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diff --git a/22119-8.txt b/22119-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e018a6e --- /dev/null +++ b/22119-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10999 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Satires of A. Persius Flaccus, by +A. Persius Flaccus (AKA Persius) + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Satires of A. Persius Flaccus + +Author: A. Persius Flaccus (AKA Persius) + +Editor: Basil L. Gildersleeve + +Release Date: July 22, 2007 [EBook #22119] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SATIRES OF A. PERSIUS FLACCUS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + [Transcriber's Note: + + This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the + "real" (unicode/utf-8) version of the file. Greek has been + transliterated and shown between +marks+. Other characters that could + not be fully displayed have been "unpacked" and shown between braces: + + [)a] [)e] short vowels (printed with breve symbol) + [-a] [-e] [-i] [-o] long vowels (printed with macron) + + In the Notes, the name "Vanicek" is given without hacek. + + In the printed text, emphasis within italicized passages was shown by + gesperrt (spaced-out) text. This is shown here with #marks#, as is + #boldface# type. Bold and gesperrt never occur in the same contexts. + Italics are shown by _lines_. In the Critical Appendix, superscript + alpha and omega are shown as {a} and {w}. + + The Notes and Critical Appendix were printed in a block at the end of + the book. For this e-text, they have been regrouped so each Satire + with its notes forms a discrete unit. In addition, the Satires alone-- + totaling about 700 lines-- have been repeated at the beginning of the + text, before the Introduction.] + + + + + THE SATIRES + of + A. PERSIUS FLACCUS + + Edited By + + BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, Ph.D. (Göttingen), LL.D., + Professor of Greek in the University of Virginia. + + + [Publisher's Device: +LAMPADIA ECHONTES DIADÔSOUSIN ALLÊLOIS+] + + + New York: + Harper & Brothers, Publishers, + Franklin Square. + 1875. + + + + + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by + HARPER & BROTHERS, + In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The text of this edition of Persius is in the main that of Jahn's last +recension (1868). The few changes are discussed in the Notes and +recorded in the Critical Appendix. + +In the preparation of the Notes I have made large use of Jahn's standard +edition, without neglecting the commentaries of Casaubon, König, and +Heinrich, or the later editions by Macleane, Pretor, and Conington, or +such recent monographs on Persius as I have been able to procure. +Special obligations have received special acknowledgment. + +My personal contributions to the elucidation of Persius are too slight +to warrant me in following the prevalent fashion and cataloguing the +merits of my work under the modest guise of aims and endeavors. I shall +be contenf, if I have succeeded in making Persius less distasteful to +the general student; more than content, if those who have devoted long +and patient study to this difficult author shall accord me the credit of +an honest effort to make myself acquainted with the poet himself as well +as with his chief commentators. + +In compliance with the wish of the distinguished scholar at whose +instance I undertook this work, Professor Charles Short, of Columbia +College, New York, I have inserted references to my Latin Grammar and to +the Grammar of Allen and Greenough, here and there to Madvig. + +B. L. GILDERSLEEVE. + +UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, _February_, 1875. + + + + + CONTENTS. + + Page + + INTRODUCTION VII + + A. PERSII FLACCI SATURARUM LIBER 39 + + VITA PERSII 65 + NOTES 71 + CRITICAL APPENDIX 207 + INDEX 211 + + + * * * * * + + A. PERSII FLACCI + + SATURARUM + + LIBER. + + + [Duplicated material: + see Transcriber's Note at beginning of e-text.] + + + PROLOGUS. + + + Nec fonte labra prolui caballino, + nec in bicipiti somniasse Parnaso + memini, ut repente sic poeta prodirem. + Heliconidasque pallidamque Pirenen + illis remitto, quorum imagines lambunt 5 + hederae sequaces: ipse semipaganus + ad sacra vatum carmen adfero nostrum. + quis expedivit psittaco suum chaere + picamque docuit nostra verba conari? + magister artis ingenique largitor 10 + venter, negatas artifex sequi voces; + quod si dolosi spes refulserit nummi, + corvos poetas et poetridas picas + cantare credas Pegaseium nectar. + + + + + SATURA I. + + + O curas hominum! o quantum est in rebus inane! + 'Quis leget haec?' Min tu istud ais? nemo hercule! 'Nemo?' + Vel duo, vel nemo. 'Turpe et miserabile!' Quare? + ne mihi Polydamas et Troiades Labeonem + praetulerint? nugae. non, si quid turbida Roma 5 + elevet, accedas examenque inprobum in illa + castiges trutina, nec te quaesiveris extra. + nam Romae quis non--? a, si fas dicere-- sed fas + tum, cum ad canitiem et nostrum istud vivere triste + aspexi ac nucibus facimus quaecumque relictis, 10 + cum sapimus patruos; tunc, tunc, ignoscite-- 'Nolo.' + Quid faciam? sed sum petulanti splene cachinno. + Scribimus inclusi, numeros ille, his pede liber, + grande aliquid, quod pulmo animae praelargus anhelet. + scilicet haec populo pexusque togaque recenti 15 + et natalicia tandem cum sardonyche albus + sede leges celsa, liquido cum plasmate guttur + mobile collueris, patranti fractus ocello. + hic neque more probo videas nec voce serena + ingentis trepidare Titos, cum carmina lumbum 20 + intrant, et tremulo scalpuntur ubi intima versu. + tun, vetule, auriculis alienis colligis escas? + auriculis, quibus et dicas cute perditus _ohe_. + 'Quo didicisse, nisi hoc fermentum et quae semel intus + innata est rupto iecore exierit caprificus?' 25 + En pallor seniumque! o mores! usque adeone + scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter? + 'At pulchrum est digito monstrari et dicier _hic est!_ + ten cirratorum centum dictata fuisse + pro nihilo pendas?' Ecce inter pocula quaerunt 30 + Romulidae saturi, quid dia poemata narrent. + hic aliquis, cui circa umeros hyacinthia laena est, + rancidulum quiddam balba de nare locutus, + Phyllidas Hypsipylas, vatum et plorabile si quid, + eliquat ac tenero supplantat verba palato. 35 + adsensere viri: nunc non cinis ille poetae + felix? non levior cippus nunc inprimit ossa? + laudant convivae: nunc non e manibus illis, + nunc non e tumulo fortunataque favilla + nascentur violae? 'Rides' ait 'et nimis uncis 40 + naribus indulges. an erit qui velle recuset + os populi meruisse et cedro digna locutus + linquere nec scombros metuentia carmina nec tus?' + Quisquis es, o, modo quem ex adverso dicere feci, + non ego cum scribo, si forte quid aptius exit, 45 + quando haec rara avis est, si quid tamen aptius exit, + laudari metuam, neque enim mihi cornea fibra est; + sed recti finemque extremumque esse recuso + euge tuum et belle. nam belle hoc excute totum: + quid non intus habet? non hic est Ilias Atti 50 + ebria veratro? non si qua elegidia crudi + dictarunt proceres? non quidquid denique lectis + scribitur in citreis? calidum seis ponere sumen, + scis comitem horridulum trita donare lacerna, + et 'verum' inquis 'amo: verum mihi dicite de me.' 55 + qui pote? vis dicam? nugaris, cum tibi, calve, + pinguis aqualiculus protenso sesquipede exstet. + o Iane, a tergo quem nulla ciconia pinsit, + nec manus auriculas imitari mobilis albas, + nec linguae, quantum, sitiat canis Apula, tantae! 60 + vos, o patricius sanguis, quos vivere fas est + occipiti caeco, posticae occurrite sannae! + Quis populi sermo est? quis enim, nisi carmina molli + nunc demum numero fluere, ut per leve severos + effundat iunctura unguis? scit tendere versum 65 + non secus ac si oculo rubricam derigat uno. + sive opus in mores, in luxum, in prandia regum + dicere, res grandis nostro dat Musa poetae. + ecce modo heroas sensus adferre videmus + nugari solitos graece, nec ponere lucum 70 + artifices nec rus saturum laudare, ubi corbes + et focus et porci et fumosa Palilia faeno, + unde Remus, sulcoque terens dentalia, Quinti, + cum trepida ante boves dictatorem induit uxor + et tua aratra domum lictor tulit-- euge poeta! 75 + est nunc Brisaei quem venosus liber Acci, + sunt quos Pacuviusque et verrucosa moretur + Antiopa, aerumnis cor luctificabile fulta. + hos pueris monitus patres infundere lippos + cum videas, quaerisne, unde haec sartago loquendi 80 + venerit in linguas, unde istuc dedecus, in quo + trossulus exsultat tibi per subsellia levis? + nilne pudet capiti non posse pericula cano + pellere, quin tepidum hoc optes audire _decenter_? + 'Fur es' ait Pedio. Pedius quid? crimina rasis 85 + librat in antithetis: doctas posuisse figuras + laudatur 'bellum hoc!' hoc bellum? an, Romule, ceves? + men moveat? quippe et, cantet si naufragus, assem + protulerim. cantas, cum fracta te in trabe pictum + ex umero portes? verum, nec nocte paratum 90 + plorabit, qui me volet incurvasse querela. + 'Sed numeris decor est et iunctura addita crudis. + cludere sic versum didicit _Berecyntius Attis_ + et _qui caeruleum dirimebat Nerea delphin_ + sic _costam longo subduximus Appennino_. 95 + _Arma virum_, nonne hoc spumosum et cortice pingui, + ut ramale vetus vegrandi subere coctum?' + 'Quidnam igitur tenerum et laxa cervice legendum? + _Torva mimalloneis inplerunt cornua bombis,_ + _et raptum vitulo caput ablatura superbo_ 100 + _Bassaris et lyncem Maenas flexura corymbis_ + _euhion ingeminat, reparabilis adsonat echo?'_ + haec fierent, si testiculi vena ulla paterni + viveret in nobis? summa delumbe saliva + hoc natat in labris, et in udo est Maenas et Attis, 105 + nec pluteum caedit, nec demorsos sapit unguis. + 'Sed quid opus teneras mordaci radere vero + auriculas? vide sis, ne maiorum tibi forte + limina frigescant: sonat hic de nare canina + littera.' Per me equidem sint omnia protinus alba; 110 + nil moror. euge! omnes, omnes bene mirae eritis res. + hoc iuvat? 'hic' inquis 'veto quisquam faxit oletum.' + pinge duos anguis: pueri, sacer est locus, extra + meite! discedo. secuit Lucilius urbem, + te Lupe, te Muci, et genuinum fregit in illis; 115 + omne vafer vitium ridenti Flaccus amico + tangit et admissus circum praecordia ludit, + callidus excusso populum suspendere naso: + men muttire nefas? nec clam, nec cum scrobe? nusquam? + hic tamen infodiam. vidi, vidi ipse, libelle: 120 + auriculas asini quis non habet? hoc ego opertum, + hoc ridere meum, tam nil, nulla tibi vendo + Iliade. audaci quicumque adflate Cratino + iratum Eupolidem praegrandi cum sene palles, + aspice et haec, si forte aliquid decoctius audis. 125 + inde vaporata lector mihi ferveat aure: + non hic, qui in crepidas Graiorum ludere gestit + sordidus, et lusco qui possit dicere 'lusce,' + sese aliquem credens, Italo quod honore supinus + fregerit heminas Arreti aedilis iniquas; 130 + nec qui abaco numeros et secto in pulvere metas + scit risisse vafer, multum gaudere paratus, + si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat. + his mane edictum, post prandia Calliroen do. + + + + + SATURA II. + + + Hunc, Macrine, diem numera meliore lapillo + qui tibi labentis apponit candidus annos. + funde merum genio. non tu prece poscis emaci, + quae nisi seductis nequeas committere divis; + at bona pars procerum tacita libabit acerra. 5 + haud cuivis promptum est murmurque humilisque susurros + tollere de templis et aperto vivere voto. + 'Mens bona, fama, fides' haec clare et ut audiat hospes; + illa sibi introrsum et sub lingua murmurat 'o si + ebulliat patruus, praeclarum funus?' et 'o si 10 + sub rastro crepet argenti mihi seria dextro + Hercule! pupillumve utinam, quem proximus heres + inpello, expungam! namque est scabiosus et acri + bile tumet. Nerio iam tertia conditur uxor.' + haec sancte ut poscas, Tiberino in gurgite mergis 15 + mane caput bis terque et noctem flumine purgas? + heus age, responde-- minimum est quod scire laboro-- + de Iove quid sentis? estne ut praeponere cures + hunc-- 'cuinam?' cuinam? vis Staio? an scilicet haeres? + quis potior index, puerisve quis aptior orbis? 