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diff --git a/old/files/QuintBody2.html b/old/files/QuintBody2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbc47a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/files/QuintBody2.html @@ -0,0 +1,7302 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>Quintiliani Institutionis Oratoriae Liber X:2-7</title> +<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset=UTF-8"> + +<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "quintstyles.css"> + +</head> + +<body> + +<div class = "contents"> +<a name = "toc2" id = "toc2"> </a> + +<p><a href = "../main.html">Preface</a><br> +<i>Analysis of the Argument, Index of Names, +Index of Matters (complete)</i><br> +</p> + +<p> +<a href = "QuintIntro.html">Introduction</a></p> + +<p> +<a href = "QuintBody1.html">Chapter I</a></p> + +<p class = "space"> +<a href = "#chapII">Chapter II</a><br> +<a href = "#arg_chapII">Analysis of the Argument</a> +</p> + +<p> +<a href = "#chapIII">Chapter III</a><br> +<a href = "#arg_chapIII">Analysis of the Argument</a> +</p> + +<p> +<a href = "#chapIV">Chapter IV</a><br> +<a href = "#arg_chapIV">Analysis of the Argument</a> +</p> + +<p> +<a href = "#chapV">Chapter V</a><br> +<a href = "#arg_chapV">Analysis of the Argument</a> +</p> + +<p> +<a href = "#chapVI">Chapter VI</a><br> +<a href = "#arg_chapVI">Analysis of the Argument</a> +</p> + +<p> +<a href = "#chapVII">Chapter VII</a><br> +<a href = "#arg_chapVII">Analysis of the Argument</a> +</p> + +<p><a href = "#index2_names"> +Index of Names</a> (<i>in chapters II-VII only</i>) +</p> +<p><a href = "#index2_matters"> +Index of Matters</a> (<i>in chapters II-VII only</i>) +</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<a href = "QuintCrit.html">Critical Notes</a></p> + +</div> + +<hr class = "spacer"> + +<span class = "pagenum">11</span> +<h4>M. FABI QUINTILIANI</h4> + +<h3>INSTITUTIONIS ORATORIAE</h3> + +<h4>LIBER DECIMUS</h4> + +<p class = "line"> </p> + + +<div class = "argument"> + +<h5><a name = "arg_chapII" id = "arg_chapII"> +CHAPTER II.</a><br> +<span class = "subhead"> +Of Imitation.</span></h5> + +<p><a href = "#chapII_sec1">§§ 1-3.</a> +While the command of words, figures, and arrangement is to be acquired +by the study of the best authors, as recommended in the foregoing +chapter, the mind must also be exercised in the imitation of all the +good qualities which such authors exemplify. The place of imitation in +art: a natural and universal instinct. The very ease of imitation +has its dangers.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapII_sec4">§§ 4-13.</a> +Only a dull and sluggish spirit will be content to do nothing but +imitate, without inventing anything new. With our advantages of +training, we are even more bound than our predecessors to progress. We +ought even to surpass our models: if we confine ourselves to imitation +alone, shall we ever realise the ideal in oratory? Nature herself does +not achieve exact resemblance in reproduction. Moreover, there is much +in oratory that is characteristic of individual speakers, and due to +natural gifts: this cannot be made matter of imitation. You may imitate +the language and rhythmical arrangement of a great speech; but the +fashion of words changes, and as for arrangement, there must always be +an adaptation of sound to sense.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapII_sec14">§§ 14-18.</a> +Imitation is therefore a part of study in regard to which great +circumspection must be used,—first in the choice of models, and, +secondly, in determining +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +the good points we would seek to reproduce; for even good authors have +their defects. Again, we must know the difference between superficial +imitation and that in which the inner spirit is represented. In cases +where only the outward manner is caught elevation becomes bombast, and +simplicity carelessness; roughness of form and insipidity in substance +pass for antique plainness; want of polish and point, for Attic +restraint; artificial obscurity claims to rank above Sallust and +Thucydides; the dull and spiritless challenge comparison with Pollio; +easy-going drawlers call their diffuse periods Ciceronian, delighted if +they can finish off a sentence with <i>Esse videatur</i>.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapII_sec19">§§ 19-21.</a> +The student must consider which models his own gifts qualify him to +imitate. A bold rugged style, for example, is appropriate to the +form of genius which would make shipwreck by an excessive affectation of +refinement. It is of course within the province of the teacher to supply +the natural defects of his pupils; but it is a far harder matter to +mould and form one’s own nature. Even the teacher will not keep up a +prolonged struggle against obstacles of natural disposition.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapII_sec21">§§ 21-26.</a> +In oratory we ought not to imitate the characteristic qualities of poets +and historians, and <i>vice versa</i>: each kind of composition has its +own appropriate laws. Let us imitate what is common to eloquence in all +its manifestations. We must adapt our style to the topic and occasion: +even different parts of one and the same speech call for different +treatment. And we should not blindly follow any one model +exclusively.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapII_sec27">§§ 27-28.</a> +Imitation must not be confined to words only: we should study also +propriety, arrangement, exordium, narrative, argument, pathos, &c. +The perfect orator, whom our age may hope to see, will be he who shall +unite all the good qualities of his predecessors and reject all the +bad.</p> + +</div> <!--end div argument --> + +<div class = "text"> + +<h5><a name = "chapII" id = "chapII"> +De Imitatione.</a></h5> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec1" id = "chapII_sec1"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:1</span> +II. Ex his ceterisque lectione dignis auctoribus et verborum sumenda +copia est et varietas figurarum et componendi ratio, tum ad exemplum +virtutum omnium mens derigenda. Neque +<span class = "pagenum">123</span> +enim dubitari potest, quin artis pars magna contineatur imitatione. Nam +ut invenire primum fuit estque praecipuum, sic ea quae bene inventa sunt +utile sequi.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec1" id = "commII_sec1"><b>§ 1.</b></a> +<b>verborum ... copia</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec5">1 §5</a> and <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec8">§8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>varietas figurarum</b>: see note on plurima vero mutatione +figuramus <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec12">1 §12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>componendi ratio</b>, the ‘theory of rhythmical arrangement’: see +on <i>compositione</i> <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec79">1 §79</a>: and cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">§§44</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec52">52</a>, and <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec66">66</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tum ... virtutum omnium</b>: i.e. in reading the best authors we +are not only to acquire facility and dexterity in regard to the points +enumerated, but to imitate also all the good qualities exemplified in +their works.</p> + +<p><b>ad exemplum</b>, ‘after the model of,’ as ii. 3, 12 ad Phoenicis +Homerici exemplum +<span class = "pagenum comm">123</span> +dicere ac facere: not like <i>in exemplum</i> <a href = +"#chapII_sec2">§2</a> below, ‘as a model.’ The same use of <i>ad</i> +occurs below ad propositum sibi praescriptum: and <a href = +"#chapVII_sec3">7 §3</a> ad incursus tempestatum ... ratio mutanda +est.</p> + +<p><b>mens derigenda</b>: so vi. 5, 2 ideoque nos quid in quaque re +sequendum cavendumque sit docemus ac deinceps docebimus, ut ad ea +iudicium derigatur. For the form <i>derigo</i> see Munro on Lucr. vi. +823: ‘this was probably the only genuine ancient form.’ So Cic. pro Mur. +§3 vitam ad certam rationis normam derigenti: Orator §9 ad illius +similitudinem artem et manum derigebat (where, however, Sandys reads +dirigebat): Tac. Dial. §5 ad utilitatem vitae omnia consilia ... +derigenda sunt: Ann. iv. 40 ad famam praecipua rerum derigere. Cp. note +on <a href = "#chapIII_sec28">3 §28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dubitari</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec73">1 §73</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec81">§81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>imitatione</b>: a reference to Aristotle’s general theory of art, +made to introduce the subject of imitation (<span class = "greek" title += "mimêsis, zêlos">μίμησις, ζῆλος</span>) in the sphere of oratory. This +is defined by Cornif. ad Herenn. i. 2, 3 imitatio est qua impellimur cum +diligenti ratione ut aliquorum similes in dicendo velimus esse: cp. de +Orat. ii. §90 sq.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec2" id = "chapII_sec2"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:2</span> +Atque omnis vitae ratio sic constat, ut quae probamus in aliis facere +ipsi velimus. Sic litterarum ductus, ut scribendi fiat usus, pueri +sequuntur; sic musici vocem docentium, pictores opera priorum, rustici +probatam experimento culturam in exemplum intuentur; omnis denique +disciplinae initia ad propositum sibi praescriptum formari videmus.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">124</span> +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec2" id = "commII_sec2"><b>§ 2.</b></a> +<b>ratio sic constat</b>: ‘it is a universal rule of life that,’ &c. +More usual would have been ‘ita ratio comparata est vitae ut,’ &c. +(Cic. de Amicit. §101). The phrase <i>ratio constat</i> (cp. rationem +reddere) was originally a figure taken from commerce (ratio—reor, +‘calculate,’ ‘count’), as Tac. Ann. i. 6 eam condicionem esse imperandi +ut non aliter ratio constet quam si uni reddatur: i.e. if you are an +absolute ruler the only way to ‘get your accounts square’ is to audit +them yourself. So Nettleship (Lat. Lex.) would explain here ‘there is +this balance in ordinary life’: i.e. the account of life only comes out +right on the supposition that, &c,—civilised life would come +to an end unless, &c. More probably Quintilian is employing here a +loose combination of two modes of expression, ratio constat ut, &c., +and such a phrase as that quoted from Cic. de Amicit. §101: cp. Acad. +ii. §132 omnis ratio vitae definitione summi boni continetur. In Pliny’s +letters the same expression is constantly used (like <i>ratio est</i> in +Cicero) for ‘it is right or reasonable’: iii. 18, 10 confido in hoc +genere materiae laetioris stili constare rationem: i. 5, 16 mihi et +temptandi aliquid et quiescendi ... ratio constabit: ii. 4, 4 in te vero +ratio constabit: cp. vii. 6, 4.—For the thought cp. Arist. +Poet. 1, 4 <span class = "greek" title = "to te gar mimeisthai sumphuton tois anthrôpois ek paidôn esti k.t.l.">τό τε γὰρ μιμεῖσθαι σύμφυτον τοῖς +ἀνθρώποις ἐκ παίδων ἐστί κ.τ.λ.</span></p> + +<p><b>ductus</b>, ‘tracings,’—writing-copies made on wax-tablets: +cp. i. 1. 25 sq., esp. §27 cum vero iam ductus sequi coeperit, non +inutile erit eas tabellae quam optime insculpi, ut per illos velut +sulcos ducatur stilus.</p> + +<p><b>usus</b>: cp. Cic. Acad. ii. §2 Ingenii magnitudo non desideravit +indocilem usus disciplinam: de Orat. i. §15 ut ad eam doctrinam quam suo +quisque studio adsecutus esset adiungeretur usus frequens: pro Balbo §45.</p> + +<p><b>experimento</b>: cp. vi. 2, 25 experimento meo ac natura ipsa +duce. The phrase <i>experimento probare</i> occurs in the Vulgate, Esth. +iii. 5.</p> + +<p><b>in exemplum</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec11">§11</a> in exemplum +adsumimus.</p> + +<p><b>initia</b>, abstract for concrete: cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec8">3 §8</a> hanc moram et sollicitudinem initiis (i.e. +incipientibus) impero. So in ii. 4, 13 ‘studia’ is put for +‘studiosi.’</p> + +<p><b>ad ... praescriptum</b>: subst. as frequently in Cicero, e.g. +Orat. §36. So Quint. ii. 13, 2: iv. 2, 84: ix. 4, 117. Cp. Seneca Ep. 94 +§51 pueri ad praescriptum discunt. On the other hand <i>propositum</i> +is even more frequently used as a noun by Quintilian: e.g. <a href = +"#chapII_sec11">§11</a> omnis imitatio ... ad alienum propositum +accommodatur: ii. 10, 15 omne propositum operis +<span class = "pagenum comm">124</span> +a nobis destinati: v. 11, 31 ad praesens propositum.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec3" id = "chapII_sec3"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:3</span> +Et hercule necesse est aut similes aut dissimiles bonis simus. Similem +raro natura praestat, frequenter imitatio. Sed hoc ipsum quod tanto +faciliorem nobis rationem rerum omnium facit quam fuit iis qui nihil +quod sequerentur habuerunt, nisi caute et cum iudicio adprehenditur, +nocet.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec3" id = "commII_sec3"><b>§ 3.</b></a> +<b>hoc ipsum quod</b> must go together, ‘the fact that’: cp. ix. 2, 69 +aperta figura perdit hoc ipsum quod figura est. The commentators wrongly +take <i>quod</i> as the conjunction and explain <i>hoc ipsum</i> as +imitatio (or perhaps the advantage of having examples to follow).</p> + +<p><b>tanto</b> without a correlative: cp. tanto plena <a href = +"#chapII_sec28">§28</a>: Cic. pro Rosc. Amer. i. 1, 2 at tanto +officiosior quam ceteri? In all three instances the quam depends on the +comparative.</p> + +<p><b>rationem rerum omnium</b>: the general course, method, or +procedure of everything, ‘every process’: cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec31">3 §31</a> ratio delendi. <i>Ratio</i> is often +used with the genitive of a subst. as a periphrasis for the subst. +itself, Zumpt. §678: the various instances are well classified by +Nettleship, Lat. Lex. p. 566, 9 and 11.</p> + +<p><b>adprehenditur</b>, frequent in Quintilian of taking hold of a +fact, idea, or argument: cp. v. 14, 23 quae (leges oratorias) Graeci +adprehensa magis in catenas ligant: vi. 4, 18 quod adprehendens maius +aliquid cogatur dimittere: vii. 1, 56 in hoc de quo loquimur patre quid +adprehendi potest?</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapII_sec4" id = "chapII_sec4"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:4</span> +Ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit, vel quia pigri est +ingenii contentum esse iis quae sint ab aliis inventa. Quid enim futurum +erat temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt, si homines nihil, nisi +quod iam cognovissent, faciendum sibi aut cogitandum putassent? Nempe +nihil fuisset inventum.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec4" id = "commII_sec4"><b>§ 4.</b></a> +<b>Ante omnia</b>: cp. the formula <i>ac primum quidem</i>, introducing +the first argument, viz. that imitation is not sufficient in itself: +others follow in <a href = "#chapII_sec7">§7</a>: <a href = +"#chapII_sec10">§10</a>: and <a href = "#chapII_sec12">§12</a> adde quod +ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt, &c.</p> + +<p><b>vel quia</b>: ‘just because,’ i.e. because (if for no other +reason) it is the mark of, &c. The use of <i>vel</i> implies that +there are other reasons which could be adduced, if the reader cared to +have them (vel—si velis). Cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec75">1 §75</a> vel hoc est ipso +probabilis: <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec80">§80</a>, +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec86">§86</a>: <a href = +"#chapV_sec8">5 §8</a>: Roby §2222.</p> + +<p><b>Quid futurum erat</b>: <a href = "#chapII_sec7">§7</a> below. +Contrast the use of the plpf. subj. in the <i>definite</i> apodosis +supplied in ‘nihil fuisset inventum.’ For the indic. cp. longum est +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec118">1 §118</a>: oportebat +<a href = "#chapII_sec28">2 §28</a>: fas erat +<a href = "#chapV_sec7">5 §7</a>: satis erat +<a href = "#chapVI_sec2"><ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘6 §12’">6 §2</ins></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nempe</b>, ‘why!’ For a similar use of <i>nempe</i>, apart from +all irony, in answer to a question, cp. Livy vi. 41 penes quos igitur +sunt auspicia more maiorum? nempe penes patres. In such cases the assent +of the imaginary interlocutor is taken for granted.—Frotscher +compares Libanius, Declam. xviii. p. 487 <span class = "greek" +title = "ei d’ aei tinos edei paradeigmatos ouk an archên oude hen elambanen">εἰ δ᾽ ἀεί τινος ἔδει παραδείγματος οὐκ ἂν ἀρχὴν οὐδὲ ἓν +ἐλάμβανεν</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec5" id = "chapII_sec5"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:5</span> +Cur igitur nefas est reperiri aliquid a nobis, quod ante non fuerit? An +illi rudes sola mentis natura ducti sunt in hoc, ut tam multa +generarent: nos ad quaerendum non eo ipso concitemur, quod certe scimus +invenisse eos qui quaesierunt?</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec5" id = "commII_sec5"><b>§ 5.</b></a> +<b>illi rudes</b> is explained by <a href = "#chapII_sec4">§4</a> +temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt. <i>An</i> is the mark of a +double question, being used to introduce the second alternative as +opposed to the first, even when the first is understood rather than +expressed. Here it almost = num, and implies the needlessness of the +preceding remark (Roby 2255), and introduces an <i>à fortiori</i> +argument; cp. Cicero, Tusc. v. §90 Cur pecuniam ... curet omnino? An +Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates +philosophi facere non potuerunt? Cic. Cat. i. 1, 3. So <a href = +"#chapIII_sec29">3 §29</a> below an vero ... hoc cogitatio +praestat: <a href = "#chapV_sec7">5 §7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>certe scimus</b>. <i>Certe</i> is less absolute +<span class = "pagenum comm">125</span> +than <i>certo</i>. Acc. to Klotz ad Cic. de Sen. i. 2 certe scio = +certum est me scire (‘I am sure that I know’): certo scio = certum est +quod scio (‘I have certain or sure knowledge,’ ‘my knowledge is +accurate’). Cp. Ter. Andr. 503 with 929.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec6" id = "chapII_sec6"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:6</span> +Et +<span class = "pagenum">125</span> +cum illi, qui nullum cuiusquam rei habuerunt magistrum, plurima in +posteros tradiderunt, nobis usus aliarum rerum ad eruendas alias non +proderit, sed nihil habebimus nisi beneficii alieni? quem ad modum +quidam pictores in id solum student, ut describere tabulas mensuris ac +lineis sciant.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec6" id = "commII_sec6"><b>§ 6.</b></a> +<b>cuiusquam rei</b>. <i>Quisquam</i> (generally subst.) is, when +employed adjectivally, more usually found along with names of persons or +words implying personality: cp. iv. 1, 10 ne contumeliosi in quenquam +hominem ordinemve videamur: <a href = "#chapVII_sec3">7 §3</a> +below quisquam ... orator: iii. 1, 22 cuiusquam sectae.</p> + +<p><b>in posteros</b>: so i. 1, 6: ad posteros xii. 11, 28.—For +<b>tradiderunt</b>, see <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critII_sec6">Crit. +Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>eruendas</b>: ix. 2, 64 latens aliquid eruitur: xii. 8, 13 multa +... patronus eruet: iv. 2, 60 hoc quoque tamquam occultum et a se +prudenter erutum tradunt. Quintilian follows Cicero in the figurative +use of this word; e.g. de Orat. ii. 146 scrutari locos ex quibus +argumenta eruamus: ibid. 360 hac exercitatione non eruenda memoria est, +si est nulla naturalis, sed certe, si latet, evocanda est.</p> + +<p><b>beneficii</b>. This gen. occurs in the phrase ‘sui beneficii +facere,’ not uncommon in the Latin of the Silver Age, ‘to make dependent +on one’s own bounty or favour.’ Suet. Claud. 23 commeatus a senatu peti +solitos benefici sui fecit: Iust. xiii. 4, 9 ut munus imperii beneficii +sui faceret: Sen. Ben. iii. 18, 4. The phrase is equivalent to +nihil habebimus <i>nisi quod sit</i> or <i>quod non sit</i> ben. al. = +nisi quod debeamus aliis (‘due to the favour of others’). Becher cites +the analogous expression ‘tui muneris habeo’ in Tac. Ann. xiv. 55: cp. +ib. xv. 52, 4 ne ... sui muneris rem publicam faceret, and tui muneris +est Hor. Car. iv. 3, 21. So ‘ducere aliquid offici sui.’ The +genitive must not therefore be explained as a gen. of quality, dependent +on <i>nihil</i> (as Meister).</p> + +<p><b>in id solum student</b>. The construction (which occurs again xii. +6, 6 in quam rem studendum sit) seems to be modelled on that of +<i>niti</i>. Here, however, <i>ei soli</i> could not have +stood.—The process of ‘copying by measures and lines’ is not +unknown even now. The picture to be reproduced, and the surface on which +the copy was to be made, were divided into equal numbers of squares +(mensurae) by lines drawn across at right angles.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec7" id = "chapII_sec7"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:7</span> +Turpe etiam illud est, contentum esse id consequi quod imiteris. Nam +rursus quid erat futurum, si nemo plus effecisset eo quem sequebatur? +Nihil in poetis supra Livium Andronicum, nihil in historiis supra +<span class = "pagenum">126</span> +pontificum annales haberemus; ratibus adhuc navigaremus; non esset +pictura, nisi quae lineas modo extremas umbrae, quam corpora in sole +fecissent, circumscriberet.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec7" id = "commII_sec7"><b>§ 7.</b></a> +<b>turpe etiam</b>. For the argument see <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critII_sec7">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>contentum ... consequi</b>. The constr. c. infin. is very common +in Quintilian: over a dozen instances are given in Bonn. Lex. (q.v.). It +passed from the usage of poetry (e.g. Ovid, Metam. i. 461) into the +prose of the Silver Age. Cicero would have used <i>satis habere</i>. Cp. +solus legi dignus <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec96">1 §96</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rursus</b> resumes quid futurum erat <a href = +"#chapII_sec4">§4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>in poetis ... in historiis</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec28">1 §28</a>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec75">1 §75</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Livius Andronicus</b>. Cicero (Brutus §71) compares his translation of the Odyssey to the +first rude attempts at sculpture, which passed under the name of +Daedalus: nam et Odyssia Latina est sic tamquam opus aliquod Daedali et +Livianae fabulae non satis dignae quae iterum legantur. Cp. Liv. xxvii. +§37 forsitan laudabile rudibus ingeniis, nunc abhorrens et +inconditum.—Livius was a native of Tarentum, who came to Rome as a +slave after the capture of his native city (272 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>) and set up as a schoolmaster: his Odyssey +survived for scholastic purposes down to the days of Orbilius and Horace +(Ep. ii. 1, 69). His production in <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 240—the year after the end of the First +Punic War—of a tragedy and comedy in Latin (in which he discarded +the old Saturnian metre), may be said to mark the beginning of Roman +literature. For thirty years he continued to produce plays at the Roman +games, adapting the indigenous Italian drama, +<span class = "pagenum comm">126</span> +such as it was, to the laws which regulated dramatic composition among +the Greeks; and when he died at a ripe old age, a compliment was paid to +his memory by the assignment of the Temple of Minerva on the Aventine to +the ‘guild of poets’ (collegium poetarum) as a place for their +meetings.</p> + +<p><b>pontificum annales</b>: also called Annales Maximi, probably +because they were kept by the Pontifex Maximus. In them was preserved +the list of consuls and other magistrates, and they recorded in the +baldest fashion the most noteworthy events of each magistracy. Cp. Cic. +de Orat. ii. §52 erat enim historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio, +&c. P. Mucius Scaevola, the consul of 133 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, edited them in thirty books. Teuffel §66: Mommsen, i. 477 sq.</p> + +<p><b>lineas extremas</b>, i.e. the tracing of outlines: this was said +to have been the origin of painting. Pliny N. H. xxxv. 5 Graeci +(picturam affirmant) ... repertam ... umbra hominis lineis circumducta. +Cp. the distinction between free imitation and servile copying in the +following from Aulus Gellius (xvii. 20, 8): ea quae in Platonis +oratione demiramur, non aemulari quidem, sed lineas umbrasque facere +ausi sumus.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec8" id = "chapII_sec8"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:8</span> +Ac si omnia percenseas, nulla <i>man</i>sit ars qualis inventa est, nec +intra initium stetit: nisi forte nostra potissimum tempora damnamus +huius infelicitatis, ut nunc demum nihil crescat: nihil autem crescit +sola imitatione.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec8" id = "commII_sec8"><b>§ 8.</b></a> +<b>nisi forte</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec70">1 §70</a>: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec31">3 §31</a>: <a href = +"#chapV_sec6">5 §6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>infelicitatis</b>: cp. on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec7">1 §7</a> infelicis operae. So viii. +prooem. §27 abominanda ... haec infelicitas ... quae et cursum dicendi +refrenat et calorem cogitationis extinguit mora et diffidentia. xi. 2, +49 haec rara infelicitas erit. Pliny N. H. praef. 23 has ‘infelix’ +ingenium for ‘sterile.’ The opposite would be beatissima ubertas <a href += "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec109">1 §109</a>. For the constr. c. +genit. cp. ii. 5, 24 neque enim nos tarditatis natura damnavit: ix. 2, +81 tyrannidis affectatae damnatus: vii. 8, 3 incesti damnata.</p> + +<p><b>demum</b>: v. on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec9" id = "chapII_sec9"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:9</span> +Quod si prioribus adicere fas non est, quo modo sperare possumus illum +oratorem perfectum? cum in his, quos maximos adhuc novimus, nemo sit +inventus in quo nihil aut desideretur aut reprehendatur. Sed etiam qui +summa non adpetent, contendere potius quam sequi debent.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec9" id = "commII_sec9"><b>§ 9.</b></a> +<b>oratorem perfectum</b>: <a href = "#chapII_sec28">§28</a> below, with +which cp. the preface to Book i, §9 Oratorem autem instituimus illum +perfectum qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest. So Cicero, Orat. §7: de +Orat. i. §117.</p> + +<p><b>nemo sit inventus</b>: cp. Pr. i. §18 qualis fortasse nemo adhuc +fuerit. So too i. 10, 4 where referring to Cicero’s Orator he says: +quibus ego primum hoc respondeo, quod M. Cicero scripto ad Brutum +libro frequentius testatur: non eum a nobis institui oratorem qui sit +aut fuerit, sed imaginem quandam concepisse nos animo perfecti illius et +nulla parte cessantis. Orat. §7 non saepe atque haud scio an +nunquam.</p> + +<p><b>summa</b>: Pr. i. §§19-20 nobis ad summa tendendum est ... altius +tamen ibunt qui ad summa nitentur. xii. 11 §26 contendere = certare +ut priores sunt, ‘compete,’ ‘rival.’</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec10" id = "chapII_sec10"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:10</span> +Nam qui hoc agit ut prior sit, forsitan etiamsi non transierit aequabit. +Eum vero nemo potest aequare cuius vestigiis sibi utique insistendum +putat; necesse est enim semper sit posterior qui +<span class = "pagenum">127</span> +sequitur. Adde quod plerumque facilius est plus facere quam idem; tantam +enim difficultatem habet similitudo ut ne ipsa quidem natura in hoc ita +evaluerit ut non res quae simillimae quaeque pares maxime videantur +utique discrimine aliquo discernantur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec10" id = "commII_sec10"><b>§ 10.</b></a> +<b>forsitan</b>: c. ind. as in Quint. Curt. iv. xiv. 20.</p> + +<p><b>utique</b>. See on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec20">1 §20</a>. Tr. ‘in whose footsteps he +thinks he must by all means follow.’</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">127</span> +<p><b>adde quod</b>, used thrice within three paragraphs <a href = +"#chapII_sec10">§§10</a>, <a href = "#chapII_sec11">11</a>, <a href = +"#chapII_sec12">12</a>: another proof of a certain want of finish in +Quintilian’s style. Cp. on <a href = "#chapII_sec23">2 §23</a>: and +discrimine ... discernantur, below.—See Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pageliii">p. liii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>in hoc</b>, i.e. in the endeavour to reproduce.</p> + +<p><b>utique ... aliquo</b>: iv. 5, 8 in omni partitione est utique +aliquid potentissimum: iv. 1, 77 aliquam utique sententiam: xii. 10, 67 +utique aliquo momento.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec11" id = "chapII_sec11"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:11</span> +Adde quod quidquid alteri simile est, necesse est minus sit eo quod +imitatur, ut umbra corpore et imago facie et actus histrionum veris +adfectibus. Quod in orationibus quoque evenit. Namque iis quae in +exemplum adsumimus subest natura et vera vis; contra omnis imitatio +facta est et ad alienum propositum accommodatur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec11" id = "commII_sec11"><b>§ 11.</b></a> +<b>veris adfectibus</b>. Cp. vi. 2, 35 Vidi ego saepe histriones atque +comoedos, cum ex aliquo graviore actu personam deposuissent, flentes +adhuc egredi. quod si in alienis scriptis sola pronuntiatio ita falsis +accendit adfectibus, quid nos faciemus qui illa cogitare debemus ut +moveri periclitantium vice possimus? Cp. Hor. A. P. 431-433.</p> + +<p><b>alienum proposition</b>, i.e. the purpose of the imitator, not +that of the original writer or speaker.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec12" id = "chapII_sec12"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:12</span> +Quo fit ut minus sanguinis ac virium declamationes habeant quam +orationes, quod in illis vera, in his adsimilata materia est. Adde quod +ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt, ingenium, inventio, +vis, facilitas et quidquid arte non traditur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec12" id = "commII_sec12"><b>§ 12.</b></a> +<b>sanguinis</b>: <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec60">1 §60</a> +(of Archilochus) plurimum sanguinis atque nervorum: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec115">§115</a> eum (Calvum) ... +verum sanguinem perdidisse: viii. 3, 6 (hic ornatus) sanguine et viribus niteat.</p> + +<p><b>illis ... his</b>. This is only an apparent inversion of the usual +arrangement: <i>declamationes</i> is the nearer subject in thought, as +being the subject of the sentence, in which it comes before +<i>orationes</i>. The use of <i>hic</i> may also serve to indicate the +prevalence of declamation in Quintilian’s day: <a href = +"#chapV_sec14">5 §14</a>.—See Zumpt §700.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec13" id = "chapII_sec13"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:13</span> +Ideoque plerique, cum verba quaedam ex orationibus excerpserunt aut +aliquos compositionis certos pedes, mire a se quae legerunt effingi +arbitrantur, cum et verba intercidant invalescantque temporibus, (ut +quorum certissima +<span class = "pagenum">128</span> +sit regula in consuetudine,) eaque non sua natura sint bona aut +mala— nam per se soni tantum sunt— sed prout opportune +proprieque aut secus collocata sunt, et compositio cum rebus accommodata +sit, tum ipsa varietate gratissima.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec13" id = "commII_sec13"><b>§ 13.</b></a> +<b>compositionis</b>: see <a href = "#chapII_sec1">§1</a> componendi +ratio. Tr. ‘particular cadences in the arrangement’ <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec52">1 §52</a>. Cp. especially ix. 4, 116 +quem in poemate locum habet versificatio, eum in oratione +compositio.</p> + +<p><b>cum et</b>, &c., ‘though, as for the words, they drop out or +come into use in course of time ... while the arrangement,’ &c. +<i>Verba</i> is opp. to <i>compositio</i> below: cp. <i>verba</i> and +<i>comp. pedes</i> above. See Crit. Notes.</p> + +<p><b>verba intercidant ... consuetudine</b>. Hor. A. P. 70, Multa +renascentur quae iam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore +vocabula, si volet usus, Quem penes arbitrium est et ius et norma +loquendi. Ibid. 60-62 Ut silvae foliis pronos mutantur in annos, Prima +cadunt, ita verborum vetus interit aetas, Et iuvenum ritu florent modo +nata vigentque. viii. 6, 32 cum multa (<span class = "greek" title = +"onomata">ὀνόματα</span>) cotidie ab antiquis ficta moriantur.</p> + +<p><b>ut quorum</b> = quippe. Cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec55">1 §55</a> ut in qua ... sit: <a href += "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec57">1 §§57</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec74">74</a>. I have put this clause in +brackets to show that it stands by itself: <i>consuetudine</i> explains +<i>temporibus</i>, while <i>non sua natura ... sed prout ... +collocata</i> introduce a new idea. See following note.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">128</span> +<p><b>eaque</b> is a continuation of the clause <i>cum et verba</i>. The +use and disuse of words is a matter of fashion: <i>and moreover</i> +their value depends on their proper employment.—The commentators, +except Krüger (3rd ed.), explain this as part of the clause <i>ut +quorum</i>, &c., the demonstr. taking the place of the relative, as +not infrequently with double relative clauses in Cicero: Orat. §9 quam +intuens in eaque defixus: de Fin. i. 12, 42 quod ipsum nullam ad aliam +rem, ad id autem res referuntur omnes (where see Madvig): ad Att. x. 16, +3: Brutus §258. Cp. Lucr. i. 718-21, and Munro’s note. But the context +is against this. See <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critII_sec13">Crit. +Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>proprie</b>: v. on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec9">1 §9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>collocata</b> here not much more than <i>adhibita</i>. In +themselves words are nothing: their effect depends entirely on their +appropriate use.</p> + +<p><b>et compositio</b>: i.e. and though, as to the arrangement (<i>et +compositio</i> corresponds to <i>et verba</i> above), it may owe its +effect in the original to the manner in which it has been adapted to the +sense (<i>rebus accommodata</i>), while moreover (cum ... tum) its charm +lies in its very variety. The art by which the <i>compositio</i> is +saved from monotony in the original is lost by the servile copyists of +particular extracts: they take no account of the fact that the style +ought to reflect the sense, and they forget that the motive for a +particular <i>compositio</i> in their original was the desire to produce +an agreeable effect by diversity of form.—See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critII_sec13">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapII_sec14" id = "chapII_sec14"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:14</span> +Quapropter exactissimo iudicio circa hanc partem studiorum examinanda +sunt omnia. Primum, quos imitemur: nam sunt plurimi qui similitudinem +pessimi cuiusque et corruptissimi concupierint: tum in ipsis quos +elegerimus, quid sit <i>ad</i> quod nos efficiendum comparemus.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec14" id = "commII_sec14"><b>§ 14.</b></a> +<b>exactissimo</b>: so <a href = "#chapVII_sec30">7 §30</a> +commentarii ita exacti = perfecti. In the sense of ‘perfectly finished’ +it is found Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 72: Ovid, Met. i. 405.</p> + +<p><b>circa</b>: v. on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec52">1 §52</a>.</p> + +<p><b>corruptissimi</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec16">§16</a> declinant +in peius, &c. The word is used of a vicious style, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec125">1 §125</a>.</p> + +<p><b>efficiendum</b> = effingendum, as <a href = +"#chapII_sec13">§13</a> above.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec15" id = "chapII_sec15"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:15</span> +Nam in magnis quoque auctoribus incidunt aliqua vitiosa et a doctis +inter ipsos etiam mutuo reprehensa; +<span class = "pagenum">129</span> +atque utinam tam bona imitantes dicerent melius quam mala peius dicunt. +Nec vero saltem iis quibus ad evitanda vitia iudicii satis fuit +sufficiat imaginem virtutis effingere et solam, ut sic dixerim, cutem +vel potius illas Epicuri figuras, quas e summis corporibus dicit +effluere.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec15" id = "commII_sec15"><b>§ 15.</b></a> +<b>in ... auctoribus</b>. <i>In</i> is used for <i>apud</i> in speaking +of an author’s whole works or general characteristics, not of a +particular passage or a particular composition. So Hor. Sat. i. 10, 52: +Tu nihil in magno doctus reprendis Homero? <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec76">1 §76</a> tanta vis in eo +(Demosthene). For <i>apud</i> cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec39">1 §39</a> brevitas illa ... quae est +apud Livium in epistula ad filium scripta.—The same warning is +given <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec24">1 §24</a> Neque id +statim legenti persuasum sit, omnia quae optimi auctores dixerint utique +esse perfecta.</p> + +<p><b>a doctis</b>, ‘by competent critics’: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec97">1 §97</a> qui esse docti adfectant: +viii. 3, 2 in ceteris iudicium doctorum, in hoc vero etiam popularem +laudem petit: xii. 10, 72 tum laudem quoque, nec doctorum modo sed etiam +vulgi consequatur: ib. 1 §20: 9 §4: 10 §50.</p> + +<p><b>inter ipsos</b> is to be referred to <i>in magnis auctoribus</i>, +not to <i>a doctis</i>: hence the comma.—<i>Inter ipsos</i> would +have been <i>inter se</i> if the word to which the pronoun refers had +been nom. or acc. Cp. 1, 14 non semper enim haec inter se idem faciunt: +Cic. de Off. i. §50 conciliat inter se homines. But societas hominum +inter ipsos, Cic. de Off. i. §20: quam sancta est societas civium inter +ipsos, Leg. ii. 7: latissime patens hominibus inter ipsos ... societas +haec est, de Off. i. §51. Cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec23">§23</a> below. +On the other hand we have multa sunt civibus inter se communia, de Off. +i. §53: communia esse amicorum inter se omnia, Ter. Ad. v. +3, 18.</p> + +<p><b>mutuo</b>, only here in Quintilian: he frequently uses +<i>invicem</i>. Liv. viii. 24, 6 cum interclusissent trifariam a mutuo +inter se auxilio.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">129</span> +<p><b>mutuo reprehensa</b>. Cp. the reference to the letters of Calvus +and Brutus to Cicero, Tac. Dial. 18 ex quibus facile est deprehendere +Calvum quidem Ciceroni visum exsanguem et attritum, Brutum autem otiosum +atque diiunctum; rursusque Ciceronem a Calvo quidem male audisse tanquam +solutum et enervem, a Bruto autem, ut ipsius verbis utar, tanquam +fractum atque elumbem.—For the position of <b>tam</b>, cp. on <a +href = "#chapVII_sec27">7 §27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mala</b> (sc. <b>imitantes</b>) <b>peius</b>, as in the case of +Seneca’s imitators: placebat propter sola vitia et ad ea se quisque +dirigebat effingenda quae poterat: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec127">1 §127</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nec ... saltem</b>. <i>Saltem</i> with a negative is used by +Quintilian in the sense of <i>ne ... quidem</i>, standing sometimes +before, sometimes after the word to which it applies: here with +<i>sufficiat</i>. Cp. i. 1, 24 Neque enim mihi illud saltem placet quod +fieri in plurimis video: <a href = "#chapVII_sec20">7 §20</a> below +ut non breve saltem tempus sumamus, &c.: v. 1, 4 neque enim de +omnibus causis dicere quisquam potest saltem praeteritis, ut taceam de +futuris: xii. 11, 11 ut ipsum iter neque impervium neque saltem durum +putent.</p> + +<p><b>ut sic dixerim</b>, for the more classical ‘ut ita dicam’: cp. <a +href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec6">1 §§6</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec77">77</a>. So Tac. Ann. xiv. 53, 14: Dial. +34, 8: 40, 19: ut ita dixerim Agr. 3, 13. See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critII_sec15">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Epicuri figuras</b>. The reference is to the theory of <span class += "greek" title = "eidôla">εἴδωλα</span> first adopted to explain +sensation by Democritus, and afterwards developed by Epicurus. Cp. Plut. +de Pl. Phil. iv. 8 <span class = "greek" title = "Leukippos kai Dêmokritos tên aisthêsin kai tên noêsin gignesthai eidôlôn exôthen prosiontôn">Λεύκιππος καὶ Δημόκριτος τὴν αἴσθησιν καὶ τὴν νόησιν +γίγνεσθαι εἰδώλων ἔξωθεν προσιόντων</span>. See Ritter and Preller §155 sq. Cp. Lucret. iv. 42 sq. Dico igitur +rerum effigias tenuesque figuras Mittier ab rebus summo de corpore +rerum, Quoi quasi membranae, vel cortex nominitandast, Quod speciem ac +formam similem gerit eius imago Cuiuscumque cluet de corpore fusa +vagari: cp. 157-8 Perpetuo fluere ut noscas e corpore summo Texturas +rerum tenues tenuesque figuras.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec16" id = "chapII_sec16"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:16</span> +Hoc autem his accidit qui non introspectis penitus virtutibus ad primum +se velut adspectum orationis aptarunt; et cum iis felicissime cessit +imitatio, verbis atque numeris sunt non multum differentes, vim dicendi +atque inventionis non adsequuntur, sed plerumque declinant in peius et +proxima virtutibus vitia comprehendunt fiuntque pro grandibus tumidi, +pressis exiles, fortibus temerarii, laetis corrupti, compositis +<span class = "pagenum">130</span> +exultantes, simplicibus neglegentes.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec16" id = "commII_sec16"><b>§ 16.</b></a> +<b>numeris</b>, ‘rhythm’: cp. compositio <a href = +"#chapII_sec13">§13</a>, and <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec79">1 §79</a>. Numeros <span class = +"greek" title = "rhuthmous">ῥυθμούς</span> accipi volo ix. +4, 45.</p> + +<p><b>sunt ... differentes</b>: a Greek construction.</p> + +<p><b>vim dicendi</b> <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec1">1 §1</a>: viii. pr. 30. Neither in +force of expression nor in power of thought do they come up to their +models.</p> + +<p><b>in peius</b>. Cp. i. 1, 5 bona facile mutantur in peius, i. 3, 1: +ii. 16, 2: Verg. Georg. i. 200 in peius ruere. See Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexlvii">p. xlvii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>proxima virtutibus vitia</b>. Cp. Hor. A. P. 25-28 Decipimur +specie recti: brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio; sectantem levia nervi +Deficiunt animique; professus grandia turget; Serpit humi tutus nimium +timidusque procellae. Below (32-37) Quintilian draws the moral that +knowledge is necessary in order to avoid a fault, otherwise the opposite +fault may be committed. With ‘specie recti’ in Horace cp. Quint. viii. +3, 56 <span class = "greek" title = "Kakozêlon">Κακόζηλον</span>, id est +mala adfectatio, per omne dicendi genus peccat: nam et tumida et pusilla +et praedulcia et abundantia et arcessita et exultantia sub idem nomen +cadunt. Denique cacozelon vocatur quidquid est ultra virtutem, quotiens +ingenium iudicio caret et specie boni fallitur, omnium in eloquentia +vitiorum pessimum.</p> + +<p><b>comprehendunt</b>: a rare use. See on <a href = +"#chapII_sec3">§3</a> adprehenditur. Cp. Cic. pro Balb. §3 omnes animo +virtutes penitus comprehendere.</p> + +<p><b>pro grandibus tumidi</b>: so grandia non tumida xii. 10, 80: +professus grandia turget Hor. l.c.</p> + +<p><b>pressis</b>, ‘concise,’ ‘chaste,’ <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec46">§46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>exiles</b>, ‘bald.’ Cp. Cic. Brut. §202 Sed cavenda est presso +illi oratori inopia +<span class = "pagenum comm">130</span> +et ieiunitas, amplo autem inflatum et corruptum orationis genus.