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diff --git a/21835.txt b/21835.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5655b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/21835.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3058 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Jew and American Ideals, by John Spargo + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Jew and American Ideals + +Author: John Spargo + +Release Date: June 15, 2007 [EBook #21835] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS *** + + + + +Produced by Jeannie Howse, Bryan Ness and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + + + + + +THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS + + + + +BOOKS BY +JOHN SPARGO + + +THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS +"THE GREATEST FAILURE IN ALL HISTORY" +RUSSIA AS AN AMERICAN PROBLEM +THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BOLSHEVISM +BOLSHEVISM +AMERICANISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY +SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EXPLAINED + + + +HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK +[ESTABLISHED 1817] + + + + +THE JEW + +AND + +AMERICAN IDEALS + + +BY + +JOHN SPARGO + +_Author of_ + +"Bolshevism" "The Psychology of Bolshevism" +"Russia as an American Problem" "The +Greatest Failure in All History" "Social +Democracy Explained" Etc. + +[Illustration] + +HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS +NEW YORK AND LONDON + + + + +THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS + +Copyright, 1921, by Harper & Brothers + +Printed in the United States of America + + + + +CONTENTS + + +CHAP. PAGE + + FOREWORD vii + + I. A PACIFIST TURNED ANTI-SEMITE 1 + + II. THE ALLEGED "GREAT JEWISH CONSPIRACY" 10 + + III. THE MYSTERY OF THE PROTOCOLS 18 + + IV. IS SOCIALISM A JEWISH CONSPIRACY? 47 + + V. THE JEWISH SOCIALISTS AND BOLSHEVISM 59 + + VI. BOLSHEVISM AND THE JEWS 83 + + VII. THE VICIOUS ROLE OF ANTI-SEMITISM 99 + +VIII. WHAT ANTI-SEMITISM IN AMERICA MEANS 110 + + IX. WE NEED THE CO-OPERATION OF CHRISTIAN AND JEW 121 + + X. A FINAL WORD 136 + + POSTSCRIPT 140 + + + + +FOREWORD + + +This little book was written without the knowledge of any Jew. It is +not a defense of the Jew. It is not a pro-Jewish argument. It is a +defense of American ideals and institutions against anti-Semitism; a +plea for Christian civilization. + + JOHN SPARGO. + + "NESTLEDOWN," + OLD BENNINGTON, VERMONT. + _January, 1921._ + + + + +THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS + + +I + +A PACIFIST TURNED ANTI-SEMITE + + +About five years ago I was honored by an invitation to join with a +well-known American capitalist and certain other men and women in an +attempt to bring about the termination of the great World War. The +manufacturer in question believed that it was possible to "get the +boys out of the trenches by Christmas," and to that end organized an +expedition which is now remembered chiefly for the bellicosity and +belligerency of many of the "pacifists" who journeyed to Europe upon +the "Peace Ship." + +In declining the invitation to associate myself with this expedition, +I felt that it was incumbent upon me to explain that, while I doubted +the wisdom of the undertaking and felt that it might do harm instead +of good, I honored the noble and unselfish motives by which Mr. Ford +was inspired. His hatred of war and blood-shed, and his desire to +promote peace and good will among all peoples and races, seemed to me +to be both profound and sincere and evoked my heartfelt admiration and +sympathy. The more I doubted his political judgment--believing that he +was being used as a dupe and tool in a very dangerous intrigue--the +more willing I was to acknowledge those qualities of mind and heart +which distinguished the famous manufacturer, and which the authors of +the intrigue sought to exploit and use for sinister ends. On many +occasions I have given public expression to my belief in Mr. Ford's +sincere and unselfish idealism. + +If any justification is required for my now associating the name of +Henry Ford with a matter of grave international political importance, +I venture to suggest that it can be found in the pre-eminent position +which he occupies in one of the great branches of modern industry and +in the fact that as recently as two years ago he aspired to a seat in +the United States Senate, being nominated for that position by the +Democratic party in the great state of Michigan. Upon both counts +views expressed by Mr. Ford upon international questions which may +involve great and serious national or racial conflicts become the +subject of legitimate public interest, and when in furtherance of such +views he associates himself with an active policy which deals with one +of the most difficult and dangerous problems confronting civilized +mankind, his views and his acts assume public importance and invite +and compel attention and discussion. Therefore, believing as I do that +Mr. Ford is primarily responsible for a propaganda which is subversive +of the best traditions and institutions of this Republic, and which +has everywhere and at all times resulted in shameful crimes against +humanity, and in resistance to every progressive and humane movement, +I feel that it is my right and duty to utter my solemn remonstrance +and protest. + +I have just returned from a tour through several of the European +countries most seriously involved in the late war. On the one hand, I +was deeply and gratefully impressed while in Europe with the manner in +which some of the intensest hatreds engendered by the war appear to be +dying out. On the other hand, I was deeply and painfully impressed by +the fact that, in country after country, racial hatreds older than any +nation in the world were being deliberately and systematically revived +and intensified, threatening brutal and ugly crimes against humanity +exceeding in horror the worst and most inhuman violence of the Great +War which so nearly achieved the ruin of civilization. In Germany, for +example, I found no hatred of America, notwithstanding the fact that +alone among the nations lately fighting against her we were still +technically at war with her. On the contrary, there was manifest an +almost universal desire for the restoration of friendship between the +two countries. In Belgium I saw hundreds of little German children +being fed by Belgian agencies, proving that hate was being dissolved +by compassion. Even in France the fierce hatred of Germany was +obviously dying. + +So much for the bright side of the European situation as I saw it. +Unfortunately, to complete the picture, it is necessary to acknowledge +the numerous evidences of a widespread revival of one of the most +despicable, brutal, and dangerous forms of racial hatred and +antagonism known to mankind--anti-Semitism. Even in England, long +hitherto so free from Jew-baiting, the land in which the Jew Disraeli +became Prime Minister, I found an extensive, active, and skillfully +organized campaign directed against Jews, as Jews. It was and is a +campaign differing hardly at all from similar campaigns against the +Jews in Russia under tsarism, in Rumania, in Poland, and, to a less +extent, in Germany under the Hohenzollern. Unless this propaganda is +checked, unless the intelligence and the conscience of England can be +marshaled against it, England will take the place of the Russia of the +Romanovs as the land of pogroms, and infamies like the horrible +pogroms of Kishinev may occur in British cities. + +I found in England great nation-wide organizations, obviously +financed, devoted to the sinister purpose of creating anti-Jewish +feeling and sentiment. I found special articles in influential +newspapers devoted to the same evil purpose. I found at least one +journal, obviously well financed again, exclusively devoted to the +fostering of suspicion, fear, and hatred against the Jew. Nothing that +the Black Hundreds of Russia under the tsars said of the Jews, in +order to inflame the ignorant masses and inspire them to savage +attacks upon the Jewish population, could have been worse than much of +this propaganda. It appealed to every passion, charged the Jews as a +race with every crime calculated to rouse the frenzied anger of the +non-Jewish population. And in the bookstores I discovered a whole +library of books devoted to the same end. One of the greatest living +statesmen of England, who is not a Jew, told me that in his judgment +this systematically propagated anti-Semitism is likely to bring +greater difficulty and shame to England than the Irish question, even. + +And now, returning to the United States, I find America confronted by +the same peril and shame. Here, too, I find anti-Jewish meetings being +held. To my great astonishment and regret, I find that the personal +influence and the vast fortune of the erstwhile pacifist-philanthropist +are apparently enlisted in the same cruel and vicious propaganda. The +_Dearborn Independent_, which is the personal organ of Mr. Henry Ford, +maintained for the promulgation of his personal political and +sociological views, has been devoting a large amount of its space to +the creation of anti-Jewish feeling and sentiment. One of the first +pieces of accumulated mail to claim my attention on my return was a +pamphlet, sent to me by some unknown correspondent, obviously a Jew +hater in view of the coarse and brutal comments written upon the +margins. This pamphlet contains a reprint of nine articles which +originally appeared in the _Dearborn Independent._ It is, therefore, +apparently impossible for Mr. Ford to disclaim personal and direct +responsibility for the contents of the pamphlet. If I am wrong in any +of these particulars I shall be very glad to be corrected and to +apologize for the error. To find any American engaged in such a +propaganda seems to me such a pity and such an outrage against our +national ideals that I should welcome proof that my information and +inferences are all wrong and unfounded so far as Mr. Ford is +concerned. + +In this discussion of the anti-Semitic propaganda, and of the share of +the _Dearborn Independent_ in that propaganda, I have not the +slightest intention of attacking Mr. Ford personally. While I find +myself deeply interested in the psychology of the transformation of an +extremely idealistic pacifist into an aggressive propagandist of race +hatred, with that I am not here and now concerned. + + + + +II + +THE ALLEGED "GREAT JEWISH CONSPIRACY" + + +Just as in the case of the British anti-Semitic press, the Jew-baiting +campaign in the _Dearborn Independent_ and other newspapers makes much +of the so-called "protocols" of the Wise Men of Zion, first published +in Russia in 1905, but lately translated into English and published in +England and the United States. In a sense it is not my business to +expose the dubious origin and history of these documents. That is a +Jewish task, to which various Jewish scholars have devoted their +attention. In the London _Spectator_ Mr. Lucien Wolff has performed it +with distinction. I am not a Jew, racially or otherwise, and can lay +no claim to any special ability or knowledge which would impose such a +task upon me. There are, however, some things which must be said +concerning the above-mentioned protocols, things which do not require +specialized scholarship, and which even the non-Jew can say with +confidence. + +These protocols are offered as evidence of the existence of a +world-wide conspiracy far more serious and extensive than anything +else of the kind recorded in history. By comparison, the greatest +conspiracy hitherto revealed seems like a kindergarten game. It is +charged, and these documents are submitted as evidence in support of +the charge, that there, exists, and has existed for centuries, a +Jewish imperialistic program; that Jews in all lands have been and are +united in a highly organized and subtly directed secret movement to +bring about the overthrow of all non-Jewish governments, to substitute +therefor a Jewish world government, to obliterate all national +boundaries, and to destroy all religions other than Judaism. This, it +is alleged, is the concrete form in which the Jews visualize their +destiny as the Chosen People. In order to attain this grandiose ideal, +every means to weaken the non-Jewish elements and institutions in +civilization is encouraged by the invisible Jewish government, the +leaders of this vast conspiracy. + +If we are to place credence in these documents, the principal agency +through which the Jewish conspirators have worked is Freemasonry. The +Masonic orders throughout the world have been the blind dupes and +tools of this superimperialism of the Jews, if the statements made in +these protocols are true. Indeed, there can hardly be any question at +all that if the truth of these documents can be established, there is, +to say the least, quite as much reason for suppressing Masonic lodges, +and making them illegal, as there is for suppressing Bolshevist or +other conspiratory organizations. I should just as little expect to +find sympathy for Bolshevism in a Masonic lodge as in the College of +Cardinals, or in the Union League Club, let us say. When we enter into +the mysteries of this "Jewish conspiracy" we encounter many +surprises. + +According to the statements made in these protocols, practically all +the revolutionary movements of modern times have been instigated and +directed by Jews. They have caused the assassination of rulers and +heads of states, so that behind the murderous fanaticism of +individuals there has generally been the cold calculation of the most +cunning and unscrupulous intellects of the human race. According to +the same evidence, the wars which have drenched the world with blood +and rent it with passion, including racial wars in Asia and Africa, +the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the Russo-Japanese War, and the +recent World War, were all brought about deliberately by Jewish +cunning, for the purpose of weakening the fabric of non-Jewish states +and providing the Jews with new sources of strength and power to be +used to establish their universal dominion. + +All this is terrible enough. But there is even worse to follow. We +must remember that these documents were first published in Russia in +1905, and they purport to be the _proces-verbaux_ of a conference held +eight or nine years prior to that time. It is rather startling, +therefore, to find outlined therein a program of revolutionary action, +to be initiated in Russia and developed throughout the civilized +world, remarkably like the Bolshevist program, not merely in the +precise measures contained in the program, but also, and especially, +in the general conception of policy underlying it. We find in this +alleged Jewish program the same negation of all the accepted +principles of law and honor and morality that the Bolshevist policy +has so conspicuously manifested. It is brazenly stated that bribery, +deceit, and treachery are to be used (Protocol I). A vast army of +spies and secret agents abundantly supplied with funds is to be relied +on to promote revolt and dissension in all the principal countries +(Protocol 2). "Ferments, discords, and hostility" are to be +deliberately created and fostered throughout Europe and, through the +international relations of the European countries, to the other +continents also (Protocol 7). Efforts are to be made to compromise the +honor and besmirch the reputations of the most influential statesmen +and to use blackmail in order to make these statesmen serve the +purposes of the conspirators (Protocol 10). Revolutionary movements, +anarchistic, communistic, and socialistic, are to be fostered for the +purpose of destroying non-Jewish civilization (Protocol 3). In the +event of unfavorable action by any power or group of powers, it is to +be met by resistance in the form of universal war (Protocol 7). +Disorganization of the economic life of the world through the +debasement and ruin of the credit and currency systems, of the +principal nations, and the creation of "a universal economic crisis" +are also to be used to the same end (Protocol 3). + +I have briefly summarized only a few of the more important items in +this monstrous program. There is more of the same general type of +fiendishness. Concerning the character of the program itself, there +can be no difference of opinion between honest Americans. It is as +diabolical as it is fantastic. What importance we ought to attach to +it, however, must necessarily depend upon our judgment concerning its +origin. If these protocols, and the program contained in them, are to +be seriously accepted for what they pretend to be--namely, a +deliberate statement of the purposes and aims of the leaders of the +Jewish people throughout the world, with practically the entire Jewish +race behind them--then the matter assumes enormous importance. If, on +the other hand, there is no substantial evidence of this--and such +evidence as is available indicates that the protocols are the product +of a single diseased and depraved mind--the documents cease to possess +any great significance and the terrible injustice and frightfully +dangerous consequences of charging them against the Jewish people are +obvious. We must, therefore, pay critical attention to the origin of +the protocols and the circumstances surrounding their publication, as +well as to any internal evidences of their genuineness or otherwise. + + + + +III + +THE MYSTERY OF THE PROTOCOLS + + +First of all, then, what do we actually know about the origin of these +protocols? In the year 1903 a book was published at Solotarevo in +Russia, entitled _The Great in Little_. The reputed author of the book +was one Prof. Sergei Nilus, concerning whom we have no absolutely +reliable information. Author of a book which has made an enormous +sensation in many lands and become the subject of furious controversy, +he is quite unknown. No responsible person in or out of Russia has +ever positively identified Nilus, so far as I have been able to +discover. From what he says of himself it is practically certain that +he was in the service of the infamous Secret Police Agency of the late +Tsar Nicholas II. For reasons which will presently appear, I am +disposed to believe that the very un-Russian name Nilus is really a +pseudonym. + +In a second edition of his book, published in 1905, Nilus gives a +brief autobiographical account of himself. He says that he was born in +1862 of Russian parents who held liberal opinions, and that his family +was well known in Moscow, its members being educated people who were +firm in their allegiance to the Tsar and the Greek Church. This is +hardly what a Russian of the period would describe as holding "liberal +opinions," but let that pass. Nilus claims to have been graduated from +Moscow University and to