20 + hoc igitur, quo tu Iovis aurem inpellere temptas, + dic agedum Staio, 'pro Iuppiter! o bone' clamet + 'Iuppiter!' at sese non clamet Iuppiter ipse? + ignovisse putas, quia, cum tonat, ocius ilex + sulpure discutitur sacro quam tuque domusque? 25 + an quia non fibris ovium Ergennaque iubente + triste iaces lucis evitandumque bidental, + idcirco stolidam praebet tibi vellere barbam + Iuppiter? aut quidnam est, qua tu mercede deorum + emeris auriculas? pulmone et lactibus unctis? 30 + Ecce avia aut metuens divum matertera cunis + exemit puerum frontemque atque uda labella + infami digito et lustralibus ante salivis + expiat, urentis oculos inhibere perita; + tunc manibus quatit et spem macram supplice voto 35 + nunc Licini in campos, nunc Crassi mittit in aedis + 'hunc optet generum rex et regina! puellae + hunc rapiant! quidquid calcaverit hic, rosa fiat!' + ast ego nutrici non mando vota: negato, + Iuppiter, haec illi, quamvis te albata rogarit. 40 + Poscis opem nervis corpusque fidele senectae. + esto age; sed grandes patinae tuccetaque crassa + adnuere his superos vetuere Iovemque morantur. + Rem struere exoptas caeso bove Mercuriumque + arcessis fibra 'da fortunare Penatis, 45 + da pecus et gregibus fetum!' quo, pessime, pacto, + tot tibi cum in flammas iunicum omenta liquescant + et tamen hic extis et opimo vincere ferto + intendit 'iam crescit ager, iam crescit ovile, + iam dabitur, iam iam!' donec deceptus et exspes 50 + nequiquam fundo suspiret nummus in imo. + Si tibi creterras argenti incusaque pingui + auro dona feram, sudes et pectore laevo + excutiat guttas laetari praetrepidum cor. + hinc illud subiit, auro sacras quod ovato 55 + perducis facies; nam fratres inter aenos + somnia pituita qui purgatissima mittunt, + praecipui sunto sitque illis aurea barba. + aurum vasa Numae Saturniaque inpulit aera + Vestalisque urnas et Tuscum fictile mutat. 60 + o curvae in terris animae et caelestium inanes! + quid iuvat hoc, templis nostros inmittere mores + et bona dis ex hac scelerata ducere pulpa? + haec sibi corrupto casiam dissolvit olivo, + haec Calabrum coxit vitiato murice vellus, 65 + haec bacam conchae rasisse et stringere venas + ferventis massae crudo de pulvere iussit. + peccat et haec, peccat: vitio tamen utitur. at vos + dicite, pontifices, in sancto quid facit aurum? + nempe hoc quod Veneri donatae a virgine pupae. 70 + quin damus id superis, de magna quod dare lance + non possit magni Messallae lippa propago: + conpositum ius fasque animo sanctosque recessus + mentis et incoctum generoso pectus honesto. + haec cedo ut admoveam templis et farre litabo. 75 + + + + + SATURA III. + + + 'Nempe haec adsidue: iam clarum mane fenestras + intrat et angustas extendit lumine rimas: + stertimus indomitum quod despumare Falernum + sufficiat, quinta dum linea tangitur umbra. + en quid agis? siccas insana canicula messis 5 + iam dudum coquit et patula pecus omne sub ulmo est.' + unus ait comitum. "Verumne? itane? ocius adsit + huc aliquis! nemon?" turgescit vitrea bilis: + "findor"-- ut Arcadiae pecuaria rudere dicas. + iam liber et positis bicolor membrana capillis 10 + inque manus chartae nodosaque venit harundo. + tunc querimur, crassus calamo quod pendeat umor, + nigra quod infusa vanescat sepia lympha; + dilutas querimur geminet quod fistula guttas. + o miser inque dies ultra miser, hucine rerum 15 + venimus? at cur non potius teneroque columbo + et similis regum pueris pappare minutum + poscis et iratus mammae lallare recusas? + "An tali studeam calamo?" Cui verba? quid istas + succinis ambages? tibi luditur. effluis amens, 20 + contemnere: sonat vitium percussa, maligne + respondet viridi non cocta fidelia limo. + udum et molle lutum es, nunc nunc properandus et acri + fingendus sine fine rota. sed rure paterno + est tibi far modicum, purum et sine labe salinum-- 25 + quid metuas?-- cultrixque foci secura patella. + hoc satis? an deceat pulmonem rumpere ventis, + stemmate quod Tusco ramum millesime ducis, + censoremne tuum vel quod trabeate salutas? + ad populum phaleras! ego te intus et in cute novi. 30 + non pudet ad morem discincti vivere Nattae? + sed stupet hic vitio et fibris increvit opimum + pingue, caret culpa, nescit quid perdat, et alto + demersus summa rursum non bullit in unda. + magne pater divum, saevos punire tyrannos 35 + haud alia ratione velis, cum dira libido + moverit ingenium ferventi tincta veneno: + virtutem videant intabescantque relicta. + anne magis Siculi gemuerunt aera iuvenci, + et magis auratis pendens laquearibus ensis 40 + purpureas subter cervices terruit, 'imus, + imus praecipites' quam si sibi dicat et intus + palleat infelix, quod proxima nesciat uxor? + Saepe oculos, memini, tangebam parvus olivo, + grandia si nollem morituri verba Catonis 45 + discere, non sano multum laudanda magistro, + quae pater adductis sudans audiret amicis. + iure; etenim id summum, quid dexter senio ferret, + scire erat in voto; damnosa canicula quantum + raderet; angustae collo non fallier orcae; 50 + neu quis callidior buxum torquere flagello. + haud tibi inexpertum curvos deprendere mores, + quaeque docet sapiens bracatis inlita Medis + porticus, insomnis quibus et detonsa iuventus + invigilat, siliquis et grandi pasta polenta; 55 + et tibi quae Samios diduxit littera ramos + surgentem dextro monstravit limite callem. + stertis adhuc, laxumque caput conpage soluta + oscitat hesternum, dissutis undique malis! + est aliquid quo tendis, et in quod dirigis arcum? 60 + an passim sequeris corvos testaque lutoque, + securus quo pes ferat, atque ex tempore vivis? + helleborum frustra, cum iam cutis aegra tumebit, + poscentis videas: venienti occurrite morbo! + et quid opus Cratero magnos promittere montis? 65 + discite, o miseri, et causas cognoscite rerum: + quid sumus, et quidnam victuri gignimur; ordo + quis datus, aut metae qua mollis flexus et unde; + quis modus argento, quid fas optare, quid asper + utile nummus habet; patriae carisque propinquis 70 + quantum elargiri deceat; quem te deus esse + iussit, et humana qua parte locatus es in re. + disce, nec invideas, quod multa fidelia putet + in locuplete penu, defensis pinguibus Umbris, + et piper et pernae, Marsi monumenta clientis, 75 + menaque quod prima nondum defecerit orca. + Hic aliquis de gente hircosa centurionum + dicat 'Quod sapio satis est mihi. non ego curo + esse quod Arcesilas aerumnosique Solones, + obstipo capite et figentes lumine terram, 80 + murmura cum secum et rabiosa silentia rodunt + atque exporrecto trutinantur verba labello, + aegroti veteris meditantes somnia, _gigni_ + _de nihilo nihilum, in nihilum nil posse reverti._ + hoc est, quod palles? cur quis non prandeat, hoc est?' 85 + His populus ridet, multumque torosa iuventus + ingeminat tremulos naso crispante cachinnos. + 'Inspice; nescio quid trepidat mihi pectus et aegris + faucibus exsuperat gravis alitus; inspice, sodes!' + qui dicit medico, iussus requiescere, postquam 90 + tertia conpositas vidit nox currere venas, + de maiore domo modice sitiente lagoena + lenia loturo sibi Surrentina rogabit. + 'Heus, bone, tu palles!' "Nihil est." 'Videas tamen istuc, + quidquid id est: surgit tacite tibi lutea pellis.' 95 + "At tu deterius palles; ne sis mihi tutor; + iam pridem hunc sepeli: tu restas." 'Perge, tacebo.' + turgidus hic epulis atque albo ventre lavatur, + gutture sulpureas lente exalante mefites; + sed tremor inter vina subit calidumque triental 100 + excutit e manibus, dentes crepuere retecti, + uncta cadunt laxis tunc pulmentaria labris. + hinc tuba, candelae, tandemque beatulus alto + conpositus lecto crassisque lutatus amomis + in portam rigidas calces extendit: at illum 105 + hesterni capite induto subiere Quirites. + 'Tange, miser, venas et pone in pectore dextram. + nil calet hic. summosque pedes attinge manusque. + non frigent.' Visa est si forte pecunia, sive + candida vicini subrisit molle puella, 110 + cor tibi rite salit? positum est algente catino + durum holus et populi cribro decussa farina: + temptemus fauces, tenero latet ulcus in ore + putre, quod haud deceat plebeia radere beta. + alges, cum excussit membris timor albus aristas; 115 + nunc face supposita fervescit sanguis et ira + scintillant oculi, dicisque facisque, quod ipse + non sani esse hominis non sanus iuret Orestes. + + + + + SATURA IV. + + + 'Rem populi tractas?' barbatum haec crede magistrum + dicere, sorbitio tollit quem dira cicutae + 'quo fretus? dic hoc, magni pupille Pericli. + scilicet ingenium et rerum prudentia velox + ante pilos venit, dicenda tacendaque calles. 5 + ergo ubi commota fervet plebecula bile, + fert animus calidae fecisse silentia turbae + maiestate manus. quid deinde loquere? "Quirites, + hoc puta non iustum est, illud male, rectius illud." + scis etenim iustum gemina suspendere lance 10 + ancipitis librae, rectum discernis, ubi inter + curva subit, vel cum fallit pede regula varo, + et potis es nigrum vitio praefigere theta. + quin tu igitur, summa nequiquam pelle decorus, + ante diem blando caudam iactare popello 15 + desinis, Anticyras melior sorbere meracas! + quae tibi summa boni est? uncta vixisse patella + semper et adsiduo curata cuticula sole? + exspecta, haud aliud respondeat haec anus. i nunc + "Dinomaches ego sum," suffla "sum candidus." esto; 20 + dum ne deterius sapiat pannucia Baucis, + cum bene discincto cantaverit ocima vernae.' + Ut nemo in sese temptat descendere, nemo, + sed praecedenti spectatur mantica tergo! + quaesieris 'Nostin Vettidi praedia?' "Cuius?" 25 + 'Dives arat Curibus quantum non miluus errat.' + "Hunc ais, hunc dis iratis genioque sinistro, + qui, quandoque iugum pertusa ad compita figit, + seriolae veterem metuens deradere limum + ingemit: _hoc bene sit!_ tunicatum cum sale mordens 30 + caepe et farrata pueris plaudentibus olla + pannosam faecem morientis sorbet aceti?" + at si unctus cesses et figas in cute solem, + est prope te ignotus, cubito qui tangat et acre + despuat 'hi mores! penemque arcanaque lumbi 35 + runcantem populo marcentis pandere vulvas! + tu cum maxillis balanatum gausape pectas, + inguinibus quare detonsus gurgulio exstat? + quinque palaestritae licet haec plantaria vellant + elixasque nates labefactent forcipe adunca, 40 + non tamen ista filix ullo mansuescit aratro.' + caedimus inque vicem praebemus crura sagittis. + vivitur hoc pacto; sic novimus. ilia subter + caecum vulnus habes; sed lato balteus auro + praetegit. ut mavis, da verba et decipe nervos, 45 + si potes. 'Egregium cum me vicinia dicat, + non credam?' Viso si palles, inprobe, nummo, + si facis in penem quidquid tibi venit amarum, + si puteal multa cautus vibice flagellas: + nequiquam populo bibulas donaveris aures. 50 + respue, quod non es; tollat sua munera cerdo; + tecum habita: noris, quam sit tibi curta supellex. + + + + + SATURA V. + + + Vatibus hic mos est, centum sibi poscere voces, + centum ora et linguas optare in carmina centum, + fabula seu maesto ponatur hianda tragoedo, + vulnera seu Parthi ducentis ab inguine ferrum. + 'Quorsum haec? aut quantas robusti carminis offas 5 + ingeris, ut par sit centeno gutture niti? + grande locuturi nebulas Helicone legunto, + si quibus aut Prognes, aut si quibus olla Thyestae + fervebit, saepe insulso cenanda Glyconi; + tu neque anhelanti, coquitur dum massa camino, 10 + folle premis ventos, nec clauso murmure raucus + nescio quid tecum grave cornicaris inepte, + nec scloppo tumidas intendis rumpere buccas. + verba togae sequeris iunctura callidus acri, + ore teres modico, pallentis radere mores 15 + doctus et ingenuo culpam defigere ludo. + hinc trahe quae dicis, mensasque relinque Mycenis + cum capite et pedibus, plebeiaque prandia noris.' + Non equidem hoc studeo, bullatis ut mihi nugis + pagina turgescat, dare pondus idonea fumo. 20 + secreti loquimur; tibi nunc hortante Camena + excutienda damus praecordia, quantaque nostrae + pars tua sit, Cornute, animae, tibi, dulcis amice, + ostendisse iuvat: pulsa, dinoscere cautus, + quid solidum crepet et pictae tectoria linguae. 