</p> + +<p><b>fortibus temerarii</b>: strength of style ought not to become +rashness. Cp. iii. 7, 25 pro temerario fortem ... vocemus: ii. 12, 4 est +praeterea quaedam virtutum vitiorumque vicinia qua maledicus pro libero, +temerarius pro forti, effusus pro copioso accipitur: ii. 12, 11 vim +appellant quae est potius violentia.</p> + +<p><b>laetis corrupti</b>: xii. 10, 80 laeta non luxuriosa. Wealth of +style ought not to degenerate into extravagance. For <i>laetus</i> cp. +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec46">1 §46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>compositis exultantes</b>: lit. ‘bounding instead of measured’: +cp. exultantia coercere <a href = "#chapIV_sec1">4 §1</a>, where +see note. For <i>compositis</i> v. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>: for <i>exultantes</i> cp. +ix. 4, 28 quaedam transgressiones ... sunt etiam compositione vitiosae +quae in hoc ipsum petuntur ut exultent atque lasciviant quales illae +Maecenatis: Sole et aurora rubent plurima, &c., ibid. §142, where +<i>saltare</i> is used of this style, in which the excessive care +bestowed on the arrangement (<i>compositio</i>) degenerates into +affectation. See <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critII_sec16">Crit. +Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>simplicibus neglegentes</b>: Cicero, de Inv. i. 21, 30 opposes +dilucide et ornate ... to obscure et neglegenter. <i>Neglegentes</i> +implies contempt for as well as absence of ornament, almost +‘slovenliness.’</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec17" id = "chapII_sec17"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:17</span> +Ideoque qui horride atque incomposite quidlibet illud frigidum et inane +extulerunt, antiquis se pares credunt; qui carent cultu atque +sententiis, Attici sunt scilicet; qui praecisis conclusionibus obscuri, +Sallustium +<span class = "pagenum">131</span> +atque Thucydiden superant; tristes ac ieiuni Pollionem aemulantur; +otiosi et supini, si quid modo longius circumduxerunt, iurant ita +Ciceronem locuturum fuisse.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec17" id = "commII_sec17"><b>§ 17.</b></a> +<b>horride atque incomposite</b>: horride inculteque Cic. Orat. 28: cp. +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec66">1 §66</a> rudis in +plerisque et incompositus (Aeschylus): Tac. Dial. 18 sunt enim horridi +et impoliti et rudes et informes. <i>Horridus</i> is the opposite of +<i>nitidus</i>: Cic. de Orat. iii. 51: de Legg. i. 2, 6: Brutus §§68, +83, 117, 238, 268.</p> + +<p><b>quidlibet illud frigidum et inane</b>. As the expression +<i>horride atque incomposite</i> denotes the unpleasing form, so this +phrase (cp. frigida et inanis adfectatio ix. 3, 74) stigmatises the +tasteless and vapid substance of the incompetent imitators (Hor. Ep. i. +19, 19 O imitatores, servum pecus): tr. ‘writers who have come out +with their favourite platitudes and inanities.’ There is something +deictic about <i>illud</i>. Becher compares ix. 2, 94 postulandum est ut +<i>nescio quid illud</i> quod adversarii obliquis sententiis significare +voluerint obiciant palam: i. 3, 4 hi sunt qui ... quicquid illud possunt +statim ostendunt: Liv. ix. 3, 13 vivet semper in pectoribus illorum +quidquid istud praesens necessitas inusserit. Cp. xii. 6, 2: vi. pr. §3 +(quidquid hoc est in me), and often <i>ipsum illud</i>, <i>hoc illud</i> +(e.g. Liv. praef. 10): Liv. i. 29, 3 domos suas ultimum illud +visuri.</p> + +<p><b>extulerunt</b>. The commentators explain as = dicendo extulerunt: +cp. i. 5, 16: viii. 3, 40: and Cicero, Orat. §150. But it is more +probably the same use as we have in <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec109">1 §109</a>, viz. a metaphor from a +productive soil: cp. Cic. de Natur. Deor. ii. §86, and Brut. §16.</p> + +<p><b>antiquis</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec43">1 §43</a> quidam solos veteres +legendos putant: Tac. Dial. 20 tristem et impexam antiquitatem: 21 +sordes autem illae verborum et hians compositio et inconditi sensus +redolent antiquitatem: Quint. v. 14, 32 se antiquis per hoc similes +vocant. In the Dialogue, Aper (15-23) criticises excessive devotion to +antique models,—holding ‘vitio malignitatis humanae vetera semper +in laude, praesentia in fastidio esse.’</p> + +<p><b>cultu</b> = ornatu: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec124">1 §124</a>: See Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexliv">p. xliv</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sententiis</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec61">1 §61</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec90">§90</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec129">§129</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Attici</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>. See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critII_sec17">Crit. Notes</a>. Cp. xii. 10, 16 Et +antiqua quidem illa divisio inter Atticos atque Asianos fuit, cum hi +pressi et integri, contra inflati illi et inanes haberentur, in his +nihil superflueret, illis iudicium maxime ac modus deesset: ibid. 21 +quapropter mihi falli multum videntur qui solos esse Atticos credunt +tenues et lucidos et significantes, sed quadam eloquentiae frugalitate +contentos ac semper manum intra pallium continentes. Cp. Cic. de Opt. +Gen. Orat. §11: Brutus §284 sq.: Orator <a href = +"#chapII_sec28">§28</a> putant enim qui horride inculteque dicat, modo +id eleganter enucleateque faciat, eum solum Attice dicere. +<b>scilicet</b>, ironical.</p> + +<p><b>praecisis</b>. iv. 2, 47 neque mihi umquam tanta fuerit cura +brevitatis ut non ea quae credibilem faciunt expositionem inseri velim. +Simplex enim et undique praecisa non tam narratio vocari potest quam +confessio.</p> + +<p><b>conclusionibus</b>, the clauses that ‘round off’ the period: cp. +on concludit <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec106">1 §106</a>. +Anacoluths result in such a style from the omission of something +essential to the complete period.</p> + +<p><b>obscuri</b>. A similar cause of obscurity +<span class = "pagenum comm">131</span> +is noted viii. 2, 19 alii brevitatem aemulati necessaria quoque orationi +subtrahunt verba et, velut satis sit scire ipsos, quid dicere velint, +quantum ad alios pertineant, nihil putant referre. For the omission of +<i>sunt</i>, see Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagelv">p. lv</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sallustium</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec32">1 §32</a>, +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec102">§102</a>: iv. 2, 45 quare vitanda est etiam illa +Sallustiana (quamquam in ipso virtutis obtinet locum) brevitas et +abruptum sermonis genus.</p> + +<p><b>Thucydiden</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec73">1 §73</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tristes ac ieiuni</b>. The opposite would be <i>hilares et +copiosi</i>: viii. 3, 49 proinde quaedam hebes, sordida, ieiuna, tristis +(‘dreary’), ingrata, vilis oratio est. Quae vitia facillime fient +manifesta contrariis virtutibus. Nam primum acuto, secundum nitido, +tertium copioso, deinceps hilari, iucundo, accurato diversum est.</p> + +<p><b>Pollionem</b>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec113">1 §113</a>. Cp. vi. 3, 110 de +Pollione Asinio seriis iocisque pariter accommodato dictum est, esse eum +omnium horarum.</p> + +<p><b>otiosi et supini</b>: ‘your easy-going drawler.’ For +<i>supinus</i> cp. <span class = "greek" title = "huptios">ὑπτιος</span> +in Dion. Hal. de Isocr. 15: de Dein. 8, &c. So supini securique xi. +3. 3: Iuv. 1, 66 multum referens de Maecenate supino: Martial ii. 6, 13 +nunquam deliciae supiniores: vi. 42, 22 Non attendis, et aure me supina +Iamdudum quasi negligenter audis. See Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexliii">p. xliii</a>. and <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexlvi">xlvi</a>.—For <i>otiosus</i>, see +on <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec76">1 §76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>circumduxerunt</b>: ix. 4, 124 cum sensus unus longiore ambitu +circumducitur.</p> + +<p><b>Ciceronem</b>: cp. lentus est in principiis, &c. Tac. Dial. +22.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec18" id = "chapII_sec18"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:18</span> +Noveram quosdam qui se pulchre expressisse genus illud caelestis huius +in dicendo viri sibi viderentur, si in clausula posuissent ‘esse +videatur.’ Ergo primum est ut quod imitaturus est quisque intellegat, et +quare bonum sit sciat.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec18" id = "commII_sec18"><b>§ 18.</b></a> +<b>se expressisse</b>. This unusual construction (after <i>sibi +viderentur</i> = persuasum haberent) may express intensity of +conviction: these imitators are thoroughly convinced of their own +excellence, whatever the opinion of others may be (<i>sibi</i>, sc. +<i>non</i> aliis). Cp. Cic. de Off. iii. §71 ea malitia quae volt ... +videri se esse prudentiam. The same construction occurs sometimes after +<i>mihi videtur</i> in the sense of <i>mihi placet</i>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec91">1 §91</a>: Cic. Tusc. v. 5, 12 Non +mihi videtur ad beate vivendum satis posse virtutem: Sall. Iug. 85, 2: +Livy xxxvi. 13, 9 quia videbatur et Limnaeum eodem tempore oppugnari +posse.</p> + +<p><b>caelestis</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec86">1 §86</a>.</p> + +<p><b>clausula</b>. Cicero gives minute directions for ending a period, +Orator. §215: cp. Quint. ix. 3, 45 and 77: iv. 62, 75, 96, &c.</p> + +<p><b>esse videatur</b>: Tac. Dial. 23 illud tertio quoque sensu in +omnibus orationibus pro sententia positum ‘esse videatur’: Quint, ix. 4, +73 esse videatur iam nimis frequens, octonarium inchoat. An instance +occurs below <a href = "#chapVII_sec29">7 §29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>primum est ut</b>: cp. rarum est ut <a href = +"#chapVII_sec24"><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘§7, 24’">7, §24</ins></a>. Zumpt §623.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapII_sec19" id = "chapII_sec19"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:19</span> +Tum in suscipiendo onere consulat suas vires. Nam quaedam sunt +imitabilia, quibus aut infirmitas naturae non sufficiat aut diversitas +repugnet. Ne, cui tenue ingenium erit, sola velit fortia et abrupta, cui +forte quidem, sed indomitum, amore subtilitatis +<span class = "pagenum">132</span> +et vim suam perdat et elegantiam quam cupit non persequatur; nihil est +enim tam indecens quam cum mollia dure fiunt.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec19" id = "commII_sec19"><b>§ 19.</b></a> +<b>consulat suas vires</b>. So Hor. A. P. 38 Sumite materiam +vestris, qui scribitis, aequam Viribus, et versate diu quid ferre +recusent, Quid valeant umeri. Cui lecta potenter erit res Nec facundia +deseret hunc nec lucidus ordo.</p> + +<p><b>imitabilia</b>: i.e. there are some things which are (in +themselves) fit patterns for imitation, but—then follows the +limitation (quibus c. subj.).</p> + +<p><b>tenue ingenium</b> = ability for the <i>tenue genus dicendi</i>, +for which see on <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>. +Cp. xii. 10, 35 nec rerum nimiam tenuitatem ... fortioribus ... verbis +miscebimus.</p> + +<p><b>fortia et abrupta</b>: a ‘bold and rugged style,’ the latter +quality being often associated with excessive brevity: iv. 2, 45 vitanda +est illa Sallustiana brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus.</p> + +<p><b>forte</b> (sc. ingenium): a talent for vigorous and energetic +diction. Cp. Cic. de +<span class = "pagenum comm">132</span> +Orat. ii. 183 non enim semper fortis oratio quaeritur, sed saepe +placida, summissa, lenis. So below <a href = "#chapII_sec23">§23</a> +‘lene ac remissum genus causarum’ is that which calls for ‘lene ac +remissum genus dicendi.’</p> + +<p><b>indomitum</b>: ‘violent,’ unbridled, unrestrained. In such a case +the <i>genus dicendi grande atque robustum</i> will be more appropriate +than the <i>genus subtile</i>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>. For the union of +<i>subtilitas</i> and <i>elegantia</i> cp. 1, 78 Lysias subtilis atque +elegans.</p> + +<p><b>et ... et</b>: not for <b>aut ... aut</b> as Bonnell-Meister, on +the ground that <b>et</b> is inconsistent with the negative. He loses +<i>vis</i> and fails to secure <i>elegantia</i> at one and the same +time. The construction occurs when the writer wishes to indicate that +the coincidence of the two should be guarded against: cp. Cic. ad Att. +iii. 7, 2 ne et meum maerorem exagitem et te in eundem luctum vocem: id. +xii. 40, 2: ad Fam. xi. 7, 2: de Off. i. 14, 42.</p> + +<p><b>mollia</b> = lenia, dulcia. He might have added, having regard to +what has gone before, <i>aut cum dura molliter</i>. Cp. Arist. Rhet. +iii. 7 <span class = "greek" title = "ean oun ta malaka sklêrôs kai ta sklêra malakôs legêtai apithanon gignetai">ἐὰν οὖν τὰ μαλακὰ σκληρῶς καὶ +τὰ σκληρὰ μαλακῶς λέγηται ἀπίθανον γίγνεται</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec20" id = "chapII_sec20"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:20</span> +Atque ego illi praeceptori quem institueram in libro secundo credidi non +ea sola docenda esse, ad quae quemque discipulorum natura compositum +videret; nam is et adiuvare debet quae in quoque eorum invenit bona, et, +quantum fieri potest, adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare; +rector enim est alienorum ingeniorum atque formator. Difficilius est +naturam suam fingere.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec20" id = "commII_sec20"><b>§ 20.</b></a> +<b>atque</b> has in transitions often the force of <i>atqui</i>. Tr. ‘To +be sure ... I expressed the belief that’ (<i>credidi</i>.)</p> + +<p><b>in libro secundo</b>: ch. 8, where he discusses the question, An +secundum sui quisque ingenii naturam docendus sit. The conclusion +arrived at there might seem inconsistent with what he is now saying, so +this paragraph is added to clear away the contradiction.—The +sequence of thought is as follows: the teacher must not confine himself +to what his pupils have a natural bent for. Besides developing latent +talent, he must ‘adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare’: for +his office is to mould the minds of others, and that is not so hard. It +is more difficult to form one’s own character. But he ought not to waste +his pains over what he finds repugnant to the mind of his pupils.</p> + +<p><b>compositum</b>: cp. ii. 8, 7.</p> + +<p><b>naturam suam fingere</b>: i.e. without the help and supervision of +a <i>praeceptor</i> to assist in applying such principles as are laid +down in <a href = "#chapII_sec19">§19</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec21" id = "chapII_sec21"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:21</span> +Sed ne ille quidem doctor, quamquam omnia quae recta sunt velit esse in +suis auditoribus quam plenissima, in eo tamen cui naturam obstare +viderit laborabit.</p> + +<p class = "maintext"> +Id quoque vitandum, in quo magna pars errat, ne in oratione poetas nobis +et historicos, in illis operibus oratores aut declamatores imitandos +putemus.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec21" id = "commII_sec21"><b>§ 21.</b></a> +<b>quamquam</b>: v. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec33">1 §33</a> and <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec96">§96</a>: <a href = +"#chapVII_sec17">7 §17</a> below.</p> + +<p><b>in illis operibus</b>, sc. in poesi et historia: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec31">1 §31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>declamatores</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec71">1 §71</a>.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "null"> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec22" id = "chapII_sec22"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:22</span> +Sua cuique proposito lex, suus decor est: nec comoedia in cothurnos +adsurgit, nec contra +<span class = "pagenum">133</span> +tragoedia socco ingreditur. Habet tamen omnis eloquentia aliquid +commune: id imitemur quod commune est.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec22" id = "commII_sec22"><b>§ 22.</b></a> +<b>proposito</b>, i.e. officio poetarum, historicorum, oratorum: cp. ix. +4, 19: xi. 1, 33. See <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critII_sec22">Crit. +Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>decor</b>, ‘appropriate character’: v. on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec27">1 §27</a>. Quintilian seems to have +in view here the passage in Ars Poetica (86-118) where Horace insists on +the necessity for maintaining proper tone and style. Cp. esp. 86 +Descriptas servare vices operumque colores, and 92 Singula <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘quaeqae’">quaeque</ins> +<span class = "pagenum comm">133</span> +locum teneant sortita decentem. Cp. also Cicero, de Opt. Gen. Oratorum +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec1">1 §1</a> Itaque et in +tragoedia comicum vitiosum est, et in comoedia turpe tragicum: et in +ceteris suus est cuique sonus et quaedam intellegentibus vox.</p> + +<p><b>cothurnos ... socco</b>. Hor. A. P. 89-91 Versibus exponi tragicis +res comica non vult; Indignatur item privatis ac prope socco Dignis +carminibus narrari cena Thyestae. In line 80 he contrasts the +<i>soccus</i> (<span class = "greek" title = "krêpis">κρηπίς</span>) or +‘slipper’ of comedy with the <i>grandes cothurni</i> (‘buskins’) of +tragedy. Cp. Milton’s ‘the buskin’d stage,’ and ‘If Jonson’s learned +sock be on.’ Bombast must be avoided in comedy, though Interdum tamen et +vocem comoedia tollit, Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore +(A. P. 93): and tragedy on the other hand should soar above the +tone suited to the affairs of daily life (cp. 95 sq.).—For +<b>adsurgit</b> cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec52">1 §52</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nec ... nec contra</b>: iv. 1, 60 Nec argumentis autem nec locis +nec narrationi similis esse in prooemio debet oratio, neque tamen +deducta semper atque circumlita, &c.</p> + +<p><b>habet tamen</b>, i.e. notwithstanding the rules appropriate to +each department (lex cuique proposita).</p> + +<p><b>omnis eloquentia</b>. For this wide use of the word cp. Tac. +Dial. x. Ego vero omnem eloquentiam omnesque eius partes sacras et +venerabiles puto: nec solum cothurnum vestrum aut heroici carminis +sonum, sed lyricorum quoque iucunditatem et elegorum lascivias et +iamborum amaritudinem et epigrammatum lusus et quamcumque aliam speciem +eloquentia habeat, anteponendam ceteris aliarum artium studiis credo. +For <i>oratoria eloquentia</i> on the other hand see cap. vi. and +<i>passim</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapII_sec23" id = "chapII_sec23"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:23</span> +Etiam hoc solet incommodi accidere iis qui se uni alicui generi +dediderunt, ut, si asperitas iis placuit alicuius, hanc etiam in leni ac +remisso causarum genere non exuant; si tenuitas aut iucunditas, in +asperis gravibusque causis ponderi rerum parum respondeant: +<span class = "pagenum">134</span> +cum sit diversa non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio, sed in singulis +etiam causis partium, sintque alia leniter alia aspere, alia concitate +alia remisse, alia docendi alia movendi gratia dicenda; quorum omnium +dissimilis atque diversa inter se ratio est.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec23" id = "commII_sec23"><b>§ 23.</b></a> +<b>uni alicui</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec24">§24</a> below, also in +reverse order <a href = "#chapVII_sec16">7 §16</a> aliquam rem +unam. It is used as the singular of <i>singuli</i>.</p> + +<p><b>asperitas</b>, ‘passion,’ opp. to <i>lenitas</i> and +<i>aequabilitas</i>. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. 64 genus orationis fusum +atque tractum (‘easy and flowing’) et cum lenitate quadam aequabili +profluens sine hac iudiciali asperitate et sine sententiarum forensibus +aculeis: Quint. i. 8, 11 forensi asperitate: cp. <a href = +"#chapV_sec14">5 §14</a> below. The same antithesis is given in +other words Orat. §53 Elaborant alii in lenitate et aequabilitate et +puro quasi quodam et candido genere dicendi; ecce aliqui duritatem et +severitatem quandam in verbis et orationis quasi maestitiam sequuntur. +Cp. de Orat. iii. 7, 28 Gravitatem Africanus, lenitatem Laelius, +asperitatem Galba, profluens quiddam habuit Carbo et canorum.</p> + +<p><b>alicuius</b>, ‘some particular author’: for the use of the full +form in a conditional clause, whereby the pronoun receives emphasis, cp. +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec22">1 §22</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec130">§130</a>: <a href = +"#chapVI_sec5">6 §5</a>: <a href = "#chapVII_sec2">7 §2</a>, +<a href = "#chapVII_sec15">§15</a>, <a href = +"#chapVII_sec16">§16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>leni ac remisso</b>, cp. on forte (sc. ingenium) <a href = +"#chapII_sec19">§19</a>, above. So Brutus §317 Cotta et Hortensius, +quorum alter remissus et lenis et propriis verbis comprehendens solute +et facile sententiam, alter ornatus, acer, ... verborum et actionis +genere commotior: de Orat. ii. 95 dicendi molliora ac remissiora +genera.</p> + +<p><b>tenuitas</b>: like subtilitas in <a href = "#chapII_sec19">§19</a> +above, amore subtilitatis vim suam perdat: cp. 12, 2, 13 sectas ad +tenuitatem suam vires ipsa subtilitate consumet. In conjunction with +<i>iucunditas</i> (cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec46">1 §§46</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec64">64</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec82">82</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec96">96</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec101">101</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec113">113</a>) it is certainly not used in a +depreciatory sense, though it always implies the absence of all attempt +at embellishment. Ernesti (Clav. Cic.) says: corporis est +<i>tenuitas</i>, cum sucus ei et carnis copia deest, cum sit sanum: unde +ad dicendi genus subtile transfertur, quod sine vitiis est, <i>sed et +sine ornamentis</i>. Tr. ‘simplicity,’ ‘naturalness’: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>. Perhaps <i>tenuitas</i> +and <i>iucunditas</i> together might be rendered ‘artless grace,’ which +does not suffice where <i>gravitas</i> or even <i>asperitas</i> +orationis is called for. See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critII_sec23">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>asperis</b>: ‘exciting’ causes, i.e. such as arouse passion, so +that the speaker cannot be <i>lenis ac remissus</i>, ‘smooth and +unimpassioned.’</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">134</span> +<p><b>cum sit</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec13">§13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>diversa ... diversa</b>: an instance of negligent repetition, of +which we have another in <i>uni alicui</i> immediately following. Cp. <a +href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec8">1 §§8</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec9">9</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec23">23</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec25">25</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec26">26</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec28">28</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec29">29</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec42">42</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec80">80</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec94">94</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec116">116</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec126">126</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec131">131</a>: <a href = +"#chapII_sec11">2 §§11-13</a>, <a href = "#chapII_sec24">24</a>: <a +href = "#chapIII_sec7">3 §§7</a>, <a href = +"#chapIII_sec21">21</a>: <a href = "#chapV_sec6">5 §§6</a>, <a href += "#chapV_sec7">7</a>: <a href = "#chapVI_sec7">6 §7</a>: <a href = +"#chapVII_sec7">7 §§7</a>, <a href = "#chapVII_sec30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>inter ipsas</b>, <a href = "#chapII_sec15">§15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>docendi ... movendi</b>, cp. xii. 10, 58 quoted on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec24" id = "chapII_sec24"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:24</span> +Itaque ne hoc quidem suaserim, uni se alicui proprie, quem per omnia +sequatur, addicere. Longe perfectissimus Graecorum Demosthenes, aliquid +tamen aliquo in loco melius alii, plurima ille. Sed non qui maxime +imitandus, et solus imitandus est.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec24" id = "commII_sec24"><b>§ 24.</b></a> +<b>suaserim ... se addicere</b>: for the infinitive cp. Cic. de Orat. i. +§251; Zumpt 616.</p> + +<p><b>sequatur</b>: the subj. is to be supplied from the indefinite +pronoun (sc. aliquem) understood before <i>addicere</i>. Cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec7">1 §7</a>: ii. 15, 12 primum esse ... +ducere in id quod velit: 16, 19 in quae velit ducere. For this use of +<i>sequi</i> cp. <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec28">1 §28</a>: +<a href = "#chapII_sec7">2 §7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>longe perfectissimus</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec39">1 §§39</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec105">105</a>.</p> + +<p><b>melius</b>. The same ellipse of the verb is repeated below <a href += "#chapIII_sec25">3 §25</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec25" id = "chapII_sec25"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:25</span> +Quid ergo? non est satis omnia sic dicere quo modo M. Tullius +dixit? Mihi quidem satis esset, si omnia consequi possem: quid tamen +noceret vim Caesaris, asperitatem Caeli, diligentiam Pollionis, iudicium +Calvi quibusdam in locis adsumere?</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec25" id = "commII_sec25"><b>§ 25.</b></a> +<b>non est</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec56">1 §56</a>.</p> + +<p><b>M. Tullius</b>; for Quintilian’s reverence for Cicero see <a href += "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec39">1 §39</a> and <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec105">§105</a> sq.</p> + +<p><b>quid tamen noceret</b> should be taken in connection with the +foregoing. The meaning is, ‘yet even if I <i>could</i> rival Cicero in +every respect, what harm would it do?’ etc. The impf. is motived by the +preceding <i>si possem</i>,—an unrealisable supposition.</p> + +<p><b>vim Caesaris</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec114">1 §114</a>. Cp. i. 7, 34 vim +Caesaris fregerunt editi de analogia libri?</p> + +<p><b>asperitatem Caeli</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec115">1 §115</a>. For an example see iv. +2, 123. For ‘asperitatem’ Eussner proposes <i>acerbitatem</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pollionis</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec113">1 §113</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Calvi</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec115">1 §115</a>. A similar +enumeration is given, xii. 10, 11, vim Caesaris, indolem Caeli, +subtilitatem Calidi, diligentiam Pollionis, dignitatem Messallae, +sanctitatem Calvi, gravitatem Bruti, acumen Sulpici, acerbitatem +Cassi.</p> + +<p><b>adsumere</b>: as <a href = "#chapII_sec27">§27</a> utilitatis +gratia adsumpta; not as <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec121">1 §121</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec26" id = "chapII_sec26"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:26</span> +Nam praeter id quod prudentis est quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, +suum facere, tum in tanta rei difficultate unum intuentes vix aliqua +pars sequitur. Ideoque cum totum exprimere quem elegeris paene sit +homini inconcessum, plurium bona ponamus ante oculos, ut aliud ex alio +haereat, et quo quidque loco conveniat aptemus.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">135</span> +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec26" id = "commII_sec26"><b>§ 26.</b></a> +<b>praeter id quod</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec28">1 §28</a>: cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec6">3 §6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tum</b>, as if the sentence had opened with <i>Nam primum</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vix ... sequitur</b>: ‘some element, or quality, is realised with +difficulty, if we look only at one model.’ <i>Vix aliqui</i> gives +prominence to the affirmative, and so differs from <i>vix quisquam</i>: +it is achieved but with difficulty. For <b>aliqua</b> cp. <a href = +"#chapVII_sec16">7 §16</a>. <i>Sequitur</i> here = +<i>contingit</i>. See on <a href = "#chapII_sec27">§27</a>: and cp. xi. +2, 39, quod meae quoque memoriae infirmitatem sequebatur.</p> + +<p><b>aliud ex alio</b>: sc. scriptore.</p> + +<p><b>haereat</b>: sc. in animo legentis. Cp. Hor. A. P. 195 quod +non proposito conducat et haereat apte.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">135</span> + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapII_sec27" id = "chapII_sec27"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:27</span> +Imitatio autem (nam saepius idem dicam) non sit tantum in verbis. Illuc +intendenda mens, quantum fuerit illis viris decoris in rebus atque +personis, quod consilium, quae dispositio, quam omnia, etiam quae +delectationi videantur data, ad victoriam spectent; quid agatur +prooemio, quae ratio et quam varia narrandi, quae vis probandi ac +refellendi, quanta in adfectibus omnis generis movendis scientia, +quamque laus ipsa popularis utilitatis gratia adsumpta, quae tum est +pulcherrima, cum sequitur, non cum arcessitur. Haec si perviderimus, tum +vere imitabimur.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec27" id = "commII_sec27"><b>§ 27.</b></a> +<b>saepius</b>: <a href = "#chapII_sec12">§§12-13</a>: <a href = +"#chapII_sec16">§16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>non sit</b>: cp. non putemus <a href = +"#chapIII_sec16">3 §16</a>: ibid. <a href = "#chapIII_sec5">§5</a>. +(Cp. also utinam non inquinasset <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec100">1 §100</a>.) Cic. pro Cluent. §155 a +legibus non recedamus: Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 91 non etiam sileas. Draeger, +Hist. Synt. 1, 312 speaks of the usage as a stronger negation than +<i>ne</i>. Nettleship on Aen. 12, 78 says that non is used ‘if a +particular part of the sentence is to be emphasized.’ Kr.<sup>3</sup> +suggests that <i>non</i> should be taken with <i>tantum</i>.—See +Introd. <a href = "QuintIntro.html#intro_pagelii">p. lii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>delectationi ... data</b>: xii. 10, 45 atque id fecisse +M. Tullium video, ut cum plurimum utilitati, turn partem quandam +delectationi daret.</p> + +<p><b>ad victoriam</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec29">1 §29</a> ad victoriam niti: ii. 4, +32: v. 12, 22: xii. 10, 48.</p> + +<p><b>prooemio, narrandi, probandi, refellendi, adfectibus movendis</b> +give the five essential parts of a judicial speech (iii. 9, 1); the +introduction, the narrative, the proof, the refutation, and the closing +appeal (epilogus, peroratio).</p> + +<p><b>laus popularis</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec17">1 §17</a> laudantium clamor: +referring to the crowd surrounding the tribunal. Tac. Dial. vi. coire +populum et circumfundi coronam et accipere adfectum quemcumque orator +induerit. In viii. 3, 2 Quintilian opposes to <i>laus popularis</i>, +<i>iudicium doctorum</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adsumpta</b> (sit): ‘how popular applause itself has been worked +in,’ made useful for winning the case.</p> + +<p><b>cum sequitur</b>, ‘when it is given spontaneously, not courted.’ +So viii. prooem. 18 decoris qui est in dicendo mea quidem sententia +pulcherrimus, sed cum sequitur, non cum adfectatur. Cp. Sall. Cat. 54 ad +fin.: quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis illum sequebatur: +ibid. 3. Plin. Epist. i. 8, 14 sequi enim gloria non adpeti debet, +nec si casu aliquo non sequatur, idcirco quod gloriam meruit minus +pulchrum est.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapII_sec28" id = "chapII_sec28"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">II:28</span> +Qui vero etiam propria his bona adiecerit, ut suppleat quae deerunt, +circumcidat si quid redundabit, is erit, quem quaerimus, perfectus +orator; quem nunc consummari potissimum oporteat, cum tanto plura +exempla bene dicendi supersunt quam illis qui adhuc summi sunt +contigerunt. Nam erit haec quoque laus eorum, ut priores superasse, +posteros docuisse dicantur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commII_sec28" id = "commII_sec28"><b>§ 28.</b></a> +<b>perfectus orator</b>: see on <a href = "#chapII_sec9">§9</a> quomodo +sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum?</p> + +<p><b>quem ... consummari</b>. If <i>quem</i> can be referred only to +<i>orator</i> in what immediately precedes (and not to <i>perfectus +orator</i>) the inf. need not mean anything more than ‘perfectum fieri.’ +This is Becher’s view (Quaest. Quint. p. 19) adopted by Krüger (3rd +ed.). But ‘<i>perfectus orator</i>’ forms so much a single idea here +that it seems more probable that <i>quem</i> covers both the noun and +the adj. In so loose a writer as Quintilian no difficulty need be felt +about <i>consummari</i>, though the editors think it necessary to assume +that, with the infin., <i>perfectus</i> is proleptic = oratorem +consummari ita ut perfectus fiat, comparing (with Krüger, 2nd ed.) +Demosth. <span class = "greek" title = "megas ek mikrou ho Philippos êuxêtai">μέγας ἐκ μικροῦ ὁ Φίλιππος ηὔξηται</span>. See <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec122">1 §122</a> on +<i>consummatus</i>.</p> + +<p><b>oporteat</b>: see <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critII_sec28">Crit. +Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>eorum</b>: sc. qui adhuc summi sunt,—those who have hitherto +been (and are) pre-eminent.</p> +</div> + +</div> <!-- text --> + +<div class = "argument"> + +<h5><a name = "arg_chapIII" id = "arg_chapIII"> +CHAPTER III.</a><br> +<span class = "subhead"> +How to Write.</span></h5> + +<p><a href = "#chapIII_sec1">§§ 1-4.</a> +<i>Introductory to the three chapters on Writing: chs. iii. and iv. +treating of the manner of writing</i> (quomodo), <i>and ch. v. of the +matter and form of writing</i> (quae maxime scribi oporteat §4). The pen +is the best teacher: write much and carefully. Writing is a fundamental +part of the orator’s training.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapIII_sec5">§§ 5-18.</a> +As to the manner of writing, it should at first be deliberate and slow, +with careful attention alike to subject-matter, language, and the +arrangement of words and phrases. And the whole must be subjected to +careful revision, especially if it is written in a glow, as it were, of +inspiration. ‘Write quickly, and you will never write well; write well, +and in time you will write quickly.’ In the case of the orator it is +advisable gradually to accelerate the pace: he will never be able to +overtake his professional duties unless he gets rid of the habit of +carping self-criticism. Story of Iulius Florus. Judgment is also +necessary, as well as practice, if we are to write naturally and clearly +in any given circumstances. The +<span class = "pagenum">7</span> +evil results of hasty composition can seldom be undone even by much +verbal correction. Your work should be done with so much care from the +first that it may need only to be filed and chiselled, not recast.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapIII_sec19">§§ 19-27.</a> +Condemnation of the fashionable practice of dictating to an amanuensis. +He who writes for himself, no matter how rapidly, takes time to think; +but your scribe hurries you on, while shame forbids you to pause. Such +compositions reflect neither a writer’s care nor a speaker’s animation: +your one idea is to ‘keep going.’ Besides, an awkward scribe will check +the current of your thoughts. And how absurd it is to have him looking +on at the gestures which often accompany and stimulate the process of +cogitation! On the other hand, while silence and solitude are helpful, +rural seclusion and attractive scenery cannot be said to favour +concentration: closed doors are better. Night hours are the best, but +only in moderation.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapIII_sec28">§§ 28-30.</a> +But solitude cannot always be secured: those who cannot command it must +habituate themselves to rise superior to every distraction. They who +only study when in the humour will never want an excuse for idleness. It +is possible to think, and to prepare for debate, in a crowd, on a jury, +and even amid the noise and confusion of the law-courts.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapIII_sec31">§§ 31-33.</a> +The proper writing materials: wax-tablets to be preferred to parchment. +Write on one side only, and leave the other for additions and +corrections.</p> + +</div> <!--argument --> + +<div class = "text"> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">136</span> +<span class = "pagenum">136</span> +<h5><a name = "chapIII" id = "chapIII"> +Quo modo scribendum sit.</a></h5> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec1" id = "chapIII_sec1"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:1</span> +III. Et haec quidem auxilia extrinsecus adhibentur; in iis autem quae +nobis ipsis paranda sunt, ut laboris, sic utilitatis etiam longe +plurimum adfert stilus. Nec immerito M. Tullius hunc ‘optimum +effectorem ac magistrum dicendi’ vocat, cui sententiae personam +L. Crassi in disputationibus quae sunt de oratore adsignando, +iudicium suum cum illius auctoritate coniunxit.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec1" id = "commIII_sec1"><b>§ 1.</b></a> +<b>nobis ipsis</b> opp. to <i>extrinsecus</i>: what <i>we</i> must +provide for <i>ourselves</i>, by our own gifts and industry. There is, +however, much to be said for Gertz’s conjecture <i>e nobis ipsis</i>, +which gives a better antithesis to <i>extrinsecus</i>: cp. <a href = +"#chapV_sec10">5 §10</a> plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo +ex simplicissima quaque materia.</p> + +<p><b>stilus</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec2">1 §2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>M. Tullius</b>: de Orat. i. §150 caput autem est quod, ut vere +dicam, minime facimus; est enim magni laboris, quem plerique fugimus: +quam plurimum scribere. stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi +effector ac magister; neque iniuria: nam si subitam et fortuitam +orationem commentatio et cogitatio facile vincit, hanc ipsam profecto +adsidua ac diligens scriptura superabit: ibid. §257 stilus ille tuus, +quem tu vere dixisti perfectorem dicendi esse ac magistrum, multi +sudoris est. Cp. iii. §190: Brutus §96 artifex, ut ita dicam, stilus: ad +Fam. vii. 25, 2 is (stilus) est dicendi opifex.</p> + +<p><b>L. Crassi</b>. L. Licinius Crassus, <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 140-91, was the most illustrious of Roman +orators before Cicero, who in the De Oratore seems to make him the +mouthpiece of his own opinions. The other leading character in the +dialogue is <i>M. Antonius</i> (<span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 143-87), grandfather of the triumvir. For a +parallel estimate of the two see Brutus §143 sq.</p> + +<p><b>personam ... adsignando</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec71">1 §71</a> plures subire personas.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec2" id = "chapIII_sec2"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:2</span> +Scribendum ergo quam diligentissime et quam plurimum. Nam ut terra alte +refossa generandis alendisque seminibus fecundior fit, sic profectus non +a summo petitus studiorum fructus effundit uberius et fidelius continet. +Nam sine hac quidem conscientia ipsa illa ex tempore dicendi facultas +inanem +<span class = "pagenum">137</span> +modo loquacitatem dabit et verba in labris nascentia.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec2" id = "commIII_sec2"><b>§ 2.</b></a> +<b>alte refossa</b>: see <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critIII_sec2">Crit. +Notes</a>. The meaning is that just as deep ploughing produces heavy +crops, so progress that is not superficial (non a summo petitus) brings +forth fruit more abundantly and secures its permanence. For the figure +cp. i. 3, 5 non multum praestant, sed cito. Non subest vera vis nec +penitus immissis radicibus nititur, ut quae summo solo sparsa sunt +semina celerius se effundunt et imitatae spicas herbulae inanibus +aristis ante messem flavescunt. For <i>refodere</i> cp. Lucan, iv. 242 +tellure refossa: Plin. N. H. xix. 88 solo quam altissime +refosso.</p> + +<p><b>profectus</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapIII_sec15">§15</a> below, ad +profectum opus est studio: i. 3, 5 stat profectus (‘growth’). The word +does not occur in Cicero, though it is often used in the same sense by +Seneca: e.g. Ep. 71, 35-36, nemo profectum ibi invenit ubi reliquerat +... magna pars est profectus velle proficere: 100, 11 ad profectum omnia +tendunt. Quintilian frequently insists that it requires diligent and +constant practice: e.g. ii. 7, 1 cum profectus praecipue diligentia +constet.</p> + +<p><b>a summo</b>, i.e. from the surface, ‘superficial,’ as i. 3, 5 quae +summo solo sparsa sunt semina. The opposite is ‘verus ille profectus et +alte radicibus nixus,’ i. 1, 28. Cp. <a href = +"#chapII_sec15">2 §15</a>. Other instances of such expressions are +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec13">1 §13</a> ex proximo: <a +href = "#chapVII_sec7">7 §7</a> ad ultimum: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec10">§10</a> ex ultimo: <a href = +"#chapII_sec16">2 §16</a> in peius. See Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexlvii">p. xlvii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sine hac conscientia</b> = sine huius rei conscientia, i.e. +without the consciousness of diligent application in composition. In +such expressions (frequent with words like cura, metus, spes, timor) the +pronoun +<span class = "pagenum comm">137</span> +takes the place of a complementary genitive, suggested by what goes +before: cp. i. 10, 28 haec ei cura, &c.: and below <a href = +"#chapVII_sec19">7 §19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>verba in labris nascentia</b>. Cp. Sen. Ep. 10, 3 non a summis +labris ista venerunt; habent hae voces fundamentum.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec3" id = "chapIII_sec3"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:3</span> +Illic radices, illic fundamenta sunt, illic opes velut sanctiore quodam +aerario conditae, unde ad subitos quoque casus, cum res exiget, +proferantur. Vires faciamus ante omnia, quae sufficiant labori +certaminum et usu non exhauriantur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec3" id = "commIII_sec3"><b>§ 3.</b></a> +<b>illic</b> = stilo sive exercitatione scribendi.</p> + +<p><b>sanctiore ... aerario</b>. The reference is to the reserve +treasure (aerarium sanctius) that was never touched except in great +emergencies. It was kept in a vault in the Temple of Saturn. Caes. +B. C. i. 14, 1: Livy xxvii., 10, 11: Macrob. i. 8, 3: Lucan. Phars. +iii. 153 sq.</p> + +<p><b>certaminum</b>: so <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec4">1 §4</a> quo genere exercitationis ad +certamina praeparandus sit. Certamen = <span class = "greek" title = +"agôn">ἀγών</span>. Cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec31">1 §§31</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec106">106</a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>proferantur</b>: for the subj. (consecutive) cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec30">1 §30</a>: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec33">3 §33</a>: <a href = +"#chapV_sec10">5 §10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>et ... non</b>: not <i>neque</i>, as the negative really connects +only with the verb, while <i>et</i> serves simply to introduce +<i>usu</i>. Cp. <a href = "#chapVII_sec33">7 §33</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec4" id = "chapIII_sec4"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:4</span> +Nihil enim rerum ipsa natura voluit magnum effici cito, praeposuitque +pulcherrimo cuique operi difficultatem; quae nascendi quoque hanc +fecerit legem, ut maiora animalia diutius visceribus parentis +continerentur.