+
+That other leading city of Greece, Lacedemon, considering that
+Lycurgus, their lawgiver, was so addicted to elegant learning, as to
+have been the first that brought out of Ionia the scattered works of
+Homer, and sent the poet Thales from Crete to prepare and mollify the
+Spartan surliness with his smooth songs and odes, the better to plant
+among them law end civility, it is to be wondered how useless and
+unbookish they were, minding nought but the feats of war. There needed
+no licensing of books among them, for they disliked all but their own
+laconic apothegms, and took a slight occasion to chase Archilochus out
+of their city, perhaps for composing in a higher strain than their own
+soldierly ballads and roundels could reach to. Or if it were for his
+broad verses, they were not therein so cautious, but were as dissolute
+in their promiscuous conversing; whence Euripides affirms in
+"Andromache," that their women were all unchaste. Thus much may give
+us light after what sort of books were prohibited among the Greeks.
+
+The Romans also for many ages trained up only to a military roughness,
+resembling most the Lacedaemonian guise, knew of learning little but
+what their twelve tables, and the Pontific College with their augurs
+and flamens taught them in religion and law, so unacquainted with
+other learning, that when Carneades and Critolaus, with the Stoic
+Diogenes, coming ambassadors to Rome, took thereby occasion to give
+the city a taste of their philosophy, they were suspected for seducers
+by no less a man than Cato the Censor, who moved it in the Senate to
+dismiss them speedily, and to banish all such Attic babblers out of
+Italy. But Scipio and others of the noblest senators withstood him and
+his old Sabine austerity; honored and admired the men; and the censor
+himself at last, in his old age, fell to the study of that whereof
+before he was so scrupulous. And yet at the same time, Naevius and
+Plautus, the first Latin comedians, had filled the city with all the
+borrowed scenes of Menander and Philemon. Then began to be considered
+there also what was to be done to libelous books and authors; for
+Naevius was quickly cast into prison for his unbridled pen, and
+released by the tribunes upon his recantation; we read also that
+libels were burnt, and the makers punished by Augustus. The like
+severity, no doubt, was used, if aught were impiously written against
+their esteemed gods. Except in these two points, how the world went in
+books, the magistrate kept no reckoning.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+A NOBLE AND PUISSANT NATION[82]
+
+
+Lords and Commons of England, consider what nation it is whereof ye
+are, and whereof ye are the governors: a nation not slow and dull, but
+of a quick, ingenious and piercing spirit, acute to invent, subtle and
+sinewy to discourse, not beneath the reach of any point, the highest
+that human capacity can soar to. Therefore the studies of Learning in
+her deepest sciences have been so ancient and so eminent among us,
+that writers of good antiquity and ablest judgment have been persuaded
+that even the school of Pythagoras and the Persian wisdom took
+beginning from the old philosophy of this island. And that wise and
+civil Roman, Julius Agricola, who governed once here for Caesar,
+preferred the natural wits of Britain before the labored studies of
+the French. Nor is it for nothing that the grave and frugal
+Transylvanian sends out yearly from as far as the mountainous borders
+of Russia, and beyond the Hercynian wilderness, not their youth, but
+their staid men, to learn our language and our theologic arts.
+
+Yet that which is above all this, the favor and the love of Heaven we
+have great argument to think in a peculiar manner propitious and
+propending toward us. Why else was this nation chosen before any
+other, that out of her, as out of Sion, should be proclaimed and
+sounded forth the first tidings and trumpet of Reformation to all
+Europe? And had it not been the obstinate perverseness of our prelates
+against the divine and admirable spirit of Wycliff, to suppress him as
+a schismatic and innovator, perhaps neither the Bohemian Huss and
+Jerome, no nor the name of Luther or of Calvin, had been ever known:
+the glory of reforming all our neighbors had been completely ours. But
+now, as our obdurate clergy have with violence demeaned the matter, we
+are become hitherto the latest and backwardest scholars, of whom God
+offered to have made us the teachers. Now once again by all
+concurrence of signs, and by the general instinct of holy and devout
+men, as they daily and solemnly express their thoughts, God is
+decreeing to begin some new and great period in His Church, even to
+the reforming of Reformation itself: what does He then but reveal
+Himself to His servants, and as His manner is, first to His
+Englishmen? I say, as His manner is, first to us, tho we mark not the
+method of His counsels, and are unworthy.
+
+Behold now this vast city: a city of refuge, the mansion house of
+liberty, encompassed and surrounded with His protection; the shop of
+war hath not there more anvils and hammers waking, to fashion out the
+plates and instruments of armed Justice in defense of beleaguered
+Truth, than there be pens and heads there, sitting by their studious
+lamps, musing, searching, revolving new notions and ideas wherewith to
+present, as with their homage and their fealty, the approaching
+Reformation: others as fast reading, trying all things, assenting to
+the force of reason and convincement. What could a man require more
+from a nation so pliant and so prone to seek after knowledge? What
+wants there to such a towardly and pregnant soil, but wise and
+faithful laborers, to make a knowing people, a nation of prophets, of
+sages, and of worthies? We reckon more than five months yet to
+harvest; there need not be five weeks; had we but eyes to lift up, the
+fields are white already.
+
+Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much
+arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but
+knowledge in the making. Under these fantastic terrors of sect and
+schism, we wrong the earnest and zealous thirst after knowledge and
+understanding which God hath stirred up in this city. What some lament
+of, we rather should rejoice at, should rather praise this pious
+forwardness among men, to reassume the ill-reputed care of their
+religion into their own hands again. A little generous prudence, a
+little forbearance of one another, and some grain of charity might win
+all these diligences to join, and unite in one general and brotherly
+search after Truth; could we but forego this prelatical tradition of
+crowding free consciences and Christian liberties into canons and
+precepts of men. I doubt not, if some great and worthy stranger should
+come among us, wise to discern the mold and temper of a people, and
+how to govern it, observing the high hopes and aims, the diligent
+alacrity of our extended thoughts and reasonings in the pursuance of
+truth and freedom, but that he would cry out as Pyrrhus did, admiring
+the Roman docility and courage: If such were my Epirots, I would not
+despair the greatest design that could be attempted, to make a church
+or kingdom happy.
+
+Yet these are the men cried out against for schismatics and sectaries;
+as if, while the temple of the Lord was building, some cutting, some
+squaring the marble, others hewing the cedars, there should be a sort
+of irrational men who could not consider there must be many schisms
+and many dissections made in the quarry and in the timber, ere the
+house of God can be built. And when every stone is laid artfully
+together, it can not be united into a continuity, it can but be
+contiguous in this world; neither can every piece of the building be
+of one form; nay rather the perfection consists in this, that, out of
+many moderate varieties and brotherly dissimilitudes that are not
+vastly disproportional, arises the goodly and the graceful symmetry
+that commends the whole pile and structure.
+
+Let us therefore be more considerate builders, more wise in spiritual
+architecture, when great reformation is expected. For now the time
+seems come, wherein Moses the great prophet may sit in heaven
+rejoicing to see that memorable and glorious wish of his fulfilled,
+when not only our seventy elders, but all the Lord's people, are
+become prophets. No marvel then tho some men, and some good men too
+perhaps, but young in goodness, as Joshua then was, envy them. They
+fret, and out of their own weakness are in agony, lest these divisions
+and subdivisions will undo us. The adversary again applauds, and waits
+the hour: When they have branched themselves out, saith he, small
+enough into parties and partitions, then will be our time. Fool! he
+sees not the firm root out of which we all grow, tho into branches:
+nor will beware until he see our small divided maniples cutting
+through at every angle of his ill-united and unwieldy brigade. And
+that we are to hope better of all these supposed sects and schisms,
+and that we shall not need that solicitude, honest perhaps tho
+over-timorous of them that vex in this behalf, but shall laugh in the
+end at those malicious applauders of our differences, I have these
+reasons to persuade me....
+
+Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself
+like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks.
+Methinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youth, and kindling
+her undazzled eyes at the full midday beam: purging and unsealing her
+long-abused sight at the fountain itself of heavenly radiance; while
+the whole noise of timorous and flocking birds, with those also that
+love the twilight, flutter about, amazed at what she means, and in
+their envious gabble would prognosticate a year of sects and schisms.
+
+What should ye do then? should ye suppress all this flowery crop of
+knowledge and new light sprung up and yet springing daily in this
+city? should ye set an oligarchy of twenty engrossers over it, to
+bring a famine upon our minds again, when we shall know nothing but
+what is measured to us by their bushel? Believe it, Lords and Commons,
+they who counsel ye to such a suppressing do as good as bid ye
+suppress yourselves; and I will soon show how. If it be desired to
+know the immediate cause of all this free writing and free speaking,
+there can not be assigned a truer than your own mild and free and
+humane government. It is the liberty, Lords and Commons, which your
+own valorous and happy counsels have purchased us, liberty which is
+the nurse of all great wits; this is that which hath rarefied and
+enlightened our spirits like the influence of heaven; this is that
+which hath enfranchised, enlarged and lifted up our apprehensions
+degrees above themselves.
+
+Ye can not make us now less capable, less knowing, less eagerly
+pursuing of the truth, unless ye first make yourselves, that made us
+so, less the lovers, less the founders of our true liberty. We can
+grow ignorant again, brutish, formal and slavish, as ye found us; but
+you then must first become that which ye can not be, oppressive,
+arbitrary and tyrannous, as they were from whom ye have freed us. That
+our hearts are now more capacious, our thoughts more erected to the
+search and expectation of greatest and exactest things, is the issue
+of your own virtue propagated in us; ye can not suppress that, unless
+ye reinforce an abrogated and merciless law, that fathers may dispatch
+at will their own children. And who shall then stick closest to ye,
+and excite others? not he who takes up arms for coat and conduct, and
+his four nobles of Danegelt. Altho I dispraise not the defense of
+just immunities, yet love my peace better, if that were all. Give me
+the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to
+conscience, above all liberties.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+OF FUGITIVE AND CLOISTERED VIRTUE[83]
+
+
+I can not praise a fugitive and cloistered virtue, unexercised and
+unbreathed, that never sallies out and sees her adversary, but slinks
+out of the race, where that immortal garland is to be run for, not
+without dust and heat. Assuredly we bring not innocence into the
+world, we bring impurity much rather; that which purifies us is trial,
+and trial is by what is contrary. That virtue therefore which is but a
+youngling in the contemplation of evil, and knows not the utmost that
+vice promises to her followers, and rejects it, is but a blank virtue,
+not a pure; her whiteness is but an excremental whiteness. Which was
+the reason why our sage and serious poet Spenser, whom I dare be known
+to think a better teacher than Scotus or Aquinas, describing true
+temperance under the person of Guion, brings him in with his palmer
+through the cave of Mammon, and the bower of earthly bliss, that he
+might see and know, and yet abstain. Since therefore the knowledge and
+survey of vice is in this world so necessary to the constituting of
+human virtue, and the scanning of error to the confirmation of truth,
+how can we more safely, and with less danger, scout into the regions
+of sin and falsity than by reading all manner of tractates and hearing
+all manner of reason? And this is the benefit which may be had of
+books promiscuously read.
+
+But of the harm that may result hence three kinds are usually
+reckoned. First, is feared the infection that may spread; but then all
+human learning and controversy in religious points must remove out of
+the world, yea the Bible itself; for that ofttimes relates blasphemy
+not nicely, it describes the carnal sense of wicked men not
+unelegantly, it brings in holiest men passionately murmuring against
+Providence through all the arguments of Epicurus: in other great
+disputes it answers dubiously and darkly to the common reader. And ask
+a Talmudist what ails the modesty of his marginal Keri, that Moses and
+all the prophets can not persuade him to pronounce the textual Chetiv.
+For these causes we all know the Bible itself put by the Papist into
+the first rank of prohibited books. The ancientest fathers must be
+next removed, as Clement of Alexandria, and that Eusebian book of
+Evangelic preparation, transmitting our ears through a hoard of
+heathenish obscenities to receive the Gospel. Who finds not that
+Irenaeus, Epiphanius, Jerome, and others discover more heresies than
+they well confute, and that oft for heresy which is the truer opinion?
+
+Nor boots it to say for these, and all the heathen writers of greatest
+infection, if it must be thought so, with whom is bound up the life of
+human learning, that they writ in an unknown tongue, so long as we
+are sure those languages are known as well to the worst of men, who
+are both most able, and most diligent to instil the poison they suck,
+first into the courts of princes, acquainting them with the choicest
+delights, and criticisms of sin. As perhaps did that Petronius whom
+Nero called his Arbiter, the master of his revels; and the notorious
+ribald of Arezzo,[84] dreaded and yet dear to the Italian courtiers. I
+name not him for posterity's sake, whom Henry VIII named in merriment
+his vicar of hell. By which compendious way all the contagion that
+foreign books can infuse will find a passage to the people far easier
+and shorter than an Indian voyage, tho it could be sailed either by
+the north of Cataio eastward, or of Canada westward, while our Spanish
+licensing gags the English press never so severely.
+
+But on the other side that infection which is from books of
+controversy in religion is more doubtful and dangerous to the learned
+than to the ignorant; and yet those books must be permitted untouched
+by the licenser. It will be hard to instance where any ignorant man
+hath been ever seduced by papistical book in English, unless it were
+commended and expounded to him by some of that clergy: and indeed all
+such tractates, whether false or true, are as the prophecy of Isaiah
+was to the eunuch, not to be understood without a guide.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 75: From "The Reason of Church Government."]
+
+[Footnote 76: Bembo, cardinal and man of letters, was born in Venice
+in 1470 and died in 1547. He wrote poems and other works, and was the
+friend of the first men of culture in his age. Several popes honored
+him, and he had the intimate friendship of Lucretia Borgia.]
+
+[Footnote 77: Godfrey of Bouillon, leader of the First Crusade, died
+in Jerusalem in 1100, a year after he had defeated the Sultan of Egypt
+at Ascalon.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Chief among the Greek fathers of the church, born about
+185 A.D. and the author of many books.]
+
+[Footnote 79: From the "Tractate on Education."]
+
+[Footnote 80: From the "Apology for Smectymnus."]
+
+[Footnote 81: From the "Areopagitica."]
+
+[Footnote 82: From the "Areopagitica."]
+
+[Footnote 83: From the "Areopagitica."]
+
+[Footnote 84: A reference to Pietro Aretino, born in 1492, died in
+1557, a notoriously indecent writer and adventurer. Henry VIII once
+sent him 300 crowns.]
+
+
+
+
+LORD CLARENDON
+
+     Born in 1608, died in 1674; entered Parliament In 1640;
+     chancellor of the Exchequer in 1643; chief adviser of
+     Charles the First during the Civil War; lord chancellor
+     1660-67; impeached and banished; his "History of the
+     Rebellion" published in 1702-04.
+
+
+
+
+OF CHARLES I[85]
+
+
+But it will not be unnecessary to add a short character of his person,
+that posterity may know the inestimable loss which the nation then
+underwent, in being deprived of a prince whose example would have had
+a greater influence upon the manners and piety of the nation, than the
+most strict laws can have. To speak first of his private
+qualifications as a man, before the mention of his princely and royal
+virtues; he was, if ever any, the most worthy of the title of an
+honest man; so great a lover of justice, that no temptation could
+dispose him to a wrongful action, except it was so disguised to him
+that he believed it to be just. He had a tenderness and compassion of
+nature which restrained him from ever doing a hard-hearted thing; and,
+therefore, he was so apt to grant pardon to malefactors, that the
+judges of the land represented to him the damage and insecurity to the
+public that flowed from such his indulgence. And then he restrained
+himself from pardoning either murders or highway robberies, and
+quickly discerned the fruits of his severity by a wonderful
+reformation of those enormities. He was very punctual and regular in
+his devotions; he was never known to enter upon his recreations or
+sports, tho never so early in the morning, before he had been at
+public prayers; so that on hunting-days his chaplains were bound to a
+very early attendance. He was likewise very strict in observing the
+hours of his private cabinet devotions, and was so severe an exacter
+of gravity and reverence in all mention of religion, that he could
+never endure any light or profane word, with what sharpness of wit
+soever it was covered; and tho he was well pleased and delighted with
+reading verses made upon any occasion, no man durst bring before him
+anything that was profane or unclean. That kind of wit had never any
+countenance then. He was so great an example of conjugal affection,
+that they who did not imitate him in that particular, durst not brag
+of their liberty; and he did not only permit, but direct his bishops
+to prosecute those scandalous vices, in the ecclesiastical courts,
+against persons of eminence, and near relation to his service.
+
+His kingly virtues had some mixture and allay that hindered them from
+shining in full luster, and from producing those fruits they should
+have been attended with. He was not in his nature very bountiful, tho
+he gave very much. This appeared more after the Duke of Buckingham's
+death,[86] after which those showers fell very rarely; and he paused
+too long in giving, which made those to whom he gave less sensible of
+the benefit. He kept state to the full, which made his court very
+orderly, no man presuming to be seen in a place where he had no
+pretence to be. He saw and observed men long before he received them
+about his person; and did not love strangers, nor very confident men.
+He was a patient hearer of causes, which he frequently accustomed
+himself to at the council board, and judged very well, and was
+dexterous in the mediating part; so that he often put an end to causes
+by persuasion, which the stubbornness of men's humors made dilatory in
+courts of justice.
+
+He was very fearless in his person; but, in his riper years, not very
+enterprising. He had an excellent understanding, but was not confident
+enough of it; which made him oftentimes change his own opinion for a
+worse, and follow the advice of men that did not judge so well as
+himself. This made him more irresolute than the conjuncture of his
+affairs would admit; if he had been of a rougher and more imperious
+nature, he would have found more respect and duty. And his not
+applying some severe cures to approaching evils proceeded from the
+lenity of his nature, and the tenderness of his conscience, which, in
+all cases of blood, made him choose the softer way, and not hearken to
+severe counsels, how reasonable soever urged. This only restrained him
+from pursuing his advantage.
+
+As he excelled in all other virtues, so in temperance he was so strict
+that he abhorred all debauchery to that degree, that, at a great
+festival solemnity, where he once was, when very many of the nobility
+of the English and Scots were entertained, being told by one who
+withdrew from thence, what vast drafts of wine they drank, and "that
+there was one earl who had drunk most of the rest down, and was not
+himself moved or altered," the king said "that he deserved to be
+hanged"; and that earl coming shortly after into the room where his
+majesty was, in some gaiety, to shew how unhurt he was from that
+battle, the king sent some one to bid him withdraw from his majesty's
+presence; nor did he in some days after appear before him.
+
+So many miraculous circumstances contributed to his ruin, that men
+might well think that heaven and earth conspired it. Tho he was, from
+the first declension of his power, so much betrayed by his own
+servants, that there were very few who remained faithful to him, yet
+that treachery proceeded not always from any treasonable purpose to do
+him any harm, but from particular and personal animosities against
+other men. And afterward, the terror all men were under of the
+parliament, and the guilt they were conscious of themselves, made them
+watch all opportunities to make themselves gracious to those who could
+do them good; and so they became spies upon their master, and from one
+piece of knavery were hardened and confirmed to undertake another,
+till at last they had no hope of preservation but by the destruction
+of their master.
+
+And after all this, when a man might reasonably believe that less than
+a universal defection of three nations could not have reduced a great
+king to so ugly a fate, it is most certain that, in that very hour,
+when he was thus wickedly murdered in the sight of the sun, he had as
+great a share in the hearts and affections of his subjects in general,
+was as much beloved, esteemed and longed for by the people in general
+of the three nations, as any of his predecessors had ever been. To
+conclude, he was the worthiest gentleman, the best master, the best
+friend, the best husband, the best father, and the best Christian that
+the age in which he lived produced. And if he were not the greatest
+king, if, he were without some parts and qualities which have made
+some kings great and happy, no other prince was ever unhappy who was
+possest of half his virtues and endowments, and so much, without any
+kind of vice.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 85: From the "History of the Rebellion."]