25 + his ego centenas ausim deposcere voces, + ut, quantum mihi te sinuoso in pectore fixi, + voce traham pura, totumque hoc verba resignent, + quod latet arcana non enarrabile fibra. + Cum primum pavido custos mihi purpura cessit 30 + bullaque succinctis Laribus donata pependit; + cum blandi comites totaque inpune Subura + permisit sparsisse oculos iam candidus umbo; + cumque iter ambiguum est et vitae nescius error + deducit trepidas ramosa in compita mentes, 35 + me tibi supposui: teneros tu suscipis annos + Socratico, Cornute, sinu; tum fallere sollers + apposita intortos extendit regula mores, + et premitur ratione animus vincique laborat + artificemque tuo ducit sub pollice vultum. 40 + tecum etenim longos memini consumere soles, + et tecum primas epulis decerpere noctes: + unum opus et requiem pariter disponimus ambo, + atque verecunda laxamus seria mensa. + non equidem hoc dubites, amborum foedere certo 45 + consentire dies et ab uno sidere duci + nostra vel aequali suspendit tempora Libra + Parca tenax veri, seu nata fidelibus hora + dividit in Geminos concordia fata duorum, + Saturnumque gravem nostro Iove frangimus una: 50 + nescio quod, certe est, quod me tibi temperat astrum. + Mille hominum species et rerum discolor usus; + velle suum cuique est, nec voto vivitur uno. + mercibus hic Italis mutat sub sole recenti + rugosum piper et pallentis grana cumini, 55 + hic satur inriguo mavult turgescere somno; + hic campo indulget, hunc alea decoquit, ille + in Venerem putris; sed cum lapidosa cheragra + fregerit articulos, veteris ramalia fagi, + tunc crassos transisse dies lucemque palustrem 60 + et sibi iam seri vitam ingemuere relictam. + at te nocturnis iuvat inpallescere chartis; + cultor enim iuvenum purgatas inseris aures + fruge Cleanthea. petite hinc puerique senesque + finem animo certum miserisque viatica canis! 65 + 'Cras hoc fiet.' Idem cras fiet. 'Quid? quasi magnum + nempe diem donas.' Sed cum lux altera venit, + iam cras hesternum consumpsimus: ecce aliud cras + egerit hos annos et semper paulum erit ultra. + nam quamvis prope te, quamvis temone sub uno 70 + vertentem sese frustra sectabere cantum, + cum rota posterior curras et in axe secundo. + Libertate opus est, non hac, ut, quisque Velina + Publius emeruit, scabiosum tesserula far + possidet. heu steriles veri, quibus una Quiritem 75 + vertigo facit! hic Dama est non tressis agaso, + vappa lippus et in tenui farragine mendax: + verterit hunc dominus, momento turbinis exit + Marcus Dama. papae! Marco spondente recusas + credere tu nummos? Marco sub iudice palles? 80 + Marcus dixit: ita est; adsigna, Marce, tabellas. + haec mera libertas; hoc nobis pillea donant! + 'An quisquam est alius liber, nisi ducere vitam + cui licet, ut voluit? licet ut volo vivere: non sum + liberior Bruto?' "Mendose colligis," inquit 85 + stoicus hic aurem mordaci lotus aceto + "haec reliqua accipio; _licet_ illud et _ut volo_ tolle." + 'Vindicta postquam meus a praetore recessi, + cur mihi non liceat, iussit quodcumque voluntas, + excepto si quid Masuri rubrica vetavit?' 90 + Disce, sed ira cadat naso rugosaque sanna, + dum veteres avias tibi de pulmone revello. + non praetoris erat stultis dare tenuia rerum + officia atque usum rapidae permittere vitae: + sambucam citius caloni aptaveris alto. 95 + stat contra ratio et secretam garrit in aurem, + ne liceat facere id quod quis vitiabit agendo. + publica lex hominum naturaque continet hoc fas, + ut teneat vetitos inscitia debilis actus. + diluis helleborum, certo conpescere puncto 100 + nescius examen: vetat hoc natura medendi. + navem si poscat sibi peronatus arator, + luciferi rudis, exclamet Melicerta perisse + frontem de rebus. tibi recto vivere talo + ars dedit, et veri speciem dinoscere calles, 105 + ne qua subaerato mendosum tinniat anro? + quaeque sequenda forent, quaeque evitanda vicissim, + illa prius creta, mox haec carbone notasti? + es modicus voti? presso lare? dulcis amicis? + iam nunc astringas, iam nunc granaria laxes, 110 + inque luto fixum possis transcendere nummum, + nec glutto sorbere salivam Mercurialem? + 'haec mea sunt, teneo' cum vere dixeris, esto + liberque ac sapiens praetoribus ac Iove dextro, + sin tu, cum fueris nostrae paulo ante farinae, 115 + pelliculam veterem retines et fronte politus + astutam vapido servas sub pectore vulpem, + quae dederam supra relego funemque reduco: + nil tibi concessit ratio; digitum exsere, peccas, + et quid tam parvum est? sed nullo ture litabis, 120 + haereat in stultis brevis ut semuncia recti. + haec miscere nefas; nec, cum sis cetera fossor, + tris tantum ad numeros satyrum moveare Bathylli. + 'Liber ego.' Unde datum hoc sentis, tot subdite rebus? + an dominum ignoras, nisi quem vindicta relaxat? 125 + 'I puer et strigiles Crispini ad balnea defer!' + si increpuit, 'cessas nugator;' servitium acre + te nihil impellit, nec quicquam extrinsecus intrat, + quod nervos agitet; sed si intus et in iecore aegro + nascuntur domini, qui tu inpunitior exis 130 + atque hic, quem ad strigiles scutica et metus egit erilis? + Mane piger stertis. 'Surge!' inquit Avaritia 'heia + surge!' Negas; instat 'Surge!' inquit. "Non queo." 'Surge!' + "Et quid agam?" 'Rogitas? en saperdam advehe Ponto, + castoreum, stuppas, hebenum, tus, lubrica Coa; 135 + tolle recens primus piper ex sitiente camelo; + verte aliquid; iura.' "Sed Iuppiter audiet." 'Eheu! + varo, regustatum digito terebrare salinum + contentus perages, si vivere cum Iove tendis!' + iam pueris pellem succinctus et oenophorum aptas 140 + 'Ocius ad navem!' nihil obstat, quin trabe vasta + Aegaeum rapias, ni sollers Luxuria ante + seductum moneat 'Quo deinde, insane, ruis? quo? + quid tibi vis? calido sub pectore mascula bilis + intumuit, quod non exstinxerit urna cicutae? 145 + tu mare transilias? tibi torta cannabe fulto + cena sit in transtro, Veientanumque rubellum + exalet vapida laesum pice sessilis obba? + quid petis? ut nummi, quos hic quincunce modesto + nutrieras, pergant avidos sudare deunces? 150 + indulge genio, carpamus dulcia! nostrum est + quod vivis; cinis et manes et fabula fies. + vive memor leti! fugit hora; hoc quod loquor inde est.' + en quid agis? duplici in diversum scinderis hamo. + huncine, an hunc sequeris? subeas alternus oportet 155 + ancipiti obsequio dominos, alternus oberres. + nec tu, cum obstiteris semel instantique negaris + parere imperio, 'rupi iam vincula' dicas; + nam et luctata canis nodum abripit; et tamen illi, + cum fugit, a collo trahitur pars longa catenae. 160 + 'Dave, cito, hoc credas iubeo, finire dolores + praeteritos meditor.' crudum Chaerestratus unguem + adrodens ait haec 'an siccis dedecus obstem + cognatis? an rem patriam rumore sinistro + limen ad obscenum frangam, dum Chrysidis udas 165 + ebrius ante fores exstincta cum face canto?' + "Euge, puer, sapias, dis depellentibus agnam + percute." 'Sed censen plorabit, Dave, relicta?' + "Nugaris; solea, puer, obiurgabere rubra. + ne trepidare velis atque artos rodere casses! 170 + nunc ferus et violens; at si vocet, haud mora, dicas: + _Quidnam igitur faciam? nec nunc, cum arcessat et ultro_ + _supplicet, accedam?_ Si totus et integer illinc + exieras, nec nunc." hic hic, quod quaerimus, hic est, + non in festuca, lictor quam iactat ineptus. 175 + ius habet ille sui palpo, quem ducit hiantem + cretata ambitio? vigila et cicer ingere large + rixanti populo, nostra ut Floralia possint + aprici meminisse senes: _quid pulchrius?_ at cum + Herodis venere dies, unctaque fenestra 180 + dispositae pinguem nebulam vomuere lucernae + portantes violas, rubrumque amplexa catinum + cauda natat thynni, tumet alba fidelia vino: + labra moves tacitus recutitaque sabbata palles. + tum nigri lemures ovoque pericula rupto, 185 + tum grandes galli et cum sistro lusca sacerdos + incussere deos inflantis corpora, si non + praedictum ter mane caput gustaveris alli. + Dixeris haec inter varicosos centuriones, + continuo crassum ridet Pulfennius ingens, 190 + et centum Graecos curto centusse licetur. + + + + + SATURA VI. + + + Admovit iam bruma foco te, Basse, Sabino? + iamne lyra et tetrico vivunt tibi pectine chordae? + mire opifex numeris veterum primordia vocum + atque marem strepitum fidis intendisse Latinae, + mox iuvenes agitare iocis et pollice honesto 5 + egregius lusisse senes. mihi nunc Ligus ora + intepet hibernatque meum mare, qua latus ingens + dant scopuli et multa litus se valle receptat. + Lunai portum, est operae, cognoscite, cives! + cor iubet hoc Enni, postquam destertuit esse 10 + Maeonides, Quintus pavone ex Pythagoreo. + hic ego securus vulgi et quid praeparet auster + infelix pecori, securus et angulus ille + vicini nostro quia pinguior, etsi adeo omnes + ditescant orti peioribus, usque recusem 15 + curvus ob id minui senio aut cenare sine uncto, + et signum in vapida naso tetigisse lagoena. + discrepet his alius! geminos, horoscope, varo + producis genio. solis natalibus est qui + tingat holus siccum muria vafer in calice empta, 20 + ipse sacrum inrorans patinae piper; hic bona dente + grandia magnanimus peragit puer. utar ego, utar, + nec rhombos ideo libertis ponere lautus, + nec tenuis sollers turdarum nosse salivas. + messe tenus propria vive et granaria, fas est, 25 + emole; quid metuis? occa, et seges altera in herba est. + ast vocat officium: trabe rupta Bruttia saxa + prendit amicus inops, remque omnem surdaque vota + condidit Ionio; iacet ipse in litore et una + ingentes de puppe dii, iamque obvia mergis 30 + costa ratis lacerae. nunc et de caespite vivo + frange aliquid, largire inopi, ne pictus oberret + caerulea in tabula. 'Sed cenam funeris heres + negleget, iratus quod rem curtaveris; urnae + ossa inodora dabit, seu spirent cinnama surdum, 35 + seu ceraso peccent casiae, nescire paratus. + tune bona incolumis minuas? et Bestius urguet + doctores Graios: _Ita fit, postquam sapere urbi_ + _cum pipere et palmis venit nostrum hoc maris expers;_ + _fenisecae crasso vitiarunt unguine pultes._' 40 + Haec cinere ulterior metuas? At tu, meus heres + quisquis eris, paulum a turba seductior audi. + o bone, num ignoras? missa est a Caesare laurus + insignem ob cladem Germanae pubis, et aris + frigidus excutitur cinis, ac iam postibus arma, 45 + iam chlamydes regum, iam lutea gausapa captis + essedaque ingentesque locat Caesonia Rhenos. + dis igitur genioque ducis centum paria ob res + egregie gestas induco; quis vetat? aude. + vae, nisi conives! oleum artocreasque popello 50 + largior; an prohibes? dic clare! 'Non adeo,' inquis + 'exossatus ager iuxta est.' Age, si mihi nulla + iam reliqua ex amitis, patruelis nulla, proneptis + nulla manet patrui, sterilis matertera vixit, + deque avia nihilum superest, accedo Bovillas 55 + clivumque ad Virbi, praesto est mihi Manius heres. + 'Progenies terrae?' Quaere ex me, quis mihi quartus + sit pater: haud prompte, dicam tamen; adde etiam unum, + unum etiam: terrae est iam filius, et mihi ritu + Manius hic generis prope maior avunculus exit. 60 + qui prior es, cur me in decursu lampada poscis? + sum tibi Mercurius; venio deus huc ego ut ille + pingitur; an renuis? vin tu gaudere relictis? + 'Dest aliquid summae.' Minui mihi; sed tibi totum est, + quidquid id est. ubi sit, fuge quaerere, quod mihi quondam 65 + legarat Tadius, neu dicta repone paterna: + _Faenoris accedat merces; hinc exime sumptus._ + _quid reliquum est?_ Reliquum? nunc, nunc inpensius ungue, + ungue, puer, caules! mihi festa luce coquetur + urtica et fissa fumosum sinciput aure, 70 + ut tuus iste nepos olim satur anseris extis, + cum morosa vago singultiet inguine vena, + patriciae inmeiat vulvae? mihi trama figurae + sit reliqua, ast illi tremat omento popa venter? + vende animam lucro, mercare atque excute sollers 75 + omne latus mundi, nec sit praestantior alter + Cappadocas rigida pinguis plausisse castata: + rem duplica. 