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diff --git a/22083-h/22083-h.htm b/22083-h/22083-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4a695e --- /dev/null +++ b/22083-h/22083-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7238 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Myths and Legends of the Great Plains, by Katharine Berry Judson. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + a {text-decoration: none;} + + img {border: none;} + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .bbox {border: solid 2px; padding: 1em;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .lowercase {text-transform: lowercase;} + + .dropcap {float: left; padding-right: 3px; font-size: 350%; line-height: 83%;} /* plain dropcaps */ + + .caption {font-weight: bold; font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: .2em; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i11 {display: block; margin-left: 11em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + .tdl {text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom;} /* left align cell */ + .tdr {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;} /* right align cell */ + .tdli {text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom; font-style: italic;} /* left align cell italics */ + + .subtitle {text-align: right; margin-right: 3em; font-style: italic} + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Myths and Legends of the Great Plains, by Unknown + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Myths and Legends of the Great Plains + +Author: Unknown + +Editor: Katharine Berry Judson + +Release Date: July 16, 2007 [EBook #22083] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS *** + + + + +Produced by David Edwards, Sam W. and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was +produced from scanned images of public domain material +from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 274px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp01.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp01th.jpg" width="274" height="400" +alt="Book cover, with Native American art and photograph of an earth lodge" /></a> +</div> + + + + +<h1 style="padding-bottom: 3em;">MYTHS AND LEGENDS<br /> +OF THE GREAT PLAINS</h1> + + + +<p class="center"><b>SELECTED AND EDITED BY</b></p> + +<h2 style="padding-bottom: 3em;">KATHARINE BERRY JUDSON</h2> + +<p class="center" style="padding-bottom: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Author of +“Myths and Legends of California and the Old Southwest,” +“Myths and Legends of the Pacific Northwest,” “Montana,” “Myths and +Legends of Alaska,” and “When the Forests are Ablaze.”</span></p> + +<p class="center">ILLUSTRATED</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px;"> +<img src="images/mlgp02.png" width="225" height="224" +alt="Publisher's device" /> +</div> + + +<p class="center" style="padding-bottom: 3em;">CHICAGO<br /> +A. C. McCLURG & CO.<br /> +1913</p> + + + + + +<p class="center" style="padding-bottom: 1.5em;"><i>Copyright</i><br /> +A. C. McCLURG & CO.<br /> +1913</p> + + +<p class="center" style="padding-bottom: 2em;">Published November, 1913</p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-bottom: 3em;">W. F. Hall Printing Company<br /> +Chicago</p> + + + + +<div class="bbox"> +<p class="center"><i>BY THE SAME AUTHOR</i></p> + +<p>MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF CALIFORNIA +AND THE OLD SOUTHWEST. <i>Over fifty +full-page illustrations. Small quarto. $1.50 net.</i></p> + +<p>MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ALASKA. <i>Beautifully +illustrated. Small quarto. $1.50 net.</i></p> + +<p>MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE PACIFIC +NORTHWEST. Especially of Washington and +Oregon. <i>With fifty full-page illustrations. +Small quarto. $1.50 net.</i></p> + +<p>MONTANA: “The Land of Shining Mountains.” +<i>Illustrated. Indexed. Square 8vo. 75 cents net.</i></p> + +<p>WHEN THE FORESTS ARE ABLAZE. <i>Illustrated. +Crown 8vo. $1.35 net.</i></p> + +<p class="center">A. C. McClurg & Co., Publishers</p> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3><a name="BIANKIS_VISION" id="BIANKIS_VISION"></a>BIANKI’S VISION</h3> + +<p class="center">(Kiowa Drawing)</p> + +<p><i>The ghost-dance among the Sioux was based on the belief that the dead +Indians would all come to life and drive out the white intruders. Then +the buffaloes, which were disappearing, would come back in the immense +herds of the olden time.</i></p> + +<p><i>The vision of one of the dreamer priests is represented. After +reaching the spirit world, Bianki found himself on a vast prairie +covered with innumerable buffaloes and ponies. He went through the +herds (dotted lines) until he came to a large Kiowa camp, with its +ornament tepees. He met four young women who had died years before, +and asked about two of his brothers, also dead. He soon met them +coming into camp, with buffalo meat hanging from their saddles.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp03.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp03th.jpg" width="400" height="271" alt="" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">F</span>rom the edge of the Darkening Land, where +stand the mountains which encircle the earth-plain, +eastward toward the Sunland, lie the great +plains of America. Smooth and flat and green they +stretch away, hundreds of miles, rising from a dead +level into a soft rolling of the land, then into the long +green waves of the prairies where rivers flow, where the +water ripples as it flows, and trees shade the banks of +the gleaming water.</p> + +<p>Here, amidst the vast sweep of the plains which +stretch away to the horizon on every side, boundless, +limitless, endless, lived the plains Indians. Standing +in the midst of this vast green plain on a soft May +morning, after the Thunder Gods have passed, when +the sun is shining in the soft blue above, and the +sweet, rain-swept air is blown about by the Four +Winds which are always near to man, day and night,—standing +far out on the plains with no hint of the +white man or his work—one sees the earth somewhat +as the Indian saw it and wonders not at his reverence +for the Mysterious One who dwelt overhead, beyond +the blue stone arch, and for the lesser powers which +came to him over the four paths guarded by the Four +Winds. It was Wakoda, the Mysterious One, who +gave to man the sunshine, the clear rippling water, +the clear sky from which all storms, all clouds are +absent, the sky which is the symbol of peace. Through +this sky sweeps the eagle, the “Mother” of Indian +songs, bearing upon her strong wings the message of +peace and calling to her nestlings as she flies. Little +wonder that to some tribes song was an integral part of +their lives, and that emotions too deep for words were +expressed in song.</p> + +<p>Other songs there were, with words, songs of the +birds which fly through that soft, tender blue:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">All around the birds in flocks are flying;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Dipping, rising, circling, see them coming.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">See, many birds are flocking here,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">All about us now together coming.</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;">[<i>Pawnee</i>]</p> + +<p>The power to fly has always inspired Indians of all +tribes and of all degrees of civilization with wonder and +reverence. The bird chiefs have their own places in +Indian myths. Owl is chief of the night; Woodpecker, +with his ceaseless tattoo on the trees, is chief of the trees; +Duck is chief of the water; but Eagle is chief of the +day. It is always Eagle who is chief of the birds, even +though Wren may outwit him in a tale told by the +fire glimmering in the tepee, when the story tellers of +the tribe tell of the happenings in the days “way +beyond.” It is Eagle who inspires admiration, and +becomes the most sacred bird.</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Round about a tree in ever widening circles an eagle flies, alert, watching o’er his nest;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Loudly whistles he, a challenge sending far, o’er the country wide it echoes, there defying foes.</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;">[<i>Pawnee</i>]</p> + +<p>In the breeze that rippled the long grass of the prairie +and fluttered the flaps of the graceful tepee, waved +also the corn, sent by Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies, +the ever returning life of the green thing growing. In +the ravines and on the lower slopes of the grassy waves +of the prairie bellowed the buffalo, or grazed in silence, +having long since come up from the underground +world and become the source of the Indian’s food, +clothing, home, utensils, and comfort. Endless were +the charms and enchantments to bring the buffalo herds +near his camping ground. Severe was the punishment +meted out to the thoughtless warrior whose unguarded +eagerness frightened the herds and sent them away.</p> + +<p>Over the plains and prairies, at other times, swept +the Thunder Gods, with their huge jointed wings, +darkening all the land, and flashing fire from angry +eyes which struck down man and beast. Terrified were +the Indians when the Thunder Gods rolled. Vows +made to them must be kept, for relentless were they.</p> + +<p>“Oh, grandfather,” prayed the Indian when the +sky was black and the lightning flashed, as he filled +a pipe with tobacco and offered it skyward, “Oh, +grandfather! I am very poor. Somewhere make +those who would injure me leave a clear space for me.” +Then he put the sacred green cedar upon the fire—the +cedar which stayed awake those seven nights and therefore +does not lose its hair every winter—and the smoke +from the sacred, burning wood, rolling upward, appeased +the rolling Thunders.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The authorities used in this compilation are those +found in the annual reports of the Bureau of American +Ethnology and the Publications of the United States +Geographical and Geological Survey: contributions to +North American Ethnology. Of the various ethnologists +whose work has been used, those of especial importance +are Alice C. Fletcher, whose wonderful work +among the Omaha and Pawnee Indians is deserving of +the most careful study, J. Owen Dorsey, James Mooney, +and S. R. Riggs.</p> + +<p>No claim whatever is made for original work. Indeed, +original work of any kind in a compilation such +as this would impair the authenticity of the myths, and +therefore destroy the value of this work. Nor has any +effort been made towards “style.” The only style +worth having in telling an Indian legend is that of the +Indian himself.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right;">K. B. J.</p> + +<p><i>Seattle, Washington.</i></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Table of Contents"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdli"> </td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="smcap lowercase">PAGE</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Creation</td> + <td class="tdli">Osage</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">How the World was Made</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Flood and the Rainbow</td> + <td class="tdli">Lenni-Lenapi (Delaware)</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The First Fire</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Ancestors of People</td> + <td class="tdli">Osage</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Origin of Strawberries</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Sacred Legend</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Legend of the Peace Pipes</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">A Tradition of the Calumet</td> + <td class="tdli">Lenni-Lenapi (Delaware)</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Sacred Pole</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Ikto and the Thunders</td> + <td class="tdli">Teton</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Thunder Bird</td> + <td class="tdli">Comanche</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Thunder Bird</td> + <td class="tdli">Assiniboin</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Song to the Thunder Gods</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Songs of the Buffalo Hunt</td> + <td class="tdli">Sioux</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Origin of the Buffalo</td> + <td class="tdli">Teton</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Buffalo Being</td> + <td class="tdli">Teton</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Youth and the Underground People</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Buffalo and the Grizzly Bear</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">My First Buffalo Hunt</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Bird Omens</td> + <td class="tdli">Sioux</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Bird Chief</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Song of the Birds</td> + <td class="tdli">Pawnee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Song of Kawas, the Eagle</td> + <td class="tdli">Pawnee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Eagle’s Revenge</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Race between Humming Bird and Crane</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Rabbit and the Turkeys</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Unktomi and the Bad Songs</td> + <td class="tdli">Dakota</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">How the Pheasant Beat Corn</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Why Turkey Gobbles</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Omaha Beliefs</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Pawnee Beliefs</td> + <td class="tdli">Pawnee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">A Song of Hospitality</td> + <td class="tdli">Sioux</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">A Song of the March</td> + <td class="tdli">Sioux</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Song of the Prairie Breeze</td> + <td class="tdli">Kiowa</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies</td> + <td class="tdli">Mandan</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Legend of the Corn</td> + <td class="tdli">Arikara</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Tradition of the Finding of Horses</td> + <td class="tdli">Ponca</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Dakota Beliefs and Customs</td> + <td class="tdli">Dakota</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Why the Tetons Bury on Scaffolds</td> + <td class="tdli">Teton</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Ghost’s Resentment</td> + <td class="tdli">Dakota</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Forked Roads</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Tattooed Ghosts</td> + <td class="tdli">Dakota</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">A Ghost Story</td> + <td class="tdli">Ponca</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Ghost and the Traveler</td> + <td class="tdli">Teton</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Man who Shot a Ghost</td> + <td class="tdli">Teton</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Indian Who Wrestled with a Ghost</td> + <td class="tdli">Teton</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Wakanda, or Water God</td> + <td class="tdli">Yankton</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Spirit Land</td> + <td class="tdli">Arapahoe</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Waziya, the Weather Spirit</td> + <td class="tdli">Teton</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Kansas Blizzards</td> + <td class="tdli">Kansa</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Ikto and the Snowstorm</td> + <td class="tdli">Teton</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Southern Bride</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Fallen Star</td> + <td class="tdli">Dakota</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Quarrel of Sun and Moon</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Why the Possum Plays Dead</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Bog Myth</td> + <td class="tdli">Dakota</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Coyote and Snake</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Why the Wolves Help in War</td> + <td class="tdli">Dakota</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">How Rabbit Escaped from the Wolves</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">How Rabbit Lost His Fat</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">How Flint Visited Rabbit</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">How Rabbit Caught the Sun in a Trap</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">How Rabbit Killed the Giant</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">How Deer Got His Horns</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Why the Deer has Blunt Teeth</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Legend of the Head of Gold</td> + <td class="tdli">Dakota</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Milky Way</td> + <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Coyote and Gray Fox</td> + <td class="tdli">Ponca</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Ictinike and Turtle</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Ictinike and the Creators</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">How Big Turtle Went on the War Path</td> + <td class="tdli">Omaha</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="List of Illustrations"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="smcap lowercase">PAGE</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Bianki’s Vision</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#BIANKIS_VISION"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Woman’s Costume</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#WOMANS_COSTUME">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">An Elderly Omaha Beau</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#OMAHA_BEAU">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Tattooing, Showing Conventional Design of the Peace Pipe</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#TATTOOING">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Bull Boat</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#BULL_BOAT">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">German Knights and Indian Warriors</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#KNIGHTS_AND_WARRIORS">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Rivalry over the Buffalo</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#BUFFALO_RIVALRY">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Capture of a Wandering Buffalo</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#BUFFALO_CAPTURE">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Five Chiefs of the Ogalla Sioux</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIVE_CHIEFS">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Old Horse</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#OLD_HORSE">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Siouan Tents</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#SIOUAN_TENTS">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">An Arapahoe Bed</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ARAPAHOE_BED">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Indian Scaffold Cemetery on the Missouri River</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#SCAFFOLD_CEMETERY">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">An Omaha Village, Showing Earth Lodge and Conical Tepees</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#OMAHA_VILLAGE">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Black Coyote</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#BLACK_COYOTE">122</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Ornamentation on the Reverse of an Arapahoe “ghost-dance” Shirt</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ARAPAHOE_SHIRT">123</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">“Killed two Arikara chiefs”</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ARIKARA_CHIEFS">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Many Tongues, or Loud Talker</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#MANY_TONGUES">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Petroglyph in Nebraska</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#NEBRASKA_PETROGLYPH">144</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Plains Indians Dragging Brush for a Medicine Lodge</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#DRAGGING_BRUSH">156</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">An Earth Lodge</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#EARTH_LODGE">157</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Kansa Chief</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#KANSA_CHIEF">168</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Big Goose</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#BIG_GOOSE">169</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Omaha Assault on a Dakota Village</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#OMAHA_ASSAULT">186</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">“Killed ten men and three women”</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#KILLED_TEN">187</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> +<h2 style="padding-bottom: 3em;">MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE GREAT PLAINS</h2> + + + +<h2>THE CREATION</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Osage (Wazhá zhe group)</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>ay beyond, once upon a time, some of +the Osages lived in the sky. They did not know +where they came from, so they went to Sun. +They said, “From where did we come?”</p> + +<p>He said, “You are my children.”</p> + +<p>Then they wandered still further and came to Moon.</p> + +<p>Moon said, “I am your mother; Sun is your father. +You must go away from here. You must go down to +the earth and live there.”</p> + +<p>So they came to the earth but found it covered with +water. They could not return up above. They wept, +but no answer came to them. They floated about in the +air, seeking help from some god; but they found none.</p> + +<p>Now all the animals were with them. Elk was the +finest and most stately. They all trusted Elk. So they +called to Elk, “Help us.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +Then Elk dropped into the water and began to sink. +Then he called to the winds. The winds came from all +sides and they blew until the waters went upwards, as +in a mist. Now before that the winds had traveled in +only two directions; they went from north to south and +from south to north. But when Elk called to them, +they came from the east, from the north, from the west, +and from the south. They met at a central place; then +they carried the waters upwards.</p> + +<p>Now at first the people could see only the rocks. +So they traveled on the rocky places. But nothing +grew there and there was nothing to eat. Then the +waters continued to vanish. At last the people could +see the soft earth. When Elk saw the earth, he was so +joyous, he rolled over and over on the earth. Then all +the loose hairs clung to the soil. So the hairs grew, and +from them sprang beans, corn, potatoes, and wild turnips, +and at last all the grasses and trees.</p> + +<p>Now the people wandered over the land. They +found human footsteps. They followed them. They +joined with them, and traveled with them in search of +food.</p> + + +<p class="subtitle">(Hoga group)</p> + +<p>The Hoga came down from above, and found the +earth covered with water. They flew in every direction. +They sought for gods who would help them +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +and drive the water away. They found not one. Then +Elk came. He had a loud voice and he shouted to the +four corners of the sky. The four winds came in +answer. They blew upon the water and it vanished +upwards, in a mist. Then the people could see the +rocks. Now there was only a little space on the rocks. +They knew they must have more room. The people +were crowded. So they sent Muskrat down into the +water. He did not come back. He was drowned. +Then they sent Loon down. He did not come back. +He was drowned. Then they sent Beaver down into +the water. The water was too deep. Beaver was +drowned. Then Crawfish dived into the water. He +was gone a long time. When he came up there was a +little mud in his claws. Crawfish was so tired he died. +But the people took the mud out of his claws and made +the land.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> +<h2>HOW THE WORLD WAS MADE</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he earth is a great floating island in a sea of +water. At each of the four corners there is a +cord hanging down from the sky. The sky is +of solid rock. When the world grows old and worn +out, the cords will break, and then the earth will sink +down into the ocean. Everything will be water again. +All the people will be dead. The Indians are much +afraid of this.</p> + +<p>In the long time ago, when everything was all water, +all the animals lived up above in Galun’lati, beyond the +stone arch that made the sky. But it was very much +crowded. All the animals wanted more room. The +animals began to wonder what was below the water +and at last Beaver’s grandchild, little Water Beetle, +offered to go and find out. Water Beetle darted in +every direction over the surface of the water, but it +could find no place to rest. There was no land at all. +Then Water Beetle dived to the bottom of the water +and brought up some soft mud. This began to grow +and to spread out on every side until it became the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +island which we call the earth. Afterwards this earth +was fastened to the sky with four cords, but no one +remembers who did this.</p> + +<p>At first the earth was flat and soft and wet. The +animals were anxious to get down, and they sent out +different birds to see if it was yet dry, but there was +no place to alight; so the birds came back to Galun’lati. +Then at last it seemed to be time again, so they sent out +Buzzard; they told him to go and make ready for them. +This was the Great Buzzard, the father of all the +buzzards we see now. He flew all over the earth, low +down near the ground, and it was still soft. When he +reached the Cherokee country, he was very tired; his +wings began to flap and strike the ground. Wherever +they struck the earth there was a valley; whenever the +wings turned upwards again, there was a mountain. +When the animals above saw this, they were afraid +that the whole world would be mountains, so they +called him back, but the Cherokee country remains full +of mountains to this day. [This was the original home, +in North Carolina.]</p> + +<p>When the earth was dry and the animals came down, +it was still dark. Therefore they got the sun and set it +in a track to go every day across the island from east +to west, just overhead. It was too hot this way. Red +Crawfish had his shell scorched a bright red, so that +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +his meat was spoiled. Therefore the Cherokees do not +eat it.</p> + +<p>Then the medicine men raised the sun a handsbreadth +in the air, but it was still too hot. They raised +it another time; and then another time; at last they had +raised it seven handsbreadths so that it was just under +the sky arch. Then it was right and they left it so. +That is why the medicine men called the high place +“the seventh height.” Every day the sun goes along +under this arch on the under side; it returns at night +on the upper side of the arch to its starting place.</p> + +<p>There is another world under this earth. It is like +this one in every way. The animals, the plants, and +the people are the same, but the seasons are different. +The streams that come down from the mountains are +the trails by which we reach this underworld. The +springs at their head are the doorways by which we +enter it. But in order to enter the other world, one +must fast and then go to the water, and have one of the +underground people for a guide. We know that the +seasons in the underground world are different, because +the water in the spring is always warmer in winter +than the air in this world; and in summer the water is +cooler.</p> + +<p>We do not know who made the first plants and animals. +But when they were first made, they were told +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +to watch and keep awake for seven nights. This is the +way young men do now when they fast and pray to +their medicine. They tried to do this. The first night, +nearly all the animals stayed awake. The next night +several of them dropped asleep. The third night still +more went to sleep. At last, on the seventh night, only +the owl, the panther, and one or two more were still +awake. Therefore, to these were given the power to see +in the dark, to go about as if it were day, and to kill and +eat the birds and animals which must sleep during the +night.</p> + +<p>Even some of the trees went to sleep. Only the cedar, +the pine, the spruce, the holly, and the laurel were +awake all seven nights. Therefore they are always +green. They are also sacred trees. But to the other +trees it was said, “Because you did not stay awake, +therefore you shall lose your hair every winter.”