</p> + +<p class = "maintext space"> +Sed cum sit duplex quaestio, quo modo et quae maxime scribi oporteat, +iam hinc ordinem sequar.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec4" id = "commIII_sec4"><b>§ 4.</b></a> +<b>rerum ipsa natura</b>: here of ‘nature’ as a creative agency: cp. <a +href = "#chapIII_sec26">§26</a> below: Munro on Lucretius i. 25.</p> + +<p><b>praeposuitque</b>. When it is clear from the context that there is +an opposition, sentences and words of opposite meanings are often +coupled (after a negative) not by a disjunctive but by a conjunctive +particle, as here: cp. Cic. de Off. i. §22 non nobis solum nati sumus +ortusque nostri partem patria vindicat partem amici: ibid. §86 neque +opes aut potentiam consectabitur totamque eam (rempublicam) sic tuebitur +ut omnibus consulat: Hor. Car. iii. 30, 6 Non omnis moriar, multaque +pars mei Vitabit Libitinam. In each instance, however, the positive +clause (que, et, atque) is an explanation of, rather than an antithesis +to, the negative: the opposition is formal rather than real.</p> + +<p><b>difficultatem</b>. Cp. Hor. Sat. i. 9, 59 Nil sine magno Vita +labore dedit mortalibus: Hesiod <span class = "greek" title = "erga kai hêmer.">ἔργα καὶ ἡμέρ.</span> 289 <span class = "greek" title = "tês d’ aretês hidrôta theoi proparoithen ethêkan">τῆς δ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ +προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν</span>: Soph. El. 945 <span class = "greek" title = +"ponou toi chôris ouden eutuchei">πόνου τοι χωρὶς οὐδὲν εὐτυχεῖ</span>, +&c. Frag. 364 <span class = "greek" title = "outoi poth’ hapsei tôn akrôn aneu ponou">οὔτοι ποθ᾽ ἅψει τῶν ἄκρων ἄνευ πόνου</span>: +Epicharmus in Xenoph. Mem. ii. 1, 20 <span class = "greek" title = "tôn ponôn pôlousin hêmin panta tagath’ hoi theoi">τῶν πόνων πωλοῦσιν ἡμῖν +πάντα τἀγάθ᾽ οἱ θεοί</span>.</p> + +<p><b>quae maxime</b>, v. ch. 5.</p> + +<p><b>iam hinc ordinem sequar</b>, i.e. ‘I shall now proceed to deal +with these questions in their order.’ And so follows <i>quomodo</i> in +chs. iii-iv, and <i>quae maxime scribi</i> oporteat in ch. v. The +phrase is parallel to iii. 6, 104 nunc, quia in tria genera causas +divisi, ordinem sequar: cp. ut ordinem sequar ix. 4, 33. In support +of Obrecht’s reading <i>hunc ordinem</i> Kiderlin (Blätter f. d. Bayer, +Gymn. 1888, pp. 84-5) urges that in the instances quoted for <i>iam +hinc</i> (ii. 11, 1, and iii. 1, 1: add viii. 3, 40 iam hinc igitur ad +rationem sermonis coniuncti transeamus, and <i>hinc iam</i> viii. pr. +14: ii. 4, 1) there is always a marked transition to a new subject, +whereas here the preceding subordinate clause (cum sit ... oporteat) +lays down the order that is afterwards followed.—But all that +<i>iam hinc</i> means here is simply that the writer will <i>now</i> +take the two questions he has proposed in the order stated.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec5" id = "chapIII_sec5"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:5</span> +Sit primo vel tardus dum +<span class = "pagenum">138</span> +diligens stilus, quaeramus optima nec protinus offerentibus se +gaudeamus, adhibeatur iudicium inventis, dispositio probatis; dilectus +enim rerum verborumque agendus est et pondera singulorum examinanda. +Post subeat ratio collocandi versenturque omni modo numeri, non ut +quodque se proferet verbum occupet locum.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec5" id = "commIII_sec5"><b>§ 5.</b></a> +<b>dum diligens</b>, <i>without a verb</i>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec94">1 §94</a> quamvis uno libro: Cic. +Acad. ii. §104 sequentes tantum modo quod ita visum sit, dum sine +adsensu: cp. Hirtius in Cic. ad Att. xv. 6, 3 dummodo diligentibus.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">138</span> +<p><b>optima</b>, i.e. both in thought and word.</p> + +<p><b>protinus</b> goes with <i>gaudeamus</i>, not with +<i>offerentibus</i>, which can stand by itself: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec2">1 §§2</a> and <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec42">42</a>. For <i>offerentibus</i> cp. on +<i>eminentibus</i> <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec86">1 §86</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dilectus ... agendus</b>. This may possibly be one of Quintilian’s +military figures: xii. 3, 5 dilectus agere (of an <i>imperator</i>); +Tac. Hist. ii. 16, 82, Agric. 7. But cp. also ii. 8, 7 studiorum +facere dilectum: Tac. Dial. 22 verbis delectum adhibuit: Cic. de Or. +iii. §150 in hoc verborum genere propriorum <i>delectus est habendus +quidam</i> atque in aurium quodam iudicio <i>ponderandus est</i>: de +Off. i. §149 habere dilectum civis et peregrini: ib. §49: de Fin. v. +§90: Brut. §253 verborum dilectum originem esse eloquentiae.</p> + +<p><b>ratio collocandi</b>. For this periphrastic constr. see Nägelsbach +§27 ad fin. (p. 130) and note on <i>vim dicendi</i> <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec1">1 §1</a>. Cp. Cic. ad Quint. Fr. i. 1, +6, 18 sed nescio quo pacto ad praecipiendi rationem delapsa est oratio +mea: pro Rosc. Amer. 1 §3 ignoscendi ratio ... de civitate sublata +est.—Dion. Hal. unites <span class = "greek" title = "eklogê tôn onomatôn">ἐκλογὴ τῶν ὀνομάτων</span> with <span class = "greek" title = +"sunthesis tôn eklegentôn">σύνθεσις τῶν ἐκλεγέντων</span>.</p> + +<p><b>numeri</b>: ix. 4, 45 numeros <span class = "greek" title = +"rhuthmous">ῥυθμούς</span> accipi volo. Cp. note on <a href = +"#chapII_sec16">2 §16</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec6" id = "chapIII_sec6"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:6</span> +Quae quidem ut diligentius exsequamur, repetenda saepius erunt +scriptorum proxima. Nam praeter id quod sic melius iunguntur prioribus +sequentia, calor quoque ille cogitationis, qui scribendi mora refrixit, +recipit ex integro vires et velut repetito spatio sumit impetum; quod in +certamine saliendi fieri videmus, ut conatum longius petant et ad illud +quo contenditur spatium cursu ferantur, utque in iaculando brachia +reducimus et expulsuri tela nervos retro tendimus.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec6" id = "commIII_sec6"><b>§ 6.</b></a> +<b>repetenda</b>: we must go back on what we have just written.</p> + +<p><b>praeter id quod</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec26">2 §26</a>, +and see note on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec28">1 §28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>repetito spatio</b>, i.e. ‘going back to take a spring,’ as is +shown by what follows. He passes from the figure involved in calor ... +refrixit, and anticipates the idea contained in the next clause: calor +... sumit impetum = calor ... denuo exardescit. Hild compares de Orat. +i. §153 for a similar figure: ut concitato navigio, cum remiges +inhibuerunt, retinet tamen ipsa navis motum et cursum suum intermisso +impetu pulsuque remorum, sic in oratione perpetua, cum scripta +deficiunt, parem tamen obtinet oratio reliqua cursum scriptorum +similitudine et vi concitata.</p> + +<p><b>quod ... videmus, ut</b>. For a similar instance of the use of the +pronoun to anticipate a dependent clause cp. <a href = +"#chapVII_sec11">7 §11</a>. The other two examples commonly given +are rather cases of pleonasm, viz. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec58">1 §58</a> and <a href = +"#chapV_sec18">5 §18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>conatum longius petant</b>: ‘take a longer run.’ Cp. repetito +spatio above.</p> + +<p><b>ad illud quo contenditur spatium</b>, i.e. jump the distance they +aim at covering. <i>Quo contenditur</i> = lit. to which their efforts +are directed.</p> + +<p><b>retro tendimus</b>. Cp. Verg. Aen. v. 500 Validis flexos incurvant +viribus arcus.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec7" id = "chapIII_sec7"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:7</span> +Interim tamen, si feret flatus, danda sunt vela, dum nos indulgentia +illa non +<span class = "pagenum">139</span> +fallat; omnia enim nostra dum nascuntur placent, alioqui nec +scriberentur. Sed redeamus ad iudicium et retractemus suspectam +facilitatem.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec7" id = "commIII_sec7"><b>§ 7.</b></a> +<b>interim</b> = interdum, v. on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec9">1 §9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>danda sunt vela</b>: ‘we must spread our sails before a favouring +breeze’ (cp. quo ventus ferebat Caes. B. G. iii. 15, 3). So +Ep. ad Tryph. §3 permittamus vela ventis et oram solventibus bene +precemur. The figure is frequent in Cicero: quocunque feremur danda +nimirum vela sunt Orat. §75: ad id unde aliquis flatus ostenditur vela +do (i.e. set my sails to catch the breeze from a particular quarter) de +Orat. ii. §187. So Martial (of Nerva’s modesty) Pieriam tenui frontem +redimire corona Contentus, famae nec dare vela suae viii. 70.</p> + +<p><b>dum ... non</b>, instead of <i>ne</i>, as sometimes +<span class = "pagenum comm">139</span> +in poetry. Here the negative attaches closely to the verb: cp. §3. So +xii. 10, §48 dum rem contineant et copia non redundent. Quintilian never +uses <i>dummodo</i>: only <i>dum</i>, or <i>modo</i>. Si modo (si +quidem), which Meister cites, is different: it expresses the limitation +of a hypothesis.</p> + +<p><b>dum nascuntur</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec16">1 §16</a> excipimusque nova illa +velut nascentia cum favore ac sollicitudine.</p> + +<p><b>nec</b> for <b>ne ... quidem</b>: ii. 13, 7 alioqui nec scriberem: +v. 10, 119 alioqui nec dixissem: ix. 2, 67 quod in foro non expedit, +illic nec liceat (not in Cicero). For other instances see Bonn. Lex. +<i>nec</i> η and <i>neque</i> ζ: Roby 2230b: Madvig de Finibus +pp. 816-822.</p> + +<p><b>facilitatem</b>: abstract for concrete = quae facilius scripta +sunt. Cp. initiis below, and <a href = "#chapII_sec2">2 §2</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec8" id = "chapIII_sec8"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:8</span> +Sic scripsisse Sallustium accepimus, et sane manifestus est etiam ex +opere ipso labor. Vergilium quoque paucissimos die composuisse versus +auctor est Varius.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec8" id = "commIII_sec8"><b>§ 8.</b></a> +<b>Sallustium</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec101">1 §101</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vergilium</b>: Aul. Gell. N. A. 17, 10 Dicere solitum ferunt +parere se versus more atque ritu ursino. Namque ut illa bestia fetum +ederet ineffigiatum informemque, lambendoque id postea, quod ita +edidisset, conformaret et fingeret; proinde ingenii quoque sui partes +recentes rudi esse facie et imperfecta, sed deinceps tractando +colendoque reddere iis se oris et vultus lineamenta. So too in the +Donatus Life of Vergil ix: Cum Georgica scriberet traditur cotidie +meditatos mane plurimos versus dictare solitus, ac per totum diem +retractando ad paucissimos redigere, non absurde carmen se ursae more +parere dicens et lambendo demum effingere.</p> + +<p><b>die</b>, for <i>in die</i>. Cp. Hor. Sat. ii. 1, 3 putat ... mille +die versus deduci posse: i. 4, 9 in hora saepe ducentos ... dictabat +versus. So bisque die Verg. Ecl. iii. 34: Cic. pro Rosc. Am. +46 §132 in anno: ad Fam. xv. 16, 1 in hora.</p> + +<p><b>Varius</b>, see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec98">1 §98</a>. His biographical sketch of +his lifelong friend was entitled De ingenio moribusque Vergilii. Aul. +Gell. (xvii. 10) speaks of the Amici familiaresque P. Vergilii in +eis quae de ingenio moribusque eius memoriae tradiderunt.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec9" id = "chapIII_sec9"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:9</span> +Oratoris quidem alia condicio est; itaque hanc moram et sollicitudinem +initiis impero. Nam primum hoc constituendum, hoc obtinendum est, ut +quam optime scribamus: celeritatem dabit consuetudo. Paulatim res +facilius se ostendent, verba respondebunt, compositio sequetur, cuncta +denique ut in familia bene instituta in officio erunt.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec9" id = "commIII_sec9"><b>§ 9.</b></a> +<b>sollicitudinem</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec20">1 §20</a> scribendi sollicitudinem: +and <a href = "#chapIII_sec20">§20</a>, below, scribentium curam.</p> + +<p><b>initiis</b> = incipientibus: cp. <a href = +"#chapII_sec2">2 §2</a>. So also ii. 4, 13 quatenus nullo magis +studia (= studiosi) quam spe gaudent.</p> + +<p><b>compositio</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec79">1 §79</a>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">§§44</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec46">46</a>. The three essentials are here +enumerated: thought (<i>res</i>), language (<i>verba</i>), arrangement +(<i>compositio</i>).</p> + +<p><b>in officio</b>: cp. viii. pr. §30 erunt in officio. As in a +well-ordered establishment, he says, everything will be found fulfilling +its proper function.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "null"> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec10" id = "chapIII_sec10"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:10</span> +Summa haec est rei: cito scribendo non fit ut bene scribatur, bene +scribendo fit ut cito. Sed tum maxime, cum facultas illa contigerit, +resistamus ut provideamus, efferentes +<span class = "pagenum">140</span> +<i>se</i> equos frenis quibusdam coerceamus; quod non tam moram faciet +quam novos impetus dabit. Neque enim rursus eos qui robur aliquod in +stilo fecerint ad infelicem calumniandi se poenam adligandos puto.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec10" id = "commIII_sec10"><b>§ 10.</b></a> +<b>summa haec</b>. ‘Write quickly and you will never write well: write +well and in time you will write quickly.’ The Greek rhetoricians are +said to have had a saying <span class = "greek" title = "ek tou legein to legein porizetai">ἐκ τοῦ λέγειν τὸ λέγειν πορίζεται</span>, on which +Cicero seems to make Crassus found a similar utterance de Orat. i. §150 +dicendo homines ut dicant efficere solere, ... perverse dicere homines +perverse dicendo facillime consequi.</p> + +<p><b>facultas illa</b>, sc. cito scribendi.</p> + +<p><b>resistamus</b>: ‘let us pause,’ ‘call a halt.’ Cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec19">§19</a>: <a href = "#chapVII_sec14">7 §14</a>: xi. +2, 46: 3, 121: ix. 3, 55. Cp. the use of <i>intersistere</i> ix. +4, 33.</p> + +<p><b>ut provideamus</b>: <a href = "#chapVI_sec6">6 §6</a> non +sollicitos +<span class = "pagenum comm">140</span> +et respicientes et una spe suspensos recordationis non sinant providere: +<a href = "#chapVII_sec10">7 §10</a> ut donec perveniamus ad finem +non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu: i. 12, 4 nonne alia dicimus, +alia providemus. So far from being a gloss, the words seem to be +necessary to define the meaning and motive of <i>resistamus</i>: it is +in order to ‘look ahead’ that we ought to pause from time to time. See +<a href = "QuintCrit.html#critIII_sec10">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>efferentes se</b>: ‘running away,’ or rather, ‘trying to make +off,’ a <i>praesens conatus</i>, as is shown by <i>non tam moram +faciet</i>, &c. Cp. Hom. Il. 23, 376 <span class = "greek" title = +"podôkees ekpheron hippoi">ποδώκεες ἔκφερον ἵπποι</span>: Xen. de Re +Equestr., 3 §4. In Livy xxx. 20, 3, the figure is taken rather from +the ‘prancing and curveting’ of a horse, Neque ... tam P. Scipio +exultabit atque efferet sese quam Hanno. (Hild’s parallel <span class = +"greek" title = "bia pherousin">βίᾳ φέρουσιν</span>, sc. <span class = +"greek" title = "astomoi pôloi">ἄστομοι πῶλοι</span> from Soph. Electr. +725, cp. Eurip. Hippol. 1224, is more appropriate to the reading +<i>ferentes equos</i>.) For the omission of <i>et</i> before +<i>efferentes</i> (found in no MS.) cp. <a href = +"#chapVII_sec1">7 §1</a> where a figure is added without any +conjunction (auxilium in publicum polliceri ... intrare portum).</p> + +<p><b>neque enim</b>: the ellipse may be supplied as follows,—si +moram faceret non suaderem. The meaning is, it is only in cases where it +will not cause injurious delay that I recommend this curbing and +self-restraint; for neither, again, &c.</p> + +<p><b>robur fecerint</b>: <a href = "#chapIII_sec3">§3</a> vires +faciamus.</p> + +<p><b>infelicem</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec7">1 §7</a> cuiusdam infelicis +operae.</p> + +<p><b>calumniandi se</b>: ‘the wretched task of pedantic +self-criticism.’ See on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec115">1 §115</a> nimia contra se calumnia: +viii. pr. 31 quibus nullus est finis calumniandi se et cum singulis +paene syllabis commoriendi, qui etiam cum optima sunt reperta, quaerunt +aliquid quod sit magis antiquum: <a href = "#chapIII_sec11">§11</a> +remotum, inopinatum.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec11" id = "chapIII_sec11"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:11</span> +Nam quo modo sufficere officiis civilibus possit qui singulis actionum +partibus insenescat? Sunt autem quibus nihil sit satis: omnia mutare, +omnia aliter dicere quam occurrit velint,— increduli quidam et de +ingenio suo pessime meriti, qui diligentiam putant facere sibi scribendi +difficultatem.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec11" id = "commIII_sec11"><b>§ 11.</b></a> +<b>officiis civilibus</b>: ‘the duties of a citizen,’ here with special +reference to legal practice and the advocacy of cases in courts of law: +<a href = "#chapVII_sec1">7 §1</a>: cp. Suet. Tib. 8 civilium +officiorum rudimentis. The phrase in its widest application includes all +the ‘civilities’ and attentions which one citizen may be expected to +show to another, especially in the relation of patron and client: e.g. +<i>officio</i> togae virilis interfui, Plin. Ep. i. 9 §2. Casaubon +defines <i>officium</i> ‘cum honoris causa praesentiam nostram alicui +commodamus’: for instances of its use in this sense cp. Plin. Ep. i. 5, +11: i. 13, 7: ii. 1, 8: Hor. Epist. i. 7, 8 <i>officiosaque</i> +sedulitas et opella forensis: Sat. ii. 6, 24 officio respondeat (‘answer +duty’s call,’ Palmer).</p> + +<p><b>velint</b>: potential, as often. The clause stands by itself, and +there is no need for supposing the omission of the relative.</p> + +<p><b>increduli quidam</b>: ‘a diffident sort of people,’ ‘somehow +afraid of themselves.’ For quidam cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec76">1 §76</a>. It is employed, as often +by Cicero, to show that the word used is as near the author’s meaning as +possible, though sometimes it is joined with an expression that is +merely a makeshift: cp. <span class = "greek" title = +"tines">τινες</span>. It indicates an undefined degree of the adjective +with which it is connected, and has sometimes a modifying, sometimes an +intensifying effect: here the former is not so probable considering the +strength of the phrase that follows, ‘sinning grievously against their +natural gifts.’</p> + +<p><b>diligentiam</b> is pred.: supply <i>esse</i>. The subject is +<i>facere ... difficultatem</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec12" id = "chapIII_sec12"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:12</span> +Nec promptum est dicere utros peccare validius +<span class = "pagenum">141</span> +putem, quibus omnia sua placent an quibus nihil. Accidit enim etiam +ingeniosis adulescentibus frequenter, ut labore consumantur et in +silentium usque descendant nimia bene dicendi cupiditate. Qua de re +memini narrasse mihi Iulium Secundum illum, aequalem meum atque a me, ut +notum est, familiariter amatum, mirae facundiae virum, infinitae tamen +curae, quid esset sibi a patruo suo dictum.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec12" id = "commIII_sec12"><b>§ 12.</b></a> +<b>validius</b>. Common in Quintilian: iii. 8, 61 verborum autem +magnificentia non validius est adfectanda suasorias declamantibus, sed +contingit magis: vi. Prooem. §8 quo me validius cruciaret: ix. 2, 76 +quanto validius bonos inhibet pudor quam metus. The superlative is +frequent in Pliny: e.g. validissime placere Ep. i. 20, 22: te +validissime diligo iii. 15, 2: vi. 8, 9 validissime vereor: ix. 35, 1 +<span class = "pagenum comm">141</span> +validissime cupere. Cp. Caelias in Cic. ad Fam. viii. 2, 1 ego quum pro +amicitia validissime facerem ei. Horace has valdius oblectat populam +A. P. 321: cp. Ep. i. 9, 6.</p> + +<p><b>omnia sua</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec130">1 §130</a> (of Seneca) si non omnia +sua amasset: ibid. <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec88">§88</a> (of +Ovid) nimium amator ingenii sui.</p> + +<p><b>narrasse</b>: Quintilian always uses the perfect infin. after +<i>memini</i>, even where the person who recalls the event was a witness +of it. The rule is thus stated by Roby §1372 ‘<i>Memini</i> is used with +the present (and sometimes the perfect) infinitive of events of which +the subject himself was witness, with the perfect infinitive of events +of which the subject was not witness.’ On this Dr. Reid has a valuable +note de Amic. §2: ‘The rule may be somewhat more precisely stated thus: +If the person who recalls an event was a witness of it, he may either +(<i>a</i>) vividly picture to himself the event and its attendant +circumstances so that it becomes really present to his mind’s eye for +the moment, in which case he uses the present infinitive, or (<i>b</i>) +he may simply recall the <i>fact</i> that the event <i>did</i> take +place in past time, in which case the perfect infinitive is used. If he +was not a witness, he evidently can conceive the event only in the +latter of these two ways. As regards (<i>a</i>) cp. Verg. Ecl. ix. 52 +longos cantando puerum memini me condere soles with Georg. iv. 125 +memini me Corycium vidisse senem. Examples like the latter of these two +are more numerous than is commonly supposed.’</p> + +<p><b>Iulius Secundus</b>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec120">1 §120</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec13" id = "chapIII_sec13"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:13</span> +Is fuit Iulius Florus, in eloquentia Galliarum, quoniam ibi demum +exercuit eam, princeps, alioqui inter +<span class = "pagenum">142</span> +paucos disertus et dignus illa propinquitate. Is cum Secundum, scholae +adhuc operatum, tristem forte vidisset, interrogavit quae causa frontis +tam adductae?</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec13" id = "commIII_sec13"><b>§ 13.</b></a> +<b>Iulius Florus</b> is generally supposed to be identical with the +individual to whom, as one of the <i>comites</i> of Tiberius Claudius in +his mission to the East, Horace addresses (<span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 20) the Third Epistle of the First Book: cp. +also ii. 2. Horace indicates his young friend’s ability in the +following lines (i. 3, 21) Non tibi parvum Ingenium, non incultum +est et turpiter hirtum: Seu linguam causis acuis, seu civica iura +Respondere paras, seu condis amabile carmen, Prima feres hederae +victricis praemia. The scholiast Porphyrio tells us that he wrote +satires: Hic Florus fuit satirarum scriptor, cuius sunt electae ex +Ennio, Lucilio, Varrone satirae, ‘by which is meant, doubtless,’ says +Prof. Wilkins, ‘that he re-wrote some of the poems of these earlier +authors, adapting them to the taste of his own day, much as Dryden and +Pope re-wrote Chaucer’s tales.’ There is, however, a chronological +difficulty in the identification of the Florus who was a young man in +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 20 with the Florus who was the +<i>patruus</i> of Iulius Secundus, a contemporary of Quintilian +(aequalem meum), who died towards the end of Domitian’s reign before he +had completed the natural term of life (si longius contigisset aetas <a +href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec120">1 §120</a>). Seneca (Controv. +ix. 25, 258) mentions a Iulius Florus who was a pupil of Porcius Latro +(fl. cir. <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 17). There is also the +Gaulish nobleman who headed a rebellion among the Treveri, and +afterwards committed suicide, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 21 +(Tac. Ann. iii. 40-42). Hild identifies this Florus with the one in the +text: but it is absolutely impossible that the Florus who died in <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 21 can have seen Secundus (<i>scholae +adhuc operatum</i>), who cannot have been born till about twenty years +later.</p> + +<p><b>in eloquentia</b>. The genitive is more common with princeps: <a +href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec58">1 §58</a>: viii. 6, 30 Romanae +eloquentiae principem: vi. 3, 1.</p> + +<p><b>Galliarum</b>. Eloquence flourished in Gaul under the Empire. At +Lugdunum Caligula instituted (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +39-40) a contest in Greek and Latin oratory (certamen Graecae Latinaeque +facundiae, Suet. Calig. 20). Cp. Iuv. i. 44 Aut Lugdunensem rhetor +dicturus ad aram.</p> + +<p><b>quoniam</b> introduces what is virtually a parenthesis, referring +not to the whole sentence but only to <i>Galliarum</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ibi demum</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>: <a href = +"#chapII_sec8">2 §8</a>: <a href = "#chapVI_sec5">6 §5</a>. +<span class = "pagenum comm">142</span> +Here it leads up to <i>alioqui</i> (<i>apart from this fact: +moreover</i>) (<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec64">1 §64</a>): +it was in Gaul that he practised, but he would have shone anywhere.</p> + +<p><b>alioqui</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec64">1 §64</a>. Here it = apart from this +fact, even if compared with orators of other countries. Transl. +‘besides,’ and cp. Tac. Ann. iv. 37 validus alioqui spernendis +honoribus: Hist. ii. 27: iii. 32. Other instances in Quintilian are ii. +1, 4: 15, 9: iv. pr. 6: v. 9, 11, &c.</p> + +<p><b>inter paucos</b>, ‘as few have ever been’: Livy xxii. 7, 1 inter +paucas memorata populi Romani clades: cp. xxiii. 44, 4: xxxviii. 15, 9; +Q. Curtius iv. 8, 7 in paucis Alexandro carus: cp. vi. +8, 2.</p> + +<p><b>illa propinquitate</b>, i.e. his relationship to Secundus, of whom +Quintilian speaks with pride as a friend and contemporary <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec120">1 §120</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Is fuit ... Is cum</b>: one of Quintilian’s negligences: cp. <a +href = "#chapII_sec23">2 §23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>adhuc</b> = etiam tum, as Livy xxi. 48 Scipio quamquam gravis +adhuc vulnere erat. Strictly <i>adhuc</i> is applicable to what +continues up to the time of speaking: here of continuance in past time. +Introd. <a href = "QuintIntro.html#intro_pagel">p. l</a>.</p> + +<p><b>operatum</b>: cp. Tac. Ann. iii. 42 nobilissima Galliarum subole +liberalibus studiis ibi operata (v. 2): reipublicae Livy iv. 60, 2: +conubiis arvisque novis operata iuventus Verg. Aen. iii. 136.</p> + +<p><b>adductae</b>. So adducere frontem Sen. Ben. i. 1: cp. attrahere +frontem 6, 7: cp. contrahere frontem Cic. pro Cluent. §72. The opposite +is <i>frontem remittere</i>: Pliny, Ep. ii. 5, 5. Cp. sollicitam +explicuere frontem Hor. Car. iii. 29, 16. <i>Obductus</i> is used in a +similar sense: cp. Hor. Epod. xiii. 5 obducta solvatur fronte senectus: +Iuv. Sat. ix. 2 quare ... tristis occurras fronte obducta.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec14" id = "chapIII_sec14"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:14</span> +Nec dissimulavit adulescens, tertium iam diem esse quod omni labore +materiae ad scribendum destinatae non inveniret exordium; quo sibi non +praesens tantum dolor, sed etiam desperatio in posterum fieret. Tum +Florus adridens, ‘numquid tu,’ inquit, ‘melius dicere vis quam +potes?’</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec14" id = "commIII_sec14"><b>§ 14.</b></a> +<b>Tertium diem ... quod</b>. <i>Quod</i> does not here = <i>ex quo</i>, +as it denotes not point of time, but duration: in the direct it would be +<i>quod non invenio</i>, not <i>quod</i> (ex quo) <i>non inveni</i>. An +exact analogy is Plaut. Amphit. i. 1, 148 (302) iam diu ’st <i>quod</i> +ventri victum non datis (where, however, Fleckeisen reads <i>quom</i>, +and is followed by Palmer). The commentators quote Pliny, Ep. iv. 27, 1 +Tertius dies est quod audivi recitantem Sentium: but there <i>quod</i> = +<i>ex quo</i>, just as <i>ut</i> is used for <i>ex quo</i> Stich. 29 Nam +viri nostri domo ut abierunt hic tertiust annus. Nägelsbach (note on +p. 167) says this construction of Quintilian’s was imitated not +only by Pliny (l.c.), but by others: Schmalz, Antibarbarus, s.v. e, ex. +It might, however, be argued that we ought to read <i>quum</i> +(<i>quomomni</i>): C. ad Fam. xv. 14 Multi anni sunt cum M. Attius +in meo aere est, and often elsewhere, e.g. de Off. ii. §75 (Roby §1723). +If <i>quod</i> stands it must = ‘as regards the fact that he could find +no <i>exordium</i>, it was now the third day’: cp. the German ‘es ist +schon der dritte Tag dass,’ &c.</p> + +<p><b>omni labore</b>: a modal ablative, ‘in spite of every effort.’ +There are two instances in Cicero of a similar use of the ablative, +<i>with the gerundive</i>: pro Mur. §17 qui non modo Curiis, Catonibus, +Pompeiis, antiquis illis fortissimis viris, sed his recentibus, Mariis +et Didiis et Caeliis, commemorandis iacebant: = quamvis Curios, &c., +commemorarent: de Off. i. 2 §5 quis est enim qui nullis officii +praeceptis tradendis philosophum se audeat dicere? = quamvis non +tradat.</p> + +<p><b>materiae</b>: cp. v. 10, 9 quo apparet omnem ad scribendum +destinatam materiam ita appellari (sc. argumentum): ‘a theme on which he +had to write.’ There seems no reason why <i>materiae</i> should not +<span class = "pagenum comm">143</span> +be taken as genitive, though Hild and others make it dative of the +remote object of <i>inveniret</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec15" id = "chapIII_sec15"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:15</span> +Ita se res habet: curandum est ut quam optime dicamus, dicendum tamen +pro facultate; ad profectum enim opus est studio, non indignatione. Ut +possimus autem scribere etiam plura et celerius, +<span class = "pagenum">143</span> +non exercitatio modo praestabit, in qua sine dubio multum est, sed etiam +ratio: si non resupini spectantesque tectum et cogitationem murmure +agitantes expectaverimus quid obveniat, <i>sed</i> quid res poscat, quid +personam deceat, quod sit tempus, qui iudicis animus intuiti, humano +quodam modo ad scribendum accesserimus. Sic nobis et initia et quae +sequuntur natura ipsa praescribit.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec15" id = "commIII_sec15"><b>§ 15.</b></a> +<b>sine dubio</b>. This substantival use of the neuter adj. with prep. +is frequent in Cicero, but does not occur in Caesar or Sallust. Nägelsb. +Stil. §21: cp. Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pageliii">p. liii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ratio</b>, ‘judgment’ (<span class = "greek" title = +"logos">λόγος</span>), such as rational human beings may be expected to +show (cp. humano quodam modo, below). In this sense <i>ratio</i> and +<i>consilium</i> are often found together. A parallel passage is +ii. 11, §4 Quin etiam in cogitando nulla ratione adhibita aut tectum +intuentes magnum aliquid, quod ultro se offerat, pluribus saepe diebus +expectant, aut murmure incerto velut classico instincti concitatissimum +corporis motum non enuntiandis sed quaerendis verbis accommodant.</p> + +<p><b>resupini</b> (‘with upturned face’) goes closely with +<i>spectantes tectum</i>: cp. Martial ix. 43, 3 Quaeque tulit spectat +resupino sidera vultu.</p> + +<p><b>quod sit tempus</b>. xi. 1, 46 Tempus quoque ac locus egent +observatione propria; nam et tempus tum triste tum laetum, tum liberum +tum angustum est, atque ad haec omnia componendus orator.</p> + +<p><b>humano quodam modo</b>, ‘in true human or rational fashion,’ i.e. +without looking for inspiration to—the ceiling! Cp. +<i>instincti</i>, quoted above, and <a href = +"#chapVII_sec14">7 §14</a> deum tunc affuisse, &c. For +<i>quidam</i> see <a href = "#chapIII_sec11">§11</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec16" id = "chapIII_sec16"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:16</span> +Certa sunt enim pleraque et, nisi coniveamus, in oculos incurrunt; +ideoque nec indocti nec rustici diu quaerunt, unde incipiant; quo +pudendum est magis, si difficultatem facit doctrina. Non ergo semper +putemus optimum esse quod latet: immutescamus alioqui, si nihil dicendum +videatur nisi quod non invenimus.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec16" id = "commIII_sec16"><b>§ 16.</b></a> +<b>certa</b>, fixed and definite, as belonging necessarily to the +subject, and suggested at once by the thought of it. <i>Pleraque</i> is +not limited to <i>initia</i>, though the next sentence is (unde +incipiant).</p> + +<p><b>non ... putemus</b>: v. on <a href = +"#chapII_sec27">2 §27</a>. Emphasis is secured both by the use of +<i>non</i> for <i>ne</i>, and by its place in the sentence.</p> + +<p><b>immutescamus</b>, very rare for <i>obmutescamus</i>, Stat. Theb. +v. 542 ruptis immutuit ore querelis: vi. 184.</p> + +<p><b>alioqui</b>. The condition implied in the word is here expressed +in the clause which follows: cp. <a href = "#chapIII_sec30">§30</a> +below. Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pageli">p. li</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec17" id = "chapIII_sec17"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:17</span> +Diversum est huic eorum vitium qui primo decurrere per materiam stilo +quam velocissimo volunt, et sequentes calorem atque impetum ex tempore +scribunt; hanc silvam vocant. Repetunt +<span class = "pagenum">144</span> +deinde et componunt quae effuderant; sed verba emendantur et numeri, +manet in rebus temere congestis quae fuit levitas.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec17" id = "commIII_sec17"><b>§ 17.</b></a> +<b>diversum</b> with the dat. (like <i>contrarium</i>) is common in +Quintilian and later writers: Cicero has <i>ab</i> c. abl. Cp. Hor. Ep. +i. 18, 5 Est huic diversum vitio vitium prope maius: Caesar B.C. iii. +30, 2 diversa sibi consilia.</p> + +<p><b>silvam</b>. This word is here used as a translation of <span class += "greek" title = "hulê">ὕλη</span>, properly timber for building, then, +metaphorically, raw material, or as here ‘rough draft.’ Cic. Orat. §12 +omnis enim ubertas et quasi silva dicendi ducta ab illis (philosophis) +est, nec satis tamen instructa ad forenses causas: §139 quasi silvam +vides: de Or. ii. 65 infinita silva: iii. 93 rerum est silva magna: 103 +primum silva rerum (ac sententiarum) comparanda est: 118 qui loco omnis +virtutum et vitiorum est silva subiecta: 54 ea est ei (oratori) subiecta +materies (<span class = "greek" title = "hupokeimenê hulê">ὑποκειμένη +ὕλη</span>): de Inv. i. 34 quandam silvam atque materiam ... omnium +argumentationum: Suet. Gram. 24 Reliquit non mediocrem silvam +observationum sermonis antiqui (Probus). The philosophical definition of +<span class = "greek" title = "hulê">ὕλη</span>; is given in Isidorus, +Orig. xiii. 3, 1 hylen (<span class = "greek" title = +"hulên">ὕλην</span>) +<span class = "pagenum comm">144</span> +Graeci rerum quamdam primam materiam dicunt, nullo prorsus modo +formatam, sed omnium corporalium formarum capacem, ex qua visibilia haec +elementa formata sunt.</p> + +<p><b>componunt</b>, of ‘arrangement’: cp. +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1, §§44</a>, +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec66">66</a>, +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec79">79</a>.</p> + +<p><b>levitas</b>, ‘superficiality,’ want of thoroughness and solidity: +opp. to <i>gravitas</i>. Cp. <a href = "#chapVII_sec4">7, §4</a> manet +eadem quae fuit incipientibus difficultas.—The improvement extends +only to the <i>verba</i> and <i>numeri</i>, not to the substance.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec18" id = "chapIII_sec18"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:18</span> +Protinus ergo adhibere curam rectius erit atque ab initio sic opus +ducere, ut caelandum, non ex integro fabricandum sit. Aliquando tamen +adfectus sequemur, in quibus fere plus calor quam diligentia valet.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec18" id = "commIII_sec18"><b>§ 18.</b></a> +<b>protinus</b> = statim ab initio.</p> + +<p><b>opus ducere</b>: <a href = "#chapV_sec9">5 §9</a> velut eadem +cera aliae aliaeque formae duci solent: ii. 4, 7 si non ab initio tenuem +nimium laminam duxerimus et quam caelatura altior rumpat. The same +figure is used Hor. Sat. i. 10, 43-44 forte epos acer ut nemo Varius +ducit. So carmen ducere Ov. Trist. i. 11, 18: iii. 14, 32: ex Pont. i. +5, 7: ducere versus, Trist. v. 12, 63. In all these the metaphor is +originally from drawing out the threads in spinning: cp. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, +225 tenui deducta poemata filo: Sat. ii. 1, 3 putat ... mille die versus +deduci posse. In reference to statuary we have Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 240 +ducent aera fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia: Verg. Aen. vi. 84, 7 +vivos ducent de marmore vultus.</p> + +<p><b>caelandum</b>, ‘chiselled,’ ‘filed’: Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 92 +caelatumque novem Musis opus.</p> + +<p><b>sequemur</b>: so <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec58">1 §58</a> revertemur: 7, 1 +renuntiabit: a common use of the future in rules. Warmth of feeling, he +says, will often compensate for want of finish.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec19" id = "chapIII_sec19"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:19</span> +Satis apparet ex eo quod hanc scribentium neglegentiam damno, quid de +illis dictandi deliciis sentiam. Nam in stilo quidem quamlibet properato +dat aliquam cogitationi moram non consequens celeritatem eius manus: +ille cui dictamus urget, +<span class = "pagenum">145</span> +atque interim pudet etiam dubitare aut resistere aut mutare quasi +conscium infirmitatis nostrae timentes.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec19" id = "commIII_sec19"><b>§ 19.</b></a> +<b>illis dictandi deliciis</b>: i.e. the practice which is so much in +fashion, so much ‘affected’: for <i>deliciae</i> (‘affectation’) cp. <a +href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec43">1 §43</a> recens haec lascivia +deliciaeque: xii. 8, 4 ne illas quidem tulerim delicias eorum qui, +&c. The phrase <i>in deliciis esse alicui</i> is common in Cicero: +cp. also Orat. §39 longissime tamen ipsi a talibus deliciis vel potius +ineptiis afuerunt. The practice of dictation became so common that +<i>dictare</i> came to have the same sense as <i>scribere</i> +(‘compose’): Pers. i. 52 non si qua eligidia crudi dictarunt proceres? +Literary men had of course always their <i>librarii</i>; and we get a +glimpse of a great advocate at work in Brutus §87 illum ... omnibus +exclusis commentatum in quadam testudine cum servis litteratis fuisse, +quorum alii aliud dictare eodem tempore solitus esset. Pliny, the elder, +used to redeem the time by dictating to a <i>notarius</i> even when on +his travels: so too his nephew (who tells of his uncle’s habits iii. +5, 15), notarium voco et die admisso quae formaveram dicto ix. 36, +2: illa quae dictavi identidem retractantur ibid. 40, 2. Gesner has +an interesting note: “scilicet iam tum notabilis erat ea mollities, ut +circa scribendi artem negligentiores essent homines in aliquo fastigio +constituti: (vid. i. 1, 28) quae postea ita invaluit ut +<i>dictare</i> iam esset eruditorum hominum opus, quem admodum antea +<i>scribere</i>. Itaque <i>vario dictandi genere</i> supergressum se +alios dicit Sidonius Apollin. 8, 6 et ab initio eiusdem epistolae +coniungit <i>studia certandi, dictandi, lectitandique</i>.” He quotes +authorities to show that, owing to the growth of the practice of +dictation, the leading men in Charlemagne’s time, as well as the +bishops, and Charlemagne himself, were ignorant of the art of +writing.</p> + +<p><b>in stilo</b>: i.e. when the author himself uses it. The +<i>quidem</i> introduces an antithesis in <i>ille cui dictamus</i>.</p> + +<p><b>urget</b>: he ‘presses,’ whereas even +<span class = "pagenum comm">145</span> +those authors who can write fast take time to stop and think. No doubt +the most practised amanuensis would fail to write as fast as a man can +think, but this is not asserted. All that is said in the antithesis is +that the amanuensis is always ready for more, as it were: his whole +interest is in the writing, not in the thought. One even (etiam) feels +<i>ashamed</i> at times (in addition to being merely conscious of the +fact that the scribe’s pen is not busy) of one’s hesitancy, &c. See +<a href = "QuintCrit.html#critIII_sec19">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>resistere</b>: v. on <a href = "#chapIII_sec10">§10</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec20" id = "chapIII_sec20"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:20</span> +Quo fit ut non rudia tantum et fortuita, sed impropria interim, dum sola +est conectendi sermonis cupiditas, effluant, quae nec scribentium curam +nec dicentium impetum consequantur. At idem ille qui excipit, si tardior +in scribendo aut incertior in <i>intel</i>legendo velut offensator fuit, +inhibetur cursus, atque omnis quae erat concepta mentis intentio mora et +interdum iracundia excutitur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec20" id = "commIII_sec20"><b>§ 20.</b></a> +<b>impropria</b> = quae significatione deerrant. Cp. i. 5, 46 dubito an +id improprium potius appellem; significatione enim deerrat. On <b>verba +propria</b> see <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec6">1 §6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>consequantur</b>: i.e. such utterances do not come up either to +the care with which one writes or the animation with which one +speaks.</p> + +<p><b>at idem ille</b> introduces the second objection to dictation: <a +href = "#chapIII_sec21">§21</a> supplies a third and <a href = +"#chapIII_sec22">§22</a> a fourth.</p> + +<p><b>incertior in intellegendo</b>, i.e. not to be depended upon to +understand what is dictated to him. See Crit. Notes. Against +<i>legendo</i> it must be urged that the reference to <i>reading</i> is +not very appropriate: the author would not be likely to call on the +scribe to read what he had written, except at an appropriate pause, +otherwise he would himself be to blame for the interruption to the +‘swing’ (cursus) of his thoughts.</p> + +<p><b>offensator</b>, a <span class = "greek" title = "hapax legomenon">ἅπαξ λεγόμενον</span>, whence the use of <i>velut</i>. It is +employed here of one whose slowness or muddle-headedness is always +bringing the author to a standstill. Cp. offensantes <a href = +"#chapVII_sec10">7 §10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quae erat</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapIII_sec17">§17</a> quae fuit +levitas.</p> + +<p><b>concepta mentis intentio</b>, i.e. the thread of ideas. +<i>Concipere</i> is of frequent occurrence in Quintilian: <a href = +"#chapVII_sec14">7 §14</a>: xi. 3, 25: ix. i, 16: ii. 20, 4: vi. 2, +33, &c. For the gen. cp. animi intentio i. 1, 34. The reading +<i>conceptae mentis</i> (see <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critIII_sec20">Crit. Notes</a>) is supported by i. 2, 29 +praeceptores ipsos non idem mentis ac spiritus in dicendo posse +concipere: the genitive would then be objective, as <a href = +"#chapIII_sec23">§23</a> below: perhaps ‘attention to the conceived +thought.’</p> + +<p><b>excutitur</b>: Aristoph. Clouds 138 <span class = "greek" title = +"kai phrontid’ exêmblôkas exeurêmenên">καὶ φροντίδ᾽ ἐξήμβλωκας +ἐξευρημένην</span>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec21" id = "chapIII_sec21"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:21</span> +Tum illa, quae altiorem animi motum sequuntur quaeque ipsa animum quodam +modo concitant, quorum est iactare manum, torquere vultum, <i>frontem +et</i> latus interim obiurgare, quaeque Persius +<span class = "pagenum">146</span> +notat, cum leviter dicendi genus significat, ‘nec pluteum,’ inquit, +‘caedit nec demorsos sapit ungues,’ etiam ridicula sunt, nisi cum soli +sumus.