'Feci; iam triplex, iam mihi quarto, + iam deciens redit in rugam: depunge, ubi sistam.' + Inventus, Chrysippe, tui finitor acervi. 80 + + [End of duplicated material: + see Transcriber's Note at beginning of e-text.] + + + * * * * * + + _Quando cerco norme di gusto, vado ad Orazio, il più amabile; + quando ho bisogno di bile contra le umane ribalderie, visito + Giovenale, il più splendido; quando mi studio d'esser onesto, + vivo con PERSIO, il più saggio, e con infinito piacere mescolato + di vergogna bevo li dettati della ragione su le labbra di questo + verecondo e santissimo giovanetto._ VINCENZO MONTI. + + + +Sunistanto hoi men hôs touton, hoi d' hôs ekeinon plên monou + tou Iônos; ekeinos de meson heauton ephulatten.+ +LOUKIANOU.+ + + + _PERSIUS das rechte Ideal eines hoffärtigen und mattherzigen + der Poesie beflissenen Jungen._ MOMMSEN. + + + * * * * * + +INTRODUCTION. + + +An ancient _Vita Persii_, of uncertain authorship, of evident +authenticity, gives all that it is needful for us to know about our +poet-- much more than is vouchsafed to us for the rich individuality of +Lucilius, much more than we can divine for the unsubstantial character +of Juvenal. + +Aulus Persius Flaccus was born on the day before the nones of December, +A.U.C. 787, A.D. 34, at Volaterrae, in Etruria. That Luna in Liguria was +his birthplace is a false inference of some scholars from the words +_meum mare_ in a passage of the sixth satire, where he describes his +favorite resort on the Riviera. + +The family of Persius belonged to the old Etruscan nobility, and more +than one Persius appears in inscriptions found at Volaterrae. Other +circumstances make for his Etruscan origin: the Etruscan form of his +name, _Aules_, so written in most MSS. of his Life; the Etruscan name of +his mother, Sisennia; the familiar spitefulness of his mention of +Arretium, the allusions to the Tuscan haruspex, to the Tuscan pedigree; +the sneering mention of the Umbrians-- fat-witted folk, who lived across +the Tuscan border. Most of these, it is true, are minute points, and +would be of little weight in the case of an author of wider vision, but +well-nigh conclusive in a writer like Persius, who tried to make up for +the narrowness of his personal experience by a microscopic attention to +details. + +Persius belonged to the same sphere of society as Maecenas. Like +Maecenas an Etruscan, he was, like Maecenas, an _eques Romanus_. The +social class of which he was a member did much for Roman literature; +Etruria's contributions were far less valuable, and Mommsen is right +when he recognizes in both these men, so unlike in life and in +principle-- the one a callous wordling, the other a callow philosopher-- +the stamp of their strange race, a race which is a puzzle rather than a +mystery. Indeed, the would-be mysterious is one of the most salient +points in the style of Persius as in the religion of the Etruscans, and +Persius's elaborate involution of the commonplace is parallel with the +secret wisdom of his countrymen. The minute detail of the Etruscan +ritual has its counterpart in the minute detail of Persius's style, and +the want of a due sense of proportion and a certain coarseness of +language in our author remind us of the defects of Etruscan art and the +harshness of the Etruscan tongue. + +Persius was born, if not to great wealth, at least to an ample +competence. His father died when the poet was but six years old, and his +education was conducted at Volaterrae under the superintendence of his +mother and her second husband, Fusius. For the proper appreciation of +the career of Persius, it is a fact of great significance that he seems +to have been very much under the influence of the women of his +household. To this influence he owed the purity of his habits; but +feminine training is not without its disadvantages for the conduct of +life. For social refinement there is no better school; but the pet of +the home circle is apt to make the grossest blunders when he ventures +into the larger world of no manners, and attempts to use the language of +outside sinners. And so, when Persius undertakes to rebuke the +effeminacy of his time, he outbids the worst passages of Horace and +rivals the most lurid indecencies of Juvenal. + +When Persius was twelve years old he went to Rome, as Horace and Ovid +had done before him, for the purpose of a wider and higher education, +and was put to school with Verginius Flaccus, the rhetorician, and +Remmius Palaemon, the grammarian. Verginius Flaccus was exiled from Rome +by Nero, with Musonius Rufus, on account of the prominence which he had +achieved as a teacher, and Quintilian quotes him as an authority in his +profession. Remmius Palaemon, the other teacher of Persius, a man of +high attainments and low principles, was one of the most illustrious +grammarians of a time when grammarians could be illustrious. A freedman, +with a freedman's character, he was arrogant and vain, grasping and +prodigal-- in short, a Sir Epicure Mammon of a professor. But his +prodigious memory, his ready flow of words, his power of improvising +poetry, attracted many pupils during his prolonged life, and after his +death he was cited with respect by other grammarians-- a rare apotheosis +among that captious tribe. The first satirical efforts of ingenuous +youth are usually aimed at their preceptors, and the verses which +Persius quotes in the First Satire are quite as likely to be from the +school of Palaemon as from the poems of Nero. + +But the true teacher of Persius, the man to whom he himself attributed +whatever progress he made in that 'divine philosophy' which deals at +once with the constitution of the universe and the conduct of life-- his +'spiritual director,' to use the language of Christian ascetics-- was +Cornutus. Persius is one of those literary celebrities whose title to +fame is not beyond dispute; and while some maintain his right to high +distinction on the ground of intrinsic merit, others seek with perhaps +too much avidity for the accidents to which he is supposed to owe his +renown. If it is necessary to excuse, as it were, his reputation, the +relation of Persius to Cornutus might go far to explain the care which +schoolmasters have taken of the memory of the poet. No matter how +crabbed the teacher may be, how austere the critic, the opening of the +Fifth Satire, with its warm tribute to the guide of his life and the +friend of his heart, calls up the image of the ideal pupil, and touches +into kindred the brazen bowels of Didymus. + +Lucius Annaeus Cornutus, of Leptis in Africa, was a philosopher, +grammarian, and rhetorician. It has been conjectured that he was a +freedman of the literary family of the Annaei; and this is rendered +probable by the fact that Annaeus Lucanus, the nephew of Annaeus Seneca, +was his pupil. The year of his life and the year of his death are alike +unknown. He was banished from Rome by Nero because he had ventured to +suggest that Nero's projected epic on Roman history would be too long if +drawn out to four hundred books, and that the imperial poem would find +no readers. When one of Nero's flatterers rejoined that Chrysippus was a +still more voluminous author, Cornutus had the bad taste to point out +the practical importance of the writings of Chrysippus in contrast with +Nero's unpractical project; and Nero, who had a poet's temper, if not a +poet's gifts, sent him to an island, there to revise his literary +judgment. Cornutus was not only a man of various learning in philosophy, +rhetoric, and grammar, but a tragic poet of some note, and perhaps a +satirist. Whether the jumble that bears the name of Cornutus or +Phurnutus, _De Natura Deorum_, is in any measure traceable to our +Cornutus, is not pertinent to our subject. Of more importance to us than +his varied attainments is his pure and lofty character, which made him +worthy of the ardent affection with which Persius clung to his 'Socratic +bosom.' It is recorded to his honor that Persius having bequeathed to +him his library and a considerable sum of money, he accepted the books +only and relinquished the money to the family of Persius. Nor did he +cease his loving care for his friend after his ashes, but revised his +satires, and suppressed the less mature performances of the young poet. + +The social circle in which Persius moved was not wide. The mark of the +beast called Coterie, which is upon the foreheads of the most +plentifully belaurelled Roman poets, is on his brow also. But it must be +said that the men whom he associated with belonged to the chosen few of +a corrupt time, albeit they would have been of more service to their +country if they had not recognized themselves so conspicuously as the +elect. The Stoic _salon_ in which Persius lived and moved and had his +being reminds M. Martha of a Puritan household; it reminds us of the +sequestered Legitimist opposition to the France of yesterday. We are so +apt to see parallels when we are well acquainted with but one of the +lines-- or with neither. + +Let us pass in review some of the associates and acquaintances of +Persius. + +Among his early friends was Caesius Bassus, to whom the Sixth Satire is +addressed: an older contemporary, who had studied with the same master, +next to Horace, by a long remove, among the Roman lyrists. To his +fellow-pupils belong Calpurnius, who is more than doubtfully identified +with the author of the Bucolics; and Lucan (Annaeus Lucanus), the poet +of the Pharsalia, who shared with him the instructions of Cornutus, and +is said to have shown the most fervent admiration of the genius of his +school-fellow. We are told that when the First Satire was recited, Lucan +exclaimed that these were true poems. Whether he accompanied this +encomium with a disparagement of his own performances, or simply had +reference to the modest disclaimer of Persius's Prologue, as Jahn is +inclined to think, does not appear. The anecdote is in perfect keeping +with the perfervid Spanish temper of Lucan and Lucan's family. But this +momentary burst of admiration is no indication of any genuine sympathy +between the effusive and rhetorical Cordovan and the shy, philosophical +Etruscan. Nominally they belonged to the same school-- the Stoic; but +Persius was ready to resist unto blood, Lucan's Stoicism was a mere +parade. + +While this anecdote leaves us in suspense as to the relations between +Lucan and Persius, we have express evidence that there was no sympathy +between Persius and Seneca. They met, we are informed, but the poet took +little pleasure in the society of the essayist. This is not the place to +attempt a characteristic of this famous writer, who, like Persius, +leaves few readers indifferent. Once the idol of the moralists-- who of +all old birds are the most easily caught with chaff-- Seneca has fallen +into comparative disfavor within the last few decades; yet sometimes a +vigorous champion starts up to do battle for him, such as Farrar in +England, and, with more moderation, Constant Martha in France; and his +cause is by no means hopeless if the advocate can keep his hearers from +reading Seneca for themselves. It is impossible not to admire Seneca in +passages; it seems very difficult to retain the admiration after reading +him continuously. The glittering phrase masks a poverty of thought; 'the +belt with its broad gold covers a hidden wound.' To Persius, the +youthful Stoic, with his high purpose and his transcendental views of +life, Seneca the courtier, the time-server, the adroit flatterer, must +have appeared little better than a hypocrite, or, which is worse to an +ardent mind, a practical negation of his own aspirations. The young +convert-- and Persius's philosophy was Persius's religion-- in the first +glow of his