+
+[Footnote 86: George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham, the chief
+minister of Charles, was assassinated by John Felton in 1628.]
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS FULLER
+
+     Born in 1608, died in 1661; educated at Cambridge; Joined
+     King Charles I at Oxford in 1643; after the Restoration
+     chaplain to Charles II; published "The Holy State and the
+     Profane State" in 1642, and "Worthies of England" in 1662.
+
+
+
+
+QUALITIES OF THE GOOD SCHOOLMASTER[87]
+
+
+There is scarce any profession in the commonwealth more necessary,
+which is so slightly performed. The reasons whereof I conceive to be
+these: First, young scholars make this calling their refuge; yea,
+perchance, before they have taken any degree in the university,
+commence schoolmasters in the country, as if nothing else were
+required to set up this profession but only a rod and a ferula.
+Secondly, others who are able, use it only as a passage to better
+preferment to patch the rents in their present fortune, till they can
+provide a new one, and betake themselves to some more gainful calling.
+Thirdly, they are disheartened from doing their best with the
+miserable reward which in some places they receive, being masters to
+their children and slaves to their parents. Fourthly, being grown
+rich, they grow negligent, and scorn to touch the school but by the
+proxy of the usher. But see how well our schoolmaster behaves himself.
+
+His genius inclines him with delight to his profession. Some men had
+as well be school-boys as schoolmasters, to be tied to the school, as
+Cooper's Dictionary[88] and Scapula's Lexicon are chained to the desk
+therein; and tho great scholars, and skilful in other arts, are
+bunglers in this. But God, of his goodness, hath fitted several men
+for several callings, that the necessity of church and state, in all
+conditions, may be provided for. So that he who beholds the fabric
+thereof, may say, God hewed out the stone, and appointed it to lie in
+this very place, for it would fit none other so well, and here it doth
+most excellent. And thus God moldeth some for a schoolmaster's life,
+undertaking it with desire and delight, and discharging it with
+dexterity and happy success.
+
+He studieth his scholars' natures as carefully as they their books;
+and ranks their dispositions into several forms. And tho it may seem
+difficult for him in a great school to descend to all particulars, yet
+experienced schoolmasters may quickly make a grammar of boys' natures,
+and reduce them all--saving some few exceptions--to these general
+rules:
+
+1. Those that are ingenious and industrious. The conjunction of two
+such planets in a youth presage much good unto him. To such a lad a
+frown may be a whipping, and a whipping a death; yea, where their
+master whips them once, shame whips them all the week after. Such
+natures he useth with all gentleness.
+
+2. Those that are ingenious and idle. These think with the hare in
+the fable, that running with snails--so they count the rest of their
+schoolfellows--they shall come soon enough to the post, tho sleeping a
+good while before their starting. O! a good rod would finely take them
+napping!
+
+3. Those that are dull and diligent. Wines, the stronger they be, the
+more lees they have when they are new. Many boys are muddy-headed till
+they be clarified with age, and such afterward prove the best. Bristol
+diamonds are both bright, and squared, and pointed by nature, and yet
+are soft and worthless; whereas Orient ones in India are rough and
+rugged naturally. Hard, rugged, and dull natures of youth acquit
+themselves afterward the jewels of the country, and therefore their
+dulness at first is to be borne with, if they be diligent. That
+schoolmaster deserves to be beaten himself who beats nature in a boy
+for a fault. And I question whether all the whipping in the world can
+make their parts which are naturally sluggish rise one minute before
+the hour nature hath appointed.
+
+4. Those that are invincibly dull, and negligent also. Correction may
+reform the latter, not amend the former. All the whetting in the world
+can never set a razor's edge on that which hath no steel in it. Such
+boys he consigneth over to other professions. Shipwrights and
+boat-makers will choose those crooked pieces of timber which other
+carpenters refuse. Those may make excellent merchants and mechanics
+who will not serve for scholars.
+
+He is able, diligent, and methodical in his teaching; not leading them
+rather in a circle than forward. He minces his precepts for children
+to swallow, hanging clogs on the nimbleness of his own soul, that his
+scholars may go along with him.
+
+He is and will be known to be an absolute monarch in his school. If
+cockering mothers proffer him money to purchase their sons an
+exemption from his rod--to live, as it were, in a peculiar, out of
+their master's jurisdiction--with disdain he refuseth it, and scorns
+the late custom in some places of commuting whipping into money, and
+ransoming boys from the rod at a set price. If he hath a stubborn
+youth, correction-proof, he debaseth not his authority by contesting
+with him, but fairly, if he can, puts him away before his obstinacy
+hath infected others.
+
+He is moderate in inflicting deserved correction. Many a schoolmaster
+better answereth the name _paidotribes_ than _paidagogos_, rather
+tearing his scholars' flesh with whipping than giving them good
+education. No wonder if his scholars hate the Muses, being presented
+unto them in the shapes of fiends and furies.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 87: From "The Holy and Profane State."]
+
+[Footnote 88: Cooper's "Latin Dictionary" was first published in 1565
+and was long a standard school-book in England. It received the
+special patronage of Queen Elizabeth. Cooper was made Bishop of
+Winchester in 1584.]
+
+
+
+
+JEREMY TAYLOR
+
+     Baptized in 1618, died in 1667; son of a barber; educated at
+     Cambridge; chaplain to Charles I during the Civil War; after
+     the Restoration made Bishop of Down and Connor, and a member
+     of the Irish Privy Council; his "Holy Living" published in
+     1650, and "Holy Dying" in 1651.
+
+
+
+
+THE BENEFITS OF ADVERSITY[89]
+
+
+No man is more miserable than he that hath no adversity--that man is
+not tried whether he be good or bad: and God never crowns those
+virtues which are only faculties and dispositions; but every act of
+virtue is an ingredient into reward. And we see many children fairly
+planted, whose parts of nature were never drest by art, nor called
+from the furrows of their first possibilities by discipline and
+institution, and they dwell forever in ignorance, and converse with
+beasts; and yet if they had been drest and exercised, might have stood
+at the chairs of princes, or spoken parables amongst the rulers of
+cities. Our virtues are but in the seed when the grace of God comes
+upon us first; but this grace must be thrown into broken furrows, and
+must twice feel the cold and twice feel the heat, and be softened with
+storms and showers, and then it will arise into fruitfulness and
+harvests. And what is there in the world to distinguish virtues from
+dishonors, or the valor of Caesar from the softness of the Egyptian
+eunuchs, or that can make anything rewardable but the labor and the
+danger, the pain and the difficulty? Virtue could not be anything but
+sensuality if it were the entertainment of our senses and fond
+desires; and Apicius had been the noblest of all the Romans, if
+feeding and great appetite and despising the severities of temperance
+had been the work and proper employment of a wise man. But otherwise
+do fathers and otherwise do mothers handle their children. These
+soften them with kisses and imperfect noises, with the pap and
+breast-milk of soft endearments; they rescue them from tutors and
+snatch them from discipline; they desire to keep them fat and warm,
+and their feet dry, and their bellies full: and then the children
+govern, and cry, and prove fools and troublesome, so long as the
+feminine republic does endure.
+
+But fathers--because they design to have their children wise and
+valiant, apt for counsel or for arms--send them to severe governments,
+and tie them to study, to hard labor, and afflictive contingencies.
+They rejoice when the bold boy strikes a lion with his hunting-spear,
+and shrinks not when the beast comes to affright his early courage.
+Softness is for slaves and beasts, for minstrels and useless persons,
+for such who can not ascend higher than the state of a fair ox or a
+servant entertained for vainer offices; but the man that designs his
+son for nobler employments--to honors and to triumphs, to consular
+dignities and presidencies of councils--loves to see him pale with
+study or panting with labor, hardened with suffrance or eminent by
+dangers. And so God dresses us for heaven: he loves to see us
+struggling with a disease, and resisting the devil, and contesting
+against the weaknesses of nature, and against hope to believe in
+hope--resigning ourselves to God's will, praying Him to choose for us,
+and dying in all things but faith and its blest consequents; _ut ad
+officium cum periculo sinus prompti_--and the danger and the
+resistance shall endear the office. For so have I known the boisterous
+north wind pass through the yielding air, which opened its bosom, and
+appeased its violence by entertaining it with easy compliance in all
+the region of its reception; but when the same breath of heaven hath
+been checked with the stiffness of a tower, or the united strength of
+a wood, it grew mighty and dwelt there, and made the highest branches
+stoop and make a smooth path for it on the top of all its glories.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 89: From the "Rules and Exercises of Holy Dying."]
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM COWLEY
+
+     Born in 1618, died in 1667; son of a stationer; educated at
+     Cambridge and Oxford; identified himself with the Royalists;
+     fled with the Queen to France in 1646; returned to England
+     in 1656, settled afterward at Chertsey; highly esteemed in
+     his own day as a poet; his works first collected in 1668.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+OF OBSCURITY[90]
+
+
+What a brave privilege is it to be free from all contentions, from all
+envying or being envied, from receiving and from paying all kind of
+ceremonies! It is, in my mind, a very delightful pastime for two good
+and agreeable friends to travel up and down together, in places where
+they are by nobody known, nor know anybody. It was the ease of AEneas
+and his Achates, when they walked invisibly about the fields and
+streets of Carthage. Venus herself
+
+    A veil of thickened air around them cast,
+    That none might know, or see them, as they passed.
+
+VIRG.1 _AEn._
+
+The common story of Demosthenes's confession, that he had taken great
+pleasure in hearing of a tanker-woman say, as he passed: "This is that
+Demosthenes," is wonderfully ridiculous from so solid an orator. I
+myself have often met with that temptation to vanity, if it were any;
+but am so far from finding it any pleasure, that it only makes me run
+faster from the place, till I get, as it were, out of sight-shot.
+Democritus[91] relates, and in such a manner as if he gloried in the
+good fortune and commodity of it, that, when he came to Athens, nobody
+there did so much as take notice of him; and Epicurus lived there very
+well, that is, lay hid many years in his gardens, so famous since that
+time, with his friend Metrodorus: after whose death, making, in one of
+his letters, a kind commemoration of the happiness which they two had
+enjoyed together, he adds at last that he thought it no disparagement
+to those great felicities of their life, that, in the midst of the
+most talked-of and talking country in the world, they had lived so
+long, not only without fame, but almost without being heard of; and
+yet, within a very few years afterward, there were no two names of men
+more known or more generally celebrated.
+
+If we engage into a large acquaintance and various familiarities, we
+set open our gates to the invaders of most of our time; we expose our
+life to a quotidian ague of frigid impertinences, which would make a
+wise man tremble to think of. Now, as for being known much by sight,
+and pointed at, I can not comprehend the honor that lies in that;
+whatsoever it be, every mountebank has it more than the best doctor,
+and the hangman more than the lord chief-justice of a city. Every
+creature has it, both of nature and art, if it be anyways
+extraordinary.
+
+It was as often said: "This is that Bucephalus,"[92] or, "This is that
+Incitatus,"[93] when they were led prancing through the streets, as,
+"This is that Alexander," or, "This is that Domitian"; and truly, for
+the latter, I take Incitatus to have been a much more honorable beast
+than his master, and more deserving the consulship than he the empire.
+
+I love and commend a true good fame, because it is the shadow of
+virtue: not that it doth any good to the body which it accompanies,
+but it is an efficacious shadow, and like that of St. Peter, cures the
+diseases of others. The best kind of glory, no doubt, is that which is
+reflected from honesty, such as was the glory of Cato and Aristides;
+but it was harmful to them both, and is seldom beneficial to any man
+whilst he lives; what it is to him after his death, I can not say,
+because I love not philosophy merely notional and conjectural, and no
+man who has made the experiment has been so kind as to come back to
+inform us. Upon the whole matter, I account a person who has a
+moderate mind and fortune, and lives in the conversation of two or
+three agreeable friends, with little commerce in the world besides,
+who is esteemed well enough by his few neighbors that know him, and is
+truly irreproachable by anybody; and so, after a healthful quiet life,
+before the great inconveniences of old age, goes more silently out of
+it than he came in--for I would not have him so much as cry in the
+exit: this innocent deceiver of the world, as Horace calls him, this
+_muta persona_, I take to have been more happy in his part than the
+greatest actors that fill the stage with show and noise; nay, even
+than Augustus himself, who asked, with his last breath, whether he had
+not played his farce very well.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+OF PROCRASTINATION[94]
+
+
+I am glad that you approve and applaud my design of withdrawing myself
+from all tumult and business of the world, and consecrating the little
+rest of my time to those studies to which nature had so motherly
+inclined me, and from which fortune, like a step-mother, has so long
+detained me. But, nevertheless, you say (which _but_ is _aerugo mera_,
+a rust which spoils the good metal it grows upon)--but you say you
+would advise me not to precipitate that resolution, but to stay a
+while longer with patience and complaisance, till I had gotten such an
+estate as might accord me--according to the saying of that person,
+whom you and I love very much, and would believe as soon as another
+man--_cum dignitate otium_. This were excellent advice to Joshua, who
+could bid the sun stay too. But there's no fooling with life, when it
+is once turned beyond forty: the seeking for a fortune then is but a
+desperate after-game; 'tis a hundred to one if a man fling two sixes,
+and recover all; especially if his hand be no luckier than mine.
+
+There is some help for all the defects of fortune; for if a man can
+not attain to the length of his wishes, he may have his remedy by
+cutting of them shorter. Epicurus writes a letter to Idomeneus--who
+was then a very powerful, wealthy, and, it seems, a bountiful
+person--to recommend to him, who had made so many rich, one Pythocles,
+a friend of his, whom he desired might be made a rich man too; "but I
+entreat you that you would not do it just the same way as you have
+done to many less deserving persons; but in the most gentlemanly
+manner of obliging him, which is, not to add anything to his estate,
+but to take something from his desires."
+
+The sum of this is, that for the certain hopes of some conveniences,
+we ought not to defer the execution of a work that is necessary;
+especially when the use of those things which we would stay for may
+otherwise be supplied, but the loss of time never recovered; nay,
+farther yet, tho we were sure to obtain all that we had a mind to, tho
+we were sure of getting never so much by continuing the game, yet when
+the light of life is so near going out, and ought to be so precious,
+_le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle_, the play is not worth the expense
+of the candle; after having been long tossed in a tempest, if our
+masts be standing, and we have still sail and tackling enough to carry
+us to our port, it is no matter for the want of streamers and
+topgallants.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 90: From the "Essays."]
+
+[Footnote 91: Democritus was born about 460 B.C.and died about 857.
+He was often known as "The Laughing Philosopher."]
+
+[Footnote 92: The famous horse ridden by Alexander the Great.]
+
+[Footnote 93: A horse ridden by the Roman Emperor Domitian.]
+
+[Footnote 94: From the "Essays."]
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE FOX
+
+     Born in 1624, died in 1691; founder of the Society of
+     Friends; son of a weaver, apprenticed to a shoemaker; became
+     an itinerant lay preacher at the age of 25, completing the
+     organization of the Society of Friends in 1669; made
+     missionary journeys to Scotland, Ireland, and West Indies,
+     Holland and North America (1671-72); frequently imprisoned
+     for infraction of the laws against Conventicles.
+
+
+
+
+AN INTERVIEW WITH OLIVER CROMWELL[95]
+
+
+After Captain Drury had lodged me at the Mermaid, over against the
+Mews at Charing Cross, he went to give the Protector an account of me.
+When he came to me again, he told me the Protector required that I
+should promise not to take up a carnal sword or weapon against him or
+the government, as it then was; and that I should write it in what
+words I saw good, and set my hand to it. I said little in reply to
+Captain Drury, but the next morning I was moved of the Lord to write a
+paper to the Protector, by the name of Oliver Cromwell, wherein I did,
+in the presence of the Lord God, declare that I did deny the wearing
+or drawing of a "carnal sword, or any other outward weapon, against
+him or any man; and that I was sent of God to stand a witness against
+all violence, and against the works of darkness, and to turn people
+from darkness to light; to bring them from the occasion of war and
+fighting to the peaceable Gospel, and from being evil-doers, which the
+magistrates' sword should be a terror to." When I had written what the
+Lord had given me to write, I set my name to it, and gave it to
+Captain Drury to hand to Oliver Cromwell, which he did. After some
+time, Captain Drury brought me before the Protector himself at
+Whitehall. It was in a morning, before he was drest; and one Harvey,
+who had come a little among friends, but was disobedient, waited upon
+him.
+
+When I came in, I was moved to say: "Peace be in this house"; and I
+exhorted him to keep in the fear of God, that he might receive wisdom
+from Him; that by it he might be ordered, and with it might order all
+things under his hand unto God's glory. I spoke much to him of truth;
+and a great deal of discourse I had with him about religion, wherein
+he carried himself very moderately. But he said we quarreled with the
+priests, whom he called ministers. I told him, "I did not quarrel with
+them, they quarreled with me and my friends. But, said I, if we own
+the prophets, Christ, and the apostles, we can not hold up such
+teachers, prophets, and shepherds, as the prophets, Christ, and the
+apostles declared against; but we must declare against them by the
+same power and spirit." Then I shewed him that the prophets, Christ,
+and the apostles, declared freely, and declared against them that did
+not declare freely; such as preached for filthy lucre, divined for
+money, and preached for hire, and were covetous and greedy, like the
+dumb dogs that could never have enough; and that they who have the
+same spirit that Christ, and the prophets, and the apostles had, could
+not but declare against all such now, as they did then. As I spoke, he
+several times said it was very good, and it was truth. I told him:
+"That all Christendom, so called, had the Scriptures, but they wanted
+the power and spirit that those had who gave forth the Scriptures, and
+that was the reason they were not in fellowship with the Son, nor with
+the Father, nor with the Scriptures, nor one with another."
+
+Many more words I had with him, but people coming in, I drew a little
+back. As I was turning, he catched me by the hand, and with tears in
+his eyes said: "Come again to my house, for if thou and I were but an
+hour of a day together, we should be nearer one to the other"; adding,
+that he wished me no more ill than he did to his own soul. I told him,
+if he did, he wronged his own soul, and admonished him to harken to
+God's voice, that he might stand in His counsel, and obey it; and if
+he did so, that would keep him from hardness of heart; but if he did
+not hear God's voice, his heart would be hardened. He said it was
+true. Then I went out; and when Captain Drury came out after me, he
+told me the lord Protector said I was at liberty, and might go whither
+I would. Then I was brought into a great hall, where the Protector's
+gentlemen were to dine. I asked them what they brought me thither for.
+They said it was by the Protector's order, that I might dine with
+them. I bid them let the Protector know I would not eat of his bread,
+nor drink of his drink. When he heard this, he said: "Now I see there
+is a people risen that I can not win, either with gifts, honors,
+offices, or places; but all other sects and people I can." It was told
+him again, "That we had forsook our own, and were not like to look for
+such things from him."[96]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 95: From the "Journal."]
+
+[Footnote 96: Just before Cromwell's death, Fox had another interview
+with him of which he wrote: "The same day, taking boat, I went down
+(_up_) to Kingston, and from thence to Hampton Court, to speak with
+the Protector about the sufferings of friends. I met him riding into
+Hampton Court Park; and before I came to him, as he rode at the head
+of his life-guard, I saw and felt a waft (_whiff_) of death go forth
+against him; and when I came to him he looked like a dead man. After I
+had laid the sufferings of friends before him, and had warned him
+according as I was moved to speak to him, he bade me come to his
+house. So I returned to Kingston, and the next day went up to Hampton
+Court to speak further with him. But when I came, Harvey, who was one
+that waited on him, told me the doctors were not willing that I should
+speak with him. So I passed away, and never saw him more."