have held a number of civil-service posts, +all of them, so far as his specifications go, connected with the +police and judicial systems. He went to the government of Orel, where +he became a landowner and a sort of petty noble. He entered the +Troitsky-Sergevsky Monastery, near Moscow, or so he says. Although +numerous efforts have been made in Russia to find this Sergei Nilus, +none has succeeded. + +It is true that a number of persons have testified to the existence of +Sergei Nilus, but in each case a different person has been referred +to, though Nilus is not a Russian name or commonly found in Russia. +The present writer learned of two men, father and son, each bearing +this very unusual name. First information led to the belief that at +last the mysterious author had been discovered. The father was of +about the right age and was said to be a writer interested in +religious subjects. Further inquiry elicited the information that this +man had died in 1910, whereas the Nilus we are interested in was alive +as late as 1917. Greatly enlarged editions of his work, with new +personal matter added, appeared in 1911 and 1917. Obviously, +therefore, the man who died in 1910 was not our author. The anonymous +editor of an edition of the protocols issued in New York toward the +end of 1920 says that "a returning traveler from Siberia in August, +1919, was positive that Nilus was in Irkutsk in June of that year." No +clew is given to the identity of the editor who makes this statement. +And here let me remark in passing that it is a remarkable fact that +_all_ the editors of the numerous editions of the protocols, both here +and abroad, are very shy persons and hide under the mask of anonymity. +Nor is any clew given to the identity of the traveler from Siberia. +Another report, also by a traveler returned from Siberia, who may +possibly be the same person, makes it appear that the Nilus who was at +Irkutsk is the son of the man who died in 1910, and is himself too +young to fit the autobiographical sketch of the man born in 1862. I +can only add to the foregoing, which represents all that I have been +able to find out about Nilus, that there was an edition of the +protocols published in Kishinev in 1906, the name of the author of the +book in which they appeared being given as Butmi de Katzman. + +Now with respect to the protocols. No reference to these documents +appeared in the first edition of the book in 1903. If the reader will +kindly bear this fact in mind it will help to an understanding of what +follows. A second edition of the book, greatly enlarged, appeared at +Tsarskoye-Selo, near Moscow, in 1905, the added matter being given the +title, "Antichrist a Near Political Possibility." This additional +matter consisted of (1) an introduction written by Nilus himself, (2) +twenty-four documents purporting to be disconnected portions of the +report of a secret conclave of an organization of Jews called the +Elders of Zion, and (3) some commentaries thereon by Nilus. Now, it is +very significant that Nilus himself has given different accounts of +the history of these documents--accounts which differ so radically +that they cannot be reconciled. + +Let us examine these various accounts very briefly. In the +introduction to the edition of 1905 Nilus tells us that in 1901 he +came into possession of the alleged protocols. He says that at the +close of a series of secret meetings of influential leaders of this +conspiracy, held under Masonic auspices, a woman stole from "one of +the most influential and most highly initiated leaders of Freemasonry" +certain documents which turned out to be disconnected portions of the +_proces-verbaux_ of lectures or reports made at the aforesaid meetings +of the Elders of Zion. He says that the protocols were "signed by +representatives of Zion of the Thirty-third Degree," but he does not +give the names of such signatories. This is of itself a suspicious +circumstance, but a close reading of the text reveals that it is only +one of several equally suspicious facts. Nilus does not claim to have +seen the actual stolen documents, the original protocols. On the +contrary, he tells us that what he received in 1901 was a document +which he was assured was an accurate translation of the stolen +documents. His own words are: "This document came into my possession +some four years ago (1901) with the positive assurance that it is a +true copy in translation of original documents stolen by a woman from +one of the most influential and the most highly initiated leaders of +Freemasonry." Nilus has not seen the original manuscript, nor has any +other known person. We have only the word of Professor Nilus that +somebody gave him assurance that certain manuscripts were true and +accurate translations of stolen documents of great international +importance. So far as Nilus himself knew, or cared, apparently, the +manuscript given, to him might well have been a forgery. + +We do not even know the date of the alleged secret meetings of the +Elders of Zion at which the lectures or reports, or whatever they +were, recorded in these protocols were made and, presumably, +considered. We do not know the name of the "most influential and most +highly initiated" leader of Freemasonry from whom the documents were +said to have been stolen. Neither do we know the name of the thief. +We do not know the name of the author of the alleged protocols, though +obviously it would make all the difference in the world whether these +are summaries of statements made by a responsible leader of the Jewish +people or the wild vaporings of such a crank as infests practically +every conference and convention. We do not know who translated the +alleged protocols, nor in what language they were written. Moreover, +not one word of assurance does Professor Nilus give on his own account +that he knows any of these things. He does not appear to have made any +investigation of any kind. In view of the rest of his work we may be +quite sure that had he done so he would have told us. He does not even +tell us, in this edition of 1905, that the person from whom he +acquired the "translation" was known to him as a reliable and +trustworthy person. He does not profess to know anything more than I +have already quoted from him. No one knows Nilus himself. So much for +the explanation of 1905. + +Before I pass on to consider a later and different explanation made by +the mysterious Nilus, a few brief observations upon the story now +before us may not be out of place, especially since the _Dearborn +Independent_ has accepted it and made it the basis of its propaganda. +How is it possible for any person possessing anything approaching a +trained mind, and especially for one accustomed to historical study, +to accept as authentic, and without adequate corroboration, documents +whose origin and history are so clouded with secrecy, mystery, and +ignorance? And how can men and women who are to all appearances +rational and high-minded bring themselves to indict and condemn a +whole race, invoking thereby the perils of world-wide racial conflict, +upon the basis of such flimsy, clouded, and tainted testimony? No +decent and self-respecting judge or jury anywhere in the United States +would, I dare believe, convict the humblest individual of even petty +crime upon the basis of such testimony. Serious charges made by a +complainant who does not appear in court and is not known to the +court, an alleged translation of an alleged original, not produced in +court, alleged to have been stolen by an anonymous thief not produced +in court, from an alleged conspirator not named nor produced in court, +and not a scintilla of corroborative evidence, direct or +circumstantial--was ever a chain of evidence so flimsy? By comparison, +the discovery of the _Book of Mormon_ is a well-attested event. + +Now let us consider another very different story told by Nilus. In +January, 1917--the date is important--another edition of the book, so +greatly enlarged and rewritten as to be almost a new book, appeared in +Russia bearing the name of the mysterious and unknown Nilus. The title +of this book is _It Is Near, at the Door_. It was published at +Sergeiev, near Moscow, at the Monastery of Sergeiev. I have said that +the date of the appearance of this volume is important, and here is +the reason: The overthrow of tsarism occurred in March, 1917. Toward +the end of 1916 the revolutionary ferment was already apparent. What +else could be expected than that the provocative agents of the Tsar's +Secret Police and the Black Hundreds should strive to divert the +attention of the people to some other issue? And what more natural +than that they should conclude that a widespread movement against the +Jews, great pogroms over a wide area, would best suit their purpose? +The first publication of the alleged protocols took place in 1905, +also at the beginning of a popular revolution, and it did have the +effect of creating a considerable anti-Jewish agitation which weakened +the revolutionary movement. The trail of the Secret Police and the +Black Hundreds is plain. And now for the new version of the history of +the protocols. On page 96 of this new book, which is a violent +diatribe against the Jews, Nilus says: + + In 1901 I came into possession of a manuscript, and this + comparatively small book was destined to cause such a deep + change in my entire viewpoint as can only be caused in the heart + of man by Divine Power. It was comparable with the miracle of + making the blind see. "May Divine acts show on him." + + This manuscript was called, "The Protocols of the Zionist Men of + Wisdom," and it was given to me by the now deceased leader of + the Tshernigov nobility, who later became Vice-Governor of + Stavropol, Alexis Nicholaievich Sukhotin. I had already begun to + work with my pen for the glory of the Lord, and I was friendly + with Sukhotin because he was a man of my opinion--_i.e._, + extremely conservative, as they are now termed. + + Sukhotin told me that he in turn had obtained the manuscript + from a lady who always lived abroad. This lady was a noblewoman + from Tshernigov. He mentioned her by name, but I have forgotten + it. He said that she obtained it in some mysterious way, by + theft, I believe. Sukhotin also said that one copy of the + manuscript was given by this lady to Sipiagin, then Minister of + the Interior, upon her return from abroad, and that Sipiagin was + subsequently killed. He said other things of the same mysterious + character. But when I first became acquainted with the contents + of the manuscript I was convinced that its terrible, cruel, and + straight-forward truth is witness of its true origin from the + "Zionist Men of Wisdom," and that _no other evidence of its + origin would be needed_. + +Is it necessary, I wonder, to waste words in exposing this pious +fraud? His own statement comes pretty close to convicting him of +being, as I have suggested above, a hireling of the Secret Police, an +_agent provocateur_. Sukhotin, from whom he now claims to have +received the manuscript, was a notorious anti-Semite and a despot of +the worst type. Sipiagin, to whom, it is alleged, the manuscript had +been previously given, was also a bitter anti-Semite and one of the +most infamous of Russian bureaucrats. He was notoriously corrupt and +unspeakably cruel while he was Minister of the Interior. He was +assassinated by Stephen Balmashev, in March, 1902. Even if we credit +this revised version of the way in which he came into possession of +the manuscript, Nilus is closely identified with the secret agencies +of the old regime. Let us take note, however, of other peculiarities +of the canting hypocrite, Nilus. He names Sukhotin and Sipiagin only +after they are dead and denial by them is impossible; he has +"forgotten" the name of the "noblewoman from Tshernigov," the person +alleged to have stolen the original documents; he suggests that the +documents need no other evidence than their own contents. Truly, a +very typical criminal is the mysterious, elusive, unknown "Prof. +Sergei Nilus"! + +Now let me call attention to two other very interesting facts in +connection with this story of 1917. The first is that Nilus omits the +very important statement made in the edition of 1905 that the alleged +protocols were "signed by representatives of Zion of the Thirty-third +Degree," without offering the slightest explanation of that most +important omission. The second fact is even more conclusive as +evidence of the man's absolute untrustworthiness. Having told us in +the edition of 1905 that the friend who gave him the protocols assured +him that they had been "stolen by a woman," and in 1917 that it was +Nicholaievich Sukhotin from whom he received the documents, who not +only told him that they had been stolen by a woman, but told him also +the name of the thief (which he has forgotten, unfortunately), he +proceeds, in the Epilogue of the 1917 edition, to tell a very +different story. He says in this Epilogue that the protocols "were +stealthily removed from a large book of notes on lectures. _My friend_ +found them in the safe of the headquarters offices of the Society of +Zion, which is situated at present in Paris." + +Was ever perjurer more confused? First we have an unknown woman +stealing the documents from "one of the most highly initiated leaders +of Freemasonry"; next, we have a "noblewoman of Tshernigov" as the +thief and Sukhotin as the intermediary through whose hands they +reached his friend Nilus. Now, finally, Nilus says that his +friend--_i.e._, _Sukhotin_--was the thief, and not a woman at all! +Instead of being stolen from the person of "one of the most highly +initiated leaders of Freemasonry," they are "found" in a safe in +Paris! The woman has disappeared; the highly initiated Freemason has +disappeared. Now it is Sukhotin who is identified as the thief, and he +is pointed out as having robbed a safe in Paris. So much for the +perjury of Nilus. I may add that I am assured--though I cannot vouch +for the statement--that Sukhotin was not outside of Russia between +1890 and 1905. + +But it may be argued, as it has been argued in the _Dearborn +Independent_ following the suggestion of Nilus--that the authenticity +of the protocols, and the reality and seriousness of the Jewish +conspiracy, are sufficiently demonstrated by internal evidence. I +confess that I do not find in the documents any reason for reaching +such a conclusion, though I have studied them with all the patience +and care I could command, and have read the principal arguments made +in their defense. I find not a scrap of evidence to show that there +exists, or ever has existed, such a body of men as "The Elders of +Zion," or "The Men of Wisdom of Zion," or any similar secret body of +Jews. _That such a secret conspiratory body exists has been charged +from time to time during more than a century, yet not a particle of +evidence to sustain the charge has ever been produced._ I am quite +well aware of the capacity of the human mind to believe whatever +accords with preconceived prejudices, suspicions, or impressions, even +in the face of evidence to the contrary, and, correspondingly, to +reject the most conclusive evidence when it runs counter to such +prejudices, suspicions, or impressions. Laying upon my own mind the +warning implied by this knowledge, and guarding myself against the +danger of rejecting, or ignoring, or undervaluing unpleasant and +unwelcome facts, I am bound to say that those who find in these +alleged protocols a sufficient basis for bringing the Jewish race +under indictment seem to me to have brought preconceived suspicion and +fear of the Jew to their study of the documents themselves. +Personally, I can find nothing in them which suggests any highly +organized intelligence, such as the leaders of the Jewish race +represent and command in abundance; rather, they seem to me to clearly +indicate the disordered mind and distorted vision of a very common +type of monomaniac, the genus "crank." + +I believe that historical study is not one of Mr. Ford's strong +points, but, even so, he must be aware of the fact that it is one of +the commonest things in history to encounter charges of conspiracy +directed against religious and political sects, supported by more or +less plausible arguments and believed by considerable numbers of +people. Were it necessary to my purpose, and did time permit, I could +quite easily fill a considerable volume with illustrations of this +fact. For example, there exists a great literature devoted to the +object of proving that the Vatican is the headquarters of such a +conspiracy to bring about or to attain world domination. Thousands of +books and pamphlets have been written to convict the Jesuits of such a +conspiracy, many of them far more convincing than these protocols. +Pamphlets aiming to convince the American people that the Knights of +Columbus is an organization aiming at the overthrow of the American +Republic and the establishment of the temporal sovereignty of the Pope +over the United States have been circulated by the million. It is a +matter of court record that this charge has been supported by the +publication of what purported to be exact copies of oaths pledging the +members of that organization to the end stated. Let me say at once +that I do not credit these sensational stories and charges. I have +confined myself to charges made against one of the two great sections +of Christianity for reasons which seem to me peculiarly cogent. The +charges made against the Jews have produced the most terrible results +in the countries where the Roman Catholic Church is strongest, and no +leader of the Christian religion has such strong reason for denouncing +such appeals to prejudice and hatred as the head of that Church. + +Belief in widespread conspiracies directed against individuals or the +state is probably the commonest form assumed by the human mind when it +loses its balance and its sense of proportion. I venture to hazard the +opinion that of all the cranks who have pestered Mr. Ford since he has +attained a conspicuous position, those who imagined themselves to be +the victims of conspiracies have outnumbered all the others. These +protocols are either preposterous forgeries deliberately wrought for +the purpose of fostering anti-Semitism in Russia, or they are the +pitiable ravings of a familiar type of monomaniac. + +Concerning the authorship of the protocols, there has been much +conjecture, especially on the part of those who have seriously +regarded them as an authentic expression of Jewish opinion. It has +been whispered in those places where the so-called Jewish question is +discussed, that they are the work of the well-known Zionist leader, +Dr. Theodor Herzl. This is the theory which Nilus himself advances in +the introduction to the edition of 1917. He says: + + ... my book has already reached the fourth edition, but