</p> + +<p>After the plants and the animals, men began to come +to the earth. At first there was only one man and one +woman. He hit her with a fish. In seven days a little +child came down to the earth. So people came to the +earth. They came so rapidly that for a time it seemed +as though the earth could not hold them all.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE FLOOD AND THE RAINBOW</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Delaware (Lenni-Lenapi)</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he Lenni-Lenapi are the First People, so that +they know this story is true.</p> + +<p>After the Creation of the earth, the Mysterious +One covered it with a blue roof. Sometimes the roof +was very black. Then the Manitou of Waters became +uneasy. He feared the rain would no longer be able to +pour down upon the earth through this dark roof. +Therefore the Manitou of Waters prayed to the +Mysterious One that the waters from above be not +cut off.</p> + +<p>At once the Mysterious One commanded to blow the +Spirit of the Wind, who dwells in the Darkening Land. +At once thick clouds arose. They covered all the earth, +so that the dark roof could no longer be seen.</p> + +<p>Then the voice of the Mysterious One was heard +amongst the clouds. The voice was deep and heavy, +like the sound of falling rivers.</p> + +<p>Then the Spirit of Rain, the brother of the Spirit +of Waters and the Spirit of the Winds, poured down +water from above. The waters fell for a long time. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +They fell until all the earth was covered. Then the +birds took refuge in the branches of the highest trees. +The animals followed the trails to the mountain peaks.</p> + +<p>Then the Manitou of Waters feared no longer. +Therefore the Mysterious One ordered the rain to cease +and the clouds to disappear. Then Sin-go-wi-chi-na-xa, +the rainbow, was seen in the sky.</p> + +<p>Therefore the Lenni-Lenapi watch for the rainbow, +because it means that the Mysterious One is no longer +angry.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE FIRST FIRE</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the beginning there was no fire and the world +was cold. Then the Thunders, who lived up in +Galun’lati, sent their lightning and put fire into +the bottom of a hollow sycamore tree which grew on an +island. The animals knew it was there because they +could see the smoke coming out at the top, but they +could not get to it on account of the water, so they held +a council to decide what to do. This was a long, long +time ago.</p> + +<p>Every animal was anxious to go after the fire. +Raven offered. He was large and strong, so he was +sent first. He flew high and far across the water, and +lighted on the sycamore tree. There he perched, +wondering what to do next. Then he looked at himself. +The heat had scorched his feathers black. Raven +was so frightened he flew back across the water without +any fire.</p> + +<p>Then little Wa-hu-hu, the Screech Owl, offered to +go. He flew high and far across the water and perched +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +upon a hollow tree. As he sat there looking into the +hollow tree, wondering what to do, a blast of hot air +came up and hurt his eyes. Screech Owl was frightened. +He flew back as best he could, because he could +hardly see. That is why his eyes are red even to this +day.</p> + +<p>Then Hooting Owl and the Horned Owl went, but +by the time they reached the hollow tree, the fire was +blazing so fiercely that the smoke nearly blinded them. +The ashes carried up by the breeze made white rings +around their eyes. So they had to come home without +fire. Therefore they have white rings around their +eyes.</p> + +<p>None of the rest of the birds would go to the fire. +Then Uk-su-hi, the racer snake, said he would go +through the water and bring back fire. He swam to +the island and crawled through the grass to the tree. +Then he went into the tree by a small hole at the bottom. +But the heat and smoke were dreadful. The +ground at the bottom of the tree was covered with hot +ashes. The racer darted back and forth trying to get +off the ashes, and at last managed to escape through the +same hole by which he had entered. But his body had +been burned black. Therefore he is now the black +racer. And that is why the black racer darts around +and doubles on his track as if trying to escape.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +Then great Blacksnake, “The Climber,” offered to +go for fire. He was much larger than the black racer. +Blacksnake swam over to the island and climbed up the +tree on the outside, as the blacksnake always does, but +when he put his head down into the hole the smoke +choked him so that he fell into the burning stump. +Before he could climb out, he, too, was burned black.</p> + +<p>So the birds, and the animals, and the snakes held +another council. The world was still very cold. There +was no fire. But all the birds, and the snakes, and all +the four-footed animals refused to go for fire. They +were all afraid of the burning sycamore.</p> + +<p>Then Water Spider said she would go. This is not +the water spider that looks like a mosquito, but the +other one—the one with black downy hair and red +stripes on her body. She could run on top of the water, +or dive to the bottom.</p> + +<p>The animals said, “How can you bring back fire?”</p> + +<p>But Water Spider spun a thread from her body and +wove it into a <i>tusti</i> bowl which she fastened on her back. +Then she swam over to the island and through the grass +to the fire. Water Spider put one little coal of fire into +her bowl, and then swam back with it.</p> + +<p>That is how fire came to the world. And that is +why Water Spider has a <i>tusti</i> bowl on her back.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE ANCESTORS OF PEOPLE</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Osage</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>here are people who come from under the +water. They lived in the water weeds that +hang down, all green, into the water. They +have leaves upon their stems. Now the water people +lived in shells. The shells were their houses and kept +the water out.</p> + +<p>There were other animals who lived under the earth. +Cougar lived under the earth, and bear, and buffalo. +These creatures came up out of the ground. Then the +shell people came up to the earth also; and the sky +people came down. So all these three peoples lived +together. They are the fathers of the people who live +on the earth today.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="WOMANS_COSTUME" id="WOMANS_COSTUME"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 211px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp04.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp04th.jpg" width="211" height="400" +alt="A woman in traditional dress." /></a> +<span class="caption">Woman’s Costume</span> +</div> + +<p class="center">(Omaha)</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="OMAHA_BEAU" id="OMAHA_BEAU"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 239px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp05.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp05th.jpg" width="239" height="400" +alt="An older man in traditional dress." /></a> +<span class="caption">An Elderly Omaha Beau</span> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> +<h2>ORIGIN OF STRAWBERRIES</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hen the world was new, there was one man +and one woman. They were happy; then +they quarreled. At last the woman left the +man and began to walk away toward the Sunland, +the Eastland. The man followed. He felt sorry, but +the woman walked straight on. She did not look back.</p> + +<p>Then Sun, the great Apportioner, was sorry for the +man. He said,</p> + +<p>“Are you still angry with your wife?”</p> + +<p>The man said, “No.”</p> + +<p>Sun said, “Would you like to have her come back +to you?”</p> + +<p>“Yes,” said the man.</p> + +<p>So Sun made a great patch of huckleberries which +he placed in front of the woman’s trail. She passed +them without paying any attention to them. Then Sun +made a clump of blackberry bushes and put those in +front of her trail. The woman walked on. Then Sun +created beautiful service-berry bushes which stood +beside the trail. Still the woman walked on.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +So Sun made other fruits and berries. But the +woman did not look at them.</p> + +<p>Then Sun created a patch of beautiful ripe strawberries. +They were the first strawberries. When the +woman saw those, she stopped to gather a few. As +she gathered them, she turned her face toward the west. +Then she remembered the man. She turned to the +Sunland but could not go on. She could not go any +further.</p> + +<p>Then the woman picked some of the strawberries and +started back on her trail, away from the Sunland. So +her husband met her, and they went back together.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> +<h2>SACRED LEGEND</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the beginning the people were in water. They +opened their eyes, but they could see nothing. As +the people came out of the water, they first saw the +daylight. They had no clothing. Then they took +weeds and grasses and from them wove clothing.</p> + +<p>The people lived near a large body of water; it was +in a wooded country where there was game. The men +hunted the deer with clubs; they did not know the use +of the bow. The people wandered about the shores of +the great water. They were poor and cold. The +people thought, “What shall we do to help ourselves?” +So they began chipping stones. They found a bluish +stone that was easily flaked and chipped; so they made +knives and arrowheads out of it. But they were still +poor and cold. They thought, “What shall we do?”</p> + +<p>Then a man found an elm root that was very dry. +He dug a hole in it and put a stick in and rubbed it. +Then smoke came. He smelled it. Then the people +smelled it and came near. Others helped him to rub. +At last a spark came. They blew this into a flame. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +Thus fire came to warm the people and to cook their +food.</p> + +<p>After this the people built grass houses; they cut the +grass with the shoulder blade of a deer. Now the people +had fire and ate their meat roasted. Then they +grew tired of roast meat. They thought, “How shall +we cook our meat differently?”</p> + +<p>A man found a piece of clay that stuck well together. +Then he brought sand to mix with it. Then he molded +it as a pot. Then he gathered grass until he had a large +heap of it; he put the clay pot into the midst of the +grass and set it on fire. This made the clay hard. +After a time he put water into the pot; the water did +not leak out. This was good. So he put water into +it and then meat into it, and put the pot over the fire. +Thus the people had boiled meat to eat.</p> + +<p>Now their grass coverings would grow fuzzy and +drop off. It was hard to gather and keep these coverings. +The people were not satisfied. Again they +thought, “What can we do to have something different +to wear?”</p> + +<p>Before this, they had been throwing away the hides +from the game which they killed. But now they took +their stone knives to scrape down the hides and make +them thin. They rubbed the hides with grass and with +their hands to make them soft. Then they used the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +hides for clothing. Now they had clothing and were +warm.</p> + +<p>Now the women had to break the dry wood to keep +up the fires. They had no tools. So the men made a +stone ax with a groove. Then they put a handle on the +grooved stone and fastened it with rawhide. This was +used. Then they wanted something better to break +the wood. So they made wedges of stone.</p> + +<p>Now the grass shelter came to pieces easily. Then +the people thought, “What shall we do? How can +we get something that will not come to pieces?” Then +they tried putting skins on poles.</p> + +<p>First they tried deerskins. But they were too small. +They tried elk skins. But they became hard and stiff +in the rain and sun. Then they did not try skins longer. +They used bark to cover the poles of their tepees.</p> + +<p>But the bark houses were not warm. Then the people +took the leg bone of the deer and splintered it So they +made sharp pieces for awls. Then they took buffalo +skins and sinews, and with the awl they fastened the +skins together. So they made comfortable covers for +their tepees.</p> + +<p>Then a man wandered around a long time. One day +he found some small pieces of something which were +white, and red, and blue. He thought they must be +something of great value, so he hid them in a mound of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +earth. Now one day he went to see if they were safe. +Behold! When he came to the mound, green stalks +were growing out of it. And on the stalks were small +kernels of white, and red, and blue. Behold! It was +corn. Then the man took the corn, and gave it to the +people. They tried it for food. They found it good, +and have ever since called it their life.</p> + +<p>Now when the people found the corn good, they +thought to hide it in mounds as the first man had done. +So they took the shoulder blade of an elk and made +mounds. Then they hid the corn in it. So the corn +grew and the people had food.</p> + +<p>Now as the people wandered around, they came to +a forest where the birch trees grew. There was a great +lake there. Then they made canoes of birch bark. +They traveled in them on the water. Then a man +found two young animals. He carried them home. +He fed them so they grew bigger. Then he made a +harness which he placed upon them and fastened it to +poles. So these animals became burden bearers. Before +that, every burden had to be carried on the back. +Now the dogs helped the people.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE LEGEND OF THE PEACE PIPES</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he people came across a great water on logs +tied together. They pitched their tents on the +shore. Then they thought to make for themselves +certain bounds within which they were to live +and rules which should govern them. They cleared a +space of grass and weeds so they could see each other’s +faces. They sat down and there was no obstruction +between them.</p> + +<p>While they were holding a council, an owl hooted +in the trees near by. The leader said, “That bird is +to take part in our council. He calls to us. He offers +us his aid.”</p> + +<p>Immediately afterward they heard a woodpecker. +He knocked against the trees. The leader said, “That +bird calls to us. He offers us his aid. He will take +part in our council.”</p> + +<p>Then the chief appointed a man as servant. He said, +“Go into the woods and get an ash sapling.” The +servant came back with a sapling having a rough +bark.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +“We do not want that,” said the leader. “Go again +and get a sapling with a smooth bark, bluish in color +at the joint where a branch comes.” So the servant +went out, and came back with a sapling of the kind +described.</p> + +<p>When the leader took up the sapling, an eagle came +and soared about the council which was sitting in the +grass. He dropped a downy feather; it fell. It fell +in the center of the cleared space. Now this was the +white eagle. The chief said, “This is not what we +want,” so the white eagle passed on.</p> + +<p>Then the bald eagle came swooping down, as +though attacking its prey. It balanced itself on its +wings directly over the cleared space. It uttered fierce +cries, and dropped one of its downy feathers, which +stood on the ground as the other eagle’s feather had +done. The chief said, “This is not what we want.” So +the bald eagle passed on.</p> + +<p>Then came the spotted eagle, and soared over the +council, and dropped its feather as the others had done. +The chief said, “This is not what we want,” and the +spotted eagle passed on.</p> + +<p>Then the imperial eagle, the eagle with the fantail, +came, and soared over the people. It dropped a downy +feather which stood upright in the center of the cleared +space. The chief said, “This is what we want.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +So the feathers of this eagle were used in making +the peace pipes, together with the feathers of the owl +and woodpecker, and with other things. These peace +pipes were to be used in forming friendly relations +with other tribes.</p> + +<p>When the peace pipes were made, seven other pipes +were made for keeping peace within the tribe. One +pipe was to prevent revenge. If one man should kill +another, the chief took this pipe to the relatives and +offered it to them. If the relatives of the dead man +refused to accept it, it was offered again. It was offered +four times. If it was refused four times, the chief said, +“Well, you must take the consequences. We will do +nothing, and you cannot now ask to see the pipes.” He +meant if they took revenge and any trouble came to +them, they could not ask for help or for mercy.</p> + +<p>Each band had its own pipe.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> +<h2>A TRADITION OF THE CALUMET</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Lenni-Lenapi</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the days of the old men, far to the north there +lived a nation with many villages. Their warriors +were as many as the buffalo herds on the plains +toward the Darkening Land. Their tepees were many +on the shores of a beautiful lake and along wide rivers.</p> + +<p>Then the Mysterious One, whose voice is in the +clouds, told the chiefs of a great nation, also of many +villages, which hunted through all the country from +the Big Water in the sunrise to the mountains in the +Darkening Land.</p> + +<p>Then the chiefs and the old men held a council. +Runners came from many villages to the great council. +And the council voice was to go to the great nation +to the south, the nation with many villages, and bring +back scalps and horses.</p> + +<p>So the chiefs and warriors went out, one by one. +Then runners were sent to all the villages, ordering +the chiefs to dance the scalp dance.</p> + +<p>Suddenly there came through the sky a great white +bird. It came from the forest, and flew into the village +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +of the great chief. It rested above the head of the +chief’s daughter.</p> + +<p>Then the chief’s daughter heard a voice in her heart. +The voice said, “Call all the chiefs and warriors together. +Tell them the Mysterious One is sad because +they seek the scalps of the Lenni-Lenapi, the First +People. Tell the warriors they must wash their hands +in the blood of a young fawn. They must go with +many presents to the First People. They must carry +to the First People Hobowakan, the calumet.”</p> + +<p>Thus the First People and the mighty people with +many villages on the shore of the lake smoked together +the pipe of council. So there was peace.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="TATTOOING" id="TATTOOING"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp06.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp06th.jpg" width="400" height="378" alt="" /></a> +<span class="caption">Tattooing, Showing Conventional Design of the Peace Pipe</span> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="BULL_BOAT" id="BULL_BOAT"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp07.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp07th.jpg" width="400" height="300" +alt="A small circular boat, pulled on shore, with one oar resting inside." /></a> +<span class="caption">Bull Boat</span> +</div> + +<p class="center">Made of the hide of the buffalo bulls.<br /> +The only boat used by the plains Indians.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SACRED POLE</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> young man who had been wandering came +back to his village. When he reached his +home he said, “Father, I have seen a wonderful +tree.” Then he told his father about it. The +old man was silent because all was not yet settled +between the tribes. The Cheyenne, the Arikara, the +Omaha, Ponca, and Iowa were having a great council, +so as to adopt rules concerning the hunting of game, +and of peace, and war.</p> + +<p>After a while, the young man went to visit the tree. +When he reached home, he told his father again of it. +The old man was silent, for the chiefs were still holding +their council. At last, when the council was over and +the rules decided upon, the old man sent for the chiefs. +He said, “My son has seen a wonderful tree. The +Thunder Birds come and go upon this tree. They +make a trail of fire which leaves four paths on the +burnt grass that stretch towards the Four Winds. +When the Thunder Birds alight upon the tree, it +bursts into flame. The fire mounts to the top. The +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +tree stands burning, but no one can see the fire except +at night.”</p> + +<p>When the chiefs heard this tale, they sent runners +to see what this tree might be. The runners came back +and told the same story. In the night they had seen +the tree burning as it stood. Then all the people held +a council as to what this might mean. The chiefs said, +“We shall run for it. Put on your ornaments and prepare +as if for battle.”</p> + +<p>The warriors painted themselves as if for war. They +put on their ornaments. They set out for the tree, +which stood near a lake. They ran as if it were a race +to attack the enemy. All the men ran. A Ponca was +the first to reach the tree and he struck it as if it were +an enemy.</p> + +<p>Then they cut the tree down. Four men, walking in +a straight line, carried it on their shoulders to the +village. The chiefs for four nights sang the songs made +in honor of the tree. They held a council about the +tree. A tent was made for it, and it was set up in the +circle of lodges. The chiefs worked upon it; they +trimmed it and called it a human being. They made +a basket of twigs and feathers and tied it half way up +the tree. Then they said, “It has no hair!” So they +sent out to get a large scalp lock and they put it on top +of Pole for hair. Afterwards the chiefs told the criers +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +to tell the people that when Pole was completed they +should see it.</p> + +<p>Then they painted Pole and set it up before the tent. +They leaned it on a crotched stick. Then they called +all the people and all the people came. Men, women, +and children came.</p> + +<p>When they were all together, the chiefs said, “This +is a mystery. Whenever we meet with trouble, we shall +bring all our prayers to Pole. We shall make offerings +to him. We shall ask him for what we need. When +we ask anything, we must make gifts. If anyone desires +to become a chief, he shall make presents to the +Keepers of the Pole, and they shall give him authority +to be a chief.”</p> + +<p>When all was finished the people said, “Let us +appoint a time when we shall again paint Pole; when +we shall act before him the battles we have fought.” +So they fixed the time in the moon when the buffaloes +bellow.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> +<h2>IKTO AND THE THUNDERS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Teton</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>kto once stood on the bank of a stream across +which he could not swim. He stood on the bank +and thought. Then he sang:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">I stand,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Thinking often,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Oh, that I might reach the other side.</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Just then a long Something passed, swimming against +the current. When it reached Ikto, it said,</p> + +<p>“I will take you across, but you must not lift your +head above the water. Should you notice even a small +cloud, warn me at once, as I must go under the water. +If you see a small cloud, you must say, ‘Younger +brother, your grandfather is coming.’”</p> + +<p>Before the other bank was reached, Ikto looked up. +He saw a small cloud and said, “Younger brother, your +grandfather is coming.”</p> + +<p>There was a sudden commotion. When Ikto became +conscious again, the Thunder Beings were roaring, and +the water was dashing high, but the monster had +vanished.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE THUNDER BIRD</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Comanche</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the olden times, a hunter once shot at a large +bird which was flying above him. It fell to the +ground. It was so large he was afraid to go to it +alone, so he went back to the camp for others.</p> + +<p>When they came back to the place where the bird +had been shot, thunder was rolling through the ravine. +Flashes of lightning showed the place where the bird +lay. They came nearer. Then the lightning flashed +so that they could not see the bird. One flash killed +a hunter.</p> + +<p>The other Indians fled back to the camp. They knew +it was the Thunder Bird.</p> + +<p>Once the Thunder Bird, in the days of the grandfathers, +came down to the ground and alighted there. +You may know that is so, because the grass remains +burned off a large space, and the outlines are those of +a large bird with outspread wings.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE THUNDER BIRD</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Assiniboin</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he Sioux, or Dakotas, of whom the Assiniboins +are a branch, pretend that thunder is +an enormous bird, and that the muffled +sound of the distant thunder is caused by a countless +number of young birds! The great bird, they say, +gives the first sound, and the young ones repeat it; this +is the cause of the reverberations. The Sioux declare +that the young Thunders do all the mischief, like boys +who will not listen to good advice; but the old +Thunder, or big bird, is wise and excellent; he never +kills or injures any one!</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> +<h2>SONG TO THE THUNDER GODS<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Ye four, come hither and stand, near shall ye stand,<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">In four groups shall ye stand,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Here shall ye stand, in this place stand.</span><br /> +<span class="i11">[The thunder rolls]</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Turned by the wind goes the one I send yonder;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Yonder he goes who is whirled by the winds;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Goes, where the four hills of life and the four winds are standing;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">There in the midst of the winds do I send him,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Into the midst of the winds standing there.</span><br /> +<span class="i11">[The thunder rolls]</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> By Alice C. Fletcher.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> The “four” are the four winds.</p></div> + +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> +<h2>SONGS OF THE BUFFALO HUNT</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Sioux</p> + + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The whole world is coming,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">A nation is coming, a nation is coming,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">The Eagle has brought the message to the tribe.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">The father says so, the father says so,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Over the whole earth they are coming.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">The Crow has brought the message to the tribe,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">The father says so, the father says so.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></span><br /> +</div> +</div> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> “This fine song summarizes the whole hope of the Ghost-dance—the +return of the buffalo and the departed dead, the message being +brought to the people by the sacred birds, the Eagle and the Crow.”</p></div> + +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> +<h2>SONGS OF THE BUFFALO HUNT<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Sioux</p> + + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>He!</i> They have come back racing,<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0"><i>He!</i> They have come back racing,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Why, they say there is to be a buffalo hunt over here,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Why, they say there is to be a buffalo hunt over here.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Make arrows! Make arrows!</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Says the father, says the father.</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Give me my knife,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Give me my knife,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">I shall hang up the meat to dry—<i>Ye´ ye!</i></span><br /> +<span class="i2">I shall hang up the meat to dry—<i>Ye´ ye!</i></span><br /> +<span class="i2">Says grandmother—<i>Yo´ yo!</i></span><br /> +<span class="i2">Says grandmother—<i>Yo´ yo!