+
+Carlyle in his "Life and Letters of Cromwell," quoting this passage,
+says: "His life, if thou knew it, has not been a merry thing for this
+man, now or heretofore! I fancy he has been looking this long while to
+give it up, whenever the Commander-in-chief required. To quit his
+laborious sentry-post; honorably lay up his arms, and be gone to his
+rest--all eternity to rest in, George! Was thy own life merry, for
+example, in the hollow of the tree; clad permanently in leather? And
+does kingly purple, and governing refractory worlds instead of
+stitching coarse shoes, make it merrier? The waft of death is not
+against him, I think--perhaps, against thee, and me, and others, O
+George, when the Nell Gwynne defender and two centuries of
+all-victorious cant have come in upon us!"]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN BUNYAN
+
+     Baptized in 1628, died in 1688; son of a tinker, adopting
+     his father's trade; served two years in the Civil Wars;
+     joined a Non-Conformist body at Bedford about 1645, becoming
+     a traveling preacher in the midland counties; arrested in
+     1660 under statutes against Non-Conformists and spent
+     several years in jail, where he wrote part of his "Pilgrim's
+     Progress," published in 1678-1684; on being released from
+     prison was licensed to preach and remained pastor at Bedford
+     until he died.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+A DREAM OF THE CELESTIAL CITY[97]
+
+
+Now I saw in my dream that by this time the pilgrims were got over the
+Enchanted Ground, and entering into the country of Beulah, whose air
+was very sweet and pleasant, the way lying directly through it, they
+solaced them there for the season. Yea, here they heard continually
+the singing of birds, and saw every day the flowers appear in the
+earth, and heard the voice of the turtle in the land. In this country
+the sun shineth night and day; wherefore it was beyond the Valley of
+the Shadow of Death, and also out of the reach of Giant Despair;
+neither could they from this place so much as see Doubting Castle.
+Here they were within sight of the city they were going to; also here
+met them some of the inhabitants thereof: for in this land the
+shining ones commonly walked, because it was upon the borders of
+Heaven. In this land, also, the contract between the bride and
+bridegroom was renewed; yea, here, "as the bridegroom rejoiceth over
+the bride, so did their God rejoice over them." Here they had no want
+of corn and wine; for in this place they met abundance of what they
+had sought for in all their pilgrimage. Here they heard voices from
+out of the city, loud voices, saying: "Say ye to the daughter of Zion,
+behold thy salvation cometh! Behold, his reward is with him!" Here all
+the inhabitants of the country called them "the holy people, the
+redeemed of the Lord, sought out," etc.
+
+Now, as they walked in this land, they had more rejoicing than in
+parts more remote from the kingdom to which they were bound; and
+drawing nearer to the city yet, they had a more perfect view thereof:
+it was built of pearls and precious stones, also the streets thereof
+were paved with gold; so that, by reason of the natural glory of the
+city, and the reflection of the sunbeams upon it, Christian with
+desire fell sick; Hopeful also had a fit or two of the same disease:
+wherefore here they lay by it a while, crying out, because of their
+pangs: "If you see my Beloved, tell him that I am sick of love."
+
+But being a little strengthened, and better able to bear their
+sickness, they walked on their way, and came yet nearer and nearer,
+where were orchards, vineyards, and gardens, and their gates opened
+into the highway. Now, as they came up to these places, behold the
+gardener stood in the way, to whom the pilgrims said: Whose goodly
+vineyards and gardens are these? He answered: They are the King's, and
+are planted here for his own delight, and also for the solace of
+pilgrims: so the gardener had them into the vineyards and bid them
+refresh themselves with dainties; he also shewed them there the King's
+walks and arbors, where he delighted to be; and here they tarried and
+slept.
+
+Now, I beheld in my dream that they talked more in their sleep at this
+time than ever they did in all their journey; and being in a muse
+thereabout, the gardener said even to me: Wherefore musest thou at the
+matter? It is the nature of the fruit of the grapes of these vineyards
+to go down so sweetly, as to cause the lips of them that are asleep to
+speak.
+
+So I saw that when they awoke, they addrest themselves to go up to the
+city. But, as I said, the reflection of the sun upon the city--for the
+city was pure gold--was so extremely glorious, that they could not as
+yet with open face behold it, but through an instrument made for that
+purpose. So I saw that, as they went on, there met them two men in
+raiment that shone like gold; also their faces shone as the light.
+
+These men asked the pilgrims whence they came; and they told them.
+They also asked them where they had lodged, what difficulties and
+dangers, what comforts and pleasures, they had met with in their way;
+and they told them. Then said the men that met them: You have but two
+difficulties more to meet with, and then you are in the city.
+
+Christian and his companion then asked the men to go along with them;
+so they told them that they would. But, said they, you must obtain it
+by your own faith. So I saw in my dream that they went on together
+till they came in sight of the gate....
+
+Then I saw in my dream that Christian was in a muse a while. To whom,
+also, Hopeful added these words: Be of good cheer; Jesus Christ maketh
+thee whole: and with that Christian brake out with a loud voice--Oh! I
+see him again; and he tells me: "When thou passest through the waters,
+I will be with thee; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow
+thee." Then they both took courage, and the enemy was after that as
+still as a stone, until they were gone over. Christian, therefore,
+presently found ground to stand upon, and so it followed that the rest
+of the river was but shallow; but thus they got over. Now, upon the
+bank of the river on the other side, they saw the two shining men
+again, who there waited for them; wherefore, being come out of the
+river, they saluted them, saying "We are ministering spirits, sent for
+to minister to those that shall be heirs of salvation." Thus they went
+along toward the gate. Now you must note that the city stood upon a
+mighty hill; but the pilgrims went up that hill with ease, because
+they had these two men to lead them up by the arms; they had likewise
+left their mortal garments behind them in the river; for tho they went
+in with them, they came out without them. They therefore went up here
+with much agility and speed, tho the foundation upon which the city
+was framed was higher than the clouds.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE DEATH OF VALIANT-FOR-TRUTH AND OF STAND-FAST[98]
+
+
+It was noised abroad that Mr _Valiant-for-truth_ was taken with a
+Summons by the same Post as the other, and had this for a Token that
+the Summons was true, That his Pitcher was broken at the Fountain.
+When he understood it, he called for his Friends, and told them of it.
+Then said he, I am going to my Fathers, and tho with great difficulty
+I am got hither, yet now I do not repent me of all the Trouble I have
+been at to arrive where I am. My Sword I give to him that shall
+succeed me in my Pilgrimage, and my Courage and Skill to him that can
+get it. My Marks and Scars I carry with me, to be a witness for me
+that I have fought his Battles who now will be my Rewarder. When the
+day that he must go hence was come, many accompanied him to the
+River-side, into which as he went he said, Death, where is thy Sting?
+And as he went down deeper he said, Grave, where is thy Victory? So he
+passed over, and all the Trumpets sounded for him on the other side.
+
+Then there came forth a Summons for Mr _Stand-fast_ (This Mr
+_Stand-fast_ was he that the rest of the Pilgrims found upon his Knees
+in the Inchanted Ground), for the Post brought it him open in his
+hands. The contents whereof were, _that he must prepare for a Change
+of Life, for his Master was not willing that he should be so far from
+him any longer_. At this Mr _Stand-fast_ was put into a muse. Nay,
+said the Messenger, you need not doubt of the truth of my Message, for
+here is a Token of the Truth thereof, _Thy Wheel is broken at the
+Cistern_. Then he called to him Mr _Great-heart_ who was their Guide,
+and said unto him, Sir, altho it was not my hap to be much in your
+good Company in the days of my Pilgrimage, yet since the time I knew
+you, you have been profitable to me. When I came from home, I left
+behind me a Wife and five small Children, let me entreat you at your
+return (for I know that you will go and return to your Master's house,
+in hopes that you yet be a Conductor to more of the holy Pilgrims),
+that you send to my Family, and let them be acquainted with all that
+hath and shall happen unto me. Tell them moreover of my happy Arrival
+to this place, and of the present late blessed condition that I am in.
+Tell them also of _Christian_ and _Christiana_ his Wife, and how she
+and her Children came after her Husband. Tell them also of what a
+happy end she made and whither she is gone. I have little or nothing
+to send to my Family, except it be Prayers and Tears for them; of
+which it will suffice if thou acquaint them, if peradventure they may
+prevail.
+
+When Mr _Stand-fast_ had thus set things in order, and the time being
+come for him to haste him away, he also went down to the River. Now
+there was a great Calm at that time in the River; wherefore Mr
+_Stand-fast_, when he was about half-way in, he stood awhile, and
+talked to his Companions that had waited upon him thither. And he
+said,
+
+This River has been a Terror to many, yea, the thoughts of it also
+have often frighted me. But now methinks I stand easy, my Foot is fixt
+upon that upon which the Feet of the Priests that bare the Ark of the
+Covenant stood while _Israel_ went over this _Jordan_. The Waters
+indeed are to the Palate bitter and to the Stomach cold, yet the
+thoughts of what I am going to and of the Conduct that waits for me on
+the other side doth lie as a glowing Coal at my Heart.
+
+I see myself now at the end of my Journey, my toilsome days are ended.
+I am going now to see that Head that was crowned with Thorns, and that
+Face that was spit upon for me.
+
+I have formerly lived by Hear-say and Faith, but now I go where I
+shall live by sight, and shall be with Him in whose Company I delight
+myself.
+
+I have loved to hear my Lord spoken of, and wherever I have seen the
+print of His Shoe in the Earth, there I have coveted to set my Foot
+too.
+
+His name has been to me as a Civet-box, yea, sweeter than all
+Perfumes. His Voice to me has been most sweet, and his Countenance I
+have more desired than they that have most desired the Light of the
+Sun. His Word I did use to gather for my Food and for Antidotes
+against my Faintings. He has held me, and I have kept me from mine
+iniquities, yea, my Steps hath He strengthened in His Way.
+
+Now while he was thus in Discourse, his Countenance changed, his
+strong man bowed under him, and after he had said, _Take me, for I
+come unto Thee_, he ceased to be seen of them.
+
+But glorious it was to see how the open Region was filled with Horses
+and Chariots, with Trumpeters and Pipers, with Singers and Players on
+Stringed Instruments, to welcome the Pilgrims as they went up, and
+followed one another in at the beautiful Gate of the City.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+ANCIENT VANITY FAIR[99]
+
+
+Then I saw in my Dream, that when they were got out of the Wilderness,
+they presently saw a Town before them, and the name of that Town is
+_Vanity_; and at the Town there is a Fair kept, called _Vanity Fair_:
+it is kept all the year long; it beareth the name of _Vanity Fair_,
+because the Town where 'tis kept is _lighter than Vanity_; and also
+because all that is there sold, or that cometh thither, is _Vanity_.
+As is the saying of the wise, _All that cometh is Vanity_.
+
+This Fair is no new erected business, but a thing of ancient standing;
+I will shew you the original of it.
+
+Almost five thousand years agone, there were Pilgrims walking to the
+Celestial City, as these two honest persons are; and _Beelzebub_,
+_Apollyon_, and _Legion_, with their Companions, perceiving by the
+path that the Pilgrims made, that their way to the city lay through
+this Town of _Vanity_, they contrived here to set up a Fair; a Fair
+wherein should be sold of _all sorts of Vanity_, and that it should
+last all the year long: therefore at this Fair are all such
+Merchandise sold, as Houses, Lands, Trades, Places, Honors,
+Preferments, Titles, Countries, Kingdoms, Lusts, Pleasures, and
+Delights of all sorts, as Whores, Bawds, Wives, Husbands, Children,
+Masters, Servants, Lives, Blood, Bodies, Souls, Silver, Gold, Pearls,
+Precious Stones, and what not....
+
+Now, as I said, the way to the Celestial City lies just through this
+Town where this lusty Fair is kept; and he that will go to the City,
+and yet not go through this Town, must needs _go out of the World_.
+The Prince of Princes himself, when here, went through this Town to
+his own Country, and that upon a _Fair-day_ too; yea, and as I think,
+it was _Beelzebub_, the chief Lord of this Fair, that invited him to
+buy of his Vanities: yea, would have made him Lord of the Fair, would
+he but have done him reverence as he went through the Town. Yea,
+because he was such a person of honor, _Beelzebub_ had him from Street
+to Street, and shewed him all the Kingdoms of the World in a little
+time, that he might (if possible) allure that Blessed One to cheapen
+and buy some of his Vanities. But he had no mind to the Merchandise,
+and therefore left the Town, without laying out so much as one
+Farthing upon these Vanities. This Fair therefore is an ancient thing,
+of long standing, and a very great Fair....
+
+The Pilgrims being patient, and not rendering railing for railing, but
+contrarywise blessing, and giving good words for bad, and kindness
+for injuries done, some men in the Fair that were more observing, and
+less prejudiced than the rest, began to check and blame the baser sort
+for their continual abuses done by them to the men; they therefore in
+angry manner let fly at them again, counting them as bad as the men in
+the Cage, and telling them that they seemed confederates, and should
+be made partakers of their misfortunes. The other replied, that for
+ought they could see, the men were quiet, and sober, and intended
+nobody any harm; and that there were many that traded in their Fair
+that were more worthy to be put into the Cage, yea, and Pillory too,
+than were the men that they had abused. Thus, after divers words had
+passed on both sides (the men behaving themselves all the while very
+wisely and soberly before them), they fell to some blows among
+themselves, and did harm one to another. Then were these two poor men
+brought before their examiners again, and there charged as being
+guilty of the late hubbub that had been in the Fair. So they beat them
+pitifully and hanged irons upon them, and led them in chaines up and
+down the Fair, for an example and a terror to others, lest any should
+further speak in their behalf, or join themselves unto them. But
+_Christian_ and _Faithful_ behaved themselves yet more wisely, and
+received the ignominy and shame that was cast upon them, with so much
+meekness and patience, that it won to their side (tho but few in
+comparison of the rest) several of the men in the Fair. This put the
+other party yet into a greater rage, insomuch that they concluded the
+death of these two men. Wherefore they threatened, that the Cage nor
+irons should serve their turn, but that they should die, for the abuse
+they had done, and for deluding the men of the Fair.
+
+    Behold Vanity Fair; the Pilgrims there
+      Are chained and stoned beside;
+    Even so it was, our Lord past here,
+      And on Mount Calvary died.
+
+Then were they remanded to the Cage again, until further order should
+be taken with them. So they put them in, and made their feet fast in
+the Stocks.
+
+Here also they called again to mind what they had heard from their
+faithful friend _Evangelist_, and were the more confirmed in their way
+and sufferings, by what he told them would happen to them. They also
+now comforted each other, that whose lot it was to suffer, even he
+should have the best on't; therefore each man secretly wished that he
+might have that preferment: but committing themselves to the Allwise
+dispose of Him that ruleth all things, with much content they abode in
+the condition in which they were, until they should be otherwise
+disposed of.
+
+Then a convenient time being appointed, they brought them forth to
+their Tryal, in order to their condemnation. When the time was come,
+they were brought before their enemies, and arraigned. The Judge's
+name was Lord _Hate-good_. Their Indictment was one and the same in
+substance, tho somewhat varying in form, the contents whereof was
+this:
+
+_That they were enemies to and disturbers of their Trade; that they
+had made Commotions and Divisions in the Town, and had won a party to
+their own most dangerous Opinions in contempt of the Law of their
+Prince_.
+
+    Now _Faithful_ play the Man, speak for thy God:
+    Fear not the wickeds' malice, nor their rod:
+    Speak boldly man, the Truth is on thy side;
+    Die for it, and to Life in triumph ride.
+
+Then _Faithful_ began to answer, that he had only set himself against
+that which had set itself against Him that is higher than the highest.
+And said he, as for Disturbance, I make none, being myself a man of
+Peace; the Party that were won to us, were won by beholding our Truth
+and Innocence, and they are only turned from the worse to the better.
+And as to the King you talk of, since he is _Beelzebub_, the enemy of
+our Lord, I defy him and all his Angels.
+
+Then Proclamation was made, that they that had aught to say for their
+Lord the King against the Prisoner at the Bar, should forthwith appear
+and give in their evidence. So there came in three witnesses, to wit,
+_Envy_, _Superstition_, and _Pickthank_. They were then asked if they
+knew the Prisoner at the Bar; and what they had to say for their Lord
+the King against him.
+
+Then stood forth _Envy_, and said to this effect: My Lord, I have
+known this man a long time, and will attest upon my Oath before this
+honorable Bench, that he is--
+
+_Judge._ Hold! Give him life Oath.
+
+So they sware him.
+
+Then he said, My Lord, this man, notwithstanding his plausible name,
+is one of the vilest men in our Country. He neither regardeth Prince
+nor People, Law nor Custom; but doth all that he can to possess all
+men with certain of his disloyal notions, which he in the general
+calls Principles of Faith and Holiness. And in particular, I heard him
+once myself affirm _That Christianity and the Customs of our Town of
+Vanity were diametrically opposite, and could not be reconciled_. By
+which saying, my Lord, he doth at once not only condemn all our
+laudable doings, but us in the doing of them.
+
+_Judge._ Then did the Judge say to him, Hast thou any more to say?
+
+_Envy._ My Lord, I could say much more, only I would not be tedious to
+the Court. Yet if need be, when the other Gentlemen have given in
+their Evidence, rather than anything shall be wanting that will
+despatch him, I will enlarge my Testimony against him.
+
+So he was bid stand by. Then they called _Superstition_, and bid him
+look upon the Prisoner. They also asked, what he could say for their
+Lord the King against him. Then they sware him; so he began:
+
+_Super._ My Lord, I have no great acquaintance with this man, nor do I
+desire to have further knowledge of him; however, this I know, that he
+is a very pestilent fellow, from some discourse that the other day I
+had with him in this Town; for then talking with him, I heard him say,
+That our Religion was naught, and such by which a man could by no
+means please God. Which sayings of his, my Lord, your Lordship very
+well knows, what necessarily thence will follow, to wit, That we still
+do worship in vain, are yet in our sins, and finally shall be damned;
+and this is that which I have to say.
+
+Then was _Pickthank_ sworn, and bid say what he knew, in behalf of
+their Lord the King, against the prisoner at the Bar.
+
+_Pick._ My Lord, and you, Gentlemen all, This fellow I have known of a
+long time, and have heard him speak things that ought not to be spoke;
+for he hath railed on our noble Prince _Beelzebub_, and hath spoken
+contemptibly of his honorable Friends, whose names are the Lord _Old
+Man_, the Lord _Carnal Delight_, the Lord _Luxurious_, the Lord
+_Desire of Vain Glory_, my old Lord _Lechery_, Sir _Having Greedy_,
+with all the rest of our Nobility; and he hath said moreover, That if
+all men were of his mind, if possible, there is not one of these
+Noblemen should have any longer a being in this Town; besides, he hath
+not been afraid to rail on you, my Lord, who are now appointed to be
+his Judge, calling you an ungodly villain, with many other suchlike
+vilifying terms, with which he hath bespattered most of the Gentry of
+our Town.
+
+When this _Pickthank_ had told his tale, the Judge directed his speech
+to the Prisoner at the Bar, saying, Thou Runagate, Heretick, and
+Traitor, hast thou heard what these honest Gentlemen have witnessed
+against thee?
+
+_Faith._ May I speak a few words in my own defense?
+
+_Judge._ Sirrah, sirrah, thou deservest to live no longer, but to be
+slain immediately upon the place; yet that all men may see our
+gentleness towards thee, let us see what thou hast to say.
+
+_Faith._ 1. I say then, in answer to what Mr _Envy_ hath spoken, I
+never said ought but this, _That what Rule or Laws or Custom or
+People, were flat against the Word of God, are diametrically opposite
+to Christianity_. If I have said amiss in this, convince me of my
+error, and I am ready here before you to make my recantation.