it is + only definitely known to me now and in a manner worthy of + belief, and that through Jewish sources, that these protocols + are nothing other than the strategic plans for the conquest of + the world under the heel of Israel, and worked out by the + leaders of the Jewish people ... and read to the Councils of + Elders by the "Prince of Exile," Theodor Herzl, during the first + Zionist Congress, summoned by him in August, 1897, in Basle. + +This is the first time Nilus has so much as hinted at the date of the +alleged secret conclave of the Elders of Zion, at the close of which, +according to the story of 1905 so elaborately contradicted in 1917, +the protocols were stolen by a woman. It is perhaps as well to remark +in passing that the first Zionist Congress was held in the open and +its proceedings freely reported in the press. Now, Herzl stands among +the foremost of the intellectual Jews of modern times. All his known +work is characterized by clear, clean-cut reasoning and direct and +forceful statement. All his known writings are characterized by these +qualities. Whatever we may think about Zionism, it must be admitted +that the great Austrian journalist and critic never lacked the courage +of his convictions, as may be seen by anybody who will take the +trouble to read his writings or the evidence delivered by him before +the British Royal Commission on Alien Immigration, in 1902. If Herzl +wrote these documents he adopted the disguise of the style and method +of a much inferior mentality. + +Unless we are to believe that he deliberately adopted a style of +writing and method of reasoning entirely unfamiliar and unlike his +publicly acknowledged work, for the express purpose of hiding his +authorship of the protocols--which, if we credit the story that they +were presented to a secret conference of the leaders of the alleged +conspiracy, is an impossible hypothesis--we are warranted in saying +that, whoever wrote them, it was not Theodor Herzl. It would be as +reasonable to ascribe a Walt Whitman chant to Emerson, or a Bernard +Shaw satire to Jonathan Edwards, as to ascribe these crude, meandering +pages to the crystalline intellect of Theodor Herzl. I do not find in +them any suggestion of the trained mind of a scholar and writer of +Herzl's attainments; rather, they seem to me to belong in about the +same intellectual category as the ordinary propaganda literature of +the numerous sects, ancient and modern, based upon peculiar +interpretations of Biblical prophecies. Since the outbreak of the +World War in 1914, and throughout the whole chapter of revolutionary +events following thereupon, there has been a steady flood of such +literature. Even the much-discussed forecast of Bolshevism does not in +any material respect differ from many similar "prophecies" that have +appeared in recent years. + +It cannot be denied that Bolshevism actually conforms in a notable +degree to the specifications contained in the protocols, which I have +already summarized in the preceding chapter. Shall we, then, conclude +that the charge is proven and declare the case closed, or is it +necessary to examine the evidence further and more critically? I think +that a very brief period of honest reflection will convince any +fair-minded and intelligent person of the injustice of the rendering +of a verdict holding the Jews responsible for Bolshevism upon the +basis of such evidence. Let me direct the attention of my readers to a +coincidence of dates which once more directs suspicion against Prof. +Sergei Nilus and against the alleged stolen protocols. I have already +pointed out that in 1903, in the first edition of his book, Nilus did +not use the alleged protocols, though he claims that they had been in +his possession for two years prior to that time. That this is a +suspicious circumstance will, I think, be readily conceded by the +open-minded. In 1903 the Russian Social Democratic party was split +into two factions, and the word "Bolshevism" came into use as the +designation of the policy of one of these factions. In 1905 the first +Russian revolution took place. In the period between the split in the +Social Democratic party in 1903 and the outbreak of the revolution in +1905 the leaders of the Bolsheviki had been active in formulating and +propagating their theoretical and political views. During the +revolution a sharp conflict occurred between the Bolsheviki and other +factions of the Russian Socialist movement, and the Socialist press +gave much space to the controversy. + +It will be seen from this brief historical sketch that when Nilus +published a second edition of his book, late in 1905, he could find in +the Russian Socialist press all the materials for such a general +description of Bolshevism as that contained in the protocols. Of +course, if we believe that the documents are genuine, that they are +authentic translations of documents actually stolen in 1896, delivered +to Nilus in 1901, and by him first made public in 1905, we have simply +a coincidence of dates. I submit, however, that there is not a shred +of credible evidence that the documents were so obtained by Nilus, or +that they existed in 1896, 1901, 1903, or at any date earlier than +1905, the year of their first publication. I submit, furthermore, that +it is highly probable that the passages in the alleged protocols which +are now hailed as conclusive evidence that the Bolshevist policy had +been formulated as early as 1896, were in reality written after 1903 +and in the light of already published accounts of Bolshevist theories +and tactics. There is not a thing that we know about these documents +and their history which does not point directly to the conclusion that +they are forgeries. + +When I was in London in October, 1920, an English journalist of +distinction, well known and influential on both sides of the Atlantic, +with great earnestness and evident conviction sought to impress me +with the serious importance of these alleged _Protocols of the Elders +of Zion_. He was quite convinced that the documents were genuine, and +that they proved beyond reasonable doubt the existence of a world-wide +Jewish conspiracy. With great solemnity and manifest sincerity he +sought to enlist my co-operation in defense of what he called +"Anglo-Saxon civilization," which he seemed to regard as synonymous +with Christian civilization. He was quite astonished when I directed +his attention to the fact that a well-known French writer, Louis +Martin, had published, as far back as 1895, a book in which he +attempted to prove the existence of such a world-wide Jewish +conspiracy. My friend honestly believed that the existence of this +conspiracy had never been known or suspected prior to the publication +of the work of the mysterious Sergei Nilus. He was still more +surprised when I told him that in his book, _L'Anglais Est-Il un +Juif?_, Martin had attempted to prove that the English people are part +of the Jewish race, and that the British government is the principal +directing power of the conspiracy; so that the world-wide Jewish +conspiracy must, according to Martin, be understood as a secret +compact between the British government, as a Jewish organization, and +the leaders of Jewry in all other lands. Thus is the theory of a +world-wide Jewish conspiracy reduced to absurdity. I confess that at +that time I was not aware that in the original Russian of the 1905 +edition of the work of Nilus this absurd theory of Martin had been +reproduced, but carefully omitted from every English translation +published in this country and in England. The reason for the omission +is obvious; had the passage been given it would have made a +laughing-stock of the protocols. I submit, however, that the omission +of such an important passage from the text of Nilus without any +reference to or explanation of the liberty taken with the text, places +those responsible for the several translations in a very unfavorable +light. + +In closing this chapter it is perhaps well that some record should be +made of the sinister use which was made of these alleged protocols +during the World War. Not long after the United States had begun +active participation in the war against Germany, it came to my +attention that typewritten manuscripts purporting to prove that the +war was part of a great conspiracy of international Jews were being +circulated. On at least three different occasions, early in 1918, I +was asked about this charge. I was told then that the British and +American governments were in a special sense the agents of this Jewish +conspiracy. In July, 1918, in Paris, a fuller account of the documents +was given to me by a loyal Socialist, to whom they had been shown. +There was not then, as there is not now, the slightest doubt in my +mind that the pro-German propagandists resorted to this trick in order +to weaken the morale of the principal Allied nations. + + + + +IV + +IS SOCIALISM A JEWISH CONSPIRACY? + + +Upon the strength of statements made in this collection of documents +of mysterious and suspicious origin, a number of papers, including the +_Dearborn Independent_ and the _London Morning Post_, have attempted +to account for and explain the international Socialist movement as +part of this Jewish imperialistic conspiracy. Neither in the protocols +themselves nor in the newspapers making this particular charge has any +shred of authentic evidence been adduced in its support. True, a great +deal has been made of the undeniable fact that Karl Marx, Ferdinand +Lassalle, Wilhelm Liebnecht, and other noted Socialists belonged to +the Jewish race. Against this fact might very well be set the equally +undeniable fact that the foremost opponents of these men, and of +Socialism, were also of the Jewish race. Apparently, therefore, we are +to believe that the leaders of this Jewish conspiracy set up the +Socialist movement and fostered it, while at the same time they +enlisted their ablest minds to defeat it. Surely for the normal mind +that is not obsessed this is a theory too absurd for belief. + +Only those who are entirely ignorant of the history of Socialism and +Socialist theories can possibly hold this view of its Jewish origin. +Long before Karl Marx appeared upon the scene of action Socialism had +already made an impress upon European thought. Marx was a boy of +fifteen when the word Socialism first appeared in print as designating +the doctrines preached by Robert Owen, the Welshman, for almost twenty +years before that time. Was Owen the tool of Jewish conspirators? I +have read most of the literature relating to Owen's life and teaching, +including his own voluminous writings, and the innumerable +controversies in which he was engaged throughout his life. I have not +discovered in all this mass of material a single trace of Jewish +influence. He had no Jewish friends or associates during the formative +years, the period in which the Socialist ideas and ideals shaped +themselves. His Socialism was the direct outcome of his experience as +a successful manufacturer. He was not in any sense a man of books. +From time to time he required large sums of money for his enterprises. +Surely, if those enterprises, and his life's work as a whole, formed +part of a great Jewish conspiracy which had behind it the vast +financial resources of Jewry, it would not have been difficult for him +to secure the financial support he needed. It is a fact of cardinal +importance, therefore, that Owen never did receive Jewish financial +support. Those who would have us believe that Socialism originated as +a part of the great world-wide conspiracy of Jewish imperialism must +first of all explain Robert Owen. + +Nor does Owen stand alone in the history of Socialism among the +Anglo-Saxon peoples. It is a well-known fact, one to which he himself +has called attention, that the most important of the economic and +sociological theories of Marx were held and promulgated before his +time by a number of British writers. As Professor Foxwell and others +have shown, the roots of what is called Marxian Socialist theory lie +deep in the soil of British political economy. Karl Marx devoted his +typically Jewish genius to the exposition of Socialist theories, but +the theories themselves were not of Hebraic origin. William Godwin, +Charles Hall, William Thompson, John Gray, and John Francis Bray all +preceded Marx, and not one of them was a Jew, nor can we find in their +writings any trace of Jewish influence. It is the same with Bronterre +O'Brien, the first to call himself a Social Democrat. If any or all of +these men were the agents of such a conspiracy, it is remarkable that +there should be an entire absence of evidence of that fact. It is +quite unbelievable that there was any sort of conspiracy which +affected them. For the most part they were poor and their books were +published in pitifully small editions at great sacrifice to +themselves. Incidentally, it is worthy of note, Karl Marx, the Jew, +suffered terrible poverty. Certainly, all this does not suggest an +international conspiracy backed by the Jewish leaders of the financial +world. + +Because of the prominence of a few individual Jews in the American +Socialist movement in recent years, the writer of the anti-Semitic +articles in the _Dearborn Independent_ regards as proven the theory +that American Socialism originated in Jewish conspiracy. It is another +evidence of his entire ignorance of the subject concerning which he +writes. If there is anything which can be said about Socialism with +certainty, it is that its fundamental theories are mainly of +Anglo-Saxon origin. Karl Marx was a boy of nine years when Robert Owen +reprinted in England an American Socialist pamphlet, written by an +American workingman and published in America a year or two earlier. At +about the same time Thomas Cooper, of Columbia, South Carolina, +published his book in which the fundamental economic theories of +modern Socialism were clearly expounded. When Marx was no more than +ten years old we find O.A. Brownson, editor of the Boston _Quarterly +Review_, vigorously preaching here in America the theory of the class +war, the abolition of the wage system, and the necessity for a triumph +of the proletariat. We find such men as Thomas Skidmore, R.L. +Jennings, and L. Byllesby preaching thoroughgoing Socialism. In 1829 +these men and others were exercising a notable and considerable +influence upon American thought. In vain shall we search their +writings and the meager accounts of their lives for any trace or +suggestion of Jewish influence or control. + +I skip a decade and turn to the Fourierist period of American +Socialism. The profound influence of Charles Fourier upon Karl Marx +is well known and has been the subject of much learned writing. But if +the Frenchman inspired the German Jew, so likewise did he inspire many +American non-Jews, the very flower of our race. It was Albert Brisbane +who began the Fourierist agitation here, and soon he had associated +with him Horace Greeley, Parke Godwin, George Ripley, Charles A. Dana, +John S. Dwight, William Henry Channing, Margaret Fuller, John Orvis, +Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Edmund Clarence Stedman, and many others. +Other distinguished Americans who were brought into more or less +sympathetic association with the movement included Nathaniel +Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, James Russell Lowell, and Theodore +Parker, among others. Certainly it would be difficult to name a body +of men and women more truly representative of the highest and best of +American life and genius. To suggest that these were all the agents of +a Jewish conspiracy, either consciously or unconsciously, is to invite +and deserve ridicule. In truth, Socialism is as Anglo-Saxon as Magna +Charta and as American as the Declaration of Independence, and we +might as well attribute either or both of these to Jewish intrigue as +Socialism. It is true that the organized Socialist movement in America +has long spoken with a foreign accent and borne the imprint of an +alien psychology, but that psychology, as I have elsewhere pointed +out, is German and not Hebraic. + +It would take us too far afield to discuss the origin of French +Socialism, even in this sketchy fashion, but I can state with the +assurance that is born of intimate knowledge that French Socialism +shows as little sign of having been inspired by alien influences, +Jewish or other, as British and American Socialism. I stress this +point not because I would defend the Jews against the charge that they +have manifested unusual sympathy for Socialism (which, indeed, if +true, I should hold to be a virtuous distinction), nor to apologize +for or to deny the splendid contributions of individual Jews to the +Socialist movement. My concern is to enter protest against the charge +that the Socialist movement of the world originated in the ambitions +of Jewish imperialists and is neither more nor less than part and +parcel of a great international Jewish conspiracy. That is a stupid +travesty of history, and a dangerous one. + +I have spent the greater part of my life in the Socialist movement, in +close and intimate comradeship with both Jews and Gentiles belonging +to nearly every civilized nation. I am as proud of the comradeship of +my Jewish comrades as I am of that of any others. My readers will +perhaps understand that I deeply resent the implication that through +all the years of struggle and sacrifice I have been either the +unconscious dupe or the willing agent of any kind of selfish +conspiracy, Jewish or other. It is, of course, difficult to disprove +such an accusation brought against a great movement, and, therefore, +by implication against the individuals belonging to that movement. If +I should charge that Mr. Henry Ford is engaged in this anti-Semitic +propaganda for purely selfish and mercenary reasons, that he has +become the spokesman and agent of great unscrupulous capitalist +interests who seek to destroy their Jewish competitors and to profit +thereby, he would find it difficult to establish the contrary by +definite and concrete proof. As a matter of justice, nothing of the +sort should be expected. The burden of proof rests upon the person +making the accusation. In like fashion, when the _Dearborn +Independent_ charges that the international Socialist movement is one +of the agents of a vicious Jewish conspiracy against Christian +civilization, it is in honor bound to submit proofs. This it has not +done, nor has any other paper making the charge. I _know_ that the +charge is a cruel and cowardly falsehood, a libel upon millions of +honest and honorable men and women, to utter which is an infamy and +degradation. + +The charge is one that has been leveled against practically every +movement of protest that has been developed in modern times. It was +leveled against the Protestant Reformation; against the French +Revolution; against