enthusiasm, must have been repelled by the callousness of +the older professor of the same faith. And yet so strong was the impress +of the age that Persius and Seneca are not so far asunder after all. To +understand Persius we must read Seneca; and the lightning stroke of +Caligula's tempestuous brain, _harena sine calce_, illuminates and +shivers the one as well as the other. + +If the family of the Annaei did not prove congenial, there were others +to whom Persius might look for sympathy and instruction. Such was +M. Servilius Nonianus, a man of high position, of rare eloquence, of +unsullied fame. Such was Plotius Macrinus, to whom the Second Satire is +addressed, itself a eulogy. Even in his own family circle there were +persons whose lofty characters have made them celebrated in history. His +kinswoman Arria, herself destined to become famous for her devotion to +her husband, was the wife of Thrasea Paetus, and the daughter of that +other Arria, whose supreme cry, NON DOLET, when she taught her husband +how to meet his doom, is one of the most familiar speeches of a period +when speech was bought with death. Thrasea, the husband of the younger +Arria, was one of the foremost men of his time, and bore himself with a +moderation which contrasts strongly with the ostentatious virtue of some +of the Stoic chiefs. He rebuked the vices of his time unsparingly, but +steadily observed the respect due to the head of the state; and even +when the decree was passed which congratulated Nero on the murder of his +mother, he contented himself with retiring from the senate-house. But +Thrasea's silent disapproval of one crime fired Nero to another, and his +refusal to deprecate the wrath of the emperor was the cause of his +ruin-- if that could be called ruin which he welcomed as he poured out +his blood in libation to Jupiter the Liberator. + +That the familiar intercourse with such a man should have inspired a +youth of the education and the disposition of Persius with still higher +resolves and still higher endeavors is not strange. That it sufficed, as +some say, to penetrate Persius with the sober wisdom of maturer years, +and made up to him for the lack of personal experience and artistic +balance, is attributing more to association than association can +accomplish. + +To Thrasea's influence Jahn ascribes Persius's juvenile essays in the +preparation of _praetextae_, or tragedies with Roman themes, and it is +not unlikely that a poetical description of his travels (+hodoiporikôn+) +referred to some little trip that he took with Thrasea. Thanks to +Cornutus, this youthful production-- which doubtless was nothing more +than a weak imitation of Horace, or haply of Lucilius-- was suppressed +after the death of the author, and with it his _praetexta_, and a short +poem in honor of the elder Arria also. + +The purity of Persius's morals, and the love which he bore his mother, +his sister, his aunt, stand to each other reciprocally as cause and +effect; and the occasional crudity of his language is, as we have +already seen, the crudity of a bookish man, who thinks that the sure way +to do a thing is to overdo it. Persius was a man of handsome person, +gentle bearing, attractive manners, and added to the charm of his +society the interest which always gathers about those whom the gods +love. + +He died on his estate at the eighth milestone on the Appian Road, _vitio +stomachi_, eight days before the kalends of December, A.U.C. 815-- A.D. +62-- in the twenty-eighth year of his age. + +Cornutus first revised the satires of his friend, and then gave them to +Caesius Bassus to edit. The only important change that Cornutus made was +the substitution of _quis non_ for _Mida rex_ (1,121), a subject which +is discussed in the Commentary. Other traces of wavering expression and +_duplex recensio_ are due to the imagination of commentators, who +attribute to the young poet a logical method and an exactness of +development for which the style of Persius gives them no warrant. _Raro +et tarde scripsit_, the statement of the Life of Persius, explains much. + +The poems of Persius were received with applause as soon as they +appeared, and the old _Vita Persii_ would have us believe that people +scrambled for the copies as if the pages were so many Sabine women. +Quintilian, in his famous inventory of Greek and Roman literature, says +that Persius earned a great deal of glory, and true glory, by a single +book, and here and there the great scholar does Persius homage by +imitating him; and Martial holds up Persius with his one book of price, +as a contrast to the empty bulk of a half-forgotten epic. But it would +not be worth the while to repeat the list of the admirers of Persius in +the ages of later Latinity. It suffices to say that he was the special +favorite of the Latin Fathers. Augustin quotes or imitates him often, +and Jerome is saturated with the phraseology of our poet. Commended to +Christian teachers by the elevation of his moral tone, by the pithiness +of his maxims and reflections, and the energy of his figures, he was set +up on a high chair, a big school-boy, to teach other school-boys, and +scarcely a voice was raised in rebellion for centuries. But since the +time of the Scaligers, who were not to be kept back by any consideration +for the feelings of the Fathers, there has been much unfriendly +criticism of Persius; and the world owes him a debt of gratitude for +provoking an animosity that has opened the way to a freer discussion of +the literary merits of the authors of antiquity. To be subject all one's +life through fear of literary death to the bondage of antique dullness, +as well as to the thraldom of contemporary stupidity, would have been a +sad result of the revival of letters. + +The first and last charge brought against Persius is his obscurity. +Admitted by all, it is variously interpreted variously excused, +variously attacked. Now it is accounted for by the political necessities +of the time. Now it is attributed to the perverse ingenuity of the poet, +which was fostered by the perverse tendencies of an age when, as +Quintilian says, _Pervasit iam multos ista persuasio ut id iam demum +eleganter dictum putent quod interpretandum sit_. Some simply resolve +the lack of clearness into the lack of artistic power; others intimate +that the fault lies more in the reader than in the author, whose +dramatic liveliness, which puzzles us, presented no difficulties to the +critics of his own century. But the controversy is not confined to the +obscurity of the satires, Persius is all debatable ground. Some admire +the pithy sententiousness of the poet; others sneer at his priggish +affectation of superiority. Some point to the bookish reminiscences, +which bewray the mere student; others recall the example of Ben Jonson, +of Molière, to show that in literature, as in life, the greatest +borrowers are often the richest men, and bid us observe with what rare +and vivid power he has painted every scene that he has witnessed with +his own eyes. To some he is a copyist of copyists; to others his real +originality asserts itself most conspicuously where the imitation seems +to be the closest. Julius Scaliger calls him _miserrimus auctor_; Mr. +Conington notes his kindred to Carlyle. + +No critic has put the problem with more brutal frankness than M. Nisard, +who, at the close of his flippant but suggestive chapter on Persius, +asks the question, _Y a-t-il profit à lire Perse_? Though he makes a +faint show of balancing the Ayes and Noes, it is very plain how he +himself would vote. The impatient Frenchman is evidently not of a mind +'to read prefaces, biographies, memoirs, and commentaries on these +prefaces, these biographies, these memoirs, and notes on these +commentaries, in order to form an idea that will haply be very false and +assuredly very debatable, of a work about which no one will ever talk to +you, and of a poet about whom you will never find any one to talk to.' +But the question, which may be an open one to a critic, is not an open +one to an editor; and editors of Persius are especially prone to value +their author by the labor which he has cost them, by the material which +they have gathered about the text. The thoughts are, after all, so +common that parallels are to be found on every hand; the compass is so +small that it is an easy matter to carry in the memory every word, every +phrase; and so-called illustrations suggest themselves even to an +ordinary scholar in bewildering numbers, while the looseness of the +connection gives ample scope to speculation. Hence the sarcasm of Joseph +Scaliger: _Non pulchra habet sed in eum pulcherrima possumus scribere_; +and the well-known criticism of the same scholar: _Au Perse de Casaubon +la saulce vaut mieux que le poisson_. But this artificial love on the +part of the editors has not contributed to the popularity of the author, +and the youthful poet has been overlaid by his erudite commentators. +Besides this disadvantage, Persius, when he is read at all, comes +immediately after Juvenal, and, as if to enhance the contrast, is +generally bound up with him; and the homeliness of his tropes, the +crabbedness of his dialogue, the roughness of his transitions repel the +young student, who finds the riddance of the historical and +archaeological work which Juvenal involves a poor compensation for the +lack of the large manner and the dazzling rhetoric of the great +declaimer. On the other hand, maturer scholars have been found to +reverse the popular verdict, and to say, with Mr. Simcox, that 'the shy, +youthful fervor of the dutiful boy, combined with the literary honesty +which kept Persius from writing any thing which was not a part of his +permanent consciousness, makes him improve upon every reading, which is +more than can be said of Juvenal, who writes as if he thought and felt +little in the intervals of writing.' But while it is easy to get tired +of Juvenal, it is not so easy to become enamored of Persius; and it must +be admitted that the pleasure is questionable. Yet, in spite of +M. Nisard, there is no real question about the utility of the study of +the poet, who illustrates by what he does not say even more than by what +he says the character of an age which is of supreme importance to the +historian. Even if we put the study on lower ground, we must admit that +Persius's title to a prominent position in the annals of Roman +literature is indefeasible. However desirable it may be to get rid of +him, an author who has left his impress on Rabelais and Ben Jonson, as +well as on Montaigne and Boileau-- an author whose poems have furnished +so many quotations to modern letters, can not be dismissed from the +necessities of a 'polite education' with a convenient sneer. Persius +deserves our attention, if it were only as a problem of literary taste. + +To the end of the study of Persius, it is best to look away from the +conflicting views of the critics, and to abandon the attempt to +distinguish between the weight of facts and the momentum of rhetoric in +the balanced antitheses of praise and blame. The position of the poet +will be most accurately determined by the calculation of the statics of +his department and his age. + +The Satire is the only extant form of Latin poetry that can lay claim to +a truly national origin; and the error into which the early historians +of classical literature were led by the resemblance between the name of +the Roman satire and the name of the Greek satyr-drama has long been +corrected. But the truth which this error involves, the connection +between the comic drama and the satire, remains. The satire goes back to +the popular source of comedy, and holds in solution all the elements +which the Greeks combined into various forms of dramatic merriment. As +the rhythmical movements, which culminate in such perfections as the +dactylic hexameter and the iambic trimeter, are