</i></span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +<span class="i2">When it is dry I shall make pemmican,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">When it is dry I shall make pemmican,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Says grandmother—<i>Yo´ yo!</i></span><br /> +<span class="i2">Says grandmother—<i>Yo´ yo!</i><a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Songs and comments as given by James Mooney.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> “When going on a buffalo hunt, it was customary among the +Sioux to send out a small advance party to locate the herd. On finding +it, these men returned at once at full gallop to the main body of +hunters, but instead of stopping on reaching them, they dashed past +and then turned and fell in behind. It is to this custom the first line +refers.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> “In the old days an Indian camp during the cutting up of the +meat after a buffalo hunt was a scene of the most joyous activity.... +Preparations were made for days and weeks ahead. Couriers +were sent out to collect the neighboring bands at a common +rendezvous, medicine men began their prayers and ceremonies to +attract the herd, the buffalo songs were sung, and finally when all +was ready the confederated bands or sometimes the whole tribe—men, +women, children, horses, dogs, and travois—moved out into +the buffalo grounds. Here the immense camp of hundreds of tipis +was set up, more ceremonies were performed, and the mounted +warriors rode out in a body to surround and slaughter the herd. The +women followed close after them to strip the hides from the fresh +carcasses, and cut out the choice portion of the meat and tallow and +bring it into camp.”</p></div> + +</div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> +<h2>ORIGIN OF THE BUFFALO</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Teton</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the days of the grandfathers, buffaloes lived +under the earth. In the olden times, they say, a +man who was journeying came to a hill where +there were many holes in the ground. He entered one +of them. When he had gone inside he found buffalo +chips and buffalo tracks on all sides. He found also +buffalo hairs where the buffaloes had rubbed against +the walls. These were the real buffaloes and they lived +under the ground. Afterwards some of them came to +the surface of the earth and lived there. Then the +herds on the earth increased.</p> + +<p>These buffaloes had many lodges and there they +raised their children. They did many strange things. +Therefore when a man escapes being wounded by an +enemy, people say he has seen the buffaloes in his +dreams, and they have helped him.</p> + +<p>Men who dream of the buffaloes act like them and +dance the buffalo-bull dance. Then the man who acts +the buffalo has a real buffalo inside of him, people say, +a little hard ball near the shoulder blade; and therefore +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +he is very hard to kill. No matter how often he is +wounded, he does not die.</p> + +<p>People know that the buffaloes live in earth lodges; +so they never dance the buffalo dance vainly.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE BUFFALO BEING</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Teton</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce upon a time, a Buffalo Being attacked a +party of Indians. He killed one of them, +but the others ran away and climbed a tree. +The Buffalo Being followed them and rushed at the +tree. He rushed many times, knocking off piece after +piece of the tree, until very little was left.</p> + +<p>Then the frightened Indians lighted some tinder, and +threw it far off into the tall grass. The fire scorched +the Buffalo Being’s eyes, and injured his horns. The +hard part of the horn slipped off, leaving only the +softer part, so that he could no longer injure any one.</p> + +<p>But the Buffalo Being was still dangerous. At last +one of the Indians slipped down the tree, with his bow +and arrow. He killed the Buffalo Being. Then all the +men came down the tree and skinned the animal and +cut up the flesh. Into the buffalo-skin robe they placed +the body of the dead Indian. But suddenly another +Buffalo Being appeared. The Indians again climbed +the tree. But this Being only walked four times around +the dead Indian. Then he said, “Arise to your feet.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +At once the dead man came to life. The Buffalo +Being said to him, “Hereafter you shall be mysterious. +The sun, the moons, the four winds, day and night shall +be your slaves.”</p> + +<p>Then it was so. The Indian could take the form of +a fine plume, which was blown against a tree. It would +stick to the tree and wave many times in the breeze.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3><a name="KNIGHTS_AND_WARRIORS" id="KNIGHTS_AND_WARRIORS"></a>GERMAN KNIGHTS AND INDIAN WARRIORS</h3> + +<p><i>The German knights are from a sketch in a Ms., dated 1220, in the +University of Leipzig. The sketch was copied from Rudolph Cronau’s +“Geschichte der Solinger Klingenindustrie.” They are Knights of the +13th century.</i></p> + +<p><i>The Indian warriors were drawn by an Apache Indian at Anadarko, in +1884, though the insignia is really that of the Cheyenne Indians.</i></p> + +<p><i>The comparison and contrast are made by the Bureau of Ethnology.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 314px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp08.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp08th.jpg" width="314" height="400" alt="" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE YOUTH AND THE UNDERGROUND PEOPLE</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>here were some villages which were very +populous. The chief’s son and his daughter +were unmarried. There were two sons. They +surrounded the herds of buffaloes. They used to kill +buffaloes.</p> + +<p>One of the sons of this chief attacked a buffalo +when far apart from the rest. He shot it; but the buffalo +had gone out of sight into the ground. The man +and his horse, too, went headlong; but the buffalo went +down first.</p> + +<p>Now the father sent out criers. “He says that his +son reached the buffaloes, but he has not come home. +He says that ye who have seen his son will please tell +it,” shouted the criers.</p> + +<p>One said he had seen him. “I saw him very distinctly. +He went in pursuit. Perhaps he went headlong +into a sunken place, for when on very level ground +he vanished altogether. I did not see him again,” he +said.</p> + +<p>The father commanded the people to join him in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +seeking his son. When the man who had seen him +said, “It was just here,” the people scattered far and +wide, seeking the chief’s son. All the people sought +him. Behold, he had gone down the pit some time +before. The buffalo had gone down, having kicked +off a piece of the soil. The horse, too, had gone down, +having kicked off a piece of the soil.</p> + +<p>There was no trail beyond the pit. All the people +went directly to it, without hesitation.</p> + +<p>The pit was very large and extended far downward. +The chief spoke of removing the village there, at once. +So there they camped. They camped around the pit.</p> + +<p>Then the chief implored the young men and those +who had been his friends. If there was one man who +was stout-hearted, one who had a firm heart, the father +wished him to enter the pit and go after the young +man. So he implored them.</p> + +<p>At length one rode round and round the village. +Then he promised to enter the pit and go after the missing +son.</p> + +<p>“Tell his father. He must also collect cords,” he +said.</p> + +<p>Having cut buffalo hides in strips, he collected the +cords.</p> + +<p>“Make a round piece of skin for me, and tie the long +line of cord to it,” he said. So they finished it.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +“Now it matters not to what place I go, I will put +the body in the skin bucket. I go to take hold of him. +When I reach the ground at the bottom, I will pull +suddenly on the cord. When I pull on it many times, +you will draw it up.” Thus he said.</p> + +<p>At last he reached the ground inside the pit. It was +very dark. When he felt around in the dark, the buffalo +was lying alone, being killed by the fall. The +horse, too, was lying by itself, having been killed by +the fall. And the man lay apart from them, having +been killed by the fall.</p> + +<p>Picking up the body of the chief’s son, he put it in +the hollow skin. Then he pulled many times on the +cord.</p> + +<p>But when the young man went down, strange to say, +he did not ask favors for himself. And they rejoiced +because he had put the chief’s son in the hollow skin. +Having brought up the dead man they forgot the living +one.</p> + +<p>Though he sat waiting for the hollow skin to +come down again, he was not drawn up. So he sat +wailing.</p> + +<p>Now the chief had promised him his daughter to +go down into the pit. “If you bring my son back, +you shall marry her,” he had said.</p> + +<p>The young man wandered about in the darkness. At +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +length when walking along the trail, he came suddenly +upon an old woman.</p> + +<p>“Venerable woman, though this land is very difficult +to reach, I have come hither. I came to the hole +in the ground above. One person came hither, having +fallen into this pit. I came to take him back. They +have not drawn me up; and I have no way of going +back. Venerable woman, help me.” So he spoke.</p> + +<p>“There is nothing that I can do to help you,” she +said. “A person is in that place, out of sight. Go +there. He is the one who will do it for you.”</p> + +<p>He went there. When he arrived, he knocked repeatedly +on the door. Though he stood hearing them speaking, +they did not open the door for him.</p> + +<p>The woman said, “Fie! A person has come. Open +the door for him.”</p> + +<p>Behold! The man’s child was dead, and therefore +he sat without speaking. He sat still, being sad. Then +the young man arrived within the lodge, the woman +having opened the door for him. Yet her husband sat +without speaking. The young man was impatient from +hunger. The husband questioned him:</p> + +<p>“From what place have you walked?” he asked.</p> + +<p>The young man told his story. “I walked up above, +but a man headed off the herd, and having fallen, he +came here. I came here to take him back. They did +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +not take me back; I have no way of going back. Help +me,” he said.</p> + +<p>The man said, “We had a child, but it died. We +will treat you just like the child who died.” He meant +he would adopt him. “All things which I have are +yours,” said the father.</p> + +<p>The young man did not speak. He wished to go +homeward.</p> + +<p>“Whatever you say I will do it for you,” said the +father. “Even if you desire to go homeward, it shall be +so,” he said.</p> + +<p>At last the young man spoke of going homeward.</p> + +<p>“If you say, ‘I will go homeward riding a horse of +such a color, O father!’ it shall be so,” said the father.</p> + +<p>“Fie!” said the woman. “Heretofore we were +deprived of our child. The young man who has just +come home is like him. Give him one thing which +you have.”</p> + +<p>“I make you my child. I will give you something. +Whatever I desire I always make with it, when I wish +to have anything,” said the father. He had a piece of +iron and when he wished anything he used to point at +the iron.</p> + +<p>“O father, I wish to go homeward riding a horse +with very white hair. I also desire a mule with very +white hair, and a good saddle,” said the young man.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +“Come, go there. Open the door of that stable. +When you wish to see us again, you shall see us. When +you will go homeward, you will say, ‘Come, O father, +I desire to go homeward,’” said the father.</p> + +<p>The young man went homeward. He made the rocks +open suddenly by pointing at them with the iron. He +went up, making the ground echo under the horse’s +feet. When he pushed aside a very large rock which +was in his way, he found himself again on the surface +of the earth. The horse and mule were very sudden +in their movements. They shied at every step. They +sniffed the odor of a bad land.</p> + +<p>The young man found his nation that he had left. +Behold! they had recently removed and departed. +After they waited some time for him to appear, they +had removed their camp and departed. The horse +and mule went along, fearing the sight of the old +camping ground. They followed the trail of the departing +village.</p> + +<p>Then the young man saw two people on a large hill, +walking in the trail. They were the head chief and his +wife who were walking along, mourning for the dead.</p> + +<p>They looked behind and said, “Yonder comes one +on horseback, following the trail made by the departing +village.”</p> + +<p>He drew near. They sat waiting for him to appear. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +The horse and mule feared the sight of them; they +sniffed a bad odor.</p> + +<p>“Why! Of what nation are you?” asked the chief.</p> + +<p>“It is I,” said the young man.</p> + +<p>“But which one are you?” said the chief.</p> + +<p>“Your son went headlong into a pit when they surrounded +the herd,” said the young man. “And I went +down to get him. You did not bring me back. It is +I.”</p> + +<p>As he was very much changed, the old man +doubted.</p> + +<p>“Fie! Tell the truth about yourself.”</p> + +<p>“When they surrounded the herd, your son went +headlong as well as the buffalo, and he was killed by +falling into a pit. When you commanded them to get +him, they drew back through fear. I am he who went +to get him when you offered your daughter as a +reward,” said the young man. “I have hardly been +able to come again to the surface.”</p> + +<p>Then they recognized him. The two men stood talking +together on the large hill. The chief’s son looked +back from the camp.</p> + +<p>“Why! The chief and his wife have come as far as +the large hill and a man on horseback has come, too. +He stands talking to them. I will go thither. Let me +see! I will go to see them.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +He went back on horseback and came to his father.</p> + +<p>“With what person do you talk?” said the son.</p> + +<p>“Why! He who went to get your elder brother has +come back!” said the head chief.</p> + +<p>They shook hands. And the head chief gave his +daughter to the young man.</p> + +<p>“Let all the men and chiefs assemble. Let all the +stout-hearted young men assemble. They can look at +my daughter’s husband,” he said.</p> + +<p>They assembled. They came to see the young man +and brought the things they intended giving him.</p> + +<p>“He says that he who went to get the man who was +killed by falling has come back. The chief says that +as he has made the young man his daughter’s husband +you shall go to see the young man. He says that you +will take to him what things you wish to give him. +The chief says he will give thanks for them.” So +shouted the crier.</p> + +<p>All the young men and those who were brave and +generous went thither. They all gave him clothing and +good horses. His wife’s father made him the head +chief.</p> + +<p>“Make ye a tent for him in the center,” said the old +chief.</p> + +<p>They set up a tent for him in the center. They finished +it.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +“The people did not eat. As they sat waiting for +you to appear, the nation did not eat. You came back +when they were just removing camp,” said the old +chief.</p> + +<p>“Ho!” said the one who had just reached home. +“Let two old men go as criers.”</p> + +<p>So the criers shouted: “The chiefs daughter’s husband +says that you will rest tomorrow. He says you +will not go in any direction whatever.”</p> + +<p>The next day he commanded those who had come +back on horseback to act as scouts. And the scouts came +back very soon; because by means of the iron rod which +he had asked of his father, he made a great many buffaloes +very quickly. He spoke of surrounding them. +They shot down many of the buffaloes. He went to +take part in surrounding them.</p> + +<p>His wife said, “I desire to go to see them surround +the herd. I must go to see the buffaloes. When they +are killed, I will be quite likely to come back.”</p> + +<p>When they killed the buffaloes she was coming back; +the wife stood on the hill. Her husband came to that +place.</p> + +<p>“Though I killed the buffaloes, they will cut them +up,” he said. They who surrounded them reached +home.</p> + +<p>Again they spoke of a buffalo hunt. “The chief’s +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +daughter’s husband speaks indeed of sending them to +act as scouts,” said the criers.</p> + +<p>Again the herd of buffaloes had come to that country. +They surrounded them. Again they shot down many of them.</p> + +<p>At last the son of the old head chief was in a bad +humor. He was in a bad humor because his sister’s +husband had been made chief.</p> + +<p>Now at night, the horse used to say to the young man, +“O father, a man desires very much to kill us. It is +so every night.” And after that at night the young man +used to take care of his horse and mule.</p> + +<p>On the next day they surrounded the herd in the +land where the deed was done. It was just so again; a +great many buffaloes had been coming. At length the +son wished the buffaloes to trample his sister’s husband +to death. When they attacked the buffaloes, he waved +his robe. Turning around in his course, he waved his +robe again. When the sister’s husband went right in +among the buffaloes, they closed in on him and he was +not seen at all.</p> + +<p>The people said, “The buffaloes have trampled to +death the chief’s daughter’s husband.”</p> + +<p>When the buffaloes trampled him to death, they scattered +and went homeward in every direction, moving +in long lines. And the people did not find any trace +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +whatever of what was done. They did not find the +horse. Even the man they did not find. When the buffaloes +killed him by trampling, the horse had gone +back to Him Who Made Things.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE BUFFALO AND THE GRIZZLY BEAR</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">G</span>rizzly Bear was going somewhere, following +the course of a stream, and at last he went +straight towards the headland. When he got in +sight, Buffalo Bull was standing beneath it. Grizzly +Bear retraced his steps, going again to the stream, following +its course until he got beyond the headland. +Then he drew near and peeped. He saw that Buffalo +Bull was very lean, and standing with his head bowed, +as if sluggish. So Grizzly Bear crawled up close to +him, made a rush, seized him by the hair of his head, +and pulled down his head. He turned Buffalo Bull +round and round, shaking him now and then, saying, +“Speak! Speak! I have been coming to this place a +long time, and they say you have threatened to fight me. +Speak!” Then he hit Buffalo Bull on the nose with +his open paw.</p> + +<p>“Why!” said Buffalo Bull, “I have never threatened +to fight you, who have been coming to this country +so long.”</p> + +<p>“Not so! You have threatened to fight me.” +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +Letting go the buffalo’s head, Grizzly Bear went +around and seized him by the tail, turning him round +and round. Then he left, but as he did so, he gave him +a hard blow with his open paw.</p> + +<p>“Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! you have caused me great +pain,” said Buffalo Bull. Bobtailed Grizzly Bear +departed.</p> + +<p>Buffalo Bull thought thus: “Attack him! You too +have been just that sort of a person.”</p> + +<p>Grizzly Bear knew what he was thinking, so he said, +“Why! what are you saying?”</p> + +<p>“I said nothing,” said Buffalo Bull.</p> + +<p>Then Grizzly Bear came back. He seized Buffalo +Bull by the tail, pulling him round and round. Then +he seized him by the horns, pulling his head round and +round. Then he seized him again by the tail and hit +him again with the open paw. Again Grizzly Bear +departed. And again Buffalo Bull thought as he had +done before. Then Grizzly Bear came back and +treated Buffalo Bull as he had before.</p> + +<p>Buffalo Bull stepped backward, throwing his tail +into the air.</p> + +<p>“Why! Do not flee,” said Grizzly Bear.</p> + +<p>Buffalo threw himself down, and rolled over and +over. Then he continued backing, pawing the ground.</p> + +<p>“Why! I say, do not flee,” said Grizzly Bear. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +When Buffalo Bull backed, making ready to attack +him, Grizzly Bear thought he was scared.</p> + +<p>Then Buffalo Bull ran towards Grizzly, puffing a +great deal. When he neared him, he rushed on him. +He sent Grizzly Bear flying through the air.</p> + +<p>As Grizzly Bear came down towards the earth, Buffalo +Bull caught him on his horns and threw him into +the air again. When Grizzly Bear fell and lay on the +ground, Buffalo Bull made at him with his horns to +gore him, but just missed him. Grizzly Bear crawled +away slowly, with Buffalo Bull following him step by +step, thrusting at him now and then, though without +striking him. When Grizzly Bear came to a cliff, he +plunged over headlong, and landed in a thicket at the +foot. Buffalo Bull had run so fast he could not stop +at the edge where Grizzly Bear went over, but followed +the cliff for some distance. Then he came back and +stood with his tail partly raised. Grizzly Bear returned +to the bank and peeped.</p> + +<p>“Oh, Buffalo Bull,” said Grizzly Bear. “Let us be +friends. We are very much alike in disposition.”</p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3><a name="BUFFALO_RIVALRY" id="BUFFALO_RIVALRY"></a>RIVALRY OVER THE BUFFALO</h3> + +<p class="center">(Comanche drawing on a buffalo shoulder blade)</p> + +<p><i>The Indian chase is by arrow; the white man’s by the lasso, gun, and +spear. The rivalry is indicated by half the buffalo being drawn as +belonging to one race, half to the other. The white men are supposed +to be Spaniards. The shoulder blade was found in the Comanche country, +in Texas.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 238px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp09.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp09th.jpg" width="238" height="400" alt="" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of +Ethnology</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3><a name="BUFFALO_CAPTURE" id="BUFFALO_CAPTURE"></a>CAPTURE OF A WANDERING BUFFALO</h3> + +<p class="center">(Indian drawing)</p> + +<p><i>A buffalo has wandered near an Indian village, and is being captured. +The dotted lines indicate footprints. One Indian, having secured the +buffalo by his forefeet, tells his companion of his success—indicated +by the line drawn from his mouth to its feet. Another, having secured +the buffalo by the horns, gives a companion a chance to kill it with +an axe. This he intends to do—indicated by the line from his mouth to +its head, as well as by his attitude. The Indian in the upper corner +is told by his squaw to take an arrow and join in the capture. He +turns his head to inform her that he has an arrow—indicated by +holding it up, and by the line from his mouth to her.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 342px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp10.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp10th.jpg" width="342" height="400" alt="" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of +Ethnology</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> +<h2>MY FIRST BUFFALO HUNT<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> went three times on the buffalo hunt. When +I was there the first time, I was small; therefore, +I did not shoot the buffaloes. But I used to take +care of the pack horses for those who surrounded the +herd. When they surrounded the herd at the very first, +I spoke of shooting at the buffaloes. But my father +said, “Perhaps the horse might throw you suddenly, +and then the buffalo might gore you.” And I was in +a bad humor.</p> + +<p>My father went with me to the hill. We sat and +looked on them when they attacked the buffaloes. And +notwithstanding my father talked to me, I continued +there without talking to him. At length one man was +coming directly toward the tents in pursuit of a buffalo +bull. And the buffalo bull was savage. He attacked +the man now and then.</p> + +<p>“Come! Go thither,” said my father. I tied a lariat +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +on a large red mare that was very tall. And taking a +very light gun which my father had, I went over there. +When I arrived the buffalo bull was standing motionless. +The man said he was very glad that I had come. +The buffalo bull was savage. The man shot suddenly +at him with a bow and wounded him on the back. And +then he attacked us. The horse on which I was seated +leaped very far four times, and had gone off, throwing +me suddenly. When the buffalo bull had come very +close, he wheeled around and departed. So I failed +to shoot at him before he went. I reached home just +as my mother was scolding my father about me. When +the horse reached home with the bridle sticking to it, +she knew that I had been thrown. My father said nothing +at all, but sat laughing. Addressing me, he said, +“Did you kill the buffalo bull?” And I did not speak.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> The author, Frank La Flèche, an Omaha Indian, was about +twelve years old when this occurred.</p></div> + +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> +<h2>BIRD OMENS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Sioux</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hen whippoorwills sing together at night, +“<i>Hohin, hohin,</i>” one says in reply, “No.” +If the birds stop talking at once, then the +person will die soon. But if the birds continue talking, +then the man will live a long time.</p> + +<p>The gray screech owl foretells cold weather. When +the night is to be very cold, then the owl cries out; +it sounds just as if a person’s teeth chattered. When the +owl cries out, all people wrap themselves in their thickest +robes; and they put plenty of wood on the fires.</p> + +<p>The Ski-bi-bi-la is a small gray bird, with a black +head, and spotted on the breast. It lives in the woods, +and it answers a person who calls to it. When this +bird says, “Has it returned?” people are glad. They +know that spring is near. When a boy hears the bird +ask this question, he runs to his mother; she tells him +he must answer, “No; it has not yet returned.”</p> + +<p>When the people first hear the cry of the nighthawk +in the spring, they begin to talk of hunting buffalo. +This is because when the hawk returns, the buffaloes +have become fat again and the birds bring the news.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE BIRD CHIEF</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span>ll the birds were called together. To them +was said, “Whichever one of you can fly farthest +into the sky shall be chief.”</p> + +<p>All the birds flew to a great height. But Wren got +under the thick feathers of Eagle and sat there as Eagle +flew. When all the birds became wing-tired, they flew +down again; but Eagle flew still higher. When Eagle +had gone as far as he could, Wren flew still higher.</p> + +<p>When all the birds reached the ground, Eagle alone +returned, after a great while. Behold! Wren only was +absent. So they awaited him. At last he returned. +Eagle had too highly been thinking of himself, being +sure of being made chief; and behold! Wren was made +chief.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p> +<h2>SONG OF THE BIRDS<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Pawnee</p> + + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">All around the birds in flocks are flying.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Dipping, rising, circling, see them coming.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">See, many birds are flocking here,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">All about us now together coming.</span><br /> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Yonder see the birds in flocks, come flying;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Dipping, rising, circling, see them gather.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Loud is the sound their winging makes.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Rushing, come they on the trees alighting.</span><br /> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">From the flock an eagle now comes flying;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Dipping, rising, circling, comes she hither.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Loud screams the eagle, flying swift,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">As an eagle flies, her nestlings seeking.</span><br /> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">It is Kawas coming, Kawas flying;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Dipping, rising, circling, she advances.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">See! Nearer she comes, nearer comes.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Now, alighted, she her nest is making.</span><br /> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Yonder people like the birds are flocking;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">See them circling, this side, that side coming.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Loud is the sound their moving makes,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">As together come they, onward come they.