Mazzini and his followers in Italy; against the +German Revolutionists of 1848; against British Trade-Unionists. I have +no doubt that a little research would reveal the fact that the same +charge was directed against the Abolitionists in this country. Vicious +interests are never very scrupulous in their choice of weapons. In +those Protestant countries in which the number of Catholics is much +larger than the number of Jews it is a common practice to charge that +movements of protest and revolt are instigated and led by the Catholic +hierarchy. Where the number of Jews is very great the appeal is made +to racial hatred. In Catholic countries, in the same way, accusation +is directed against Protestantism or Judaism, according to +circumstance. + +Wherever and by whosoever made, appeals to racial and religious +prejudices and hatreds in defense of vested interests merit the +condemnation of all honest and righteous men. When made in a country +which, like the United States, possesses millions of peoples of many +diverse lands and races not yet welded into national homogeneity, who +must live and work together, such accusations become the most +dangerous form of treason. Whoever propagates in this country +antagonism to any race or creed represented in our citizenship, +whether it be against Jews, Poles, Germans, Irish, English, or +negroes; or against Judaism, Catholicism, or Protestantism, assails +the very foundation of our most cherished and characteristic American +institutions. + + + + +V + +THE JEWISH SOCIALISTS AND BOLSHEVISM + + +The anti-Semitic press of both hemispheres charges that Bolshevism in +Russia and elsewhere is a movement instigated and led by Jews, as part +of a great conspiracy to bring about the Jewish domination of the +world. The reasons for making this charge are only too obvious. +Bolshevism is repugnant to the great mass of civilized mankind, by +whom it is rightly regarded as a sort of moral leprosy. Whatever may +be thought of the possibility of Sovietism in industry and government, +Bolshevism, the spiritual dynamic as distinguished from the mechanical +agent, is the negation of every virtuous principle which mankind holds +in reverence. It frankly bases government upon brute force wielded by +the few, and denies the ideal toward which all nations are striving, +the ideal of government based upon the sanction of the governed. It +unites in a terrible synthesis all the worst agencies and methods of +tsarism and of militarism. To persuade the people of this or any other +civilized country that Bolshevism is essentially a Jewish movement, +part of a conspiracy to reduce civilization to chaos, and so prepare +the way for a Jewish supergovernment of the world, would mean the +rapid organization of the rest of the population against the Jews in +every phase of life--politics, commerce, industry, education, social +intercourse, and so on. + +In support of this most serious charge not a single shred of credible +evidence has ever been adduced by any anti-Semitic writer or organ. +For the universally known fact that there are Jews among the leaders +of Bolshevism, in Russia and elsewhere, is not evidence that +Bolshevism is _essentially_ or _primarily_ a Jewish movement; neither +is it evidence that Bolshevism is a part of a Jewish conspiracy to +obtain world domination. All that it proves is that which needs no +proof--that there are Jews among the Bolsheviki. I repeat that in +support of the charge not a shred of credible evidence has ever been +adduced. In that shameful book, _The Cause of World Unrest_, +consisting of articles reprinted from the _London Morning Post_, the +anonymous author gives a list of fifty names of "persons who either +are the actual governing powers in Soviet Russia now or were +responsible for the establishment of the present regime there." There +is both guile and cowardice in the latter part of this charge. It is +easy to argue, with a certain plausibility, that every person who +helped in the revolution of March, 1917, must be held "responsible for +the establishment of the present regime." I have heard many Russians +make the charge that Kerensky, the anti-Bolshevist, was "responsible" +for the establishment of the Bolshevist regime. I have heard others +charge the same thing against such men as Rodzianko, Prince Lvov, and +Professor Miliukov. What these Russians meant was that the failure of +these men and others to deal properly with the situation existing at +the time of the March revolution made the triumph of Bolshevism +possible. In that sense, we might as well go back a stage farther and +present the names of Tsar Nicholas II and all his responsible +Ministers as "persons who ... were responsible for the establishment +of the present regime." This, however, is not what the _Morning Post_ +desires to convey to the mind of the reader. It insinuates, in a most +cowardly fashion, that the fifty persons named by it are Bolsheviki +and falsely alleges that of the fifty no less than forty-two are Jews. + +Concerning this list of names a few observations are necessary. The +compiler of the list was not honest; he did not intend to place the +reader in possession of the truth. This is evidenced by several facts. +In the first place, many influential leaders of the Bolsheviki whose +names are familiar to all who have given even ordinary attention to +the subject are conspicuously absent. The reason for the omission is +that these men are non-Jews. _Their inclusion in the list would have +destroyed the author's charge._ He has suppressed important facts in +the interest of his wretched case. I searched the list in vain for the +names of such prominent leaders of the Bolshevist movement as +Bucharin, Rakovsky, Miliutin, Raskolnikov, Shliapnikov, Latzis, Rykov, +Stalin, Krestinsky, Bonch-Brouyevich, Dybenko, Dzerzhinsky, Krylenko, +Gorky, Andreyeva, Nogin, Platakov, Kalinin, Boky, and many others less +well known. Anyone who is at all familiar with the subject will +recognize in the names I have here given some of the most active and +influential leaders of the Bolsheviki. Not one of them is a Jew, and I +submit that to omit them from a list of names which pretends to be +representative is as dishonest as it is cowardly. + +The list is thoroughly dishonest, moreover, in that it sets down as +Jews men who are well known to be Gentiles. For example, Manouilsky, +number forty-six on the list, is described as a Jew, whereas it is +well known that he is a Gentile, a Ukrainian. Bogdanov, number ten on +the list, is likewise wrongfully described. His real name is not +Silberstein, as alleged, but Malinovsky. Neither is he a Jew, as +alleged, but a Gentile, a Russian. These two illustrations will serve +to show how little reliance can be placed upon the list. Whether there +are other misrepresentations of the same kind I am unable to say, for +the reason that the list contains many names of persons who do not +hold and have not held any important position in Russia, either under +the Bolsheviki or the earlier Provisional Government headed by +Kerensky. These persons are absolutely unknown to me, even by name, +and they are equally unknown to every Russian revolutionary leader to +whom I have submitted them. It is quite probable, therefore, that +these names of alleged Jews hide the identity of men who are not Jews +at all. + +Not only does this precious list studiously omit many of the principal +leaders of the Bolshevist regime simply because they are not Jews, and +misrepresent well-known Gentiles as Jews; quite as bad is the fact +that it includes many names of men who are not only not supporters of +the Bolshevist regime, but actually leaders of the most determined +opposition to it. Here is a list which is submitted in proof of the +charge that "nearly all the Bolshevist leaders are Jews," and in that +list I find the names of ten men who are known to me to be among the +most active leaders of the struggle against the Bolsheviki, men who +have made heroic sacrifices and risked their lives in that fight. I +say that the list includes the names of ten men known to me to be +bitter opponents of Bolshevism; there may be others concerning whom I +am not informed. + +Included in the list I find the name of Izgoev (forty-three), for +instance. His real name is alleged to be Goldman, when in fact it is +Landau. Not only is he not a Bolshevik, but, as everybody familiar +with the Russian movement knows, one of the active publicists of the +Russian Constitutional Democratic party. Orthodoks, number thirty-five +on the list, is not a Bolshevik, but one of the most active members of +the group of so-called Socialist Patriots, the "Unity" group organized +by the late George Plechanov to support the Allied war aims, an +organization that did much to strengthen Russian morale in the early +stages of the war and which has vigorously and bitterly opposed +Bolshevism and all its ways. Bounakov, number forty-five on the list, +is also a leader of the anti-Bolshevist forces. When I was in Paris +recently he was there actively engaged with other Socialists in +carrying on anti-Bolshevist propaganda. Kamkov, number fifteen on the +list, was one of the leaders of the Socialists-Revolutionists party, a +determined opponent of the Bolsheviki. According to the best +information at my command, he was one of the men responsible for the +assassination of the German ambassador, Count von Mirbach, which was +a protest against the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and was put to death by +the Bolsheviki. Gorev, number eleven on the list, has consistently +opposed Bolshevism with the rest of his colleagues of the Mensheviki. +The same thing is true of Abramovich (twenty-four), of Dan +(seventeen), of Martinov (twenty-one), of Martov (four), and of +Meshkovsky (eighteen). + +The anonymous author of _The Cause of World Unrest_ says of this list +that it is "the result of much labor and the work of several hands." I +do not need to characterize it, in the light of the foregoing +analysis. The facts to which I have called attention can be very +readily verified. I submit that most abject apology is due to the +reader from everybody concerned in the preparation and circulation of +this book--from the anonymous author, the compiler of the list, the +London _Morning Post_, and the publishers. There is nothing more +contemptible than such poisoning of the wells of public information. + +For the present I have finished with the _Morning Post_. Let us turn +now to Mr. Ford's _Dearborn Independent_. In its issue of May 29, +1920, this organ of American anti-Semitism desperately tries to +bolster up the charge that nearly all the leaders of the Bolsheviki +are Jews by a clumsy invention of its own. It says: + + Every commisar in Russia to-day is a Jew. Publicists are + accustomed to speak of Russia as if it were in disorder, but the + Jewish government of Russia is not. From a mass of underlings, + the Jews of Russia came up in a perfect phalanx, a flying wedge + through the superinduced disorder, as if every man's place had + been previously prepared for him. + +For these statements there is no justification in fact. They are +absolutely and unqualifiedly untrue, as every person familiar with the +facts must know. It is not true that "every commissar in Russia to-day +is a Jew." Not even a majority of the members of the Council of +People's Commissars are Jews. Lenin, who is at the head of the +government, is not a Jew. Tchitcherin, who is in charge of foreign +affairs, is not a Jew. Krassin, who is in charge of the trade +negotiations with the British government, is not a Jew. These three +men wield greater power and influence in Soviet Russia than all the +Jewish officials combined. Dzerzhinsky, head of the infamous +Extraordinary Commissions, is not a Jew. Lunarcharsky, who has charge +of public education, is not a Jew. Rykov, chairman of the Economic +Council, is not a Jew. Bonch-Brouyevich, secretary of the Council of +People's Commissars, is not a Jew. Kolontai is not a Jewess. There are +many other Gentile Commissars. How completely the London _Morning +Post_ and the _Dearborn Independent_ misrepresent the essential facts +I have already shown by my analysis of the pretentious list of fifty +names published by the former. I have before me the official list of +the members of the _Sovnarkom_--that is, the Council of the People's +Commissars of the Soviet government. As is well known, the elaborate +and intricate governmental system of Soviet Russia centers ultimate +authority in this Council of People's Commissars, which consists of +seventeen members. A most striking refutation of the statement made by +the _Dearborn Independent_ is found in the fact that of the seventeen +members of this supreme Bolshevist authority only one, Trotzky, is a +Jew. The official list speaks for itself. + +_Official Name_ _Real Name_ _Department_ + +1. N. Lenin[1] Oulianov President +2. G. Tchitcherin[1] G. Tchitcherin Foreign Affairs +3. L. Trotsky[2] Bronstein War +4. E. Raskolnikov[1] E. Raskolnikov Navy +5. G. Petrovsky[1] G. Petrovsky Interior +6. N. Krestinsky[1] N. Krestinsky Finance +7. L. Krassin[1] L. Krassin Industry and Commerce + and Ways of + Communication +8. S. Sereda[1] S. Sereda Agriculture +9. N. Bruchanov[1] N. Bruchanov Supply +10. A. Lunarcharsky[1] A. Lunarcharsky Public Instruction +11. V. Stuchka[1] V. Stuchka Justice +12. A. Kolontai[1] A. Kolontai Public Welfare +13. V. Smidt[1] V. Smidt Labor +14. A. Rykov[1] A. Rykov Chairman, Economic + Council +15. K. Stalin[3] Djugashvili National Affairs +16. Dr. N. Semashko[1] Dr. N. Semashko Public Health +17. V. Bonch-Brouyevich[1] V. Bonch-Brouyevich Executive secretary + of the Council of + People's Commissars +[1] Russian [2] Jew [3] Georgian + +Of course there are many Jews holding minor positions in the +Bolshevist regime. It would be quite impossible to name any part of +the Russian population to which that statement would not equally +apply. For millions of people, Christians and Jews alike, the only +possible alternative to starvation and death is to accept service +under the Bolsheviki. Even loyal generals of the Tsar's army have +accepted such service in order to avoid the starvation of themselves +and their loved ones, despite their hatred of Bolshevism and the +Bolsheviki. It is a fact, however, that there are very few Jews +holding responsible posts in the Bolshevist government of Russia, +while there are many Jews prominently identified with the +anti-Bolshevist movement. I have followed very closely the accounts of +the proceedings of the Bolshevist movement and of the Communist party, +as reported in the official press, and have paid special attention to +the activity of the Jews. Up to the present my list of Jews holding +prominent positions in either the Soviet government or the Communist +party contains less than twenty names, yet I believe it is fairly +complete. It includes the names of Trotzky, Steklov, Zinoviev, +Kamenev, Uritsky, Volodarsky, Sverdlov, Ganetsky, Helfandt (Parvus), +Riazanov, Radek, Litvinov, Joffe, and Larin. It will be rather +difficult, I think, to name any important omissions. As against this +meager list of Jews, a very hastily compiled list of non-Jews who are +prominent in the government or in the Communist party contains +seventy-five names. In this list I do not include any of the many +former generals of the Tsar's army now holding important positions in +the Red Army and various departments of the Soviet government. With +entire confidence I submit these incontestable facts to my readers in +reply to the _Dearborn Independent_. + +It is absurdly untrue to say, as the _Dearborn Independent_ does, that +"the Jews of Russia came up in a perfect phalanx" after the overthrow +of tsarism. Throughout the revolutionary period the Jews in Russia +have presented about the same political divisions as the Russian +population in general. Like the overwhelming mass of the Russian +people, they are anti-Bolshevist. Even if we confine our attention to +the Jewish Socialists, overlooking for the moment the large number of +Jews belonging to the Constitutional Democrats and other non-Socialist +parties, we shall find absolutely no evidence of anything approaching +a united Jewish Socialist support of the Bolsheviki. On the contrary, +the most implacable and determined opponents of the Bolsheviki have +been, and still are, Jewish Socialists. Such Jews as Martov, Dan, +Lieber, Abramovich, and others have distinguished themselves by their +relentless and unremitting opposition to the Bolsheviki. + +In reply to Mr. William Hard, who called attention to the fact that +Jews like Vinaver, Martov, and others have been as active on the +anti-Bolshevist side as Trotzky, Kamenev, Zinoviev, and others have +been on the Bolshevist side, the anonymous writer employed by the +_Dearborn Independent_ resorts to a more cowardly and despicable +controversial trick than I have hitherto encountered, even in +anti-Semitic literature. Having charged that the Jews were united "in +a perfect phalanx" in support of Bolshevism, when confronted by Mr. +Hard with the evidence that there are Jews at the head of the +anti-Bolshevist forces, he coolly abandons his charge and insinuates +another. He says: "Look how the Jews control every phase of political +opinion in Russia! Doesn't there seem to be some ground for the +feeling that they are desirous of ruling everywhere?" + +Not often, I venture to say, has any American journalist descended to +this low level. I am justified in asking Mr. Ford, who is primarily +responsible for the _Dearborn Independent_ and for its policy, whether +he considers it to be compatible with sound American citizenship and +with the traditions of our race to spread broadcast through the land +such cruelly unjust appeals to prejudice. Surely it is not difficult +to see this matter from the viewpoint of the Jew, which in this +instance is also the viewpoint of every fair-minded non-Jew. For the +Jew it is a case of being damned either way. When it is noted that +there are a few Jews holding prominent positions in the Bolshevist +regime, the whole race is stigmatized and charged with being engaged +in a conspiracy to destroy civilization; but when attention is called +to the fact that other Jews, far more numerous, are engaged in +fighting Bolshevism and attempting to save civilization, no credit for +that fact is given to the race; it is not admitted as a fact modifying +the previously formed sweeping judgment, but, on the contrary, is held +to be additional evidence of guilt. Nothing that Bolshevist +propagandists have attempted to do in this country involves anything +like the peril to our institutions that is involved in this deliberate +attempt to silence the anti-Bolshevist Jews by making even their +propaganda against Bolshevism appear as part of a conspiracy against +those institutions. + +I am not here and now concerned to