common to our whole +race, and the rude Saturnian verse is one with the heroic, so the rustic +songs of harvest and vintage are common to Greece and Italy; and it is +no marvel that, as the satire was working itself out to classic +proportions, it should have felt its kindred to Greek comedy, and should +have drawn its materials and its methods from that literature on which +Roman literature in its other departments was more directly dependent. +And so the satire, though a genuine growth of Italian soil, was none the +less subject to Greek influences. It was trained into Greek forms, it +was permeated by Greek thought; and here as elsewhere the retranslation +into Greek, of which the older commentators were so fond, is often the +key to the meaning; here as elsewhere our appreciation of the author, as +a whole, is conditioned by our knowledge of Greek literature. + +Horace, the master of Roman satire, has more than once drawn the +parallel between satire and comedy; and Persius, who follows the +literary, though not the philosophical creed of his predecessor, aims +even more distinctly than Horace does at reproducing the mimicry of +comedy on the narrow stage of the satire. At the close of the First +Satire he goes so far as to demand of his readers the intense study of +the Old Attic Comedy as the preparation for the enjoyment of his poems-- +an extraordinary demand, if we do not make due allowance for the +rhetorical expression of high aims and earnest endeavors. A comparison +of the triumvirate of the _comoedia prisca_ of Attica reveals little +trace of direct influence, abundant evidence of extreme diversity in +expression and conception. I say 'expression,' not 'language.' It is +true that the language of Persius has a virile tone, but the masculine +energy of his words is often out of keeping with the scholastic tameness +of his thoughts. The breezy Pnyx of the Athenian and the stuffy +_lecticula lucubratoria_ of the Roman are not further apart than +Aristophanes and Persius. + +The New Attic Comedy, the comedy of situation and manners, furnished +themes that lay nearer to the genius of Persius, although the grace of a +Menander was much further from his grasp than from Terence, the +half-Menander of Caesar's epigram. One passage is all but translated +from Menander's Eunuch; and if Persius did not borrow traits for his +picture of the miser and the spendthrift from the master of the New +Comedy, it was not for lack of models. Indeed, so unreal is Persius, +with all the realism of his language, that one of the most striking +features of his poems-- the opposition to the military-- loses somewhat +of its significance when we remember that the Macedonian period, to +which the New Comedy belongs, is crowded with typical soldiers of +fortune, with their coarse love of sensual pleasure-- their coarse +contempt of every thing that can not be eaten, drunk, or handled. Every +line of Persius's centurion can be reproduced from the Greek; and +although it would be going too far to say that there was no counterpart +to his sketch in his own experience, although, on the contrary, Persius +seems to have verified by actual observation whatever he learned from +books, the historical value of his portrait is very much reduced by the +existence of the Greek type. As a specimen of a kind of +clerico-political opposition to an empire which its enemies might call +an empire of brute force and military mechanism, the hostility of +Persius to a class whose predominance was making itself felt more and +more is not without its point and interest, and it is unfortunate that +we have to leave its reality in suspense. + +Yet another form of the comic drama was the Mime, and we have the +explicit statement of Joannes Lydus that Persius imitated the famous +mimographer, Sophron; and although the fragments of Sophron are so +scanty that this statement can not be verified, it is not without its +intrinsic probability. The mimetic power of Sophron is notorious, and +Persius might well have taken lessons from the man whom Plato +acknowledged as his master. The dialogue, thus borrowed from the mime, +became the artistic form of philosophic composition, and, as Persius's +Satires are essentially moral treatises, it is not surprising that he +should have made large use of the same machinery. Plato himself +furnished the movement for two of his essays, and we can detect a +community of models between Persius and some of the later Greek writers. +Lucian, the mercurial, and Persius, the saturnine, often work on the +same theme, each in his way; and when the dialogue is dropped, and the +bustle of the drama is succeeded by the effects of the scene-painter's +craft, we are reminded of another group of copyists, and find all the +picturesque detail for which Persius is so famous in the letters of +Alkiphron and Aristainetos, themselves far-off echoes of the New Comedy. + +Surely these are originals enough, the Attic Comedy, the Mime, Sophron +and Plato, Menander and Philemon. But we find other models nearer home, +and, passing by the reflections of Greek comedy in Plautus and Terence, +its refractions in Afranius and Pomponius, we come to the satiric +exemplars of Persius-- Lucilius and Horace. _Mox ut a scholis et +magistris divertit, lecto libro Lucilli decimo, vehementer saturas +conponere instituit._ This statement of the old _Vita Persii_ is much +more consonant with the character of Persius than his own affected +mirthfulness. His 'saucy spleen' had as little to do with his verse +writing as righteous indignation with the rhetorical outpouring of +Juvenal. His laughter was as much a part of the conventionalities of the +satire as the _Camena_ was of his confidences to Cornutus. School-boys +all imitate circus-riders; here and there one mimics the clown; and +Persius, who had not outgrown the tendencies of boyhood, straightway +began to make copies of verses in the manner of Lucilius. At the same +time he was too much under the influence of Horace to follow Lucilius in +his negligences, and too little master of the form to strike the mean +between slovenly dictation and painful composition. As an imitator of +Lucilius he boldly lashes men of straw where Lucilius flogged Lupus and +Mucius, and breaks his milk-teeth on Alkibiades and Dama where Lucilius +broke his jaw-teeth on living and moving enemies. As an imitator of +Horace he appropriates the garb of Horatian diction; but the easy +movement of roguish Flaccus is lost, and the stiff stride of the young +Stoic betrays him at every turn. + +As in the case of the Old Attic Comedy, Persius's intellectual affinity +with Lucilius was purely imaginary; and for the purposes of this study +it is unnecessary to reproduce the lines of Horace's portrait of the +'great nursling of Aurunca,' or to attempt to form a mosaic out of the +chipped chips of Lucian Müller's recent collection. The wide range of +theme, the manly carelessness of style, the bold criticism, the bright +humor, the biting wit-- in short, almost every characteristic of +Lucilius that we can distinguish, shows how little kindred there must +have been between the two men. The dozen scattered verses of the Tenth +Book of Lucilius, which is said to have suggested the theme of the First +Satire of Persius, and the fragments of the Fourth Book, which is +imitated by Persius in his Third Satire, though more significant, give +us no clew to the manner or the extent of his indebtedness. Here and +there a verse, a hemistich, a jingle may have been taken from Lucilius, +and he may have enriched his vocabulary here and there from Lucilius's +store of drastic words; but his obligations to Lucilius, real and +imaginary, are all as nothing in comparison with the large drafts which +he drew on the treasury of Horace. + +The obligations of Persius to Horace have been the theme of all the +editors. The scholiasts themselves have quoted parallels, and Casaubon +has written a special treatise on the subject, and commentators, with +almost childish rivalry, have vied with each other in noting verbal +coincidences and similar trains of thought. The fact of the imitation is +too evident to need proof, and it would have been much more profitable +to examine the causes and significance of this dependence, and to study +the modifications of the language and the thought as they passed through +the alembic of Persius's brain, than to multiply examples of words and +phrases that are common, not only to Horace and Persius, but to the +language of every-day life. Indeed, some go so far as to make Persius +quibble on Horace; and 'How green you are,' of the modern street, and +'What means that trump?' of the modern card-table, are as much +Shakespearian as some of Persius's 'borrowings' are Horatian. + +Horace had long been a classic when Persius dodged his school-tasks and +was a dab at marbles. Indeed, nothing is more remarkable about Roman +literature than the rapidity with which the images of its Augustan +heroes took on the _patina_ of age. The half-century that lay between +Horace and Persius drew itself out to a distant perspective, and Virgil +and Horace had all the authority of _veteres_. They not only dictated +the forms of poetry, but permeated and dominated prose. True, the +hostility to Virgil and Horace had not ceased; the _antiquarii_ were not +dead; but the ground had been shifted. The admirers of republican poetry +in the time of Horace were republicans-- in the time of Persius they +were imperialists, and the maintenance of the authors of the Augustan +age as the true classics was a part of the programme of the opposition. +The court literature of the Neronian period found its models in the +earlier epic essays of Catullus rather than in the poems of Virgil. +Virgil had modified the Greek norms to suit the Latin tongue; but these +men went back of malice aforethought to the Greek standard, and emulated +the proportions of the Greek versification of the Alexandrian period. +They were impatient of the classic vocabulary, and found the classic +rhythms tame, and so they betook themselves to the earlier language and +set it to more exact harmonies. It was no heresy with this set to +consider Virgil at once light and rough. The mouth-filling words of the +older and bolder period, marshaled in serried ranks, no gap, no break, +as they kept time to a rhythmical cadence that was marked by all the +music of consonance and assonance-- this was the ideal of the school +which Persius assailed, just as an admirer of Pope or Goldsmith might +assail the dominant poetry of our day, with its sensuous melody and its +revived archaisms. Surely the worshippers of recent poets might pause +before accepting the narrow literary creed of Persius. But, not to +imitate the example of Nisard, and indulge in dangerous parallelisms, it +is sufficient for our purpose to note that Persius's close study of the +language of Horace was not only a part of a liberal education, but a +necessity of the school to which he belonged. If he was to write satire +at all, he must needs take Horace for his model. If he had written an +epic, he would have taken Virgil. + +Besides this, we may boldly say that reminiscence is no robbery. The +verses, the phrases, the arguments that we know by heart often become so +wholly ours that they weave themselves unconsciously into the texture of +our speech. We use them as convenient forms of expression, without the +least thought of plagiarism. We quote them, thinking that they are as +familiar to others as they are to ourselves. They constitute, as it +were, a sympathetic medium between men of culture. And so Persius +repeated group after group of the words of Horace as innocently as the +Augustan poets translated their Greek models, and thought no more harm +than did the Emperor Julian when he Platonized, or Thackeray when he +transfused the classics that he learned at the Charter House into