+
+2. As to the second, to wit, Mr _Superstition_, and his charge against
+me, I said only this, _That in the worship of God there is required a
+Divine Faith; but there can be no Divine Faith without a Divine
+Revelation of the will of God; therefore whatever is thrust into the
+Worship of God that is not agreeable to a Divine Revelation, cannot be
+done but by an human faith, which faith will not profit to Eternal
+Life_.
+
+3. As to what Mr _Pickthank_ hath said, I say (avoiding terms, as that
+I am said to rail, and the like) that the Prince of this Town, with
+all the rabblement his attendants, by this Gentleman named, are more
+fit for a being in Hell, than in this Town and Country: _and so, the
+Lord have mercy upon me_....
+
+Then went the Jury out, whose names were, Mr _Blind-Man_, Mr
+_No-good_, Mr _Malice_, Mr _Love-lust_, Mr _Live-loose_, Mr _Heady_,
+Mr _High-mind_, Mr _Enmity_, Mr _Lyar_, Mr _Cruelty_, Mr _Hate-light_,
+and Mr _Implacable_; who every one gave in his private Verdict against
+him among themselves, and afterwards unanimously concluded to bring
+him in guilty before the Judge. And first among themselves, Mr
+_Blind-man_ the Foreman, said, _I see clearly that this man is an
+Heretick_. Then said Mr _No-good_, _Away with such a fellow from the
+earth_. _Ay_, said Mr _Malice_, _for I hate the very looks of him_.
+Then said Mr _Love-lust_, _I could never endure him_. _Nor I_, said Mr
+_Live-loose_, _for he would always be condemning my way_. _Hang him,
+hang him_, said Mr _Heady_. _A sorry Scrub_, said Mr _High-mind_. _My
+heart riseth against him_, said Mr _Enmity_. _He is a rogue_, said Mr
+_Lyar_. _Hanging is too good for him_, said Mr _Cruelty_. _Let us
+dispatch him out of the way_, said Mr _Hate-light_. Then said Mr
+_Implacable_, _Might I have all the world given me, I could not be
+reconciled to him; therefore let us forthwith bring him in guilty of
+death_. And so they did; therefore he was presently condemned to be
+had from the place where he was, to the place from whence he came, and
+there to be put to the most cruel death that could be invented.
+
+They therefore brought him out, to do with him according to their Law;
+and first they Scourged him, then they Buffeted him, then they Lanced
+his flesh with Knives; after that they Stoned him with stones, then
+pricked him with their Swords; and last of all they burned him to
+ashes at the Stake. Thus came _Faithful_ to his end.
+
+    Brave _Faithful_, bravely done in Word and Deed;
+    Judge, Witnesses, and Jury have instead
+    Of overcoming thee, but shewn their Rage:
+    When thou art dead, thou'lt live from Age to Age.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 97: From "The Pilgrim's Progress."]
+
+[Footnote 98: From "The Pilgrim's Progress."]
+
+[Footnote 99: From "The Pilgrim's Progress."]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN DRYDEN
+
+     Born in 1631, died in 1700; educated at Cambridge;
+     originally a Parliamentarian, but vent over to the
+     Royalists; made poet-laureate in 1670; converted to
+     Catholicism in 1686; his life written by Samuel Johnson; his
+     works collected in 1808 in eighteen volumes by Sir Walter
+     Scott.
+
+
+
+
+OF ELIZABETHAN DRAMATISTS[100]
+
+
+To begin, then, with Shakespeare. He was the man who, of all modern,
+and perhaps ancient poets, had the largest and most comprehensive
+soul. All the images of nature were still present to him, and he drew
+them not laboriously, but luckily. When he describes anything, you
+more than see it--you feel it too. Those who accused him to have
+wanted learning, give him the greater commendation. He was naturally
+learned; he needed not the spectacles of books to read nature; he
+looked inwards, and found her there. I cannot say he is everywhere
+alike; were he so, I should do him injury to compare him with the
+greatest of mankind. He is many times flat, insipid; his comic wit
+degenerating into clenches, his serious swelling into bombast. But he
+is always great when some great occasion is presented to him; no man
+can say he ever had a fit subject for his wit, and did not then raise
+himself as high above the rest of poets.
+
+    Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi.
+
+The consideration of this made Mr. Hales of Eton[101] say, that there
+was no subject of which any poet ever writ, but he would produce it
+much better done in Shakespeare; and however others are now generally
+preferred before him, yet the age wherein he lived, which had
+contemporaries with him Fletcher and Jonson, never equalled them to
+him in their esteem. And in the last king's court, when Ben's
+reputation was at highest, Sir John Suckling, and with him the greater
+part of the courtiers, set our Shakespeare far above him....
+
+Beaumont and Fletcher, of whom I am next to speak, had with the
+advantage of Shakespeare's wit, which was their precedent, great
+natural gifts, improved by study; Beaumont especially, being so
+accurate a judge of plays, that Ben Jonson, while he lived, submitted
+all his writings to his censure, and 'tis thought, used his judgment
+in correcting, if not contriving, all his plots. What value he had for
+him, appears by the verses he writ to him, and therefore I need speak
+no farther of it. The first play that brought Fletcher and him in
+esteem was their "Philaster"; for before that they had written two or
+three very unsuccessfully: as the like is reported of Ben Jonson,
+before he writ "Every Man in his Humor." Their plots were generally
+more regular than Shakespeare's, especially those which were made
+before Beaumont's death; and they understood and imitated the
+conversation of gentlemen much better; whose wild debaucheries, and
+quickness of wit in repartees, no poet before them could paint as
+they have done. Humor, which Ben Jonson derived from particular
+persons, they made it not their business to describe; they represented
+all the passions very lively, but above all, love. I am apt to believe
+the English language in them arrived to its highest perfection: what
+words have since been taken in, are rather superfluous than
+ornamental. Their plays are now the most pleasant and frequent
+entertainments of the stage; two of theirs being acted through the
+year, for one of Shakespeare's or Jonson's: the reason is, because
+there is a certain gaiety in their comedies, and pathos in their more
+serious plays, which suits generally with all men's humors.
+Shakespeare's language is likewise a little obsolete, and Ben Jonson's
+wit comes short of theirs.
+
+As for Jonson, to whose character I am now arrived, if we look upon
+him while he was himself--for his last plays were but his dotages--I
+think him the most learned and judicious writer which any theater ever
+had. He was a most severe judge of himself, as well as others. One can
+not say he wanted wit, but rather that he was frugal of it. In his
+works you find little to retrench or alter. Wit, and language, and
+humor also in some measure, we had before him; but something of art
+was wanting to the drama, till he came. He managed his strength to
+more advantage than any who preceded him. You seldom find him making
+love in any of his scenes, or endeavoring to move the passions; his
+genius was too sullen and saturnine to do it gracefully, especially
+when he knew he came after those who had performed both to such a
+height. Humor was his proper sphere; and in that he delighted most to
+represent mechanic people. He was deeply conversant in the ancients,
+both Greek and Latin, and he borrowed boldly from them; there is
+scarce a poet or historian among the Roman authors of those times whom
+he has not translated in "Sejanus" and "Catiline." But he has done his
+robberies so openly that one may see he fears not to be taxed by any
+law. He invades authors like a monarch; and what would be theft in
+other poets, is only victory in him. With the spoils of these writers
+he so represents old Rome to us, in its rites, ceremonies, and
+customs, that if one of their poets had written either of his
+tragedies, we had seen less of it than in him.
+
+If there was any fault in his language, 'twas that he weaved it too
+closely and laboriously, in his comedies especially: perhaps, too, he
+did a little too much Romanize our tongue, leaving the words which he
+translated almost as much Latin as he found them; wherein, tho he
+learnedly followed their language, he did not enough comply with the
+idiom of ours. If I would compare him with Shakespeare, I must
+acknowledge him the more correct poet, but Shakespeare the greater
+wit. Shakespeare was the Homer, or father of our dramatic poets:
+Jonson was the Virgil, the pattern of elaborate writing: I admire him,
+but I love Shakespeare. To conclude of him: as he has given us the
+most correct plays, so, in the precepts which he has laid down in his
+"Discoveries," we have as many and profitable rules for perfecting the
+stage, as any wherewith the French can furnish us.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 100: From the "Essay on Dramatic Poetry."]
+
+[Footnote 101: John Hales, "the ever-memorable" canon of Windsor and
+author of "Golden Remains," born in 1584, died in 1656.]
+
+
+
+
+SAMUEL PEPYS
+
+     Born in 1633, died in 1703; son of a London tailor, educated
+     at Cambridge; a clerk in the Admiralty in 1660, becoming
+     finally Secretary; conducted the entire administration
+     during the great plague, when he alone remained in London;
+     assisted in checking the great fire in 1666; elected to
+     Parliament in 1678; President of the Royal Society in
+     1684-86; gave his library of three thousand volumes to one
+     of the colleges at Cambridge; his "Diary," first published
+     in 1825, was written in cipher, without intent of
+     publication.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+OF VARIOUS DOINGS OF MR. AND MRS. PEPYS[102]
+
+
+_August 18, 1660._--Towards Westminster by water. I landed my wife at
+Whitefriars with L5 to buy her a petticoat, and my father persuaded
+her to buy a most fine cloth, of 26_s._ a yard, and a rich lace, that
+the petticoat will come to L5; but she doing it very innocently, I
+could not be angry. Captain Ferrers took me and Creed to the Cockpit
+play, the first that I have had time to see since my coming from sea,
+_The Loyall Subject_, where one Kinaston, a boy, acted the Duke's
+sister, but made the loveliest lady that ever I saw in my life. After
+the play done, we went to drink, and, by Captain Ferrers' means,
+Kinaston, and another that acted Archas the General, came and drank
+with us.
+
+19. (Lord's Day.)--This morning Sir W. Batten, Pen, and myself, went
+to church to the churchwardens, to demand a pew, which at present
+could not be given us; but we are resolved to have one built. So we
+staid, and heard Mr. Mills, a very good minister. Home to dinner,
+where my wife had on her new petticoat that she bought yesterday,
+which indeed is a very fine cloth and a line lace; but that being of a
+light color, and the lace all silver, it makes no great show.
+
+_March 2, 1667._--After dinner, with my wife, to the King's house to
+see _The Maiden Queene_, a new play of Dryden's mightily commended for
+the regularity of it, and the strain and wit; and, the truth is, there
+is a comical part done by Nell Gwynne, which is Florimell, that I
+never can hope ever to see the like done again, by man or woman. The
+King and Duke of York were at the play. But so great performance of a
+comical part was never, I believe, in the world before as Nell do this
+both as a mad girl, then most and best of all, when she comes in like
+a young gallant; and hath the motions and carriage of a spark the most
+that ever I saw any man have. It makes me, I confess, admire her.
+
+_October 5._--To the King's house; and there, going in, met with
+Knipp, and she took us up into the tireing-rooms: and to the woman's
+shift, where Nell was dressing herself, and was all unready, and is
+very pretty, prettier than I thought. And into the scene-room, and
+there sat down, and she gave us fruit: and here I read the questions
+to Knipp, while she answered me, through all her part of _Flora
+Figarys_, which was acted to-day. But, Lord! to see how they were
+both painted would make a man mad, and did make me loath them; and
+what base company of men comes among them, and how lewdly they talk!
+and how poor the men are in clothes, and yet what a show they make on
+the stage by candle-light, is very observable. But to see how Nell
+cursed for having so few people in the pit, was pretty; the other
+house carrying away all the people at the new play, and is said,
+now-a-days, to have generally most company, as being better players.
+By and by into the pit, and there saw the play, which is pretty good.
+
+_December 28._--To the King's house, and there saw _The Mad Couple_,
+which is but an ordinary play; but only Nell's and Hart's mad parts
+are most excellent done, but especially hers: which makes it a miracle
+to me to think how ill she do any serious part, as, the other day,
+just like a fool or changeling; and in a mad part do beyond imitation
+almost. It pleased us mightily to see the natural affection of a poor
+woman, the mother of one of the children, brought on the stage; the
+child crying, she by force got upon the stage, and took up her child,
+and carried it away off of the stage from Hart. Many fine faces here
+to-day.
+
+_February 27, 1667-8._--With my wife to the King's house, to see _The
+Virgin Martyr_, the first time it hath been acted a great while: and
+it is mighty pleasant; not that the play is worth much, but it is
+finely acted by Beck Marshall. But that which did please me beyond
+anything in the whole world was the wind-musick when the angel comes
+down, which is so sweet that it ravished me, and indeed, in a word,
+did wrap up my soul so that it made me really sick, just as I have
+formerly been when in love with my wife; that neither then, nor all
+the evening going home, and at home, I was able to think of anything,
+but remained all night transported, so as I could not believe that
+ever any musick hath that real command over the soul of a man as this
+did upon me: and makes me resolve to practise wind-musick, and to make
+my wife do the like.
+
+_May 26, 1667._--My wife and I to church, where several strangers of
+good condition come to our pew. After dinner, I by water alone to
+Westminster to the parish church, and there did entertain myself with
+my perspective glass up and down the church, by which I had the great
+pleasure of seeing and gazing at a great many very fine women; and
+what with that, and sleeping, I passed away the time till sermon was
+done. I away to my boat, and up with it as far as Barne Elmes, reading
+of Mr. Evelyn's late new book against Solitude, in which I do not find
+much excess of good matter, tho it be pretty for a bye discourse.
+
+_August 18._--To Cree Church, to see it how it is: but I find no
+alteration there, as they there was, for my Lord Mayor and Aldermen to
+come to sermon, as they do every Sunday, as they did formerly to
+Paul's. There dined with me Mr. Turner and his daughter Betty. Betty
+is grown a fine young lady as to carriage and discourse. We had a good
+haunch of venison, powdered and boiled, and a good dinner. I walked
+towards Whitehall, but, being wearied, turned into St. Dunstan's
+Church, where I heard an able sermon of the minister of the place;
+and stood by a pretty, modest maid, whom I did labor to take by the
+hand; but she would not, but got further and further from me; and, at
+last, I could perceive her to take pins out of her pocket to prick me
+if I should touch her again--which, seeing, I did forbear, and was
+glad I did spy her design. And then I fell to gaze upon another pretty
+maid, in a pew close to me, and she on me; and I did go about to take
+her by the hand, which she suffered a little and then withdrew. So the
+sermon ended.
+
+_May 11, 1667._--My wife being drest this day in fair hair did make me
+so mad, that I spoke not one word to her, tho I was ready to burst
+with anger. After that, Creed and I into the Park, and walked, a most
+pleasant evening, and so took coach, and took up my wife, and in my
+way home discovered my trouble to my wife for her white locks,
+swearing several times, which I pray God forgive me for, and bending
+my fist that I would not endure it. She, poor wretch, was surprised
+with it, and made me no answer all the way home; but there we parted,
+and I to the office late, and then home, and without supper to bed,
+vexed.
+
+12. (Lord's Day.)--Up and to my chamber, to settle some accounts
+there, and by and by down comes my wife to me in her night-gown, and
+we begun calmly, that, upon having money to lace her gown for second
+mourning, she would promise to wear white locks no more in my sight,
+which I, like a severe fool, thinking not enough, begun to except
+against, and made her fly out to very high terms and cry, and in her
+heat, told me of keeping company with Mrs. Knipp, saying, that if I
+would promise never to see her more--of whom she hath more reason to
+suspect than I had heretofore of Pembleton--she would never wear white
+locks more. This vexed me, but I restrained myself from saying
+anything, but do think never to see this woman--at least, to have her
+here more--and so all very good friends as ever. My wife and I
+bethought ourselves to go to a French house to dinner, and so inquired
+out Monsieur Robins, my perriwigg-maker, who keeps an ordinary, and in
+an ugly street in Covent Garden, did find him at the door, and so we
+in; and in a moment almost had the table covered, and clean glasses,
+and all in the French manner, and a mess of potage first, and then a
+piece of boeuf-a-la-mode, all exceeding well seasoned, and to our
+great liking; at least it would have been anywhere else but in this
+bad street, and in a perriwigg-maker's house; but to see the pleasant
+and ready attendance that we had, and all things so desirous to
+please, and ingenious in the people, did take me mightily. Our dinner
+cost us 6_s._
+
+_November 30, 1668._--My wife, after dinner, went the first time
+abroad in her coach, calling on Roger Pepys, and visiting Mrs. Creed,
+and my cosen Turner. Thus ended this month with very good content, but
+most expenseful to my purse on things of pleasure, having furnished my
+wife's closet and the best chamber, and a coach and horses, that ever
+I knew in the world; and I am put into the greatest condition of
+outward state that ever I was in, or hoped ever to be, or desired.
+
+_December 2._--Abroad with my wife, the first time that ever I rode in
+my own coach, which do make my heart rejoice, and praise God and pray
+Him to bless it to me and continue it. So she and I to the King's
+playhouse, and there saw _The Usurper_; a pretty good play, in all but
+what is designed to resemble Cromwell and Hugh Peters, which is mighty
+silly. The play done, we to Whitehall; where my wife staid while I up
+to the Duchesse's and Queene's side, to speak with the Duke of York:
+and here saw all the ladies, and heard the silly discourse of the
+King, with his people about him.
+
+_April 11, 1669._--Thence to the Park, my wife and I; and here Sir W.
+Coventry did first see me and my wife in a coach of our own; and so
+did also this night the Duke of York, who did eye my wife mightily.
+But I begin to doubt that my being so much seen in my own coach at
+this time may be observed to my prejudice; but I must venture it now.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+ENGLAND WITHOUT CROMWELL[103]
+
+
+_July 12, 1667._--Up betimes and to my chamber, there doing business,
+and by and by comes Greeting and begun a new month with him, and now
+to learn to set anything from the notes upon the flageolet, but Lord!
+to see how like a fool he goes about to give direction would make a
+man mad. I then out and by coach to White Hall and to the Treasury
+chamber, where did a little business, and thence to the Exchequer to
+Burges, about Tangier business, and so back again stepping into the
+Hall a little, and then homeward by coach, and he with me to the
+Excise Office, there to do a little business also, in the way he
+telling me that undoubtedly the peace is concluded; for he did stand
+where he did hear part of the discourse at the Council table, and
+there did hear the King argue for it.
+
+Among other things that the spirits of the seamen were down, and the
+forces of our enemies are grown too great and many for us, and he
+would not have his subjects overprest, for he knew an Englishman would
+do as much as any man upon hopeful terms; but where he sees he is
+overprest, he despairs soon as any other; and besides that, they have
+already such a load of dejection upon them, that they will not be in
+temper a good while again. He heard my Lord Chancellor say to the
+King, "Sir," says he, "the whole world do complain publickly of
+treachery, that things have been managed falsely by some of his great
+ministers." "Sir," says he, "I am for your Majesty's falling into a
+speedy enquiry into the truth of it, and, where you meet with it,
+punish it. But, at the same time, consider what you have to do, and
+make use of your time for having a peace; for more money will not be
+given without much trouble, nor is it, I fear, to be had of the
+people, nor will a little do it to put us into condition of doing our
+business." But Sir H. Cholmly tells me he (the Chancellor) did say the
+other day at his table, "Treachery," says he; "I could wish we could
+prove there was anything of that in it; for that would imply some wit
+and thoughtfulness; but we are ruined merely by folly and neglect."
+And so Sir H. Cholmly tell me they did all argue for peace and so he
+do believe that the King hath agreed to the three points Mr. Coventry
+brought over, which I have mentioned before, and is gone with them
+back....