defend the Jews. Even were my gifts +much greater, I should not presume to arrogate to myself that honor. +The defense of the Jewish people against the aspersions cast upon them +by this cruel propaganda belongs in the first place to Jewish scholars +and publicists and can be left to them. My concern is the defense of +Christian civilization, of American ideals and institutions, of the +noblest Anglo-Saxon traditions. These things are our greatest wealth; +they are the heritage of our children. When, therefore, this hateful +propaganda imperils these things, it is both my duty and my privilege +to defend them. Anti-Semitism has no place in Christian civilization; +its spirit and its language are both alien and hostile to our Republic +and to the genius of the race of Milton and Lincoln. + +It can be demonstrated to the full satisfaction of any open-minded +person of normal intelligence that Bolshevism is the negation of the +faith and morals which constitute the strongest bond of the Jewish +people. Trotzky has many times declared that he is no Jew, but a +"general proletarian," and Bela Kun, in a formal statement, declared +himself to be opposed to all religions and national cultures, the +Jewish included, and that he stood only for the economic interests of +the proletariat. I could quote many similar statements by prominent +Jewish Bolsheviki, were it necessary. The position taken by these men +is, of course, entirely logical. Not only is Bolshevism fundamentally +opposed to the Jewish religion; it is equally antagonistic to the +principle of nationality itself. How, then, can it be possible to +regard Bolshevism as typically and essentially Jewish, or as part of +an all-Jewish conspiracy? Is it possible to believe that a great +conspiratory scheme to direct the whole weight and influence of the +Jewish people to a single political end, conceived and led by the +ablest leaders of that great people so remarkable for their +intellectual power, would or could rest upon principles diametrically +and irreconcilably opposed to the greatest psychological force +motivating the conduct of the masses of that people? + +These questions by themselves shatter the charge we are discussing. +There is, however, an immense mass of direct and positive evidence +available to all who desire to know the truth, but which is carefully +and studiously ignored by the preachers of anti-Semitism. If such men +as Mr. Ford are ignorant of the existence of this evidence, as we must +suppose them to be, their offense against America and American ideals +is not thereby appreciably lessened; their reckless and irresponsible +use of the wealth and other influential agents at their command adds +to the sum of their shame and wrongdoing. The greatest and strongest +Jewish Socialist organization in Russia and Poland, the "Bund," has +stood in solid opposition to Bolshevism and the Bolshevist regime +from the very beginning until now. Not only have leaders of the right +wing, or moderate section of the "Bund," such as Lieber, fought +Bolshevism with their full might, but leaders of the radical left +wing, such as Kossovsky and Medem, have been equally courageous and +uncompromising on the same side[1]. A tiny and negligible minority +split off from the "Bund" because of its anti-Bolshevist character and +formed a new organization, the "Communist Bund." Similarly, the +overwhelming mass of the Zionist party has consistently opposed +Bolshevism and all its works, and such men as Doctor Pasmanick, the +well-known Zionist leader of Odessa, have given their full support to +every anti-Bolshevist movement, political and military. + +I have already referred to the activity of the well-known Jewish +leader, Vinaver, in the fight against Bolshevism. Mr. Vinaver is not a +Socialist; on the contrary, during many years he has been a +consistent opponent of Socialism and one of the foremost leaders of +the Constitutional Democratic party, of whose Central Committee he +was, and I believe still is, the chairman. Immediately after the March +revolution of 1917, Mr. Vinaver was appointed Senator by the First +Provisional Government. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly +from Petrograd, and later on, after his escape from Petrograd, served +as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of the Crimea. This +prominent Jewish anti-Socialist testifies that "not a single Jewish +Socialist faction has joined the Bolsheviki." From a report on this +subject cabled to this country by Vinaver in July, 1919, I quote the +following paragraphs, which speak for themselves. + + The entire Russian Jewry struggles against Bolshevism. This is + true not only with regard to the bourgeoisie, but to the + democratic classes of the Russian Jewry as well. It is + sufficient to say that not a single Jewish Socialist faction has + joined the Bolsheviki. All political factions of the Russian + Jewry are struggling against Bolshevism. + + The great majority of the Jewish population, including many of + the poor, are being classed by the Bolsheviki with the so-called + bourgeoisie, and every place where the Bolsheviki rule, the + Jewish population, not to speak of very insignificant + exceptions, is suffering and starving. + + The Bolshevist regime has destroyed the industries and the + trade, and the Jewish population, which made its living mostly + through participation in the industrial and commercial life, is + suffering probably more than other nationalities. At the same + time, the Bolsheviki are persecuting all religions, and the + Jewish religious institutions have suffered from their despotic + rule not less than the institutions of the Christian religion. + + The anti-Semites are making very wide use of the fact that + Trotzky is a Jew, but the participation of several Jews among + the Bolshevist leaders does not nullify the fact that the + Russian Jewry, in its overwhelming majority, struggles actively + against Bolshevism. _It is significant that Bolshevism spread + mostly in central and eastern Russia where the Jews constitute + an insignificant minority._ + +It is a significant fact that the only Socialist elected to the United +States Congress in the recent election, Meyer London, a Russian-born +Jew, is a vigorous opponent of Bolshevism. In view of such evidence as +the foregoing, it is surely not less than ridiculous to attempt to +make Bolshevism appear as a phase of Jewish Socialism, and a part of a +world-wide Jewish conspiracy, instead of what it is--namely, the wild +anarchical outburst of despairing and desperate masses of men. I +venture to say that when the history of this tragic episode in the +life of Russia is authoritatively written, it will be found that Jews +have not been responsible for the most objectionable features of +Bolshevism. Not even Trotzky need be excluded from this +generalization, for, while it is true that his genius made Bolshevism +the formidable military power it became, the brutal excesses of the +Red Terror must be charged against such men as Peters, the Lett, and +Dzerzhinsky, the Pole. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] see the articles published in the New York pro-Bolshevist weekly, +_Die Neue Welt_, June 27, July 4 and 11, 1919. + + + + +VI + +BOLSHEVISM AND THE JEWS + + +No one who knows how the Jews of Russia, in common with the rest of +the population, have suffered from Bolshevist misrule will be likely +to give credence to the theory that Bolshevism is part of a Jewish +conspiracy. As everybody knows, Jews made up a very considerable part +of the commercial class in Russia. The indemnities levied upon this +class by the Bolshevist commissions in the cities have applied equally +to Jew and Gentile. It is a fact that ordinary Jewish shopkeepers have +been compelled to pay their full share of the indemnities so levied. +Scores of thousands of Jews have had their property confiscated and +been reduced to abject poverty. Many thousands more have had to flee, +leaving everything behind them, thankful only that they could save +their lives. The _Chresvy-chaikas_ have drawn no distinction between +Jew and Gentile, and the available records, meager as they are, prove +that the Jews have contributed their full quota to the long list of +the victims of these infamous terrorist organizations. Pogroms and +other manifestations of anti-Semitism have been too common in +Bolshevist Russia to permit any suspicion that Bolshevism is a +pro-Jewish movement. The evidence upon this point is overwhelming. + +I am quite well aware that the statement that pogroms have been common +in Bolshevist Russia will be challenged and indignantly denied by many +of our American defenders of the Bolsheviki, Jews and Gentiles alike. +It is none the less a well-attested fact. I have in my possession a +mass of evidence which amply proves the truth of the statement. At the +same time, I do not mean to charge that the Soviet government has +deliberately instigated or authorized pogroms. Indeed, I am quite +ready to believe that the Soviet government has honestly desired and +attempted to prevent such pogroms. Lenin accepted the presidency of an +organization formed to combat anti-Semitism. The truth seems to be +that just as pogroms have admittedly taken place in the new republic +of Poland, despite the efforts of the Polish government to prevent +them, and just as pogroms were carried out by Denikin's Volunteer Army +despite General Denikin's attempts to prevent them, and the severe +punishments inflicted by him upon the culprits, so regular Bolshevist +troops in southern Russia have plundered and murdered Jews and raped +and mutilated Jewish women and girls. Just as these lines are being +written word comes, from sources of unquestionable authority, of +pogroms against the Jews in the Ukraine, in which Bolshevist troops +participated. + +The Pogrom Victims' Relief Committee of the Russian Red Cross Society +published a report of its investigations of the Jewish pogroms in +southern Russia during the period when General Denikin's forces were +fighting the Bolsheviki. The report, based upon evidence of +unquestionable reliability, showed that Jews had been plundered and +murdered not only by disorderly troops of Denikin's Volunteer Army, +and by the troops of Petlura and by the robber bands led by "atamans," +like Makhno, _but also by regular Bolshevist troops_. The report +attributes to the latter the destruction of at least thirteen Jewish +communities in southern Russia and the murder of five hundred Jews. +And this is only one report of many. Before me as I write is the +account given by an eyewitness of the pogrom which opened at +Novo-Poltavka on September 1, 1919, and lasted through the whole of +the week following. _More than one hundred Jews were murdered, +numerous women and girls were raped, and the entire colony was +plundered._ This pogrom was carried on by the guerrilla bands led by +"atamans" Makhno and Grigoriev, together with regular Bolshevist +troops.[2] Do you ask me to believe that these pogroms were +deliberately brought about as part of a "Jewish" conspiracy? + +Under the rule of the Bolsheviki the local organs of Jewish autonomy +in the Ukraine were entirely destroyed.[3] The chairman of the Jewish +Community in Kiev, Mr. D. Levenstein, has testified to the brutal +treatment of the Jews in that city during the Bolshevist occupation. +Vladimir Kossovsky, one of the foremost leaders of the "Bund," well +known in Socialist international circles, in an article published in +the Jewish Socialist monthly, _Die Zukunft_, of New York, says: + + Jewish pogroms in Bolshevist Russia have occurred with + particular intensity during the first half of 1918. I shall + point, as an example, to the pogroms in Gulkhov, in the + government of Chernigov, where they assumed a particularly + brutal form, and in a number of places in the Poliesiye. _All + of these pogroms were the work of Bolshevist troops._ + + The Glukhov pogrom, which has attained such sad notoriety, + started on February 28, 1918, after a Bolshevist detachment had + entered the city. The Red Army men, transformed into savage + beasts, murdered the arrested Jews who were being taken under + guard to the building of the Soviet, _and the street which + housed the Soviet was literally sodden with Jewish blood. All + Jewish stores and residences were sacked._ Peasants from the + near-by villages soon joined the plunderers of the Red Guard in + their work of looting and pillaging. According to newspaper + reports, four hundred and fifty Jews were murdered, among these + some Jewish soldiers who had been rewarded with "St. George" + medals for bravery. Long lists of victims--such as could be + identified--were at that time published in the newspapers. _The + pogrom was directed exclusively against the Jews, and the + Christian population of the city did not suffer in the least._ + +Concerning the pogroms in Poliesiye, Kossovsky quotes from the +official organ of the Menshevist party, the _Novaia Zaria_, of Moscow, +June 10, 1918, the following: + + The large Jewish population of this region (Poliesiye) finds + itself in a particularly tragic situation. The "activity" of the + Red Army in Novogorod-Sieversk, Seredina-Buda, and Glukhov, + where the Soviet detachments massacred the Jewish populations, + has found an echo in other cities, and the sword of Damocles + hangs at present over the unfortunate Jewish people. In the city + of Potchep the Jews saved themselves from a pogrom by collecting + in time fifteen thousand rubles, which they handed over to the + pogrom-mad Red Army detachment upon its entrance into the city, + in addition to giving it a splendid reception and a sumptuous + feast. As reward for this reception the bashi-bazouks of the + Soviet decided to spare the city. + +Pogroms and other manifestations of anti-Semitism have been so common +in Bolshevist Russia as to make the "Jewish question" one of extreme +difficulty and importance. In numerous Soviets, notably Yaroslavl, +Vitebsk, and Smolensk, Jewish members were openly insulted by the +Bolsheviki; such epithets as "_szhid!_" ("sheeny!") were hurled at the +Jewish members. Once more I quote from the article by Kossovsky: + + In the provinces the pogrom mania invaded even the Soviets, not + mentioning the Red Army which became more and more infected with + it. According to the Kiev _Naiye Zait_, in the Vitebsk Soviet + shouts were heard, "Chase the Jews out of the Soviets and its + institutions!" In the Yaroslavl Soviet, according to information + printed in the Moscow Social-Democratic newspaper, _Vperiod_, + there were often heard insulting and shameful cries directed + against the Jews. In Smolensk, according to _Svobodnaya Rossia_, + members of the Red Army would come to the Soviet and demand that + Jews be barred from holding posts as war commissaries and + commanders. A lively anti-Semitic propaganda was carried on in + Moscow and Petrograd, too, though it never reached the stage of + a pogrom. In Petrograd anti-Jewish posters, signed by a "Kamorra + of the People's Revenge," were spread broadcast. As a result of + the apprehensiveness aroused, detachments for self-defense were + organized by the Jews of Moscow. In Petrograd the Bolshevist + authorities did not permit the organization of self-defense + bodies, fearing lest the weapons of the self-defense detachments + be turned against the Soviet. + + Upon the initiative of the Petrograd Jewish Community the day of + May 23, 1918, was designated as a Jewish National Day of + Mourning throughout Russia as a protest against the latter-day + Jewish pogroms in Russia. On that day the Jews were to close all + their business establishments, not to issue newspapers, etc., + etc. The May 23d issue of the Petrograd Jewish daily, _Unser + Tagblat_, appeared in a black border and was full of articles + relating to anti-Jewish attacks and pogroms, entitled: "Protest + by Mourning," "Let Jewish Blood Boil," "The Day of Sorrow," "The + Bloody Roll (Statistics Concerning Jewish Pogroms)." To convey + to the reader the substance of these articles I will quote the + closing words of the article, "The Bloody Roll": "The old + tsarist, bloody Russia, fell, and a new Russia, a + radical-Socialist, a communist, Russia came in its place. And + still, as before, we stand facing a roster of Jewish pogroms, a + roster which is, as yet, far from ended, as each day adds new + names, new victims, and new massacres." + +Mr. Louis Marshall, who is universally recognized as one of the +foremost leaders of the American Jewry and who headed the +American-Jewish delegation to the Peace Conference, in an interview +published in the New York Jewish daily newspaper, _The Day_, July 27, +1919, categorically denied the assertion that there have been no +Jewish pogroms under the rule of the Bolsheviki. He declared that such +pogroms took place in the districts of the Ukraine controlled by the +Bolsheviki as well as in those controlled by the robber bands. "We +know of such pogroms having occurred," he said, "and very often the +Bolsheviki care just as little about the Jews as others who make +pogroms. It is possible that some of their pogroms are at times +different, but in substance there were Jewish pogroms in Bolshevist +territory as well." Mr. Marshall added the following observation: +"_All Jewish representatives that I have met in Paris who came from +Russia are strong opponents of Bolshevism. Even to this day the Jewish +Socialist parties are no less sharp in their condemnation of the +Bolsheviki than are the bourgeois parties._" + +So far as I have been able to discover, there is not a large Jewish +Community in Russia which has not repudiated Bolshevism. Not in a +single instance has the support of the leaders of such a Community +been given to the Lenin-Trotzky regime. For example, I have before me +the report of the annual general meeting of the Jewish Community of +Archangel, which took place on May 11, 1919. Therein is contained a +Memorandum by the Council of the Community on the relation of the Jews +to Bolshevism. The Memorandum points out that, while it is true that +there are Jews among the leaders of the Bolsheviki, it is also true +that there are many Jews among the leaders of the anti-Bolshevist +forces. It names such men as MM. Vinaver, Gotz, Minor, Bliumkin (who +assassinated Count Mirbach), Kannengisser (who shot Uritzki), and Dora +Kaplan (who attempted to assassinate Lenin and forfeited her own +life). + +The Memorandum asks the non-Jewish world to remember that all of the +Jews connected with the Bolshevist movement in any prominent capacity +are apostates, that not one of them ever took the slightest part in +the affairs of Russian Jewry, and that the Jewish people only learned +of their existence at about the same time and in the same way as the +Russian people in general became aware of the existence of such +non-Jewish Bolshevist leaders as