</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Rendition by Alice C. Fletcher.</p></div> + +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> +<h2>SONG OF KAWAS, THE EAGLE<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Pawnee</p> + + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">O’er the prairie flits in ever widening circles the shadow of a bird about me as I walk;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Upward turn my eyes, Kawas looks upon me, she turns with flapping wings and far away she flies.</span><br /> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Round about a tree in ever widening circles an eagle flies, alert watching o’er his nest;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Loudly whistles he, a challenge sending far, o’er the country wide it echoes, there defying foes.</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Rendition by Alice C. Fletcher.</p></div> + +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE EAGLE’S REVENGE</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce a hunter in the mountains heard a noise +at night like a rushing wind. He went outside +his tepee, and found an eagle was sitting +on the drying pole, feasting at the deer he had shot. +So he shot the eagle.</p> + +<p>The next morning the hunter took the deer back to +the village. He told how he had shot the deer and +then the eagle. Therefore the chief sent out men to +bring in the eagle, and have an Eagle dance.</p> + +<p>That night when they were dancing, there was a +<i>whoop</i> outside. A strange warrior walked into the +circle. He was not of that village. They thought he +had come from one of the other Cherokee villages.</p> + +<p>This warrior told how he had killed a man. At the +end of the story, he yelled, “<i>Hi!</i>” One of the men +with rattles, who was leading the dance, fell dead. +The stranger sang of another deed. At the end he +yelled, “<i>Hi!</i>” Another rattler fell dead. The people +were frightened. But the stranger sang of another +great deed. Then again he yelled, “<i>Hi!</i>” Again a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +man with the rattles fell dead. So all seven men who +had rattles and who were leading the dance fell dead. +And the people were too frightened to leave the lodge +where they were dancing.</p> + +<p>Then the stranger vanished into the darkness. Long +after they learned that the stranger was the brother of +the eagle that had been killed.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE RACE BETWEEN HUMMING BIRD AND CRANE</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">H</span>umming Bird and Crane were both in +love with a pretty woman. She liked Humming +Bird, who was handsome. Crane was +ugly, but he would not give up the pretty woman. So +at last to get rid of him, she told them they must have +a race, and that she would marry the winner. Now +Humming Bird flew like a flash of light; but Crane +was heavy and slow.</p> + +<p>The birds started from the woman’s house to fly +around the world to the beginning. Humming Bird +flew off like an arrow. He flew all day and when he +stopped to roost he was far ahead.</p> + +<p>Crane flew heavily, but he flew all night long. He +stopped at daylight at a creek to rest. Humming Bird +waked up, and flew on again, and soon he reached a +creek, and behold! there was Crane, spearing tadpoles +with his long bill. Humming Bird flew on.</p> + +<p>Soon Crane started on and flew all night as before. +Humming Bird slept on his roost.</p> + +<p>Next morning Humming Bird flew on and Crane +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +was far, far ahead. The fourth day, Crane was spearing +tadpoles for dinner when Humming Bird caught +up with him. By the seventh day Crane was a whole +night’s travel ahead. At last he reached the beginning +again. He stopped at the creek and preened his +feathers, and then in the early morning went to the +woman’s house. Humming Bird was far, far behind.</p> + +<p>But the woman declared she would not marry so +ugly a man as Crane. Therefore she remained single.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> +<h2>RABBIT AND THE TURKEYS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">R</span>abbit was going somewhere. At length he +reached a place where there were wild +Turkeys.</p> + +<p>“Come,” said Rabbit. “I will sing dancing songs +for you.”</p> + +<p>Turkeys went to him saying, “Oho! Rabbit will +sing dancing songs for us!”</p> + +<p>“When I sing for you, you larger ones must go +around the circle next to me. Beware lest you open +your eyes. Should one of you open his eyes, your eyes +shall be red,” said Rabbit.</p> + +<p>Then he began to sing,</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Alas for the gazer!</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Eyes red! Eyes red!</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Spread out your tails!</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Spread out your tails!</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Whenever a large Turkey came near, Rabbit seized +it and put it in his bag. While he was putting in a +Turkey, another one opened his eyes a little, and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +exclaimed, “Why! He has captured nearly all of us +large ones!”</p> + +<p>Off they all flew with a whirring sound.</p> + +<p>Rabbit took home those he had in his bag, saying +to his grandmother, “Do not look at what is in that +bag! I have brought it home on my back and I wish +you to guard it!”</p> + +<p>Then he went out to cut spits on which to roast the +Turkeys. When the old woman was alone, she thought, +“What could he have brought home on his back?” +So she untied the bag, and when she looked in out flew +all the Turkeys, hitting their wings hard against the +grass lodge, and flying out the smoke hole. The old +woman barely killed one by hitting it. At length +Rabbit came home.</p> + +<p>“Oh I have inflicted a severe injury on my grandchild,” +she said.</p> + +<p>“Really,” he answered. “Grandmother, I told you +not to look at it.”</p> + +<p>But that is why Turkeys have red eyes.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3><a name="FIVE_CHIEFS" id="FIVE_CHIEFS"></a>FIVE CHIEFS OF THE OGALLA SIOUX</h3> + +<p><i>Rank is shown by pipe and pouch. The first Cankutanka, Big Road; +often called Good Road—big and broad and well traveled. The bird +flying through the dusk shows that one may fly rapidly over a good +road. Next is Low Dog. The dog figure is “low,” as shown by the +shortness of the legs. In the center is Long Dog, as shown by the long +legs on the dog figure. Below, to the left, is Iron Crow, the crow +painted blue indicating iron. The last is Little Hawk. Each chief has +three bands on the cheek, but with variant colors and patterns.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 288px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp11.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp11th.jpg" width="288" height="400" alt="" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>From Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="OLD_HORSE" id="OLD_HORSE"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp12.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp12th.jpg" width="400" height="310" +alt="Line drawing of a horse’s head." /></a> +<span class="caption">Old Horse</span> +</div> + +<p class="center">Name of an Indian Chief, as shown in Red Cloud’s census.<br /> +Old age is represented by the wrinkles and projecting lips.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</i></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> +<h2>UNKTOMI AND THE BAD SONGS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">U</span>nktomi was going along; his way lay along +by the side of a lake. Out on the lake there +were a great many ducks, geese, and swans +swimming. When Unktomi saw them he went backward +out of sight, and picking some grass, bound it up +in a bundle. He placed this on his back and so went +again along by the side of the lake.</p> + +<p>“Unktomi, what are you carrying?” asked the ducks +and the geese and the swans.</p> + +<p>“These are bad songs I am carrying,” said Unktomi.</p> + +<p>The ducks said, “Unktomi, sing for us.”</p> + +<p>Unktomi replied, “But the songs are very bad.”</p> + +<p>But the ducks insisted upon it. Then Unktomi said, +“Make a grass lodge.” So they went to work and made +a large grass lodge.</p> + +<p>“Now, let all the ducks, geese, and swans gather +inside the lodge and I will sing for you,” said Unktomi. +So all the ducks and the geese and the swans gathered +inside and filled the grass lodge. Then Unktomi took +his place at the door of the lodge and said, “If I sing +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +for you, no one must look, for that is the meaning of +the song.”</p> + +<p>Then he began to sing,</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Dance with your eyes shut;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">If you open your eyes</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Your eyes shall be red!</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Your eyes shall be red!</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<p>When he said and sang this, the geese, ducks, and +swans danced with their eyes shut. Then Unktomi rose +up and said,</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">I even, even I</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Follow in my own;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">I even, even I,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Follow in my own.</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<p>So they all gabbled as they danced, and Unktomi, +dancing among them, commenced twisting off the necks +of the fattest of the geese and ducks and swans. But +when he tried to twist off the neck of a large swan and +could not, he only made him squawk. Then a small +duck, called Skiska, partly opened his eyes. He saw +Unktomi try to break the swan’s neck, and he made an +outcry:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Look ye, look ye!</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Unktomi will destroy us all.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Look ye, look ye!</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +At once they all opened their eyes and attempted to +go out. But Unktomi threw himself in the doorway +and tried to stop them. They rushed upon him with +their feet and wings, and smote him and knocked him +over, walking on his stomach, and leaving him as +though dead. Then Unktomi came to life, and got up, +and looked around.</p> + +<p>But they say that the Wood Duck, which looked +first, had his eyes made red.</p> + +<p>Then Unktomi gathered up the ducks and geese and +swans he had killed and carried them on his back. He +came to a river and traveled along by the side of it +till he came to a long, straight place where he stopped +to boil his kettle. He put all the ducks and geese and +swans whose necks he had twisted into the kettle, and +set it on the fire to boil, and then he lay down to sleep.</p> + +<p>As he lay there, curled up on the bank of the river, +he said, “Mionze [familiar spirit], if anyone comes +you wake me up.” So he slept.</p> + +<p>Now a mink came paddling along on the river, and +coming close to Unktomi’s boiling place, saw him lying +fast asleep. Then he went there. While Unktomi +slept, he took out all the boiling meat and ate it up, +putting the bones back into the kettle. Then Unktomi +waked up. He sat up and saw no one.</p> + +<p>“Perhaps my boiling is cooked for me,” he said.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +He took the kettle off the fire. He poked a stick into +it and found only bones. Then he said, “Indeed, the +meat has all fallen off.” So he took a spoon and dipped +it out; nothing was there but bones.</p> + +<p>This is the story of Unktomi and the Bad Songs.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> +<h2>HOW THE PHEASANT BEAT CORN</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce Pheasant saw a woman beating corn in a +wooden mortar in front of her lodge.</p> + +<p>“I can do that, too,” said Pheasant.</p> + +<p>“I don’t believe you,” said the woman.</p> + +<p>“Yes, I can,” said Pheasant. So Pheasant went into +the woods behind the lodge. He flew to a hollow log +and drummed with his wings until the people thought +he really was beating corn.</p> + +<p>That is why the Indians have the Pheasant dance, as +a part of the Green-corn dance.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> +<h2>WHY THE TURKEY GOBBLES</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the old days, Grouse had a good voice and +Turkey had none. Therefore Turkey asked +Grouse to teach him. But Grouse wanted pay, +so Turkey promised to give him some feathers for a +collar. That is how the Grouse got his collar of turkey +feathers.</p> + +<p>So the Grouse began to teach Turkey. At last Grouse +said, “Now you must try your voice. You must +halloo.”</p> + +<p>Turkey said, “Yes.”</p> + +<p>Grouse said, “I’ll stand on this hollow log, and +when I tap on it, you must halloo as loudly as you can.”</p> + +<p>So Grouse climbed upon a log, ready to tap on it, +but when he did so, Turkey became so excited that +when he opened his mouth, he only said, “<i>Gobble, gobble, +gobble!</i>”</p> + +<p>That is why the Turkey gobbles whenever he hears a +noise.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> +<h2>OMAHA BELIEFS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">S</span>ong was an integral part of Omaha life. +Through song, the Omaha approached the mysterious +Wakoda; through song he voiced his +emotions, both individual and social; through song he +embodied feelings and aspirations that eluded expression +in words. In one of their ceremonies, the Wa´ wa, +“to sing for somebody,” songs are one of the chief +characteristics.</p> + +<p>In this ceremony, the eagle is “Mother.” She calls +to her nestlings and upon her strong wings she bears +the message of peace. Peace and its symbol, the clear, +cloudless sky, are the theme of the principal songs. +The curlew, in the early morning, stretches its neck and +its wing as it sits on the roost, and utters a long note. +The sound is considered an indication that the day will +be cloudless.</p> + +<p>Green represents the verdure of the earth; blue is +the color of the sky; red is the color of the sun, typifying +life. The eagle is the bird of tireless strength. +The owl represents night, and the woodpecker the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +day and sun. These two birds also stand for life and +death.</p> + +<p>Wakoda gives to man the sunshine, the clear sky +from which all storms, all clouds are absent; in the +Wa´ wa ceremony, they stand for peace. In this connection, +black storm clouds with their thunder and +lightning are emblematic of war.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> +<h2>PAWNEE BELIEFS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Pawnee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span>t the creation of the world, lesser powers +were made, because Tira’wa-tius, the Mighty Power, +could not come near to man, or be seen or +felt by him. These lesser powers dwell in the great +circle of the sky. One is North Star; another is Brown +Eagle. The Winds were the first of the lesser powers +to come near man. Therefore, when man calls for aid, +he calls first to the Winds. They stand at the four +points, and guard the four paths down which the lesser +powers come when they help mankind. The Winds are +always near us, by day and by night.</p> + +<p>The Sun is one of these powers. It comes from the +mighty power above; therefore it has great strength.</p> + +<p>Mother Earth is another power. She is very near +to man. From her we get food; upon her we lie down. +We live and walk on her. We could not exist without +Mother Earth, without Sun, and without the Winds.</p> + +<p>Water is another lesser power. Water is necessary +to mankind.</p> + +<p>Fire made by rubbing two sticks together is sacred. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +It comes direct from the power granted Toharu, vegetation, +in answer to man’s prayer as he rubs the sticks. +When the flame leaps from the glowing wood, it is +the word of the fire. The power has come near.</p> + +<p>Blue is the color of the sky, the dwelling place of +Tira´ wahut, the circle of powers which watch over +man. As a man paints the blue stick he sings.</p> + +<p>Red is the color of the sun. Green is the color of +Mother Earth.</p> + +<p>Eagle is the chief of day; Owl is chief of the night; +Woodpecker is chief of the trees; Duck is chief of +the water.</p> + +<p>The ear of corn represents the supernatural power +that dwells in the earth, which brings forth the food +that sustains life; there corn is spoken of as <i>h’Atira</i>, +“mother breathing forth life.” The power which +dwells in the earth, which enables it to give life to all +growing things, comes from above. Therefore, in the +Hako, the Pawnee ceremony, the ear of corn is painted +with blue.</p> + +<p>The wildcat was made to live in the forest. He has +much skill and ingenuity. The wildcat shows us we +must think, must use tact, must be shrewd when we set +out to do anything. The wildcat is one of the sacred +animals.</p> + +<p>Trees grow along the banks of the streams; we can +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +see them at a distance, like a long line, and we can see +the river glistening in the sunlight in its length. We +sing to the river, and when we come nearer and see +the water and hear it rippling along, then we sing to +the water, the water that ripples as it runs.</p> + +<p>Hills were made by Tira’wa. We ascend hills when +we go away alone to pray. From the top of a hill we +can look over the country to see if there are enemies +in sight, or if any danger is near us. We can see if +we are to meet friends. The hills help man, so we sing +to them.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> +<h2>A SONG OF HOSPITALITY<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Sioux</p> + + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">I am mashing the berries,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">I am mashing the berries,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">They say travelers are coming on the march,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">They say travelers are coming on the march,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">I stir [the berries] around, I stir them around,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">I take them up with a spoon of buffalo horn,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">I take them up with a spoon of buffalo horn,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">And I carry them, I carry them [to the strangers],</span><br /> +<span class="i0">And I carry them, I carry them [to the strangers].</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Word comes that travelers are approaching ... on the +march with their children, dogs, and household property. She stirs +them around with a spoon of buffalo horn and goes to offer them to +the strangers. The translation is an exact paraphrase of the rhythmic +repetition of the original.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> James Mooney.</p></div> + +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> +<h2>A SONG OF THE MARCH<a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a></h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Sioux</p> + + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Now set up the tipi,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Now set up the tipi,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Around the bottom,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Around the bottom,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Drive in the pegs,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Drive in the pegs,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">In the meantime I shall cook,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">In the meantime I shall cook.</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“To those who know the Indian life it brings up a vivid picture +of a prairie band on the march, halting at noon or in the evening. +As soon as the halt is called by some convenient stream, the women +jump down and release the horses from ... the travois, in the +olden times, and hobble them to prevent them from wandering away. +Then, while some of the women set up the tipi poles, draw the canvas +over them, and drive in the pegs around the bottom and the wooden +pins up the side, other women take axes and buckets and go down to +the creek for wood and water. When they return, they find the tipis +set up and the blankets spread out on the grass, and in a few minutes +fires are built and the meal is in preparation.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> James Mooney.</p></div> + +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3><a name="SIOUAN_TENTS" id="SIOUAN_TENTS"></a>SIOUAN TENTS</h3> + +<p><i>B. Tent of Little Cedar, belonging to the order of Sun and Moon +shamans. The circle represents the sun in which stands a man holding +deer rattles.</i></p> + +<p><i>C. Those persons who belong to the Inke-sabe sub-gens known as +Keepers of the Pipes, paint their tents with the pipe decorations.</i></p> + +<p><i>D. Used by a member of the order of Grizzly Bear shamans. “When they +have had visions of grizzly bears, they decorate their tents +accordingly.” (George Miller.) The bear is represented as emerging +from his den. The dark band represents the ground.</i></p> + +<p><i>E. Sketch furnished by Chief Dried Buffalo. The circle at the top +represents a bear’s cave. Below there are lightnings, then prints of +bears’ paws. E also represents the grizzly bear vision.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 302px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp13.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp13th.jpg" width="302" height="400" alt="" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from plate in report of the Bureau of +Ethnology</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="ARAPAHOE_BED" id="ARAPAHOE_BED"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 259px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp14.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp14th.jpg" width="259" height="400" +alt="An unrolled bed, with decorative edges and loop at the top." /></a> +<span class="caption">An Arapahoe Bed</span> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> +<h2>SONG OF THE PRAIRIE BREEZE<a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a></h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Kiowa</p> + + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">That wind, that wind</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Shakes my tipi, shakes my tipi,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">And sings a song for me,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">And sings a song for me.</span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“To the familiar, this little song brings up pleasant memories of +the prairie camp when the wind is whistling through the tipi poles +and blowing the flaps about, while inside the fire burns bright and +the song and the game go round.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> James Mooney.</p></div> + +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> +<h2>OLD-WOMAN-WHO-NEVER-DIES</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Mandan</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the sun lives the Lord of Life. In the moon +lives Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies. She has six +children, three sons and three daughters. These +live in the sky. The eldest son is the Day; another is +the Sun; another is Night. The eldest daughter is the +Morning Star, called “The Woman who Wears a +Plume”; another is a star which circles around the +polar star, and she is called “The Striped Gourd”; the +third is Evening Star.</p> + +<p>Every spring Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies sends +the wild geese, the swans, and the ducks. When +she sends the wild geese, the Indians plant their corn +and Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies makes it grow. +When eleven wild geese are found together, the Indians +know the corn crop will be very large. The swans +mean that the Indians must plant gourds; the ducks, +that they must plant beans.</p> + +<p>Indians always save dried meat for these wild birds, +so when they come in the spring they may have a corn +feast. They build scaffolds of many poles, three or +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +four rows, and one above the others. On this they hang +the meat. Then the old women in the village, each one +with a stick, meet around the scaffold. In one end of +the stick is an ear of corn. Sitting in a circle, they +plant their sticks in the ground in front of them. Then +they dance around the scaffolds while the old men beat +the drums and rattle the gourds.</p> + +<p>Afterwards the old women in the village are allowed +to eat the dried meat.</p> + +<p>In the fall they hold another corn feast, after the +corn is ripe. This is so that Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies +may send the buffalo herds to them. Each +woman carries the entire cornstalk, with the ears attached, +just as it was pulled up by the roots. Then +they call on Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies and say,</p> + +<p>“Mother, pity us. Do not send the cold too soon, +or we may not have enough meat. Mother, do not let +the game depart, so that we may have enough for +winter.”</p> + +<p>In the fall, when the birds go south to Old-Woman, +they take back the dried meat hung on the scaffolds, +because Old-Woman is very fond of it.</p> + +<p>Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies has large patches of +corn, kept for her by the great stag and by the white-tailed +stag. Blackbirds also help her guard her corn +patches. The corn patches are large, therefore the Old +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +Woman has the help also of the mice and the moles. +In the spring the birds go north, back to Old-Man-Who-Never-Dies.</p> + +<p>In the olden time, Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies +lived near the Little Missouri. Sometimes the Indians +visited her. One day twelve came, and she offered +them only a small kettle of corn. They were very +hungry and the kettle was very small. But as soon as +it was empty, it at once became filled again, so all the +Indians had enough to eat.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p> +<h2>LEGEND OF THE CORN</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Arikara</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he Arikara were the first to find the maize. +A young man went out hunting. He came to +a high hill. Looking down a valley, he saw a +buffalo bull near where two rivers joined. When the +young man looked to see how he could kill the buffalo, +he saw how beautiful the country was. The banks of +the two rivers were low, with many trees. The buffalo +faced the north; therefore he could not get within bowshot +of him. He thought he should wait until the buffalo +moved close to the banks of one of the rivers, or to +a ravine where there were bushes and shrubs. So the +young man waited. The sun went down before the buffalo +moved.</p> + +<p>Nearly all night the hunter lay awake. He had little +food. He felt sorry he could not reach the buffalo. +Before the sun rose, he hurried to the top of the hill. +The buffalo stood just where it had, but it faced the +east. Again he waited for it to move. He waited all +day. When the sun went down, the buffalo still stood +in the same place.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +Nearly all night the young man lay awake. He had +very little food indeed. The next morning he rose +early, and came to the top of the hill, just as the sun +came up. The buffalo was still standing in the same +place; but now it faced the south. He waited all day. +Then the sun went down.</p> + +<p>Now the next morning, when he arose early, the +buffalo stood in the same place; this time it faced the +west. All day the young man waited, but the buffalo +did not move.</p> + +<p>Now the young man thought, “Why does not the +buffalo move?” He saw it did not drink, did not eat, +did not sleep. He thought some power must be influencing +it.</p> + +<p>Now the next morning, the young man hurried to +the top of the hill. The sun had risen and everything +was light. The buffalo was gone. Then he saw where +the buffalo had stood there was a strange bush.</p> + +<p>He went to the place; then he saw it was a plant. He +looked for the tracks of the buffalo. He saw where it +had turned to the east and to the south and to the west. +In the center there was one track; out of it the small +plant had grown. There was no track to show where +the buffalo had left the place.</p> + +<p>Then the hunter hurried to his village. He told +the chiefs and the people of the strange buffalo and the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +plant. So all the chiefs and the people came to the +place. They saw the tracks of the buffalo as he had +stood, but there were no tracks of his coming or going.</p> + +<p>So all the people knew that Wahkoda had given this +strange plant to the people. They knew of other plants +they might eat. They knew there was a time when each +plant was ripe. So they watched the strange plant; +they guarded it and protected it.