+
+While we were at the Excise Office talking with Mr. Ball, it was
+computed that the Parliament had given the King for this war only,
+besides all prizes, and besides the L200,000 which he was to spend of
+his own revenue to guard the sea, above L5,000,000 and odd L100,000;
+which is a most prodigious sum. Sir H. Cholmly, as a true English
+gentleman, do decry the King's expenses of his Privy-purse, which in
+King James's time did not rise to above L5,000 a year, and in King
+Charles's to L10,000, do now cost us above L100,000 besides the great
+charge of the Monarchy, as the Duke of York L100,000 of it, and other
+limbs of the Royal family, and the guards, which, for his part, says
+he, "I would have all disbanded, for the King is not the better by
+them, and would be as safe without them; for we have had no rebellions
+to make him fear anything." But contrarily, he is now raising of a
+land army, which this Parliament and Kingdom will never bear, besides,
+the commanders they put over them are such as will never be able to
+raise or command them; but the design is, and the Duke of York he
+says, is hot for it, to have a land army, and so to make the
+government like that of France, but our princes have not brains, or at
+least care and forecast enough to do that.
+
+It is strange how he and everybody now-a-days do reflect upon
+Oliver,[104] and commend him, what brave things he did, and made all
+the neighbor princes fear him; while here a prince, come in with all
+the love and prayers and good liking of his people, who have given
+greater signs of his loyalty and willingness to serve him with their
+estates than ever was done by any other people, hath lost all so soon,
+that it is a miracle what way a man could devise to lose so much in so
+little time.
+
+Thence he set me down at my Lord Crew's and away, and I up to my Lord,
+where Sir Thomas Crew was, and by and by comes Mr. Caesar, who teaches
+my Lady's page upon the lute, and here Mr. Caesar did play some very
+fine things indeed, to my great liking. Here was my Lord Hitchingbroke
+also, newly come from Hitchingbroke, where all well, but methinks I
+knowing in what case he stands for money by his demands to me and the
+report Mr. Moore gives of the management of the family, make me, God
+forgive me! to contemn him, tho I do really honor and pity them, tho
+they deserve it not that have so good an estate and will live beyond
+it. To dinner, and very good discourse with my Lord. And after dinner,
+Sir Thomas Crew and I alone, and he tells me how I am mightily in
+esteem with the Parliament; there being harangues made in the House to
+the Speaker, of Mr. Pepy's readiness and civility to shew them
+everything, which I am this time very glad of.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 102: From the "Diary."]
+
+[Footnote 103: From the "Diary."]
+
+[Footnote 104: Oliver Cromwell had died in 1658, nine years before the
+date of Pepy's paragraph.]
+
+
+
+
+GILBERT BURNET
+
+     Born in 1643, died in 1715; accompanied William III from
+     Holland to England as chaplain in 1688; made Bishop of
+     Salisbury in 1689; his "History of Our Own Times" published
+     after his death in 1723-34, having been edited by his son;
+     other works published in his lifetime.
+
+
+
+
+CHARLES II[105]
+
+
+Thus lived and died King Charles II. He was the greatest instance in
+history of the various revolutions of which any one man seemed
+capable. He was bred up the first twelve years of his life with the
+splendor that became the heir of so great a crown. After that, he
+passed through eighteen years of great inequalities: unhappy in the
+war, in the loss of his father, and of the crown of England. Scotland
+did not only receive him, tho upon terms hard of digestion, but made
+an attempt upon England for him, tho a feeble one. He lost the battle
+of Worcester with too much indifference. And then he shewed more care
+of his person than became one who had so much at stake. He wandered
+about England for ten weeks after that, hiding from place to place.
+But, under all the apprehensions he had then upon him, he shewed a
+temper so careless, and so much turned to levity, that he was then
+diverting himself with little household sports, in as unconcerned a
+manner as if he had made no loss, and had been in no danger at all. He
+got at last out of England. But he had been obliged to so many who had
+been faithful to him, and careful of him, that he seemed afterwards to
+resolve to make an equal return to them all; and finding it not easy
+to reward them all as they deserved, he forgot them all alike. Most
+princes seem to have this pretty deep in them, and to think that they
+ought not to remember past services, but that their acceptance of them
+is a full reward. He, of all in our age, exerted this piece of
+prerogative in the amplest manner; for he never seemed to charge his
+memory, or to trouble his thoughts, with the sense of any of the
+services that had been done him.
+
+While he was abroad at Paris, Cologne, or Brussels, he never seemed to
+lay anything to heart. He pursued all his diversions and irregular
+pleasures in a free career, and seemed to be as serene under the loss
+of a crown as the greatest philosopher could have been. Nor did he
+willingly hearken to any of those projects with which he often
+complained that his chancellor persecuted him. That in which he seemed
+most concerned was, to find money for supporting his expense. And it
+was often said, that if Cromwell would have compounded the matter, and
+have given him a good round pension, that he might have been induced
+to resign his title to him. During his exile, he delivered himself so
+entirely to his pleasures, that he became incapable of application. He
+spent little of his time in reading or study, and yet less in
+thinking. And in the state his affairs were then in, he accustomed
+himself to say to every person, and upon all occasions, that which he
+thought would please most; so that words or promises went very easily
+from him. And he had so ill an opinion of mankind, that he thought,
+the great art of living and governing was, to manage all things and
+all persons with a depth of craft and dissimulation. And in that few
+men in the world could put on the appearances of sincerity better than
+he could; under which so much artifice was usually hid, that in
+conclusion he could deceive none, for all were become mistrustful of
+him.
+
+He had great vices, but scarce any virtues to correct them. He had in
+him some vices that were less hurtful, which corrected his more
+hurtful ones. He was, during the active part of life, given up to
+sloth and lewdness to such a degree, that he hated business, and could
+not bear the engaging in anything that gave him much trouble, or put
+him under any constraint. And tho he desired to become absolute, and
+to overturn both our religion and our laws, yet he would neither run
+the risk, nor give himself the trouble, which so great a design
+required. He had an appearance of gentleness in his outward
+deportment; but he seemed to have no bowels nor tenderness in his
+nature, and in the end of his life he became cruel. He was apt to
+forgive all crimes, even blood itself, yet he never forgave anything
+that was done against himself, after his first and general act of
+indemnity, which was to be reckoned as done rather upon maxims of
+state than inclinations of mercy. He delivered himself up to a most
+enormous course of vice, without any sort of restraint, even from the
+consideration of the nearest relations. The most studied extravagances
+that way seemed, to the very last, to be much delighted in and pursued
+by him. He had the art of making all people grow fond of him at first,
+by a softness in his whole way of conversation, as he was certainly
+the best-bred man of the age. But when it appeared how little could be
+built on his promise, they were cured of the fondness that he was apt
+to raise in them. When he saw young men of quality, who had something
+more than ordinary in them, he drew them about him, and set himself to
+corrupt them both in religion and morality; in which he proved so
+unhappily successful, that he left England much changed at his death
+from what he had found it at his restoration.
+
+He loved to talk over all the stories of his life to every new man
+that came about him. His stay in Scotland, and the share he had in the
+war of Paris, in carrying messages from one side to the other, were
+his common topics. He went over these in a very graceful manner, but
+so often and so copiously, that all those who had been long accustomed
+to them grew weary of them; and when he entered on those stories, they
+usually withdrew: so that he often began them in a full audience, and
+before he had done, there were not above four or five persons left
+about him: which drew a severe jest from Wilmot, Earl of
+Rochester.[106] He said he wondered to see a man have so good a
+memory as to repeat the same story without losing the least
+circumstance; and yet not remember that he had told it to the same
+persons the very day before. This made him fond of strangers, for they
+harkened to all his oft-repeated stories, and went away as in a
+rapture at such an uncommon condescension of a king.
+
+His person and temper, his vices as well as his fortunes, resemble the
+character that we have given us of Tiberius so much, that it were easy
+to draw the parallel between them. Tiberius's banishment, and his
+coming afterward to reign, makes the comparison in that respect come
+pretty near. His hating of business, and his love of pleasures; his
+raising of favorites, and trusting them entirely; and his pulling them
+down, and hating them excessively; his art of covering deep designs,
+particularly of revenge, with an appearance of softness, brings them
+so near a likeness, that I did not wonder much to observe the
+resemblance of their faces and persons. At Rome, I saw one of the last
+statues made for Tiberius, after he had lost his teeth. But, bating
+the alteration which that made, it was so like King Charles, that
+Prince Borghese and Signior Dominico, to whom it belonged, did agree
+with me in thinking that it looked like a statute made for him.
+
+Few things ever went near his heart. The Duke of Gloucester's death
+seemed to touch him much. But those who knew him best, thought it was
+because he had lost him by whom only he could have balanced the
+surviving brother, whom he hated, and yet embroiled all his affairs to
+preserve the succession to him....
+
+No part of his character looked wickeder, as well as meaner, than that
+he, all the while that he was professing to be of the Church of
+England, expressing both zeal and affection to it, was yet secretly
+reconciled to the Church of Rome; thus mocking God, and deceiving the
+world with so gross a prevarication. And his not having the honesty or
+courage to own it at the last; his not shewing any sign of the least
+remorse for his ill-led life, or any tenderness either for his
+subjects in general, or for the queen and his servants; and his
+recommending only his mistresses and their children to his brother's
+care, would have been a strange conclusion to any other's life, but
+was well enough suited to all the other parts of his.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 105: From the "History of Our Own Times."]
+
+[Footnote 106: The profligate earl, of whom the best-known anecdote is
+that he once pinned to the door of the King's chamber the following
+quatrain:
+
+    "Here lies our Sovereign Lord the King,
+      Whose word no man relies on:
+    He never said a foolish thing,
+      And never did a wise one."
+
+It is recorded of the King that, when he saw these lines he remarked
+that they were quite true, inasmuch as his words were his own and his
+acts were those of his ministers.]
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL DEFOE
+
+     Born in 1661, died in 1731; his father a butcher in London;
+     served in the army in 1688; traveled on the Continent; wrote
+     pamphlets in favor of William III; arrested and placed in
+     the pillory for an attack on Dissenters in 1703; engaged in
+     political intrigues and wrote many articles and pamphlets;
+     "Robinson Crusoe" published in 1719, "Moll Flanders" in
+     1722, "The Journal of the Plague" in 1722.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+THE SHIPWRECK OF CRUSOE[107]
+
+
+Nothing can describe the confusion of thought which I felt when I sunk
+into the water; for tho I swam very well, yet I could not deliver
+myself from the waves so as to draw my breath; till that wave having
+driven me or rather carried me a vast way on toward the shore, and
+having spent itself, went back, and left me upon the land almost dry,
+but half dead with the water I took in. I had so much presence of mind
+as well as breath left, that seeing myself nearer the mainland than I
+expected, I got upon my feet, and endeavored to make on toward the
+land as I could, before another wave should return and take me up
+again; but I soon found it was impossible to avoid it; for I saw the
+sea coming after me as high as a great hill, and as furious as an
+enemy which I had no means or strength to contend with: my business
+was to hold my breath, and raise myself upon the water, if I could;
+and so by swimming to preserve my breathing, and pilot myself toward
+the shore if possible; my greatest concern now being that the wave, as
+it would carry me a great way toward the shore when it came on, might
+not carry me back again with it when it gave back toward the sea.
+
+The wave that came upon me again buried me at once twenty or thirty
+feet deep in its own body; and I could feel myself carried with a
+mighty force and swiftness toward the shore, a very great way; but I
+held my breath, and assisted myself to swim still forward with all my
+might. I was ready to burst with holding my breath, when, as I felt
+myself rising up, so to my immediate relief I found my head and hands
+shoot out above the surface of the water; and tho it was not two
+seconds of time that I could keep myself so, yet it relieved me
+greatly, gave me breath and new courage. I was covered again with
+water a good while, but not so long but I held it out; and finding the
+water had spent itself, and began to return, I struck forward against
+the return of the waves, and felt ground again with my feet. I stood
+still a few moments to recover breath, and till the water went from
+me, and then took to my heels and ran with what strength I had farther
+toward the shore. But neither would this deliver me from the fury of
+the sea, which came pouring in after me again; and twice more I was
+lifted up by the waves and carried forward as before, the shore being
+very flat.
+
+The last time of these two had well-nigh been fatal to me; for the sea
+having hurried me along as before, landed me, or rather dashed me
+against a piece of rock, and that with such force that it left me
+senseless, and indeed helpless as to my own deliverance; for the blow
+taking my side and breast, beat the breath as it were quite out of my
+body, and had it returned again immediately I must have been strangled
+in the water; but I recovered a little before the return of the waves,
+and seeing I should again be covered with the water, I resolved to
+hold fast by a piece of the rock, and so to hold my breath if possible
+till the wave went back. Now, as the waves were not so high as the
+first, being nearer land, I held my hold till the wave abated, and
+then fetched another run, which brought me so near the shore that the
+next wave, tho it went over me, yet did not so swallow me up as to
+carry me away; and the next run I took, I got to the mainland, where
+to my great comfort I clambered up the cliffs of the shore, and sat me
+down upon the grass, free from danger and quite out of the reach of
+the water.
+
+I was now landed, and safe on shore; and began to look up and thank
+God that my life was saved, in a case wherein there were, some minutes
+before, scarce any room to hope. I believe it is impossible to
+express, to the life, what the ecstasies and transports of the soul
+are when it is so saved, as I may say, out of the grave: and I did not
+wonder now at the custom, viz., that when a malefactor who has the
+halter about his neck is tied up, and just going to be turned off, and
+has a reprieve brought to him--I say I do not wonder that they bring
+a surgeon with it, to let him blood that very moment they tell him of
+it; that the surprize may not drive the animal spirits from the heart
+and overwhelm him.
+
+    "For sudden joys, like griefs, confound at first."
+
+I walked about the shore, lifting up my hands, and my whole being, as
+I may say, wrapt up in the contemplation of my deliverance; making a
+thousand gestures and motions which I can not describe; reflecting
+upon my comrades that were drowned, and that there should not be one
+soul saved but myself; for as for them, I never saw them afterward, or
+any sign of them, except three of the hats, one cap, and two shoes
+that were not fellows.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE RESCUE OF MAN FRIDAY[108]
+
+
+About a year and a half after I entertained these notions (and by long
+musing had, as it were, resolved them all into nothing, for want of an
+occasion to put them in execution), I was surprized one morning early
+by seeing no less than five canoes all on shore together on my side
+the island, and the people who belonged to them all landed and out of
+my sight. The number of them broke all my measures; for seeing so
+many, and knowing that they always came four or six, or sometimes
+more, in a boat, I could not tell what to think of it, or how to take
+my measures to attack twenty or thirty men single-handed; so lay still
+in my castle, perplexed and discomforted. However, I put myself into
+all the same postures for an attack that I had formerly provided, and
+was just ready for action, if anything had presented. Having waited a
+good while, listening to hear if they made any noise, at length, being
+very impatient, I set my guns at the foot of my ladder, and clambered
+up to the top of the hill, by my two stages, as usual; standing so,
+however, that my head did not appear above the hill, so that they
+could not perceive me by any means. Here I observed, by the help of my
+perspective glass, that they were no less than thirty in number; that
+they had a fire kindled, and that they had meat drest. How they had
+cooked it, I knew not, or what it was; but they were all dancing, in I
+know not how many barbarous gestures and figures, their own way, round
+the fire.
+
+While I was thus looking on them, I perceived, by my perspective, two
+miserable wretches dragged from the boats, where, it seems, they were
+laid by, and were now brought out for the slaughter. I perceived one
+of them immediately fall; being knocked down, I suppose with a club or
+wooden sword, for that was their way; and two or three others were at
+work immediately, cutting him open for their cookery, while the other
+victim was left standing by himself, till they should be ready for
+him. In that very moment, this poor wretch, seeing himself a little at
+liberty, and unbound, Nature inspired him with hopes of life and he
+started away from them, and ran with incredible swiftness along the
+sands, directly toward me; I mean toward that part of the coast where
+my habitation was. I was dreadfully frightened, that I must
+acknowledge, when I perceived him run my way; and especially when, as
+I thought, I saw him pursued by the whole body; and now I expected
+that part of my dream was coming to pass, and that he would certainly
+take shelter in my grove; but I could not depend, by any means, upon
+my dream, that the other savages would not pursue him thither, and
+find him there. However, I kept my station, and my spirits began to
+recover when I found that there was not above three men that followed
+him; and still more was encouraged, when I found that he outstript
+them exceedingly in running, and gained ground on them; so that, if he
+could but hold it for half an hour, I saw easily he would fairly get
+away from them all.
+
+There was, between them and my castle, the creek, which I mentioned
+often in the first part of my story, where I landed my cargoes out of
+the ship; and this I saw plainly he must necessarily swim over, or the
+poor wretch would be taken there; but when the savage escaping came
+thither, he made nothing of it, tho the tide was then up; but,
+plunging in, swam through in about thirty strokes, or thereabouts,
+landed and ran with exceeding strength and swiftness. When the three
+persons came to the creek I found that two of them could swim, but the
+third could not, and that, standing on the other side, he looked at
+the others, but went no farther, and soon after went softly back
+again; which, as it happened, was very well for him in the end. I
+observed that the two who swam were yet more than twice as long
+swimming over the creek than the fellow was that fled from them. It
+came very warmly upon my thoughts, and indeed irresistibly, that now
+was the time to get me a servant, and perhaps a companion or
+assistant; and that I was plainly called by Providence to save this
+poor creature's life. I immediately ran down the ladder with all
+possible expedition, fetched my two guns, for they were both at the
+foot of the ladder, as I observed before, and getting up again with
+the same haste to the top of the hill, I crost toward the sea; and
+having a very short cut, and all down hill, clap'd myself in the way
+between the pursuers and the pursued, hallooing aloud to him that
+fled, who, looking back, was at first perhaps as much frightened at me
+as at them; but I beckoned with my hand to him to come back; and, in
+the mean time, I slowly advanced toward the two that followed; then
+rushing at once upon the foremost, I knocked him down with the stock
+of my piece.
+
+I was loath to fire, because I would not have the rest hear; tho at
+that distance it would not have been easily heard, and being out of
+sight of the smoke, too, they would not have known what to make of it.
+Having knocked this fellow down, the other who pursued him stopt, as
+if he had been frightened, and I advanced toward him; but as I came
+nearer, I perceived presently he had a bow and arrow, and was fitting
+it to shoot at me; so I was then obliged to shoot at him first, which
+I did, and killed him at the first shot. The poor savage who fled,
+but had stopt, tho he saw both his enemies fallen and killed, as he
+thought, yet was so frightened with the fire and noise of my piece
+that he stood stock still, and neither came forward nor went backward,
+tho he seemed rather inclined still to fly than to come on. I hallooed
+again to him, and made signs to come forward, which he easily
+understood, and came a little way; then stopt again, and then a little
+farther, and stopt again; and I could then perceive that he stood
+trembling, as if he had been taken prisoner, and had just been to be
+killed, as his two enemies were. I beckoned to him again to come to
+me, and gave him all the signs of encouragement that I could think of;
+and he came nearer and nearer, kneeling down every ten or twelve
+steps, in token of acknowledgment for saving his life. I smiled at
+him, and looked pleasantly, and beckoned to him to come still nearer;
+at length, he came close to me; and then he kneeled down again, kissed
+the ground, and laid his head upon the ground, and, taking me by the
+foot, set my foot upon his head; this, it seems, was in token of
+swearing to be my slave forever. I took him up, and made much of him,
+and encouraged him all I could.