Lenin, Lunarcharsky, Tchitcherin, +Krylenko, Dybenko, and many others. Attention is called to the fact +that prominent Jewish national workers in Russia have been subjected +to the same persecution and maltreatment by the Bolsheviki as the +public-spirited men and women of other nationalities. The Memorandum +cites the imprisonment of Doctor Maze, Rabbi of the Moscow Community, +and the confiscation of the buildings belonging to the Petrograd +Jewish Community, where the cultural and religious institutions of the +Jews of that city were centered. I commend to the attention of all +fair-minded men and women the following paragraph from this document: + + Aside from this group of Jewish Bolshevist leaders there is the + Jewish people, the many millions of the Jewish population of + Russia. The unassuming representatives of that Jewish Community + of Archangel take the liberty to affirm that neither the Jewish + people as a whole, nor any of its socially organized groups, are + responsible for the savagery, violence, acts of blasphemy, and + mockery of human rights which characterize the Bolshevist + regime. + + The Jewish people are fully familiar with acts of brutality, + with the Red Terror, familiar from long-past experience and from + present experience in Bolshevist Russia, together with all the + other nations inhabiting that unhappy territory. But the hands + of the Jewish masses, of all the classes of the Jewish people, + are not stained with this blood. We have not heard, and we + believe that we shall never hear, of any act of terror + committed by any masses of Jews led either by Jews or by + non-Jews. + + Let the Jewish Bolsheviki stand accused and condemned of their + guilt like their compatriots of other nationalities, but there + must be no room for generalization and wholesale accusation when + the people as a whole are guiltless and where millions, + permeated by a powerful cohesive force of an ancient culture + organically foreign to the spirit of violence and vandalism, + stand apart from a few individual persons. + +Quite similar to the foregoing is a Memorandum addressed by the +Council of the Vladivostok Jewish Community to the Russian people. The +concluding paragraphs of this address seem to me to be a complete and +crushing refutation of the monstrous calumny that is being so +assiduously spread among our people: + + In the present historic movement the Council of the Jewish + Community of Vladivostok deems it its sacred civil duty to come + forward with the following protest. The Council declares that: + (1) The many millions of the Russian Jewry reject every + responsibility for the crimes committed against Russia by a + small group of Jewish renegades who have nothing in common with + the Jews and have long since broken off all connections with + them, such as Bronstein-Trotzky, Nakhamkes-Steklov, + Apfelbaum-Zinoviev, Joffe, Kamenev, and others connected with + Bolshevism, just as the Russian, Lettish, Polish, Georgian, + Armenian, and other nationalities cannot be held to answer for + the deeds and misdeeds of Bolshevist leaders who were born in + their midst. (2) The Russian Jewry, as a whole, is warmly and + sincerely devoted to the interests of Russia, its motherland, + and has struggled and is still struggling for the regeneration + of the Russian state, and is heartily interested, together with + all the other peoples inhabiting Russia, in the speediest + overthrowing of Bolshevism and the reconstruction of orderly + life in Russia. The Russian Jews have lost over one hundred + thousand of their brothers and sons in killed and wounded in the + war with Germany. Thousands of Jews are found at present in the + ranks of the armies of Admiral Kolchak and of General Denikin. + (3) Bolshevism has ruined hundreds of thousands of Jewish + merchants, business men, artisans, and men in various + enterprises, and has completely destroyed the entire population + of the Northwestern Territories. _Thousands of Jewish families + have been deported from Soviet Russia_ and are now dragging out + a miserable existence as refugees in Siberia, in the Ural + region, and in the border cities. + + _The Soviet government has shot and is still shooting Jewish + public men, lawyers, engineers, physicians, and workmen who have + participated in the struggle against the Soviet rule._ In the + near future there will be published documents and irrefutable + facts revealing the number of Jewish lives and the billions of + Jewish wealth that have perished during the past two years in + the struggle with Bolshevism. + + The Vladivostok Jewish Community protests to the Russian public + opinion and to the honest and independent Russian press against + the falsehoods, insinuations, and calumnies directed against the + Jewish people in such profusion by the enemies of humanity and + the state. + +In view of such facts as these, is it reasonable to suppose that +Bolshevism is a pro-Jewish conspiracy? Is it less than ridiculous to +suggest that the system which has reduced hundreds of thousands of +Jews to abject poverty, broken up thousands of Jewish homes and +families, confiscated billions of Jewish wealth, imprisoned thousands +of prominent Jews, and murdered numerous others, is part of a Jewish +conspiracy? Surely, every intelligent person must see that any such +conspiracy must necessarily require, as the first condition of its +success, a degree of racial solidarity never yet attained by any +people at any time in the history of the world. That solidarity could +only be obtained by assuring to the Jews their complete exemption +from the suffering and oppression imposed upon the non-Jewish +population. Had there been any thought of securing the solidarity of +the Jewish people of Russia against the non-Jewish population, it +would have been effectively thwarted by the imposition of such burdens +of poverty and suffering upon the Jews, and their resulting +resentment. Not the smallest particle of evidence has ever yet been +adduced to show that the Jews in Russia have been exempted from any of +the oppressive features of Bolshevism. As Mr. Wells reminds us, the +Bolsheviki have suppressed the Hebrew language, the historic language +of Judaism, to preserve which Jews in all lands and during many +centuries have made such vast sacrifices. Do we need any further +evidence? + +FOOTNOTES: + +[2] The full account of this eyewitness appeared in the _Odesskiya +Novosti_, September 27, 1919. + +[3] Statement by Dr. M. Zitron, _Dos Yiddishe Volk_, of Warsaw, July +11, 1919. + + + + +VII + +THE VICIOUS ROLE OF ANTI-SEMITISM + + +Precisely such propaganda as that which the _Dearborn Independent_ has +been carrying on is responsible for many of the blackest and most +shameful pages in history. Wherever and whenever there has been an +organized propaganda of anti-Semitism it has invariably been closely +intertwined with every other contemporary reactionary oppressive and +contemptible force. To those who know the history of anti-Semitism in +Russia, in Poland, and in Rumania, even in quite recent years, this +statement will seem so trite as not to require any demonstration. This +close association with other forms of reaction and brutal oppression +is not peculiar to anti-Semitism, but is a common characteristic of +every form of race prejudice and hatred. Among the Turks organized +prejudice and hatred of Armenians has invariably been found to be +closely associated with all the other evil forces in the Turkish +Empire. In our own country, discrimination against and injustice to +the negro goes hand in hand with almost every other form of reaction +and oppression. + +It is quite useless to pretend that such articles as those published +in the _Dearborn Independent_ and the London _Morning Post_ are not +really anti-Semitic propaganda, but merely a legitimate discussion of +a great and serious problem. Such specious pleading will not deceive +any intelligent, honest person. The only possible object of the +articles is to convince the people who read them that civilized +society is threatened by a great world-wide secret conspiracy of the +Jews; that this virile and highly intelligent people, scattered +throughout the civilized world, and numbering, it is estimated, about +sixteen millions, is secretly organized and led by an "invisible +government" composed of some of the ablest and keenest minds in the +world, to the end of bringing all the governments of the earth, +together with all industry and commerce, under the absolute rule and +dominion of a dynasty to be set up by an aristocratic Jewish +Sanhedrin. + +Even if we ignore, for the purpose of this discussion, the fact that +to sustain this charge a structure of cruel falsehood has been erected +with great cunning, it is surely plain enough that the effect of such +a charge upon the minds of such non-Jews as believe it can only be the +development of a spirit of antagonism toward Jews, as Jews. In so far +as the _Dearborn Independent_ succeeds in its efforts, it must +inevitably make our Gentile population regard their Jewish neighbors +with fear and suspicion. And from such fear and suspicion emanate +intolerance and hatred and their brutal progeny. There is no essential +difference between the articles which have been appearing in Mr. +Ford's paper, either in spirit or in text, and those which, in a past +so recent that its horror haunts the memory of men and women of our +generation, let loose upon tens of thousands of helpless and +inoffensive people the most bestial and fiendish cruelty and hatred +ever attained by beings called human. + +I can quite well remember the intense horror with which the Christian +world read of the wave of pogroms against the Jews which swept over +Russia in 1891, following the inhuman enforcement of the "May Laws." +Jewish women in travail, forced to flee for their lives, hid in +cemeteries, and in those "cities of the dead" brought forth their +babes. Jewish fathers took their daughters to brothels for safe +hiding. Jewish women and girls were raped. Jewish homes were looted, +and whole villages inhabited by Jews were burned down. Even women and +children were brutally murdered, simply because they were Jews and +because a newspaper propaganda in all respects like that now being +carried on in this country and in England had made the Jewish people +the object of suspicion and fear and, therefore, of hatred. It was +then that a Russian statesman declared that the "Jewish question" +would be solved only when one third of the Jews had perished, another +third emigrated, and the remaining third been converted to the +orthodox Church! + +The frightful massacre of Jews at Kishinev in 1903 likewise resulted +from a newspaper propaganda very similar to that which is now being +carried on by the _Dearborn Independent_ and the London _Morning +Post._ On that occasion an unexampled and unprecedented outburst of +horror thrilled the whole civilized world. John Hay, our then +Secretary of State, said: "No person of ordinary humanity can have +heard without deep emotion the story of the cruel outrages inflicted +upon the Jews of Kishinev. These lamentable events have caused the +profoundest impression throughout the world." President Roosevelt +said, "I have never in my experience in this country known of a more +immediate or a deeper expression of the sympathy for the victims and +of horror over the appalling calamity that has occurred." + +The Kishinev outrages were the direct and logical outcome of the +campaign of calumny and hatred against the Jews waged by the local +newspaper, the _Bessarabetz_, owned and edited by a Moldavian named +Kroushevan. Except for the specific charge of "ritual murder," with +which I shall presently deal, the campaign of Jew-baiting pursued by +this journal, which produced such disastrous and monstrous results, +was the counterpart of that now being carried on by the _Dearborn +Independent_. Kroushevan charged that the Jews were conspiring to +secure world dominion; he charged that the economic power of the +Jewish race in Russia was a peril to the nation; he charged that Jews +were responsible for Socialism and social unrest. The anti-Semitic +articles appearing in this country and in England during the past few +weeks are quite like those which used to appear in the _Bessarabetz_. + +Of course, the crowning infamy of the campaign of hate waged by the +Kishinev paper was the charge of "ritual murder." A Christian boy, +named Ribalenko, belonging to the village of Doubossar, midway between +Kishinev and Odessa, was murdered, his body being found in an orchard. +The _Bessarabetz_ at once declared that the boy had been killed by the +Jews for sacrificial purposes, thus reviving one of the most terrible +and most infamous libels ever directed against any race or sect--a +calumny that has been exposed and refuted again and again. +Subsequently, after the mischief had been done, _it was proved that +the boy was murdered by his uncle and the care-taker of the orchard in +which the body was found--both of them Russians and Gentiles._ The +murderers confessed their guilt, the motive for the crime being gain. + +The horrors of 1891 were repeated and even excelled at Kishinev in +1903 as a result of this propaganda. It is not necessary to go into +the gruesome details of the numerous nameless sex mutilations, the +awful outrages committed upon young girls and their gray-haired +grandmothers, the shockingly brutal and bestial murders, the +well-authenticated cases of nails driven through the eyes of a woman +and the cutting out of the tongue of a two-year-old child; let these +brief references suffice. It is all too evident from the most reliable +accounts of the massacre that hatred born of resentment and fear had +made the Gentile mobs as savage as wild beasts. They were no longer +human. + +Thus far neither the _Dearborn Independent_ nor the London _Morning +Post_ has reproduced the "ritual murder" lie. Perhaps neither will do +it. Probably not. At the same time _both papers have done their utmost +to create in the minds of their readers a readiness to believe that or +any other infamy when attributed to the Jews_. There is not, and there +cannot be, any assurance that in the soil thus prepared by these +papers, others more ignorant or less scrupulous will not successfully +plant belief in the ancient legend of sacrificial murders committed +by Jews. And even if this never happens at all, the fact remains that +in charging that the horrors of Bolshevism were deliberately +instigated by Jews, British and American anti-Semites have appealed to +the same unreasoning, instinctive, primal passion. For Bolshevism, +primarily a political and economic program though it be, impinges upon +religious faith and religious authority. Thus do the anti-Semites play +with fire in close proximity to the high explosives of human nature. + +It was not the ancient, insensate hatred inspired by belief that the +Jews kill Christian children in their Paschal rites which made the +Kishinev pogrom possible. That added the element of savage fanaticism +to the antagonism and resentment already developed by the economic +position of the Jews. The extortions practiced by Jewish money-lenders +the superior business capacity, perseverance, and resourcefulness of +the Jewish traders and shopkeepers as compared with their Gentile +rivals; the intense competition of Jewish artisans, superior to the +average Russian workman in intelligence, industry, thrift, sobriety, +and ambition--all these things resulted in bitter antagonism. Upon +that economic fear and resentment religious fanaticism fastened and +flourished. + +Herein lies the danger of the anti-Semitic propaganda in this country +and in England. It is invoking economic fear and resentment. The +non-Jew is adjured to contemplate the spectacle of the Jews ousting +the Gentiles from one industry after another, gradually assuming +leadership and control of our industry and commerce, thanks in part to +superior intelligence, skill, and diligence, but in part also to a +lack of moral scrupulousness. So the Jew is presented as a dangerous +economic rival to be feared and guarded against. The Gentile is thus +taught to look upon Jewish prosperity as a sort of parasitism, and as +a menace to the well-being of all non-Jews, even where the withdrawal +of Jewish enterprise and activity would mean ruin for Jew and Gentile +alike--a condition long recognized in the principal Russian cities. +Now, I do not deny that some of the worst aspects of capitalism have +been developed to a special and notable extent by some Jews. Neither +do I forget that others have developed the very noblest social +idealism. The point I am now making is that hatred of the Jew, even +when it is motivated by economic fear and resentment, will inevitably +nurture every other form of anti-Jewish prejudice. If the campaign of +the anti-Semites succeeds in cultivating that fear and hatred in the +minds and hearts of our people, there can be no assurance against the +occurrence of pogroms here. + + + + +VIII + +WHAT ANTI-SEMITISM IN AMERICA MEANS + + +In an article published in the _Dearborn Independent_, June 19, 1920, +it is argued that, transplanted in American soil, anti-Semitism will +change its character and that it will not, in this country, take the +form of mass violence. Not a single fact or historical example is +cited in support of this optimistic theory. There are fine phrases +about "the genius of Americanism" and the "innate justice of the +American mind," but that is all. And these fine phrases can be easily +and adequately disposed of by the simple observation that +anti-Semitism, like all other forms of race hatred, is incompatible +with "the genius of Americanism" and with "innate justice." + +These seem to me to be self-evident truths. Nevertheless, we have had +many bitter manifestations of race hatred in this country, not a few +of which have been attended by mass violence. When I reflect upon the +savage race riots which have occurred in this country, and the +numerous lynchings of negroes by infuriated mobs, I cannot bring +myself to accept the easy optimism of the anonymous Jew-baiter. Even +as I am writing these lines the morning newspaper comes to hand with +the account of the lynching of three negroes, one of them a woman, in +Georgia. The story is quite familiar in its shocking details. The +three negroes, who were charged with murder, were in the custody of +the sheriff of the county, when they were seized by a mob and brutally +murdered. That this was due to the fact that they were negroes, a +manifestation of race hatred, is beyond question. + +My faith that we shall be spared the shame and ignominy of pogroms +rests upon other and, I believe, more solid foundations. I have +confidence that the anti-Semitic propaganda will be met by the stout +resistance of the great mass of our citizens of Gentile birth and +heritage who will fight and crush anti-Semitism in defense