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec21" id = "commIII_sec21"><b>§ 21.</b></a> +<b>quaeque ipsa</b>: i.e. per se: so <a href = "#chapIII_sec23">§23</a> +below, quae ipsa delectant.</p> + +<p><b>frontem et latus ... obiurgare</b>. I venture to insert this +conjecture in the text, as justified both by the MSS. tradition (see <a +href = "QuintCrit.html#critIII_sec21">Crit. Notes</a>) and by the +context. Quintilian is speaking not of the gestures by which animation +is imparted to an actual effort of oratory, but of such little +mannerisms as the men of his day indulged in when in the throes of +solitary composition,—just as they bite quill pens to pieces or +scratch their heads now. For <i>frontem obiurgare</i> cp. Brut. §278 +nulla perturbatio animi nulla corporis, frons non percussa, non femur, +quoted xi. 3, 123: femur pectus frontem caedere ii. 12, 10: ut frontem +ferias Cic. ad Att. i. 1, 1, though this last passage implies a more +vexatious state of distraction.</p> + +<p><b>obiurgare</b>, i.e. caedere, ferire, plectere. Gertz objected to +<i>latus obiurgare</i> on the ground that <i>obiurgare</i> by itself +could not mean to ‘strike.’ We have ablatives in Pers.v. 169 solea puer +obiurgabere rubra: Sen. de Ira iii. 12, 6 servulum istum verberibus +obiurga: Suet. Calig. §20 ferulis obiurgari: id. Otho §2 flagris: +Petronius 34 colaphis. But in all these +<span class = "pagenum comm">146</span> +the abl. is needed to define the meaning of <i>obiurgare</i>, while no +one could mistake <i>latus obiurgare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>leviter dicendi genus</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapIII_sec17">§17</a> +levitas. The reference is to listlessness and carelessness of style, +‘not the kind that beats the desk or savours of the bitten +nail,’—without earnestness or feeling.</p> + +<p><b>nec pluteum caedit</b>. The <i>pluteus</i> or <i>pluteum</i> is +the back board of the ‘lecticula lucubratoria’ in which writing was done +in a recumbent position. The quotation is from Sat. i. 106, where +Persius pictures a drivelling versifier, listlessly pouring forth his +verses without any physical exertion or trace of feeling.</p> + +<p><b>demorsos sapit ungues</b>: imitated from Hor. Sat. i. 10, 70, +speaking of what Lucilius would do if he lived now: in versu faciendo +Saepe caput scaberet, vivos et roderet ungues.</p> + +<p><b>nisi cum soli sumus</b>. This refers to practice only. +A different point of view is stated in i. ii. §31, where Quintilian +sums up in these words, Non esset in rebus humanis eloquentia, si tantum +cum singulis loqueremur.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec22" id = "chapIII_sec22"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:22</span> +Denique ut semel quod est potentissimum dicam, secretum in dictando +perit. Atque liberum arbitris locum et quam altissimum silentium +scribentibus maxime convenire nemo dubitaverit: non tamen protinus +audiendi qui credunt aptissima in hoc nemora silvasque, quod illa caeli +libertas locorumque amoenitas sublimem animum et beatiorem spiritum +parent.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec22" id = "commIII_sec22"><b>§ 22.</b></a> +<b>ut semel ... dicam</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec17">1 §17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>secretum in dictando</b>. This is the fourth objection. Cp. <a +href = "#chapVII_sec16">7 §16</a> cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque +omnes arbitros reformidet. Hirt (Substantivierung des Adj. bei +Quint.—Berlin, 1890) notes that this use of the nom. neut. +standing by itself is not so common as other cases: he cites about a +dozen instances, e.g. iv. 1, 41 honestum satis per se valet: v. 11, 13 +dissimile plures casus habet: vi. 3, 84 inopinatum et a lacessente poni +solet. See <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critIII_sec22">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>protinus</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec3">1 §3</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec42">§42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>aptissima in hoc</b>. A poetical constr.: only here in +Quintilian, instead of <i>dat.</i> or <i>ad</i>. Livy xxviii. 31 genere +pugnae in quod minime apti sunt: Ovid Metam. xiv. 765 formas deus aptus +in omnes.</p> + +<p><b>nemora silvasque</b>. Quintilian is speaking of oratory: poetry on +the other hand may fitly seek its inspiration in solitude. Tac. Dial. +ix. poetis ... in nemora et lucos id est in solitudinem recedendum est: +cp. xii nemora vero et luci et secretum ipsum, &c. The poet’s love +of retirement and the necessity for his being exempted from the fears +and anxieties of the vulgar is in fact a commonplace in Latin +literature: Horace, Car. i. 1, 30: 32, 1: iv. 3, 10 sq.: Ep. ii. 2, 77: +A. P. 298: Ovid, Tristia i. 1, 41 Carmina secessum scribentis et +otia quaerunt, cp. v. 12, 3: Iuv. vii. 58: Pliny ix. 10 §2 (to +Tacitus) poemata quiescunt, quae tu inter nemora et lucos commodissime +perfici putas: so for study of all kinds i. 6, 2; cp. ix. +36, 6.</p> + +<p><b>beatiorem spiritum</b>: i. §27, §44 (spiritus: cp. <a href = +"#chapV_sec4">5 §4</a> sublimis spiritus): and i. §61, §109 +(beatus). Cp. dives vena in Hor. A. P. 409.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec23" id = "chapIII_sec23"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:23</span> +Mihi certe iucundus hic magis quam studiorum hortator videtur esse +secessus. Namque illa, quae ipsa delectant, necesse est avocent ab +intentione operis destinati. Neque enim se bona fide +<span class = "pagenum">147</span> +in multa simul intendere animus totum potest, et quocumque respexit, +desinit intueri quod propositum erat.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec23" id = "commIII_sec23"><b>§ 23.</b></a> +<b>hortator</b>: cp. Liv. xxvii. 18, 14 foederum ruptor dux et populus: +Cic. pro Mil. §50 ipse ille latronum occultator et receptor locus. +Introd. <a href = "QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexlv">p. xlv</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quae ipsa</b>: <a href = "#chapIII_sec21">§21</a> above. Cic. +Tusc. Disp. v. 21, 62 iam ipsae defluebant coronae.</p> + +<p><b>bona fide</b>, ‘earnestly and conscientiously’: ut non fallat (sc. +animus) sed officiis suis probe sufficiat (Wolff). The phrase is +borrowed from the language of the law-courts, where it was applied to +judicial awards made not according to any positive enactment but in +equity. Cicero, de Off. iii. 61 et sine lege iudiciis, +<span class = "pagenum comm">147</span> +in quibus additur <i>ex fide bona</i>. See Holden’s note <i>ad +loc.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec24" id = "chapIII_sec24"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:24</span> +Quare silvarum amoenitas et praeterlabentia flumina et inspirantes ramis +arborum aurae volucrumque cantus et ipsa late circumspiciendi libertas +ad se trahunt, ut mihi remittere potius voluptas ista videatur +cogitationem quam intendere.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec24" id = "commIII_sec24"><b>§ 24.</b></a> +<b>late circumspiciendi</b>. Wölfflin thinks that Quintilian designedly +avoided such alliterations as ‘longe lateque circumspicere’: cp. Sall. +Iug. 5, Tac. Hist. iv. 50. In viii. 3, 65 he has ‘vultum et oculos’ +instead of ‘ora et oculos’: and ‘satis’ by itself, or ‘satis abunde,’ +instead of ‘satis superque.’</p> + +<p><b>remittere ... intendere</b>: the figure is derived from the use of +the bow.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "null"> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec25" id = "chapIII_sec25"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:25</span> +Demosthenes melius, qui se in locum ex quo nulla exaudiri vox et ex quo +nihil prospici posset recondebat, ne aliud agere mentem cogerent oculi. +Ideoque lucubrantes silentium noctis et clausum cubiculum et lumen unum +velut <i>t</i>ectos maxime teneat.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec25" id = "commIII_sec25"><b>§ 25.</b></a> +<b>Demosthenes</b>: Plut. Dem. 7 <span class = "greek" title = "ek toutou katageion men oikodomêsai meletêrion ho dê diesôzeto kai kath’ hêmas">ἐκ τούτου κατάγειον μὲν οἰκοδομῆσαι μελετήριον ὃ δὴ διεσώζετο καὶ +καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς</span>.</p> + +<p><b>cogerent</b>: for a similar modified use of <i>cogere</i> cp. +Corn. Nep. Milt. 7, 1: Suet. Domit. 11.</p> + +<p><b>lumen</b> for <i>lucerna</i>: Cic. de Divin. 1 §36 lumine +adposito.</p> + +<p><b>velut tectos</b>, ‘as if under cover’: sc. ad omnia quae oculis +vel auribus incursant. This is said to be one of Quintilian’s military +metaphors, whence the use of <i>velut</i>. Becher (Philol. xliii. 203 +sq.) compares de Orat. i. 8, 32 quid autem tam necessarium quam tenere +semper arma quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis vel provocare improbos +vel te ulcisci lacessitus? and Orelli on pro Deiot. 6, 16: (quis +consideratior illo? quis tectior? quis prudentior?) ‘est metaphora +petita a gladiatoribus qui, uti debent, contra ictus adversariorum se +tegunt.’ Here the ‘weapons of defence’ are three: ‘silentium noctis,’ +‘clausum cubiculum,’ and ‘lumen unum’ (i.e. nobis solum appositum). The +opposite of <i>tectus</i> in this sense is <i>apertus</i>: e.g. latus +apertum Tac. Hist. ii. 21 <i>aperti</i> incautique muros subiere, ‘of a +force which has no adequate defensive means at its disposal for +conducting a siege<ins class = "correction" title = "close quote invisible">’ </ins>(Spooner). For the thought Krüger (3rd ed.) +compares Plin. Ep. x. 36 clausae fenestrae manent. Mire enim silentio et +tenebris animus alitur. Ab iis quae avocant abductus et liber et mihi +relictus non oculos animo sed animum oculis sequor, qui eadem quae mens +vident, quoties non adsunt alia.—See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critIII_sec25">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>maxime</b> = potissimum, and leads up to <a href = +"#chapIII_sec28">§28</a> ut sunt <i>maxime</i> optanda. Cp. <span class += "greek" title = "malista">μάλιστα</span>: Plat. Rep. 326 A <span class += "greek" title = "peisai malista men kai autous tous archontas, ei de mê tên allên polin">πεῖσαι μάλιστα μὲν καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἄρχοντας, εἰ δὲ +μὴ τὴν ἄλλην πόλιν</span>.</p> + +<p><b>teneat</b>, potential: ‘if we work at night, the silence, &c. +will secure us from interruption.’ But Krüger (2nd ed.), looking to +<i>lucubrantes</i> (which is emphatic), explains = ita lucubremus ut ... +teneat, and Wrobel makes it an imperative, ‘let us work by night, and +under such conditions, with such precautions that,’ &c.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec26" id = "chapIII_sec26"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:26</span> +Sed cum in omni studiorum genere, tum in hoc praecipue bona valetudo, +quaeque eam maxime praestat, frugalitas necessaria est, cum tempora ab +ipsa +<span class = "pagenum">148</span> +rerum natura ad quietem refectionemque nobis data in acerrimum laborem +convertimus. Cui tamen non plus inrogandum est quam quod somno +supererit, haud deerit;</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec26" id = "commIII_sec26"><b>§ 26.</b></a> +<b>in hoc</b>, i.e. for night work (= in hoc studiorum genere; viz. +cum lucubramus).</p> + +<p><b>frugalitas</b>: regularity of life, in a wide sense (as moderatio, +temperantia, <span class = "greek" title = +"sôphrosunê">σωφροσύνη</span>): cp. xii. 1, 8 Age non ad perferendos +studiorum labores necessaria frugalitas? quid ergo ex libidine ac +luxuria spei? Cic. pro Deiot. ix. §26.</p> + +<p><b>cum ... convertimus</b>: the temporal signification of <i>cum</i> +c. ind. passes here into the causal. Cp. i. 6, 2 auctoritas ab +oratoribus vel historicis peti solet ... cum summorum in eloquentia +virorum iudicium pro ratione, et vel error honestus est magnos duces +sequentibus.—Becher on the other hand (followed by Krüger 3rd ed.) +insists that the use is here exclusively temporal, and that the clause +is merely a development of ‘cum lucubramus,’— +<span class = "pagenum comm">148</span> +the idea contained in the foregoing in hoc (sc. stud. genere).</p> + +<p><b>cui</b>: sc. labori scribendi.</p> + +<p><b>inrogandum</b> = impendendum, tribuendum.</p> + +<p><b>supererit ... deerit</b>. Tr<ins class = "correction" title = +"period missing">. </ins>‘only so much as would be superfluous for +sleep, not insufficient.’ The meaning is clear: we must not encroach on +the time necessary for the repose of mind and body,—‘not more than +what is not needed for sleep, and what will not be missed.’ For what may +seem a superfluous addition cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec115">1 §115</a> si quid adiecturus sibi +non si quid detracturus fuit: Verg. Aen. ix. 282 ‘tantum fortuna secunda +Haud adversa cadat.’ The juxtaposition of compounds of <i>esse</i> is +very common: esp. <i>superesse</i>, <i>deesse</i>. Asin. Pollio, ad Fam. +x. 33, 5: Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 63, 2: Cic. in Gellius i. 22, 7: Val. Max. +viii. 7, 2: Suet. Aug. 56 (Schmalz). See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critIII_sec26">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec27" id = "chapIII_sec27"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:27</span> +obstat enim diligentiae scribendi etiam fatigatio, et abunde, si vacet, +lucis spatia sufficiunt; occupatos in noctem necessitas agit. Est tamen +lucubratio, quotiens ad eam integri ac refecti venimus, optimum secreti +genus.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec27" id = "commIII_sec27"><b>§ 27.</b></a> +<b>si vacet ... occupatos</b>. The antithesis should be noted: the days +are long enough when one has nothing else to do: it is the busy man who +is driven to encroach on the night.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "null"> +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec28" id = "chapIII_sec28"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:28</span> +Sed silentium et secessus et undique liber animus ut sunt maxime +optanda, ita non semper possunt contingere; ideoque non statim, si quid +obstrepet, abiciendi codices erunt et deplorandus dies, verum incommodis +repugnandum et hic faciendus usus, ut omnia quae impedient vincat +intentio; quam si tota mente in opus ipsum derexeris, nihil eorum quae +oculis vel auribus incursant ad animum perveniet.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec28" id = "commIII_sec28"><b>§ 28.</b></a> +<b>codices</b>: writing-books or tablets, as <a href = +"#chapIII_sec32">§32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>faciendus usus</b>. Cp. ut scribendi fiat usus in <a href = +"#chapII_sec2">2 §2</a>: and <a href = "#chapIII_sec3">§3</a> below +vires faciamus: <a href = "#chapVI_sec3">6 §3</a> facienda multo +stilo forma est.</p> + +<p><b>derexeris</b>: see on <a href = "#chapII_sec1">2 §1</a>. So +xii. 3, 8: ii. 13, 5: ii. 1, 11. On the other hand in x. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec127">1 §127</a> and v. 7, 6 Halm and +Meister print <i>dirigere</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incursant</b>: stronger than <a href = "#chapIII_sec16">§16</a> in +oculos incurrunt. The constr. with the dative is poetical (Ovid, Metam. +i. 303, xiv. 190).</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + + +<div class = "null"> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec29" id = "chapIII_sec29"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:29</span> +An vero frequenter etiam fortuita hoc cogitatio praestat, ut obvios non +videamus et itinere deerremus: non consequemur idem, si et voluerimus? +Non est indulgendum causis desidiae. Nam si non nisi refecti, non nisi +hilares, non nisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes studendum existimarimus, +semper erit propter quod nobis ignoscamus.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec29" id = "commIII_sec29"><b>§ 29.</b></a> +<b>An vero ... non consequemur</b>. For this form of the <i>argumentum a +minore ad maius</i> cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec5">2 §5</a>. Cic. pro +Rab. 5 An vero servos nostros ... dominorum benignitas ... liberabit hos +a verberibus ... nostri honores (non) vindicabunt?</p> + +<p><b>deerremus</b> with simple abl. is post-classical.</p> + +<p><b>idem</b>, i.e. the same abstraction.</p> + +<p><b>si et voluerimus</b>: ‘by an effort of will,’ opp. to <i>fortuita +cogitatio</i>.</p> + +<p><b>non nisi</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec20">1 §20</a>.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + + +<div class = "null"> +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec30" id = "chapIII_sec30"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:30</span> +Quare in turba, itinere, conviviis etiam faciat sibi cogitatio ipsa +<span class = "pagenum">149</span> +secretum. Quid alioqui fiet, cum in medio foro, tot circumstantibus +iudiciis, iurgiis, fortuitis etiam clamoribus, erit subito continua +oratione dicendum, si particulas quas ceris mandamus nisi in solitudine +reperire non possumus? Propter quae idem ille tantus amator secreti +Demosthenes in litore, in quo se maximo cum sono fluctus inlideret, +meditans consuescebat contionum fremitus non expavescere.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec30" id = "commIII_sec30"><b>§ 30.</b></a> +<b>itinere</b>: Sen. Ep. 72 §2 quaedam enim sunt quae possis et in +cisio scribere: Plin. Ep. iv. 14 §2 accipies cum hac epistula +hendecasyllabos nostros, quibus nos in vehiculo, in balineo, inter +<span class = "pagenum comm">149</span> +cenam oblectamus otium temporis. Pliny even took with him to the chase +his <i>pugillares</i>, that he might note down any passing thought: i. +6, 1: ix. 10, 2. He had learnt the lesson from his uncle, who made +use of his time at dinner, in the bath, on a journey: see the +description his nephew gives of his habits Ep. iii. 5 §§10, 11, 14-16. +Cato the Younger used to read while the Senate was assembling: Cic. de +Fin. iii. 2 §7.</p> + +<p><b>alioqui</b>: see on <a href = "#chapIII_sec16">§16</a>. Cp. §7 and +Introd. <a href = "QuintIntro.html#intro_pageli">p. li</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tot circumstantibus iudiciis</b>. Four courts were commonly held +in one and the same basilica. Cp. xii. 5, 6 cum in basilica Iulia +diceret primo tribunali (Trachalus 1 §119) quatuor autem iudicia, ut +moris est, cogerentur, atque omnia clamoribus fremerent, et auditum eum +et intellectum et, quod agentibus ceteris contumeliosissimum fuit, +laudatum quoque ex quatuor tribunalibus memini: Plin. Ep. i. 18, 3 eram +acturus ... in quadruplici iudicio: iv. 24, 1: vi. 33, 2.</p> + +<p><b>particulas</b>: the ‘jottings’ which we ought to be able to make +even in spite of surrounding confusion, if we are to be effective when +called on to speak <i>ex tempore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ceris</b>: used especially for rough notes. Iuv. i. 63: xiv. 191. +These tablets were “made of thin slabs or leaves of wood, coated with +wax, and having a raised margin all round to preserve the contents from +friction. They were made of different sizes and varied in the number of +their leaves, whence the word, in this sense, is applied in the plural” +(Rich).</p> + +<p><b>in litore</b>: Frotscher quotes Lib. Vit. Demosth. <span class = +"greek" title = "phasin auton anemon rhagdaion têrounta, kai kinoumenên sphodrôs tên thalattan, para tous aigialous badizonta, legein kai tô tês thalattês êchô sunethizesthai pherein tas tou dêmou kataboas">φασὶν +αὐτὸν ἄνεμον ῥαγδαῖον τηροῦντα, καὶ κινουμένην σφοδρῶς τὴν θάλατταν, +παρὰ τοὺς αἰγιαλοὺς βαδίζοντα, λέγειν καὶ τῷ τῆς θαλάττης ἤχῳ +συνεθίζεσθαι φέρειν τὰς τοῦ δήμου καταβοάς</span>: Plut. Vit. X Orat. 8, +p. 844 E <span class = "greek" title = "kai kationta epi to Phalêrikon pros tas tôn kumatôn embolas tas skepseis poieisthai, hin’ ei pote thoruboiê ho dêmos, mê ekstaiê">καὶ κατιόντα ἐπὶ τὸ Φαληρικὸν πρὸς +τὰς τῶν κυμάτων ἐμβολὰς τὰς σκέψεις ποιεῖσθαι, ἵν᾽ εἴ ποτε θορυβοίη ὁ +δῆμος, μὴ ἐκσταίη</span>: Cic. de Fin. v. 2, 5 Noli inquit, ex me +quaerere, qui in Phalericum etiam descenderim, quo in loco ad fluctum +aiunt declamare solitum Demosthenem, ut fremitum assuesceret voce +vincere: Val. Max. viii. 7, ext. 1.</p> + +<p><b>meditans</b>, ‘practising’: cp. de Orat. i. §260 (Demosthenes) +perfecit meditando ut nemo planius esse locutus putaretur: §136: Brutus +§302 nullum patiebatur esse diem (Hortensius) quin aut in foro diceret +aut meditaretur extra forum: Quint. ii. 10, 2: iv. 2, 29.</p> + +<p><b>expavescere</b>. This corresponds with the motive attributed to +Demosthenes by Plutarch and Libanius, as quoted above; Cicero’s +explanation (ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere) is perhaps the more +credible.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec31" id = "chapIII_sec31"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:31</span> +Illa quoque minora (sed nihil in studiis parvum est) non sunt +transeunda: scribi optime ceris, in quibus facillima est ratio delendi, +nisi forte visus infirmior membranarum potius usum +<span class = "pagenum">150</span> +exiget, quae ut iuvant aciem, ita crebra relatione, quoad intinguntur +calami, morantur manum et cogitationis impetum frangunt.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec31" id = "commIII_sec31"><b>§ 31.</b></a> +<b>optime</b>: <a href = "#chapIII_sec33">§33</a>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec72">1 §72</a> (prave): <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec105">1 §105</a> (fortiter), where see +note: <a href = "#chapV_sec13">5 §13</a> (rectene and honestene). +Becher says ‘<i>optime</i> giebt ein Urteil über die Handlung an, drückt +nicht die Art und Weise aus’: hence it = <i>optimum esse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>scribi ceris</b>: for the omission of in cp. xi. 2, 32 illud +neminem non iuvabit iisdem quibus scripserit ceris ediscere. In viii. 6, +64 Meister reads <i>in ceris</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ratio delendi</b>: see on <a href = "#chapII_sec3">2 §3</a>: +‘erasure,’ the ‘art of blotting.’ A similar periphrasis is <i>ratio +collocandi</i> <a href = "#chapIII_sec5">§5</a>. For the purpose of +erasure the reverse end of the <i>stilus</i> was flat. Hor. Sat. i. 10, +72 saepe stilum vertas (cp. <a href = "#chapIV_sec1">4 §1</a>): +Cic. de Orat. ii. §96 luxuries quaedam quae stilo depascenda est. With +parchment the method of erasure was of course different: Hor. A. P. +446 incomptis adlinet atrum transverso calamo signum.</p> + +<p><b>nisi forte</b> is not ironical here, as in <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec70">1 §70</a>: <a href = +"#chapII_sec8">2 §8</a>: <a href = +"#chapV_sec6">5 §§6-7</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">150</span> +<p><b>membranarum</b>. Parchment was more expensive than the tablets +(cerae), though probably cheaper now than it had been previously. It +could be used for rough notes, the writing being erased to make room for +fresh matter,—‘palimpsest.’ Even when a published book consisted +of papyrus paper (charta), parchment was often used for the wrapper. It +was called <i>membrana pergamena</i> because the industry received its +development under the kings of Pergamum.</p> + +<p><b>exiget</b>: for the indic. cp. v. 2, 2 refelluntur autem +(praeiudicia) raro per contumeliam iudicum, nisi forte manifesta in iis +culpa erit. The commentators quote Sall. Iug. xiv. 10, but there the +subj. is really consecutive.</p> + +<p><b>relatione</b> is here used in the etymological sense of ‘carrying +the pen back,’ or ‘to and fro’ in supplying it with ink. No other +example can be quoted in which this sense ( = reductio) occurs. Kiderlin +(l.c.) thinks that the idea of ‘raising’ the hand would be more +appropriate to the context than that of ‘drawing it back’: he proposes +therefore to read ‘<i>crebriore elatione</i>.’ See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critIII_sec31">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>intinguntur</b>, i.e. in the ink (atramentum), which was generally +an artificial compound, sometimes the natural juice of the +cuttle-fish.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec32" id = "chapIII_sec32"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:32</span> +Relinquendae autem in utrolibet genere contra erunt vacuae tabellae, in +quibus libera adiciendo sit excursio. Nam interim pigritiam emendandi +angustiae faciunt, aut certe novorum interpositione priora confundant. +Ne latas quidem ultra modum esse ceras velim, expertus iuvenem studiosum +alioqui praelongos habuisse sermones, quia illos numero versuum +metiebatur, idque vitium, quod frequenti admonitione corrigi non +potuerat, mutatis codicibus esse sublatum.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec32" id = "commIII_sec32"><b>§ 32.</b></a> +<b>contra</b> = ex adverso. Space must be left for corrections and +additions opposite to what has been written: there must be blank pages. +Cp. <i>contra</i> <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec114">1 §114</a>.</p> + +<p><b>adiciendo</b>, ‘for making additions,’ comes under the head of the +‘dative for work contemplated’ Roby §§1156 and 1383. So Tacitus +constantly uses the dative of gerund or gerundive in a final sense after +verbs and adjectives. See <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critIII_sec32">Crit. +Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>aut certe</b>, with no previous <i>aut</i>: cp. ix. 2, 94: +3, 60. For <b>novorum</b> cp. <i>subitis</i> <a href = +"#chapVII_sec30">7 §30</a>, and see Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexlvii">p. xlvii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>confundant</b>: potential. It states a possibility: <i>faciunt</i> +a fact.</p> + +<p><b>expertus</b> with acc. and inf. is rare.</p> + +<p><b>studiosum</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec45">1 §45</a>.</p> + +<p><b>alioqui</b>: see Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pageli">p. li</a>.</p> + +<p><b>versuum</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec38">1 §38</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIII_sec33" id = "chapIII_sec33"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">III:33</span> +Debet vacare etiam locus in quo notentur quae scribentibus solent extra +ordinem, id est ex aliis quam qui sunt in manibus loci, occurrere. +Inrumpunt enim optimi nonnumquam sensus, quos neque inserere oportet +neque differre tutum est, quia interim elabuntur, interim memoriae sui +<span class = "pagenum">151</span> +intentos ab alia inventione declinant ideoque optime sunt in +deposito.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIII_sec33" id = "commIII_sec33"><b>§ 33.</b></a> +<b>locus ... loci</b>. There is something of Quintilian’s not infrequent +negligence of style in the repetition of the word, especially as by +<i>locus</i> he means only ‘room,’ while <i>loci</i> are the different +parts of the composition.</p> + +<p><b>notentur</b>, ‘jot down.’</p> + +<p><b>inrumpunt</b>, ‘break in upon us,’ with a force that is hard to +resist (cp. memoriam sui intentos below).</p> + +<p><b>sensus</b>: ‘ideas’: viii. 5, 2 sententiam veteres quod animo +sensissent vocaverunt ... sed consuetudo iam tenuit ut mente concepta +sensus vocaremus, lumina autem praecipueque in clausulis posita +sententias: <a href = "#chapV_sec5">5 §5</a>: <a href = +"#chapVII_sec6">7 §6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>interim ... interim</b>: frequent in Quintilian (see Introduction +p. li.) for <i>nunc ... nunc</i>, <i>modo ... modo</i>.</p> + +<p><b>optime sunt</b>: <a href = "#chapIII_sec31">§31</a> = optimum est +eos esse.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">151</span> +<p><b>inventione</b>: ‘line of thought.’</p> + +<p><b>in deposito</b>: ‘in store,’ ‘in a place of safety,’ i.e. noted +down: see Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexlvii">p. xlvii</a>. The phrase is +borrowed from law: vii. 2, 51 depositi quaestiones, Pandects, xxxvi. +3, 5.</p> +</div> + +</div> <!-- text --> + + +<div class = "argument"> + +<h5><a name = "arg_chapIV" id = "arg_chapIV"> +CHAPTER IV.</a><br> +<span class = "subhead"> +Of Revision.</span></h5> + +<p><a href = "#chapIV_sec1">§§ 1-2.</a> +The three parts of revision are addition, excision, and alteration. It +is best to lay aside for a time what has been written: an interval after +each new birth will furnish the best safeguard against excessive +parental fondness.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapIV_sec3">§§ 3-4.</a> +But time is not always at command. There must obviously be some limit to +revision, especially on the part of the orator, who has to meet the +needs of the moment. Not all changes are improvements: let the file +polish the work, instead of rubbing it all away.</p> + +</div> <!--argument --> + + +<div class = "text"> + +<h5><a name = "chapIV" id = "chapIV"> +De Emendatione.</a></h5> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIV_sec1" id = "chapIV_sec1"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">IV:1</span> +IV. Sequitur emendatio, pars studiorum longe utilissima; neque enim sine +causa creditum est stilum non minus agere, cum delet. Huius autem operis +est adicere, detrahere, mutare. Sed facilius in iis simpliciusque +iudicium quae replenda vel deicienda sunt; premere vero tumentia, +humilia extollere, luxuriantia adstringere, inordinata digerere, soluta +componere, exultantia coercere duplicis operae; nam et damnanda sunt +quae placuerant et invenienda quae fugerant.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIV_sec1" id = "commIV_sec1"><b>§ 1.</b></a> +<b>creditum est</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec48">1 §48</a>. The perfect indicates that +the opinion was adopted and is still maintained. Hor. Ep. i. 2, 5 cur +ita crediderim (= credam): cp. credidi <a href = +"#chapII_sec20">2 §20</a> above.</p> + +<p><b>non minus</b>, sc. quam cum scribit. Hild sees a similar ellipse +in <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec30">1 §30</a> potius habenti +periculosus, sc. quam utilis. But see note <i>ad loc.</i></p> + +<p><b>replenda ... deicienda</b> correspond to <b>adicere ... +detrahere</b>. This use is suggested by the idea of <i>levelling</i>. +Cp. Digest xlii. 1, 4 lege repletur quod sententiae deest: Ovid, Her. x. +37 quod voci deerat plangore replebam.</p> + +<p><b>premere</b>, ‘prune’: v. on <i>pressus</i> <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §§44</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec46">46</a>: Hor. Sat. i. 10, 69 Detereret sibi +multa, recideret omne quod ultra Perfectum traheretur.</p> + +<p><b>luxuriantia</b>, ‘exuberance’: Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 122 luxuriantia +compescet, where Wilkins cites this passage, also de Orat. ii. 96 +luxuries quaedam quae stilo depascenda est, i.e. must be kept down by +the practice of writing.</p> + +<p><b>inordinata</b>: of expression, viii. 2, §23 nam si ... neque plura +neque inordinata aut indistincta dixerimus, erunt dilucida et +neglegenter quoque audientibus aperta: ix. 4, 27 felicissimus tamen +sermo est cui et rectos ordo et apta iunctura et cum his numerus +opportune cadens contigit.</p> + +<p><b>soluta componere</b> = numeris adstringere verba: ‘reducing to +metre what is unrhythmical.’ Cp. carmen solutum <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec31">1 §31</a>. For <i>componere</i>, see +on <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>exultantia</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec15">2 §15</a>, +where the opposition of <i>compositi</i> and <i>exultantes</i> shows +that the latter denotes the extreme,—the excess of that of which +<i>solutus</i> is the defect. Cp. Cic. Orat. §195. The three terms might +be arranged in a series: soluta, composita, exultantia,—the last +denoting ‘combinations of words producing an undignified, skipping, or +dancing movement’ (Frieze).</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIV_sec2" id = "chapIV_sec2"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">IV:2</span> +Nec dubium est optimum esse emendandi genus, si scripta in aliquod +tempus reponantur, ut ad ea post intervallum velut nova atque aliena +redeamus, ne nobis scripta nostra tamquam recentes fetus +blandiantur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIV_sec2" id = "commIV_sec2"><b>§ 2.</b></a> +<b>emendandi genus</b>. Like <i>vis</i> and <i>ratio</i> (see on <a href += "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec1">1 §1</a>), <i>genus</i> is used with +the gerund to supply the place of a noun (here <i>emendatio</i>): cp. +ix. 3, 35 est et illud repetendi genus (‘this too is repetition’): Cic. +pro Rab. Post. neque solum hoc genus pecuniae capiendae turpe sed etiam +nefarium esse arbitrabatur: and even with the perf. part. pass. in Verr. +ii. §141 non mihi praetermittendum videtur ne illud quidem genus +pecuniae conciliatae: Nägelsbach, p. 130.</p> + +<p><b>in aliquod tempus</b>. Hor. A. P. 388 nonumque prematur in annum: +advice to which Quintilian alludes in his dedicatory letter to Tryphon, +dabam iis otium ut refrigerato inventionis amore diligenter repetitos +tamquam lector perpenderem.</p> + +<p><b>recentes fetus</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec16">1 §16</a> nova illa velut +<span class = "pagenum comm">152</span> +nascentia: <a href = "#chapIII_sec7">3 §7</a> omnia nostra dum +nascuntur placent.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIV_sec3" id = "chapIV_sec3"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">IV:3</span> +Sed +<span class = "pagenum">152</span> +neque hoc contingere semper potest praesertim oratori, cui saepius +scribere ad praesentes usus necesse est, et ipsa emendatio finem habet. +Sunt enim qui ad omnia scripta tamquam vitiosa redeant et, quasi nihil +fas sit rectum esse quod primum est, melius existiment quidquid est +aliud, idque faciant quotiens librum in manus resumpserunt, similes +medicis etiam integra secantibus. Accidit itaque ut cicatricosa sint et +exsanguia et cura peiora.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIV_sec3" id = "commIV_sec3"><b>§ 3.</b></a> +<b>finem habet</b>: there must be a limit. Cp. §4.</p> + +<p><b>sunt enim</b>: the <i>increduli</i> of <a href = +"#chapIII_sec11">3 §11</a>: quibus nihil sit satis, &c.</p> + +<p><b>medicis</b>. This is not flattering to the profession in +Quintilian’s day: he may have owed the doctors a grudge. Dion. Hal. ad +Cn. Pomp. vi. (p. 785 R.) has a similar figure.</p> + +<p><b>accidit itaque</b>. Livy sometimes has itaque in the second place, +Cicero never.</p> + +<p><b>cicatricosa</b>, ‘covered with sutures’: ‘patchwork.’</p> + +<p><b>exsanguia</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec115">1 §115</a>, where he says of Calvus +‘nimia contra se calumnia verum sanguinem perdidisse.’</p> + +<p><b>cura peiora</b>: cp. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxv. 10 nocere saepe nimiam +diligentiam: Plin. Ep. ix. 35, 2 nimia cura deterit magis quam +emendat.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "null"> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapIV_sec4" id = "chapIV_sec4"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">IV:4</span> +Sit ergo aliquando quod placeat aut certe quod sufficiat, ut opus poliat +lima, non exterat. Temporis quoque esse debet modus. Nam quod Cinnae +Smyrnam novem annis accepimus scriptam, et Panegyricum Isocratis, qui +parcissime, decem annis dicunt elaboratum, ad oratorem nihil pertinet, +cuius nullum erit, si tam tardum fuerit, auxilium.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commIV_sec4" id = "commIV_sec4"><b>§ 4.</b></a> +<b>lima</b>: Hor. A. P. 291 limae labor et mora: Plin. Ep. v. 10, §3 +perfectum opus absolutumque est, nec iam splendescit lima sed +atteritur.</p> + +<p><b>nam</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec9">1 §§9</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec50">50</a>. <b>quod</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec60">1 §60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cinnae Smyrnam</b>. C. Helvius Cinna, a friend of Catullus, was +the author of a poem entitled Smyrna (Zmyrna), in which he described the +incestuous love of Myrrha for her father Cinyras, the subject being +treated in the fashion of the Alexandrian poets. (Cp. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. +210 §§2-3.) Vergil seems to have admired him (Ecl. ix. 35): but the +elaborate care he spent over his poem, which was after all not a long +one, resulted in obscurity: fuit autem liber obscurus adeo ut et +nonnulli eius aetatis grammatici in eum scripserint magnamque ex eius +enarratione sint gloriam consecuti. Quod obscurus fuerit etiam Martialis +ostendit in illo versu (x. 21, 4): iudice te melior Cinna Marone +fuit,—Philargyrius, quoted by Teuffel. Cp. Catullus xcv Zmyrna mei +Cinnae nonam post denique messem Quam coeptast nonamque edita post +hiememst. Horace’s nonum ... prematur in annum is believed to contain a +direct reference to the Smyrna.</p> + +<p><b>Panegyricum Isocratis</b>. This speech received its name from the +fact that it was written for recitation at one of the great <span class += "greek" title = "panêgureis">πανηγύρεις</span> or festal assemblies, +such as the Panhellenic festival at Olympia. It was probably published +in the latter part of the summer of <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 380, and consisted of an appeal to the Greeks +to join in an expedition against Persia, under the joint command of +Athens and Sparta.</p> + +<p><b>parcissime</b>, sc. dicunt: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec101">1 §101</a> ut parcissime dicam. +Quintilian seems here to be following Dion. Hal. de Comp. Verb. c. 25 +(Reiske v. p. 208) <span class = "greek" title = "ho men gar ton panêgurikon logon, hôs hoi ton elachiston chronon graphontes apophainousin, en etesi deka sunetaxato.">ὁ μὲν γὰρ τὸν πανηγυρικὸν +λόγον, ὡς οἱ τὸν ἐλάχιστον χρόνον γράφοντες ἀποφαίνουσιν, ἐν ἔτεσι δέκα +συνετάξατο.</span> Plutarch says that some mentioned 15 years: <span +class = "greek" title = "ton panêgurikon etesi deka sunethêken, hoi de dekapente legousin">τὸν πανηγυρικὸν ἔτεσι δέκα συνέθηκεν, οἱ δὲ +δεκαπέντε λέγουσιν</span> Dec. Orat. p. 837 F: cp. Mor. 350 E, +where he speaks of ‘almost three Olympiads.’ The writer of the treatise +‘On the Sublime’ (ch. 4) gives ten years as the period.</p> + +<p><b>elaboratum</b>: <a href = "#chapVII_sec32">7 §32</a>. Cp. +Cic. Brutus §312 deinceps inde multae (causae) quas nos diligenter +elaboratas et tamquam elucubratas adferebamus.</p> + +<p><b>nullum erit</b>, ‘will be of no avail’ = non dignum erit cuius +ulla ratio habeatur. +<span class = "pagenum comm">153</span> +Cp. Cic. in Vatin. xii. §30 Dices supplicationes te illas non probasse. +Optime. Nullae fuerint supplicationes.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + +</div> <!-- text --> + + +<div class = "argument"> + +<h5><a name = "arg_chapV" id = "arg_chapV"> +CHAPTER V.</a><br> +<span class = "subhead"> +What to Write.</span></h5> + +<p><a href = "#chapV_sec1">§§ 1-8.</a> +The question now, as distinguished from the preliminary courses laid +down in Books i. and ii., is what form of composition we should practise +in order to acquire copiousness and readiness. First, translation from +the Greek: this exercise leaves the writer free to choose the best terms +in his own language. +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +Second, reproduction (or paraphrase) of Latin poets and orators: here, +however, we often have to borrow from our models. Prose renderings of +the poets are especially useful for the formation of an elevated style. +And even in reproducing orations, we are stimulated to a kind of rivalry +with our author, which may result in our surpassing him: in any case, +the difficulty of competing with masterpieces forces us to study them +minutely.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapV_sec9">§§ 9-11.</a> +It will be of advantage also to put our own ideas into various forms of +expression, and to cultivate the faculty of amplifying: power is shown +in making much of little.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapV_sec11">§§ 11-16.</a> +Here the writing of <i>theses</i> (or discussions of abstract questions) +forms a valuable exercise: also judicial decisions and commonplaces. The +writing of declamations, or school speeches on fictitious cases, is also +to be recommended, even for those who are already making a name at the +bar. History, dialogue, and poetry are all valuable by way of variety +and recreation: a many-sided culture is the best safeguard against +such intellectual narrowness as would otherwise result from the daily +battles of the law-courts.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapV_sec17">§§ 17-20.</a> +Young students must not be kept too long at these preparatory exercises, +lest by indulging the fancy overmuch they unfit themselves for practice. +After a youth has been well schooled in <i>inventio</i> and +<i>elocutio</i>, and has had also some moderate amount of practice, he +should attach himself to some eminent public speaker, and accompany him +to the courts: he should write speeches, too, at home on the causes he +has heard. He has no longer to fence with foils.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapV_sec21">§§ 21-23.</a> +Declamations should resemble real speeches: the subject should be +treated naturally and thoroughly. Large classes and the custom of public +speech-days tend to encourage a specious showiness, in which only the +most popular and attractive parts of a subject are dealt with, and +crowded together without regard to logical connection. One subject, +thoroughly handled, is worth twenty superficially treated.</p> + +</div> <!--argument --> + + +<div class = "text"> + +<span class = "pagenum">153</span> +<h5><a name = "chapV" id = "chapV"> +Quae scribenda sint praecipue.</a></h5> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec1" id = "chapV_sec1"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:1</span> +V. Proximum est ut dicamus quae praecipue scribenda sint <span class = +"greek" title = "hexin">ἕξιν</span> parantibus. <i>Non est huius</i> +quidem operis ut explicemus quae sint materiae, quae prima aut secunda +aut deinceps tractanda sint (nam id factum est iam primo libro, quo +puerorum, et secundo, quo iam robustorum studiis ordinem dedimus), sed, +de quo nunc agitur, unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec1" id = "commV_sec1"><b>§ 1.</b></a> +<b><span class = "greek" title = "hexin">ἑξιν</span></b>: v. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec1">1 §1</a> and note. For the reading see +<a href = "QuintCrit.html#critV_sec1">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>operis</b>: ‘this part of my work,’ viz. the present chapter.</p> + +<p><b>materiae</b>. The plural is especially frequent in Quintilian <a +href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec62">1 §62</a>: <a href = +"#chapV_sec22">5 §22</a>: <a href = +"#chapVII_sec25">7 §25</a>: cp. ii. 4, 12 and 41: 6, 1: 10, 1 and +4: iii. 5, 2: iv. 1, 43: vi. 2, 10: 3, 15: vii. pro. §4: 4, 24 and 40. +He is not treating here of the kinds of subjects for a general course of +rhetorical training, but limits himself to the point ‘de quo agitur, +unde copia ac facilitas maxime veniat.’</p> + +<p><b>primo libro</b>: see ch. 9, where he adds to the office of the +grammarian, after <i>ratio loquendi</i> and <i>enarratio auctorum</i>, +quaedam dicendi primordia quibus aetates nondum rhetorem capientes +instituant.</p> + +<p><b>secundo</b>: ch. 4 de primis apud rhetorem exercitationibus, and +ch. 10 de utilitate et ratione declamandi.</p> + +<p><b>puerorum ... robustorum</b>: cp. i. 8, 12 priora illa ad pueros +magis, haec sequentia ad robustiores pertinebunt: ii. 2, 14 infirmitas a +robustioribus separanda est: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec130">x. 1 §130</a> robustis et severiore +genere satis firmatis: ii. 5, 2 robusti iuvenes: i. 1, 9 robustum quoque +et iam maximum regem ab institutione illa puerili sunt prosecuta: i. 5, +9: 12, 1.</p> + +<p><b>sed</b>: supply <i>ut explicemus</i>, or (for an independent +clause) <i>explicandum est</i>.