</p> + +<p>Then a flower appeared on the plant. Afterwards, +at one of the joints, a new part of the plant pushed out. +It had hair. At first the hair was green; then it was +brown. Then the people thought, “Perhaps this fruit +is ripe.” But they did not dare touch it. They met +together. They looked at the plant.</p> + +<p>Then a young man said, “My life has not been good. +If any evil comes to me, it will not matter.”</p> + +<p>So the people were willing, and the young man put +his hand on the plant and then on its fruit. He grasped +the fruit boldly. He said to the people, “It is solid. It +is ripe.” Then he pulled apart the husks, and said, “It +is red.”</p> + +<p>He took a few of the grains and showed them to the +people. He ate some. He did not die. So the people +knew Wahkoda had sent this plant to them for food.</p> + +<p>Now in the fall, when the prairie grass turned brown, +the leaves of this plant turned brown also. Then the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +fruit was plucked, and put away. After the winter was +over, the kernels were divided. There were four to +each family.</p> + +<p>Then the people moved the lodges to the place where +the plant had grown. When the hills became green, +they planted the seed of the strange plant. But first +they built little mounds like the one out of which it +grew. So the fruit grew and ripened. It had many +colors; red, and yellow, and white, and blue.</p> + +<p>Then the next year there were many plants and many +ears of corn. So they sent to other tribes. They invited +them to visit them and gave them of the new +food. Thus the Omahas came to have corn.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> +<h2>TRADITION OF THE FINDING OF HORSES</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Ponca</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>ong ago, the people followed the Missouri +River northward to a place where they could +step over the water. Then they turned, and +were going across the land. Then they met the +Padouca [Comanche].</p> + +<p>At that time the Ponca had no animals but dogs to +help them carry burdens. Wherever they went they +had to go on foot, but the people were strong and fleet. +They could run a great distance and not be weary. One +day when they were hunting buffalo, they met the +Padouca. Then they had many battles with them. +The Padouca were mounted on strange animals. At +first the Ponca thought it was all one animal. The +Padouca had bows made from elk horn. They were +not very long, nor were they very strong. They boiled +the horn until it was soft; then they scraped it, and +bound it together with sinews and glue. Their arrows +were tipped with bone. They fought also with a stone +battle-ax. The handle was a sapling; a grooved stone +ax head, pointed at both ends, was fastened to this with +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +rawhides. So the Padouca were terrible fighters. +They protected their horses with a covering of thick +rawhide cut in round pieces, and put together like +fish scales. They spread glue over the outside and then +sand. So when the Comanches fought, the arrows of +their enemies glanced off the horses’ armor. Then the +Padouca made breastplates for themselves like those of +the horses.</p> + +<p>When the Ponca met these terrible warriors, they +were afraid. They thought man and horse were one. +They named it “Kawa” because they noticed the odor +of the horse. Then they knew by this odor when the +Padouca were coming. When a man smelled the +horses, he would run to the camp and say, “The wind +tells us the Kawa are coming.” Then the Ponca would +make ready to defend themselves. The Ponca had +many battles with the Comanches. They did not know +how to use the animals, so they killed the horses as well +as the men. Neither could they find out where the +Padouca lived.</p> + +<p>One day the two tribes had a great battle. The +people fought all day. Sometimes the Ponca were +driven back, sometimes the Padouca. Then at last a +Ponca shot a Padouca so that he fell from his horse. +Then the battle ceased. After this, one of the Padouca +came toward the Ponca and said in plain Ponca,</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +“Who are you? What do you call yourselves?”</p> + +<p>The Ponca replied, “We call ourselves Ponca. You +speak our language, are you of our tribe?”</p> + +<p>The other said, “No. I speak your language as a +gift from a Ponca spirit. One day I lay on a Ponca +grave after a battle. Then a man rose from the grave +and spoke to me. So I know your language.”</p> + +<p>Then it was agreed to make peace. The tribes +visited each other. The Ponca traded their bows and +arrows for horses. They knew where the Padouca +lived. Then the Padouca taught the Ponca how to +ride, and how to put burdens on the horses.</p> + +<p>When the Ponca had learned how to ride, and had +horses, they went to war again. They attacked the +Padouca in their own village. They attacked them so +many times and stole so many of their horses that at last +the Padouca fled. We do not know where they went. +The Ponca followed the Platte River toward the rising +sun; then they came back to the Missouri, and they +brought their horses with them.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> +<h2>DAKOTA BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he Dakotas have names for the natural divisions +of time. Their years they count by winters. +A man is so many winters old, or so many +winters have passed since such an event. When one +goes on a journey, he says he will be back in so many +sleeps. They have no division of time into weeks, and +their months are literally by moons.</p> + +<p>The Dakotas believe that when the moon is full, +a great number of small mice begin to nibble on one +side. They nibble until they eat up the entire moon. +So when the new moon begins to grow, it is to them +really a new moon; the old one has been eaten up.</p> + +<p>The Dakota mother loves her baby as well as the +white woman does hers. When the spirit takes its flight +a wild howl goes up from the tent. The baby form +is wrapped in the best buffalo calfskin, or the best red +blanket, and laid away on a scaffold or on the branch +of some tree. There the mother goes with disheveled +hair and oldest clothes, the best ones having been given +away, and wails out her sorrow in the twilight, wailing +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +often until far into the cold night. The nice kettle of +hominy is prepared, and carried to the scaffold where +the spirit hovers for several days. When the kettle has +remained there long enough for the <i>wanagi</i>, the spirit, +to inhale the food, the little children of the village are +invited to eat up the rest.</p> + +<p>When a hunter dies, the last act of the medicine man +is to sing a song to conduct the spirit over the <i>wanagi +tacanku</i>, the spirit’s road, as the Milky Way is called. +The friends give away their good clothes. They wear +ragged clothes, with bare feet, and ashes on their hands. +Both within and without the lodge there is a great wailing. +“<i>Micinski, micinski, my son, my son,</i>” is the +lamentation in Dakota land as it was in Israel.</p> + +<p>The dead hunter is wrapped in the most beautifully +painted buffalo robe, or in the newest red and blue +blanket. Young men are called and feasted, and their +duty it is to carry the body away and place it on a scaffold, +for the dead remain not long in the tepee. In +more recent times they bury it. The custom of burial +immediately after death, however, was not a Dakota +custom. The spirit did not bid farewell to the body +for several days after death, and so the body was laid +on a high scaffold or in some tree crotch where it would +have a good view of the surrounding country, and also +be safe from wolves.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p> +<h2>WHY THE TETONS BURY ON SCAFFOLDS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Teton</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the olden days, the people buried some men on a +hill. Then they removed their camp to another +place. Many winters afterwards, a man visited +the hill; but there were no graves there. So he told +the people.</p> + +<p>Then many men came and dug far down into the +hill. By and by a man said, “There is a road here.”</p> + +<p>There they found a road, a tunnel, large enough for +men to walk, stooping. Other roads there were. They +followed the first road and they came to a place where +a strange animal had dragged the bodies of those who +were buried in the hill.</p> + +<p>Therefore the people refused to bury their dead in +the ground. They bury them on scaffolds where the +animals cannot reach them.<a name="FNanchor_M_13" id="FNanchor_M_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_13" class="fnanchor">[M]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_M_13" id="Footnote_M_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_13"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> At the present day, the Teton gives three reasons for not burying +in the ground: animals or persons might walk over the graves; the +dead might lie in mud and water after rain or snow; wolves might +trouble the bodies.</p></div> + +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="SCAFFOLD_CEMETERY" id="SCAFFOLD_CEMETERY"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp15.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp15th.jpg" width="400" height="299" alt="" /></a> +<span class="caption">Indian Scaffold Cemetery on the Missouri river</span> +</div> + +<p class="center">(From Schoolcraft)</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="OMAHA_VILLAGE" id="OMAHA_VILLAGE"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp16.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp16th.jpg" width="400" height="276" alt="" /></a> +<span class="caption">An Omaha Village, Showing Earth Lodge and Conical Tepees</span> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE GHOST’S RESENTMENT</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>ong, long ago, a Dakota died and his parents +made a death lodge for him on the bluff. In +the lodge they made a grave scaffold, on which +they laid the body of their son.</p> + +<p>Now in that same village of Dakotas lived a young +married man. His father lived with him, and there +were two old men who used to visit the father and +smoke with him, and talk with him about many things.</p> + +<p>One night the father of the young man said, “My +friends, let us go to the death scaffold and cut off summer +robes for ourselves from the tent skins.”</p> + +<p>The young man said, “No! Do not do so. It was +a pity the young man died, and as his parents had nothing +else to give up for him they made the death lodge +and left it there.”</p> + +<p>“What use can he get from the tent?” asked the +father. “We have no robes, so we wish to use part of +the tent skins for ourselves.”</p> + +<p>“Well, then,” said the young man. “Go as you +have said and we shall see what will happen.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +The old men arose without saying a word and went +to the lodge on the bluff. As soon as they were gone, +the young man said, “Oh, wife, get my piece of white +clay. I must scare one of those old men nearly to +death.”</p> + +<p>But the woman was unwilling, saying, “Let them +alone. They have no robes. Let them cut off robes for +themselves.”</p> + +<p>But as the husband would not stop talking about it, +the wife got the piece of white clay for him. He +whitened his whole body and his face and hands. Then +he went to the lodge in a course parallel to that taken +by the old men. He went very quickly and reached +there before they did.</p> + +<p>He climbed the scaffold and lay on it, thrusting his +head out through the tent skins just above the doorway.</p> + +<p>At last the old men approached, ascending the hill, +and talking together in a low tone. The young man +lay still, listening to them. When they reached the +lodge, they sat down.</p> + +<p>The leader said, “Fill your pipe, friends. We must +smoke this last time with our friend up there.”</p> + +<p>“Yes, your friend has spoken well. That should be +done,” answered one of them.</p> + +<p>So he filled the pipe. He drew a whiff, and when +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +the fire glowed, he turned the pipestem toward the +seam of the skins above the doorway. He looked up +towards the sky, saying, “Ho, friend, here is the pipe. +We must smoke with you this last time. And then we +must separate. Here is the pipe.”</p> + +<p>As he said this, he gazed above the doorway and saw +a head looking out from the tent.</p> + +<p>“Oh! My friends!” he cried. “Look at this place +behind you.”</p> + +<p>When the two looked, they said, “Really! Friends, +it is he!” And all fled.</p> + +<p>Then the young man leaped down and pursued them. +Two of them fell to the ground in terror, but he did +not disturb them, going on in pursuit of his father. +When the old man was overtaken, he fell to the ground. +He was terrified. The young man sat astride of him. +He said, “You have been very disobedient! Fill the +pipe for me!”</p> + +<p>The old man said, “Oh! My grandchild! Oh! My +grandchild!” hoping that the ghost would pity him. +Then he filled the pipe as he lay stretched there and +gave it to his son.</p> + +<p>The young man smoked. When he stopped smoking, +the old man said, “Oh! My grandchild! Oh! +My grandchild! Pity me, and let me go. We thought +we must smoke with you this last time, so we went +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +to the place where you were. Oh! My grandchild, +pity me.”</p> + +<p>“If that be so, arise and extend your hands to me +in entreaty,” said the young man.</p> + +<p>The old man arose and did so, saying continually, +“Oh! My grandchild! Oh! My grandchild!”</p> + +<p>It was as much as the young man could do to keep +from laughing. At length he said, “Well! Begone! +Beware lest you come again and go around my resting +place very often! Do not visit it again!” Then he let +the old man go.</p> + +<p>On returning to the burial lodge, he found the two +old men still lying where they had fallen. When he +approached them, they slipped off, with their heads +covered, as they were terrified, and he let them go +undisturbed. When they had gone, the young man hurried +home. He reached there first and after washing +himself, reclined at full length.</p> + +<p>He said to his wife, “When they return, be sure not +to laugh. Make an effort to control yourself. I came +very near making them die of fright.”</p> + +<p>When the old men returned, the young people seemed +to be asleep. The old men did not lie down; all sat +in silence, smoking together until daylight. When the +young man arose in the morning, the old men appeared +very sorrowful.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +Then he said, “Give me one of the robes that you +and your friends cut off and brought back. I, too, have +no robe at all.”</p> + +<p>His father said, “Why! We went there, but we did +not get anything at all. We were attacked. We came +very near being killed.”</p> + +<p>To this the son replied, “Why! I was unwilling +for this to happen, so I said, ‘Do not go,’ but you paid +no attention to me, and went. But now you think +differently and you weep.”</p> + +<p>When it was night, the young man said, “Go again +and make another attempt. Bring back a piece for me, +as I have no robe at all.”</p> + +<p>The old men were unwilling to go again, and they +lost their patience, as he teased them so often.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE FORKED ROADS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>ong ago, in the days of the grandfathers, a man +died and was buried by his village. For four +nights his ghost had to walk a very dark trail. +Then he reached the Milky Way and there was plenty +of light. For this reason, people ought to keep the +funeral fires lighted for four nights, so the spirit will +not walk in the dark trail.</p> + +<p>The spirit walked along the Milky Way. At last +he came to a point where the trail forked. There sat +an old man. He was dressed in a buffalo robe, with +the hair on the outside. He pointed to each ghost the +road he was to take. One was short and led to the land +of good ghosts. The other was very long; along it the +ghosts went wailing.</p> + +<p>The spirits of suicides cannot travel either road. +They must hover over their graves. For them there is +no future life.</p> + +<p>A murderer is never happy after he dies. Ghosts +surround him and keep up a constant whistling. He is +always hungry, though he eat much food. He is never +allowed to go where he pleases, lest high winds arise +and sweep down upon the others.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> +<h2>TATTOOED GHOSTS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>f a ghost wishes to walk the Ghost Road safely, +then during living the person must tattoo himself +either in the forehead or on the wrists. An old +woman sits in the Ghost Road and she examines each +ghost who passes. If she finds the tattoo marks, then +the ghost travels on at once to Many Lodges. If the +tattoo marks are not there, the old woman pushes the +ghost from a cloud and he falls to this world again. +Then he wanders all over the world. He is never quiet. +He goes about whistling, with no lodge, and people are +afraid of him.</p> + +<p>When these ghosts visit the sick, they are driven +away by smoke from the sacred cedar, or else cedar is +laid outside the lodge. When a person hears a ghost +whistling he goes outside the lodge and makes a loud +noise. If a ghost calls to a loved one and he answers, +then he is sure to die soon.</p> + +<p>If a ghost meets a man who is alone, he will catch +hold of him and pull his mouth and eyes until they are +crooked. Indeed, a ghost did this to a person who only +dreamed about one.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p> +<h2>A GHOST STORY</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Ponca</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> great many persons went on the warpath. +They were Ponca. As they approached the foe, +they camped for the night. They kindled a +fire. It was during the night. After kindling a bright +fire, they sat down; they made the fire burn very +brightly. Rejoicing greatly, they sat eating. Very suddenly +a person sang.</p> + +<p>“Keep quiet. Push the ashes over that fire. Seize +your bow in silence!” said their leader. All took their +bows. And they departed to surround him. They +made the circle smaller and smaller, and commenced +at once to come together. And still he stood singing; +he did not stir at all. At length they went very near to +the tree. And when they drew very near to it, the +singer ceased his song. When they had reached the +tree, bones lay there in a pile. Human bones were +piled there at the foot of the tree. When persons die, +the Dakotas usually suspend the bodies in trees.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE GHOST AND THE TRAVELER</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Teton</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce an Indian alone was just at the edge of +a forest. Then the Thunder Beings raised a +great storm. So he remained there for the +night. After it was dark, he noticed a light in the +woods. When he reached the spot, behold! there was +a sweat lodge, in which were two persons talking.</p> + +<p>One said, “Friend, someone has come and stands +without. Let us invite him to share our food.”</p> + +<p>Then the Indian fled because they were ghosts. But +they followed him. He looked back now and then, +but he could not see them.</p> + +<p>All at once he heard the cry of a woman. He was +glad to have company. But the moment he thought +about the woman, she appeared. She said, “I have +come because you have just wished to have company.”</p> + +<p>This frightened the man. The woman said, “Do not +fear me; else you will never see me again.”</p> + +<p>They journeyed until daybreak. The man looked at +her. She seemed to have no legs, yet she walked without +any effort. Then the man thought, “What if she +should choke me.” Immediately the ghost vanished.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE MAN WHO SHOT A GHOST</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Teton</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the olden time, a man was traveling alone, and +in a forest he killed several rabbits. After sunset +he was in the midst of the forest. He had to spend +the night there, so he made a fire.</p> + +<p>He thought this: “Should I meet any danger by +and by, I will shoot. I am a man who ought not to +regard anything.”</p> + +<p>He cooked a rabbit, so he was no longer hungry. +Just then he heard many voices. They were talking +about their own affairs. But the man could see no one.</p> + +<p>So he thought: “It seems now that at last I have +encountered ghosts.”</p> + +<p>Then he went and lay under a fallen tree, which was +a great distance from the fire. They came around him +and whistled, “<i>Hyu! hyu! hyu!</i>”</p> + +<p>“He has gone yonder,” said one of the ghosts. Then +they came and stood around the man, just as people do +when they hunt rabbits. The man lay flat beneath the +fallen tree, and one ghost came and climbed on the +trunk of that tree. Suddenly the ghost gave the cry +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +that a man does when he hits an enemy, “<i>A-he!</i>” Then +the ghost kicked the man in the back.</p> + +<p>Before the ghost could get away, very suddenly the +man shot at him and wounded him in the legs. So the +ghost cried as men do in pain, “<i>Au! au! au!</i>” At last +he went off, crying as women do, “<i>Yun! yun! yun! +yun!</i>”</p> + +<p>The other ghosts said to him, “Where did he shoot?”</p> + +<p>The wounded ghost said, “He shot me through the +head and I have come apart.” Then the other ghosts +were wailing on the hillside.</p> + +<p>The man decided he would go to the place where +the ghosts were wailing. So when day came, he went +there. He found some graves. Into one of them a wolf +had dug, so that the bones could be seen; and there +was a wound in the skull.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="BLACK_COYOTE" id="BLACK_COYOTE"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp17.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp17th.jpg" width="296" height="400" alt="" /></a> +<span class="caption">Black Coyote</span> +</div> + +<p class="center">Arapahoe chief, and a leader in the ghost-dance.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="ARAPAHOE_SHIRT" id="ARAPAHOE_SHIRT"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp18.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp18th.jpg" width="400" height="287" alt="" /></a> +<span class="caption">Ornamentation on the Reverse of an Arapahoe “Ghost-dance” Shirt</span> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE INDIAN WHO WRESTLED WITH A GHOST</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Teton</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> young man went alone on the warpath. At +length he reached a wood. One day, as he was +going along, he heard a voice. He said, “I +shall have company.” As he was approaching a forest, +he heard some one halloo. Behold, it was an owl.</p> + +<p>By and by he drew near another wood, and as night +was coming on he lay down to rest. At the edge of the +trees he lay down in the open air. At midnight he +was aroused by the voice of a woman. She was wailing, +“My son! my son!” Still he remained where he was, +and put more wood on the fire. He lay with his back +to the fire. He tore a hole in his blanket large enough +to peep through.</p> + +<p>Soon he heard twigs break under the feet of one +approaching, so he looked through his blanket without +rising. Behold, a woman of the olden days was +coming. She wore a skin dress with long fringe. A +buffalo robe was fastened around her at the waist. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +Her necklace was of very large beads, and her leggings +were covered with beads or porcupine work. Her +robe was drawn over her head and she was snuffing as +she came.</p> + +<p>The man lay with his legs stretched out, and she +stood by him. She took him by one foot, which she +raised very slowly. When she let it go, it fell with a +thud as though he were dead. She raised it a second +time; then a third time. Still the man did not move. +Then the woman pulled a very rusty knife from the +front of her belt, seized his foot suddenly and was about +to lift it and cut it, when up sprang the man. He said, +“What are you doing?” Then he shot at her suddenly. +She ran into the forest screaming, “<i>Yun! yun! +yun! yun! yun! yun!</i>” She plunged into the forest and +was seen no more.</p> + +<p>Again the man covered his head with his blanket but +he did not sleep. When day came, he raised his eyes. +Behold, there was a burial scaffold, with the blankets +all ragged and dangling. He thought, “Was this the +ghost that came to me?”</p> + +<p>Again he came to a wood where he had to remain +for the night. He started a fire. As he sat there, suddenly +he heard someone singing. He made the woods +ring. The man shouted to the singer, but no answer +was paid. The man had a small quantity of <i>wasna</i>, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +which was grease mixed with pounded buffalo meat, +and wild cherry; he also had plenty of tobacco.</p> + +<p>So when the singer came and asked him for food, +the man said, “I have nothing.” The ghost said, +“Not so; I know you have some <i>wasna</i>.”</p> + +<p>Then the man gave some of it to the ghost and filled +his pipe. After the meal, when the stranger took the +pipe and held it by the stem, the traveler saw that it +was nothing but bones. There was no flesh. Then +the stranger’s robe dropped back from his shoulders. +Behold, all his ribs were visible. There was no flesh on +them. The ghost did not open his lips when he smoked. +The smoke came pouring out through his ribs.</p> + +<p>When he had finished smoking, the ghost said, “Ho! +we must wrestle together. If you can throw me, you +shall kill the enemy without hindrance and steal some +horses.”</p> + +<p>The young man agreed. But first he threw an armful +of brush on the fire. He put plenty of brush near +the fire.</p> + +<p>Then the ghost rushed at the man. He seized him +with his bony hands, which was very painful; but this +mattered not. The man tried to push off the ghost, +whose legs were very powerful. When the ghost was +pulled near the fire, he became weak; but when he +pulled the young man toward the darkness, he became +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +strong. As the fire got low, the strength of the ghost +increased. Just as the man began to get weary, the +day broke. Then the struggle began again. As they +drew near the fire again, the man made a last effort; +with his foot he pushed more brush into the fire. The +fire blazed up again suddenly. Then the ghost fell, just +as if he was coming to pieces.</p> + +<p>So the man won in wrestling. Also he killed his +enemy and stole some horses. It came out just as the +ghost said. That is why people believe what ghosts +say.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE WAKANDA, OR WATER GOD</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Yankton</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> man and his wife had only one child, they say, +whom they loved very much. He used to go +playing every day, they say; and one day he +fell into the water. His father and mother and all his +relations wailed regularly. His father was very sad, +they say. He would not sleep within the lodge; he lay +out of doors, without any pillow at all. When he lay +on the ground with his cheek on the palm of his hand, +he heard his child crying. He heard him crying down +under the ground, they say. Having assembled all his +relations, he spoke of digging into the ground. The +relations collected horses to be given as pay; they collected +goods and horses. Then came two old men who +said they were sacred. They spoke of seeking for the +child. An old man went to tell the father. He brought +the two sacred men to the lodge. The father filled a +pipe with tobacco. He gave it to the sacred men, and +said, “If you bring my child back, I will give all this +to you.”</p> + +<p>So they painted themselves; one made his body very +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +black, the other made his body very yellow. Both went +into the deep water. So they arrived there, they say. +They talked to the wakanda. The child was not dead; +he was sitting up, alive.</p> + +<p>The men said, “The father demands his child. We +have him; we will go homeward,” they said.</p> + +<p>“You have him; but if you take him homeward +with you, he shall die. Had you taken him before he +ate anything, he might have lived. Begone ye, and tell +those words to his father.”</p> + +<p>The two men went. They arrived at the lodge, they +say.</p> + +<p>“We have seen your child; the wakanda’s wife has +him. We saw him alive, but he has eaten of the food +of the wakandas. Therefore the wakanda says that if +we bring the child back with us out of the water, he +shall die.”</p> + +<p>Still, the father wished to see him.</p> + +<p>“If the wakanda’s wife gives you back your child, +she desires a very white dog as pay.”</p> + +<p>“I promise to give her the white dog,” said the +father.</p> + +<p>Again the two men painted themselves; the one made +himself very black, the other made himself very yellow. +Again they went beneath the water. They +arrived at the place again.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +“The father said we were to take the child back at +any cost; he spoke of seeing his child.”