of +Christian civilization and of American ideals, traditions, and +institutions. That seems to me to be a rational faith; it affords firm +anchorage. On the other hand, it is a stupendous and dangerous folly +to believe that you can cultivate, as part of our national psychology, +anti-Jewish fear and prejudice without reaping in due course a harvest +of hatred and violence toward the Jewish people. Racial hatred is +everywhere the same. + +There is no reason for believing that here in the United States we +possess a special immunity from the worst forms of anti-Semitism. It +would probably be safer to say that our conditions afford exceptional +opportunities for their development. We have drawn heavily upon the +Old World for our population, which reflects the divisions and the +antipathies, the hereditary jealousies and suspicions, which for +hundreds and, in some instances, thousands of years have troubled +mankind. We have not yet welded these diverse elements into anything +approaching homogeneity; our national consciousness is still +undeveloped and, as a consequence of that fact, we have as yet not +developed fully those self-imposed disciplines and restraints which +are attendant upon highly developed national solidarity. Our national +life, with its alien masses only partially assimilated, is as +susceptible to inflaming passion as the wind-blown dry autumn leaves +are susceptible to the flame of the torch. + +Michael Davitt called attention to the fact that in the Kishinev +pogrom it was not the rich Jews who were the victims, but Jewish +workingmen and their families. That, I believe, is the universal +experience. The rich Jews can buy immunity or protection. If as a +result of vicious propaganda serious anti-Jewish riots take place in +this country the victims will not be the rich Jewish financiers and +brokers, against whom the _Dearborn Independent_ fulminates, but +innocent and inoffensive, hard-working men and women and their +children. And if ever that time comes such men as Henry Ford must bear +the major responsibility and guilt. + +Let us suppose, for the argument's sake, that anti-Semitism in this +country develops, as predicted in Mr. Ford's paper, along less brutal +lines; that there will be no such orgies of murder and lust and +spoliation as some other nations have had to their shame and dishonor. +In that case, how will the organized hostility to the Jews be +manifested? Specifically, what is the program of the group of +anti-Semites in this country with which the _Dearborn Independent_ is +identified? Are they prepared to announce that program, and to have it +measured by the standard of the American ideal? Or is it possible that +the only "secret conspiracy" is on their side; that the real object of +this anti-Semitic agitation is to prepare the way for a political and +economic program which its authors dare not publicly avow? + +When I was in England recently,[4] I gained a fairly clear and +reliable idea of the political and economic program of those bitter +Jew-haters who are responsible for the organized campaign of +anti-Semitism in that country. In view of the fact that our +anti-Semites, including the _Dearborn Independent_, have so slavishly +copied the propaganda of the British anti-Semites, it is justifiable +to assume that they are in general agreement with that program, and +that they would adopt it in this country, subject to whatever +modifications may be made necessary by the differences between the +institutions of the two countries. At all events, unless and until the +actual program of the anti-Semites of this country is set forth with +candor and precision, they have no cause for complaint if it is +assumed that their aims are practically identical with those of the +British anti-Jewish propagandists whose arguments they repeat in +detail, including every grotesque stupidity and every clumsy +distortion of the truth. + +The program of the British anti-Semites, adapted to American +conditions, would involved, as a minimum, the following measures: + +1. Disfranchisement of all Jews whose parents and grandparents were +not all native-born American citizens. + +2. Denial of the right to hold legislative or administrative office, +either elective or appointive, to all Jews other than those whose +parents and grandparents were all born in the United States. + +3. Denial of the right of naturalization to Jews on the ground that +they are not assimilable. + +4. Prohibition or very strict limitation of further Jewish +immigration. + +5. Exclusion from the legal, medical, and teaching professions of all +Jews except those entitled to full citizenship. (See 1 and 2.) + +6. Exclusion of all Jews, except those entitled to full citizenship, +from certain economic rights and privileges, including the right to +acquire and own land, the right to engage in the sale of stocks, +bonds, securities, or real estate, or in banking, money-lending, or +insurance. + +7. The right of admission to colleges and universities to be so +limited as to admit only a small percentage of Jewish students. + +That this outline of a program will seem to many to be simply a +fantastic jest I am quite well aware. The fact remains, however, that +it is simply a bald presentation of the program believed in by a great +many anti-Semites. I have only taken the measures that are seriously +urged for adoption in England and changed their wording to correspond +to American conditions. There is not one item in the program which I +did not hear advocated with evident seriousness when I was in England. +I learned of one society organized upon a national scale, all of whose +members must "prove that their parents and grandparents were of +British blood." This society is very actively engaged in the spread of +anti-Semitic propaganda. Its prospectus states that it was "Founded to +secure the re-enactment of the Act of Settlement, 1700, 1701, which +secured the government of Britain to Britons and the land of Britain +to the ownership of Britons." + +The point of the demand for the re-enactment of the Act of Settlement +lies in the fact that one of the clauses in that historic instrument +provides that, "no person born out of the kingdoms of England, +Scotland, or Ireland, or the dominions thereunto belonging (_although +he be naturalized_ or made a denizen), except such as were born of +English parents, _shall be capable to be of the Privy Council, or a +member of either House of Parliament, or enjoy any office or place of +trust, either civil or military_." It is also stipulated that no such +person shall be capable "to have any grant of lands, tenements, or +hereditaments from the Crown to himself, or to any other or others in +trust for him." In the light of the constitution of this British +society with its large dues-paying membership, and its demand for the +re-enactment of the above-quoted provisions of the Act of Settlement, +the most drastic parts of the suggested program do not seem so +fantastic, after all. + +Here, then, is a program of anti-Semitism which fairly expresses the +political and economic aspirations of large groups with whom our +American anti-Semites, led by the _Dearborn Independent_, appear to be +working in close co-operation and harmony. Whether the program fully +meets with their approval or not, it can hardly be questioned that, if +their anti-Jewish agitation is to have the result of bringing about +political and economic remedies for the conditions they assail, and +not pogroms, it will be necessary to discriminate between Jews and +Gentiles in citizenship, in education, in property rights, and in +economic opportunity. Precisely how these discriminations are to be +made may be open to doubt, but that they must be made is--once the +anti-Semitic position is taken--beyond all doubt. + +Against that reactionary aim I set the American ideal, or what +President Roosevelt called "the historic American position of treating +each man on his merits as a man, without the least reference to his +creed, his race, or his birthplace." Anti-Semitism would divide our +citizenship by racial and religious barriers; the Americanism of +Washington and Lincoln and Lee and Roosevelt would weld all into a +united whole, regardless of race or religion. The way of the +anti-Semite is the way of Russia under the tsars, the way of the +unspeakable despots who for centuries made the word "Turk" a synonym +for oppression and brutal reaction. I prefer the American way. I am +opposed to anti-Semitism, not alone for humanitarian reasons, but as a +matter of loyalty to America. Anti-Semitism is treason to the American +ideal. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[4] September and October, 1920. + + + + +IX + +WE NEED THE CO-OPERATION OF CHRISTIAN AND JEW + + +The greatest nations of the world are just emerging from the strain +and agony of the most terrible and disastrous war in the history of +mankind. From a tiny spark of hatred a great conflagration of passion +spread over the world, well-nigh destroying the entire fabric of +civilization. How near we have come to that catastrophe, as a result +of the war and its evil progeny, they best know who have recently +visited the countries principally involved and most vitally affected. +Even now civilization is not out of danger, but is weak and unsteady +like a man beginning to recover from a terrible fever. Infinite care +and patience and wisdom must be exercised by statesmen and peoples +and by the molders of public opinion in every nation in order to make +recovery possible. + +Never was there a moment when racial or religious antagonism was as +dangerous and so much to be feared as in this crisis. Never were the +citizens of all lands so solemnly warned to avoid the poison of +hatred. The passionate hatreds engendered by the war must be crushed +down and they who were foes, seeking to destroy one another, must now +work together for the preservation of the civilization that is their +common heritage. With the carnage and wrack and ruin of the war still +oppressing us, and our hearts still lacerated and bruised, a common +peril is compelling us to unite and to seek safety in fellowship and +co-operation. Yesterday we relied upon the destructive arts of the +warrior; to-day we must rely upon the conserving arts of the healer. +Yesterday we hailed Mars; to-day we hail the Christ in whose touch is +life and healing. + +What perverse and malevolent genius it must be that chooses this +moment to open the flood gates and set free the pent passions of +anti-Semitism! How monstrous a thing it is that from a great historic +pulpit of the Christian Church which Beecher glorified by his +courageous idealism, the brutal and un-Christian appeals of +anti-Semitism should be made now when the world needs, above all +things, to be purged of the poison of hatred and strengthened by +fellowship! How great a tragedy it is that men like Mr. Ford and his +associates can find nothing to inspire them in the vast work of +restoration and reconstruction; that their energies and resources are +directed to the ignoble and dangerous end of inciting in the minds of +millions of our people fear and hatred of the Jew, as Jew! + +I am not insensible of, or indifferent to, the problems incidental to +the presence in this country of more than three million Jews. Neither +am I insensible of, or indifferent to, the problems incidental to our +vast negro population, or to the presence of Europeans and their slow +and imperfect assimilation. Recognizing these problems clearly and +fully, I am quite certain that racial hatred and antagonism is no +solvent for any one of them. The complete success of the appeals that +are being made against the Jews would not benefit the Gentiles in this +country in any particular. There never has been an organized +propaganda of race antagonism and hatred, anywhere in the world, which +benefited either race. In Russia and in Rumania--to cite only two +examples--anti-Semitism has injured the Christians fully as much as it +has injured the Jews. Turkish hatred and persecution of Armenians has +invariably injured the Turks quite as much as it has injured their +victims. In opposing the propaganda of anti-Semitism I am defending +equally the interest of Jew and non-Jew. I hold no brief for the +Jewish "race," so-called, or for Judaism. The only brief I hold is for +the democratic and humanitarian ideals of America. That brief I hold +by reason of my citizenship, voluntarily assumed, and the freeman's +oath with which that citizenship was consecrated. + +The solution of the problems arising out of the massing of so many +Jewish people in our large cities requires the unity and co-operation +of all men and women of good will, both Jews and Gentiles, in +precisely the same way, and for precisely the same reasons, as the +solution of all our other problems does. There is nothing in our +history which justifies the fear that our citizens of Jewish birth +will be less ready than their Christian neighbors to give their +whole-hearted service to that end. There never has been a call for +service to this nation which found the Jewish citizens less patriotic, +less willing to serve the nation, and even to sacrifice for it, than +other sections of our citizenry. From Valley Forge to Chateau-Thierry +that record is written. I remember well that memorable day in July, +1918, when I heard from the lips of M. Clemenceau the news, just +received by him, that our American soldiers were victorious at +Chateau-Thierry. Later, on the way to Chateau-Thierry, I passed the +long lines of ambulances bearing away the wounded men, many of whom +were beyond all hope of recovery. Then, still later, in the great, +wonderful hospital at Neuilly, I talked with many of those who fell +wounded in that terrible fight. There were Jews as well as Gentiles +among those men, but there was no difference in the quality of their +Americanism, in their patriotism, their fortitude, or their courage. + +President Roosevelt, who was too decent as a man and too loyal as an +American citizen to have any tolerance for anti-Semitism, more than +once called attention to the fact that citizens of Jewish ancestry and +faith have, in every crisis in the history of the nation which has +shown justice to them, repaid the nation with loyal service. In an +address to the B'nai B'raith, June 15, 1905, delivered at the White +House, President Roosevelt said: + + "One of the most touching poems of our own great poet, + Longfellow, is that on the Jewish cemetery in Newport, and + anyone who goes through any of the old cemeteries of the cities + which preserve the records of Colonial times will see the name + of many an American of the Jewish race who, in war or in peace, + did his full share in the founding of this nation. From that day + to this, from the day when the Jews of Charleston, of + Philadelphia, of New York, supported the patriot cause and + helped in every way, not only by money, but by arms, Washington + and his colleagues, who were founding this Republic--from that + day to the present we have had no struggle, military or civil, + in which there have not been citizens of Jewish faith who played + an eminent part for the honor and credit of the nation." + +There is no movement for the advancement of humanitarian ideals in +this country to which American citizens of Jewish ancestry and faith +have not contributed their full share. It is impossible for any +fair-minded man who knows the facts to read without indignation the +article published in the _Dearborn Independent_, June 5, 1920. In +addition to charging that "Jewish business methods" are responsible +for the high prices which have obtained for so long, the article +accuses Jewish employers of being responsible for conditions of +employment not known to the Gentile world. Lest I be accused of +misrepresenting the writer of this libel, I will quote his exact +words: + + When the susceptible people of the nation commiserated the poor + Jews of the New York sweatshops they, for the most part, did not + know that the inventors and operators of the "sweatshop" method + were themselves Jews. Indeed, while it is the boast of our + country that no race or color or creed is persecuted here, but + liberty is insured to all, still it is a fact that the only + heartless treatment ever accorded the Jew in the United States + came from his own people, his overseers and masters.... + + ... The record of the great Jews in charity is very noble; + _their record in industrial reforms is nil_. With commendable + sympathy toward their own people they will donate a part of + their profits to rectify some of the human need resulting from + the method by which they made their profits, but as for + reforming the method by which they get their profits in order + that the resulting need might be diminished or prevented, + apparently it has never occurred to them. _At least, while there + are many charitable names among the wealthier Jews, there are no + names that stand for an actual, practical humanising of + industry, its methods and its returns._ + +I respectfully suggest that these statements are intended to convey to +the mind of the reader two impressions, neither of which corresponds +to reality. The first impression is that Jewish employers have been +and are more brutal and merciless than Gentile employers. Now, it is a +fact that the "sweatshop," using that term in its strictest, technical +sense, developed, in this country, after 1885--that is to say, +following the great influx of Polish and Russian Jews and the equally +great increase in the manufacture of ready-made clothing. But, while +this is technically true of sweating, we had in this country long +before the Jews came children's and women's labor under terrible +conditions. In 1884 young girls and women worked in the factories of +New Hampshire from five in the morning until seven at night, with only +forty-five minutes' intermission, and their wages ranged from a dollar +and a quarter to two dollars per week. Until quite recently, in our +Southern cotton mills, owned and operated by Gentiles, we maintained +conditions as bad as ever existed in the sweatshops of our large +cities. It does not require any great amount of research to prove that +Gentile employers have in the past been just as indifferent to the +well-being of their employees, just as reactionary, and just as +opposed to reform, as Jewish employers. I would remind the reader, in +this connection, that we have never had in this country, not even in +the sweatshops owned and controlled by Jews, anything approaching the +terrible conditions which obtained in English factories in the early +days of the factory system, when, in factories owned by Christians, +little children, mere babies in fact, were made to work under +conditions of revolting cruelty, whipped by brutal overseers, and not +infrequently driven literally to death from exhaustion. Thus did +Christian