</p> + +<p><b>de quo nunc agitur</b>: i.e. the avowed object of the tenth book: +cp. <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec1">1 §1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>copia</b>: <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec5">1 §5</a> +opes quaedam parandae ... eae constant copia rerum ac verborum. It is +the <i>copia verborum</i> that is specially meant here.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapV_sec2" id = "chapV_sec2"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:2</span> +Vertere Graeca in Latinum veteres nostri oratores optimum iudicabant. Id +se L. Crassus in illis Ciceronis de Oratore libris dicit +factitasse; id Cicero sua ipse persona frequentissime praecipit, quin +etiam libros Platonis atque Xenophontis edidit hoc +<span class = "pagenum">154</span> +genere translatos; id Messallae placuit, multaeque sunt ab eo scriptae +ad hunc modum orationes, adeo ut etiam cum illa Hyperidis pro Phryne +difficillima Romanis subtilitate contenderet. Et manifesta est +exercitationis huiusce ratio.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec2" id = "commV_sec2"><b>§ 2.</b></a> +<b>Latinum</b>: to be taken substantively, cp. i. 6, 3 and 19: ii. 1, 4: +<a href = "#chapV_sec4">§4</a> below, <i>Latinis</i>: cp. Cicero Tusc. +iii. §29 licet, ut saepe facimus, in Latinum illa convertere.</p> + +<p><b>de Oratore</b> i. §155 postea mihi placuit, eoque sum usus +adulescens, ut summorum oratorum Graecas orationes explicarem, quibus +lectis hoc adsequebar, ut cum ea quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem, +non solum optimis verbis uterer et tamen usitatis, sed etiam exprimerem +quaedam verba imitando, quae nova nostris essent, dummodo essent idonea. +Prof. Wilkins there refers, for the value to be attached to translation +at sight, as giving a command over appropriate diction, to Stanhope’s +Life of Pitt, vol. i. pp. 8 and 18. Cp. Stanley’s Arnold, i. +120.</p> + +<p><b>sua ipse persona</b>: in his own name, and not merely by the mouth +of one of the persons of a dialogue, like Crassus in the De Oratore. +There are no passages in Cicero’s extant writings that account for the +words <i>frequentissime praecipit</i>: cp., however, Brutus §310 +Commentabar declamitans ... idque faciebam multum etiam Latine sed +Graece saepius: ad Fam. xvi. 21, 5 declamitare Graece apud Cassium +institui. The introductions to the De Officiis and De Finibus contain +Cicero’s advocacy of the study of Greek. Suet. de Rhet. 1-2 Cicero ad +praeturam usque Graece declamavit, Latine vero senior quoque.</p> + +<p><b>libros Platonis atque Xenophontis</b>. Cicero translated, at about +the age of 20 +<span class = "pagenum comm">154</span> +years (de Off. ii. §87) the Oeconomicus of Xenophon: in early life also +the Protagoras of Plato, and later the Timaeus. Quintilian might have +included a reference to Cicero’s translation of Aeschines in +Ctesiphontem and Demosthenes de Corona, his preface to which survives in +the De Optimo Genere Oratorum: §14 Converti enim ex Atticis duorum +eloquentissimorum nobilissimas orationes inter se contrarias, Aeschinis +Demosthenisque: nec converti ut interpres sed ut orator, &c. His +motive was to lay down a standard of ‘Atticism,’ as well as to free +himself from the charge of ‘Asianism’: §23 erit regula ad quam eorum +dirigantur orationes qui Attice volent dicere. Cp. Quint, xii. 10.</p> + +<p><b>hoc genere</b>: <a href = "#chapIII_sec26">3 §26</a>: and +below <a href = "#chapV_sec7">§7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Messallae</b>: v. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec22">1 §22</a> and <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec113">§113</a> with the notes.</p> + +<p><b>Hyperidis pro Phryne</b>: Quintilian refers to the well-known +story ii. 15, 9 et Phrynen non Hyperidis actione quamquam admirabili, +sed conspectu corporis, quod illa speciosissimum alioqui diducta +nudaverit tunica, putant periculo liberatam. Phryne was accused of <span +class = "greek" title = "asebeia">ἀσέβεια</span>. For Hyperides v. <a +href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec77">1 §77</a>, and note.</p> + +<p><b>cum illa ... pro Phryne ... subtilitate</b>. The commentators +quote a similar brachyology in Cic. Orator §108 ipsa enim illa pro +Roscio iuvenilis redundantia, though the text is not certain.</p> + +<p><b>difficillima Romanis subtilitat</b>. Cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec100">1 §100</a> cum sermo ipse Romanus +non recipere videatur illam solis concessam Atticis venerem. For +<i>subtilitas</i> cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec78">1 §78</a>, <a href = +"#chapII_sec19">2 §19</a>, Brutus §67 sed ea in nostris inscitia +est, quod hi ipsi, qui in Graecis antiquitate delectantur eaque +subtilitate quam Atticam appellant, hanc in Catone ne noverunt quidem. +Hyperidae volunt esse et Lysiae. Laudo; sed cur nolunt Catones?</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec3" id = "chapV_sec3"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:3</span> +Nam et rerum copia Graeci auctores abundant et plurimum artis in +eloquentiam intulerunt, et hos transferentibus verbis uti optimis licet; +omnibus enim utimur nostris. Figuras vero, quibus maxime ornatur oratio, +multas ac varias excogitandi etiam necessitas quaedam est, quia +plerumque a Graecis Romana dissentiunt.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec3" id = "commV_sec3"><b>§ 3.</b></a> +<b>auctores</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec24">1 §24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>transferentibus</b>: personal dat. after <i>licet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>verbis uti optimis</b>: cp. hoc adsequebar ut .... non solum +optimis verbis uterer de Oratore i. §155, quoted above.</p> + +<p><b>nostris</b> is predicative = omnia enim quibus utimur nostra sunt. +Translation from the Greek leaves us free to choose the best +expressions: it is not like translation from Latin (i.e. reproduction or +paraphrase), where we must often borrow from our models (optimis +occupatis <a href = "#chapV_sec5">§5</a>.).</p> + +<p><b>figuras</b>. Cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec12">1 §12</a>, note on figuramus. In ix. +1, Quintilian discusses the meaning of <i>figura</i>, which he defines +broadly in §4 as ‘conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et +primum se offerente ratione.’ Here he refers both to rhetorical and to +grammatical figures; the latter require idiomatic rendering, while a +rhetorical figure which may be appropriate in the one language may not +be allowable in the other. In i. 1, 13 he gives a warning against the +exclusive use of Greek in early training: hinc enim accidunt et oris +plurima vitia in peregrinum sonum corrupti et sermonis, cui cum Graecae +figurae adsidua consuetudine haeserunt, in diversa quoque loquendi +ratione pertinacissime durant.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapV_sec4" id = "chapV_sec4"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:4</span> +Sed et illa ex Latinis conversio multum et ipsa contulerit. +<span class = "pagenum">155</span> +Ac de carminibus quidem neminem credo dubitare, quo solo genere +exercitationis dicitur usus esse Sulpicius. Nam et sublimis spiritus +attollere orationem potest, et verba poetica libertate audaciora non +praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem; sed et ipsis sententiis +adicere licet oratorium robur et omissa supplere et effusa +substringere.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec4" id = "commV_sec4"><b>§ 4.</b></a> +<b>ex Latinis conversio.</b> Verbal nouns are often joined with the case +governed by the verb from which they are derived: vii. 2, 35 ex causis +probatio. In Plautus there are several instances even of the accusative, +but the dative is more frequent.</p> + +<p><b>multum et ipsa</b> = ipsa quoque ... multum contulerit, ‘even +paraphrase of +<span class = "pagenum comm">155</span> +itself,’ i.e. apart from translation. See on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec31">1 §31</a> and cp. <a href = +"#chapV_sec20">§20</a> below, <a href = "#chapVI_sec1">6 §1</a>: <a +href = "#chapVII_sec26">7 §26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>contulerit</b>: v. on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec37">1 §37</a>. (Cicero uses ipse by +itself, or ipse etiam: Livy, ipse quoque.)</p> + +<p><b>de carminibus</b>: Hild wrongly takes this of Greek poetry. +Quintilian is commending those exercises in ‘reproduction’ or +‘paraphrase,’ which are substituted in many schools now for English +‘parsing.’</p> + +<p><b>Sulpicius</b>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec116">1 §116</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sublimis spiritus</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec27">1 §27</a> in rebus spiritus et in +verbis sublimitas: <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec61">§61</a> +spiritu, magnificentia: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec104">§104</a> elatum abunde spiritum: <a href += "#chapIII_sec22">3 §22</a> beatiorem spiritum.</p> + +<p><b>orationem</b>: ‘prose style.’ The fire of the poetry gives +elevation to the paraphrase. <i>Oratio</i> is used (without prosa) in +Cicero for ‘prose’: Orator §70 saepissime et in poematis et in oratione +peccatur: ibid. §§166, 174, 178, 198, &c.</p> + +<p><b>poetica libertate</b>. Cp. Quintilian’s remarks on the study of +poetry, <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec27">1 §§27-30</a>, esp. +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec28">§28</a> libertate verborum ... +licentia figurarum.</p> + +<p><b>praesumunt</b>. The use of this verb, with such a nominative as +<i>verba</i> (which seems here to be in a way personified), would be +hard to parallel either from Quintilian or from any other writer. +Elsewhere it is generally used with a personal reference in the sense of +to ‘take beforehand’ (<span class = "greek" title = +"prolambanô">προλαμβάνω</span>)),—with derived meanings; e.g. i. +10, 27: i. 1, 19: ii. 4, 7; 17, 28: viii. 6, 23: xii. 9, 9. The +passage xi. 1, 27 inviti iudices audiunt praesumentem partes suas is +quoted as showing that the meaning is ‘encroach upon,’ but that is +secondary: there it simply means ‘anticipating them in the discharge of +their functions,’ cp. sumere sibi imperatorias partes Caesar B.C. iii. +51. ‘Forestall’ is the nearest English equivalent: praeripere (Becher), +praecidere (Hild), praecipere (sumere aliquid ante tempus) Dosson. Cp. +Aen. xi. 18: Ovid Ar. Amat. iii. 757: and praeclusam <a href = +"#chapV_sec7">§7</a> below.—In what follows eadem is the only +reading that will make sense of a very difficult passage: if it is the +nom. pl. (agreeing with <i>verba</i>), tr. ‘do not at the same time +(i.e. in consequence of their being <i>poet. libert. audac.</i>) exhaust +beforehand the power of using the language of ordinary prose: no (sed = +<span class = "greek" title = "alla">ἀλλὰ</span>), we may add to the +thought (of the poem) the strength of rhetoric,’ &c. Even if the +words are ‘poetica libertate audaciora’ the ‘facultas proprie dicendi’ +can secure strength, completeness, and compactness for the reproduction. +But <i>eadem</i> is usually taken as the acc. pl. neut.: ‘do not use up +beforehand the ability to say the same things in ordinary prose.’ The +reading <i>eandem</i> (Halm and Meister) would seem to require a +different meaning for <i>praesumunt</i>.—See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critV_sec4">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>effusa substringere</b>: cp. <a href = +"#chapIV_sec1">4 §1</a> luxuriantia adstringere. +<i>Substringere</i> means to ‘gather up’ as one does with dishevelled +(<i>effusus</i>) hair, from which the figure may be taken: Tac. Germ. 38 +substringere crinem nodo. Burmann quotes from Tertullian de Oration, +ch. i. de brevitate orationis dominicae quantum substringitur +verbis tantum diffunditur sensibus.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec5" id = "chapV_sec5"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:5</span> +Neque ego paraphrasin esse interpretationem tantum volo, sed circa +eosdem sensus certamen atque aemulationem. Ideoque ab illis dissentio +qui vertere +<span class = "pagenum">156</span> +orationes Latinas vetant, quia optimis occupatis, quidquid aliter +dixerimus, necesse sit esse deterius. Nam neque semper est desperandum +aliquid illis quae dicta sunt melius posse reperiri, neque adeo ieiunam +ac pauperem natura eloquentiam fecit ut una de re bene dici nisi semel +non possit:</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec5" id = "commV_sec5"><b>§ 5.</b></a> +<b>paraphrasin</b>, subject: cp. conversio <a href = +"#chapV_sec4">§4</a> above. The paraphrase is not to be a mere +word-for-word translation: for interpretatio cp. iii. 5, 17. Among +the ‘dicendi primordia’ proper for the training of ‘aetates nondum +rhetorem capientes’ Quintilian lays down the practice of paraphrase: tum +paraphrasi audacius vertere (Aesopi Fabellas), qua et breviare quaedam +et exornare salvo modo poetae sensu permittitur.</p> + +<p><b>circa eosdem sensus</b>. The writer is to endeavour to rival his +original in expressing the same idea. For <i>sensus</i> cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec33">3 §33</a>: <i>circa</i> again below <a href = +"#chapV_sec6">§6</a> circa voces easdem. See on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec52">1 §52</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vertere orationes</b>. Till now he has +<span class = "pagenum comm">156</span> +been speaking of <i>conversio ex carminibus</i>. It was probably the +custom in schools of rhetoric to make pupils give a free rendering +(vertere) of passages also from some great oration. Quintilian is +defending such practices against the criticism which Cicero, for +example, puts in the mouth of Crassus, de Orat. i. §154 equidem mihi +adulescentulus proponere solebam illam exercitationem maxime ... ut aut +versibus propositis quam maxime gravibus aut oratione aliqua lecta ad +eum finem, quem memoria possem comprehendere, eam rem ipsam quam +legissem verbis aliis quam maxime possem lectis pronuntiarem: sed post +animadverti hoc esse in hoc vitii, quod ea verba quae maxime cuiusque +rei propria quaeque essent ornatissima atque optima occupasset aut +Ennius, si ad eius versus me exercerem, aut Gracchus, si eius orationem +mihi forte proposuissem: ita, si eisdem verbis uterer, nihil prodesse, +si aliis, etiam obesse, cum minus idoneis uti consuescerem. So he took +to translating from the Greek, as shown in what follows, quoted on <a +href = "#chapV_sec2">§2</a> above.</p> + +<p><b>una de re</b>. Along with <i>in eadem materia</i> below, this +shows what freedom Quintilian would allow in such reproductions: cp. non +interpretationem tantum, &c. above. Hild refers to a quotation, on +the other hand, from La Bruyère (Ouvrages de l’Esprit 17), which has +more of the spirit of the true artist: Entre toutes les différentes +expressions qui peuvent rendre une seule de nos pensées, il n’y en a +qu’une qui soit la bonne. On ne la rencontre pas toujours en parlant ou +en écrivant; il est vrai néanmoins qu’elle existe, que tout ce qui ne +l’est pas est faible, et ne satisfait point un homme d’esprit qui veut +se faire entendre.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec6" id = "chapV_sec6"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:6</span> +nisi forte histrionum multa circa voces easdem variare gestus potest, +orandi minor vis, ut dicatur aliquid post quod in eadem materia nihil +dicendum sit. Sed esto neque melius quod invenimus esse neque par, est +certe proximis locus.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec6" id = "commV_sec6"><b>§ 6.</b></a> +<b>nisi forte</b>: a formula generally used, as in Cicero, to introduce +an ironical argument, e.g. i. §70: <a href = +"#chapII_sec8">2 §8</a>. For a similar constr. cp. i. 10, 6: nisi +forte <span class = "greek" title = "antidotous">ἀντιδότους</span> +quidem atque alia, quae oculis aut vulneribus medentur, ex multis atque +interim contrariis quoque inter se effectibus componi videmus ... et +muta animalia mellisillum inimitabilem humanae rationis saporem vario +florum ac sucorum genere perficiunt: nos mirabamur si oratio, qua nihil +praestantius homini dedit providentia, pluribus artibus egeat. And, with +<i>autem</i> in the second clause, ii. 3, 6 Nisi forte Iovem quidem +Phidias optime fecit, illa autem alius melius elaborasset. Cp. the use +of <i>an</i>, <i>an vero</i> with antithetical clauses.—The +reasoning is by no means conclusive, the analogy on which it rests +having nothing to recommend it except to a teacher of rhetoric. +Quintilian may have had in his mind what went on between Cicero and +Roscius: Satis constat contendere eum cum ipso histrione solitum, utrum +ille saepius eandem sententiam variis gestibus efficeret, an ipse per +eloquentiae copiam sermone diverso pronuntiaret,—Macrobius, +Saturn. ii. 40.</p> + +<p><b>esto</b>: with acc. and infin. as in Hor. Ep. i. 1, 81 Verum esto +aliis alios rebus studiisque teneri: Idem eadem possunt horam durare +probantes. The subj. is more common: Cic. pro Sest. 97 esto (est) ... ut +sint. Or else <i>esto</i> may be used independently: Hor. Sat. ii. +2, 30. Quint. ix. 2, 84 sed esto, voluerit: Verg. Aen. iv. 35 esto, +nulli flexere mariti.</p> + +<p><b>par ... proximis</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec127">1 §127</a> pares ac saltem proximos +illi viro fieri. With <i>proximis</i> understand ‘illis quae dicta +sunt.’</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec7" id = "chapV_sec7"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:7</span> +An vero ipsi non bis ac saepius de eadem re dicimus et quidem continuas +nonnumquam sententias? Nisi +<span class = "pagenum">157</span> +forte contendere nobiscum possumus, cum aliis non possumus. Nam si uno +genere bene diceretur, fas erat existimari praeclusam nobis a prioribus +viam; nunc vero innumerabiles sunt modi plurimaeque eodem viae +ducunt.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec7" id = "commV_sec7"><b>§ 7.</b></a> +<b>An vero</b>: see on <a href = "#chapIII_sec29">3 §29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>et quidem</b>: see on <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec34"><ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads “§34” only, as if to 5.34">1 §34</ins></a>, and cp. Plin. Ep. i. 12, 1 decessit Corellius Rufus, et quidem sponte.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">157</span> +<p><b>nisi forte</b>: v. on <a href = "#chapV_sec6">§6</a> above. For +such repetitions see <a href = "#chapII_sec23">2 §23</a>, and +note.</p> + +<p><b>uno</b>: supply <i>tantum</i>, as in <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec91">1 §91</a> hos nominavimus. For genere +(= ratione, modo) cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec26">3 §26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>fas erat</b>. With verbs expressing possibility, duty, necessity, +convenience, intention, &c. the indicative is often used in the +apodosis when the verb in the protasis is subjunctive. Cp. Livy v. 6 Si +mediusfidius ad hoc bellum nihil pertineret, ad disciplinam certe +militiae plurimum intererat, &c.: Sallust. Iug. 85 ad fin. Quae si +dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire +decebat.</p> + +<p><b>plurimae ... ducunt</b>. The expression seems proverbial: cp. ‘All +roads lead to Rome.’</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec8" id = "chapV_sec8"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:8</span> +Sua brevitati gratia, sua copiae, alia translatis virtus, alia propriis, +hoc oratio recta, illud figura declinata commendat. Ipsa denique +utilissima est exercitationi difficultas. Quid quod auctores maximi sic +diligentius cognoscuntur? Non enim scripta lectione secura +transcurrimus, sed tractamus singula et necessario introspicimus et, +quantum virtutis habeant, vel hoc ipso cognoscimus, quod imitari non +possumus.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec8" id = "commV_sec8"><b>§ 8.</b></a> +<b>oratio recta</b>. See on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a> rectum dicendi genus: the +opposite is <i>oratio figurata</i>, or <i>figura declinata</i> (<a href += "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec12">1 §12</a>). Cp. ix. 1, 3 Utraque +res (figures and tropes) de recta et simplici ratione cum aliqua dicendi +virtute deflectitur.</p> + +<p><b>figura</b> is ablative, the phrase being equivalent to +<i>figurata</i>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec12">1 §12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>commendat</b>: v. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec101">1 §101</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tractamus</b>: cp. repetamus autem et tractemus <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec19">1 §19</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "null"> +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapV_sec9" id = "chapV_sec9"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:9</span> +Nec aliena tantum transferre, sed etiam nostra pluribus modis tractare +proderit, ut ex industria sumamus sententias quasdam easque versemus +quam numerosissime, velut eadem cera aliae aliaeque formae duci +solent.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec9" id = "commV_sec9"><b>§ 9.</b></a> +<b>numerosissime</b>: not merely ‘as often as possible’ (saepissime), +but ‘in every possible variety’: cp. aliae aliaeque formae, below. Cp. +ii. 12, 3 sparsa compositis numerosiora creduntur: viii. pr. §2 +difficultate institutionis tam numerosae atque perplexae deterreri: xi. +2, 27 ni forte tam numerosus (locus) ut ipse quoque dividi debeat: vi. +3, 36 neque enim minus numerosi sunt loci ex quibus haec dicta ... +ducuntur. But Quintilian also uses it in the Ciceronian sense +(‘rhythmically,’ ‘harmoniously’) viii. 6, 64 sermonem facere numerosum: +ix. 4, 56: xi. 1, 33.</p> + +<p><b>eadem cera</b>: Cic. de Orat iii. §177 sed ea nos ... sicut +mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus: Pliny Ep. +vii. 9, 11 Ut laus est cerae mollis cedensque sequatur Si doctos digitos +iussaque fiat opus, &c.</p> + +<p><b>aliae aliaeque</b>, ‘first one and then another’: of a continuous +succession: cp. quam numerosissime, above. Cp. Cels. iii. 3 extr. febres +... aliae aliaeque subinde oriuntur. With this exception, Quintilian +consistently prefers the Ciceronian <i>atque</i> in such expressions, +instead of the enclitic. Krüger cites Tibull. iv. 1, 16, sq. ut tibi +possim Inde alios aliosque memor componere versus.</p> + +<p><b>duci</b>: <a href = "#chapIII_sec18">3 §18</a>: ii. 4, 7 si +non ab initio tenuem nimium laminam duxerimus.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec10" id = "chapV_sec10"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:10</span> +Plurimum autem parari facultatis existimo ex simplicissima quaque +materia. Nam illa multiplici +<span class = "pagenum">158</span> +personarum, causarum, temporum, locorum, dictorum, factorum diversitate +facile delitescet infirmitas, tot se undique rebus, ex quibus aliquam +adprehendas, offerentibus.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec10" id = "commV_sec10"><b>§ 10.</b></a> +<b>illa ... diversitate</b>: xii. 10, 15 umbra magni nominis +delitescunt. The less complicated the subject, the more will the orator +have to depend on his own resources: with the <i>diversitas</i> that +characterises actual pleading, where the speaker must have regard to +every feature +<span class = "pagenum comm">158</span> +of the case, want of original talent or poverty of invention +(infirmitas) can easily shelter itself behind a crowd of details.</p> + +<p><b>causarum</b>, ‘circumstances’: opp. to <i>personarum</i>, as +<i>loca</i>, to <i>tempora</i>, and <i>facta</i> to <i>dicta</i>. So +personis causisque iii. 5, 11: <i>rerum</i> is used in a similar +enumeration iii. 5, 7. So Krüger, of the ‘points of law’ involved +in particular cases: for <i>causa</i> in the wider sense cp. iii. 5, 18 +with Cic. Top. §80.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec11" id = "chapV_sec11"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:11</span> +Illud virtutis indicium est, fundere quae natura contracta sunt, augere +parva, varietatem similibus, voluptatem expositis dare et bene dicere +multa de paucis.</p> + +<p class = "maintext"> +In hoc optime facient infinitae quaestiones, quas vocari theses +<span class = "pagenum">159</span> +diximus, quibus Cicero iam princeps in re publica exerceri solebat.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec11" id = "commV_sec11"><b>§ 11.</b></a> +<b>fundere ... contracta</b>: cp. ii. 13, 5 constricta an latius fusa +narratio: <i>fusus</i> <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec73">1 §73</a>. The word = dilatare (cp. +Cic. de Fin. iii. 15), copiosius et latius efferre. So <i>latum atque +fusum</i> is opp. to <i>contractum atque submissum</i> xi. 3, 50. +Cp. Cicero Orat. §125 tum se latius fundet orator,—a phrase which +Quintilian reproduces in many places.</p> + +<p><b>augere parva</b>. Cp. Plato, Phaedrus 267 A (of Tisias and +Gorgias) <span class = "greek" title = "ta te au smikra megala kai ta megala smikra phainesthai poiousi dia rhômên logou">τά τε αὖ σμικρὰ +μεγάλα καὶ τὰ μεγάλα σμικρὰ φαίνεσθαι ποιοῦσι διὰ ῥώμην λόγου</span>. +Isocrates is said to have defined rhetoric as that which <span class = +"greek" title = "ta te mikra megala, ta de megala mikra poiei">τά τε +μικρὰ μεγάλα, τὰ δὲ μεγάλα μικρὰ ποιεῖ</span>—Pseudo-Plutarch +838 F. See too the Exordium of the Panegyricus of Isocrates §8 +<span class = "greek" title = "epeidê d’ hoi logoi toiautên echousi tên phusin hôsth’ hoion t’ einai peri tôn autôn pollachôs exêgêsasthai">ἐπειδὴ δ᾽ οἱ λόγοι τοιαύτην ἔχουσι τὴν φύσιν ὥσθ᾽ οἷον τ᾽ +εἶναι περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν πολλαχῶς ἐξηγήσασθαι</span> (varietatem similibus) +<span class = "greek" title = "kai ta te megala tapeina poiêsai kai tois mikrois megethos peritheinai k.t.l.">καὶ τά τε μεγάλα ταπεινὰ ποιῆσαι +καὶ τοῖς μικροῖς μέγεθος περιθεῖναι κ.τ.λ.</span></p> + +<p><b>expositis</b>: ‘commonplace,’ ‘trite.’ Iuv. vii. 53 Sed vatem +egregium, cui non sit publica vena, Qui nil expositum soleat deducere, +nec qui Communi feriat carmen triviale moneta. Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexlvii">p. xlvii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In hoc</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec5">2 §5</a>. It denotes +the end or aim, like <i>ad hoc</i>. For this use of <i>facere</i> cp. <a +href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec33">1 §33</a> bene ad forensem +pulverem facere: <a href = "#chapVII_sec4">7 §4</a> quid porro +multus stilus ... facit?</p> + +<p><b>infinitae quaestiones quas vocari theses diximus</b>: iii. 5, 5 +sq. Item convenit quaestiones esse aut infinitas aut finitas. Infinitae +sunt quae remotis personis et temporibus et locis ceterisque similibus +in utramque partem (i.e. affirmatively and negatively) tractantur, quod +Graeci <span class = "greek" title = "thesin">θέσιν</span> dicunt, +Cicero propositum, alii quaestiones universales civiles, alii +quaestiones philosopho convenientes, Athenaeus partem caussae appellat. +Hoc genus Cicero scientia et actione distinguit (speculative and +practical), ut sit scientia ‘an providentia mundus regatur,’ actionis +‘an accedendum ad rempublicam administrandam.’ ... Finitae autem sunt ex +complexu rerum, personarum, temporum, ceterorumque quae <span class = +"greek" title = "hupotheseis">ὑποθέσεις</span> a Graecis dicuntur, +causae a nostris. In his omnis quaestio videtur circa res personasque +consistere. Amplior est semper infinita, inde enim finita descendit. +Quod ut exemplo pateat, infinita est ‘an uxor ducenda,’ finita ‘an +Catoni ducenda.’—The division of the subject-matter of oratory +into questions of the universal kind, ‘general problems,’ and questions +of a special kind, ‘particular problems,’ is familiar in ancient +rhetoric. The former were abstract, and had no specified relation to +individual persons or circumstances: the latter were concrete, involving +a reference to actual persons and circumstances. In the ad Herenn. the +<i>quaestiones infinitae</i> (<span class = "greek" title = +"theseis">θέσεις</span>), <i>proposita</i> (Top. §79) or +<i>consultationes</i> (Part. Or. §61) are subdivided, as above, into +<i>quaestiones scientiae</i> or <i>cognitionis</i>, ‘theoretical +questions’ (e.g. ecquid bonum sit praeter honestatem), and +<i>quaestiones actionis</i> ‘questions of practical life,’ (e.g. an uxor +ducenda). The <i>quaestiones finitae</i>, on the other hand, <span class += "greek" title = "hupotheseis">ὑποθέσεις</span>, <i>causae</i>, +<i>controversiae</i> (de Orat. iii. §109), are those concerning +individuals: cum personarum certarum interpositione, de Inv. i. +6, 8. The <span class = "greek" title = "thesis">θέσις</span> is +thus defined in Hermogenes, Sp. ii. 17: <span class = "greek" title = +"episkêpsin tinos pragmatos theôroumenou, amoirousan pasês idikês peristaseôs">ἐπίσκηψίν τινος πράγματος θεωρουμένου, ἀμοιροῦσαν πάσης +ἰδικῆς περιστάσεως</span>: cp. res posita in infinita dubitatione, de +Orat. ii. §78. The <i>quaestio finita</i> on the other hand is res +posita in disceptatione reorum et controversia (ibid.): +<span class = "pagenum comm">159</span> +<span class = "greek" title = "prostetheisês peristaseôs teleia hupothesis ginetai">προστεθείσης περιστάσεως τελεία ὑπόθεσις +γίνεται</span> (Nicolaus Soph. Progym. Sp. iii. 493). The passages to +compare in Cicero are the following:—de Orat. i. §138: ii. §41, +§78, and §133: iii. §109-§111: Orat. §45: Top. §79: de Invent. i. 6, §8: +Part. Orat. §61, §106.</p> + +<p><b>Cicero</b>. It was considered one of his strong points that he +could rise from the special instance to the higher ground of the general +principle: Brutus §322 dicam de ceteris quorum nemo erat qui ... +dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione hominis ac +temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem traducere. +He writes to Atticus in 49 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> (ix. +4, 1) Ne me totum aegritudini dedam, sumpsi mihi quasdam tanquam +<span class = "greek" title = "theseis">θέσεις</span>: cp. ib. 9, 1 +<span class = "greek" title = "theseis">θέσεις</span> meas commentari +non desino. Aristotle recognised the importance of the practice of the +<span class = "greek" title = "thesis">θέσις</span>: in hac A. +adulescentes, non ad philosophorum morem tenuiter disserendi, sed ad +copiam rhetorum in utramque partem ut ornatius et uberius dici posset, +exercuit. Cp. Tusc. Disp. ii. 3 §9: de Orat. iii. §107: Quint. xii. +2, 25. Among his <span class = "greek" title = +"theseis">θέσεις</span> we may probably reckon the Paradoxa.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec12" id = "chapV_sec12"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:12</span> +His confinis est destructio et confirmatio sententiarum. Nam cum sit +sententia decretum quoddam atque praeceptum, quod de re, idem de iudicio +rei quaeri potest. Tum loci communes, +<span class = "pagenum">160</span> +quos etiam scriptos ab oratoribus scimus. Nam qui haec recta tantum et +in nullos flexus recedentia copiose tractaverit, utique in illis plures +excursus recipientibus magis abundabit eritque in omnes causas paratus; +omnes enim generalibus quaestionibus constant.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec12" id = "commV_sec12"><b>§ 12.</b></a> +<b>confinis</b>: frequent in this figurative sense in Quintilian: not in +Cicero.</p> + +<p><b>destructio ... confirmatio</b> correspond respectively to <span +class = "greek" title = "anaskeuê">ἀνασκευή</span> (refutatio) and <span +class = "greek" title = "kataskeuê">κατασκευή</span> (probatio). Cp. ii. +4, 18 Narrationibus non inutiliter subiungitur opus destruendi +confirmandique eas, quod <span class = "greek" title = +"anaskeuê">ἀνασκευή</span> et <span class = "greek" title = +"kataskeuê">κατασκευή</span> vocatur. Hermog. Sp. ii. 8 <span class = +"greek" title = "anaskeuê estin anatropê tou protethentos pragmatos, kataskeuê de tounantion bebaiôsis.">ἀνασκευή ἐστιν ἀνατροπὴ τοῦ +προτεθέντος πράγματος, κατασκευὴ δὲ τοὐναντίον βεβαίωσις.</span> For +<i>confirmatio</i> v. Cic. de Invent. i. 24: de Orat. ii. 331: Part. Or. +1, 4: 8, 27: Cornif. ad Her. i. 3: Quint. iv. 3, 1: v. 13, 1. +Quintilian here transfers to judicial findings the language applicable +to <i>narratio</i>, as above: <i>sententia</i> = a judicial sentence, +and is synonymous with <i>iudicium</i>. “In sententia, quae est de re +iudicium, fieri potest idem quod in facto narrato, quod est res +ipsa.”—Spalding. That is to say, <i>sententia</i> and +<i>iudicium</i> “pertain to individual cases (res): but the particular +sentence or judgment is also <i>a kind</i> of (general) <i>decree and +prescription</i>, or general rule of law; because, to be sustained or +refuted, it must be put into a general form or statement like such a +general decree. Thus the special sentence is argued (quaeritur) on the +same grounds as the case itself (res) on which it has been pronounced. +See the case of Milo, quoted below, ii §13. Of course no specific +question of fact will come into such a discussion; only a general one of +right or wrong, of legal precedent, or of law in general.” Frieze.</p> + +<p><b>loci communes</b>: ‘general arguments,’ ‘commonplaces,’ i.e. +topics for argument on all sorts of matters. Cicero defines them de +Invent. ii. 48 sq. haec argumenta, quae transferri in multas causas +possunt, locos communes nominamus ... distinguitur autem oratio atque +illustratur maxime raro inducendis locis communibus et aliquo loco iam +certioribus illis argumentis confirmato ... omnia autem ornamenta +elocutionis, in quibus et suavitatis et gravitatis plurimum consistit, +in communes locos conferuntur: de Or. iii. §106 consequentur etiam illi +loci, qui quamquam proprii causarum et inhaerentes in earum nervis esse +debent, tamen quia de universa re tractare solent, communes a veteribus +nominati sunt, quorum partim habent vitiorum et peccatorum acrem quandam +cum amplificatione incusationem aut querelam ... quibus uti confirmatis +criminibus oportet...; alii autem habent deprecationem aut miserationem; +alii vero ancipites disputationes, in quibus de universo genere in +utramque partem disseri copiose licet: Orat. §§46-7: §126: Part. Orat. +§115. Quint. ii. 4, 22 communes loci ... quibus citra personas in ipsa +vitia moris est perorare, ut in adulterum, aleatorem, petulantem: ii. 1, +9-11. “Any subject or topic of a general character that is capable of +being variously applied and constantly introduced on any appropriate +occasion is a <i>locus communis</i>; any common current maxim or +alternative proposition, such as <i>suspitionibus credi</i> +[<i>oportere</i>] <i>non oportere et contra suspitionibus credi +oportere, testibus credi oportere et non oportere.</i> Again +<i>invidia</i>, <i>avaritia</i>, <i>testes inimici</i>, <i>potentes +amici</i> (Quint. v. 12 §§15, 16) may furnish <i>loci communes</i>; or +they may be constructed <i>de virtute</i>, <i>de officio</i>, <i>de</i> +<span class = "pagenum comm">160</span> +<i>aequo et bono</i>, <i>de dignitate</i>, <i>utilitate</i>, +<i>honore</i>, <i>ignominia</i>, and on other moral topics” (Cope’s +Intr. to Ar. Rhet. p. 130).</p> + +<p><b>ab oratoribus</b>: e.g. Cicero and Hortensius. ii. 1, 11 Communes +loci, sive qui sunt in vitia directi, quales legimus a Cicerone +compositos, seu quibus quaestiones generaliter tractantur, quales sunt +editi a Q. quoque Hortensio, ut: ‘Sitne parvis augmentis credendum?’ et +pro testibus et in testes. Aristotle made <i>loci communes</i> the +subject of his <span class = "greek" title = "topika">τοπικά</span>, in +eight books, and it was the substance of this treatise that Cicero +reproduced in his ‘Topica.’</p> + +<p><b>haec recta ... in illis, &c.</b> The opposition here is +between the simple themes (cp. ex simplicissima quaque materia, <a href += "#chapV_sec10">§10</a>) which deal with the general and abstract and +do not diverge into the special (ii. 1, 9 citra complexum rerum +personarumque), and the digressions involved in the ‘multiplex +personarum causarum temporum locorum dictorum factorum diversitas,’ +referred to in <a href = "#chapV_sec10">§10</a>. With the former cp. +Cic. de Orat. ii. §67 vaga et libera et late patens quaestio: iii. §120 +orationes eae quae latissime vagantur et a privata ac singulari +controversia se ad universi generis vim explicandam conferunt: Brutus +§322 nemo qui dilatare posset atque a propria ac definita disputatione +hominis ac temporis ad communem quaestionem universi generis orationem +traducere. The two form the duo genera causarum of de Orat. ii. §133 +unum ... in quo sine personis atque temporibus de universo genere +quaeratur; alterum, quod personis certis et temporibus definiatur. For +<i>recta tantum et in nullos flexus recedentia</i> cp. v. 13, 2 inde +recta fere ... est actio, hinc mille flexus et artes desiderantur: <a +href = "#chapV_sec8">§8</a> above, oratio recta ... figura +declinata.</p> + +<p><b>utique</b>, ‘without fail’: common in this sense in Cicero’s +letters. In Quintilian it is very frequent, especially in stating a +consequence: cp. <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec24">1 §24</a> +and note.</p> + +<p><b>in illis</b>, i.e. the great majority of causes.</p> + +<p><b>plures excursus recipientibus</b>, i.e. that admit of various +digressions, and are susceptible of various applications according to +circumstances, persons, place, time, &c.</p> + +<p><b>in omnes causas paratus</b>: for the constr. cp. Tac. Dial. xli. +inter bonos mores et in obsequium regentis paratos. A similar +expression occurs ibid. xxxiv. solus statim et unus cuicunque causae par +erat. So too x. 1, 2, above, paratam ad omnes casus ... eloquentiam.</p> + +<p><b>generalibus quaestionibus</b>. Cp. iii. 5, 9 Hae autem, quas +infinitas voco, et generales appellantur: quod si est verum, finitae +speciales erunt. In omni autem speciali utique inest generalis, ut quae +sit prior: xii. 2, 18 omnis generalis quaestio speciali potentior, quia +universo pars continetur, non utique accedit parti quod universum est: +ii. 4, 22 ab illo generali tractatu ad quasdam deduci species. Cp. v. +7, 35.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec13" id = "chapV_sec13"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:13</span> +Nam quid interest ‘Cornelius tribunus plebis, +<span class = "pagenum">161</span> +quod codicem legerit, reus sit,’ an quaeramus ‘violeturne maiestas, si +magistratus rogationem suam populo ipse recitarit’: ‘Milo Clodium +rectene occiderit’ veniat in iudicium, an ‘oporteatne insidiatorem +interfici vel perniciosum rei publicae civem, etiamsi non insidietur’: +‘Cato Marciam honestene tradiderit Hortensio,’ an ‘conveniatne res talis +bono viro’? De personis iudicatur, sed de rebus contenditur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec13" id = "commV_sec13"><b>§ 13.</b></a> +<b>C. Cornelius</b> was tribune in <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 67, when he tried to do some useful work. In +order to check the bribery and corruption that were rife at the time, he +proposed a law to make all loans that should be lent to foreign +ambassadors non-actionable. The rejection of this proposal prompted the +tribune to bring forward the rogation here referred to,—ne quis +nisi per populum legibus solveretur. The senate had usurped the power of +giving dispensations in particular cases, without any reference whatever +to the people, though constitutionally such dispensations lay with the +people and not the senate. When the bill was to be read, a colleague, +P. Servilius Globulus, acting in the interests of the senate, +interposed his veto, and forbade the herald to make the proclamation +which he would otherwise have done in the form dictated by the clerk. +Thereupon Cornelius himself read the draft of the proposed law +(codicem). A riot ensued, and the meeting was broken up. Cornelius +was afterwards successful in securing the enactment of a law which +provided that 200 senators should be present when any dispensation was +granted. On the expiry of his term of office Cornelius was impeached by +P. Cominius +<span class = "pagenum comm">161</span> +for having disregarded the veto of his colleague, and though the case +was suppressed it came on again in the following year (65). Cornelius +was defended by Cicero (Brutus §271), who delivered the two speeches of +which we have a few important fragments, along with the interesting +Argumentum of Asconius. Cornelius was evidently a fighting character: +Asconius calls him ‘pertinacior,’ and says ‘per ... contentiones totus +prope tribunatus eius peractus est.’ Another of his laws was ‘ut +praetores ex edictis suis perpetuis ius dicerent’: “what had hitherto +been understood as matter of course was now expressly laid down as a +law, that the praetors were bound to administer justice in conformity +with the rules set forth by them, as was the Roman use and wont, at +their entering on office.” Mommsen.—For the reference in the text +cp. iv. 4, 8: v. 13, 26: vi. 5, 10: vii. 3, 35 (maiestas est in imperii +atque in nominis populi Romani dignitate): vii. 3, 3.</p> + +<p><b>reus sit</b>. The subjunctive is motived only by the double +interrogation, so there is no need for Halm’s conjectural emendation +(see <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critV_sec13">Crit. Notes</a>). In the +direct speech the <i>finita</i>, or <i>specialis causa</i> would run: +C. Cornelius ... reus est: cp. vii. 1, 34 accusatur Milo, quod +Clodium occiderit: iii. 5, 10. It is put in the form of a positive +statement. The <i>infinita causa</i> on the other hand is stated in the +form of a question, and this form is maintained in both the +<i>finitae</i> and the <i>infinitae quaestiones</i> that follow.</p> + +<p><b>violeturne maiestas</b>. Asconius: Cicero quia non poterat negare +id factum esse, eo confugit ut diceret non ideo quod lectus sit codex a +tribuno imminutam esse tribunitiam potestatem. Cicero in Vatin. ii. §5 +Codicem legisse dicebatur: defendebatur, testibus collegis suis, non +recitandi causa legisse, sed recognoscendi. Constabat tamen Cornelium +concilium illo die dimisisse, intercessioni paruisse.</p> + +<p><b>oporteatne ... interfici</b>. This is the line taken in the Pro +Milone, for which cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec23">1 §23</a>. Also iii. 6, 93: iv. 3, +17: vii. 1, 34.</p> + +<p><b>Cato Marciam, &c.</b> This remarkable episode is referred to +also iii. 5, 11. Marcia lived with Hortensius from 56 to 50 with +the consent both of her husband and her father, and then went back on +the death of Hortensius to Cato. Lucan says of Cato ii. 388 Urbi pater +est urbique maritus. Cp. Meyer’s Orat. Rom. Fragm. p. 377: Strab. +xi. p. 515: Hild also cites Tertullian (Apol. 39), +St. Augustine (de Bono Conj. 18), as protesting against such an +instance of pagan corruption.</p> + +<p><b>rebus</b> = rebus generalibus, i.e. general questions, principles. +<i>Oporteatne</i> and <i>conveniatne</i> above give the special +questions treated as <i>quaestiones infinitae</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec14" id = "chapV_sec14"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:14</span> +Declamationes vero, quales in scholis rhetorum dicuntur, si modo sunt ad +veritatem accommodatae +<span class = "pagenum">162</span> +et orationibus similes, non tantum dum adulescit profectus sunt +utilissimae, quia inventionem et dispositionem pariter exercent, sed +etiam cum est consummatus ac iam in foro clarus; alitur enim atque +enitescit velut pabulo laetiore facundia et adsidua contentionum +asperitate fatigata renovatur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec14" id = "commV_sec14"><b>§ 14.</b></a> +<b>Declamationes</b>, <a href = "#chapII_sec12">2 §12</a>. +Quintilian defines them ii. 4, 41 fictas ad imitationem fori +consiliorumque materias apud Graecos dicere circa Demetrium Phalerea +institutum fere constat. Cp. iv. 2, 28-9. This sense of the word came in +about the end of Augustus’s reign, though the thing was known to Cicero, +de Orat. i. §149. Cp. M. Seneca Controv. praef. xi. sqq.: and see +note on <i>declamatoribus</i> <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec71">1 §71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ad veritatem accommodatae</b>. That they were by no means always +so may be seen from Tac. Dial. 35 Quales per fidem et quam +incredibiliter compositae! Sequitur autem ut materiae abhorrenti a +veritate declamatio quoque adhibeatur. Cp. Quint. ii. 20, 4 qui in +declamationibus, quas esse veritati dissimillimas volunt, aetatem multo +studio ac labore consumunt. See the whole of ch. 10, ibid. esp. §4 +declamatio imitetur eas actiones, in quarum exercitationem reperta est, +and <a href = "#chapII_sec12">§12</a> declamatio iudiciorum +consiliorumque imago: iv. 2, 29 cum sit declamatio forensium actionum +meditatio.