+
+But there was more work to do yet; for I perceived the savage whom I
+had knocked down was not killed, but stunned with the blow, and began
+to come to himself. So I pointed to him, and showed him the savage,
+that he was not dead; upon this he spoke some words to me, and tho I
+could not understand them, yet I thought they were pleasant to hear;
+for they were the first sound of a man's voice that I had heard, my
+own excepted, for above twenty-five years. But there was no time for
+such reflections now; the savage who was knocked down recovered
+himself so far as to sit up upon the ground, and I perceived that my
+savage began to be afraid; but when I saw that, I presented my other
+piece at the man, as if I would shoot him; upon this my savage, for so
+I call him now, made a motion to me to lend him my sword, which hung
+naked in a belt by my side, which I did. He no sooner had it, but he
+runs to his enemy, and at one blow cut off his head as cleverly, no
+executioner in Germany could have done it sooner or better; which I
+thought very strange for one who, I had reason to believe, never saw a
+sword in his life before, except their own wooden swords: however, it
+seems, as learned afterwards, they make their wooden swords so sharp,
+so heavy, and the wood is so hard, that they will even cut off heads
+with them, ay, and arms, and that at one blow too. When he had done
+this, he comes laughing to me in sign of triumph, and brought me the
+sword again, and with abundance of gestures which I did not
+understand, laid it down, with the head of the savage that he had
+killed just before me. But that which astonished him most, was to know
+how I killed the other Indian so far off; so pointing to him, he made
+signs to me to let him go to him; and I bade him go, as well as I
+could. When he came to him, he stood like one amazed, looking at him,
+turning him first on one side, then on the other; looked at the wound
+the bullet had made, which it seems was just in his breast; where it
+had made a hole, and no great quantity of blood had followed; but he
+had bled inwardly, for he was quite dead.
+
+Upon this he made signs to me that he should bury them with sand, that
+they might not be seen by the rest, if they followed; and so I made
+signs to him again to do so. He fell to work; and in an instant he had
+scraped a hole in the sand with his hands, big enough to bury the
+first in, and then dragged him into it, and covered him; and did so by
+the other also; I believe he had buried them both in a quarter of an
+hour. Then calling him away, I carried him, not to my castle, but
+quite away to my cave, on the farther part of the island; so I did not
+let my dream come to pass in that part, that he came into my grove for
+shelter. Here I gave him bread and a bunch of raisins to eat, and a
+draft of water, which I found he was indeed in great distress for from
+his running; and having refreshed him, I made signs for him to go and
+lie down to sleep, showing him a place where I had laid some rice
+straw, and a blanket upon it, which I used to sleep upon myself
+sometimes; so the poor creature lay down, and went to sleep.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+IN THE TIME OF THE GREAT PLAGUE[109]
+
+
+A blazing star or comet appeared for several months before the plague,
+as there did the year after, another, a little before the fire; the
+old women, and the phlegmatic hypochondriac part of the other sex,
+whom I could almost call the old women too, remarked, especially
+afterward, tho not till both those judgments were over, that those two
+comets passed directly over the city, and that so very near the houses
+that it was plain they imported something peculiar to the city alone.
+That the comet before the pestilence was of a faint, dull, languid
+color, and its motion very heavy, solemn, and slow; but that the comet
+before the fire was bright and sparkling, or as others said, flaming,
+and its motion swift and furious; and that accordingly one foretold a
+heavy judgment, slow but severe, terrible, and frightful, as was the
+plague. But the other foretold a stroke, sudden, swift, and fiery, as
+was the conflagration; nay, so particular some people were, that as
+they looked upon that comet preceding the fire they fancied that they
+not only saw it pass swiftly and fiercely, and could perceive the
+motion with their eye, but they even heard it--that it made a rushing
+mighty noise, fierce and terrible, tho at a distance and but just
+perceivable.
+
+The shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and
+unchristian method, and the poor people so confined made bitter
+lamentations; complaints of the severity of it were also daily brought
+to my lord mayor, of houses causelessly and some maliciously shut up;
+I can not say, but upon inquiry, many that complained so loudly were
+found in a condition to be continued; and others again, inspection
+being made upon the sick person and the sickness not appearing
+infectious, or if uncertain, yet on his being content to be carried to
+the pest-house, was released.
+
+As I went along Houndsditch one morning about eight o'clock there was
+a great noise; it is true indeed that there was not much crowd,
+because the people were not free to gather together, or to stay
+together when they were there, nor did I stay long there; but the
+outcry was loud enough to prompt my curiosity, and I called to one who
+looked out of a window, and asked what was the matter.
+
+A watchman, it seems, had been employed to keep his post at the door
+of a house which was infected, or said to be infected, and was shut
+up; he had been there all night for two nights together, as he told
+his story, and the day watchman had been there one day, and was now
+come to relieve him; all this while no noise had been heard in the
+house, no light had been seen, they called for nothing, sent him on no
+errands, which used to be the chief business of the watchman, neither
+had they given him any disturbance, as he said from Monday afternoon,
+when he heard a great crying and screaming in the house, which as he
+supposed was occasioned by some of the family dying just at that
+time. It seems the night before, the dead-cart, as it was called, had
+been stopt there, and a servant-maid had been brought down to the door
+dead, and the buriers or bearers, as they were called, put her into
+the cart, wrapt only in a green rug, and carried her away.
+
+The watchman had knocked at the door, it seems, when he heard that
+noise and crying as above, and nobody answered a great while; but at
+last one looked out and said with an angry quick tone, and yet a kind
+of crying voice, or a voice of one that was crying, "What d'ye want,
+that you make such a knocking?" He answered, "I am the watchman; how
+do you do? What is the matter?" The person answered, "What is that to
+you? Stop the dead-cart," This, it seems, was about one o'clock; soon
+after, as the fellow said, he stopt the dead-cart, and then knocked
+again, but nobody answered; he continued knocking, and the bellman
+called out several times, "Bring out your dead"; but nobody answered,
+till the man that drove the cart, being called to other houses, would
+stay no longer, and drove away.
+
+The watchman knew not what to make of all this, so he let them alone
+till the morning man, or day watchman, as they called him, came to
+relieve him. Giving him an account of the particulars, they knocked at
+the door a great while, but nobody answered, and they observed that
+the window or casement at which the person looked out who had answered
+before, continued open, being up two pair of stairs.
+
+Upon this the two men, to satisfy their curiosity, got a long ladder,
+and one of them went up to the window and looked into the room, where
+he saw a woman lying dead upon the floor in a dismal manner, having no
+clothes on but her shift; but tho he called aloud, and putting in his
+long staff, knocked hard on the floor, yet nobody stirred or answered;
+neither could he hear any noise in the house.
+
+He came down upon this and acquainted his fellow, who went up also,
+and finding it just so, they resolved to acquaint either the lord
+mayor or some other magistrate of it, but did not offer to go in at
+the window. The magistrate, it seems, upon the information of the two
+men ordered the house to be broken open, a constable and other persons
+being appointed to be present, that nothing might be plundered; and
+accordingly it was so done, when nobody was found in the house but
+that young woman, who having been infected and past recovery, the rest
+had left her to die by herself, and every one gone, having found some
+way to delude the watchman and to get open the door, or get out at
+some back door, or over the tops of the houses, so that he knew
+nothing of it; and as to those cries and shrieks which he heard, it
+was supposed they were the passionate cries of the family at this
+bitter parting, which to be sure it was to them all, this being the
+sister to the mistress of the family. The man of the house, his wife,
+several children and servants, being all gone and fled; whether sick
+or sound, that I could never learn, nor indeed did I make much inquiry
+after it....
+
+This [38,195 deaths in about a month] was a prodigious number of
+itself; but if I should add the reasons which I have to believe that
+this account was deficient, and how deficient it was, you would with
+me make no scruple to believe that there died above 10,000 a week for
+all those weeks, and a proportion for several weeks both before and
+after. The confusion among the people, especially within the city, at
+that time was inexpressible; the terror was so great at last that the
+courage of the people appointed to carry away the dead began to fail
+them; nay, several of them died, altho they had the distemper before,
+and were recovered; and some of them had dropt down when they had been
+carrying the bodies even at the pitside, and just ready to throw them
+in; and this confusion was greater in the city, because they had
+flattered themselves with hopes of escaping, and thought the
+bitterness of death was past. One cart, they told us, going up to
+Shoreditch, was forsaken by the drivers, or being left to one man to
+drive, he died in the street; and the horses, going on, overthrew the
+cart and left the bodies, some thrown here, some there, is a dismal
+manner. Another cart was, it seems, found in the great pit in Finsbury
+Fields, the driver being dead, or having been gone and abandoned it;
+and the horses running too near it, the cart fell in and drew the
+horses in also. It was suggested that the driver was thrown in with it
+and that the cart fell upon him, by reason his whip was seen to be in
+the pit among the bodies; but that, I suppose, could not be certain.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 107: From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures of Robinson
+Crusoe."]
+
+[Footnote 108: From "The Life and Surprizing Adventures of Robinson
+Crusoe."]
+
+[Footnote 109: From the "History of the Great Plague in London." The
+year of the plague was 1665.]
+
+
+
+
+JONATHAN SWIFT
+
+     Born in 1667, died in 1745; educated at Trinity College,
+     Dublin; became secretary to Sir William Temple in 1688; held
+     small livings in Ireland in 1700 and other years; lived
+     mostly in London from 1701 to 1710, when he abandoned the
+     Whigs and became a Tory; appointed by Queen Anne dean of St.
+     Patrick's, Dublin, in 1713; intimate with Bolingbroke,
+     Addison, Steele and Pope; published "Gulliver's Travels" in
+     1726; his mind clouded in later years, and in 1741 he was
+     put under restraint.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+ON PRETENSE IN PHILOSOPHERS[110]
+
+
+I was received very kindly by the warden, and went for many days to
+the academy. Every room hath in it one or more projectors, and I
+believe I could not be in fewer than five hundred rooms.
+
+The first man I saw was of a meager aspect, with sooty hands and face,
+his hair and beard long, ragged, and singed in several places. His
+clothes, shirt, and skin were all of the same color. He had been eight
+years upon a project for extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers, which
+were to be put into phials hermetically sealed, and let out to warm
+the air in raw inclement summers. He told me he did not doubt in eight
+years more that he should be able to supply the governor's gardens
+with sunshine at a reasonable rate; but he complained that his stock
+was low, and entreated me to give him something as an encouragement
+to ingenuity, especially since this had been a very dear season for
+cucumbers. I made him a small present, for my lord had furnished me
+with money on purpose, because he knew their practise of begging from
+all who go to see them.
+
+I saw another at work to calcine ice into gunpowder, who likewise
+shewed me a treatise he had written concerning the malleability of
+fire, which he intended to publish.
+
+There was a most ingenious architect, who had contrived a new method
+for building houses, by beginning at the roof, and working downwards
+to the foundation; which he justified to me by the like practise of
+those two prudent insects, the bee and the spider.
+
+There was an astronomer who had undertaken to place a sun-dial upon
+the great weather-cock on the town-house, by adjusting the annual and
+diurnal motions of the earth and sun, so as to answer and coincide
+with all accidental turning of the winds.
+
+We crossed a walk to the other part of the academy, where, as I have
+already said, the projectors in speculative learning resided.
+
+The first professor I saw was in a very large room, with forty pupils
+about him. After salutation, observing me to look earnestly upon a
+frame which took up the greatest part of both the length and breadth
+of the room, he said, perhaps I might wonder to see him employed in a
+project for improving speculative knowledge by practical and
+mechanical operations. But the world would soon be sensible of its
+usefulness, and he flattered himself that a more noble, exalted
+thought never sprang in any other man's head. Every one knew how
+laborious the usual method is of attaining to arts and sciences;
+whereas by his contrivance, the most ignorant person, at a reasonable
+charge, and with a little bodily labor, may write books in philosophy,
+poetry, politics, law, mathematics, and theology, without the least
+assistance from genius or study. He then led me to the frame, about
+the sides whereof all his pupils stood in ranks. It was twenty feet
+square, placed in the middle of the room. The superficies was composed
+of several bits of wood, about the bigness of a die, but some larger
+than others. They were all linked together by slender wires. These
+bits of wood were covered on every square with paper pasted on them;
+and on these papers were written all the words of their language in
+their several moods, tenses, and declensions, but without any order.
+The professor then desired me to observe, for he was going to set his
+engine at work. The pupils, at his command, took each of them hold of
+an iron handle, whereof there were forty fixt round the edges of the
+frame, and giving them a sudden turn, the whole disposition of the
+words was entirely changed. He then commanded six-and-thirty of the
+lads to read the several lines softly as they appeared upon the frame;
+and where they found three or four words together that might make part
+of a sentence, they dictated to the four remaining boys, who were
+scribes. This work was repeated three or four times, and at every turn
+the engine was so contrived that the words shifted into new places as
+the square bits of wood moved upside down. Six hours a day the young
+students were employed in this labor; and the professor shewed me
+several volumes in large folio, already collected of broken sentences,
+which he intended to piece together, and out of those rich materials
+give the world a complete body of all arts and sciences.
+
+We next went to the school of languages, where three professors sat in
+consultation upon improving that of their own country.
+
+The first project was to shorten discourse by cutting polysyllables
+into one, and leaving out verbs and participles; because, in reality,
+all things imaginable are but nouns. The other was a scheme for
+entirely abolishing all words whatsoever; and this was urged as a
+great advantage in point of health as well as brevity; for, it is
+plain that every word we speak is in some degree a diminution of our
+lungs by corrosion, and consequently contributes to the shortening of
+our lives. An expedient was therefore offered, that since words are
+only names for things, it would be more convenient for all men to
+carry about them such things as were necessary to express the
+particular business they are to discourse on. And this invention would
+certainly have taken place, to the great ease as well as health of the
+subject, if the women, in conjunction with the vulgar and illiterate,
+had not threatened to raise a rebellion, unless they might be allowed
+the liberty to speak with their tongues, after the manner of their
+forefathers; such constant irreconcilable enemies to science are the
+common people.
+
+Another great advantage proposed by this invention was, that it would
+serve as a universal language to be understood in all civilized
+nations, whose goods and utensils are generally of the same kind, or
+nearly resembling, so that their uses might easily be comprehended.
+And thus ambassadors would be qualified to treat with foreign princes
+or ministers of state, to whose tongues they were utter strangers.
+
+I was at the mathematical school, where the master taught his pupils
+after a method scarce imaginable to us in Europe. The proposition and
+demonstration were fairly written on a thin wafer, with ink composed
+of a cephalic tincture. This the student was to swallow upon a fasting
+stomach, and for three days following eat nothing but bread and water.
+As the wafer digested, the tincture mounted to his brain, bearing the
+proposition along with it. But the success hath not hitherto been
+answerable, partly by some error in the quantum or composition, and
+partly by the perverseness of lads, to whom this bolus is so nauseous
+that they generally steal aside, and discharge it upward before it can
+operate; neither have they been yet persuaded to use so long an
+abstinence as the prescription requires.
+
+In the school of political projectors I was but ill entertained, the
+professors appearing in my judgment wholly out of their senses, which
+is a scene that never fails to make me melancholy. These unhappy
+people were proposing schemes for persuading monarchs to choose
+favorites upon the score of their wisdom, capacity and virtue; of
+teaching ministers to consult the public good; of rewarding merit,
+great abilities, and eminent services; of instructing princes to know
+their true interest, by placing it on the same foundation with that
+of their people; of choosing for employments persons qualified to
+exercise them; with many other wild impossible chimeras that never
+entered before into the heart of man to conceive, and confirmed in me
+the old observation, that there is nothing so extravagant and
+irrational which some philosophers have not maintained for truth.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+ON THE HOSPITALITY OF THE VULGAR[111]
+
+
+Those inferior duties of life which the French call _les petites
+morales_, or the smaller morals, are with us distinguished by the name
+of good manners or breeding. This I look upon, in the general notion
+of it, to be a sort of artificial good sense, adapted to the meanest
+capacities, and introduced to make mankind easy in their commerce with
+each other. Low and little understandings, without some rules of this
+kind, would be perpetually wandering into a thousand indecencies and
+irregularities in behavior; and in their ordinary conversation, fall
+into the same boisterous familiarities that one observeth amongst them
+when a debauch hath quite taken away the use of their reason. In other
+instances, it is odd to consider, that for want of common discretion,
+the very end of good breeding is wholly perverted; and civility,
+intended to make us easy, is employed in laying chains and fetters
+upon us, in debarring us of our wishes, and in crossing our most
+reasonable desires and inclinations.
+
+This abuse reigneth chiefly in the country, as I found to my vexation,
+when I was last there, in a visit I made to a neighbor about two miles
+from my cousin. As soon as I entered the parlor, they put me into the
+great chair that stood close by a huge fire, and kept me there by
+force until I was almost stifled. Then a boy came in great hurry to
+pull off my boots, which I in vain opposed, urging that I must return
+soon after dinner. In the meantime, the good lady whispered her eldest
+daughter, and slipt a key into her hand. The girl returned instantly
+with a beer-glass half full of _aqua mirabilis_ and syrup of
+gillyflowers. I took as much as I had a mind for; but madam vowed I
+should drink it off--for she was sure it would do me good, after
+coming out of the cold air--and I was forced to obey; which absolutely
+took away my stomach. When dinner came in, I had a mind to sit at a
+distance from the fire; but they told me it was as much as my life was
+worth, and set me with my back just against it. Altho my appetite was
+quite gone, I resolved to force down as much as I could; and desired
+the leg of a pullet. "Indeed, Mr. Bickerstaff," says the lady, "you
+must eat a wing to oblige me"; and so put a couple upon my plate. I
+was persecuted at this rate during the whole meal. As often as I
+called for small beer, the master tipped the wink, and the servant
+brought me a brimmer of October. Some time after dinner, I ordered my
+cousin's man, who came with me, to get ready the horses, but it was
+resolved I should not stir that night; and when I seemed pretty much
+bent upon going, they ordered the stable door to be locked; and the
+children hid my cloak and boots. The next question was, what I would
+have for supper, I said I never ate anything at night; but was at
+last, in my own defense, obliged to name the first thing that came
+into my head. After three hours spent chiefly in apologies for my
+entertainment, insinuating to me, "that this was the worst time of the
+year for provisions; that they were at a great distance from any
+market; that they were afraid I should be starved; and that they knew
+they kept me to my loss," the lady went and left me to her
+husband--for they took special care I should never be alone. As soon
+as her back was turned, the little misses ran backward and forward
+every moment; and constantly as they came in or went out, made a
+courtesy directly at me, which in good manners I was forced to return
+with a bow, and, "Your humble servant, pretty miss." Exactly at eight
+the mother came up, and discovered by the redness of her face that
+supper was not far off.
+
+It was twice as large as the dinner, and my persecution doubled in
+proportion. I desired at my usual hour to go to my repose, and was
+conducted to my chamber by the gentleman, his lady, and the whole
+train of children. They importuned me to drink something before I went
+to bed; and upon my refusing, at last left a bottle of stingo, as they
+called it, for fear I should wake and be thirsty in the night. I was
+forced in the morning to rise and dress myself in the dark, because
+they would not suffer my kinsman's servant to disturb me at the hour I
+desired to be called. I was now resolved to break through all measures
+to get away; and after sitting down to a monstrous breakfast of cold
+beef, mutton, neats'-tongues, venison-pasty, and stale beer, took
+leave of the family. But the gentleman would needs see me part of my
+way, and carry me a short-cut through his own grounds, which he told
+me would save half a mile's riding. This last piece of civility had
+like to have cost me dear, being once or twice in danger of my neck,
+by leaping over his ditches, and at last forced to alight in the dirt;
+when my horse, having slipt his bridle, ran away and took us up more
+than an hour to recover him again. It is evident that none of the
+absurdities I met with in this visit proceeded from an ill intention,
+but from a wrong judgment of complaisance, and a misapplication in the
+rules of it.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE ART OF LYING IN POLITICS[112]
+
+
+I am prevailed on, through the importunity of friends, to interrupt
+the scheme I had begun in my last paper, by an essay upon the Art of
+Political Lying. We are told the devil is the father of lies, and was
+a liar from the beginning; so that, beyond contradiction, the
+invention is old: and, which is more, his first essay of it was
+purely political, employed in undermining the authority of his prince,
+and seducing a third part of the subjects from their obedience: for
+which he was driven down from heaven, where (as Milton expresses it)
+he had been viceroy of a great western province; and forced to
+exercise his talent in inferior regions among other fallen spirits,
+poor or deluded men, whom he still daily tempts to his own sin, and
+will ever do so, till he be chained in the bottomless pit.