employers treat Christian children. + +But, while it is true that in our great cities sweatshops principally +developed under Jewish auspices, it is equally true that in the fight +to abolish sweating Jews have taken an active and honorable part. This +I know of a certainty, and the insinuations to the contrary contained +in the article under discussion are as cruelly unfair and unjust as +they are untrue. So, too, in the fight against child labor in the +cities and factories of the North. It was my privilege to take part in +that fight, and I know that in the very forefront of the long struggle +for remedial legislation, helping with money and with personal +service, side by side with Christians, were many men and women of +Jewish ancestry and faith. I know, too, that fighting on the other +side were both Christians and Jews. It is preposterous that any +attempt should be made to so misrepresent the struggle for "the +practical humanizing of industry" as to make it appear that the Jewish +people in particular were either hostile or indifferent to it. + +The second impression which the article is intended to convey is that +in those industries which are controlled by Jews no such attempts have +been made to better the lot of the workers employed in them as have +been made in those industries which are controlled by non-Jews. This +charge, likewise, is wholly baseless, as anybody who desires to know +the truth can readily ascertain. It was my good fortune and privilege, +as one of the representatives of the public appointed by President +Wilson, to serve as a member of the First Industrial Conference +convoked by the President in October, 1919. Among the members of that +Conference chosen to represent the public were both Christians and +Jews, and I venture to say that there was not one of the former who +for a single moment doubted the sincerity, the patriotism, or the +humanitarianism of the Jewish members. Moreover, in the course of our +work there was brought to our attention an astonishing amount of +information concerning efforts being made by progressive and +high-minded employers in all parts of the country to introduce into +their industries reforms looking to the betterment of the lot of their +employees, including profit-sharing and participation in shop +management and control by the workers. It is neither more nor less +than the literal truth that these reports were quite as favorable to +the Jewish employers as to their Christian competitors. As a matter of +fact, in the ready-made-clothing industry, which is very largely in +the hands of Jews, many of the most interesting experiments in +industrial democracy and many of the sincerest efforts to humanize +industry are being made. These things are known to every student of +the problem--and they suffice to brand the statements made against the +Jews in the article under discussion as both untrue and studiously +unjust. + +Not only is it true that in the ever-increasing effort to bring about +"the practical humanizing of industry" no distinction can honestly and +justly be drawn between Gentile and Jewish employers, just as no such +distinction can honestly and justly be drawn with respect to the +selfishness and ignorance which result in conditions that are inhuman +and oppressive; it is equally true, as a study of the records of +Congress and the legislative bodies of the individual states will show +beyond question, that no such distinction between Jew and Gentile can +be honestly and justly drawn with respect to the mass of social +legislation enacted in recent years. Socially minded men and women +have supported such legislation, regardless of differences of race and +creed, while men and women who lacked social consciousness, who were +selfish and indifferent to the claims of their fellow human beings, +have opposed such legislation, making common cause regardless of +differences of race and creed. + +All this is exactly as it should be, of course, and precisely what +might be expected to result from our ideals, our institutions, and our +laws. It would be tragic and disastrous, indeed, if our experience +were otherwise. The charges made against our Jewish citizens by the +_Dearborn Independent_ amount in reality to a terrible verdict of +failure against America and the democratic ideal which America +represents. The only hope we can have of solving the great problems +which confront this nation rests, and can only rest, upon the +assurance that an enlightened citizenry, united by love of country and +of mankind, and undivided by race or creed, will strive with +ever-increasing strength, vision, and courage toward the goal of +equality of opportunity for all. Thus only shall this nation which we +love fulfill the high hopes of its greatest spiritual leaders and +statesmen. To destroy the faith of our sons and daughters in American +democratic ideals--which is precisely what anti-Semitism is aiming to +do--is a monstrous thing. + + + + +X + +A FINAL WORD + + +I have finished with the _Dearborn Independent_ and the flimsy fabric +of its ridiculous charges. My self-imposed task is finished, and I am +content to leave the grotesque legend of the protocols, together with +the monstrous and cruel charge based upon them, to the judgment of my +fellow citizens of Gentile birth. Into the motives of Mr. Henry Ford I +do not care to enter. I suspect that they are pathological in their +origin. Be that how it may, my pity for the man is as profound as my +contempt for the propaganda with which he has chosen to associate +himself. To be capable of deliberately inciting and fostering race +hatred at any time is to cease to be capable of enjoying the +fellowship of decent and just men and women; to incite such hatred +now, in the midst of such unprecedented suffering and the universal +need of fellowship and healing, is a pitiful self-degradation. + +This organized propaganda of anti-Semitism has had one wholesome +result which its organizers neither foresaw nor intended. It has +called forth a notable protest by men and women of Gentile birth and +Christian faith which may well stand as the answer of American +civilization and democracy to this ancient and hateful evil. All honor +to President Wilson for departing from official traditions and placing +his name to that protest. Throughout the civilized world that +declaration has gone--America's answer to anti-Semitism. + +I suppose that so long as the imperfections of human nature endure, so +long as there are men and women who are weak, selfish, cruel, +vengeful, or ignorant, there will be racial and religious hatreds to +be guarded against and opposed. I suppose, too, that until wars have +ceased to be possible, in war's aftermath such hatreds will flourish. +Against every form of racial and religious hatred, against sectarian +bigotry and intolerance, every loyal American citizen should be +prepared to take an uncompromising stand. That obligation, I take it, +is implicit in our citizenship. It is for the integrity of that +citizenship that I am concerned to plead. Anti-Semitism commands our +special attention to-day because it is being spread by an elaborately +organized propaganda. But the duty of the Christian to defend the Jew +against persecution is neither greater nor less than the duty of the +Protestant to defend the right of the Catholic or of all white +citizens--Christians and Jews, Catholics and Protestants--to stand +solidly against injustice to the negro and in defense of his rights +when these are assailed. My plea, is not for pro-Semitism in +opposition to anti-Semitism, but for loyalty to American ideals in +opposition to any and all attempts to divide our citizenship on racial +or religious lines. + +Because of a reasoned faith in those principles and ideals of +democracy which brought this nation into being, and toward the +realization of which we have steadily progressed through sunshine and +storm, through peace and war, I am opposed to anti-Semitism and every +manifestation of it. Anti-Semitism and the American ideal can never be +reconciled. Far sooner shall men reconcile fire and water, or mix oil +and water inseparably, than blend the cruel and hateful passions of +anti-Semitism with the generous spirit of America. For America's +safety and honor, therefore, I plead for unity against this sinister +foe lurking within the gates, as against all other foes, no matter +under what flag they may be marshaled. + + + + +POSTSCRIPT + + +After the foregoing was written I received from the head of a great +American corporation a letter calling my attention to an anti-Semitic +pamphlet published in New York City, entitled "Who Rules Russia?" and +asking me for information concerning certain statements made therein. +The pamphlet is printed in two languages, English and Russian, and +bears the imprint of an organization called "Association Unity of +Russia." Letters to the address given in the pamphlet, ordering copies +of it, brought no response of any kind and it was necessary for me to +resort to other methods of obtaining a copy. Incidentally, I caused +certain inquiries to be made concerning the Association Unity of +Russia. Now that I have made a careful examination of the pamphlet, I +do not wonder that my request that copies be sent me was ignored. +Certainly the publishers did not intend that it should be circulated +among persons familiar with the subject and competent to expose its +misrepresentations. + +So far as I can learn, the Association Unity of Russia is the name of +a group of Russian _emigres_ residing in New York. They are +monarchists and reactionaries, their hope being the restoration of +tsarism. Like most of their kind, they are bitter Jew-baiters. Their +pamphlet is entirely typical of Russian anti-Semitism, particularly in +its reckless disregard of truth. I find here reproduced the charge +that "the Soviet bureaucracy is almost entirely controlled by Jews and +Jewesses." Not only so, but it is charged that the non-Bolshevist +Socialist parties are mainly composed of Jews. The pamphlet ends with +the statement, "the Russian state is actually dominated by the Jewish +nation." There is no argument in the pamphlet, which consists of +alleged lists of officials classified according to nationality and +race. + +That some of these lists are deliberate inventions of the anonymous +compiler or compilers is quite certain, for the most complete files of +Bolshevist publications in this country do not contain either the +lists or the data from which it might be possible to compile them. +Other lists represent the most reckless lying. For example, on page 5 +I find what purports to be a list of the members of the Council of the +People's Commissars. The actual list, copied from Bolshevist official +sources, I have reproduced on an earlier page. This fraudulent list +contains twenty-two names, of which number seventeen are alleged to be +Jews, three Russians, and two Armenians. Looking over the list, I find +that it omits well-known and important commissars such as the +following: Raskolnikov (Navy), Petrovsky (Interior), Krestinsky +(Finance), Krassin (Industry and Commerce and Transportation), Sereda +(Agriculture), Kolontai (Public Welfare), Rykov (Supreme Economic +Council), Bruchanov (Supply), Smidt (Labor), Semashko (Public Health), +and Bonch-Brouyevich (Secretary). All these are Russians; there is not +a Jew among them. The list contains, on the other hand, the names of a +number of Bolsheviki who are not, and who never have been, members of +the Council of the People's Commissars. Some of them may hold +positions of minor importance in the Soviet regime or in the Communist +party. The inclusion of their names in this list as members of the +central government is an impudent imposture. + +The fact that the pamphlet is printed in Russian and English is +calculated to impress and deceive the reader. No one who knows the +situation will believe that the use of Russian had any other purpose +or that it was intended for propaganda among Russians. Such a +document, partly printed in Russian and purporting to be issued by +Russians, is relied upon to convince Americans that the compiler or +compilers--who prefer to remain anonymous--know what they are talking +about. Not many will take the pains to scrutinize the various lists +closely. Consequently, even where one page contradicts another, the +fact goes undetected. A few examples will show how stupid these +Jew-baiters are. On page 9 Latsis, of the Extraordinary Commission, is +accurately described as a Lett, but on page 23 he becomes a Jew. +Fritchie is a Lett on page 10 and a Jew on page 22--and neither +description is correct. + +On page 25 Kerensky is described as a Jew, and it is said that his +real name is Kirbis. This legend has been published before and +thoroughly exposed. The fact is that Kerensky is not a Jew and never +was known by the name of Kirbis or any other name than Kerensky. He +never participated in the "underground" work of the revolutionary +movement and therefore had no need of an alias. Alexander Fedorovich +Kerensky comes from an old Russian family thoroughly orthodox and +respectable. His history has been completely explored. No. The +anonymous Jew-baiters have simply reproduced a silly legend that +appeared in the reactionary anti-Semitic sheet, _Novoye Vremia_, of +Petrograd, shortly before the revolution of March, 1917, and was +immediately exposed and ridiculed. + +In an examination of the various lists of names given I find at least +twenty-five instances of non-Jews, principally Russians, being +described as Jews. I find, also, many Jewish names purporting to be +the names of Bolshevist officials of some importance, though it is +safe to say that they were never heard of by any student of +contemporary Russian affairs. I do not say that no such persons exist, +but I do assert that if they exist they do not hold the positions +attributed to them, and that even their names are not to be found in +the Bolshevist journals from which this pamphlet is said to have been +compiled. Perhaps some of the members of the pathetic little group of +Russian monarchist _emigres_ who meet weekly in the basement of a +certain church to pray for the restoration of tsarism will condescend +to tell us how the names were chosen. + +How stupid these pious humbugs are in their forgeries! Here is a list +of names alleged to be a complete list of members of the Central +Committee of the Social Democratic Party Mensheviki. Of course all are +Jews. I look over the list and see at once that three of those named +are not even members of that party, let alone of its supreme +authority. Ratner, Rappoport, and Gotz do not belong to that party, +but are prominent as leaders in the Socialists-Revolutionists party. +Perhaps there are other mistakes in this list--but what is the use of +wasting time in checking it further? Here is another list, even more +defective, which is offered as a list of the members of the Central +Committee of the party of Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right. It +contains fifteen names, of which fourteen are Jews and only one, that +of Tchaykovsky, is a Russian. But Tchaykovsky is not a member of this +party at all and, therefore, not of its Central Committee. He belongs +to the party of People's Socialists. In the list I find the names of +Lvovitch and Berlinrout, who likewise do not belong to this party and +are not members of the committee in question. They are well-known +leaders of the Zionists-Socialists. Abramovitch and Khintchouk are +included in this utterly worthless list, though they do not belong to +the party of Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right, but to the Social +Democratic party. + +I do not suppose that many of my readers will care very much about the +party affiliations of these men or about the factional divisions of +Russian Socialism. The fact that this latest addition to the pamphlet +literature of anti-Semitism emanates from Russian sources and is +printed partly in Russian gives it an appearance of authority that is +wholly unjustified by its content. It has seemed to me worth while, +therefore, to call attention to its clumsy misrepresentations, its +self-contradictions, its stupid blunders, and its stupendous +effrontery. This precious example of Russian monarchistic anti-Semitic +literature is just about fit to be placed alongside the _Dearborn +Independent_. + +THE END + + + + +JOHN SPARGO'S BOOKS + +"_THE GREATEST FAILURE IN ALL HISTORY_" + + From the Soviet's own documents and from the speeches of its + leaders, Mr. Spargo shows how Sovietism in its original form has + failed to cope with unavoidable human inequalities, and under + economic pressure has developed into a high-handed autocracy + which is worse than Tsardom and which completely subverts the + chief aims of Bolshevism. + + Crown, 8vo, Cloth. 486 pages + +_RUSSIA AS AN AMERICAN PROBLEM_ + + "Even those who may not accept Mr. Spargo's conclusions, or + respect his fears, will welcome his book because of the vast + amount of information and figures he has brought together + relating to the timely subject of trade with Russia."--N.Y. + _Globe_. + + Crown 8vo. 444 pages + +_BOLSHEVISM_ + + A record of the facts, leaders, and policies of Bolshevism, + being both an interpretation of its theories and principles and + a history of rise to power. The book contains also the best + brief history of the whole tragic Russian revolutionary + movement. + + Post 8vo, Cloth. 389 pages + +_THE PSYCHOLOGY OF BOLSHEVISM_ + + "Mr. Spargo has not used pen or typewriter in this book, but an + X-ray."--N.Y. _Globe_. + + Post 8vo, Cloth. 152 pages + +_SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EXPLAINED_ + + States in simple, popular, and untechnical language the + essentials of the Socialism of the Marxian school--not only of + the philosophical and economic theories of Socialism, but of the + principles underlying the policies of the Socialist movement. + + Post 8vo. Cloth. 338 pages + +_AMERICANISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY_ + + Written early in 1918, shows that the essentials of a sane, + constructive Socialist program have been developed in America; + that however alien to our national life and thought certain + Socialist theoretical formulations may be, the fundamental + essentials are thoroughly American. + + Post 8 vo. Cloth. 326 pages + + If not at your booksellers, write to + HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK CITY + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Jew and American Ideals, by John Spargo + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEW AND AMERICAN IDEALS *** + +***** This file should be named 21835.txt or 21835.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/1/8/3/21835/ + +Produced by Jeannie Howse, Bryan Ness and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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