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">162</span> +<p><b>orationibus</b>, real speeches made in court.</p> + +<p><b>profectus</b>: abstract for concrete: cp. facilitatem <a href = +"#chapIII_sec7">3 §7</a>: initiis <a href = +"#chapII_sec2">2 §2</a>. So too i. 2, §26 firmiores in litteris +profectus alit aemulatio. See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critV_sec14">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>pariter</b>: i.e. simul cum elocutione, this last being the most +important element in such rhetorical exercises. <b>Dispositio</b> is +defined Cic. de Invent. i. §9 rerum inventarum in ordinem +distributio.</p> + +<p><b>consummatus</b>: sc. adulescens, or rather iuvenis: as though +<i>adulescit profectus</i> above had been <i>adulescens proficit</i>. +For <i>consummatus</i> see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec89">1 §89</a>.</p> + +<p><b>velut pabulo laetiore</b>. Livy has in the ordinary language of +prose ‘ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret boves’ i. 7, 4: for the +figure cp. Quint. viii. Prooem. §23 velut laeto gramine sata. +<i>Laetus</i> is frequently used in Vergil of rich vegetation: e.g. +Georg. iii. 385 fuge pabula laeta, where, however, as also in 494, the +word means ‘luxuriant,’ in the sense of rankness rather than richness. +In Lucretius ‘pabula laeta’ occurs six or seven times with armenta, +arbusta, vineta: e.g. i. 14.—Hortensius is a case in point: nullum +enim patiebatur esse diem quin aut in foro diceret aut meditaretur extra +forum; saepissime autem eodem die utrumque faciebat Brut. §302.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec15" id = "chapV_sec15"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:15</span> +Quapropter historiae nonnumquam ubertas in aliqua exercendi stili parte +ponenda et dialogorum libertate gestiendum. Ne carmine quidem ludere +contrarium fuerit, sicut athletae, remissa quibusdam temporibus ciborum +atque exercitationum certa necessitate, +<span class = "pagenum">163</span> +otio et iucundioribus epulis reficiuntur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec15" id = "commV_sec15"><b>§ 15.</b></a> +<b>historiae ubertas</b>. Cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec31">1 §31</a>. Pliny, Epist. vii. 9, 8 +Volo interdum aliquem ex historia locum adprehendas ... nam saepe in +orationes quoque non historica modo sed prope poetica descriptionum +necessitas incidit.</p> + +<p><b>in aliqua ... ponenda</b>: ‘should be introduced in some part of +our written exercises.’ Becher (Quaest. gramm.) compares Cic. Tusc. +Disp. iv. §42 aegritudines susceptae continuo in magna pestis parte +versantur, i.e. magnam partem continent. He renders ‘Es mache einen +Theil der Stilübung aus, die Fülle der geschichtlichen Darstellung in +Anwendung zu bringen<ins class = "correction" title = "close quote missing">.’ </ins></p> + +<p><b>dialogorum libertate gestiendum</b>: ‘we should indulge (‘let +ourselves out’) in the easy freedom of dialogue.’ The same abl. occurs +in Livy vi. 36, 1 gestire otio: secundis rebus xlv. 19, 7: in Cicero it +is generally voluptate or laetitia. For <i>gestio</i> c. inf. see Hor. +Ep. ii. 1, 175: A. P. 159.</p> + +<p><b>Ne carmine quidem &c.</b> Cp. Pliny l.c. Fas est et carmine +remitti ... Lusus vocantur. <b>Ludere</b> is used of poetry in all the +Latin poets, especially of love poetry: e.g. Ovid. Tr. i. 9, 61 scis +vetus hoc iuveni lusum mihi carmen: Catullus l. 2 multum lusimus in meis +tabellis: Hor. Car. i. 32 Poscimur: si quid vacui sub umbra Lusimus +tecum. Even in prose it is used of light writings thrown off in sport: +Cic. Parad. pr. illa ipsa ludens conieci in communes locos: especially, +as here, where a contrast is implied between sport and serious business, +e.g. videant ... ad ludendumne an ad pugnandum arma sint sumpturi (of +military exercises) de Orat. ii. §84. So too ‘<i>ludicra</i>’: pueri +etiam cum cessant exercitatione aliqua ludicra (‘in sport’) delectantur +de Nat. Deor. i. §102: exercitatione quasi ludicra praediscere ac +meditari de Orat. i. §147. ‘Res ludicra,’ the drama (Hor. Ep. ii. 1, +180), introduces another set of associations.</p> + +<p><b>contrarium</b> = alienum, inconsistent with one’s aim, +‘inapposite.’ So Tacitus, speaking of the unpractical character of the +rhetorical theses in the schools of declamation, says ‘ipsae vero +exercitationes magna ex parte contrariae’ Dial. 35: cp. ‘ubi nemo impune +stulte aliquid aut contrarie dicit’ ibid. 34.</p> + +<p><b>sicut athletae</b>: for this frequently recurring comparison see +on <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec4">1 §4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ciborum ... certa necessitate</b>. Epictetus uses <span class = +"greek" title = "anankophageô">ἀναγκοφαγέω</span> and <span class = +"greek" title = "anankotropheô">ἀναγκοτροφέω</span> +<span class = "pagenum comm">163</span> +for eating by regimen like athletes in training.—The chiasmus may +be noted.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec16" id = "chapV_sec16"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:16</span> +Ideoque mihi videtur M. Tullius tantum intulisse eloquentiae lumen, +quod in hos quoque studiorum secessus excurrit. Nam si nobis sola +materia fuerit ex litibus, necesse est deteratur fulgor et durescat +articulus et ipse ille mucro ingenii cotidiana pugna retundatur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec16" id = "commV_sec16"><b>§ 16.</b></a> +<b>studiorum secessus</b>: the ‘by-ways’ of study, remote from the +<i>adsidua contentionum asperitas</i> referred to above. Cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec23">3 §§23</a> and <a href = "#chapIII_sec28">28</a>. +So Tacitus contrasts the ‘securum et quietum Vergilii secessum’ with the +‘inquieta et anxia oratorum vita’ Dial. 13: cp. secedit animus in loca +pura atque innocentia 12.</p> + +<p><b>durescat articulus</b> keeps up the figure of athletic contests. +<i>Articulus</i> is properly a little limb: then esp. the finger. Cp. +ii. 12, 2 excipit adversarii mollis articulus (of the gladiator handling +his sword <i>with flexible fingers</i>, which like xi. 1, 70 (quam molli +articulo tractavit Catonem) points to a proverbial expression.</p> + +<p><b>cotidiana pugna retundatur</b>: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec27">1 §27</a> velut attrita cotidiano +actu forensi ingenia optime rerum talium blanditia reparantur with the +passage from pro Archia §12 quoted there. Pliny, Epist. vii. 9, 7 Scio +nunc tibi esse praecipuum studium orandi: sed non ideo semper pugnacem +et quasi bellatorium stilum suaserim. Ut enim terrae variis mutatisque +seminibus, ita ingenia nostra nunc hac nunc illa meditatione +recoluntur.</p> + +<p><b>quem ad modum ... sic</b>. Cp. iii. 6, 33: v. 10, 125: ix. 2, 46, +and (with <i>ita</i>) ii. 5, 1. In the instance in the text, +however, there is no comparison between two different subjects: the two +clauses are parallel. <i>Ut ... ita</i> would have been more usual: <a +href = "#chapIII_sec28">3 §28</a>: sicut ... ita <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec1">1 §1</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapV_sec17" id = "chapV_sec17"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:17</span> +Sed quem ad modum forensibus certaminibus exercitatos et quasi +militantes reficit ac reparat haec velut sagina dicendi, sic +adulescentes non debent nimium in falsa rerum imagine detineri, et +inanibus simulacris usque adeo ut difficilis ab his digressus sit +adsuescere, ne ab illa, in qua prope consenuerunt, umbra vera +<span class = "pagenum">164</span> +discrimina velut quendam solem reformident.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec17" id = "commV_sec17"><b>§ 17.</b></a> +<b>forensibus certaminibus exercitatos</b>: Petron. 118 forensibus +ministeriis exercitati frequenter ad carminis tranquillitatem tamquam ad +portum feliciorem refugerunt.</p> + +<p><b>quasi militantes</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec29">1 §§29</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec31">31</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec79">79</a>.</p> + +<p><b>haec velut sagina dicendi</b>: ‘this rich food of eloquence.’ Cp. +iucundioribus epulis <a href = "#chapV_sec15">§15</a> above: gladiatoria +sagina Tac. Hist. ii. 88.</p> + +<p><b>falsa rerum imagine</b>, i.e. the declamations, which in contrast +with the reality of ‘forenses actiones’ are mere shams: cp. note on ad +veritatem accommodatae <a href = "#chapV_sec14">§14</a>: xii. 11, 15 +quid attinet tam multis annis ... declamitare in schola et tantum +laboris in rebus falsis consumere, cum satis sit modico tempore imaginem +veri discriminis et dicendi leges comperisse. Cp. ii. 10, 4: Tac. Dial. +35 quidquid in scholis cotidie agitur, in foro vel raro vel nunquam: 34 +nec praeceptor deerat ... qui faciem eloquentiae non imaginem +praestaret. Cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec12">2 §12</a> above.</p> + +<p><b>inanibus simulacris</b>: ii. 10 §8 quibusdam pugnae +simulacris ad verum discrimen aciemque iustam consuescimus. For the +reading see <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critV_sec17">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ab illa ... umbra</b>: i.e. in coming out of it. Juvenal vii. 173 +ad pugnam qui rhetorica descendit ab umbra. For <i>ab</i> in sense of +<i>post</i> cp. Livy xliv. 34 ab his praeceptis contionem dimisit: +Introd. <a href = "QuintIntro.html#intro_pagelii">p. lii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>in qua prope consenuerunt</b>: xii. 6, 5 non nulli senes in schola +facti stupent novitate cum in iudicia venerunt.</p> + +<p><b>umbra ... solem</b>. The shady retreat of the school is constantly +compared with the dust and sun of real life. Cicero, de Leg. iii. 6, 14 +a Theophrasto Phalereus ille Demetrius ... mirabiliter doctrinam ex +umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque in pulverem, sed +in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit: Brut. §37 processerat in solem et +pulverem non ut e militari tabernaculo sed ut e Theophrasti doctissimi +hominis umbraculis: de §64 (umbratilis—‘cloistral’). So +‘umbraticavita’ Quint. i. 2, 18: ‘studia in umbra educata’ +<span class = "pagenum comm">164</span> +Tac. Ann. xiv. 53: ‘umbraticas litteras’ Pliny, Epist. ix. 2, 3-4, opp. +to ‘arma castra cornua tubas sudorem pulverem soles’: M. Seneca +Contr. ix. pr. §4 itaque velut ex umbroso et obscuro prodeuntes loco +clarae lucis fulgor obcaecat, sic istos a scholis in forum transeuntes +omnia tanquam nova et inusitata perturbant. For analogies in Greek cp. +Plat. Phaedrus 239 c. <span class = "greek" title = "oud’ en hêliô katharô tethrammenon all’ hupo summigei skia">οὐδ᾽ ἐν ἡλίῳ καθαρῷ +τεθραμμένον ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὸ συμμιγεῖ σκιᾷ</span>, with Thompson’s note.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec18" id = "chapV_sec18"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:18</span> +Quod accidisse etiam M. Porcio Latroni, qui primus clari nominis +professor fuit, traditur, ut, cum ei summam in scholis opinionem +obtinenti causa in foro esset oranda, impense petierit uti subsellia in +basilicam transferrentur. Ita illi caelum novum fuit ut omnis +<span class = "pagenum">165</span> +eius eloquentia contineri tecto ac parietibus videretur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec18" id = "commV_sec18"><b>§ 18.</b></a> +<b>Quod ... ut</b>. The pronoun is here used pleonastically, to lead up +to the dependent clause. Cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec58">1 §58</a>.</p> + +<p><b>M. Porcius Latro</b>, a celebrated rhetorician in the reign of +Augustus, the friend and compatriot of the elder Seneca, who praises him +greatly (Controv. i. pr. §13 sq.). Of his pupils Ovid was the most +distinguished. ‘In his school he was accustomed to declaim himself, and +seldom set his pupils to declaim, whence they received the name of +<i>auditores</i>, which word came gradually into use as synonymous with +<i>discipuli</i>.’ (Smith, Dict.)</p> + +<p><b>professor</b> is post-Augustan: it was used of a public teacher of +rhetoric, and then acquired a more extended sense: Quint. xii. 11, 20 +geometrae et musici et grammatici ceterarumque artium professores: ii. +11, 1 exemplo magni quoque nominis professorum. <i>Profiteri</i> with +acc. is quite Ciceronian: Tusc. ii. §12 quod in eo ipso peccet cuius +profitetur scientiam: ibid., artemque vitae professus delinquit in vita. +The introduction of <i>professor</i> was helped by the fact that the +verb came to be used absolutely (<span class = "greek" title = +"epangellesthai">ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι</span>): Plin. Ep. iv. 11, 1 audistine +Valerium Licinianum in Sicilia profiteri? ibid. 14 translatus est in +Siciliam ubi nunc profitetur: cp. Plin. ii. 18, 3.</p> + +<p><b>opinionem</b> = existimationem, famam, with which it is often +joined. For this absolute use cp. <a href = +"#chapVII_sec17">7 §17</a> below: fructu laudis opinionisque: i. 2, +4 exempla ... conservatae opinionis: ii. 12, 5 adfert et ista res +opinionem: xii. 9, 4 cupidissimis opinionis. So too Tac. Dial. 10 ne +opinio quidem et fama, cui soli serviunt. In Cicero and Caesar, who also +use the word absolutely, there is always an implied reference to those +who have the <i>opinio</i>: a man’s ‘esteem’ and ‘reputation’ depend on +the ‘estimate’ and ‘opinion’ formed of him by others. Cp. Videor enim +non solum studium ad defendendas causas, verum opinionis aliquid et +auctoritatis afferre, pro Sulla iii. §10, with opinione fortasse non +nulla quam de meis moribus habebat, de Amic. §30: detracta opinione +probitatis (‘character for’ high principle) de Off. ii. §34, and opinio +iustitiae (character for justice), ibid. §39, with quorum de iustitia +magna esset opinio multitudinis ibid. §42. So too de Orat. ii. §156 +opinionem istorum studiorum et suspicionem artificii apud eos qui res +iudicent oratori adversariam esse arbitror. The passages in Caesar are +all reducible to this ‘passive’ sense,—the estimate entertained by +others: B.G. ii. 8 propter eximiam opinionem virtutis: ii. 24 Treviri +quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis: iv. 16 uti opinione +et amicitia populi Romani tuti esse possint: vi. 24 quae gens ... summam +habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem: cp. vii. 59 and 83. Cp. +Introd. <a href = "QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexliv">p. xliv</a>.</p> + +<p><b>subsellia ... transferrentur</b>, ‘that the court should remove.’ +For this general sense of <i>subsellia</i> cp. Cic. Brutus §289 +subsellia grandiorem et pleniorem vocem desiderant: de Orat. i. §32 and +§264 (habitare in subselliis, to ‘haunt the law-courts’). The word +sometimes means the bench of judges, sometimes the seats of the lawyers, +suitors, witnesses, &c., and sometimes both: Cic. in Vatin. §34, pro +Rosc. Amer. §17 (accusatorum subsellia), ad Fam. xiii. 10, 2 (versatus +in utrisque subselliis). In Quintilian the word is never used except of +the law-courts.</p> + +<p><b>basilicam</b>. The basilicae erected in or near the forum served +as courts of justice as well as places for merchants and business people +to meet in. See Rich. Dict. Antiq.—For the incident cp. Sen. +Controv. iv. pr. Narratur ... declamatoriae virtutis Latronem Porcium +unicum exemplum, cum pro reo in Hispania Rustico Porcio propinquo suo +<span class = "pagenum comm">165</span> +diceret, usque eo esse confusum ut a soloecismo inciperet nec ante +potuisse confirmari, tectum ac parietes desiderantem, quam impetravit ut +iudicium ex foro in basilicam transferretur. Usque eo ingenia in +scholasticis exercitationibus delicate nutriuntur ut clamorem silentium +risum caelum denique pati nesciant.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec19" id = "chapV_sec19"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:19</span> +Quare iuvenis qui rationem inveniendi eloquendique a praeceptoribus +diligenter acceperit (quod non est infiniti operis, si docere sciant et +velint), exercitationem quoque modicam fuerit consecutus, oratorem sibi +aliquem, quod apud maiores fieri solebat, deligat, quem sequatur, quem +imitetur: iudiciis intersit quam plurimis, et sit certaminis cui +destinatur frequens spectator.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec19" id = "commV_sec19"><b>§ 19.</b></a> +<b>inveniendi eloquendique</b> covers briefly the whole field of +theoretical rhetoric.</p> + +<p><b>apud maiores</b>: xii. 11, 5 frequentabunt vero eius domum optimi +iuvenes more veterum et vere dicendi viam velut ex oraculo petent. Tac. +Dial. 34 Ergo apud maiores nostros iuvenis ille qui foro et eloquentiae +parabatur, imbutus iam domestica disciplina, refertus honestis studiis, +deducebatur a patre vel a propinquis ad eum oratorem qui principem in +civitate locum obtinebat. Hunc sectari, hunc prosequi, huius omnibus +dictionibus interesse, sive in iudiciis sive in contionibus, +adsuescebat, ita ut altercationes quoque exciperet et iurgiis interesset +utque sic dixerim pugnare in proelio disceret. So Cicero tells us in +Brut. ch. 89 how he sought every opportunity of hearing the +distinguished speakers of his day: §305 reliquos frequenter audiens +acerrimo studio tenebar cotidieque et scribens et legens et commentans +oratoriis tantum exercitationibus contentus non eram.</p> + +<p><b>iudiciis intersit</b>: Cic. Brut. §304 cui (iudicio) frequens +aderam.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec20" id = "chapV_sec20"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:20</span> +Tum causas, vel easdem quas agi audierit, stilo et ipse componat, vel +etiam alias, veras modo, et utrimque tractet et, quod in gladiatoribus +fieri videmus, decretoriis exerceatur, ut fecisse Brutum diximus pro +Milone. Melius hoc quam rescribere veteribus orationibus, ut fecit +Cestius contra Ciceronis actionem habitam pro eodem, cum alteram partem +satis nosse non posset ex sola defensione.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">166</span> +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec20" id = "commV_sec20"><b>§ 20.</b></a> +<b>et ipse</b>: frequent in Livy, like ipse quoque = <span class = +"greek" title = "kai autos">καὶ αὐτός</span>. Cicero uses ipse, ipse +etiam (etiam ipse). Cp. on <a href = "#chapV_sec4">§4</a>: <a href = +"#chapVII_sec26">7 §26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>utrimque</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec22">1 §22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>in gladiatoribus</b>: xi. 3, 66 nutus ... in mutis pro sermone +sunt. Cp. Caes. B.C. i. 61 Caesaris erat in barbaris nomen +obscurius.</p> + +<p><b>decretoriis</b>, sc. armis, ‘decisive’ or ‘real weapons’: Seneca, +Ep. 117, 25 Renove ista lusoria arma, decretoriis opus est. Cp. vi. 4, 6 +pugnamque illam decretoriam imperitis ac saepe pullatae turbae +relinquunt. Suet. Calig. 54 has ‘pugnatoria,’ sc. arma: opp. to ‘rudes,’ +as Tac. Dial. 34 adversarii et aemuli ferro, non rudibus dimicantes, and +Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. vi. 17 non enim in acie versatur et ferro, sed +quasi rudibus eius eludit oratio. Quint. v. 12, 17 declamationes quibus +ad pugnam forensem velut praepilatis exerceri solebamus.</p> + +<p><b>diximus</b>: <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec23">1 §23</a>, where see note.</p> + +<p><b>rescribere</b>: <span class = "greek" title = +"antigraphein">ἀντιγράφειν</span>. Tac. Ann. iv. 34, of Caesar’s +‘Anticato,’ Ciceronis libro ... dictator Caesar ... rescripta oratione +velut apud iudices respondit. The word is common in this sense in +Suetonius: Caes. 73, Calig. 53, Gram. 19; cp. Aug. 85.</p> + +<p><b>Cestius</b>: Sen. Contr. iii. pr. 13 (Ciceronis) orationes non +legunt nisi eas quibus Cestius rescripsit. L. Cestius Pius taught +rhetoric at Rome towards the end of the Republic and in the beginning of +the Empire. Seneca has preserved several passages of his declamations. +His hostile criticisms of Cicero were avenged on him by Cicero’s son: +Sen. Suas. §7, 13. See Teuffel, 263 §6.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">166</span> + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapV_sec21" id = "chapV_sec21"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:21</span> +Citius autem idoneus erit iuvenis, quem praeceptor coegerit in +declamando quam simillimum esse veritati et per totas ire materias, +quarum nunc facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt. Obstant huic, +quod secundo loco posui, fere turba discipulorum et consuetudo classium +certis diebus audiendarum, nonnihil etiam persuasio patrum numerantium +potius declamationes quam aestimantium.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec21" id = "commV_sec21"><b>§ 21.</b></a> +<b>per totas ire materias</b>. This use of the prep. after <i>ire</i> +with an acc. of extent over which speech, thought, or feeling travels, +is poetical (Aen. i. 375) and post-classical. Cp. vii. 1, 64: Tac. Dial. +32.</p> + +<p><b>favorabilia</b>, ‘popular’; frequent in Quintilian, who also has +<i>favorabiliter</i>. The word is first found in Velleius, also in +Tacitus and Pliny.</p> + +<p><b>quod secundo loco posui</b>, i.e. the practice of treating a +subject thoroughly: per totas ire materias. What he recommends <i>primo +loco</i> is given in <a href = "#chapV_sec19">§§19-20</a>. For the +formula cp. vii. 2, 9: ix. 2, 6.</p> + +<p><b>classium</b>: not used in this sense before the Silver Age; i. 2, +23 Non inutilem scio servatum esse a praeceptoribus morem, qui cum +pueros in classes distribuerant, ordinem dicendi secundum vires ingenii +dabant, et ita superiore loco quisque declamabat ut praecedere profectu +videbatur. Huius rei iudicia praebebantur: ea nobis ingens palma, ducere +vero classem multo pulcherrimum.</p> + +<p><b>persuasio</b>: frequent in this sense in Quintilian; for exx. see +Bonnell’s Lex. Tac. Agric. 11. superstitionum persuasione. The +interference of parents is commented on also in ii. 7, 1 Illud ex +consuetudine mutandum prorsus existimo in iis, de quibus nunc +disserimus, aetatibus, ne omnia quae scripserint ediscant et certa, ut +moris est, die dicant: quod quidem maxime patres exigunt atque ita demum +studere liberos suos, si quam frequentissime declamaverint, credunt, cum +profectus praecipue diligentia constet.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec22" id = "chapV_sec22"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:22</span> +Sed, quod dixi primo, ut arbitror, libro, nec ille se bonus praeceptor +maiore numero quam sustinere possit onerabit et nimiam loquacitatem +recidet, ut omnia quae sunt in controversia, non, ut quidam volunt, quae +in rerum natura, dicantur; et vel longiore potius dierum spatio laxabit +dicendi necessitatem vel materias dividere permittet.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec22" id = "commV_sec22"><b>§ 22.</b></a> +<b>primo ... libro</b>: i. 2, 15 neque praeceptor bonus maiore se turba +quam ut sustinere eam possit oneraverit.</p> + +<p><b>recidet</b>. Hor. A. P. 447 ambitiosa recidet ornamenta: Sat. I. +10, 69 recideret omne quod ultra Perfectum traheretur.</p> + +<p><b>laxabit &c.</b>: ‘he will either extend the period within +which speaking is compulsory, or allow the pupil to distribute his +matter over several days.’</p> + +<p><b>dicendi necessitatem</b>: cp. remissa ... ciborum atque +exercitationum certa necessitate <a href = "#chapV_sec15">§15</a>, +above. This would break in on the ‘consuetudo classium certis diebus +andiendarum’ referred to in <a href = "#chapV_sec21">§21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>materias dividere</b>, i.e. he will allow the subject to be +treated of in parts on successive declamation days.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapV_sec23" id = "chapV_sec23"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">V:23</span> +Diligenter effecta plus proderit quam plures inchoatae et quasi +degustatae. Propter quod accidit +<span class = "pagenum">167</span> +ut nec suo loco quidque ponatur, nec illa quae prima sunt servent suam +legem, iuvenibus flosculos omnium partium in ea quae sunt dicturi +congerentibus; quo fit ut timentes ne sequentia perdant priora +confundant.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commV_sec23" id = "commV_sec23"><b>§ 23.</b></a> +<b>effecta</b>. There is the same antithesis v. 13, 34 ut ... pro +effectis relinquant vixdum inchoata.</p> + +<p><b>inchoatae</b>: Cic. de Off. i. §153 cognitio manca atqne inchoata +(‘imperfect’): de Nat. Deor. ii. §33 a primis inchoatisque naturis ad +ultimas perfectasque procedere: de Orat. i. §5 inchoata ac rudia.</p> + +<p><b>degustatae</b>: cp. genera degustamus <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec104">1 §104</a>; the word means ‘dip +into,’ ‘skim over.’</p> + +<p><b>Propter quod</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec66">1 §66</a>, The idea contained in the +relative is the superficial methods alluded to in <i>degustatae</i>: cp. +facillima et maxime favorabilia decerpunt <a href = +"#chapV_sec21">§21</a>. When such methods are adopted, says Quintilian, +everything is sure to go wrong.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">167</span> +<p><b>servent suam legem</b>: the commencement (illa quae prima sunt: +cp. priora below) is not what it should be: it goes beyond reasonable +limits, as the young men crowd together in the part each is to deliver +the embellishments that would naturally be distributed throughout the +whole (omnium partium), if the production were <i>diligenter effecta</i> +and not merely <i>inchoata et quasi degustata</i>.</p> + +<p><b>flosculos</b>: ii. 5, 22 recentis huius lasciviae flosculis capti. +The word is always used in a depreciatory sense: xii. 10, 73: vi. pr. +§9: (opp. to certos fructus). Cp. Seneca, Ep. 33 §1 and §7 viro captare +flosculos turpe est.</p> + +<p><b>timentes</b>: the fear that they will not be able to finish makes +them introduce into the earlier parts inapposite and confusing +embellishments.</p> + +<p><b>priora confundant</b> = permisceant ea rebus alienis, i.e. with +the ornamentation that would have been more appropriate later on.</p> +</div> + +</div> <!-- text --> + + +<div class = "argument"> + +<h5><a name = "arg_chapVI" id = "arg_chapVI"> +CHAPTER VI.</a><br> +<span class = "subhead"> +Of Meditation.</span></h5> + +<p><a href = "#chapVI_sec1">§§ 1-4.</a> +Meditation occupies the middle ground between writing and improvisation, +and is perhaps more frequently employed than either. <i>After</i> we +have formed our style by the constant practice of writing, meditation +can be cultivated by progressive exercise to such a degree that an +entire discourse may be prepared and arranged without the use of the +pen.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapVI_sec5">§§ 5-7.</a> +But the orator is not to adhere so scrupulously to what he has thought +out as to reject new ideas which may flash upon him during the actual +delivery of a speech. Meditation should secure us, on the one hand, from +ever being at a loss: on the other it ought not to prevent us from +improving the opportunity afforded by some incidental occurrence. If we +are to hesitate, painfully recollecting what we have formulated in +thought, it were better to trust wholly to improvisation. +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +While we are at a loss to recall our prepared thoughts, we miss others +suggested by the subject itself, which always offers a wider field than +can possibly be covered by previous meditation.</p> + +</div> <!--argument --> + + +<div class = "text"> + +<h5><a name = "chapVI" id = "chapVI"> +De Cogitatione.</a></h5> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVI_sec1" id = "chapVI_sec1"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VI:1</span> +VI. Proxima stilo cogitatio est, quae et ipsa vires ab hoc accipit et +est inter scribendi laborem extemporalemque fortunam media quaedam et +nescio an usus frequentissimi. Nam scribere non ubique nec semper +possumus, cogitationi temporis ac loci plurimum est. Haec paucis admodum +horis magnas etiam causas complectitur; haec, quotiens intermissus est +somnus, ipsis noctis tenebris adiuvatur; haec inter medios rerum actus +aliquid invenit vacui nec otium patitur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> + +<p><a name = "commVI_sec1" id = "commVI_sec1"><b>§ 1.</b></a> +<b>stilo</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec2">1 §2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>cogitatio</b>, ‘premeditation’: cp. <i>commentatio</i> +(‘preparation’) and <i>meditatio</i>. So ii. 6, 3: and below, <a href = +"#chapVII_sec8">7 §8</a>. Cic. de Orat. ii. §103 ita adsequor ut +alio tempore cogitem quid dicam et alio dicam ... sed certe eidem illi +melius aliquanto dicerent si aliud sumendum sibi tempus ad cogitandum +aliud ad dicendum putarent: cp. id. i. §150 etsi utile est etiam subito +saepe dicere, tamen illud utilius sumpto spatio ad cogitandum paratius +atque adcuratius dicere ... nam si subitam et fortuitam orationem +commentatio et cogitatio facile vincit, hanc ipsam profecto adsidua ac +diligens scriptura superabit. Cp. Brutus §253.</p> + +<p><b>et ipsa</b>: ‘likewise,’ i.e. as well as the <i>facultas ex +tempore dicendi</i>, which, as stated in <a href = +"#chapIII_sec1">3 §§1-4</a>, derives its strength mainly from the +pen. See on <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec31">1 §31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>extemporalemque fortunam</b>: ‘the chances of improvisation,’ +which depends so much on the inspiration of the moment (fortunam opp. to +laborem): = ‘fortunam quam ex tempore dicentes experimur’ (Krüger). Cp. +§§5, 6: and <a href = "#chapVII_sec13">7 §13</a> successum +extemporalem.</p> + +<p><b>media quaedam</b>: cp. xi. 2, 3 memoria ... quasi media quaedam +manus.</p> + +<p><b>nescio an</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec65">1 §65</a>.</p> + +<p><b>somnus</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapIII_sec25">3 §25</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rerum actus</b>, as inter ipsas actiones xii. 3, 2, ‘in the midst +of legal proceedings,’ and so rather more special than <i>actum rei</i> +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec31">1 §31</a>, where see note. +Cp. esp. Plin. Ep. ix. 25, 3 Nunc me rerum actus modice sed tamen +distringit: and Suet. Aug. 32 triginta amplius dies ... actis rerum +accommodavit. In xi. 1, 47 actus is again quite general: in ceteris +actibus vitae.</p> + +<p><b>otium</b>: ‘inactivity.’ A good advocate will be able to +think out a speech even while a trial is going on.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVI_sec2" id = "chapVI_sec2"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VI:2</span> +Neque vero rerum ordinem modo, quod ipsum satis erat, intra se ipsa +disponit, sed verba etiam +<span class = "pagenum">168</span> +copulat totamque ita contexit orationem ut ei nihil praeter manum desit; +nam memoriae quoque plerumque inhaeret fidelius quod nulla scribendi +securitate laxatur.</p> + +<p class = "maintext"> +Sed ne ad hanc quidem vim cogitandi perveniri potest aut subito aut +cito.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVI_sec2" id = "commVI_sec2"><b>§ 2.</b></a> +<b>satis erat</b>: see on <a href = "#chapV_sec7">5 §7</a> fas +erat.</p> + +<p><b>intra se ipsa</b>, ‘by itself’: there is no need for any recourse +to writing. This is +<span class = "pagenum comm">168</span> +quite parallel to such expressions as ‘virtus per se ipsa placet,’ and +‘medici ipsi se curare non possunt,’ where the tendency is to keep +<i>ipse</i> in the nominative so as to emphasise the subject. Cp. <a +href = "#chapV_sec2">5 §2</a>: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec30">3 §30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>scribendi securitate</b>. Cp. the story of Theuth and Thamus, +Phaedrus 274 sq., esp. 275 A <span class = "greek" title = "touto gar tôn mathontôn lêthên men en psuchais parexei, mnêmês ameletêsia, k.t.l.">τοῦτο γὰρ τῶν μαθόντων λήθην μὲν ἐν ψυχαῖς παρέξει, μνήμης +ἀμελετησίᾳ, κ.τ.λ.</span>: xi. 2, 9 quamquam invenio apud Platonem +obstare memoriae usum litterarum: videlicet quod illa quae scriptis +reposuimus velut custodire desinimus, et ipsa securitate dimittimus. +Reliance on written memoranda, he says, may in the end make the mind +incapable of retaining by a special effort what can be at any time +recalled by a glance at the paper.</p> + +<p><b>vim cogitandi</b>: see on vim dicendi <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec1">1 §1</a>. For the thought cp. <a href += "#chapIII_sec9">3 §9</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVI_sec3" id = "chapVI_sec3"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VI:3</span> +Nam primum facienda multo stilo forma est, quae nos etiam cogitantes +sequatur: tum adsumendus usus paulatim, ut pauca primum complectamur +animo, quae reddi fideliter possint: mox per incrementa tam modica ut +onerari se labor ille non sentiat augenda vis et exercitatione multa +continenda est, quae quidem maxima ex parte memoria constat. Ideoque +aliqua mihi in illum locum differenda sunt.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVI_sec3" id = "commVI_sec3"><b>§ 3.</b></a> +<b>forma</b>, a pattern, model, or ideal: we must ‘form our style’ by +constant writing, and attain to the ease described in <a href = +"#chapIII_sec9">3 §9</a> verba respondebunt, compositio sequetur, +cuncta denique ut in familia bene instituta in officio erunt. For +<i>facere formam</i> cp. <a href = "#chapIII_sec28">3 §28</a> +<i>faciendus usus</i>.</p> + +<p><b>onerari</b>: the labour is not perceptibly increased. So xi. 2, +41, of exercising the memory, turn cotidie adicere (decet) singulos +versus, quorum accessio labori sensum incrementi non adferat.</p> + +<p><b>in illum locum</b>: memory is treated in xi. 2.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "null"> +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVI_sec4" id = "chapVI_sec4"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VI:4</span> +Eo tandem pervenit ut is cui non refragetur ingenium acri studio adiutus +tantum consequatur ut ei tam quae cogitarit quam quae scripserit atque +edidicerit in dicendo fidem servent. Cicero certe Graecorum Metrodorum +Scepsium et Empylum Rhodium nostrorumque Hortensium tradidit quae +cogitaverant ad verbum in agendo rettulisse.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVI_sec4" id = "commVI_sec4"><b>§ 4.</b></a> +<b>pervenit</b>, sc. vis, just as in <a href = +"#chapVII_sec19">7 §19</a> facilitas extemporalis is generally +supplied.</p> + +<p><b>ei ... fidem servent</b>: ‘keep their faith with him,’ i.e. are as +much at his command when he comes to speak as, &c.</p> + +<p><b>certe</b>: see Introd. <a href = "QuintIntro.html#intro_pageli">p. +li</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Metrodorus</b> of Scepsis in Mysia, a philosopher of the Academic +school, and a pupil of Carneades. Cic. de Orat. ii. §360 vidi enim ego +summos homines et divina prope memoria, Athenis Charmadam, in Asia, quem +vivere hodie aiunt, Scepsium Metrodorum, quorum uterque tamquam litteris +in cera, sic se aiebat imaginibus in eis locis quos haberet quae +meminisse vellet perscribere. Cp. Tusc. i. §59.</p> + +<p><b>Empylus</b> is nowhere else mentioned.</p> + +<p><b>Hortensium</b>: Brut. §301 memoria (erat) tanta quantam in nullo +cognovisse me arbitror, ut quae secum commentatus esset ea sine scripto +verbis eisdem redderet quibus cogitavisset: hoc adiumento ille tanto sic +utebatur ut sua et commentata et scripta et nullo referente omnia +adversariorum dicta meminisset. Cp. xi. 2, 24.</p> + +<p><b>ad verbum</b>. Cp. Plin. Ep. ix. 36, 1 cogito ad verbum scribenti +emendantique similis.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapVI_sec5" id = "chapVI_sec5"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VI:5</span> +Sed si forte aliqui inter dicendum offulserit extemporalis color, +<span class = "pagenum">169</span> +non superstitiose cogitatis demum est inhaerendum. Neque enim tantum +habent curae ut non sit dandus et fortunae locus, cum saepe etiam +scriptis ea quae subito nata sunt inserantur. Ideoque totum hoc +exercitationis genus ita instituendum est ut et digredi ex eo et redire +in id facile possimus.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commVI_sec5" id = "commVI_sec5"><b>§ 5.</b></a> +<b>si ... aliqui</b>: see on <a href = +"#chapII_sec23">2 §23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>extemporalis color</b>, a sudden inspiration, +<span class = "pagenum comm">169</span> +or ‘happy thought’: the notion of suddenness being contained in +offulserit. <i>Color</i> must carry the idea here of something that +‘sets off’ the subject,—an unpremeditated turn of expression, +embodying a thought which suddenly flashes on the speaker’s mind. In the +Bonnell-Meister edition it is said to denote the particular +<i>complexion</i> given to the style by happy improvisation: but this +seems too wide for what may be only an occasional divergence from the +written word. Krüger takes it as the abstract for ‘id quod habet colorem +extemporalem’ (dictorum ex tempore): a thought or expression which +suddenly occurs, and which has on it the mark of improvisation. Cp. +‘extemporalem fortunam’ <a href = "#chapVI_sec1">§1</a>, and ‘scriptorum +color’ <a href = "#chapVII_sec7">7 §7</a>, which presents a sort of +antithesis to ‘extemporalis color’: also <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec59">1 §§59</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec116">116</a> with the notes.</p> + +<p><b>superstitiose</b>: i. 1, 13 non tamen hoc adeo superstitiose fieri +velim.</p> + +<p><b>demum</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec44">1 §44</a>: Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pageli">p. li</a>. Traian. ad Plin. Ep. 10, 33 +Nobis autem utilitas demum spectanda est.</p> + +<p><b>habent</b>, sc. cogitata. What we premeditate is not so accurately +thought out as to leave no room for extemporary chance (fortuna, cp. +on <a href = "#chapVI_sec1">§1</a>).</p> + +<p><b>scriptis</b>: even in <i>written</i> speeches, on which a greater +degree of <i>cura</i> has been bestowed, sudden inspirations (subito +nata) are often introduced during delivery.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVI_sec6" id = "chapVI_sec6"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VI:6</span> +Nam ut primum est domo adferre paratam dicendi copiam et certam, ita +refutare temporis munera longe stultissimum est. Quare cogitatio in hoc +praeparetur, ut nos fortuna decipere non possit, adiuvare possit. Id +autem fiet memoriae viribus, ut illa quae complexi animo sumus fluant +secura, non sollicitos et respicientes et una spe suspensos +recordationis non sinant providere: alioqui vel extemporalem temeritatem +malo quam male cohaerentem cogitationem.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVI_sec6" id = "commVI_sec6"><b>§ 6.</b></a> +<b>domo adferre</b>: ‘bring from the study’; cp. <a href = +"#chapVII_sec30">7 §30</a> quae domo adferunt: Cicero, Orat. §89 +domo adlata quae plerumque sunt frigida.</p> + +<p><b>refutare</b> = repudiare, ‘reject,’ ‘despise,’ the inspirations of +the moment (temporis munera). Cic. Tusc. ii. §55 inprimisque refutetur +ac reiciatur Philocteteus ille clamor: pro Rab. Post. §44 quam ... +bonitatem ... non modo non aspernari ac refutare sed complecti etiam et +augere debetis.</p> + +<p><b>in hoc</b>: see on <a href = "#chapV_sec11">5 §11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>decipere</b>: ‘nonplus’ or embarrass us: make us to stumble. The +chance opening must not find us unequipped with well-shaped thoughts: we +must be ready to improve our opportunity.</p> + +<p><b>non ... non sinant</b>. The double negative hampers the clause, +though it is simplified by making <i>non sinant</i> = <i>prohibeant</i>. +Krüger compares ix. 3, 72. After the first <i>non</i> the words +<i>fiet ut illa</i> must be repeated, or simply <i>ut</i>. Tr. ‘It is by +our powers of memory that we must secure the easy flow of what we have +formulated in thought, instead of letting it keep us from looking ahead +by anxious backward glances and the consciousness of being absolutely +dependent on what we can recall to mind.’ The last phrase describes a +familiar style of oratory, referring as it does to those speakers ‘qui +apprennent par cœur et sont paralysés par la crainte de rester +court.’—Fénelon, quoted by Hild.</p> + +<p><b>extemporalem temeritatem</b>, ‘the rashness of improvisation’: cp. +§1 above. Tac. Dial. §6 Sed extemporalis audaciae atque ipsius +temeritatis vel praecipua iucunditas est.—For alioqui, see Introd. +<a href = "QuintIntro.html#intro_pageli">p. li</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVI_sec7" id = "chapVI_sec7"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VI:7</span> +Peius enim quaeritur retrorsus, quia, dum illa desideramus, ab aliis +<span class = "pagenum">170</span> +avertimur, et ex memoria potius res petimus quam ex materia. Plura sunt +autem, si utrimque quaerendum est, quae inveniri possunt quam quae +inventa sunt.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVI_sec7" id = "commVI_sec7"><b>§ 7.</b></a> +<b>Peius enim quaeritur retrorsus</b>: ‘we are at a disadvantage in +looking back.’ It would be better to throw over our premeditated ideas +altogether: while we are at a loss for them (illa) we miss others.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">170</span> +<p><b>utrimque</b>, i.e. ex memoria and ex materia: cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec131">1 §131</a> and <a href = +"#chapV_sec20">5 §20</a>. To the former corresponds chiastically +<i>quae inventa sunt</i>, to the latter <i>quae inveniri +possunt</i>.</p> +</div> + +</div> <!-- text --> + + +<div class = "argument"> + +<h5><a name = "arg_chapVII" id = "arg_chapVII"> +CHAPTER VII.</a><br> +<span class = "subhead"> +Of Extempore Speech.</span></h5> + +<p><a href = "QuintBody2.html#chapVII_sec1">§§ 1-4.</a> +The richest fruit of study is the ability to speak effectively on the +spur of the moment: this is in fact absolutely indispensable. ‘An +advocate who proffers help, and fails at the pinch, is a harbour +accessible only in calm weather.’ Cases may take unforeseen turns: like +ship-pilots we must change our tack with each shifting breeze. Unless +the faculty of improvisation can be attained by practice, our years of +labour will have been wasted.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Certain Practical Exercises<br> +conducive to Success in Extempore Speech.</h5> + +<p><a href = "QuintBody2.html#chapVII_sec5">§§ 5-7.</a> +(1) The student must arrange his matter in appropriate order,—not +only the order of the regular <i>partes</i> or divisions (i.e. +introduction, narrative, proof, refutation, conclusion), and the order +of the principal points, but also the order of the matter and thought in +all its detail, under every head and in every passage (quoque loco). The +sequence of events will be our guide. Knowing what to look for at each +point of our discourse, we shall not be found skipping from one topic to +another; and in the end we shall reach the goal.</p> + +<p><a href = "QuintBody2.html#chapVII_sec7">§§ 7-10.</a> +(2) Reading, writing, and speaking must receive unremitting attention, +and be made the subjects of scientific exercise. The conscientious +practice of writing will give even our extemporary speeches something of +the deliberate character of written compositions. It is practice that +makes the ready speaker. A certain natural quickness of mind is +necessary to look beyond what we are saying at the moment; but neither +nature nor art will enable the mind to keep before itself at one time +the whole of a speech, with all its arguments, arrangement, expression, +&c. As our tongue advances, our thoughts must still outstrip it.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapVII_sec11">§§ 11-14.</a> +(3) Hence the necessity of a mechanical and unscientific habit or +‘knack,’ such as that by which the hand moves in writing, the eye in +reading, and the juggler in his legerdemain. But this knack, though +mechanical, should have a basis of scientific method: otherwise it will +be mere ranting, such as you may hear in abundance from female scolds. +A sudden outburst is often, however, more effective than the result +of study and premeditation.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapVII_sec15">§§ 15-17.