</p> + +<p>So the wakanda gave the child back to them; homeward +they went with him. When they reached the +surface of the water with him, the child died. They +gave him back to his father. Then all the people +wailed when they saw the child, their relation.</p> + +<p>They plunged the white-haired dog into the water. +When they had buried the child they gave pay to the +two men.</p> + +<p>After a while, the parents lost another child, a girl, +in the same way, they say. But she did not eat any of +the wakanda’s food, therefore they took her home alive. +But it was another wakanda who took her, and he +promised to give her back if they would give him four +white-haired dogs.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SPIRIT LAND</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Arapahoe</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he spirit world is toward the Darkening Land, +higher up, and separated from the world of +living by a great lake. Now when the spirits +came back to this world [in the ghost-dance excitement] +Crow was their leader. That is because Crow is black; +his color is the same as that of the Darkening Land. +Crow was followed by all the Indians. But when they +reached the edge of the shadow land, below them was +a great sea.</p> + +<p>Far away, toward the Sunrise Land were their +people in the world of living. So Crow took a pebble +in his beak. He dropped it into the water, and it +became a mountain, towering up to the shadow land. +So the Indians came down the mountain side to the +edge of the water.</p> + +<p>Then Crow took some dust in his bill. He flew out +and dropped it into the water, and it became solid +land. It stretched between the spirit land and the +world of living.</p> + +<p>Then Crow flew out again, with blades of grass in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +his beak. He dropped these upon the new made land. +At once the earth was covered with green grass.</p> + +<p>Again Crow flew out with twigs in his beak, and he +dropped these upon the new earth. At once it was +covered with a forest of trees.</p> + +<p>Again he flew back to the base of the mountain. +Then he called all the spirit Indians together. Now +he is coming to help the living Indians. He has already +passed the sea. He is now on the western edge of the +world of living.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> +<h2>WAZIYA, THE WEATHER SPIRIT</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Teton</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he giant called Waziya knows when there is +to be a change of weather. He is a giant. +When he travels, his footprints are large +enough for several Indians to stand in abreast. His +strides are very far apart; at one step he can go over a +hill.</p> + +<p>When it is cold, people say, “Waziya has returned.” +They used to pray to him, but when they found he paid +no attention to him, they ceased to do it.</p> + +<p>When warm weather is coming, Waziya wraps himself +in a thick robe. But when cold weather is coming, +he wears nothing at all. Waziya, the giant god of the +north, and Itokaga, the god of the south, are ever battling. +Each in turn wins the victory.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> +<h2>KANSAS BLIZZARDS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Kansa</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hen there is a blizzard, the other Kansa beg +the members of the Tcihaci gens to interpose, +as they are the Wind People.</p> + +<p>They say, “Oh, grandfather, I wish good weather. +Please have one of your children decorated.”</p> + +<p>Then the youngest son of one of the Wind People, +but one half grown, is selected. He is painted all over +with red paint. Then he goes out into the storm and +rolls over and over the snow, reddening it for some distance. +This stops the storm.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3><a name="ARIKARA_CHIEFS" id="ARIKARA_CHIEFS"></a>“KILLED TWO ARIKARA CHIEFS”</h3> + +<p class="center">(Indian drawing)</p> + +<p><i>The rank of the chiefs is shown by the white weasel skins attacked to +their costumes. The arrow in the thigh of the horseman indicates that +he was wounded.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp19.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp19th.jpg" width="400" height="266" alt="" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of +Ethnology</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3><a name="MANY_TONGUES" id="MANY_TONGUES"></a>MANY TONGUES, OR LOUD TALKER</h3> + +<p><i>Oddly enough, the name is given as that of the vanquished, not of the +victor, although the balloon of sound would seemingly indicate +otherwise. The pipe between the two indicates that the victor is +entitled to celebrate his victory.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp20.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp20th.jpg" width="400" height="386" alt="" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of +Ethnology</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> +<h2>IKTO AND THE SNOWSTORM</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Teton</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>kto was the first person in this world. He is more +cunning than human beings. He it was who +named all the animals and people. But sometimes +Ikto was tricked by the beings he had created.</p> + +<p>One day Ikto was hungry; just then he caught a rabbit. +He was about to roast him.</p> + +<p>Suddenly Rabbit said, “Oh, Ikto, I will teach you +a magic art.”</p> + +<p>Ikto said, “I have created all things.”</p> + +<p>“But I will show you something new,” said Rabbit. +Therefore Ikto consented. He let go of Rabbit.</p> + +<p>Rabbit stood in front of Ikto and said, “Elder +brother, if you wish snow to fall at any time, take some +hair such as this,”—and he pulled out some of his +rabbit fur—“and blow it in all directions; there will +be a blizzard.”</p> + +<p>Rabbit made a deep snow in this way, though the +leaves were green.</p> + +<p>At once, Ikto began to pull his own fur and say +magic words. Rabbit made a long leap and ran away. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +Ikto pulled his fur and blew it about. But there was +no snow. Then he pulled more fur, and blew it about. +Still there was no snow. It was only rabbit fur that +made the snow.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SOUTHERN BRIDE</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">N</span>orth went traveling, and after a long time, +and after visiting many tribes, he fell in love +with the daughter of South.</p> + +<p>South and his wife said, “No. Ever since you came +the weather has been cold. If you stay we will all +freeze.”</p> + +<p>North said he would go back to his own country. +So South let his daughter marry him. Then North +went back to his own country with South’s daughter. +All the people there lived in ice houses.</p> + +<p>The next day, after sunrise, the houses began to +leak. The ice began to melt. It grew warmer and +warmer. Then North’s people came to him. They +said, “It is the daughter of the South. If she lives +here all the lodges will melt. You must send her back +to her father.”</p> + +<p>North said, “No.”</p> + +<p>But every day it grew hotter. The lodges began to +melt away. The people said North must send his wife +home. Therefore North had to send her back to South.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE FALLEN STAR</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> people had this camp. And there were two +women sleeping out of doors and looking up +at the stars.</p> + +<p>One of them said, “I wish that that large and bright +shining star were my husband.”</p> + +<p>The other said, “I wish the star that shines less +brightly were my husband.”</p> + +<p>And immediately both were immediately carried +upward, they say. They found themselves in a beautiful +country which was full of beautiful twin flowers. +And they found that the star which had shone most +brightly was a large man; the other star was only a +young man. So the two stars married the two women +and they lived in that beautiful Star Country.</p> + +<p>Now in that country was a plant, the Teepsinna, with +large, attractive stalks. The wife of the large star +wanted to dig them. Her husband said, “No; no one +does so here.”</p> + +<p>Then the camp moved. When the woman had +pitched her tepee, and came inside to lay the mats, she +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> +saw there a beautiful teepsinna. She said to herself, +“I will dig this; no one will see me.” So she took +her digging stick and dug the teepsinna; but when she +pulled it out of the earth, the foundation of the Star +Country broke and she fell through with her baby. +So the woman died; but the baby was not injured. It +lay there stretched out.</p> + +<p>An old man came that way. When he saw that the +baby was alive, he took it in his blanket and took it to +his own lodge. He said to his wife, “Old woman, I +saw something today that made my heart feel badly.”</p> + +<p>“What was it?” she asked.</p> + +<p>“A woman lay dead; and a little baby boy lay beside +her kicking.”</p> + +<p>“Why did you not bring it home, old man?” she +asked.</p> + +<p>“Here it is,” he said. Then he took it out of his +blanket.</p> + +<p>The wife said, “Old man, let us adopt this child.”</p> + +<p>The old man said, “We will swing it around the +tepee.” He whirled it up through the smoke hole. It +went whirling around and around and fell down, and +came creeping into the tent.</p> + +<p>Again he took up the baby and threw it up through +the smoke hole. It got up and came into the tent walking. +Again the old man whirled him out. In came a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> +boy with some green sticks. He said, “Grandfather, I +wish you would make me arrows.”</p> + +<p>Again the old man whirled him out. No one knows +where he went. This time he came back into the tepee +a long man, with many green sticks. He said, “Grandfather, +make me arrows of these.”</p> + +<p>So the old man made him arrows, and he killed a +great many buffaloes, and they made a large tepee, and +built up a high sleeping place in the back part of the +tepee, and were very rich in dried meat.</p> + +<p>The old man said, “Old woman, I am glad we are +well off; I will proclaim it abroad.” So when morning +came, he went to the top of the tent, and sat, and said, +“I, I have abundance laid up. I eat the fat of the +animals.”</p> + +<p>That is how the meadow lark came to be made, they +say. It has a yellow breast and black in the middle, +which is the yellow of that morning, and they say the +black stripe is made by a smooth buffalo horn worn for +a necklace.</p> + +<p>The young man said, “Grandfather, I want to go +visiting.”</p> + +<p>“Yes,” said the old man. “When one is young is +the time to go visiting.”</p> + +<p>The young man went and came to a people, and lo! +they were engaged in shooting arrows through a hoop. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> +And there was a young man who was simply looking +on. By and by he said, “My friend, let us go to your +house.”</p> + +<p>So they came to his lodge. Now this young man also +had been raised by his grandmother, and lived with her, +they say.</p> + +<p>“Grandmother, I have brought my friend home with +me; get him something to eat,” said the grandson.</p> + +<p>Grandmother said, “What shall I do?”</p> + +<p>Then the visiting young man said, “How is it, grandmother?”</p> + +<p>She said, “The people are about to die of thirst. All +who go for water will not come back again.”</p> + +<p>Fallen Star said, “My friend, take a kettle; we will +go for water.”</p> + +<p>“With difficulty have I raised my grandchild,” +objected the old woman.</p> + +<p>“You are afraid of trifles,” said the grandson. So he +went with Star-born.</p> + +<p>They reached the side of the lake. By the water of +the lake stood troughs half full of water.</p> + +<p>Star-born called out, “You who they say have killed +every one who has come for water, where have you +gone? I have come for water.”</p> + +<p>Then immediately whither they went is not manifest. +Behold, there was a long house which was extended, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +and it was full of young men and women. Some of +them were dead and some were dying.</p> + +<p>“How did you come here?” asked Star-born.</p> + +<p>They replied, “What do you mean? We came for +water and something swallowed us.”</p> + +<p>Something kept striking on the head of Star-born.</p> + +<p>“What is this?” he said.</p> + +<p>“Get away,” they replied, “that is the heart.”</p> + +<p>Then he drew out his knife and cut it to pieces. Suddenly +something made a great noise. In the great body, +these people were swallowed up. When the heart died, +death came to the body. Then Star-born cut a great +hole in the side, and came out, bringing the young men +and the young women. All came to life again.</p> + +<p>So the people were thankful and offered him two +wives.</p> + +<p>But he said, “I am journeying. My friend here will +marry them.”</p> + +<p>Then Star-born went on, they say. Again he found +a young man standing where they were shooting +through a hoop. He said, “I will look on with my +friend,” and went and stood beside him.</p> + +<p>Then the other said, “My friend, let us go home,” +so he went with him to his tepee.</p> + +<p>“Grandmother, I have brought my friend home with +me,” he said. “Get him something to eat.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> +Grandmother replied, “How shall I do as you +say?”</p> + +<p>“How is it?” said Star-born.</p> + +<p>“This people are perishing for wood,” she said; +“when any one goes for wood, he never comes home +again.”</p> + +<p>Star-born said, “My friend, take the packing strap; +we will go for wood.”</p> + +<p>The old woman protested. “This one, my grandchild, +I have raised with difficulty,” she said. He +answered, “Old woman, what you are afraid of are +trifles,” and went with the young man. “I am going +to bring wood,” he said. “If any wish to go, come +along.”</p> + +<p>“The young man who came from somewhere says +this,” they said, so they followed him.</p> + +<p>They had now reached the wood. They found it +tied up in bundles. He ordered them to carry it home, +but he stood still and said, “You who killed every +one who came to this wood, where have you gone?”</p> + +<p>Then, suddenly, where he went was not made manifest. +And lo! a tepee, and in it some young men and +young women; some were eating, and some were +waiting.</p> + +<p>He said to them, “How came you here?”</p> + +<p>They answered, “What do you mean? We came for +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> +wood and something brought us here. Now you also +are lost.”</p> + +<p>He looked behind him, and lo! there was a hole.</p> + +<p>“What is this?” he asked.</p> + +<p>“Stop!” they said. “That is the thing itself.”</p> + +<p>He drew out an arrow and shot it. Then suddenly +it opened out and behold! it was the ear of an owl in +which they had been shut up. When it was killed, it +opened out. Then he said, “Young men and women, +come out,” so they went home.</p> + +<p>Again they offered him two wives. But he said, “My +friend will marry them. I am traveling.”</p> + +<p>Again he passed on. And he came to a dwelling +place of people and found them shooting the hoop. +There stood a young man looking on. He joined him +as his friend. While they stood there together, he +said:</p> + +<p>“Friend, let us go to your home.” So he went with +him to his tepee.</p> + +<p>The young man said, “Grandmother, I have brought +my friend home with me; get him something to eat.”</p> + +<p>She said, “Where shall I get it from, that you say +that?”</p> + +<p>“Grandmother, how is it that you say so?” asked +the stranger.</p> + +<p>She replied, “Waziya treats this people very badly. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +When they go out to kill buffalo, he takes it all, and +now they are starving to death.”</p> + +<p>Now Waziya was a giant who caused very cold +weather and blizzards.</p> + +<p>Then he said, “Grandmother, go to him and say, +‘My grandchild has come on a journey and has nothing +to eat; so he has sent me to you.’”</p> + +<p>So the old woman went and standing at a distance, +cried, “Waziya, my grandchild has come on a journey +and has nothing to eat; so he has sent me to you.”</p> + +<p>He replied, “Bad old woman, get you home; what +do you mean by coming here?”</p> + +<p>The old woman came home crying, and saying that +Waziya had threatened to kill some of her relations.</p> + +<p>Star-born said, “My friend, take your strap; we will +go there.”</p> + +<p>The old woman interfered: “I have with difficulty +raised my grandchild.”</p> + +<p>Grandchild replied to this by saying, “Grandmother +is very much afraid.” So the two went together.</p> + +<p>When they came to the house of Waziya, they found +a great deal of dried meat outside. He put as much +on his friend as he could carry, and sent him home with +it; then Star-born entered the tepee of Waziya, and +said to him, “Waziya, why did you answer my grandmother +as you did when I sent her to you?”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +Waziya only looked angry.</p> + +<p>Hanging there was a bow of ice. “Waziya, why +do you keep this?” he said.</p> + +<p>The giant replied, “Hands off; whoever touches that +gets a broken arm.”</p> + +<p>Star-born said, “I will see if my arm breaks.” He +took the ice bow and snapped it into many pieces, and +then started home.</p> + +<p>The next morning all the people went on the chase +and killed many buffaloes. But, as he had done before, +the Waziya went all over the field, gathered up all +the meat, and put it in his blanket.</p> + +<p>Star-born was cutting up a fat cow. Waziya came +and stood there. He said, “Who cuts this up?”</p> + +<p>“I am,” answered Star-born.</p> + +<p>Waziya said, “From where have you come that you +act so haughtily?”</p> + +<p>“Whence have you come, Waziya, that you act so +proudly?” he retorted.</p> + +<p>Waziya said, “Fallen Star, whoever points his finger +at me dies.” The young man thought, “I will point +my finger at him and see if I die.” He pointed his +finger, but it made no difference.</p> + +<p>Then Fallen Star said, “Waziya, whoever points +his finger at me, his hand loses all use.” So Waziya +thought, “I will point my finger and see.” He pointed +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +his finger. His forearm lost all use. Then he pointed +his finger with the other hand. It was destroyed even +to the elbow.</p> + +<p>Then Fallen Star drew out his knife and cut up +Waziya’s blanket, and all the buffalo meat he had gathered +there fell out. Fallen Star called to the people, +“Henceforth kill and carry home.”</p> + +<p>So the people took the meat and carried it to their +tepees.</p> + +<p>The next morning, they say, it was rumored that the +blanket of Waziya, which had been cut to pieces, had +been sewed up by his wife. He was about to shake it.</p> + +<p>The giant stood with his face toward the north and +shook his blanket. Then the wind blew from the north. +Snow fell all about the camp so that the people were +all snowed in. They were much troubled. They said, +“We did live in some fashion before; but now this +young man has acted so we are in great trouble.”</p> + +<p>But he said, “Grandmother, find me a fan.”</p> + +<p>Then she made a road under the snow, and went to +people and said, “My grandchild says he wants a fan.”</p> + +<p>“What does he mean by saying that?” they asked and +gave him one.</p> + +<p>Now the snow reached to the top of the lodges, and +so Fallen Star pushed up through the snow, and sat +on the ridge of the lodge. While the wind was blowing +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +to the south, he sat and fanned himself and made the +wind come from the south. Then the heat became +great. The snow went as if boiling water had been +poured over it. All over the ground there was a mist. +Waziya and his wife and children all died with the +great heat. But the youngest child, the littlest child of +Waziya, took refuge in the hole made by the tent pole, +where there was a frost, and so he lived. So they say +that is all that is left of Waziya now, just the littlest +child.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="NEBRASKA_PETROGLYPH" id="NEBRASKA_PETROGLYPH"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp21.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp21th.jpg" width="400" height="289" +alt="A large stone carved with petroglyphs." /></a> +<span class="caption">Petroglyph in Nebraska</span> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> +<h2>QUARREL OF THE SUN AND MOON</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">“I</span> am out of patience with you,” said Moon to +Sun. “Although I bring people together, you +scatter them. Thus many are lost.”</p> + +<p>“I have desired many people to grow,” said Sun, +“and so I have scattered them; but you have been putting +them in darkness and thus have you been killing +many with hunger. Ho! ye people!” called the Sun. +“Many of you shall mature. I will look down on you +from above. I will direct you, whatever you do.”</p> + +<p>Then Moon said, “And I, too, will dwell so. I will +collect you; when it is dark, you shall assemble in full +numbers, and sleep. I myself will rule you, whatever +you do. And we shall walk in the road, one after the +other. I will walk behind him.”</p> + +<p>Moon is just like a woman. She always walks with +a kettle on her arm.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> +<h2>WHY THE POSSUM PLAYS DEAD</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p>Rabbit and Possum each wanted a wife, but no +one would marry either of them. They talked +over the matter and Rabbit said, “We can’t get +wives here. Let’s go to the next village. I’ll say I’m +messenger for the council and that everybody must +marry at once, and then we’ll be sure to get wives.”</p> + +<p>Off they started for the next town. As Rabbit traveled +the faster, he got there first. He waited outside +the village until people noticed him and took him into +the council lodge. When the chief asked his business, +Rabbit said he brought an important message: everyone +must be married at once. So the chief called a great +council of the people and told them the message.</p> + +<p>Every animal took a mate at once, and thus Rabbit +got a wife.</p> + +<p>But Possum traveled slowly. Therefore he reached +the village so late that all the men were married and +there was no wife for him. Rabbit pretended to be +sorry. He said, “Never mind. I’ll carry the same +message to the next village.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +So Rabbit traveled ahead to the next village. He +waited outside until they invited him to the council +lodge. There he told the chief he brought an important +message: there had been peace so long, there must be +war at once. The war must begin in the council lodge.</p> + +<p>The animals all began to fight at once, but Rabbit +got away in just four leaps. Then Possum reached +the lodge. Now Possum had brought no weapons. So +all the animals began to fight Possum. They hit him so +hard that after a while he rolled over in a corner and +shut his eyes and pretended to be dead. That is why +Possum pretends to be dead when he finds the hunters +after him.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> +<h2>BOG MYTH</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">B</span>ogs are very mysterious. Strange things, with +thick hair, remain at the bottom of a bog. +These things have no eyes, but they eat everything +which comes to them, and from their bodies water +flows always. When one of these Beings wishes, he +changes his place of abode. He lives at a new place. +Then the old place where he lived dries up; but a +fresh spring of water gushes from his new lodge. The +water of this spring is warm in winter; but in summer +it is as cold as ice. Before one dares drink of it, he +prays to the water, else he may bring illness on himself +for irreverence.</p> + +<p>In the olden days, one of the Bog Beings was pulled +out of a bog and carried to the camp. A special tepee +was built for him. But so much water flowed all +around that the people were almost drowned. Then +those who were not drowned offered him food. He +sat motionless, gazing at them. But the food vanished +before they could see it go; and no one saw the Bog +Being eat it.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> +<h2>COYOTE AND SNAKE</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">C</span>oyote was going in a straight line across the +prairie. While he was seeking something, a +person said suddenly, “Stop!” Coyote thought, +“Who can it be?”</p> + +<p>He looked all around but saw no one. Then he +walked on a few steps, when some one said, “Walk +around me!” Then Coyote saw it was Snake.</p> + +<p>“Humph!” said Coyote. “When I walk here, I +do not wish to walk around anyone at all. You go to +one side. Get out of my way!”</p> + +<p>Snake replied, “I am here. I have never thought +for a moment of giving place to anyone!”</p> + +<p>“Even if you think so,” said Coyote, “I will run over +you.”</p> + +<p>“If you do so, you shall die,” said Snake.</p> + +<p>“Why should I die? There is nothing that can kill +me,” said Coyote.</p> + +<p>“Come! Step over me. Do it in spite of me,” said +Snake. Then Coyote stepped over him. And Snake +bit him. But Coyote did not feel it.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +“Where is it? You said that if I stepped over you, +I should die. Where have I received my death blow?” +said Coyote.</p> + +<p>Snake made no reply and Coyote walked on. After +some time he came to a creek. As he was about to +drink, he saw himself in the water. He seemed very +fat.</p> + +<p>“Whew!” he said. “I was never so before. I am +very fat.” Saying this, he felt himself all over; but +that was all he did. Then he walked on until he felt +sleepy. He said, “I am very sleepy.” So he pushed +his way into the thick grass and fell asleep. Coyote +did not wake up. Snake had told the truth.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> +<h2>WHY THE WOLVES HELP IN WAR</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce upon a time an Indian found a wolf den, +and began digging into it to get the cubs.</p> + +<p>Wolf Mother appeared, barking. She said, +“Pity my children,” but he paid no attention to her. +So she ran for her husband.</p> + +<p>Wolf Father soon appeared. He barked. Still the +man dug into the den. Then Wolf Father sang a +beautiful song. He sang, “O man, pity my children, +and I will teach you one of my arts.” He ended with +a howl which caused a fog. When the Wolf Father +howled again, the fog disappeared.</p> + +<p>The man thought, “These animals have mysterious +gifts.” So he tore up his red blanket into small pieces. +He tied a piece around the neck of each of the wolf +cubs, as a necklace. Then he painted them with red +paint and put them back into the den.</p> + +<p>Wolf Father was very grateful. He said, “When +you go to war hereafter, I will go with you. I will +bring about whatever you wish.” Then the man went +away.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +After a while the man went on the warpath. Just +as he came in sight of the village of the enemy, a large +wolf met him.</p> + +<p>Wolf said, “By and by I will sing. Then you shall +steal their horses when they least suspect danger.”</p> + +<p>So the man stopped on a hill close to the village. And +the wolf sang. After that he howled, making a high +wind arise. The horses fled to the forest, but many +stopped on the hillside. When the wolf howled again, +the wind died down and a mist arose. So the man on +the warpath took as many horses as he pleased.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> +<h2>HOW RABBIT ESCAPED FROM THE WOLVES</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce upon a time, Wolves caught Rabbit. They +were going to eat him, but Rabbit said he +would show them a new dance. Now the +Wolves knew that Rabbit was a good dancer, so they +made a ring around him.</p> + +<p>Rabbit pattered with his feet and began to dance +around in a circle, singing,</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">On the edge of the field I dance about,</span><br /> +<span class="i0"><i>Ha’ nia lil! lil! Ha’ nia lil! lil!</i></span><br /> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Then the Rabbit stopped a minute. He said, “Now +when I sing ‘on the edge of the field,’ I dance that +way”—and he danced over in that direction; “and +when I sing ‘<i>lil! lil!</i>’ you must all stamp your feet +hard.”</p> + +<p>The Wolves liked that. They liked new dances.</p> + +<p>Rabbit began singing the same song, dancing nearer +to the field, while all the Wolves stamped their feet. +He sang the song again, dancing still nearer the edge +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +of the field. The fourth time he sang it, while the +Wolves were stamping their feet as hard as they could. +Rabbit made one jump off and leaped through the long +grass. The Wolves raced after him, but Rabbit ran +for a hollow stump and climbed inside. When the +Wolves got there, one of them put his head inside, but +Rabbit hit him on the eye and he pulled his head out. +The others were afraid to try, so they went away and +left Rabbit in the stump.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="DRAGGING_BRUSH" id="DRAGGING_BRUSH"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp22.