+
+But altho the devil be the father of lies, he seems, like other great
+inventors, to have lost much of his reputation, by the continual
+improvements that have been made upon him.
+
+Who first reduced lying into an art, and adapted it to politics, is
+not so clear from history, altho I have made some diligent inquiries.
+I shall therefore consider it only according to the modern system, as
+it has been cultivated these twenty years past in the southern part of
+our own island.
+
+The poets tell us, that after the giants were overthrown by the gods,
+the earth in revenge produced her last offspring', which was Fame. And
+the fable is thus interpreted: that when tumults and seditions are
+quieted, rumors and false reports are plentifully spread through a
+nation. So that, by this account, lying is the last relief of a
+routed, earth-born, rebellious party in a state. But here the Moderns
+have made great additions, applying this art to the gaining of power
+and preserving it, as well as revenging themselves after they have
+lost it; as the same instruments are made use of by animals to feed
+themselves when they are hungry, and to bite those that tread upon
+them.
+
+But the same genealogy can not always be admitted for political lying;
+I shall therefore desire to refine upon it, by adding some
+circumstances of its birth and parents. A political lie is sometimes
+born out of a discarded statesman's head, and thence delivered to be
+nursed and dandled by the rabble. Sometimes it is produced a monster,
+and licked into shape; at other times it comes into the world
+completely formed, and is spoiled in the licking. It is often born an
+infant in the regular way, and requires time to mature it; and often
+it sees the light in its full growth, but dwindles away by degrees.
+Sometimes it is of noble birth; and sometimes the spawn of a
+stockjobber. Here it screams aloud at the opening of the womb; and
+there it is delivered with a whisper. I know a lie that now disturbs
+half the kingdom with its noise, which, altho too proud and great at
+present to own its parents, I can remember its whisperhood. To
+conclude the nativity of this monster; when it comes into the world
+without a sting, it is stillborn; and whenever it loses its sting, it
+dies.
+
+No wonder if an infant so miraculous in its birth should be destined
+for great adventures; and accordingly we see it hath been the guardian
+spirit of a prevailing party for almost twenty years. It can conquer
+kingdoms without fighting, and sometimes with the loss of a battle. It
+gives and resumes employments; can sink a mountain to a molehill, and
+raise a molehill to a mountain; hath presided for many years at
+committees of elections; can wash a blackamoor white; make a saint of
+an atheist, and a patriot of a profligate; can furnish foreign
+ministers with intelligence and raise or let fall the credit of the
+nation. This goddess flies with a huge looking-glass in her hands, to
+dazzle the crowd, and make them see, according as she turns it, their
+ruin in their interest, and their interest in their ruin. In this
+glass you will behold your best friends, clad in coats powdered with
+fleurs-de-lis, and triple crowns; their girdles hung round with
+chains, and beads, and wooden shoes; and your worst enemies adorned
+with the ensigns of liberty, property, indulgence, moderation, and a
+cornucopia in their hands. Her large wings, like those of a flying
+fish, are of no use but while they are moist; she therefore dips them
+in mud, and soaring aloft scatters it in the eyes of the multitude,
+flying with great swiftness; but at every turn is forced to stoop in
+dirty ways for new supplies.
+
+I have been sometimes thinking, if a man had the art of the second
+sight for seeing lies, as they have in Scotland for seeing spirits,
+how admirably he might entertain himself in this town by observing the
+different shapes, sizes, and colors of those swarms of lies which buzz
+about the heads of some people, like flies about a horses' ears in
+summer; or those legions hovering every afternoon in Exchange alley,
+enough to darken the air; or over a club of discontented grandees, and
+thence sent down in cargoes to be scattered at elections.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+A MEDITATION UPON A BROOMSTICK[113]
+
+
+This single stick, which you now behold ingloriously lying in that
+neglected corner, I once knew in a flourishing state in a forest. It
+was full of sap, full of leaves, and full of boughs; but now in vain
+does the busy art of man pretend to vie with nature, by tying that
+withered bundle of twigs to its sapless trunk; it is now at best but
+the reverse of what it was, a tree turned upside down, the branches on
+the earth, and the root in the air; it is now handled by every dirty
+wench, condemned to do her drudgery, and, by a capricious kind of
+fate, destined to make other things clean, and be nasty itself; at
+length, worn to the stumps in the service of the maids, it is either
+thrown out-of-doors, or condemned to the last use of kindling a fire.
+When I beheld this I sighed, and said within myself, "Surely mortal
+man is a broomstick!" Nature sent him into the world strong and lusty,
+in a thriving condition, wearing his own hair on his head, the proper
+branches of this reasoning vegetable, till the ax of intemperance has
+lopped off his green boughs, and left him a withered trunk; he then
+flies to art, and puts on a periwig, valuing himself upon an unnatural
+bundle of hairs, all covered with powder, that never grew on his head;
+but now should this our broomstick pretend to enter the scene, proud
+of those birchen spoils it never bore, and all covered with dust,
+through the sweepings of the finest lady's chamber, we should be apt
+to ridicule and despise its vanity. Partial judges that we are of our
+own excellences, and other men's defaults!
+
+But a broomstick, perhaps you will say, is an emblem of a tree
+standing on its head; and pray what is a man but a topsy-turvy
+creature, his animal faculties perpetually mounted on his rational,
+his head where his heels should be, groveling on the earth? And yet,
+with all his faults, he sets up to be a universal reformer and
+corrector of abuses, a remover of grievances; rakes into every slut's
+corner of nature, bringing hidden corruptions to the light; and raises
+a mighty dust where there was none before, sharing deeply all the
+while in the very same pollutions he pretends to sweep away. His last
+days are spent in slavery to women, and generally the least deserving;
+till, worn to the stumps, like his brother besom, he is either kicked
+out-of-doors, or made use of to kindle flames for others to warm
+themselves by.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+GULLIVER AMONG THE GIANTS[114]
+
+
+My mistress had a daughter of nine years old, a child of towardly
+parts for her age, very dexterous at her needle, and skilful in
+dressing her baby. Her mother and she contrived to fit up the baby's
+cradle for me against night; the cradle was put into a small drawer of
+a cabinet, and the drawer placed upon a hanging shelf for fear of the
+rats. This was my bed all the time I stayed with those people; tho
+made more convenient by degrees, as I began to learn their language
+and make my wants known. This young girl was so handy, that after I
+had once or twice pulled off my clothes before her, she was able to
+dress and undress me; tho I never gave her that trouble when she would
+let me do either myself. She made me seven shirts, and some other
+linen, of as fine cloth as could be got, which indeed was coarser than
+sackcloth; and these she constantly washed for me with her own hands.
+She was likewise my schoolmistress, to teach me the language: when I
+pointed to anything, she told me the name of it in her own tongue; so
+that in a few days I was able to call for whatever I had a mind to.
+She was very good-natured, and not above forty feet high, being
+little for her age. She gave me the name of Grildrig, which the family
+took up, and afterwards the whole kingdom. The word imports what the
+Latins call _homunculus_, the Italians _homunceletino_, and the
+English _mannikin_. To her I chiefly owe my preservation in that
+country; we never parted while I was there: I called her my
+_Glumdalclitch_, or little nurse; and should be guilty of great
+ingratitude if I omitted this honorable mention of her care and
+affection toward me, which I heartily wish it lay in my power to
+requite as she deserves, instead of being the innocent but unhappy
+instrument of her disgrace, as I have too much reason to fear.
+
+It now began to be known and talked of in the neighborhood that my
+master had found a strange animal in the field, about the bigness of a
+_splacnuck_, but exactly shaped in every part like a human creature,
+which it likewise imitated in all its actions: seemed to speak in a
+little language of its own, had already learned several words of
+theirs, went erect upon two legs, was tame and gentle, would come when
+it was called, do whatever it was bid, had the finest limbs in the
+world, and a complexion fairer than a nobleman's daughter of three
+years old.
+
+Another farmer who lived hard by, and was a particular friend of my
+master, came on a visit on purpose to inquire into the truth of this
+story. I was immediately produced and placed upon a table, where I
+walked as I was commanded, drew my hanger, put it up again, made my
+reverence to my master's guest, asked him in his own language how he
+did, and told him he was welcome--just as my little nurse had
+instructed me. This man who was old and dim-sighted, put on his
+spectacles to behold me better; at which I could not forbear laughing
+very heartily, for his eyes appeared like the full moon shining into a
+chamber at two windows. Our people, who discovered the cause of my
+mirth, bore me company in laughing; at which the old fellow was fool
+enough to be angry and out of countenance. He had the character of a
+great miser; and to my misfortune, he well deserved it, by the cursed
+advice he gave my master to show me as a sight upon a market-day in
+the next town, which was half an hour's riding, about two-and-twenty
+miles from our house. I guessed there was some mischief contriving
+when I observed my master and his friend whispering long together,
+sometimes pointing at me; and my fears made me fancy that I overheard
+and understood some of their words.
+
+But the next morning Glumdalclitch, my little nurse, told me the whole
+matter, which she had cunningly picked out from her mother. The poor
+girl laid me on her bosom, and fell a-weeping with shame and grief.
+She apprehended some mischief would happen to me from rude vulgar
+folks, who might squeeze me to death, or break one of my limbs by
+taking me in their hands. She had also observed how modest I was in my
+nature, how nicely I regarded my honor, and what an indignity I should
+conceive it to be exposed for money as a public spectacle to the
+meanest of the people. She said her papa and mama had promised that
+Grildrig should be hers; but now she found they meant to serve her as
+they did last year, when they pretended to give her a lamb, and yet,
+as soon as it was fat, sold it to a butcher. For my own part, I may
+truly affirm that I was less concerned than my nurse. I had a strong
+hope, which never left me, that I should one day recover my liberty:
+and as to the ignominy of being carried about for a monster, I
+considered myself to be a perfect stranger in the country, and that
+such a misfortune could never be charged upon me as a reproach if ever
+I should return to England, since the King of Great Britain himself,
+in my condition, must have undergone the same distress.
+
+My master, pursuant to the advice of his friend, carried me in a box
+the next market-day to the neighboring town, and took along with him
+his little daughter, my nurse, upon a pillion behind him. The box was
+close on every side, with a little door for me to go in and out, and a
+few gimlet-holes to let in air. The girl had been so careful as to put
+the quilt of her baby's bed into it for me to lie down on. However, I
+was terribly shaken and discomposed in this journey, tho it were but
+of half an hour; for the horse went about forty feet at every step,
+and trotted so high that the agitation was equal to the rising and
+falling of a ship in a great storm, but much more frequent. Our
+journey was somewhat farther than from London to St. Alban's. My
+master alighted at an inn which he used to frequent; and after
+consulting a while with the innkeeper, and making some necessary
+preparations, he hired the "grultrud," or crier, to give notice
+through the town of a strange creature to be seen at the sign of the
+Green Eagle, not so big as a splacnuck (an animal in that country
+very finely shaped, about six feet long), and in every part of the
+body resembling a human creature--could speak several words, and
+perform a hundred diverting tricks.
+
+I was placed upon a table in the largest room of the inn, which might
+be near three hundred feet square. My little nurse stood on a low
+stool close to the table, to take care of me and direct what I should
+do. My master, to avoid a crowd, would suffer only thirty people at a
+time to see me. I walked about on the table as the girl commanded; she
+asked me questions as far as she knew my understanding of the language
+reached, and I answered them as loud as I could. I turned about
+several times to the company, paid my humble respects, said "they were
+welcome," and used some other speeches I had been taught. I took up a
+thimble filled with liquor, which Glumdalclitch had given me for a
+cup, and drank their health. I drew out my hanger, and flourished with
+it after the manner of fencers in England. My nurse gave me a part of
+a straw, which I exercised as a pike, having learned the art in my
+youth. I was that day shown to twelve sets of company, and as often
+forced to act over again the same fopperies, till I was half dead with
+weariness and vexation; for those who had seen me made such wonderful
+reports that the people were ready to break down the doors to come in.
+My master, for his own interest, would not suffer any one to touch me
+except my nurse; and to prevent danger, benches were set round the
+table at such a distance as to put me out of everybody's teach.
+However, an unlucky schoolboy aimed a hazel-nut directly at my head,
+which very narrowly missed me; otherwise it came with so much violence
+that it would have infallibly knocked out my brains, for it was almost
+as large as a small pumpion: but I had the satisfaction to see the
+young rogue well beaten and turned out of the room....
+
+My master's design was to show me in all the towns by the way; and to
+step out of the road, for fifty or a hundred miles, to any village or
+person of quality's house where he might expect custom. We made easy
+journeys, of not above seven or eight score miles a day; for
+Glumdalclitch, on purpose to spare me, complained she was tired with
+the trotting of the horse. She often took me out of my box, at my own
+desire, to give me air and show me the country; but always held me
+fast by a leading-string. We passed over five or six rivers, many
+degrees broader and deeper than the Nile or the Ganges; and there was
+hardly a rivulet so small as the Thames at London Bridge. We were ten
+weeks in our journey, and I was shown in eighteen large towns, besides
+many villages and private families.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 110: From the description of the Academy of Lagade in
+"Gulliver's Travels."]
+
+[Footnote 111: From No. 1 of "The Tatler."]
+
+[Footnote 112: From "The Examiner."]
+
+[Footnote 113: This essay is a satire on the writings of Robert
+Boyle.]
+
+[Footnote 114: From "Gulliver's Travels." At this point in the story
+Gulliver, shipwrecked in the country of Brobdingnag, had by the farmer
+who found him been given as a plaything to his little daughter
+Glumdalclitch, who, altho only nine years old, was forty feet tall.]
+
+
+
+
+JOSEPH ADDISON
+
+     Born in 1672, died in 1719; educated at Oxford, where he
+     wrote a Latin poem which brought him a pension of three
+     hundred pounds; traveled on the Continent in 1699-1703;
+     Under-secretary of State in 1706; Secretary to the Lord
+     Lieutenant of Ireland in 1709; Secretary for Ireland in
+     1715; Secretary of State in 1717; married the Countess of
+     Warwick in 1716; for his periodical _The Spectator_,
+     published daily from March 1st, 1711, to December 6th, 1712,
+     wrote 274 papers; including the Sir Roger de Coverley
+     papers; author of many other writings, among which "Cato: A
+     Tragedy" is notable.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY[115]
+
+
+When I am in a serious humor, I very often walk by myself in
+Westminster Abbey; where the gloominess of the place, and the use to
+which it is applied, with the solemnity of the building, and the
+condition of the people who lie in it, are apt to fill the mind with a
+kind of melancholy, or rather thoughtfulness, that is not
+disagreeable. I yesterday passed a whole afternoon in the churchyard,
+the cloisters, and the church, amusing myself with the tombstones and
+inscriptions that I met with in those several regions of the dead.
+Most of them recorded nothing else of the buried person, but that he
+was born upon one day, and died upon another: the whole history of his
+life being comprehended in those two circumstances, that are common
+to all mankind. I could not but look upon these registers of
+existence, whether of brass or marble, as a kind of satire upon the
+departed persons, who had left no other memorial of them, but that
+they were born and that they died. They put one in mind of several
+persons mentioned in the battles of heroic poems, who have sounding
+names given them, for no other reason but that they may be killed, and
+are celebrated for nothing but being knocked on the head.
+
+    Glaucumque, Medontaque, Thersilochumque.
+
+--VIRG.
+
+The life of these men is finely described in Holy Writ by "the path of
+an arrow," which is immediately closed up and lost.
+
+Upon my going into the church, I entertained myself with the digging
+of a grave; and saw, in every shovelful of it that was thrown up, the
+fragment of a bone or skull intermixt with a kind of fresh moldering
+earth that some time or other had a place in the composition of a
+human body. Upon this I began to consider with myself, what
+innumerable multitudes of people lay confused together under the
+pavement of that ancient cathedral; how men and women, friends and
+enemies, priests and soldiers, monks and prebendaries, were crumbled
+amongst one another, and blended together in the same common mass; how
+beauty, strength and youth, with old age, weakness, and deformity, lay
+undistinguished in the same promiscuous heap of matter.
+
+And having thus surveyed this great magazine of mortality, as it were
+in the lump, I examined it more particularly by the accounts which I
+found on several of the monuments which are raised in every quarter of
+that ancient fabric. Some of them were covered with such extravagant
+epitaphs, that, if it were possible for the dead person to be
+acquainted with them, he would blush at the praises which his friends
+have bestowed upon him. There are others so excessively modest, that
+they deliver the character of the person departed in Greek or Hebrew,
+and by that means are not understood once in a twelvemonth. In the
+poetical quarter, I found there were poets who had no monuments, and
+monuments which had no poets. I observed, indeed, that the present war
+had filled the church with many of these uninhabited monuments, which
+had been erected to the memory of persons whose bodies were perhaps
+buried in the plains of Blenheim, or in the bosom of the ocean.
+
+I could not but be very much delighted with several modern epitaphs,
+which are written with great elegance of expression and justness of
+thought, and therefore do honor to the living as well as to the dead.
+As a foreigner is very apt to conceive an idea of the ignorance or
+politeness of a nation from the turn of their public monuments and
+inscriptions, they should be submitted to the perusal of men of
+learning and genius before they are put in execution. Sir Cloudesley
+Shovel's monument has very often given me great offense; instead of
+the brave, rough English Admiral, which was the distinguishing
+character of that plain, gallant man, he is represented on his tomb by
+the figure of a beau, drest in a long periwig, and reposing himself
+upon velvet cushions under a canopy of state. The inscription is
+answerable to the monument; for instead of celebrating the many
+remarkable actions he had performed in the service of his country, it
+acquaints us only with the manner of his death, in which it was
+impossible for him to reap any honor. The Dutch, whom we are apt to
+despise for want of genius, show an infinitely greater taste of
+antiquity and politeness in their buildings and works of this nature,
+than what we meet with in those of our own country. The monuments of
+their admirals, which have been erected at the public expense,
+represent them like themselves; and are adorned with rostral crowns
+and naval ornaments, with beautiful festoons of seaweed, shells, and
+coral.
+
+But to return to our subject. I have left the repository of our
+English kings for the contemplation of another day, when I shall find
+my mind disposed for so serious an amusement. I know that
+entertainments of this nature are apt to raise dark and dismal
+thoughts in timorous minds and gloomy imaginations: but for my own
+part, tho I am always serious, I do not know what it is to be
+melancholy; and can therefore take a view of nature in her deep and
+solemn scenes, with the same pleasure as in her most gay and
+delightful ones. By this means, I can improve myself with those
+objects which others consider with terror. When I look upon the tombs
+of the great, every emotion of envy dies in me; when I read the
+epitaphs of the beautiful, every inordinate desire goes out; when I
+meet with the grief of parents upon a tombstone, my heart melts with
+compassion; when I see the tomb of the parents themselves, I consider
+the vanity of grieving for those whom we must quickly follow; when I
+see kings lying by those who deposed them, when I consider rival wits
+placed side by side, or the holy men that divided the world with their
+contests and disputes, I reflect with sorrow and astonishment on the
+little competitions, factions, and debates of mankind. When I read the
+several dates of the tombs, of some that died yesterday, and some six
+hundred years ago, I consider that great day when we shall all of us
+be contemporaries, and make our appearance together.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+WILL HONEYCOMB AND HIS MARRIAGE[116]
+
+
+My friend Will Honeycomb values himself very much upon what he calls
+the knowledge of mankind, which has cost him many disasters in his
+youth; for Will reckons every misfortune that he has met with among
+the women, and every encounter among the men, as parts of his
+education, and fancies he should never have been the man he is, had he
+not broke windows, knocked down constables, disturbed honest people
+with his midnight serenades, and beat up Phryne'e quarters, when he
+was a young fellow. The engaging in adventures of this nature, Will
+calls the studying of mankind, and terms this knowledge of the town,
+the knowledge of the world. Will ingenuously confesses, that for half
+his life his head ached every morning with reading of men over night;
+and at present comforts himself under sundry infirmities with the
+reflection that without them he could not have been acquainted with
+the gallantries of the age. This Will looks upon as the learning of a
+gentleman, and regards all other kinds of science as the
+accomplishments of one whom he calls a scholar, a bookish man, or a
+philosopher.