</a> +(4) The extemporary speaker must cultivate a lively imagination, that +his mind may be deeply impressed by all the facts of a particular case. +It is the heart that makes the orator. He must also have distinctly in +view not only the end at which he aims but the whole pathway that leads +to it: he will derive incitement even from the presence of his +audience.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +<p><a href = "#chapVII_sec18">§§ 18-23.</a> +(5) Extemporary facility can only be attained by the same gradual and +patient course as has been referred to in connection with meditation. +The orator is often debarred from preparation; but as a rule he should +not presume so far on his ability as not to take a moment to glance +mentally at the heads of his discourse,—which is generally +possible in a court of law. Some declaimers will argue at once on any +topic, and will even ask for a word to begin with: this is foolishness. +If on any occasion we are under the necessity of speaking offhand, we +should pay more attention to our subject-matter than to our language, +and we may gain time by deliberate articulation. Gradually we shall be +able to trim our sails, and pray for a favouring breeze.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapVII_sec24">§§ 24-29.</a> +Continual practice is essential for improvisation. We should speak daily +before an audience whose good opinion we respect; but alone, rather than +not at all. If we do not speak to others, we can always at least go over +our subject-matter in silent thought. This fosters exactness in +composition even more than speaking aloud does; for there we hurry +onward from fear of wearying the audience. On the other hand speaking +exercises the voice and gives the opportunity of practising delivery. +Our language should always be careful and correct, but it is constant +writing that will add most weight to our words, especially if we are +obliged to speak much extempore. In fact, writing gives exactness to +speech, speech readiness to writing. If we cannot write, we can +meditate: if we can do neither, we must still contrive to make a +creditable appearance.</p> + +<p><a href = "#chapVII_sec30">§§ 30-33.</a> +A common habit with barristers in large practice is to write the +exordium and most essential parts, formulate the rest in thought, and +meet any unforeseen turns as they arise. The note-books of Cicero and +Servius Sulpicius. It is advisable to refresh one’s memory by consulting +notes. To prepare an abstract, arranged by heads, of a speech which we +have written out entire, leads us to rely too little on the memory, and +makes the speech broken and awkward in delivery. We ought not to write a +speech out at length unless we intend to commit it to memory. But of +memory more in the following book (XI. ch. ii.).</p> + +</div> <!-- argument --> + + +<div class = "text"> + +<h5><a name = "chapVII" id = "chapVII"> +Quem ad modum extemporalis facilitas paretur et contineatur.</a></h5> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec1" id = "chapVII_sec1"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:1</span> +VII. Maximus vero studiorum fructus est et velut praemium quoddam +amplissimum longi laboris ex tempore dicendi facultas; quam qui non erit +consecutus mea quidem sententia civilibus officiis renuntiabit et solam +scribendi facultatem potius ad alia opera convertet. Vix enim bonae +fidei viro convenit auxilium in publicum polliceri quod praesentissimis +quibusque periculis desit, intrare portum ad quem navis accedere nisi +lenibus ventis vecta non possit,—</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec1" id = "commVII_sec1"><b>§ 1.</b></a> +<b>civilibus officiis</b>: see note on <a href = +"#chapIII_sec11">3 §11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>renuntiabit ... convertet</b>: the future as a mild imperative. +Cp. <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec41">1 §§41</a>, <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec58">58</a>: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec18">3 §18</a>. For this use of <i>renuntiare</i> cp. +Plin. Ep. ii. 1, 8.</p> + +<p><b>in publicum</b>, ‘for general use,’ ‘for the common good,’ ‘for +the benefit of all and sundry.’ The phrase is formed on the analogy of +such expressions as ‘in publicum,’ ‘in commune consulere,’—for the +benefit of the state and the citizen. Cp. vi. 1, 7 in commune profutura. +Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexlvii">p. xlvii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>intrare portum</b>. The infin. depends on <i>convenit</i>. For a +similarly abrupt introduction of a figure in connection with, or to +illustrate, the preceding thought cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec4">1 §4</a>: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec10">3 §10</a> (omitting Burmann’s <i>et</i> before +<i>efferentes</i>). The meaning is generally understood to be that the +advocate who undertakes legal business, though he has no power of +extempore speaking, is as unconscionable as the pilot (cp. the simile +in <a href = "#chapVII_sec3">§3</a>) who engages to steer a ship +into a harbour that can only be approached in mild weather. The one +forgets that sudden emergencies may arise, calling for a power which he +does not possess; the other does not take into consideration the sudden +storms which may render his poor skill of no avail.—Hirt however +(Jahr. des philol. Vereins zu Berlin 1888, p. 54) points out that +this is to strain <i>intrare</i>: Quintilian cannot have meant to say +that it ‘shows bad faith <i>to enter</i> a harbour which can only be +approached in good weather,’—for once you are in the harbour all +is well. <i>Intrare</i> may be corrupt: see <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec1">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec2" id = "chapVII_sec2"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:2</span> +siquidem innumerabiles accidunt subitae necessitates vel apud +magistratus vel repraesentatis iudiciis continuo agendi. Quarum si qua, +non dico cuicumque innocentium civium, sed amicorum ac propinquorum +alicui evenerit, stabitne mutus et salutarem petentibus vocem, statimque +si non succurratur perituris, +<span class = "pagenum">171</span> +moras et secessum et silentium quaeret, dum illa verba fabricentur et +memoriae insidant et vox ac latus praeparetur?</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec2" id = "commVII_sec2"><b>§ 2.</b></a> +<b>siquidem</b>, <span class = "greek" title = "eige">εἴγε</span>, <span +class = "greek" title = "eiper">εἴπερ</span>, <a href = +"#chapVII_sec27">§27</a> below, and often in Quintilian: ‘iam apud +Cicero nem perinde atque <i>quoniam</i> invenitur causam omnibus notam +significans’ (Günther).</p> + +<p><b>apud magistratus</b>: ‘in virtue of some extraordinary procedure, +and without the day having been appointed for the parties to the suit,’ +Hild.</p> + +<p><b>repraesentatis</b>: ‘when a trial is suddenly brought on.’ Cp. +pecuniam repraesentare = ante diem solvere. Caes. B. G. i. 40, 14 +se, quod in longiorem diem collaturus esset, repraesentaturum: Sen. Ep. +95 petis a me ut id quod in diem suam dixeram debere differri +repraesentem.</p> + +<p><b>cuicumque</b>. See on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec12">1 §12</a> quocunque.</p> + +<p><b>petentibus ... perituris</b>: dat. of interest, after +<i>quaeret</i>. For the sense cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §251 Hoc nos si +facere velimus ante condemnentur ei quorum causas receperimus quam +totiens quotiens praescribitur Paeanem aut hymnum recitarimus.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">171</span> +<p><b>statimque</b>. <i>Statim</i> goes with <i>succurratur</i>, rather +than with <i>perituris</i>: its position gives it emphasis. Cp. +<i>continuo</i> agendi.</p> + +<p><b>secessum et silentium</b>: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec28">3 §28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>illa verba</b>, ironical: illa tam egregia verba.</p> + +<p><b>vox ac latus</b> (‘lungs’): often conjoined. Cp. Cic. Verr. iv. +30, 67 quae vox, quae latera: Brut. §316. So xii. 11, 2 neque enim +scientia modo constat orator, ... sed voce, latere, firmitate. For +<i>latus</i> cp. Hor. Ep. i. 7, 26: xii. 5: Sat. i. 9, 32.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec3" id = "chapVII_sec3"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:3</span> +Quae vero patitur hoc ratio, ut quisquam possit orator aliquando +omittere casus? Quid, cum adversario respondendum erit, fiet? Nam saepe +ea quae opinati sumus et contra quae scripsimus fallunt, ac tota subito +causa mutatur; atque ut gubernatori ad incursus tempestatium, sic agenti +ad varietatem causarum ratio mutanda est.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec3" id = "commVII_sec3"><b>§ 3.</b></a> +<b>ratio</b>: ‘theory’ of eloquence. Cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec15">3 §15</a>, where it is opposed to +<i>exercitatio</i>.—Others explain as = <i>ratio non patitur</i>, +like <i>ratio non est</i>, <i>nulla ratio est</i>, there is no reason or +sense in doing, &c.: Cic. Acad. ii. §74 ironiam enim alterius +perpetuam praesertim, nulla fuit ratio persequi: ib. §17: in Verr. Act. +i. 24: Caec. §15: Tac. Hist. i. 32: iii. 22: and ad Herenn. iv. 18 ei +rationi ratio non est fidem habere.</p> + +<p><b>quisquam ... orator</b>: see on <a href = +"#chapII_sec6">2 §6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>omittere casus</b>: ‘to leave sudden issues out of consideration,’ +i.e. to conduct his case strictly according to the lines of a written or +premeditated speech, without allowing for the emergence of some +unexpected fact in the evidence, or some difficulty suddenly raised by +the other side. For <i>casus</i> cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec2">1 §2</a> paratam ad omnes casus +eloquentiam: <a href = "#chapIII_sec3">3 §3</a> unde ad subitos +quoque casus ... proferantur (opes), and below <a href = +"#chapVII_sec30">§30</a>: vi. 1, 42 at qui a stilo non recedunt aut +conticescunt ad hos casus aut frequentissime falsa dicunt: xii. 9, 20 +licet tamen praecogitare plura et animum ad omnes casus componere.</p> + +<p><b>fallunt</b>: when the opposing counsel does not pursue the line of +argument we had anticipated, and against which we had prepared a written +speech.</p> + +<p><b>ad incursus</b>: see on <a href = "#chapII_sec1">2 §1</a> ad +exemplum.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec4" id = "chapVII_sec4"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:4</span> +Quid porro multus stilus et adsidua lectio et longa studiorum aetas +facit, si manet eadem quae fuit incipientibus difficultas? Perisse +profecto confitendum est praeteritum laborem, cui semper idem laborandum +est. Neque ego hoc ago ut ex tempore dicere malit, sed ut possit. Id +autem maxime hoc modo consequemur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec4" id = "commVII_sec4"><b>§ 4.</b></a> +<b>longa studiorum aetas</b>: i.e. longum tempus in studiis consumptum. +Cp. i. 8, 8: Hor. Sat. i. 4, 132.</p> + +<p><b>malit ... possit</b>: sc. orator. For such omissions see note on +congregat <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec7">1 §7</a>: and cp. +quaerant <a href = "#chapVII_sec6">§6</a> and dicat <a href = +"#chapVII_sec25">§25</a> below.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "null"> + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec5" id = "chapVII_sec5"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:5</span> +Nota sit primum dicendi via; neque enim prius contingere cursus potest +quam scierimus quo sit et qua perveniendum. Nec satis est non ignorare +quae sint causarum iudicialium partes, aut quaestionum ordinem recte +disponere, quamquam ista sunt praecipua, sed quid quoque loco primum +sit, quid secundum ac +<span class = "pagenum">172</span> +deinceps: quae ita sunt natura copulata ut mutari aut intervelli sine +confusione non possint.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec5" id = "commVII_sec5"><b>§ 5.</b></a> +<b>dicendi via</b>: the method, pathway, or track of the argument.</p> + +<p><b>neque enim &c.</b> The reason is given in the form of a +simile: we cannot run a race without knowing the goal and the track, and +it is the same with eloquence. For a similar figure cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec10">3 §10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>partes</b>: i.e. prooemium, narratio, probatio, refutatio, +epilogus. Cp. iii. 9, 1.</p> + +<p><b>disponere</b>: vii. 10, 5 quaestio omnis ac locus habet suam +dispositionem.</p> + +<p><b>primum ... secundum</b>: vii. 10, 5 Non enim causa tantum universa +in quaestiones ac locos diducenda est, sed hae +<span class = "pagenum comm">172</span> +ipsae partes habent rursus ordinem suum. Nam et in prooemio primum est +aliquid et secundum ac deinceps, &c.</p> + +<p><b>intervelli</b>: cp. xii. 9, 17.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec6" id = "chapVII_sec6"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:6</span> +Quisquis autem via dicet, ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut +duce, propter quod homines etiam modice exercitati facillime tenorem in +narrationibus servant. Deinde quid quoque loco quaerant scient, nec +circumspectabunt nec offerentibus se aliunde sensibus turbabuntur nec +confundent ex diversis orationem velut salientes huc illuc nec usquam +insistentes.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec6" id = "commVII_sec6"><b>§ 6.</b></a> +<b>via dicet</b>: ‘methodically’, ‘systematically,’ cp. dicendi via <a +href = "#chapVII_sec5">§5</a>. So ii. 17, 41 via id est ordine. Cic. +Brut. §46 (ait Aristoteles) antea nominem solitum via nec arte, sed +adcurate tamen et de scripto plerosque dicere: Orat. §§10, 116 ratione +et via disputare, docere: de Fin. ii. §3 (oratio) quae via quadam et +ratione habetur. Roby 1236. See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec6">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>velut</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec5">1 §5</a>. It softens the expression +<i>serie ... duce</i>, being equivalent to ‘ut ita dicam.’ The +collocation <i>ducetur ... duce</i> is to be classed among the rather +negligent repetitions of which a list is given on <a href = +"#chapII_sec23">2 §23</a>. Becher compares Cic. de Nat. Deor. +ii. §135 depulsum et quasi detrusum cibum accepit depellit (where +J. B. Mayor however reads delapsum): cp. ib. §145. For ‘serie +ducere’ cp. xi. 2, 39 etiam quae bene composita erunt memoriam serie sua +ducent.</p> + +<p><b>propter quod</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec66">1 §66</a>: <a href = +"#chapV_sec23">5 §23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quaerant</b>, ‘look for as matter of discourse,’ as <a href = +"#chapVI_sec7">6 §7</a>. The occurrence of <i>homines</i> in the +interval leads up from the singular <i>quisquis</i> to the plural.</p> + +<p><b>sensibus</b>: see on <a href = +"#chapIII_sec33">3 §33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>confundent ex diversis</b>: ‘make it a jumble of +incongruities.’</p> + +<p><b>huc illuc</b>: Cic. ad Att. ix. 9, 2 ne ... cursem huc illuc via +deterrima.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec7" id = "chapVII_sec7"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:7</span> +Postremo habebunt modum et finem, qui esse citra divisionem nullus +potest. Expletis pro facultate omnibus quae proposuerint, pervenisse se +ad ultimum sentient.</p> + +<p class = "maintext"> +Et haec quidem ex arte, illa vero ex studio: ut copiam sermonis optimi, +quem ad modum praeceptum est, comparemus, multo ac fideli stilo sic +formetur oratio ut scriptorum colorem etiam quae subito effusa sint +reddant, ut cum multa scripserimus +<span class = "pagenum">173</span> +etiam multa dicamus.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec7" id = "commVII_sec7"><b>§ 7.</b></a> +<b>citra</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec2">1 §2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>divisionem</b>: ‘here the distribution of the matter of the speech +both into the general divisions and subordinate heads, and also into the +minuter passages and sentences; their order constituting the <i>via +dicendi</i>.’ Frieze.</p> + +<p><b>Expletis ... quae proposuerint</b>: ‘when they have overtaken all +the points advanced,’ exhausted the various heads of their discourse, v. +10, 109 nec minus in hoc curae debet adhiberi quid proponendum quam +quomodo sit quod proposueris probandum.</p> + +<p><b>haec quidem &c.</b> The meaning is that while the observance +of the foregoing precepts (haec) depends on knowledge of theory (ars), +as embodied in specific rules and directions, what is now to come (illa) +demands <i>studium</i>, i.e. scientific exercise, applied to reading, +imitation, writing, and the practice of speaking (cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec1">1 §1</a>). The sentence is an awkward +one: it is best explained by making the <i>ut</i> before <i>copiam</i> +co-ordinate with the <i>ut</i> before <i>cum multa scripserimus</i>, and +supplying a corresponding <i>ut</i> with <i>formetur</i>. <i>Illa</i> +then introduces all three clauses, the first referring mainly to +<i>legere</i>, the second to <i>scribere</i>, and the third to +<i>dicere</i>. The precepts in regard to reading and imitation +(quemadmodum praeceptum est) are found in chs. i and ii: writing is +covered by chs. iii, iv and v: while speech is dealt with in the present +chapter.</p> + +<p><b>fideli stilo</b>, the ‘conscientious practice of composition.’</p> + +<p><b>scriptorum colorem</b>: see <a href = +"#chapVI_sec5">6 §5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>effusa sint</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapIII_sec17">3 §17</a> +componunt quae effuderant.</p> + +<p><b>cum multa scripserimus</b>. The practice +<span class = "pagenum comm">173</span> +of speaking (including extempore utterance) is to come <i>after</i> +writing: cp. <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec3">1 §3</a> +sq.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec8" id = "chapVII_sec8"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:8</span> +Nam consuetudo et exercitatio facilitatem maxime parit: quae si paulum +intermissa fuerit, non velocitas illa modo tardatur, sed ipsum <i>os</i> +coit atque concurrit. Quamquam enim opus est naturali quadam mobilitate +animi, ut, dum proxima dicimus, struere ulteriora possimus semperque +nostram vocem provisa et formata cogitatio excipiat;</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec8" id = "commVII_sec8"><b>§ 8.</b></a> +<b>consuetudo et exercitatio</b>, referring only to the last-mentioned +precept, <i>ut multa dicamus</i>.</p> + +<p><b>velocitas illa</b>. The demonstr. is vivid,—‘the requisite +rapidity,’ that which we either have acquired or hope to acquire.</p> + +<p><b>os coit atque concurrit</b>. Cp. xi. 3, 56 est aliis concursus +oris et cum verbis suis colluctatio: viii. 3, 45 littera quae exprimi +nisi labris coeuntibus non potest: xi. 3, 121 his accedunt vitia non +naturae, sed trepidationis, cum ore concurrente rixari. “Os concurrit +cum prae anxietate dicentis musculi oris invitis etiam trahuntur et +convelluntur ut labia et lingua quasi trepident.” Wolff.</p> + +<p><b>mobilitate animi</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapVII_sec22">§22</a>. His +mind must be quick of movement in order to express properly what is to +be said on the instant (<i>proxima</i> corresponding to <i>nostram +vocem</i>), and at the same time be shaping (<i>struere</i>) what is +further on (<i>ulteriora</i> corresponding to <i>provisa et formata +cogitatio</i>). Tr. <b>proxima</b>, ‘what we are about to say’: +<b>nostram vocem</b>, ‘what has just been said.’ For <b>provisa</b> cp. +on <a href = "#chapIII_sec10">3 §10</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec9" id = "chapVII_sec9"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:9</span> +vix tamen aut natura aut ratio in tam multiplex officium diducere animum +queat ut inventioni, dispositioni, elocutioni, ordini rerum verborumque, +tum iis quae dicit, quae subiuncturus est, quae ultra spectanda sunt, +adhibita vocis, pronuntiationis, gestus observatione, una sufficiat.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec9" id = "commVII_sec9"><b>§ 9.</b></a> +<b>ratio</b>, cp. note on <a href = "#chapVII_sec3">§3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quae dicit</b>, sc. ‘orator,’ as with <i>sufficiat</i> ‘animus’ +must be supplied. Cp. on <a href = "#chapVII_sec4">§4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vocis ... gestus</b>. See <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec17">1 §17</a> for a similar enumeration, +and cp. the note.</p> + +<p><b>una</b> = simul, which indeed Halm substitutes for it in his +text.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "null"> +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec10" id = "chapVII_sec10"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:10</span> +Longe enim praecedat oportet intentio ac prae se res agat, quantumque +dicendo consumitur, tantum ex ultimo prorogetur, ut, donec perveniamus +ad finem, non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu, si non +intersistentes offensantesque brevia illa atque concisa singultantium +modo eiecturi sumus.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">174</span> +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec10" id = "commVII_sec10"><b>§ 10.</b></a> +<b>intentio</b>: cp. intendunt animum <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec24">1 §24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>prae se res agat</b>. The mind must pursue or chase, as it were, +the ideas that are still in front of it, and have them available in +advance.</p> + +<p><b>consumitur ... prorogetur</b>: expressions derived from banking +transactions. ‘In proportion as the speaker pays out, must he make +advances to himself out of what is to come later.’ For this use of +<i>prorogare</i> see the Lexx. <b>Ex ultimo</b> was understood by Wolff +to mean <i>ex eo quod modo dictum est</i>: but Becher (Quaest. Quint. +p. 9) pointed out that it = ‘vom Ende aus,’ and correctly rendered +the whole sentence ‘so viel im Reden drauf geht, so viel muss er sich im +Voraus vom Ende aus flüssig machen und so gewissermassen seine +Zahlungsfähigkeit länger hinausschieben,’—ut ne in inopiam +redactus bonam copiam eiuret. The speaker is to be continually drawing +from his reserve funds (<i>ex ultimo</i>, i.e. from the part of his +subject-matter that remains) just so much as he is expending in +delivery.</p> + +<p><b>prospectu procedamus</b>: cp. xi. 2, 3 nam dum alia dicimus, quae +dicturi sumus intuenda sunt: ita cum semper cogitatio ultra eat, id quod +est longius quaerit, quidquid autem repperit quodam modo apud memoriam +deponit, quod illa quas media quaedam manus acceptum ab inventione +tradit elocutioni.</p> + +<p><b>si non ... eiecturi sumus</b>: ‘if we +<span class = "pagenum comm">174</span> +want to avoid coming to a standstill, stuttering, and giving forth our +short, broken phrases, like persons gasping out what they have to +say.’—For offensantes cp. <i>offensator</i> <a href = +"#chapIII_sec10">3 §10</a>: and for brevia illa <a href = +"#chapII_sec17">2 §17</a> illud frigidum et inane.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec11" id = "chapVII_sec11"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:11</span> +Est igitur usus quidam inrationalis, quam Graeci <span class = "greek" +title = "alogon tribên">ἄλογον τριβήν</span> vocant, qua manus in +scribendo decurrit, qua oculi totos simul in lectione versus flexusque +eorum et transitus intuentur et ante sequentia vident quam priora +dixerunt. Quo constant miracula illa in scaenis pilariorum ac +ventilatorum, ut ea quae emiserint ultro venire in manus credas et qua +iubentur decurrere.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec11" id = "commVII_sec11"><b>§ 11.</b></a> +<b>inrationalis</b>: ‘mechanical,’ ‘unscientific.’ Cp. ii. 15, 23 quidam +eam neque vim neque scientiam neque artem putaverunt, sed Critolaus usum +dicendi (nam hoc <span class = "greek" title = "tribê">τριβή</span> +significat).... For the opposition between <span class = "greek" title = +"technê">τέχνη</span> and <span class = "greek" title = +"tribê">τριβή</span> (‘knack’) see Plato, Phaedrus 260 E <span class = +"greek" title = "ouk esti technê all’ atechnos tribê">οὐκ ἔστι τέχνη +ἄλλ᾽ ἄτεχνος τριβή</span>: Gorgias 501 A <span class = "greek" title = +"komidê atechnôs ... erchetai ... alogôs te pantapasin, hôs epos eipein ... tribê kai empeiria">κομιδῇ ἀτέχνως ... ἔρχεται ... ἀλόγως τε +παντάπασιν, ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ... τριβὴ καὶ ἐμπειρία</span>: ib. +463 B.</p> + +<p><b>manus ... decurrit</b>. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §130 neque enim +quotiens verbum aliquod est scribendum nobis, totiens eius verbi +litterae sunt cogitatione conquirendae; nec quotiens causa dicenda est, +totiens ad eius causae seposita argumenta revolvi nos oportet, sed +habere certos locos, qui ut litterae ad verbum scribendum, sic illi ad +causam explicandam statim occurrant.</p> + +<p><b>versus</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec38">1 §38</a>.</p> + +<p><b>flexus ... et transitus</b>. These words are generally taken in +their literal sense; but the rendering ‘turns and transitions’ +(‘Wendungen and Uebergänge’) seems not sufficiently to explain the +passage. May <i>flexus</i> not refer here to the modulation of the +voice, as frequently in Quintilian (v. Bonn. Lex.), and <i>transitus</i> +to the punctuation which marks the passage from one clause to another? +In reading the eye takes in all this in advance. Tr. ‘observe the +intonations and the stops.’ On the other hand Frieze (who alone of the +commentators seems to have felt any difficulty): ‘the action of the eye +itself in reading is ascribed to the lines of the manuscript. +<i>Flexus</i> seems to refer to the turning of the eye from the end of a +line to the beginning of the next, and <i>transitus</i> the passing from +one column of the manuscript to the next.’ But this explanation of +<i>transitus</i> can hardly be right.</p> + +<p><b>dixerunt</b>, sc. lectores,—before the reader has +articulated (to himself) what comes first, the eye runs on to what +follows. For the change of subject cp. §9.</p> + +<p><b>miracula</b> = <span class = "greek" title = +"thaumata">θαύματα</span>, ‘conjuring-tricks.’</p> + +<p><b>pilariorum ac ventilatorum</b>: ‘jugglers and professors of +legerdemain.’ For the former (who resembled the Indian juggler) see +Rich’s Dict. Ant. s.v., where a figure is shown from a Diptych in the +Museum at Verona exhibiting dexterous feats with a number of balls, +‘throwing them up with both hands, catching them on, and making them +rebound from, the inner joint of the elbow, leg, forehead, and instep, +so that they kept playing in a continuous circle round his person +without falling to the ground, as minutely described by Manilius +(<i>Astron.</i> 169-171).’ The ventilator was one who winnowed grain +with the <i>ventilabrum</i> (see Rich. s.v.), and so is generally taken +here of a juggler ‘tossing his balls into the air as the winnower does +his corn’; but looking to the use of <i>ventilare</i> for to ‘conjure +away’ (magicis artibus vitas insontium et manibus accitis ventilare, +Imp. Constant. cod. 9, 18, 6 and cod. Th. 9, 16, 5), I prefer +Professor Key’s explanation of the word, ‘a juggler, as affecting to +toss things away with an <span class = "greek" title = +"oichetai">οἴχεται</span>, or with a puff of breath’: cp. Prudent. +Peristeph. x. 78 tu ventilator urbis et vulgi levis procella.—The +genitives are to be referred to <i>scaenis</i>, not <i>miracula</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ut ea</b>: for this constr. see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec58">1 §58</a>.</p> + +<p><b>in manus</b>: Krüger and Dosson are wrong in taking this of the +hands of the spectators. The balls return to the hands of the performers +themselves. For <i>qua</i> (sc. via) cp. ii. 20, 2 multos video qua vel +impudentia vel fames duxit ruentes: ix. 1, 19: xii. 10, 61.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec12" id = "chapVII_sec12"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:12</span> +Sed hic usus ita proderit, si ea de qua locuti sumus ars antecesserit, +ut +<span class = "pagenum">175</span> +ipsum illud quod in se rationem non habet in ratione versetur. Nam mihi +ne dicere quidem videtur nisi qui disposite, ornate, copiose dicit, sed +tumultuari.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec12" id = "commVII_sec12"><b>§ 12.</b></a> +<b>ita ... si</b>, in a limiting sense (= ita demum si), ‘only so +far as.’ Cp. xi. 3, 130 ambulantem loqui ita demum oportet si in causis +publicis, &c. In Brut. +<span class = "pagenum comm">175</span> +§195 Cicero has cum <i>ita</i> heres institutus esset <i>si</i> pupillus +ante mortuus esset. In this restrictive sense <b>ita</b> is more +commonly followed by <b>ut</b> (Verr. iv. §150): sometimes by <i>cum</i> +(Brut. §222). In Top. §44 we have agens de eo qui testamento <i>sic</i> +heredem instituisset <b>ut</b> si filius natus esset, &c.</p> + +<p><b>locuti sumus</b>, i.e. in <a href = "#chapVII_sec5">§§5-7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quod ... non habet</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapVII_sec11">§11</a> +usus inrationalis, where there is no consciousness of method.</p> + +<p><b>in ratione versetur</b> = arte, artis et rationis praeceptis +contineatur. Though mechanical, through habit it should be based on +method and rational principle.</p> + +<p><b>nisi qui &c.</b> Cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §48 Sin oratoris nihil +vis esse nisi <i>composite</i> <i>ornate</i> <i>copiose</i> loqui, +&c. The first refers to <i>collocatio</i>, the second to +<i>elocutio</i>, and the third to <i>inventio</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tumultuari</b>, to ‘rant.’ Cp. vii. pr. §3 oratio carens hac +virtute (sc. ordine) tumultuetur necesse est: ii. 12, 11 cum interim non +actores modo aliquos invenias, sed, quod est turpius, praeceptores etiam +qui brevem dicendi exercitationem consecuti omissa ratione, ut tulit +impetus, passim tumultuentur, eosque qui plus honoris litteris +tribuerunt ineptos et ieiunos et tepidos et infirmos, ut quodque verbum +contumeliosissimum occurrit, appellent.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec13" id = "chapVII_sec13"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:13</span> +Nec fortuiti sermonis contextum mirabor umquam, quem iurgantibus etiam +mulierculis superfluere video, cum eo quod, si calor ac spiritus tulit, +frequenter accidit ut successum extemporalem consequi cura non +possit.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec13" id = "commVII_sec13"><b>§ 13.</b></a> +<b>fortuiti sermonis</b>, ‘random talk.’</p> + +<p><b>contextum</b> = continuam orationem, cp. <a href = +"#chapVII_sec26">§26</a>. The word denotes mere continuity of speech, a +mere train of words.</p> + +<p><b>superfluere video</b>: see <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec13">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>cum eo quod</b>, ‘with this consideration that,’ connects in a +loose manner with what goes before: ‘and this I say with the addition +that,’ <ins class = "correction" title = "period missing">&c.</ins> +The usual explanation is ‘with the exception or limitation that,’ +&c.: so Günther ‘postquam sese mirari nunquam fortuiti sermonis +contextum dixit, hoc enuntiato a “cum eo quod” pendente orationi +moderatur et concedit frequenter, si calor ac spiritus tulerit, curam +consequi non posse successum extemporalem’: cp. Cic. ad Att. vi. 1, §4 +sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis, sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato +meo fiat. But Quintilian is not ‘taking back’ what he has said in ‘nec +mirabor’: he is going on to add what is really an independent statement. +Other uses of <i>cum eo quod</i> occur ii. 4, 30 cum eo quidem, quod vix +ullus est tam communis locus, qui possit cohaerere cum causa nisi aliquo +propriae quaestionis circulo copulatus: xii. 10, 47 cum eo quod, si non +ad luxuriam ac libidinem referas, eadem speciosiora quoque sint quae +honestiora. See Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pageliii">p. liii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>spiritus</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec27">1 §27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tulit</b>. For <i>ferre</i> used absolutely: cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec7">3 §7</a> si feret flatus, and such phrases as ‘si +occasio tulerit.’ Krüger supplies <i>aliquem</i>, comparing <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec110">1 §110</a>.—For the perfect, +used like the Greek aorist to denote repeated occurrence, cp. refrixit +<a href = "#chapIII_sec6">3 §6</a>, and accessit ... restitit <a +href = "#chapVII_sec14">§14</a> below.</p> + +<p><b>ut ... possit</b>—that the success of such impromptu +speaking is not attained by study and premeditation (cura).</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec14" id = "chapVII_sec14"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:14</span> +Deum tunc adfuisse, cum id evenisset, veteres oratores, ut Cicero, +dictitabant. Sed ratio manifesta est. Nam bene concepti adfectus et +recentes rerum imagines continuo impetu feruntur, quae nonnumquam mora +stili refrigescunt et dilatae non revertuntur. Utique vero, +<span class = "pagenum">176</span> +cum infelix illa verborum cavillatio accessit et cursus ad singula +vestigia restitit, non potest ferri contorta vis; sed, ut optime vocum +singularum cedat electio, non continua sed composita est.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec14" id = "commVII_sec14"><b>§ 14.</b></a> +<b>ut Cicero</b>. No such saying can be found in Cicero’s extant works: +cp. however de Orat. i. §202. For the reading see <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec14">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ratio manifesta est</b>: cp. <a href = +"#chapV_sec3">5 §3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bene concepti adfectus</b>, ‘emotion profoundly felt’: v. on <a +href = "#chapVII_sec15">§15</a> and cp. vi. 2, 30 has (imagines rerum) +quisquis bene conceperit is erit in adfectibus potentissimus.</p> + +<p><b>recentes rerum imagines</b>: ‘fresh,’ ‘vivid’ conceptions, or +ideas: a lively imagination.</p> + +<p><b>continuo impetu feruntur</b>: ‘sweep along in uninterrupted +course.’</p> + +<p><b>refrigescunt</b>, cp. <a href = "#chapIII_sec6">3 §6</a>, and +<a href = "#chapIII_sec33">§33</a><ins class = "correction" title = +"period missing">. </ins></p> + +<p><b>utique</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec20">1 §20</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">176</span> +<p><b>infelix ... verborum cavillatio</b>: of the morbid carping +self-criticism spoken of in <a href = "#chapIII_sec10">3 §10</a>: +<a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec115">1 §115</a>. For +<i>infelix</i> see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec7">1 §7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>non potest ferri contorta vis</b>: ‘there can be no energy in the +swing,’ a figure taken from the discharge of missile weapons, such as +the sling and the javelin. <i>Vis contorta fertur</i> = the <i>vis</i> +(of the speech) is ‘whirled and sped onward’: for <i>ferri</i> cp. ix. +4, 112 oratio quae ferri debet et fluere. For the whole expression cp. +Cic. Orator §234 Demosthenes! cuius non tam vibrarent fulmina illa, nisi +numeris contorta ferrentur, (Quint. ix. 4, 55,) where <i>contorquere</i> +describes the whirling action which imparts to the missile that rotating +movement by which (as with our rifled guns) it is made more certain to +hit the mark: see Sandys ad loc. Quintilian has a similar figure in ix. +4, 9 mihi compositione velut amentis quibusdam nervisve intendi et +concitari sententiae videntur.</p> + +<p><b>ut</b> = though.</p> + +<p><b>continua ... composita</b>, ‘the style is not all of one pattern, +but rather a patchwork,’—it does not flow on spontaneously, but is +elaborately put together. The subject <i>oratio</i> must be supplied out +of the context: cp. <a href = "#chapVII_sec26">§26</a>, and <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec7">1 §§7</a> and <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec29">29</a>. Becher renders ‘nicht aus ganzem +Holze (geschnitten) sondern geleimt,’—not all of one piece but +glued together: and compares ‘corpora continua’ and ‘composita’ in Sen. +Epist. xvii. 2, 6 (102),—‘organisms’ and mechanical fabrics.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec15" id = "chapVII_sec15"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:15</span> +Quare capiendae sunt illae, de quibus dixi, rerum imagines, quas vocari +<span class = "greek" title = "phantasias">φαντασίας</span> indicavimus, +omniaque, de quibus dicturi erimus, personae, quaestiones, spes, metus, +habenda in oculis, in adfectus recipienda; pectus est enim, quod +disertos facit, et vis mentis. Ideoque imperitis quoque, si modo sunt +aliquo adfectu concitati, verba non desunt.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec15" id = "commVII_sec15"><b>§ 15.</b></a> +<b>de quibus dixi</b>. Cp. vi. 2, 29 Quas <span class = "greek" title = +"phantasias">φαντασίας</span> Graeci vocant (nos sane visiones +appellemus) per quas imagines rerum absentium ita repraesentantur animo +ut eas cernere oculis ac praesentes habere videamur, has quisquis bene +conceperit is erit in adfectibus potentissimus. So of the creations of +the painter’s fancy, xii. 10, 6 concipiendis visionibus, quas <span +class = "greek" title = "phantasias">φαντασίας</span> vocant, +praestantissimus Theon Samius.</p> + +<p><b>dicturi erimus</b>. The careful selection of the tense is to be +noted: cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §223 eorum apud quos aliquid aget aut erit +acturus mentes sensusque degustet, where <i>agit</i> is contemporaneous +with <i>degustet</i>, while <i>erit acturus</i> is regarded as still +future.—There is negligence in the juxtaposition of <i>dixi</i> +and <i>dicturi erimus</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in adfectus recipienda</b>, sc. that emotions may thereby be +excited which shall find expression in what we say. The intensity of +these emotions will depend on the vividness of the images in the +mind.</p> + +<p><b>pectus</b>: ‘feeling.’ The sentence is carefully arranged: besides +the chiasmus above (<i>habenda in oculis</i>, <i>in adfectus +recipienda</i>) <i>pectus</i> now takes up <i>in adfectus +recipienda</i>, while <b>vis mentis</b> refers to <i>habenda in +oculis</i>, and denotes accordingly force or clearness of +conception.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec16" id = "chapVII_sec16"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:16</span> +Tum intendendus animus, non in aliquam rem unam, sed in plures simul +continuas, ut si per aliquam rectam viam mittamus oculos simul omnia +quae sunt in ea circaque intuemur, non ultimum tantum videmus, sed usque +<span class = "pagenum">177</span> +ad ultimum. Addit ad dicendum etiam pudor stimulos, mirumque videri +potest quod, cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet, +extemporalis actio auditorum frequentia, ut miles congestu signorum, +excitatur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec16" id = "commVII_sec16"><b>§ 16.</b></a> +<b>Tum</b>, if allowed to stand (see <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec16">Crit. Notes</a>), does not introduce a +help to oratory, like <i>pectus</i> above (cp. si modo sunt aliquo +adfectu concitati), and addit ad dicendum etiam <i>pudor</i> stimulos in +the following sentence. The words from <i>pectus est enim</i> to +<i>verba non desunt</i> form a parenthesis, and <i>tum intendendus</i> +resumes the previous recommendation, <i>omniaque de quibus dicturi +erimus ... recipienda</i>. This is clear from the correspondence of +participles, <i>capiendae</i> ... <i>habenda</i> ... <i>recipienda</i> +... <i>intendendus</i>.</p> + +<p><b>continuas</b>, here of things that ‘hang together’: tr. ‘in an +orderly sequence.’</p> + +<p><b>circa</b>, ‘on either side.’</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">177</span> +<p><b>pudor</b> = ‘amour-propre,’ sense of honour as (possibly) to be +compromised by failure.</p> + +<p><b>stilus secreto</b>: <a href = "#chapIII_sec23">3 §23</a> +sq.</p> + +<p><b>congestu signorum</b>: the ‘crowded standards,’—of the +moment when the legion is about to advance, and the standard of every +company is set in motion at the same time. This is better than to take +it of the assembling of the standard-bearers with their ensigns round +the general’s tribunal, while he addresses the army on the eve of +battle.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec17" id = "chapVII_sec17"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:17</span> +Namque et difficiliorem cogitationem exprimit et expellit dicendi +necessitas, et secundos impetus auget placendi cupido. Adeo pretium +omnia spectant ut eloquentia quoque, quamquam plurimum habeat in se +voluptatis, maxime tamen praesenti fructu laudis opinionisque +ducatur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec17" id = "commVII_sec17"><b>§ 17.</b></a> +<b>difficiliorem</b>: thought that labours, is slow to find +utterance.</p> + +<p><b>expellit</b>, stronger than <i>exprimit</i>: cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec6">3 §6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>secundos impetus</b>, ‘the favourable glow,’—the ‘élan’ so +helpful for the expression of thought.</p> + +<p><b>pretium</b>, like <i>praemium</i> in a parallel passage, Tac. +Dial. 36: ita ad summa eloquentiae praemia magna etiam necessitas +accedebat, et quo modo disertum haberi pulchrum et gloriosum sic contra +mutum et elinguem videri deforme habebatur.</p> + +<p><b>quamquam</b>, with subj. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec33">1 §33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>opinionis</b>, ‘reputation,’ the favourable estimate which others +form of us: see on <a href = "#chapV_sec18">5 §18</a> and cp. <a +href = "#chapVII_sec24">§24</a> below: Cic. pro Arch. §26. Introd. <a +href = "QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexliv">p. xliv</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec18" id = "chapVII_sec18"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:18</span> +Nec quisquam tantum fidat ingenio ut id sibi speret incipienti statim +posse contingere, sed, sicut in cogitatione praecepimus, ita facilitatem +quoque extemporalem a parvis initiis paulatim perducemus ad summam, quae +neque perfici neque contineri nisi usu potest.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec18" id = "commVII_sec18"><b>§ 18.</b></a> +<b>id</b>, i.e. ut ex tempore dicere possit: the faculty of +improvisation.</p> + +<p><b>praecepimus</b>: <a href = "#chapVI_sec3">6 §3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>contineri</b>, <a href = "#chapVI_sec3">6 §3</a> augenda vis +et exercitatione multa continenda est.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "null"> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec19" id = "chapVII_sec19"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:19</span> +Ceterum pervenire eo debet ut cogitatio non utique melior sit ea, sed +tutior, cum hanc facilitatem non in prosa modo multi sint consecuti, sed +etiam in carmine, ut Antipater Sidonius et Licinius Archias (credendum +enim Ciceroni est)— non quia +<span class = "pagenum">178</span> +nostris quoque temporibus non et fecerint quidam hoc et faciant. Quod +tamen non ipsum tam probabile puto (neque enim habet aut usum res aut +necessitatem) quam exhortandis in hanc spem, qui foro praeparantur, +utile exemplum.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec19" id = "commVII_sec19"><b>§ 19.</b></a> +<b>debet</b>. The subject which the editors generally say is to be +supplied is ‘facilitas extemporalis’: cp. <a href = +"#chapVI_sec4">6 §4</a>. But Becher is probably right in supplying +a personal subject (as <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec7">1 §7</a>: <a href = +"#chapII_sec24">2 §24</a>: <a href = +"#chapVII_sec4">7 §§4</a>, <a href = +"#chapVII_sec25">25</a>),—‘the orator,’ ‘the budding rhetorician,’ +or even <span class = "greek" title = "tis">τις</span>: cp. nec +quisquam.* If <i>extemporalis facilitas</i> were the subject of the +sentence, <i>ipsa</i> would have been expected instead of <i>ea</i>. See +Critical Notes.