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp22th.jpg" width="400" height="298" alt="" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plains Indians Dragging Brush for a Medicine Lodge</span> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>By permission of Sumner W. Matteson, the photographer</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="EARTH_LODGE" id="EARTH_LODGE"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp23.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp23th.jpg" width="400" height="298" alt="" /></a> +<span class="caption">An Earth Lodge</span> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> +<h2>HOW RABBIT LOST HIS FAT</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span>t first all the four-footed animals were fat. The +one who made them wished to know if they +looked well so fat. So he called all the four-footed +animals together. He seized by the head each +one who did not look handsome with the fat, and +scraped it all off.</p> + +<p>At length someone took Rabbit to him.</p> + +<p>“Fat makes me handsome,” said Rabbit “I will +be the one.”</p> + +<p>“Let me see! Come here!” said the one who made +the animals. Then he made Rabbit fat. Then he +looked at him. “Fat makes you ugly beyond measure.”</p> + +<p>So he seized Rabbit by the head and scraped off the +fat from the base of his neck. But he pulled suddenly +at the flesh in the space between the shoulders. Therefore, +ever since then Rabbit has had a hollow space +between his shoulders, and only in that place is there +a piece of fat.</p> + +<p>At length the person who made the animals saw that +Raccoon was the only person who looked well when +fat. So he made the whole body of Raccoon fat.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> +<h2>HOW FLINT VISITED RABBIT</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>ong ago, in the old days, Flint lived up in the +mountains, and all the animals hated him +because he had helped to kill so many of +them. All the arrowheads were made of flint. They +used to have councils. They tried to think of some +means of killing him. But everybody was afraid to go +near to his house, until at last Rabbit, who was the +boldest, offered to try to kill Flint.</p> + +<p>So Rabbit asked the trail to Flint’s house. At last +he reached the house.</p> + +<p>Flint was standing at the door of his lodge when +Rabbit reached there. He said, “<i>Siyu!</i> Hello! Are +you the fellow they call Flint?”</p> + +<p>“Yes; that’s what they call me,” said Flint.</p> + +<p>“Is this where you live?”</p> + +<p>“Yes; this is where I live.”</p> + +<p>All the time Rabbit was looking at the lodge and all +about him. He was trying to think how to kill Flint. +Rabbit had expected Flint to invite him into his lodge. +But Flint only stood in the door.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +Rabbit said, “My name is Rabbit. I’ve heard a +good deal about you, so I came to see you.”</p> + +<p>Flint said, “Where is your lodge?”</p> + +<p>“Down in the broom-grass field near the river,” said +Rabbit.</p> + +<p>Flint said, “I will come and visit you after a while.”</p> + +<p>Rabbit said, “Come now and have supper with me.”</p> + +<p>So Rabbit coaxed Flint until he said yes, and the +two started down the mountain side together.</p> + +<p>When they came near Rabbit’s hole, Rabbit said, +“There is my lodge, but in summer I stay outside here, +where it is cooler.”</p> + +<p>So he made a fire and they had their supper on the +grass. When supper was over, Flint stretched out on +the grass to rest. Rabbit picked up some heavy sticks +and his knife, and cut a mallet and wedge.</p> + +<p>Flint looked up and said, “What is that for?”</p> + +<p>“Oh,” said Rabbit, “I like to be doing something +and they may come in handy.”</p> + +<p>Flint lay down again and soon he was sound asleep. +Rabbit spoke to him once or twice, but he did not +answer. Then Rabbit came over to Flint and with one +blow of the mallet drove the stake through Flint. Then +he ran with all his might for his own hole. But before +he reached it, there was a loud explosion, and pieces +of flint flew all about. That is why we find flint in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +so many places now. One piece struck Rabbit and +cut him just as he dived into his hole. He sat listening +until everything was quiet again. Then he put his +head out to look around, just as another piece fell. It +cut his lip, just as we see it now.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> +<h2>HOW RABBIT CAUGHT THE SUN IN A TRAP</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce upon a time Rabbit dwelt in a lodge with +no one but his grandmother. It was his custom +to go hunting very early in the morning. But +no matter how early in the morning he went, a person +with a very long foot had been along, leaving a trail. +Rabbit wished to know him.</p> + +<p>“Now,” he thought, “I will go in advance of that +person.” Having risen very early in the morning, he +departed, but again it happened that the person had +been along, leaving a trail. Then Rabbit went home.</p> + +<p>“Grandmother,” he said, “though I arrange for +myself to go first, a person goes ahead of me every time. +Grandmother, I will make a snare and I will catch +him.”</p> + +<p>“Why should you do it?” she asked.</p> + +<p>“I hate the person,” he said.</p> + +<p>Again Rabbit departed. And again had the footprints +gone along. So Rabbit lay waiting for night +to come. Then he made a noose of a bowstring, setting +it where the footprints were commonly seen.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +Next morning Rabbit reached the place very early, +to see what he had caught in his trap. And it happened +that he had caught the Sun. Running very fast, he +went homewards to tell about it.</p> + +<p>“Grandmother,” he said, “I have caught something +or other but it scares me. Grandmother, I wished to +take away my bowstring, but I was scared every time.”</p> + +<p>So he went there again with a knife. This time +he got very near it.</p> + +<p>“You have done wrong. Why have you done it? +Come and untie me,” said the Sun.</p> + +<p>The Rabbit, although he went to untie him, kept +going past him a little on one side. Then he made +a rush with his head bent down and his arm stretched +out, and cut the bowstring with his knife. And the +Sun rose into the sky. But Rabbit had the hair between +his shoulders scorched yellow by the heat of the Sun as +he stooped and cut the bowstring. Then Rabbit arrived +at his lodge.</p> + +<p>“I am burnt. Oh, grandmother! the heat has left +nothing of me,” he said.</p> + +<p>Grandmother said, “Oh, my grandchild! I think +the heat has left to me nothing of him!”</p> + +<p>From that time Rabbit has always had a singed spot +upon his back, between his shoulders.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> +<h2>HOW RABBIT KILLED THE GIANT</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hen Rabbit was going on a journey, he +came to a certain village. The people said, +“Halloo! Rabbit has come as a visitor.”</p> + +<p>On meeting him, they said, “Whom did you come +to see?”</p> + +<p>“Why, I will go to the lodge of any one,” said +Rabbit.</p> + +<p>“But the people have nothing to eat,” they said. +“The Giant is the only one who has anything to eat. +You ought to go to his lodge.”</p> + +<p>Yet, the Rabbit passed on to the end lodge and +entered it.</p> + +<p>“Friend, we have nothing to eat,” said the host.</p> + +<p>“Why, my friend,” said Rabbit, “when there is +nothing, people eat anything they can get.”</p> + +<p>At length the Giant invited Rabbit to a feast.</p> + +<p>“Oh ho!” called the man whose lodge Rabbit had +entered. “Friend, you are invited. Hasten!”</p> + +<p>Now all the people were afraid of the Giant. No +matter what animal anyone killed, the Giant kept all +of the meat.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +Rabbit arrived at the lodge of the Giant. As he +entered, the host said, “Oh! Pass around to that side.” +But Rabbit leaped over and took a seat. At length +food was given him. He ate it very rapidly but left +some which he hid in his robe. Then he pushed the +bowl aside.</p> + +<p>“Friend,” he said to the Giant, “here is the bowl.” +Then he said, “Friend, I must go.” He sprang past +the fireplace at one leap, at the second leap his feet +touched the chest of the Giant’s servant, and with +another leap he had gone.</p> + +<p>When Rabbit reached the lodge where he was visiting, +he gave his host the food he had not eaten. The +man and his wife were glad to eat it, since they had +been without food.</p> + +<p>Next morning, the crier passed through the village, +commanding the people to be stirring.</p> + +<p>They said, “The Giant is the one for whom they are +to kill game.” So they all went hunting. They scared +some animals out of a dense forest and shot at them. +Rabbit went thither very quickly. He found Giant +had reached there before him and taken all the game. +When Rabbit heard shooting in another place, he went +thither, but again found the Giant was before him.</p> + +<p>“This is provoking!” thought Rabbit.</p> + +<p>When some persons shot at game in another place +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +Rabbit noticed it, and went thither immediately, reaching +the spot before the Giant.</p> + +<p>“Friend,” he said to the man who had killed the +deer, “let us cut it up.”</p> + +<p>The man was unwilling. He said, “No, friend, the +Giant will come by and by.”</p> + +<p>“Pshaw, friend,” said Rabbit. “When one kills +animals, he cuts them up and then makes an equal distribution +of the pieces,” said the Rabbit.</p> + +<p>Still the man refused, fearing the Giant. So Rabbit +rushed forward and seized the deer by the feet.</p> + +<p>When he had only slit the skin, the Giant arrived.</p> + +<p>“You have done wrong. Let it alone,” Giant said.</p> + +<p>“What have I done wrong?” asked Rabbit. “When +one kills game, he cuts it up and makes an equal distribution +of the pieces.”</p> + +<p>“Let it alone, I say,” said the Giant.</p> + +<p>But Rabbit continued to insert the knife in the meat.</p> + +<p>“I will blow that <i>thing</i> into the air,” said the Giant.</p> + +<p>“Blow me into the air! Blow me into the air!” +said Rabbit.</p> + +<p>So the Giant went closer to him, and when he blew +at him the Rabbit went up into the air with his fur +blown apart. Striding past, the Giant seized the deer, +put it through his belt, and departed. That was his +custom. He took all the deer that were killed, hung +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +them on his belt, and took them to his lodge. He was +a very tall person.</p> + +<p>At night Rabbit wandered around, and at last went +all around the Giant’s lodge. He seized an insect and +said to it, “Oh, insect! You shall go and bite the Giant +right in the side.”</p> + +<p>At length when it was morning, it was said the Giant +was ill. Then he died.</p> + +<p>The people said, “Make a village for Rabbit!”</p> + +<p>But Rabbit said, “I do not wish to be chief. I have +left my old woman by herself, so I will return to her.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> +<h2>HOW THE DEER GOT HIS HORNS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>ong ago, in the beginning, Deer had no horns. +His head was smooth like a doe’s. Now Deer +was a very fast runner, but Rabbit was a famous +jumper. So the animals used to talk about it and wonder +which could go the farther in the same time. They +talked about it a great deal. They decided to have a +race between the two, and they made a pair of large +antlers to be given to whoever could run the faster. +Deer and Rabbit were to start together from one side +of a thicket, go through it, and then turn and come +back. The one who came out of the thicket first was +to receive the horns.</p> + +<p>On a certain day all the animals were there. They +put the antlers down on the ground to mark the starting +point. Everyone admired the horns. But Rabbit +said, “I don’t know this part of the country; I want to +look through the bushes where I am to run.”</p> + +<p>So the Rabbit went into the thicket, and stayed a +long time. He was gone so long the animals suspected +he was playing a trick. They sent a messenger after +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +him. Right in the middle of the thicket he found +Rabbit, gnawing down the bushes and pulling them +away to make a clear road for himself.</p> + +<p>The messenger came back quietly and told the animals. +When Rabbit came back, they accused him of +cheating. Rabbit said, “No,” but at last they all went +into the thicket and found the road he had made. +Therefore the animals gave the antlers to Deer, saying +that he was the better runner. That is why deer have +antlers. And because Rabbit cut the bushes down, he +is obliged to keep cutting them down, as he does to this +day.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="KANSA_CHIEF" id="KANSA_CHIEF"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 298px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp24.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp24th.jpg" width="298" height="400" +alt="A Kansa chief in traditional dress." /></a> +<span class="caption">Kansa Chief</span> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="BIG_GOOSE" id="BIG_GOOSE"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp25.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp25th.jpg" width="296" height="400" +alt="An older man in traditional dress." /></a> +<span class="caption">Big Goose</span> +</div> + +<p class="center">(Omaha)</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> +<h2>WHY THE DEER HAS BLUNT TEETH</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>ne day after the race which they did not run, +Rabbit stretched a large grapevine across the +trail, gnawing it nearly in two in the middle. +Then he went back on the trail, took a run, and jumped +up at the vine. He did this again and again. At last +Deer came along and asked him to tell what he was +doing.</p> + +<p>“Don’t you see?” said Rabbit. “I’m so strong I +can bite through that grapevine at one jump.”</p> + +<p>Deer said, “Do it.” Rabbit ran back, made a long +leap, and bit through the vine where he had gnawed +it before.</p> + +<p>Deer said, “Well, I can do it if you can.”</p> + +<p>So Rabbit stretched a larger grapevine across the +trail but without gnawing it in the center. Deer ran +back as he had seen Rabbit do, made a spring, and +struck the grapevine right in the center. It only flew +back and threw him over.</p> + +<p>Deer tried again and again, but he was only bruised +and hurt.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +“Let me see your teeth,” said Rabbit. They were +long like a wolf’s teeth but not very sharp.</p> + +<p>“No wonder you cannot do it,” said Rabbit. “Your +teeth are too blunt to bite anything. Let me sharpen +them for you so they are like mine. My teeth are so +sharp I can cut through a stick just like a knife.”</p> + +<p>And Rabbit showed Deer a black locust twig, of +which rabbits gnaw the young shoots, which he had +shaved off as well as a knife could do it.</p> + +<p>So Deer let Rabbit sharpen his teeth. But Rabbit +got a hard stone with rough edges and ground down +the Deer’s teeth until they were blunt.</p> + +<p>“Now try it,” said Rabbit to Deer. So Deer tried +it again, but he could not bite at all.</p> + +<p>“Now you’ve paid for your horns,” said Rabbit as +he sprang through the underbrush. That is why the +Deer’s teeth are blunt.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> +<h2>LEGEND OF THE HEAD OF GOLD</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> man had four children. And they were all +young men, but they were poor and it seemed +as if they would die of laziness. The old man +said, “Behold! old woman. I have the greatest pity +for my youngest child, and I do not wish him to die of +poverty. See here; let us seek the Great Mystery, +Wakantanka. If we find him, behold! I will give the +boy to him to train up well for me.”</p> + +<p>“Yes, old man; you say well. We will do so,” said +the old woman. So at once they went toward the Darkening +Land, seeking Wakantanka. They came to a +very high hill; and as they came to it, behold! another +man came there also.</p> + +<p>The stranger said, “For what are you seeking?”</p> + +<p>“Alas, my friend,” the old man said, “my child, +whom I pity, I wish to give to Wakantanka, the Great +Mystery, and so I am seeking him.”</p> + +<p>“Yes, friend. I am Wakantanka,” said the man. +“My friend, give him to me. I will take him to my +home.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +So when the father gave up the boy, the Great Mystery +took him to a house that stood up like the clouds. +He said, “Look at this house as much as you like. Take +good care of these horses. But do not look into the +little house that stands here.”</p> + +<p>Having said this, he gave him all the keys. He +added, “Yes, have a watch of this. Lo, I am going on +a journey.” He said this and went away.</p> + +<p>It was evening; he came home with a great many +men, who sat down, filling the house. When they had +been there a good while one of them said, “The boy +is good; that is enough.” Saying this, he went out. In +like manner, all the men went home.</p> + +<p>Then again Wakantanka said, “Behold, I go on a +journey. Stay here and keep watch.” So again he went +away.</p> + +<p>While the boy was watching, one of the horses said, +“Friend, go into the little house where you are commanded +not to look, and inside in the middle of the +floor stands something yellow. Dip your head in that +and make haste—we two are together. When he +brings home a great many men, they will eat you, as +they will eat me, but I am unwilling—we two shall +share the same,” he said.</p> + +<p>So the boy went into the little house. In the middle +of the floor stood a round yellow thing into which he +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +dipped his head. Immediately his head became golden +and the house was shining and full of light.</p> + +<p>Then he came out and jumped on the horse that had +talked to him and they fled.</p> + +<p>They went very fast. Now when they had gone a +long way, behold! there came after them the one who +called himself Wakantanka. He shouted, “You bad +rascals, stop! You shall not live! Where will you go +in such a small country as this?”</p> + +<p>Saying this he came toward them and they were +much frightened. Again he shouted, “You bad rascals, +stop! You shall not live.” And indeed it seemed +as if they could not live.</p> + +<p>Then the horse said, “Take the egg you have and +throw it behind us.” The boy did so. At once the +whole country became a sea. He who followed was +obliged to stop. He said, “Alas, my horse, have mercy +on me and take me to the other side. If you do, I will +value you very highly.”</p> + +<p>“Oh, I am not willing to do that,” the horse replied. +But he continued to urge. Then he threw himself +down from above the water, so that when he came to the +middle of it, he went down and both he and the horse +were drowned. But the boy passed safely on.</p> + +<p>So he came to the dwellings of people and remained +there. But from behind they came to attack and fought +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> +with them. But the boy turned his head around, and +his head was covered with gold; also the horse he sat +upon was golden, and those who came against him were +thrown off their horses and only a few remained when +the battle was over. Again, when they returned to the +attack, he destroyed them all. So the boy was much +thought of by the people.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE MILKY WAY</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">N</span>ow the Indians had a corn mill, in which they +pounded the corn into meal. Several mornings +when they came to the stone in which the +corn was pounded, they saw that some of the meal had +been stolen. Therefore they looked at the ground. +They found the tracks of a dog.</p> + +<p>The next night, the people watched, and when the +dog came from the north, they saw him begin to eat +meal out of the stone bowl. Then they sprang out and +whipped him.</p> + +<p>The dog ran howling back to the north, dropping +the meal from his mouth as he ran. Therefore he left +behind a white trail where we now see the Milky Way. +But the Cherokees called it “Where-the-dog-ran.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> +<h2>COYOTE AND GRAY FOX</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Ponca</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">G</span>ray fox was very fat. Coyote said, +“Younger brother, what has made you fat?” +“Elder brother,” said the Gray Fox, “I lie +down on the trail in the way of those who carry crackers, +and I pretend to be dead. When they throw me in +the wagon, I lie there, kicking the crackers out. Then +I leap out and start home eating. It is the crackers +which make me fat. Elder brother, I wish you would +do likewise. Elder brother, you have large feet, so +I think will knock out a great many crackers.”</p> + +<p>Coyote went to the place and lay down in the trail. +When the white man came along, he threw Coyote into +the wagon. The white man thought, “It is not the +first time he has acted in this way,” so he tied the feet +of Coyote. Having put the Coyote in the wagon, the +white man went to his house. He threw Coyote out +near an old outhouse. Then the white man brought a +knife, and cut the cords which bound Coyote’s feet. He +acted as if Coyote was dead, so he threw him over his +back and started off for the house.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> +But Coyote managed to get loose and ran homeward. +He went back to get even with Gray Fox.</p> + +<p>“Oh, younger brother,” said Coyote, “you have +made me suffer.”</p> + +<p>“You yourself are to blame,” said Gray Fox. “Be +silent and listen to me. You brought the trouble +on yourself as you lay down in the place where the +white man came with his load of goods.”</p> + +<p>“Oh, younger brother, you tell the truth,” said +Coyote. But Gray Fox had tempted him.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> +<h2>ICTINIKE AND THE TURTLE</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>ctinike was journeying. When he came in +sight at a bend of a stream, Big Turtle was sitting +there in a sheltered place warmed by the sun. +Ictinike drew himself back out of sight, crouching at +intervals as he retraced his steps, and ran down the +hill to where Big Turtle was.</p> + +<p>“Why! How is it that you continue to pay no attention +to what is going on? It has been said that yonder +stream is to dry up so that all the four-footed animals +that frequent the water have kept close to the deep +water,” said Ictinike.</p> + +<p>Big Turtle said, “Why! I have been coming here +regularly, but I have not heard anything at all. I +usually come and sit in this place when the sun gets +as high as it is at present.”</p> + +<p>“Hurry!” said Ictinike, “for some of the young +men died very soon for want of water. The young +otters died, so did the young muskrats, the young beavers, +and the young raccoons.”</p> + +<p>“Come, let us go,” said Big Turtle. So Ictinike +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> +departed with him. As he accompanied him, Ictinike +sought for a dry bone. Having found one that would +be good as a club, Ictinike said, “Friend, go on. +<i>Mingam.</i>”</p> + +<p>When he was alone, Ictinike seized the bone, and +before long overtook Big Turtle, walking along beside +him.</p> + +<p>“Friend,” said he, “when a person walks, he +stretches his neck often.”</p> + +<p>So Big Turtle began to stretch his neck very far, and +he was walking with his legs bent very much. As he +was going thus, Ictinike gave him a hard blow on the +neck, knocking him senseless, and he did not stop beating +him until he had killed him.</p> + +<p>“Ha, ha!” said Ictinike, as he carried Big Turtle +away. “There are some days when I act thus for +myself.”</p> + +<p>He kindled a fire and began to roast Big Turtle. +Then he became very sleepy, and said, “Ho! I will +sleep, but you, O, Ijaxe, must keep awake. Big Turtle, +when you are cooked, you must say, ‘<i>Puff!</i>’”</p> + +<p>So he went to sleep. Now Coyote came along, very +cautiously. He seized Big Turtle, pulled one of the +legs out of the fire, and sat there, biting off the meat. +When he had eaten all the meat on all the legs, he +pushed the bones back just as they had been before, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> +arranged the fire over them, and left after putting +everything just as he had found it.</p> + +<p>At length Ictinike awoke. He pushed into the ashes +to find Big Turtle, took hold of a leg, and pulled it +out. Only that leg came out. “Pshaw!” said he. +Then he tried another leg, with a like result, and still +another, but only the bones appeared. When he had +pulled out the fourth leg, he was astonished. All at +once he exclaimed, “Surprising! I had already eaten +the Turtle, but I had forgotten it.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> +<h2>ICTINIKE AND THE CREATORS</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>ctinike married and dwelt in a lodge. One +day he said to his wife, “Hand me that tobacco +pouch. I must go visit your grandfather, Beaver.” +So he departed.</p> + +<p>As he was entering Beaver’s lodge, Beaver said, “Ho, +pass around to one side.” And they seated Ictinike on +a pillow. Beaver’s wife said, “We have been without +food. How can we give your grandfather anything to +eat?” Now Beaver had four young ones.</p> + +<p>The youngest Beaver said, “Father, let me serve +for food.” So the youngest Beaver served for food. +Beaver’s wife therefore gave some of the meat to +Ictinike, who ate it. But before letting him eat it, +Beaver said to him, “Be careful lest you break even +a single bone by biting! Do not break a bone!” Yet +Ictinike broke one of the toe bones.</p> + +<p>After the meal, Beaver gathered the bones, put them +in a skin, and plunged them beneath the water. In a +moment the youngest Beaver came up from the water, +alive again.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> +When the father said, “Is all right?” the son said, +“Father, he broke one of my toes by biting.” Therefore, +from that time, every beaver has had one little +toe (the next to the little one), which has seemingly +been split by biting.</p> + +<p>When Ictinike was about to go home, he pretended +he had forgotten about his tobacco pouch, which he +left behind. So Beaver said to one of the children, +“Take that to him. Do not go near him, but throw it +to him when you are at a great distance from him, as +he is always very talkative.”</p> + +<p>Then the child took the tobacco pouch and started +after Ictinike. After getting in sight of the latter, +Little Beaver was about to throw the pouch, when +standing at a great distance; but Ictinike called to +him, “Come closer! come closer!” When young +Beaver took the pouch closer, Ictinike said, “Tell your +father that he is to visit me.”</p> + +<p>When young Beaver reached home, he said, “Oh, +father, he said you were to visit him.”</p> + +<p>Beaver replied, “As I feared that very thing, I said +to you, ‘Throw it to him while standing at a great distance +from him.’”</p> + +<p>Then Beaver went to visit Ictinike. When he arrived +there, Ictinike wished to kill one of his own children, +as Beaver had done, and was making him cry by hitting +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> +him often. Beaver was unwilling for him to act thus, +so he said, “Let him alone! You are hurting him!” +Then Beaver went to the stream where he found a +young beaver that he took back to the lodge, and they +ate it.</p> + +<p>On another day, Ictinike said to his wife, “Hand me +that tobacco pouch. I must go call on your grandfather, +Muskrat.” So he departed. As he was entering +Muskrat’s lodge, the host said, “Ho, pass around to +one side.” And Ictinike was seated on a pillow.</p> + +<p>Muskrat’s wife said, “We have been without food. +How can we give your grandfather anything to eat?”</p> + +<p>Muskrat said, “Fetch some water.”</p> + +<p>The woman brought the water. He told her to put +it in the kettle and hang the kettle over the fire. When +the water was boiling very fast, the husband upset the +kettle, and instead of water, out came wild rice! So +Ictinike ate the wild rice.</p> + +<p>When Ictinike departed he left his tobacco pouch, +as before. Then Muskrat called one of his children, +and said, “Take that to him. Do not go near him! +Throw it to him when you are a great distance from +him, as he is always very talkative.”</p> + +<p>So the child took the tobacco pouch to return it to +Ictinike. When he was about to throw it to him, he +said, “Come closer! Come closer!” When the child +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> +took the pouch closer, Ictinike said, “Tell your father +he is to visit me.”</p> + +<p>When the young Muskrat reached home, he said, +“Oh, father, he said that you were to visit him.” Muskrat +replied, “As I feared that very thing, I said to you, +‘Throw it to him while standing at a great distance +from him.’”</p> + +<p>Then Muskrat went to see Ictinike. And Ictinike +said to his wife, “Fetch water.” The woman went after +water. She filled the kettle and hung it over the fire +until it boiled. When Ictinike upset the kettle, only +water came out. Ictinike wished to do just as Muskrat +had done, but he was unable. Then Muskrat had the +kettle refilled, and when the water boiled he upset it, +and an abundance of wild rice was there, which he +gave to Ictinike. Thereupon Muskrat departed, leaving +plenty of wild rice.