+
+For these reasons Will shines in a mixed company, where he has the
+discretion not to go out of his depth, and has often a certain way of
+making his real ignorance appear a seeming one. Our club, however, has
+frequently caught him tripping, at which times they never spare him.
+For as Will often insults us with the knowledge of the town, we
+sometimes take our revenge upon him by our knowledge of books.
+
+He was last week producing two or three letters which he writ in his
+youth to a coquette lady. The raillery of them was natural, and well
+enough for a mere man of the town; but very unluckily, several of the
+words were wrong spelt. Will laughed this off at first as well as he
+could; but finding himself pushed on all sides, and especially by the
+Templar, he told us with a little passion that he never liked pedantry
+in spelling, and that he spelt like a gentleman and not like a
+scholar: upon this Will had recourse to his old topic of showing the
+narrow-spiritedness, the pride and ignorance, of pedants; which he
+carried so far, that, upon my retiring to my lodgings, I could not
+forbear throwing together such reflections as occurred to me upon
+that subject.
+
+A man who has been brought up among books, and is able to talk of
+nothing else, is a very indifferent companion, and what we call a
+pedant. But, methinks, we should enlarge the title, and give it to
+every one that does not know how to think out of his profession and
+particular way of life.
+
+What is a greater pedant than a mere man of the town? Bar him the
+play-houses, a catalog of the reigning beauties, and an account of a
+few fashionable distempers that have befallen him, and you strike him
+dumb. How many a pretty gentleman's knowledge lies all within the
+verge of the court! He will tell you the names of the principal
+favorites, repeat the shrewd sayings of a man of quality, whisper an
+intrigue that is not yet blown upon by common fame; or, if the sphere
+of his observation is a little larger than ordinary, will perhaps
+enter into all the incidents, turns, and revolutions in a game of
+ombre. When he has gone thus far, he has shown you the whole circle of
+his accomplishments, his parts are drained, and he is disabled from
+any further conversation. What are these but rank pedants? and yet
+these are the men who value themselves most on their exemption from
+the pedantry of colleges.
+
+I might here mention the military pedant, who always talks in a camp,
+and is storming towns, making lodgments, and fighting battles from one
+end of the year to the other. Everything he speaks smells of
+gunpowder: if you take away his artillery from him, he has not a word
+to say for himself. I might likewise mention the law pedant, that is
+perpetually putting eases, repeating the transactions of Westminster
+Hall, wrangling with you upon the most indifferent circumstances of
+life, and not to be convinced of the distance of a place, or of the
+most trivial point in conversation, but by dint of argument. The state
+pedant is wrapt up in news, and lost in politics. If you mention
+either of the kings of Spain or Poland, he talks very notably; but if
+you go out of the Gazette, you drop him. In short, a mere courtier, a
+mere soldier, a mere scholar, a mere anything, is an insipid pedantic
+character, and equally ridiculous.
+
+Of all the species of pedants which I have mentioned, the book pedant
+is much the most supportable: he has at least an exercised
+understanding, and a head which is full tho confused, so that a man
+who converses with him may often receive from him hints of things that
+are worth knowing, and what he may possibly turn to his own advantage,
+tho they are of little use to the owner. The worst kind of pedants
+among learned men are such as are naturally endowed with a very small
+share of common sense, and have read a great number of books without
+taste or distinction....
+
+My friend Will Honeycomb, who was so unmercifully witty upon the
+women, in a couple of letters which I lately communicated to the
+public, has given the ladies ample satisfaction by marrying a farmer's
+daughter; a piece of news which came to our club by the last post. The
+Templar is very positive that he has married a dairymaid; but Will, in
+his letter to me on this occasion, sets the best face upon the matter
+that he can, and gives a more tolerable account of his spouse. I must
+confess I suspected something more than ordinary, when upon opening
+the letter I found that Will was fallen off from his former gaiety,
+having changed Dear Spec, which was his usual salute at the beginning
+of the letter, into "_My worthy friend_," and subscribed himself at
+the latter end of it, at full length, William Honeycomb. In short, the
+gay, the loud, the vain Will Honeycomb, who had made love to every
+great fortune that has appeared in town for above thirty years
+together, and boasted of favors from ladies whom he had never seen, is
+at length wedded to a plain country girl.
+
+His letter gives us the picture of a converted rake. The sober
+character of the husband is dashed with the man of the town, and
+enlivened with those little cant phrases which have made my friend
+Will often thought very pretty company. But let us hear what he says
+for himself.
+
+MY WORTHY FRIEND.
+
+     I question not but you, and the rest of my acquaintance,
+     wonder that I, who have lived in the smoke and gallantries
+     of the town for thirty years together, should all on a
+     sudden grow fond of a country life. Had not my dog of a
+     steward run away as he did, without making up his accounts,
+     I had still been immersed in sin and sea-coal. But since my
+     late forced visit to my estate, I am so pleased with it,
+     that I am resolved to live and die upon it. I am every day
+     abroad among my acres, and can scarce forbear filling my
+     letter with breezes, shades, flowers, meadows, and purling
+     streams. The simplicity of manners which I have heard you so
+     often speak of, and which appears here in perfection, charms
+     me wonderfully. As an instance of it, I must acquaint you,
+     and by your means the whole club, that I have lately married
+     one of my tenants' daughters. She is born of honest parents,
+     and tho she has no portion she has a great deal of virtue.
+     The natural sweetness and innocence of her behavior, the
+     freshness of her complexion, the unaffected turn of her
+     shape and person, shot me through and through every time I
+     saw her, and did more execution upon me in grogram than the
+     greatest beauty in town or court had ever done in brocade.
+     In short, she is such a one as promises me a good heir to my
+     estate; and if by her means I can not leave to my children
+     what are falsely called the gifts of birth, high titles and
+     alliances, I hope to convey to them the more real and
+     valuable gifts of birth, strong bodies and healthy
+     constitutions. As for your fine women, I need not tell thee
+     that I know them. I have had my share in their graces, but
+     no more of that. It shall be my business hereafter to live
+     the life of an honest man, and to act as becomes the master
+     of a family. I question not but I shall draw upon me the
+     raillery of the town, and be treated to the tune of "_The
+     Marriage-hater match'd_"; but I am prepared for it. I have
+     been as witty upon others in my time. To tell thee truly, I
+     saw such a tribe of fashionable young fluttering coxcombs
+     shot up, that I did not think my post of an _homme de
+     ruelle_ any longer tenable. I felt a certain stiffness in my
+     limbs, which entirely destroyed that jauntiness of air I
+     was once master of. Besides, for I may now confess my age to
+     thee, I have been eight and forty above these twelve years.
+     Since my retirement into the country will make a vacancy in
+     the club, I could wish you would fill up my place with my
+     friend Tom Dapperwit. He has an infinite deal of fire, and
+     knows the town. For my own part, as I have said before, I
+     shall endeavor to live hereafter suitable to a man in my
+     station, as a prudent head of a family, a good husband, a
+     careful father (when it shall so happen), and as
+
+Your most sincere friend and humble servant,
+
+WILLIAM HONEYCOMB.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+PRIDE OF BIRTH[117]
+
+
+Horace, Juvenal, Boileau, and indeed the greatest writers in almost
+every age, have exposed with all the strength of wit and good sense,
+the vanity of a man's valuing himself upon his ancestors, and
+endeavored to show that true nobility consists in virtue, not in
+birth. With submission, however, to so many great authorities, I think
+they have pushed this matter a little too far. We ought in gratitude
+to honor the posterity of those who have raised either the interest or
+reputation of their country, and by whose labors we ourselves are more
+happy, wise, or virtuous than we should have been without them.
+Besides, naturally speaking, a man bids fairer for greatness of soul,
+who is the descendant of worthy ancestors, and has good blood in his
+veins, than one who is come of an ignoble and obscure parentage. For
+these reasons, I think a man of merit, who is derived from an
+illustrious line, is very justly to be regarded more than a man of
+equal merit who has no claim to hereditary honors. Nay, I think those
+who are indifferent in themselves, and have nothing else to
+distinguish them but the virtues of their forefathers, are to be
+looked upon with a degree of veneration even upon that account, and to
+be more respected than the common run of men who are of low and vulgar
+extraction.
+
+After having thus ascribed due honors to birth and parentage, I must,
+however, take notice of those who arrogate to themselves more honors
+than are due to them upon this account. The first are such who are not
+enough sensible that vice and ignorance taint the blood, and that an
+unworthy behavior degrades and disennobles a man in the eyes of the
+world, as much as birth and family aggrandize and exalt him.
+
+The second are those who believe a _new_ man of an elevated merit is
+not more to be honored than an insignificant and worthless man who is
+descended from a long line of patriots and heroes; or, in other words,
+behold with contempt a person who is such a man as the first founder
+of their family was, upon whose reputation they value themselves.
+
+But I shall chiefly apply myself to those whose quality sits uppermost
+in all their discourses and behavior. An empty man of a great family
+is a creature that is scarce conversible. You read his ancestry in
+his smile, in his air, in his eyebrow. He has, indeed, nothing but his
+nobility to give employment to his thoughts. Rank and precedency are
+the important points which he is always discussing within himself. A
+gentleman of this turn began a speech in one of King Charles's
+parliaments: "Sir, I had the honor to be born at a time"--upon which a
+rough, honest gentleman took him up short, "I would fain know what
+that gentleman means: is there any one in this house that has _not_
+had the honor to be born as well as himself?" The good sense which
+reigns in our nation has pretty well destroyed this starched behavior
+among men who have seen the world, and know that every gentleman will
+be treated upon a foot of equality. But there are many who have had
+their education among women, dependents or flatterers, that lose all
+the respect which would otherwise be paid them by being too assiduous
+in procuring it.
+
+My Lord Froth has been so educated in punctilio, that he governs
+himself by a ceremonial in all the ordinary occurrences of life. He
+measures out his bow to the degree of the person he converses with. I
+have seen him in every inclination of the body, from a familiar nod to
+the low stoop in the salutation-sign. I remember five of us, who were
+acquainted with one another, met together one morning at his lodgings,
+when a wag of the company was saying, it would be worth while to
+observe how he would distinguish us at his first entrance.
+Accordingly, he no sooner came into the room, but, casting his eye
+about, "My lord such a one (says he) your most humble servant.--Sir
+Richard, your humble servant.--Your servant, Mr. Ironside.--Mr.
+Ducker, how do you do?--Hah! Frank, are you there?"
+
+There is nothing more easy than to discover a man whose head is full
+of his family. Weak minds that have imbibed a strong tincture of the
+nursery, younger brothers that have been brought up to nothing,
+superannuated retainers to a great house, have generally their
+thoughts taken up with little else.
+
+I had some years ago an aunt of my own, by name Mrs. Martha Ironside,
+who would never marry beneath herself, and is supposed to have died a
+maid in fourscorth year of her age. She was the chronicle of our
+family, and passed away the greatest part of the last forty years of
+her life in recounting the antiquity, marriages, exploits, and
+alliances of the Ironsides. Mrs. Martha conversed generally with a
+knot of old virgins, who were likewise of good families, and had been
+very cruel all the beginning of the last century. They were every one
+of them as proud as Lucifer, but said their prayers twice a day, and
+in all other respects were the best women in the world. If they saw a
+fine petticoat at church, they immediately took to pieces the pedigree
+of her that wore it, and would lift up their eyes to heaven at the
+confidence of the saucy minx, when they found she was an honest
+tradesman's daughter. It is impossible to describe the pious
+indignation that would rise in them at the sight of a man who lived
+plentifully on an estate of his own getting. They were transported
+with zeal beyond measure, if they heard of a young woman's matching
+into a great family upon account only of her beauty, her merit, or
+her money. In short, there was not a female within ten miles of them
+that was in possession of a gold watch, a pearl necklace, or a piece
+of Mechlin lace, but they examined her title to it.
+
+My aunt Martha used to chide me very frequently for not sufficiently
+valuing myself. She would not eat a bit all dinner-time, if at an
+invitation she found she had been seated below herself; and would
+frown upon me for an hour together, if she saw me give place to any
+man under a baronet. As I was once talking to her of a wealthy citizen
+whom she had refused in her youth, she declared to me with great
+warmth, that she preferred a man of quality in his shirt to the
+richest man upon the change in a coach and six. She pretended that our
+family was nearly related by the mother's side to half a dozen peers;
+but as none of them knew anything of the matter, we always kept it as
+a secret among ourselves. A little before her death, she was reciting
+to me the history of my forefathers; but dwelling a little longer than
+ordinary upon the actions of Sir Gilbert Ironside, who had a horse
+shot under him at Edgehill fight, I gave an unfortunate _pish_! and
+asked, "What was all this to me?" upon which she retired to her closet
+and fell a-scribbling for three hours together; in which time, as I
+afterwards found, she struck me out of her will, and left all that she
+had to my sister Margaret, a wheedling baggage, that used to be asking
+questions about her great-grandfather from morning to night. She now
+lies buried among the family of the Ironsides, with a stone over her,
+acquainting the reader that she died at the age of eighty years, a
+spinster, and that she was descended of the ancient family of the
+Ironsides; after which follows the genealogy drawn up by her own hand.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+SIR ROGER AND HIS HOME[118]
+
+
+The first of our society is a gentleman of Worcestershire, of ancient
+descent, a baronet, his name Sir Roger de Coverley. His
+great-grandfather was inventor of that famous country-dance which is
+called after him. All who know that shire are very well acquainted
+with the parts and merits of Sir Roger. He is a gentleman that is very
+singular in his behavior; but his singularities proceed from his good
+sense, and are contradictions to the manners of the world only as he
+thinks the world is in the wrong. However, this humor creates him no
+enemies, for he does nothing with sourness or obstinacy; and his being
+unconfined to modes and forms makes him but the readier and more
+capable to please and oblige all who know him. When he is in town he
+lives in Soho Square. It is said, he keeps himself a bachelor, by
+reason he was crossed in love by a perverse beautiful widow of the
+next county to him. Before this disappointment, Sir Roger was what you
+call a fine gentleman; had often supped with my Lord Rochester and Sir
+George Etherege, fought a duel upon his first coming to town, and
+kicked Bully Dawson in a public coffee-house, for calling him
+youngster. But, being ill used by the above-mentioned widow, he was
+very serious for a year and a half; and tho, his temper being
+naturally jovial, he at last got over it, he grew careless of himself
+and never drest afterward. He continues to wear a coat and doublet of
+the same cut that were in fashion at the time of his repulse, which,
+in his merry humors he tells us, has been in and out twelve times
+since he first wore it. He is now in his fifty-sixth year, cheerful,
+gay, and hearty; keeps a good house both in town and country; a great
+lover of mankind; but there is such a mirthful east in his behavior
+that he is rather beloved than esteemed. His tenants grow rich, his
+servants look satisfied, all the young women profess love to him, and
+the young men are glad of his company; when he comes into a house, he
+calls the servants by their names, and talks all the way up-stairs to
+a visit. I must not omit that Sir Roger is a justice of the _quorum_;
+that he fills the chair at a quarter-session with great abilities, and
+three months ago gained universal applause by explaining a passage in
+the Game Act.
+
+Having often received an invitation from my friend Sir Roger de
+Coverley to pass away a month with him in the country, I last week
+accompanied him thither, and am settled with him for some time at his
+country-house, where I intend to form several of my ensuing
+speculations. Sir Roger, who is very well acquainted with my humor,
+lets me rise and go to bed when I please; dine at his own table or in
+my chamber as I think fit; sit still and say nothing without bidding
+me be merry. When the gentlemen of the country come to see him, he
+only shows me at a distance: as I have been walking in his fields, I
+have observed them stealing a sight of me over an hedge, and have
+heard the knight desiring them not to let me see them, for that I
+hated to be stared at.
+
+I am the more at ease in Sir Roger's family, because it consists of
+sober and staid persons: for, as the knight is the best master in the
+world, he seldom changes his servants; and, as he is beloved by all
+about him, his servants never care for leaving him; by this means his
+domestics are all in years, and grown old with their master. You would
+take his valet-de-chambre for his brother; his butler is gray-headed;
+his groom is one of the gravest men that I have ever seen; and his
+coachman has the looks of a privy-councillor. You see the goodness of
+the master even in the old house-dog, and in a gray pad that is kept
+in the stable with great care and tenderness, out of regard to his
+past services, tho he has been useless for several years.
+
+I could not but observe with a great deal of pleasure the joy that
+appeared in the countenance of these ancient domestics upon my
+friend's arrival at his country-seat. Some of them could not refrain
+from tears at the sight of their old master; every one of them prest
+forward to do something for him, and seemed discouraged if they were
+not employed. At the same time the good old knight, with a mixture of
+the father and the master of the family, tempered the inquiries after
+his own affairs with several kind questions relating to themselves.
+This humanity and good-nature engages everybody to him, so that, when
+he is pleasant upon any of them, all his family are in good humor, and
+none so much as the person whom he diverts himself with: on the
+contrary, if he coughs, or betrays any infirmity of old age, it is
+easy for a stander-by to observe a secret concern in the looks of all
+his servants.
+
+My worthy friend has put me under the particular care of his butler,
+who is a very prudent man, and, as well as the rest of his fellow
+servants, wonderfully desirous of pleasing me, because they have often
+heard their master talk of me as of his particular friend.
+
+My chief companion, when Sir Roger is diverting himself in the woods
+or the fields, is a very venerable man who is ever with Sir Roger, and
+has lived at his house in the nature of a chaplain above thirty years.
+This gentleman is a person of good sense and some learning, of a very
+regular life and obliging conversation: he heartily loves Sir Roger,
+and knows that he is very much in the old knight's esteem, so that he
+lives in the family rather as a relation than a dependent.
+
+I have observed in several of my papers, that my friend Sir Roger,
+amidst all his good qualities, is something of a humorist; and that
+his virtues, as well as imperfections, are, as it were, tinged by a
+certain extravagance, which makes them particularly his, and
+distinguishes them from those of other men. This cast of mind, as it
+is generally very innocent in itself, so it renders his conversation
+highly agreeable, and more delightful than the same degree of sense
+and virtue would appear in their common or ordinary colors. As I was
+walking with him last night, he asked me how I liked the good man whom
+I have just now mentioned; and, without staying for my answer, told me
+that he was afraid of being insulted with Latin and Greek at his own
+table; for which reason he desired a particular friend of his at the
+university to find him out a clergyman rather of plain sense than much
+learning, of a good aspect, a clear voice, a sociable temper, and if
+possible a man that understood a little about backgammon. "My friend,"
+says Sir Roger, "found me out this gentleman, who, besides the
+endowments required of him, is, they tell me, a good scholar, tho he
+does not show it. I have given him the parsonage of the parish; and,
+because I know his value, have settled upon him a good annuity for
+life. If he outlives me, he shall find that he was higher in my esteem
+than perhaps he thinks he is. He has now been with me thirty years;
+and, tho he does not know I have taken notice of it, has never in all
+that time asked anything of me for himself, tho he is every day
+soliciting me for something in behalf of one or other of my tenants,
+his parishioners."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 115: From "The Spectator," No. 26.]
+
+[Footnote 116: From Nos. 105 and 530 of "The Spectator."]
+
+[Footnote 117: From No. 137 of "The Guardian."]
+
+[Footnote 118: From Nos. 2 and 106 of "The Spectator." It has been
+conjectured that the world owes to Steele rather than to Addison the
+original conception of the character of Sir Roger, altho its
+development was due more largely to Addison.]
+
+
+END OF VOLUME III
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Best of the World's Classics,
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