* recte: <i>nec quisquam fidat</i>, <i>above</i>.</p> + +<p><b>non utique</b>: ‘not of course,’ ‘not necessarily.’ See on <a href += "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec20">1 §20</a>: cp. xii. 2, 18.</p> + +<p><b>in prosa</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec81">1 §81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Antipater</b> of Sidon, an Alexandrine poet, cir. <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 135. Cic. de Orat. iii. §194 quod si Antipater +ille Sidonius ... solitus est versus hexametros aliosque variis modis +atque numeris fundere ex tempore, tantumque hominis ingeniosi ac memoris +valuit exercitatio ut, cum se mente ac voluntate coniecisset in versum, +verba sequerentur, quanto id facilius in oratione, exercitatione et +consuetudine adhibita, consequemur!</p> + +<p><b>Archias</b>. Cic. pro Arch. 8 §18 quotiens ego hunc vidi, cum +litteram scripsisset nullam, magnum numerum optimorum versuum de iis +ipsis rebus quae tum agerentur dicere ex tempore.</p> + +<p><b>non quia ... non</b>. For the subjunctive, see Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pageliv">p. liv</a>: cp. <a href = +"#chapVII_sec31">§31</a>, below. +<span class = "pagenum comm">178</span> +Becher rightly explains (Bursian’s Jahresb.) that <i>credendum enim +Ciceroni est</i> is to be bracketed as a parenthesis of the writer’s to +Antipater Sidonius and Licinias Archias,—examples which give the +motive for the half apology <i>non quia</i>, &c. Tr. ‘though I do +not wish to be understood to mean that,’ &c. Others explain the +sentence as elliptical: ‘I do not quote Cicero’s authority because we +have not abundant examples in our own times, but because his authority, +at any rate, will be unquestioned,’ Frieze.</p> + +<p><b>quidam</b>. Hild thinks the reference must be particularly to +Statius: Silv. 1 pr. hos libellos qui mihi subito calore et quadam +festinandi voluptate fluxerunt: and iii. pr. libellos ... subito natos. +Possibly also to Remmius Palaemon, the teacher of Quintilian: Suet. +Gram. 23 poemata faciebat ex tempore.</p> + +<p><b>quod ... ipsum</b>. ‘This accomplishment in itself,’ viz. +facilitas ex tempore carmina fingendi.</p> + +<p><b>in hanc spem = huius</b> in rei spem. Cp. <a href = +"#chapIII_sec2">3 §2</a> sine hac conscientia.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- div --> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec20" id = "chapVII_sec20"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:20</span> +Neque vero tanta esse umquam <i>debet</i> fiducia facilitatis ut non +breve saltem tempus, quod nusquam fere deerit, ad ea quae dicturi sumus +dispicienda sumamus, quod quidem in iudiciis ac foro datur semper; neque +enim quisquam est qui causam quam non didicerit agat.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec20" id = "commVII_sec20"><b>§ 20.</b></a> +<b>non ... saltem</b>: see on <a href = +"#chapII_sec15">2 §15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>didicerit</b>. In acquainting himself with the facts of a case, +and considering (however briefly) the principles applicable to it, the +judicial pleader has always some little time to think over his +speech.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "null"> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec21" id = "chapVII_sec21"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:21</span> +Declamatores quosdam perversa ducit ambitio ut exposita controversia +protinus dicere velint, quin etiam, quod est in primis frivolum ac +scaenicum, verbum petant quo incipiant. Sed tam contumeliosos in se +ridet invicem eloquentia, et qui stultis videri eruditi volunt, stulti +eruditis videntur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec21" id = "commVII_sec21"><b>§ 21.</b></a> +<b>Declamatores</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec71">1 §71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ambitio</b>: see Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexliv">p. xliv</a>.</p> + +<p><b>exposita controversia</b>, ‘as soon as the question is +stated.’</p> + +<p><b>frivolum</b>, ‘in bad taste,’ a word characteristic of the Silver +Age.</p> + +<p><b>scaenicum</b>, ‘theatrical.’ On the stage, actors often start off +with such a ‘cue.’ Cp. i. 11, 3 plurimum ... aberit a scaenico: xi. 3, +57 modulatio scaenica: ib. §123 nam et complodere manus scaenicum est et +pectus caedere. We may also recall ‘nedum ille scaenicus (Nero)’: Tac. +Ann. xv. 59.</p> +</div> +</div> <!-- null --> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec22" id = "chapVII_sec22"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:22</span> +Si qua tamen fortuna tam subitam fecerit agendi necessitatem, mobiliore +quodam opus erit ingenio, et vis omnis intendenda rebus et in praesentia +remittendum aliquid ex cura verborum, si consequi utrumque non dabitur. +Tum et tardior pronuntiatio moras habet et suspensa ac velut dubitans +oratio, ut tamen deliberare, non +<span class = "pagenum">179</span> +haesitare videamur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec22" id = "commVII_sec22"><b>§ 22.</b></a> +<b>vis omnis intendenda rebus</b>. Cp. Cato’s golden rule for the +speaker, rem tene verba sequentur: Cic. de Orat. ii. §146: iii. §125: +Hor. A. P. 311.</p> + +<p><b>non dabitur</b>, cp. <a href = "#chapVII_sec29">§29</a>: Verg. +Aen. i. 408 cur dextrae iungere dextram non datur?</p> + +<p><b>tardior pronuntiatio</b>. The opposite is <i>citata</i> xi. 3, 111 +aliis locis citata aliis pressa conveniet pronuntiatio.</p> + +<p><b>habet</b>, ‘secures.’ Krüger (3rd ed.) would prefer to read +<i>habebit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>suspensa ... dubitans</b>: a ‘slow and undecided style of +speaking,’ in which one is, as it were, feeling one’s way. Tac. Ann. i. +11 of Tiberius, suspensa semper et obscura verba.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">179</span> + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec23" id = "chapVII_sec23"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:23</span> +Hoc, dum egredimur e portu, si nos nondum aptatis satis armamentis aget +ventus; deinde paulatim simul euntes aptabimus vela et disponemus +rudentes et impleri sinus optabimus. Id potius quam se inani verborum +torrenti dare quasi tempestatibus quo volent auferendum.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec23" id = "commVII_sec23"><b>§ 23.</b></a> +<b>hoc</b>, sc. fieri potest. For the ellipse cp. vi. 4, 10 hoc, dum +ordo est et pudor: xi. 1, 76 hoc et apud eos.</p> + +<p><b>dum egredimur</b>, &c. As in <a href = "#chapVII_sec1">§1</a> +the simile takes the place of the main thought without any word of +introduction: cp. athleta <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec4">1 §4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>simul</b>. The juxtaposition of <i>simul</i> and <i>euntes</i> +reminds us of the Greek constr. of <span class = "greek" title = +"hama">ἅμα</span> with a participle = <span class = "greek" title = +"hama poreuomenoi">ἅμα πορευόμενοι</span>.</p> + +<p><b>aptabimus ... optabimus</b>. The assonance is surely an example of +Quintilian’s negligent style, rather than (as Krüger thinks) an +intentional pun. So <i>aptatis ... aptabimus</i>, in this passage.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec24" id = "chapVII_sec24"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:24</span> +Sed non minore studio continetur haec facultas quam paratur. Ars enim +semel percepta non labitur, stilus quoque intermissione paulum admodum +de celeritate deperdit: promptum hoc et in expedito positum +exercitatione sola continetur. Hac uti sic optimum est ut cotidie +dicamus audientibus pluribus, maxime de quorum simus iudicio atque +opinione solliciti; rarum est enim ut satis se quisque vereatur. Vel +soli tamen dicamus potius quam non omnino dicamus.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec24" id = "commVII_sec24"><ins class = +"correction" title = "period invisible"><b>§ 24.</b></ins></a> +<b>ars</b>: cp. on <a href = "#chapVII_sec7">§7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>non labitur</b>. The sense is clear, though the reading is very +uncertain: ‘la connaissance théorique une fois acquise ne se perd pas,’ +Hild, who suspects that <i>animo</i> or <i>mente</i> has fallen out. Cp. +de Orat. ii. §109 ante enim praeterlabitur (sc. definitio) quam percepta +est. <i>Labi</i> by itself well expresses the gradual ‘oozing away’ of +anything from the mind. Verg. Ecl. i. 63 quam nostro illius labatur +pectore vultus. It might however be preferable to read <i>nunquam</i> +instead of <i>non</i>. See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec24">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>deperdit</b>. Cic. Verr. ii. 2, 30 ut ne quid de libertate +deperderit.</p> + +<p><b>promptum hoc et in expedito positum</b>: ‘this promptitude and +readiness for action.’ The neuter of the adj. and the part. are used +along with the demonstrative in place of abstract nouns, in which Latin +is not strong. Cp. Livy vii. 8, 5 diu non perlitatum tenuerat +dictatorem: Tac. Ann. iii. 80 Capito insignitior infamia fuit quod ... +egregium publicum et bonas domi artes dehonestavisset; v. Nägelsbach, +Lat. Stil. p. 98 sq. and 140 sq.: Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexlviii">p. xlviii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rarum est ut</b> = raro fit ut. Cp. primum est ut <a href = +"#chapII_sec18">2 §18</a>.</p> + +<p><b>non omnino</b>. The adverb strengthens the negative (cp. <span +class = "greek" title = "ou panu">οὐ πάνυ</span>), instead of the +negative being employed for the negation of the adverb. So often +<i>prorsus</i> and <i>sane</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec25" id = "chapVII_sec25"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:25</span> +Est alia exercitatio cogitandi +<span class = "pagenum">180</span> +totasque materias vel silentio (dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum) +persequendi, quae nullo non et tempore et loco, quando non aliud agimus, +explicari potest, et est in parte utilior quam haec proxima;</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec25" id = "commVII_sec25"><b>§ 25.</b></a> +<b>est alia exercitatio cogitandi ... persequendi.</b> There is a +similar transition at ix. 2, 57 est alia non quidem reticentia. The +sequence of thought is as follows: the best method of acquiring and +maintaining the <i>facultas ex tempore dicendi</i> is to discourse daily +before competent hearers: if that is not possible <i>soli tamen +dicamus</i>; this is better than not speaking at all. There is another +<i>exercitatio</i> (i.e. as a help to keeping up the <i>facultas ex +tempore dicendi</i>), viz. the going over our subject-matter in silent +thought, as we can do always and everywhere. <i>Cogitandi</i> and +<i>persequendi</i> are genitives of definition, or epexegetic genitives +standing in the place of appositional infinitives): cp. exitus mortis, +<span class = "greek" title = "telos thanatoio">τέλος θανάτοιο</span>, +and (cited by Krüger) Cic. de Fin. iii. 14, 45 denique ipsum bonum quod +in eo positum est ut naturae consentiat, crescendi accessionem ( = +accessionem quae fit crescendo) nullam habet: de Orat. 1 §90 quod +consuetudo exercitatioque et intellegendi prudentiam (= prudentiam +quae cernitur in intellegendo, or prudentiam ad intellegendum) acueret +et eloquendi celeritatem incitaret. With +<span class = "pagenum comm">180</span> +exercitatio, supply ‘continendi facultatem ex tempore dicendi.’</p> + +<p><b>totasque materias ... persequendi</b>: cp. <a href = +"#chapV_sec21">5 §21</a> per totas ire materias.</p> + +<p><b>tamen</b>: i.e. even though it be <i>silentio</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dicat</b>. Again the subject (sc. orator) is to be supplied out of +the context. Cp. <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec7">1 §7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>explicari potest</b>: ‘can have full scope given to it,’ an +exercise in which we can indulge freely.</p> + +<p><b>in parte</b>, often in Quintilian. See on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec88">1 §88</a>.</p> + +<p><b>haec proxima</b>: viz. that recommended in <a href = +"#chapVII_sec24">§24</a> ut cotidie dicamus audientibus pluribus: to +which <i>illa</i> and <i>prior</i> in <a href = "#chapVII_sec26">§26</a> +refer.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec26" id = "chapVII_sec26"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:26</span> +diligentius enim componitur quam illa, in qua contextum dicendi +intermittere veremur. Rursus in alia plus prior confert, vocis +firmitatem, oris facilitatem, motum corporis, qui et ipse, ut dixi, +excitat oratorem et iactatione manus, pedis supplosione, sicut cauda +leones facere dicuntur, hortatur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec26" id = "commVII_sec26"><b>§ 26.</b></a> +<b>diligentius enim componitur quam illa</b>: ‘it (i.e. discourse thus +premeditated) is more accurately put together.’ The grammatical subject +of <i>componitur</i> is <i>exercitatio cogitandi</i>, &c., but the +verb is chosen with reference to the train of thought which the mind is +exercised in pursuing. The virtual subject is thus rather <i>oratio quam +cogitando persequimur</i>, or <i>tacita oratio</i> (as shown by <i>dum +tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum</i>). <i>Illa</i> (like <i>proxima</i>) +refers to the practice of extempore speaking, either alone or in the +presence of others. Grammatically the <i>exercitatio</i> of <a href = +"#chapVII_sec24">§24</a> must be understood along with it: logically the +<i>oratio</i> which is the result of that +<i>exercitatio</i>.—Krüger (3rd ed.) takes <i>componitur</i> as +used impersonally, but that would seem to be impossible without some +reference to <i>exercitatio cogitandi</i>. The sentence, though +grammatically awkward, is quite consistent with Quintilian’s loose style +of writing, so that there seems no necessity for such a device about +<i>componitur</i>, or for Gertz’s conjecture <i>in illa</i>: see <a href += "QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec26">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>contextum dicendi</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapVII_sec13">§13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>veremur</b>, with infin. as <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec101">1 §101</a>, and even in Cicero: cp. +the striking instance de Fin. ii. §39 quos non est veritum in ... +voluptate ... summum bonum ponere.</p> + +<p><b>Rursus</b>, ‘on the other hand.’</p> + +<p><b>in alia ... confert</b>. See on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec1">1 §1</a> for the constr. of +<i>conferre</i> (<span class = "greek" title = +"sumpherein">συμφέρειν</span>): cp. <a href = +"#chapV_sec11">5 §11</a> in hoc facient.</p> + +<p><b>prior</b>, viz. speaking.</p> + +<p><b>firmitatem</b>. In such enumerations Quintilian does not repeat +the prep.: cp. <a href = "#chapII_sec16">2 §16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>oris facilitatem</b> = ‘ease of utterance.’</p> + +<p><b>ut dixi</b>, <a href = "#chapIII_sec21">3 §21</a>.</p> + +<p><b>pedis supplosione</b>. Cp. xi. 3, 128 pedis supplosio ut loco est +opportuna, ut ait Cicero, in contentionibus aut incipiendis aut +finiendis, ita crebra et inepti est hominis et desinit iudicem in se +convertere: Sen. Epist. 75 §2: Cic. Brut. §141.</p> + +<p><b>sicut cauda leones</b>. Hom. Il. xx. 170 <span class = "greek" +title = "ourê de pleuras te kai ischia amphoterôthen Mastietai, hee d’ auton epotrunei machesasthai">οὐρῇ δὲ πλευράς τε καὶ ἰσχία ἀμφοτέρωθεν +Μαστίεται, ἑὲ δ᾽ αὐτὸν ἐποτρύνει μαχέσασθαι</span>: Hesiod, Shield of +Herc. 430 <span class = "greek" title = "glaukioôn d’ ossois deinon pleuras te kai ômous ourê mastioôn possi glaphei">γλαυκιόων δ᾽ ὄσσοις +δεινὸν πλευράς τε καὶ ὤμους οὐρῇ μαστιόων ποσσὶ γλάφει</span>. Plin. +Nat. Hist. viii. 16, 19 leonum animi index cauda ... immota ergo +placido, clemens blandienti, quod rarum est: crebrior enim iracundia, +eius in principio terra verberatur, incremento terga ceu quodam +incitamento flagellantur.</p> + +<p><b>studendum</b>, <a href = "#chapIII_sec29">3 §29</a>. Cp. note +on <i>studiosis</i> <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec45">1 §45</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec27" id = "chapVII_sec27"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:27</span> +Studendum vero semper et ubique. Neque enim fere tam est ullus dies +occupatus, ut nihil lucrativae, ut Cicero Brutum facere tradit, +<span class = "pagenum">181</span> +operae ad scribendum aut legendum aut dicendum rapi aliquo momento +temporis possit: siquidem C. Carbo etiam in tabernaculo solebat hac +uti exercitatione dicendi.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec27" id = "commVII_sec27"><b>§ 27.</b></a> +<b>tam est ... occupatus</b>. The order supports the traditional reading +at <a href = "QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec83">1 §83</a>, where see +note.</p> + +<p><b>lucrativae operae</b>. Cic. ad Att. vii. 11, 1 unam mehercule +tecum apricationem in illo lucrativo tuo sole malim quam omnia istius +modi regna: Fronto, ad Anton. imp. 2, 2 lucrativa tua in tantis negotiis +tempora. Tr. ‘a few precious moments’: +<span class = "pagenum comm">181</span> +<i>lucrativa opera</i> means an occupation which profitably occupies our +spare time. The adjective is properly a legal term, applied to things +acquired by gift or bequest: e.g. species possessionis Gai. 2, 56: +usucapio 2, 60: adquisitio Ulp. Dig. xliv. 4, 4, 31. Krüger refers +to the special meaning of <i>lucrum</i>, ‘an unexpected gain’: Hor. Car. +i. 9, 14 quem fors dierum cumque dabit, lucro adpone. Spalding says: +“<i>operam lucrativam</i> a Qu. dici potuisse censeo quidquid operae +iniunctis et necessariis laboribus negotiisque velut surriperetur et +dilectis studiis accederet.” Cp. i. 12, 13 quibus potius studiis haec +temporum velut subsiciva donabimus? Cic. de Orat. ii. 364 quae cursim +adripui, quae subsicivis operis, ut aiunt.</p> + +<p><b>Cicero</b>. The reference seems to be to the remark addressed to +Brutus in the Orator §34 iam quantum illud est quod in maximis +occupationibus numquam intermittis studia doctrinae, semper aut ipse +scribis aliquid aut me vocas ad scribendum. So in the Brutus §332 he +praises his <i>perennia studia</i>, and §22 his <i>singularis +industria</i>. Cp. Plutarch, Brutus, §4 and §36. See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec27">Crit. Notes</a>.</p> + +<p><b>siquidem</b>, see on <a href = "#chapVII_sec2">§2</a>, above.</p> + +<p><b>C. Carbo</b>. In the Brutus §§103-105 Cicero eulogises his +eloquence and industry: industrium etiam et diligentem et in +exercitationibus commentationibusque multum operae solitum esse ponere: +cp. de Orat. i. §154.—Carbo, who had originally been a supporter +of Ti. Gracchus, but had afterwards gone over to the optimates, became +consul in <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 120; and it was in +connection with his prosecution in the year following, on some charge +not distinctly specified, that Crassus made his first public appearance. +Carbo was driven to commit suicide.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec28" id = "chapVII_sec28"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:28</span> +Ne id quidem tacendum est, quod eidem Ciceroni placet, nullum nostrum +usquam neglegentem esse sermonem: quidquid loquemur ubicumque, sit pro +sua scilicet portione perfectum. Scribendum certe numquam est magis quam +cum multa dicemus ex tempore. Ita enim servabitur pondus et innatans +illa verborum facilitas in altum reducetur, sicut rustici proximas vitis +radices amputant, quae illam in summum solum ducunt, ut inferiores +penitus descendendo firmentur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec28" id = "commVII_sec28"><b>§ 28.</b></a> +<b>Ciceroni</b>. The reference cannot be traced.</p> + +<p><b>ubicumque</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec5">1 §5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>pondus</b>, ‘solidity.’</p> + +<p><b>innatans</b>, sc. in superficie: ‘floating’ and so ‘superficial.’ +Cp. vii. 1, 44 haec velut innatantia videbunt: Persius i. 104-5 summa +delumbe saliva Hoc natat in labris, where Conington cites Gell. i. 15 +qui nullo rerum pondere innixi verbis humidis et lapsantibus diffluunt, +eorum orationem bene existimatum est <i>in ore nasci</i> non in pectore: +so <a href = "#chapIII_sec2">3 §2</a> verba in labris nascentia, +where see note.</p> + +<p><b>in altum reducetur</b> = in profundum, giving the antithesis to +the figure (‘the shallows’) involved in <i>innatans</i>. Tr. ‘will gain +in depth.’ For such combinations of the prep. with the acc. or abl. +neuter of adj. see Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexlvii">p. xlvii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>proximas</b>, the uppermost roots, which protrude from the surface +of the ground. By paring these away, the taproots (inferiores) are +forced to strike deeper.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec29" id = "chapVII_sec29"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:29</span> +Ac nescio an si utrumque cum cura et studio fecerimus, invicem prosit, +ut scribendo dicamus diligentius, dicendo scribamus facilius. Scribendum +ergo quotiens licebit; +<span class = "pagenum">182</span> +si id non dabitur, cogitandum; ab utroque exclusi debent tamen <i>sic +d</i>icere ut neque deprehensus orator neque litigator destitutus esse +videatur.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec29" id = "commVII_sec29"><b>§ 29.</b></a> +<b>nescio an</b> = <b>fortasse</b>, as at <a href = +"#chapVI_sec1">6 §1</a>; see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec65">1 §65</a>. Tr. ‘and I rather think +that there is this reciprocal advantage, viz. that,’ &c.</p> + +<p><b>utrumque</b>, i.e. dicere and scribere, both in the way of +<i>exercitatio</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Scribendum ergo</b>, &c. This is Quintilian’s summing up. If +the advocate has time to elaborate his speech in writing, that is best +(as a rule); if writing is impossible, he must have recourse to +cogitatio (<a href = "#chapVI">ch. vi</a>). If there is time for neither +the one nor the other, the discipline which +<span class = "pagenum comm">182</span> +is being recommended ought nevertheless (<i>tamen</i>, i.e. in spite of +the fact that there has been no opportunity for either writing or +reflection) to enable him to “speak in such a way that no one will think +either that the pleader has been taken aback or that the client has been +left in the lurch.” The emendation <i>sic dicere</i>, which I venture to +introduce in the text (see <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec29">Crit. Notes</a>), seems in harmony not +only with the tradition of the MSS. but also with the whole context. +There is the same sequence immediately below (<a href = +"#chapVII_sec30">§30</a>) <i>scribant ... cogitatione complectantur ... +subitis extempore occurrant</i>. The busy advocate will make use of all +three methods: but in most cases writing, according to Quintilian, is to +be recommended, and, failing it, meditation,—not that the latter +is better than off-hand speech, but safer (tutior <a href = +"#chapVII_sec19">§19</a>). Lastly, even such <i>subitae necessitates</i> +as are referred to in <a href = "#chapVII_sec2">§2</a> ought to find the +advocate prepared to make a creditable extempore appearance: cp. <a href += "#chapVII_sec4">§4</a> neque ego hoc ago ut extempore dicere malit sed +ut possit.</p> + +<p><b>deprehensus</b>: cp. xii. 9, 20: Seneca Ep. xi. 1 non enim ex +praeparato locutus est, sed subito deprehensus.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext space"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec30" id = "chapVII_sec30"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:30</span> +Plerumque autem multa agentibus accidit ut maxime necessaria et utique +initia scribant, cetera, quae domo adferunt, cogitatione complectantur, +subitis ex tempore occurrant; quod fecisse M. Tullium commentariis +ipsius apparet. Sed feruntur aliorum quoque et inventi forte, ut eos +dicturus quisque composuerat, et in libros digesti, ut causarum, quae +sunt actae a Servio Sulpicio, cuius tres orationes extant; sed hi de +quibus loquor commentarii ita sunt exacti ut ab ipso mihi in memoriam +posteritatis videantur esse compositi.</p> + +<div class = "comm space"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec30" id = "commVII_sec30"><b>§ 30.</b></a> +<b>utique</b>, ‘especially,’ or ‘at all events’: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec20">1 §20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>domo adferunt</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapVI_sec6">6 §6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>subitis</b>: ‘emergencies,’ unforeseen developments, e.g. +questions and objections by the other side. Cp. Plin. Ep. iii. 9, 16 vir +exercitatus et quamlibet subitis paratus.</p> + +<p><b>commentariis</b>: ‘note-books,’ memoranda containing jottings, +outlines, &c. Cp. iv. 1, 69.</p> + +<p><b>feruntur</b>: see note on ferebantur <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec23">1 §23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>et ... et</b> = ‘some ... others.’ In the one case the actual +jottings have been found, just as they were originally set down for the +guidance of the speaker: in the other they have been put together in +book form, for the benefit of later readers.</p> + +<p><b>causarum</b>: sc. commentarii: outlines of cases.</p> + +<p><b>Servio Sulpicio</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec116">1 §116</a>. He left only three +written speeches, but his friends had edited his notes of the numerous +cases in which he had appeared.</p> + +<p><b>hi</b>. The memoranda, as opposed to the finished speeches +(orationes).</p> + +<p><b>exacti</b>: see on <a href = "#chapII_sec14">2 §14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>in memoriam posteritatis</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec31">1 §31</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec31" id = "chapVII_sec31"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:31</span> +Nam Ciceronis ad praesens modo tempus aptatos libertus Tiro contraxit: +quos non ideo excuso quia non +<span class = "pagenum">183</span> +probem, sed ut sint magis admirabiles. In hoc genere prorsus recipio +hanc brevem adnotationem libellosque, qui vel manu teneantur et ad quos +interim respicere fas sit.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec31" id = "commVII_sec31"><b>§ 31.</b></a> +<b>Nam</b>: see on <a href = +"QuintBody1.html#chapI_sec12">1 §12</a>. The meaning is as follows: +I make special mention of the finished character of Sulpicius’s +outline speeches, as written out by himself: for in Cicero’s case it is +different: his commentarii ‘non sunt ab ipso compositi in memoriam +posteritatis.’ Moreover they are not now in their original form: by +Cicero they were prepared only for the occasion (ad praesens tempus +aptati), and were afterwards abridged (contraxit) by Tiro. But even in +this shorter form they are of great value.</p> + +<p><b>contraxit</b>, ‘abbreviated.’ The context shows, on the whole, +that this is the proper sense to attach to this word. Sulpicius’s +memoranda had been put together (in libros digesti) by his friends, but +so finished are they that one might think he had intended them to +survive. This gives +<span class = "pagenum comm">183</span> +two points of contrast with Cicero. The first (cp. <i>exacti</i> with +<i>ad praesens modo tempus aptatos</i>) would hardly be enough by +itself, as Quintilian rather insinuates than asserts that Sulpicius +intended his jottings to go down to posterity: the second is that in +Cicero’s case we have his sketches in a still briefer form than that in +which they were originally composed. The contrast would not be so +striking if <i>contraxit</i> were practically synonymous with <i>in +libros digesti</i>. Becher is strongly, however, in favour of +<i>contraxit</i> = collected: cp. Tac. Dial. 37.—For Tiro see esp. +Teuffel’s Rom. Lit. §178.</p> + +<p><b>quos ... probem</b>. The meaning is this: I do not make this +apology or explanation (excuso) as to the character of Tiro’s abridgment +of Cicero’s memoranda, compared with the studied elaboration of +Sulpicius, with any idea of implying inferiority, but in order +that—even in their present form—they may excite even greater +admiration of Cicero’s genius.—Quintilian is conscious that in +giving prominence to the two points of contrast in regard to Cicero’s +remains, as compared with those of Sulpicius, he may be in danger of +being misunderstood.—For <i>non quia</i> with subj. cp. <a href = +"#chapVII_sec19">§19</a> above: Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pageliv">p. liv</a>.</p> + +<p><b>In hoc genere</b>, i.e. in this <i>extemporalis actio</i>. The +opposite is ‘in his quae scripserimus’ <a href = +"#chapVII_sec32">§32</a>.</p> + +<p><b>recipio</b>: ‘I allow, admit,’ <span class = "greek" title = +"dechomai">δέχομαι</span>: cp. Cic. de Off. iii. §119 non recipit istam +coniunctionem honestas, aspernatur repellit: Introd. <a href = +"QuintIntro.html#intro_pagexliii">p. xliii</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hanc</b> seems to indicate what was a common practice in +Quintilian’s time.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec32" id = "chapVII_sec32"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:32</span> +Illud quod Laenas praecipit displicet mihi, <i>et</i> in his quae +scripserimus velut summas in commentarium et capita conferre. Facit enim +ediscendi neglegentiam haec ipsa fiducia et lacerat ac deformat +orationem. Ego autem ne scribendum quidem puto quod <i>non</i> simus +memoria persecuturi; nam hic quoque accidit ut revocet +<span class = "pagenum">184</span> +nos cogitatio ad illa elaborata nec sinat praesentem fortunam +experiri.</p> + +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec32" id = "commVII_sec32"><b>§ 32.</b></a> +<b>Laenas</b>, Popilius, a rhetorician who flourished under Tiberius. He +is mentioned as a contemporary of Cornelius Celsus, iii. 1, 21 and xi. +3, 183.</p> + +<p><b>et in his quae scripserimus</b>. See <a href = +"QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec32">Crit. Notes</a>. The reference obviously +is to speeches carefully written out before delivery, (contrast <i>in +hoc genere</i> above, of the extempore kind). Quintilian says that he +cannot approve of Laenas’s recommendation that, after we have written +out a speech in this way, we should proceed to prepare an abstract. +Dependence on this abstract will make us careless about learning off +what we have written, and this will check the flow of our eloquence, and +mar and disfigure our discourse. Iwan Müller points out that in the +sentence <i>in his quae scripserimus ... conferre</i>, Quintilian is +probably quoting from some rhetorical treatise of Laenas.</p> + +<p><b>velut summas in ... conferre</b>. The reading is very uncertain: +see <a href = "QuintCrit.html#critVII_sec32">Crit. Notes</a> for +Kiderlin’s proposed emendation. The text may be rendered ‘to enter in a +notebook arranged according to heads the essence, as it were,’ of what +we have written, the genitive required by <i>summas</i> being supplied +out of <i>in his quae scripserimus</i>. Cp. Cic. Brut. §164 non est +oratio sed quasi capita rerum et orationis commentarium paulo +plenius.</p> + +<p><b>haec ... fiducia</b>. See on <a href = +"#chapIII_sec2">3 §2</a> hac conscientia.</p> + +<p><b>ne ... quidem</b>: ‘neither should we.’ There is no climax here: +like <span class = "greek" title = "oude">οὐδέ</span> the particles +<i>ne ... quidem</i> are often used, as Madvig pointed out, ‘ubi sine +ullo orationis descensu aut gradatione negativi aliquid adiungitur +superioribus simile’ (see 3rd excursus to de Fin. pp. 802-3 2nd +ed.).</p> + +<p><b>quod non simus</b>. The context makes the reading certain, and +also gives the key to the interpretation. We ought not to write out, +says Quintilian, what we do not intend to commit perfectly to memory; it +would be better to trust to ‘extemporalis facilitas.’ If we do so, he +goes on to say, our imperfect recollection of what we have written (illa +elaborata) will interfere with the free play of thought.—For +<i>memoria persequi</i> cp. Cic. pro Sulla §42.</p> + +<p><b>hic quoque</b>: cp. <a href = "#chapVI_sec5">6 §§5-7</a>, +where it is +<span class = "pagenum comm">184</span> +said of imperfect <i>premeditation</i> (cogitatio) that if it is to make +the speaker hesitate between what he has written, but can hardly recall, +and the new ideas which the subject might inspire, he would do better to +trust wholly to improvisation.</p> + +<p><b>praesentem fortunam</b>: cp. <a href = +"#chapVI_sec1">6 §1</a> extemporalem fortunam.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "maintext"> +<a name = "chapVII_sec33" id = "chapVII_sec33"> </a> +<span class = "secnum">VII:33</span> +Sic anceps inter utrumque animus aestuat, cum et scripta perdidit et non +quaerit nova. Sed de memoria destinatus est libro proximo locus nec huic +parti subiungendus, quia sunt alia prius nobis dicenda.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum comm">11</span> +<div class = "comm"> +<p><a name = "commVII_sec33" id = "commVII_sec33"><b>§ 33.</b></a> +<b>scripta perdidit</b>, i.e. because he is suffering the consequences +of <i>ediscendi neglegentia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>non quaerit nova</b>—being too much occupied with the +attempt to remember what he had written.</p> + +<p><b>de memoria</b> = disputationi de memoria. See xi. 2.</p> + +</div> + +</div> <!-- text --> + + +<hr class = "spacer"> + + +<span class = "pagenum">223</span> +<h4><a name = "index2_names" id = "index2_names">INDEX OF +NAMES.</a></h4> + +<p class = "line"> </p> + +<h6>(The references are to chapters and sections.)</h6> + +<p class = "line"> </p> + +<table class = "index" summary = "index in two columns"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%"> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Antipater</span> Sidonius, <a href = +"#chapVII_sec19">vii. 19</a>.</p> + +<p>Archias, Aul. Licinius, <a href = "#chapVII_sec19">vii. 19</a>.</p> + +<p>Asinius Pollio, <a href = "#chapII_sec17">ii. 17</a>, <a href = +"#chapII_sec25">25</a>.</p> + +<p>Attici—Attic Orators, <a href = "#chapII_sec17">ii. 17</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Brutus, M. Iunius, <a href = "#chapV_sec20">v. 20</a>: <a href = +"#chapVII_sec27">vii. 27</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Caelius, M. Rufus, <a href = "#chapII_sec25">ii. 25</a>.</p> + +<p>Caesar, C. Iulius, <a href = "#chapII_sec25">ii. 25</a>.</p> + +<p>Calvus, i, 115: <a href = "#chapII_sec25">ii. 25</a>.</p> + +<p>Carbo, <a href = "#chapVII_sec27">vii. 27</a>.</p> + +<p>Cato, <a href = "#chapV_sec13">v. 13</a>.</p> + +<p>Cestius, <a href = "#chapV_sec20">v. 20</a>.</p> + +<p>Cicero, <a href = "#chapII_sec18">ii. 18</a>: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec1">iii. 1</a>: <a href = "#chapV_sec2">v. 2</a>, <a href = +"#chapV_sec11">11</a>, <a href = "#chapV_sec16">16</a>: <a href = +"#chapVII_sec19">vii. 19</a>, <a href = "#chapVII_sec27">27</a>, <a href += "#chapVII_sec30">30</a>.</p> + +<p>Cinna, C. Helvius, <a href = "#chapIV_sec4">iv. 4</a>.</p> + +<p>Clodius, <a href = "#chapV_sec13">v. 13</a>.</p> + +<p>Cornelius, C., <a href = "#chapV_sec13">v. 13</a>.</p> + +<p>Crassus, <a href = "#chapIII_sec1">iii. 1</a>: <a href = +"#chapV_sec2">v. 2</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Demosthenes, <a href = "#chapII_sec24">ii. 24</a>: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec25">iii. 25</a>, <a href = "#chapIII_sec30">30</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Empylus Rhodius, <a href = "#chapVI_sec4">vi. 4</a>.</p> + +<p>Epicurus, <a href = "#chapII_sec15">ii. 15</a>4.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Helvius (C. Cinna), <a href = "#chapIV_sec4">iv. 4</a>.</p> + +<p>Hortensius, <a href = "#chapV_sec13">v. 13</a>: <a href = +"#chapVI_sec4">vi. 4</a>.</p> + +<p>Hyperides, <a href = "#chapV_sec2">v. 2</a>.</p> + +</td> +<td> + +<p> +Isocrates, <a href = "#chapIV_sec4">iv. 4</a>.</p> + +<p>Iulius Florus, <a href = "#chapIII_sec13">iii. 13</a>.</p> + +<p>Iulius Secundus, <a href = "#chapIII_sec12">iii. 12</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Laenas Popilius, <a href = "#chapVII_sec32">vii. 32</a>.</p> + +<p>Livius Andronicus, <a href = "#chapII_sec7">ii. 7</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Marcia, <a href = "#chapV_sec13">v. 13</a>.</p> + +<p>Messalla, <a href = "#chapV_sec2">v. 2</a>.</p> + +<p>Metrodorus Scepsius, <a href = "#chapVI_sec4">vi. 4</a>.</p> + +<p>Milo, <a href = "#chapVII_sec13">vii. 13</a>, <a href = +"#chapVII_sec20">20</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Persius, <a href = "#chapIII_sec21">iii. 21</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">224</span> +<p>Phryne, <a href = "#chapV_sec2">v. 2</a>.</p> + +<p>Porcius Latro, <a href = "#chapV_sec18">v. 18</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Sallust, <a href = "#chapII_sec17">ii. 17</a>: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec8">iii. 8</a>.</p> + +<p>Sulpicius, <a href = "#chapV_sec4">v. 4</a>: <a href = +"#chapVII_sec30">vii. 30</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Thucydides, <a href = "#chapII_sec17">ii. 17</a>.</p> + +<p>Tiro, <a href = "#chapVII_sec31">vii. 31</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Varius, <a href = "#chapIII_sec8">iii. 8</a>.</p> + +<p>Vergil, <a href = "#chapIII_sec8">iii. 8</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +Xenophon, <a href = "#chapV_sec2">v. 2</a>.</p> + +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">225</span> +<h4><a name = "index2_matters" id = "index2_matters">INDEX OF +MATTERS.</a></h4> + +<p class = "line"> </p> + +<h6>(The first reference is to the chapter and section of the text; the +second to the page and column of the explanatory notes. References to +the Introduction are given separately.)</h6> + +<p class = "mynote"> +The above paragraph was in the original text. For this e-text, only the +section numbers are linked; sections are generally very short, and notes +adjoin the text.</p> + +<table class = "index" summary = "index in two columns"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%"> + +<p>abruptus, <a href = "#chapII_sec19">ii. 19</a>: 131b.</p> + +<p>adducere frontem, <a href = "#chapIII_sec13">iii. 13</a>: 142a.</p> + +<p><span class = "greek" title = "alogos tribê">ἄλογος τριβή</span>, <a +href = "#chapVII_sec11">vii. 11</a>: 174a.</p> + +<p>Annales Pontificum, <a href = "#chapII_sec7">ii. 7</a>: 126a.</p> + +<p>antiqui, <a href = "#chapII_sec17">ii. 17</a>: 130b.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +basilica, <a href = "#chapV_sec18">v. 18</a>: 164b.</p> + +<p>bona fide, <a href = "#chapIII_sec23">iii. 23</a>: 146b.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +cerae, <a href = "#chapIII_sec30">iii. 30</a>: 149a.</p> + +<p>certe scio, <a href = "#chapII_sec5">ii. 5</a>: 124b.</p> + +<p>civilia officia, <a href = "#chapIII_sec11">iii. 11</a>: 140a.</p> + +<p>classis, <a href = "#chapV_sec18">v. 18</a>: 166a.</p> + +<p>cogitatio, <a href = "#chapVI_sec1">vi. 1</a>: 167a.</p> + +<p>communes loci, <a href = "#chapV_sec12">v. 12</a>: 159b.</p> + +<p>confirmatio sententiarum, <a href = "#chapV_sec12">v. 12</a>: +159a.</p> + +<p>contorta vis, <a href = "#chapVII_sec14">vii. 14</a>: 176a.</p> + +<p>cothurnus (Sophocli), <a href = "#chapII_sec22">ii. 22</a>: 133a.</p> + +<p>cum eo quod, <a href = "#chapVII_sec13">vii. 13</a>: 175a.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +declinata figura oratio, <a href = "#chapV_sec8">v. 8</a>: 157a.</p> + +<p>decretoria (arma), <a href = "#chapV_sec20">v. 20</a>: 165b.</p> + +<p>destructio sententiarum, <a href = "#chapV_sec12">v. 12</a>: +159a.</p> + +<p>dicendi ex tempore facultas, <a href = "#chapIII_sec2">iii. 2</a>: <a +href = "#chapVII_sec1">vii. 1</a>, <a href = "#chapVII_sec5">5</a>, <a +href = "#chapVII_sec24">24</a>.</p> + +<p>dictare, <a href = "#chapIII_sec19">iii. 19</a>: 144a.</p> + +<p>digerere inordinata, <a href = "#chapIV_sec1">iv. 1</a>: +commentarios, <a href = "#chapVII_sec30">vii. 30</a>.</p> + +<p>dilectus, <a href = "#chapIII_sec5">iii. 5</a>: 138a.</p> + +<p>ducere opus, <a href = "#chapIII_sec18">iii. 18</a>: 144a.</p> + +<p>dum non, <a href = "#chapIII_sec7">iii. 7</a>: 138b.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">226</span> +<p class = "space"> +efferre se, <a href = "#chapIII_sec10">iii. 10</a>: 140a.</p> + +<p>exactus, <a href = "#chapII_sec14">ii. 14</a>: 128a.</p> + +<p>exilis, <a href = "#chapII_sec16">ii. 16</a>: 129b.</p> + +<p>extemporalis color, <a href = "#chapVI_sec5">vi. 5</a>: 168b.</p> + +<p>extemporalis actio, <a href = "#chapVII_sec18">vii. 18</a>: +temeritas, <a href = "#chapVI_sec6">vi. 6</a>.</p> + +<p>exultare, <a href = "#chapII_sec16">ii. 16</a>: 130a.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +facilitas, <a href = "#chapII_sec12">ii. 12</a>: <a href = +"#chapIII_sec7">iii. 7</a>: <a href = "#chapVII_sec19">vii. 19</a>.</p> + +<p>fas erat, <a href = "#chapV_sec7">v. 7</a>: 157a.</p> + +<p>favorabilis, <a href = "#chapV_sec21">v. 21</a>: 166a.</p> + +<p>forsitan, <a href = "#chapII_sec10">ii. 10</a>: 126b.</p> + +<p>frugalitas, <a href = "#chapIII_sec26">iii. 26</a>: 147b.</p> + +</td> +<td> + +<p> +horride, <a href = "#chapII_sec17">ii. 17</a>: 130a.</p> + + +<p> +infelicitas, <a href = "#chapII_sec8">ii. 8</a>: 126a.</p> + +<p>infinitae questiones, <a href = "#chapIII_sec11">iii. 11</a>: +158a.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +lima, <a href = "#chapIV_sec4">iv. 4</a>: 152a.</p> + +<p>loci communes, <a href = "#chapV_sec12">v. 12</a>: 159b.</p> + +<p>lucrativa opera, <a href = "#chapVII_sec27">vii. 27</a>: 180b.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +membranae, <a href = "#chapIII_sec31">iii. 31</a>: 150a.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +non sit, <a href = "#chapII_sec27">ii. 27</a>: 135a.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +obiurgare, <a href = "#chapIII_sec20">iii. 20</a>: 145a.</p> + +<p>offensator, <a href = "#chapIII_sec20">iii. 20</a>: 145a.</p> + +<p>opinio, <a href = "#chapV_sec18">v. 18</a>: 164a.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +paraphrasis, <a href = "#chapV_sec5">v. 5</a>: 155b.</p> + +<p>pilarii, <a href = "#chapVII_sec11">vii. 11</a>: 174b.</p> + +<p>pontificum annales, <a href = "#chapII_sec7">ii. 7</a>: 126a.</p> + +<p>praescriptum, <a href = "#chapII_sec2">ii. 2</a>: 123b.</p> + +<p>praesumere, <a href = "#chapV_sec4">v. 4</a>: 155a.</p> + +<p>profectus, <a href = "#chapIII_sec2">iii. 2</a>: 136b.</p> + +<p>professor, <a href = "#chapV_sec18">v. 18</a>: 164a.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +rarum est ut, <a href = "#chapVII_sec24">vii. 24</a>: 179b.</p> + +<p>ratio c. gerund, <a href = "#chapIII_sec31">iii. 31</a>: 149b.</p> + +<p>ratio constat, <a href = "#chapII_sec1">ii. 1</a>: 123a.</p> + +<p>ratio (in scribendo), <a href = "#chapIII_sec15">iii. 15</a>: +143a.</p> + +<p>repraesentare, <a href = "#chapVII_sec2">vii. 2</a>: 170b.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +sententiae, <a href = "#chapII_sec17">ii. 17</a>: <a href = +"#chapV_sec4">v. 4</a>.</p> + +<p>silva, <a href = "#chapIII_sec17">iii. 17</a>: 143b.</p> + +<p>stilus, <a href = "#chapIII_sec1">iii. 1</a>, <a href = +"#chapIII_sec32">32</a>; <a href = "#chapVII_sec16">vii. 16</a>.</p> + +<p>supinus, <a href = "#chapII_sec17">ii. 17</a>: 131a.</p> + +<p>supplosio pedis, <a href = "#chapVII_sec26">vii. 26</a>: 180b.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +<p>tenuitas, <a href = "#chapII_sec23">ii. 23</a>: 133b.</p> + +<p>theses, <a href = "#chapV_sec11">v. 11</a>: 158a.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">227</span> +<p><span class = "greek" title = "tribê alogos">τριβὴ ἄλογος</span>, <a +href = "#chapVII_sec11">vii. 11</a>: 174a.</p> + + +<p class = "space"> +validius, <a href = "#chapIII_sec12">iii. 12</a>: 140b.</p> + +<p>ventilator, <a href = "#chapVII_sec11">vii. 11</a>: 174b.</p> + +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class = "spacer"> + +<div class = "contents"> + +<p><a href = "../main.html">Preface</a></p> + +<p><a href = "QuintIntro.html">Introduction</a></p> + +<p><a href = "QuintBody1.html">Chapter I</a></p> + +<p><a href = "#toc2">Chapters II-VII</a> <i>top</i></p> + +<p><a href = "QuintCrit.html">Critical Notes</a></p> + +</div> + + +</body> +</html> |