his +own matchless English. That he did it to excess is not to be denied. He +never learned the lesson of Apelles-- what is enough. + +Having thus briefly disposed of those turns which are common to the +Latin tongue, and those which ran freely into the pen of the writer, we +have now to deal with a considerable number of passages in which the +memory of Persius must have lingered over the words of Horace, in which +his painstaking genius has hammered the thoughts of Horace into a more +compact or a more angular utterance. To the majority of readers his +condensations and his amplifications will alike appear to be so many +distortions of the original. So, notably, where he characterizes Horace +himself, and substitutes for the simple _naso adunco_ the puzzling +_excusso naso_, where 'the dreams of a sick man' become the 'dreams of a +sick dotard,' where 'telling straight from crooked' is twisted into +'discerning the straight line where it makes its way up between crooked +lines,' and where he wrings from the natural phrase 'drink in with the +ear' the odd combination 'bibulous ears.' In the longer passages the +wresting is still more pronounced; and those who refuse to take into +consideration the moral attitude of Persius may well wonder at the +perversity with which he distorts the lines and overcharges the colors +of the original. But it is tolerably evident that, with all Persius's +admiration of Horace as an artist, he felt himself immeasurably superior +to him morally, and looked upon these adaptations and alterations as so +much gained for the effect of his discourse. The slyness of Horace might +have answered well enough for his day and for the kind of vices that he +reproved, but the depth over which Persius stood gave him a more than +Stoic stature. Horace might have been content with a flute; nothing less +resonant than a trumpet would have suited the moral elevation of +Persius. Horace is a consummate artist, and not less an artist in the +conduct of his life than in the composition of his poems. Persius is the +prototype of the sensational preacher, and preachers of all centuries, +from Augustin and Jerome to Macleane and Merivale, have had a weakness +for him. + +Aside from the moral tone, which is enough to give a different ring to +the most similar expressions in the two poets, there is an artistic +difference of great significance in the handling of the dramatic +element, which they both recognized as fundamental in the satire. The +dramatic satires of Horace will not bear dislocation without +destruction. In Persius the characters are always shifting, always +fading away into an impersonal _Tu_. This may be partly due to the +interval which he allowed to elapse between the periods of composition; +but it is possible that he recognized the limitation of his own powers, +that his satires were intended to be a knotted thong, and not a smooth +horsewhip. This piecemeal composition, be it the result of poverty or of +economy, makes Persius the very author for 'Elegant Extracts.' Hence it +is not hard to defend him, as it is not hard to defend Seneca, and on +similar grounds. Single verses ring in the ear for months and years. +What line, for instance, more quoted than + + _Tecum habita: noris quam sit tibi curta supellex_? + +What line sinks deeper than the sombre verse, + + _Virtutem videant intabescantque relicta_? + +Single scenes, whether of dialogue or of description, possess every +requirement of dramatic vividness. On every page of the commentary we +call him bookish, and yet his pictures stand out from the canvas with a +boldness which makes us concede that his books did not keep him from +seeing, if they did not teach him to see, what was going on around him. +What is not a little remarkable in so young a man is the honesty of his +painting. A home-keeping youth, Persius gives us living pictures of what +he saw at home, whether at Rome, at Volaterrae, or at Luna; in the +school-room, in the lecture-room, in the court of justice, on the wharf, +at the country cross-roads. He has watched the carpenter stretching his +line, the potter whirling his wheel, the physician adjusting his scales. +He has heard the horse-laugh of the burly centurion, and shivered; has +heard, with a young Stoic sneer, a cooing and mincing declaimer. He +knows all about ink and paper and parchment and reeds; he has not +outlived his knowledge of marbles, and one might fancy that the lustral +spittle of his aunty was still fresh on his brow. The fact that there is +no breeziness about his poems, nothing that tells us of the liberal air +beyond, is another sign of his truthfulness. His life is like his own +'ever retreating bay' of the Sixth Satire, with the cliffs of Stoic +philosophy between him and the wintry sea without. Arretium he knows-- +it was not so far from Volaterrae-- and Bovillae, in the neighborhood of +which he had a farm, and Luna, and the world of Rome; but the rest of +his geography is in the inane. Horace, on the other hand, ambles all +over Italy, and treats us every now and then to a foreign tour with the +air of a man who had run across the sea in his time; and even if he who +takes us in his sweeping flight from Cadiz to Ganges be not the real +Juvenal, the undisputed Juvenal has a far wider geographical outlook +than Persius. This very limitation is one of the best signs of the +artistic worth of Persius, and justifies the regret that he had not made +himself the Crabbe of Roman poetry. + +We have seen that Persius was not slavishly dependent on Horace, +assimilated the material that he derived from him, raised the worldly +wisdom of Horace to the ideal standard of the Stoic, and followed a +different canon of dramatic art. To this we may add that Persius, with a +certain aristocratic disdain of conventionalities, goes deeper into the +current of vulgar diction than the freedman's son dared. Persius felt +that he could afford to talk slang, and he talked it; and the +commentators have found it necessary to hold Petronius in the left hand, +as well as Horace in the right. + +We now proceed to yet another formal element, which is no less +significant to the close student of antique literature. The Roman +handling of the hexameter was artificial in the extreme. Reasoning +backward from the Latin hexameter, scholars have been prone to transfer +the conscious symbolism of the Roman poets to the Greek originals; and +if they had stopped, say, at Apollonius Rhodius, they might have been +justified, for in the later Greek poets something of the sort is not to +be denied. But the healthier period of Greek poetic art was lifted far +above such toying adaptations of sound to sense as commentators still +discover in Homer when they enlarge on the symbolism of this or that +spondaic verse, the beauty of this or that combination of diaeresis and +caesura. A recent comparison of Homer with his successors has shown +that, of all the spondaic verses in Homer, scarcely one in a hundred can +be traced to any 'picturesque' motive, and the rapid movement of so many +five-dactyl hexameters is simply the normal pace of the verse. When we +come to Latin metres, however, we must take a different standard, and +recognize a conscious modification of the Greek rule. The Ovidian +pentameter of the best period-- to cite a familiar instance-- is subject +to minute laws, which are transgressed at every turn in Greek elegiac +poetry, and the different ideals of Persius and Horace are distinctly +traceable in their treatment of the hexameter. Horace, as is well known, +broke the lofty movement of the hexameter to suit the easy gait of the +satire. Persius is more rhetorical than Horace, and, although he admits +elision with as great freedom as his master, his verse has a more +mechanical structure than the verse of Horace, and many of the +conversational peculiarities of the Horatian hexameter are much less +conspicuous in Persius. Horace weakens the caesura, employs a great +number of spondaic words, and neglects the variety at which the epic +aims; and perhaps the trained ear of a determined scholar might hear in +the jog-trot of his satiric rhythms the hoofs of his bob-tailed mule and +the lazy flapping of his portmanteau. Persius, on the other hand, +hammers out his thoughts in a far more orthodox cadence. Comparing the +first six hundred and fifty verses of the first book of the satires of +Horace with the six hundred and fifty verses of Persius, we find that +more than eight per cent. have five spondees against less than five per +cent. in Persius. The so-called third trochee or feminine caesura of the +third foot is found in one of ten of Horace's hexameters, and only in +one of twenty-six in Persius-- a low proportion even for a Latin poet. +Still more striking is the rare use which Persius makes of the masculine +caesura of the sixth foot, with its consequent monosyllabic close. Aside +from all idle symbolism, this arrangement, which is comparatively common +in Horace, gives the verse a certain familiar roughness, especially +where the final word forces a union with the following line. These +diversities can not be accidents, and serve to show that, although +Persius might weave himself a garment from the dyed threads of Horatian +diction, he was not bold enough to wear the _discincta tunica_ of +Horace's Muse. But we must not forget to be just, and it is only fair to +add that such a garb would have been as inappropriate to his severe and +lofty, though narrow spirit, as the Coan vestments of Ovid's 'kept +goddess'-- if we may borrow the _déesse entretenue_ of Heinrich Heine. + +A comparison of Persius with Juvenal-- a favorite theme with editors-- +does not enter into the plan of this study. It suffices for our present +purpose to note that the practiced rhetorician of the time of Trajan +could not have shared Quintilian's admiration of his youthful +predecessor. The parallel passages which have been cited belong to the +common stock of satirical strokes or to the thesaurus of proverbial +phrases. Who can believe that Juvenal took _usque adeo_ from Persius, or +borrowed from him the familiar _rara avis_? There are three or four +touches in the Tenth Satire which recall some of the more striking +expressions of Persius; but Ribbeck's objections to the genuineness of +this sophistic declamation, if not convincing, are at least sufficiently +well founded to make us pause in citing them. In moral earnestness, +Persius is as far superior to Juvenal as he is inferior to him in the +rhetorical treatment of his themes; and so long as men will take into +consideration this moral element, which modern critics are prone to +eliminate from works of art, so long as they will say _pectus est quod +satiricum facit_ as well as _quod theologum_, Persius will command a +personal esteem which does not attach to the satires of Juvenal. The +ingenious theory of Boissier, that the great satirist of the Caesars was +a snubbed snob, brings out in still more striking contrast the figure of +Persius as the reserved provincial aristocrat, and may be worthy of a +more ample development than it has yet received. But Juvenal is a +dangerous theme. As M. Martha has admirably observed, Juvenal is an +author whose declamatory tone has infected his eulogists; and those who +are not carried away by an 'admiration which disfigures while it +exalts,' may readily be tempted into the opposite extreme. Let us turn, +then, to other matters which illustrate more directly the character of +our author's compositions. And first a word or two of Stoicism. + +With the strong practical tendencies of the Romans, the only systems of +Greek philosophy that ever found large acceptance at Rome were the +Epicurean and the Stoic; and in the Stoic school the only doctrines that +commanded much attention were the ethic. The subtle dialectic of the +Stoics, of which we have some unjoyous specimens in Cicero's +philosophical compilations, was not congenial to the Roman mind; but the +Stoic creed was the creed of the nobler spirits of the imperial time. +Excluded from public life, or, at all events, from the satisfactory +exercise of public functions, the elect few took refuge in Stoic +philosophy.