</p> + +<p>On another day, Ictinike said to his wife, “I am +going to see your grandfather, Kingfisher.” When he +arrived there, Kingfisher stepped on a bough of a large +white willow, bending it down so far that it was horizontal; +and he dived from it into the water. He came +up with a fish, which he gave to Ictinike to eat. And +as Ictinike was starting home, he left one of his gloves, +pretending he had forgotten it. So Kingfisher directed +one of his boys to take the glove and restore it to the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> +owner. But he charged the boy not to go near him, +as Ictinike was very talkative and might detain him +too long. Just as the boy was about to throw the glove, +Ictinike called, “Come closer! Come closer!” So the +boy carried the glove closer. And Ictinike said, “Tell +your father that he is to visit me.”</p> + +<p>The boy said to his father, when he reached home, +“Oh, father, he said you were to visit him.” Kingfisher +replied, “As I feared that very thing, I said +‘Throw it to him while you stand at a great distance +from him.’”</p> + +<p>Then Kingfisher went to see Ictinike. When he +arrived there, the host climbed upon a bough of a large +white willow, bending it until it was horizontal. Then +he leaped from it and plunged into the water. It was +with great difficulty that Kingfisher seized him and +brought him to land. Ictinike had swallowed more of +the water than he liked. Then Kingfisher plunged into +the stream, brought up a fish, which he gave to Ictinike. +But Kingfisher departed without eating any portion of it.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3><a name="OMAHA_ASSAULT" id="OMAHA_ASSAULT"></a>OMAHA ASSAULT ON A DAKOTA VILLAGE</h3> + +<p class="center">(Indian drawing)</p> + +<p><i>The single tepee represents the Dakota village; the single horseman, +covered by a shield, and hanging behind his horse’s neck in a +characteristic way, represents the attacking Omahas. Bullets are +flying, the direction indicated by the head.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp26.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp26th.jpg" width="400" height="311" alt="" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of +Ethnology</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><a name="KILLED_TEN" id="KILLED_TEN"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/mlgp27.jpg"> +<img src="images/mlgp27th.jpg" width="400" height="274" +alt="Line drawing showing a warrior on horseback bearing down on the 13 people." /></a> +<span class="caption">“Killed ten men and three women”</span> +</div> + +<p class="center">An Indian drawing with striking similarity to Egyptian drawing.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p> +<h2>HOW BIG TURTLE WENT ON THE WARPATH</h2> + +<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he people dwelt in a very populous village. +Big Turtle joined them. And people dwelling +at another village came regularly to war +against them. Having killed one person they went +homeward. Big Turtle cooked for the warpath. He +caused two persons to go after guests. The servants +whom he sent after guests were Redbreasted Turtle and +Gray Squirrel. He made two round bunches of grass +and placed them at the bottom of the stick to which the +kettle was fastened.</p> + +<p>Now they were coming. They came in sight.</p> + +<p>“Ho, warriors!” said Big Turtle. “Warriors, when +men are injured, they always take revenge. I cook this +for the warpath. I cook sweet corn and a buffalo +paunch. You will go after Corn Crusher for me,” saying +this to his servants. “Call to Comb, Awl, Pestle, +Firebrand, and Buffalo Bladder also,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>The two men went to call them. They called to +Corn Crusher. “Corn Crusher, be sure to bring your +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +bowl! Corn Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl! +Corn Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl! Corn +Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl!” Four times they +called.</p> + +<p>They called to Comb. “Comb, be sure to bring your +bowl!” So they called four times.</p> + +<p>They called to Awl. “Awl, be sure to bring your +bowl!” So they called four times.</p> + +<p>Then they called to Pestle. “Pestle, be sure to bring +your bowl!” So they called four times.</p> + +<p>They called to Firebrand, too. “Firebrand, be +sure to bring your bowl!” So they called four times.</p> + +<p>Then they called to Buffalo Bladder. “Buffalo +Bladder, be sure to bring your bowl!” So they called +four times to him.</p> + +<p>Then the criers reached home, having invited the +guests.</p> + +<p>“Oh, war chief,” they said, “all heard it.”</p> + +<p>All those who were called arrived at the lodge of +Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>“Ho! Oh, war chiefs! Corn Crusher, Comb, Awl, +Pestle, Firebrand, and Buffalo Bladder, though those +people have been injured they do not seem to stir. Let +us go on the warpath for them,” said Big Turtle. “Let +us go in four nights.”</p> + +<p>He commanded Corn Crusher to cook. “O war +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> +chief, Corn Crusher, you will cook. And you, O +Comb, will cook on the night after that. And you, O +Awl, will cook, and complete the number.”</p> + +<p>That many war chiefs, four, cooked. They were +war chiefs. The rest were servants.</p> + +<p>The people of the village said, “Why! Of the persons +who have been called, who is cooking for the warpath?”</p> + +<p>And one said, “Why! Big Turtle cooked. Pshaw! +Has he gathered all those who cannot move well +enough, those who cannot move fast enough? +Pshaw! If the foe find them out, they will destroy +them. When a war chief has sense, he will carry on +war.”</p> + +<p>Corn Crusher cooked. He cooked turnips, and he +cooked a buffalo paunch with them, just as Big Turtle +had cooked one with sweet corn. Awl cooked wild +rice. Comb cooked other things.</p> + +<p>Big Turtle said, “Time enough has passed. Let us +go at night.”</p> + +<p>So they departed. Big Turtle made leggings with +large flaps. He tied short garters around them. He +rubbed earth on his face and he reddened it. He wore +grass around his head. He put white feathers on top +of his head. He took his gourd rattle thus. He rattled +it. He sang the song of the war chief:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> +“Big Turtle is coming back from touching the foe, +it is said, you say. He is coming back from touching.”</p> + +<p>He walked, stepping very lively in the dance. He +walked around them. As they went, it was day.</p> + +<p>At length a young Buffalo Bull came. “Warriors, +wait for him,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>He said to Buffalo Bull, “While I walk on a journey, +I am in a great hurry. Speak rapidly. Why are you +walking?”</p> + +<p>“Yes, war chief, it is so. As they have told of you +while you have been walking, I thought that I would +walk there with you, and I have sought you,” said +Buffalo Bull.</p> + +<p>“Do so,” said Big Turtle. “I wish to see your +movements.”</p> + +<p>Buffalo Bull rolled himself back and forth. He +arose suddenly. He thrust repeatedly at the ground +with his horns. He pierced the ground and threw +pieces away suddenly. He stood with his tail in the +air and its tip bent downward. An ash tree stood there. +He rushed on it. Pushing against it, he sent it flying +through the air to a great distance.</p> + +<p>“O war chief, I think I will do that, if they speak +of vexing me,” he said.</p> + +<p>“Look at the persons with whom I am traveling. +There are none who are faint-hearted in the least +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> +degree. You are not at all like them. You have disappointed +me. Come, begone,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>Again Big Turtle sang the song. “Big Turtle is +coming back from touching the foe, it is said, you say. +He is coming back from touching,” said he.</p> + +<p>Again they departed. “Warriors, pass on!” said +he.</p> + +<p>There before them lay a stream, which was not +small. They crossed it. Firebrand was ahead, walking +with a great effort. At length, because he was +weary, he plunged into the water and was extinguished.</p> + +<p>“O war chief, I am not going beyond here with +you,” he said.</p> + +<p>“Remain here for a while,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>Having reached the other side, they departed. At +length a Puma came.</p> + +<p>“Warriors, wait for him. I suspect what he will say. +Stand in a row,” said he. “Speak quickly,” he said, +addressing Puma.</p> + +<p>“Yes, O war chief,” said Puma. “It was told of you +regularly, saying you walked on a journey. And there +I wish to walk, so I have sought you.”</p> + +<p>“Yes?” said Big Turtle. “Let me see your ways.”</p> + +<p>Puma made his hair bristle up all over his body. +He bent his tail backward and upward. He went leaping +to the bottom of a small hill. Having caught by the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> +throat a fawn, about two years old, he came back, making +it cry out as he held it in his teeth.</p> + +<p>“I think I will do that, O war chief, if anything +threatens to vex me,” he said.</p> + +<p>“Do something else,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>“No, O war chief; that is all,” said Puma.</p> + +<p>“You have disappointed me,” said Big Turtle. +“Look at these persons with whom I am. Where is +one who is imperfect? You are very inferior. Come, +depart. You have disappointed me.”</p> + +<p>They departed. At length when they reached the +foot of a hill, Black Bear came.</p> + +<p>“O war chief, again one has come,” said the +warriors.</p> + +<p>“I suspect what he will say, warriors. Wait for +him. Stand in a row,” said Big Turtle. “Ho,” he +said, addressing Black Bear. “Come, speak quickly. +What is your business? When I walk on a journey, I +am in a great hurry,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>“Yes, O warrior, it is so. It was told of you regularly +that you walked on a journey. And as I desired to +walk there, I have sought you diligently,” said Black +Bear.</p> + +<p>“Ho! Do something,” said Big Turtle. “You may +have thought how you would do it. I wish to see your +ways.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> +Black Bear pierced the ground with his claws, and +threw lumps of earth to a great distance. And there +stood an oak tree which had been blackened by fire. +He attacked it. Having hugged it, he threw it with +force to a great distance.</p> + +<p>“O war chief, if anything vexes me, I think I will +do that,” said Black Bear.</p> + +<p>Big Turtle said, “Ho! warrior, you have disappointed +me. These persons with whom I am—look +at them. There is none who is faint-hearted in the +least degree. You have disappointed me. Come, +depart. Thus do I regularly send off the inferior +ones.”</p> + +<p>They went into a dense undergrowth. At length +Buffalo Bladder was torn open, making the sound, +“<i>Qu´e</i>.” “Alas! I am not going beyond with you,” +said he.</p> + +<p>“Ho, warrior. I will come back very soon. Remain +here for a while,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>Again they departed. As they went, they reached a +bad path. Very high logs were lying across it. Redbreasted +Turtle failed to step over them.</p> + +<p>“Ho, O war chief,” he said. “I am not going +beyond here with you.”</p> + +<p>“Ho, warrior. I will come again very soon. Remain +here for a while,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> +Again they departed. As they went, behold, a Big +Wolf came.</p> + +<p>“O war chief, again one has come,” said they.</p> + +<p>“I suspect what he will say, warriors. Wait for him. +Stand in a row,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>“Ho,” he said, addressing Wolf, “Come, speak +quickly, whatever may be your business. When I walk +on a journey, I am in a very great hurry.”</p> + +<p>“Yes, O war chief. It is so. It was told of you regularly, +saying that you walked on a journey; and as I +desired to walk there, I have sought you,” said Wolf.</p> + +<p>“Ho! Show me what you can do,” said Big Turtle. +“You may have been thinking about it. I wish to see +your ways.”</p> + +<p>Wolf decorated himself. He reddened his nose; he +reddened all his feet. He tied eagle feathers to his +back.</p> + +<p>“Well, do so. Do so. I wish to see your ways,” said +Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>Wolf turned himself round and round. He went to +the attack by the wood on a small creek. He killed a +deer. He brought it back, holding it with his teeth.</p> + +<p>“O war chief, I think I will do that, if anything +vexes me,” said Wolf.</p> + +<p>“You have disappointed me,” said Big Turtle. “See +these people with whom I travel. There is none who is +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +faint-hearted in the least degree. Come, depart. Thus +do I regularly send off the inferior ones.</p> + +<p>“Warrior Gray Squirrel, go as a scout,” said Big +Turtle. Gray Squirrel went as a scout. At length he +was coming back, blowing a horn.</p> + +<p>“Ho, war chief, he is coming back to you,” they said. +Big Turtle went there. “Ho, warrior. Act very +honestly. Tell me just how it is,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>“Yes, O war chief, it is just so. I have been there +without their finding me out at all,” said he.</p> + +<p>“Let us sit at the very boundary of their camp,” said +Big Turtle. He spoke of going. “Warriors, I will +look around to see how things are, and how many persons +there may be there,” he said.</p> + +<p>He came back. “Warriors, let us go in that direction. +This far is a good place for sitting,” he said. +So they moved forward. Then he said, “O war chief +Corn Crusher, go to the end lodge of the village before +us, and sit on the outside.”</p> + +<p>Corn Crusher did so. A woman came out of the +lodge. When she saw him, she said, “Oh! Heretofore +have I desired mush. I have found for myself an excellent +corn crusher.” But when she pounded on the corn +with it, she hurt her hand. Then she threw it out. +“Bad Corn Crusher!” she said.</p> + +<p>He came back to Big Turtle, who was near. “He +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> +whom you call ‘Corn Crusher’ has come back,” he +said, “having killed one right at the lodge.”</p> + +<p>Big Turtle said, “O war chief Comb, make an +attempt. Sit in the door of the lodge where Corn +Crusher sat.”</p> + +<p>Comb did so. He was very handsome. Then a +woman came out of the lodge. She found Comb. +“Heretofore I have been without a comb. I have +found a good comb for myself,” she said. Very soon +she combed her hair with it. Comb pulled out all the +hair on one side by the roots.</p> + +<p>She said, “A very bad comb, but I thought it was +good.” She threw him away at the door. Then he +went back. He went back with the hair he had pulled +out.</p> + +<p>“He whom you call ‘Comb,’” he said, “has come +back, having snatched all the hair from one at the +lodge.”</p> + +<p>“Good!” said Turtle. “O war chief, when we reach +home, we shall cause the women to dance.”</p> + +<p>Then Big Turtle said, “O war chief Awl, make an +attempt. Go sit in the door of the lodge where war +chief Comb sat.”</p> + +<p>Awl was very handsome. He was very good to look +at. He sat in the door of the lodge. A woman passing +out, found him. “Oh! I have found a good awl for +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> +myself,” she said. “Heretofore I have had no awl. +It makes me thankful.” She went back to the lodge +with him. She spoke of sewing her moccasins with +him. “I will sew my moccasins with it,” she said. +She sewed them. She pierced her fingers with him. +She missed in pushing him, sending him with force. +There was much blood from her fingers. She threw +him away at the door. “The awl is indeed bad. I +have indeed hurt myself. I have wounded myself +badly.” She threw him far out from the door, sending +him homeward.</p> + +<p>“He whom you have called ‘Awl,’ O war chief,” +he reported, returning to Big Turtle. “I stabbed one +right at the lodge; I killed her.” He returned with his +spear very bloody.</p> + +<p>“O war chief,” said the others to Big Turtle. “Awl +is coming back, telling his own name. He has killed +one.”</p> + +<p>Big Turtle said, “Ho! O war chief. You make me +thankful. Since it is you, I will blacken my face. The +village shall be joyful. Ho! O Pestle, make an +attempt. You will lie in the door of the lodge where +Awl lay.”</p> + +<p>Now Pestle was very handsome. Then he arrived +there. He lay where he was commanded to lie. A +woman went out and found Pestle. “Oh! I have +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +found a very good pestle for myself. I had no pestle +heretofore,” she said.</p> + +<p>She took him back to the lodge. She took some corn. +She filled the mortar and pounded the corn. She beat +it fine. She thrust Pestle beyond, right on her knee. +She missed the mark in pushing, sending him with +force, and so she struck him on her knee.</p> + +<p>“<i>Oh!</i> A very bad pestle,” she said. She threw him +outside, sending him homeward suddenly.</p> + +<p>“You have been used to saying ‘Pestle.’ He is coming, +having stabbed one right at the lodge. He has +killed one,” said Pestle, returning. He reached Big +Turtle again. “O war chief, I have killed one.”</p> + +<p>“You make me thankful,” said Big Turtle. “Ho! +warrior Gray Squirrel, make an attempt.”</p> + +<p>“O war chief, how can I do anything?” said Gray +Squirrel. Now the lodges were placed among the trees.</p> + +<p>“You will pass along the trees above the smoke +holes of the lodges. If they find you, they will shoot at +you. Do your best. Do your best to evade the blows +or arrows. If one goes aside, rush on him,” said Big +Turtle.</p> + +<p>At length a boy found Gray Squirrel. “This moving +one is a gray squirrel,” he said. They went in +a great uproar. They shot at him. They even hit +him with sticks. One boy stood aside. Gray Squirrel +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> +attacked him and bit him. They said, “Wonderful! +Heretofore the gray squirrel has been very easy to +approach, but we have failed. He has bitten us; we +have done nothing to him,” they said.</p> + +<p>“He whom you used to call ‘Gray Squirrel’ is coming +back, having killed one right among them,” he +called. He told it to Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>“Ho! real warrior, act very honestly,” said Big +Turtle.</p> + +<p>“O war chief, it is just so. I have killed one,” said +he.</p> + +<p>“Ho! warrior, you make me thankful,” said Big +Turtle.</p> + +<p>“Ho! warriors,” said Big Turtle again. “I, even I, +will make a trial. I shall not come back for some time. +Beware lest you go homeward. Beware lest you leave +me and go homeward.”</p> + +<p>He arrived there. Some ashes had been poured out. +They were extinguished. At length Big Turtle pushed +his way through. He went within. He sat within, +with his eyes sticking out, looking around. A woman +approached when it was morning. She stood very close +to where Big Turtle sat.</p> + +<p>“You will tread on my shield,” he said. The woman +looked around. “From what place does he speak?” +she thought; therefore she looked around. Again he +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> +said to her, “You will tread on my shield. Stand +further away.” And the woman found him.</p> + +<p>“Oh!” she said.</p> + +<p>“Stand still. I send you with a message,” said Big +Turtle. “Go home and say, ‘Big Turtle says he has +come to war. He says he has come desiring the chief’s +daughter, whose body has been placed on the bough of +a tree.’”</p> + +<p>The people came. All the people said, “Break in his +skull suddenly.” He said, “How is it possible for you +to break in my skull suddenly? If you let your weapons +slip off suddenly from me each time, you will break +your legs with the blows.”</p> + +<p>They said, “When the water is hot, it will be good +to put him in it.”</p> + +<p>“Fie!” said Big Turtle. “When the water is hot +and I scatter it with kicking, many of you will be +scalded to death.”</p> + +<p>“He tells what is probably true,” they said.</p> + +<p>“And if it be so, it is good to burn him,” said the +people.</p> + +<p>“For shame! If I scatter the fire by kicking, I will +cause all the land to blaze. Beware lest many of your +children, too, die from the fire,” he said.</p> + +<p>“He tells what is probably true,” they said.</p> + +<p>A child begged for water. “O mother, some water,” +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +it said. Big Turtle said, “<i>Oh!</i>” He tempted them +with reference to water.</p> + +<p>“Cause the child to ask for water,” said one.</p> + +<p>“What do you mean by that?” said others.</p> + +<p>“When the child said, ‘O mother, some water,’ this +one, Big Turtle, said ‘<i>Oh!</i>’” answered one.</p> + +<p>“Wonderful!” they said. “He is fearing the sight +of water.” They took him to the water, holding him +by the tail. Notwithstanding Big Turtle clung to the +ground with his forelegs, they held his tail, and reached +the water with him. They threw him forcibly right +into the water. He walked the water for a while, crying +a little, and pretended he did not know how to swim. +He said, “<i>Wi! wi! wi!</i>”</p> + +<p>“Wonderful! Throw him out into the middle of +the stream,” they said. Again they sent him headlong. +He was wandering around. At length he sank. They +said, “He is dead,” and went homeward. “You +should have done that to him at first,” said the people.</p> + +<p>When the people went homeward, some boys stood +there. Big Turtle approached, floating. He came +peeping. Some boys stood looking at the place where +the deed was done.</p> + +<p>Big Turtle said, “When Big Turtle came in the +past to war on you, you said that you killed him. Look +here at me.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> +The boys went homeward to tell it. “You said that +you killed Big Turtle, but as this one behind us showed +his body, he laughed at us. Big Turtle is he who is +alive.”</p> + +<p>“Ho! We attack him,” said the people. They attacked +him. They arrived there.</p> + +<p>“In what place?” said they.</p> + +<p>“In this place,” said the boys.</p> + +<p>“Where is Otter? Where is Grass Snake? Let +those two seek him,” said they.</p> + +<p>Big Turtle sat under the mud at the bottom of the +water. Only the tip of his nose and his eyes were sticking +out. Snake and Otter sought him beneath the water. +They passed very near to him, and stepped regularly +over his head. When Otter was about to pass the +second time, Big Turtle bit him in the stomach.</p> + +<p>“Ho! elder brother, you give me pain,” said Otter. +Big Turtle said, “Why do you seek me?”</p> + +<p>“I did not seek you. As I desired food, we have met +each other,” said Otter.</p> + +<p>“No, you wished to join those who desire to kill me, +so you sought me,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>“O elder brother! O elder brother! O elder +brother! I pray to you. I have not sought you,” he said.</p> + +<p>“I will by no means let you go from my mouth,” +said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> +“Ho! elder brother! How long before you will +open your mouth and let me go?” said Otter.</p> + +<p>“When the Thunder God has come back, I will let +you go.”</p> + +<p>“Halloo!” shouted Otter to the people. “He will +let me go when the Thunder God comes back. Halloo! +He bites me between the legs. Halloo!” said he.</p> + +<p>“He says that he is bitten,” said the people. “He +says that he is bitten between the legs. Hit tent skins +for him.”</p> + +<p>They made the tent skins resound by hitting them.</p> + +<p>“Ho! elder brother, the Thunder God has come +back,” said Otter.</p> + +<p>“They hit the tent skins,” said the Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>The people said, “It is good to fell trees.” They +began felling trees here and there. The trees said, +“<i>Qwi! qwi!</i>” as they fell.</p> + +<p>“Ho! elder brother, the Thunder God has come +back,” said Otter.</p> + +<p>“They are felling trees,” said Big Turtle.</p> + +<p>At length the Thunder God roared, very far away.</p> + +<p>“Ho! elder brother, he has come back,” said he. Big +Turtle let him go. Otter was very thin. He went +homeward. He reached home very lean.</p> + +<p>“Let the two birds drink the stream dry,” said the +people. “Bring the Pelicans here.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> +When they came, the people said, “Drink the stream +dry. A person came here to war and we killed him, but +he is alive. He laughs heartily at us.”</p> + +<p>The birds drank the stream dry. There was only a +very small quantity left in which Big Turtle sat.</p> + +<p>Big Turtle called, “Ho! warrior Gray Squirrel, +be coming hither, wherever you may be moving. They +have almost killed me.”</p> + +<p>Gray Squirrel was coming back, crying loud. He +was coming back to attack them. He attacked the two +birds. He tore open their water pouches by biting. +He bit holes in them. At length all the water returned +to its former place. At the creek and the lake it was +as before; they were filled with water.</p> + +<p>“Sew up their pouches for them,” said the people. +So they sewed up the water pouches of the Pelicans. +They finished sewing them.</p> + +<p>“Come, drink it dry again. Do your best. Beware +lest we fail,” said the people. They drank the stream +dry again. Again very little of the water was left.</p> + +<p>“Ho! warrior Gray Squirrel, wherever you may +be moving. They have nearly killed me. Be coming +hither again,” said Big Turtle. He came back again. +He bit and tore the throats in many places. It made +their throats very bad. He made them bad to be sewed +at all. It was difficult to sew them.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> +“Yet we shall fail,” said the people. “Gray Squirrel +is abominable! I think Gray Squirrel is the only +one with Big Turtle. I think he is the only one siding +with them. Therefore we have failed to hurt them,” +said the people.</p> + +<p>They ceased. When it was night, Big Turtle went +back. He reached his comrades again.</p> + +<p>“Ho! Warriors, when men get the better of their +enemies in a fight, they usually go homeward. I suspect +that your sisters are tired of waiting to dance!”</p> + +<p>They went homeward. He walked around them, rattling +his gourd.</p> + +<p>“Warriors, I said that I would do thus, and so it is,” +he said. He burnt the grass.</p> + +<p>He burnt the grass so that they might think he was +coming home after killing the foe. At length they +arrived at the village. They tied scalps to a stick. +Then those in the village said, “Yonder come those who +went to war!” The returning warriors raced around and around +as victorious warriors do. People said, +“There they are coming home, having killed the people +of the enemy.”</p> + +<p>An old man shouted: “Corn Crusher says that he +killed one. <i>Halloo!</i> He says he killed her right at +the lodge. <i>Halloo!</i> Comb says he killed one right +at the lodge. <i>Halloo!</i> Awl says he killed one right at +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> +the lodge. <i>Halloo!</i>, Gray Squirrel says that he killed +three right in the midst of the people. <i>Halloo!</i> It is +said they held the war chief, Big Turtle, right among +them, in a great uproar. <i>Halloo!</i> It is said they failed +to injure him. <i>Halloo!</i>”</p> + +<p>Big Turtle walked very proudly, carrying his +shield. He went homeward to enter the lodge. He sat +there telling them about himself. As people wished to +hear it, they continued arriving there.</p> + +<p>“Why did they fail, when they were so near you? +If you sat very near them, how is it that you are alive?” +asked the people.</p> + +<p>“I pretended to be afraid of water, so I am alive,” +he said.</p> + +<p>“If so, then those over there have no eyes. How is it +that they did not find you when you were alive?”</p> + +<p>“I sat in the ashes, therefore I am alive. I have +come home, having killed people. Why did you doubt +me? As you did not take vengeance on the people who +used to kill you, I went to war on them myself. I killed +them. How can you doubt me? I will tell no more +about myself,” said Big Turtle. “I have ceased.”</p> + + +<h3 style="padding-bottom: 3em;">THE END</h3> + + +<div class="bbox"> +<p><b>Transcriber's Note</b></p> + +<p>Minor punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Hyphenation +has been made consistent, where there was a definite majority of +one form, again without note. The following amendments have also been +made:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of contents</a>—Fallen-Star amended to The Fallen Star, with +reference to the main story title.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Page <a href="#Page_80">80</a>—name of nation (Cherokee) added to title, with reference to +table of contents.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Page <a href="#Page_148">148</a>—omitted word 'an' added—"Rabbit said he brought an +important message."</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Page <a href="#Page_195">195</a>—omitted word 'said,' added—"... has come +back,” he said, “having killed one ..."</p> + +<p>Some illustrations have been shifted to the beginning or end of tales +where previously they were in the middle. The short advert and +frontispiece illustration have been moved to follow the title page. +Some illustrations had a tissue paper sheet with an italicised note; +these have been moved to precede the illustration they refer to where +necessary.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Myths and Legends of the Great Plains, by Unknown + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS *** + +***** This file should be named 22083-h.htm or 22083-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/0/8/22083/ + +Produced by David Edwards, Sam W. and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was +produced from scanned images of public domain material +from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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