[1] + + [Footnote 1: In this section of the Introduction I follow Zeller's + Essay on Marcus Aurelius (_Vorträge u. Abhandlungen_) so closely + that some special acknowledgment seems to be necessary.] + +The object of Stoicism is by means of virtue and knowledge to make men +independent of all without them, and happy in that independence. It is a +pantheism: God revealed in every thing; God's law recognized in every +thing; God the substance from which every thing proceeds, to which every +thing returns; the Original Fire, from which every thing is born again. +God is the all-pervasive Spirit, Fate, Providence. Obedience to his +eternal laws constitutes virtue and happiness. Good and evil are to be +measured by this standard. All that brings us toward this is Good; all +that carries us away from it is Evil. Every thing else is indifferent. + +In Grace or out of Grace, says the Christian; or, as Calvin expresses it +in his nervous language, _Qui Christum dimidium habere vult, totum +perdit_. In Virtue or out of Virtue, says the Stoic. There is nothing +between. The wise are perfectly wise; the foolish are totally foolish. +'There is not a half-ounce of rectitude in the fool.' The vicious man is +as mad as Orestes-- nay, madder. + +The difference between human beings is slight. Alkibiades, the high-born +and the handsome, is no better than shriveled old Baukis, who makes her +livelihood by selling greens. All external distinctions sink into utter +insignificance by the side of this great contrast of knowledge and +ignorance into which virtue and vice are resolved. + +All humanity is one people; all the world one state; its ruler the +Deity; its constitution the eternal law of the universe. The more +unconditionally a man submits to the guidance of this law, the more +exclusively he seeks his happiness in virtue, the more independent he +will be of all without him, the more contented in himself, and yet the +readier to enter into communion with others, and to do his duty to the +whole of which he is a part. + +But it is to be observed that the Stoicism of Persius, like the Stoicism +of Marcus Antoninus, was of a softer, milder, more religious character +than that of Zeno and Chrysippus; and when the Stoic discourses on the +nothingness of all earthly things, the ills of life, man's moral +weakness, and his need of help, we hear language that reminds us now of +the epistles of the New Testament, now of the doctrines of Buddha. 'The +philosopher,' says Zeller, 'is a physician for the soul, a priest and +servant of the Deity among men, and this he shows by the most unlimited, +devoted, unreserved philanthropy.' And not only so, but the Stoic does +not disdain to make life brighter in the social circle; and the Sixth +Satire of our author, which Nisard considers to be a youthful escapade +of the poet-- _qui s'évertue comme un écolier qui sort de classe_-- is +no less truly Stoic than the high-strung Third. + +In speaking of this subject it is difficult to keep from using the word +religion, for the emotional element, which is so characteristic of +religion, is not wanting in a system which is the popular synonym for +suppression of emotion. This is the thesis which M. Martha has brought +out into clear relief, and illumined by many apposite examples-- a +thesis which will not be strange to those who have studied with any care +the social aspects of the later life of antiquity. Under the empire +morality was more than morality-- it was a religion; and all the +formulae of certain phases of Christian ascetics may be applied to the +ethical side of Stoic philosophy. It is difficult to approach the +subject without seeming irreverence; but the faith of the Christian must +be far from robust who can shrink from a parallel that goes no farther +than the machinery-- that does not involve the motive power. It is not +the aim of this study to determine whether this parallelism is to be +recognized as a _praeparatio Evangelica_, or as the like result of +similar forces at work in different systems of thought and belief. It is +enough to present the parallelism, to excuse the phraseology. + +Our ancestors, at all events, were not afraid to recognize 'natural +Christians' in such men as Socrates, in such youths as Persius. Why, +even Seneca figured for a long time as St. Seneca; and Jeremy Taylor was +following old example when he cited the Stoic as well as the Christian +code. It is only one step from the recognition of this spiritual kindred +to the recognition of the practical methods of spiritual work as +anticipated in the life of antiquity-- practical methods which for our +purposes are even better described by an unbeliever like Lucian than by +a believer like Marcus Antoninus. In that age of transition we find +father confessors, private chaplains, mendicant friars, missions, +revivals, conversions, ecstasies-- all showing the deep needs of the +human heart, which refused to be satisfied with the outworn gods of the +Pantheon, and, in ignorance of the divine Person, who alone can answer a +personal love, sought solace in the mechanism of morality. In +characterizing Cornutus, I have already borrowed a phrase from +M. Martha, and called him, as M. Martha calls Seneca, a spiritual +director; and I have already ventured to call Persius a sensational +preacher. His stock of philosophy or theology is not as large as some +commentators suppose; and all the elaborate attempts to show by the +satires that Persius was a thoroughly trained and consistent Stoic have +failed. The most elementary knowledge of Stoic ethics is sufficient for +the comprehension of Persius. Whatever else he knew he kept back for +practical considerations. He sticks to the marrow of morality, and +reiterates the cardinal doctrines of Stoicism with the vehemence of a +Poundtext. This vehemence, this enthusiasm, may be explained by his +youth, his Etruscan blood, his profession as a moral reformer. A critic +with M. Taine's resources might account for it by the climate of +Volaterrae; but, however it may be accounted for, certain it is that he +himself is much impressed with the profundity of the doctrines which he +professes; that he warms and glows as he imparts to his auditors the +great secret that they are not free because they are slaves to vice; +that a man who does not understand his relations to his Maker can not +move a finger without sinning; that in the flesh there is no good thing; +and that the anguish of a tortured conscience is the worst of hells. But +the difficulties of Persius are not due to recondite Stoic thought, and +can not be cleared up by reference to Stoic philosophy. The trouble lies +in the slangy expressions, the lack of organic development, the restless +zeal to force his message home to the heart of every hearer, and the +consequent shifting of the personages of his dialogue to suit the cases +as they rose before his mind. + +Persius, then, was a preacher of Stoicism-- Stoicism, at once the +philosophy and the religion of a time when serious and noble natures had +no city of refuge except in their inmost selves, when the only possible +activity seemed to be submission to the inevitable. The hydrostatic +pressure of the imperial time forced all the better elements into this +mould; and in so far Persius bears the stamp of his period, and the very +absence of political and personal allusions shows how imperfect life +must have been. But one school of commentators, headed by Casaubon, and +represented to-day in Germany by Lehmann, in England by Pretor, see in +Persius much more than a disciple of the Stoa; and the satires of our +author-- especially the First and Fourth-- are supposed to be full of +more or less oblique references to Nero's person, his habits, his +literary pretensions, his aristocratic birth. At one time it seemed as +if this thesis, which was suggested by the scholiast, had been +abandoned, but the field for historical ingenuity is too tempting; and +one of the vaguest of all the satires, the Fifth, has been discovered by +Lehmann to be full of the most stinging allusions to Nero. It is not +enough to grant to this school that Nero, as the type of his age, may +have been present to the mind of the author. They scornfully reject this +concession, and resort to all manner of legerdemain in order to explain +away the impossibilities of such an attack and the improbabilities of +its execution. With such scope as these scholars allow themselves we may +find parallels every where, and covert assaults may be detected in the +most innocent literary performances. But it would not answer the purpose +of this Introduction to enter into an elaborate discussion of this +question, which seems to be destined to an uncomfortable resurrection as +often as it is laid. Every plausible coincidence has been mentioned in +the Notes, and it will be sufficient for ingenuous youth to know the +opinions of distinguished scholars on the subject. + +If this essay had not been prolonged beyond the limit proposed, it might +be well to give some account of the grammatical and rhetorical +peculiarities of the style of Persius; but the grammar of Persius will +present few difficulties to those who are at all familiar with the +poetic syntax of the Latin language; and enough has been said to prepare +the student, in a measure, for coping with the labored terseness of our +author. + +The manuscripts of Persius are remarkable for their age, their number, +and the stupid bewilderment of the transcribers. The best is the _Codex +Montepessulanus_, or Montpellier manuscript, with which the _Codex +Vaticanus_ closely coincides; but, in the words of Jahn, _Nullus Persii +codex tantae auctoritatis est ut in rebus dubiis eius vestigia tuto +sequaris sed semper inter complures optio eaque non raro incerta datur_. + + + * * * * * + + A. PERSII FLACCI + + SATURARUM + + LIBER. + + * * * * * + + + PROLOGUS. + + + Nec fonte labra prolui caballino, + nec in bicipiti somniasse Parnaso + memini, ut repente sic poeta prodirem. + Heliconidasque pallidamque Pirenen + illis remitto, quorum imagines lambunt 5 + hederae sequaces: ipse semipaganus + ad sacra vatum carmen adfero nostrum. + quis expedivit psittaco suum chaere + picamque docuit nostra verba conari? + magister artis ingenique largitor 10 + venter, negatas artifex sequi voces; + quod si dolosi spes refulserit nummi, + corvos poetas et poetridas picas + cantare credas Pegaseium nectar. + + +NOTES. + +PROLOGUE. + + +ARGUMENT.-- I never drank of Hippocrene, never dreamed on Parnassus. The +maids of Helicon and the waters of Pirene are meat and drink for my +masters-- the acknowledged classics-- not for me, a poor lay-brother, +with my humble, homely song (1-7). Others succeed: the parrot with his +Greek, the pie with her Latin. They have not dreamed on Parnassus +either; but they have a teacher-- the great master Belly-- and Sixpence +is their Phoebus Apollo. Hark how they troll forth their notes! (8-14). + +Alas for me! no golden Muse, no silver sixpence inspires me. _Quis leget +haec?_ + + +This prologue is a survival of the dramatic element of the satire, as +Casaubon has remarked. Peculiarly personal, the prologue is found in the +earlier and in the later stages of art, in ballad literature and in +reflective poetry. The spurious verses which precede the Aeneid-- _Ille +ego_-- were intended to serve as a prologue, and prologues in prose and +poetry are familiar to the readers of Martial, Statius, Ausonius, and +Claudian. + +There is no good reason to doubt the genuineness of the prologue, or to +attribute the authorship to Caesius Bassus, the Editor of Persius, as +Heinrich has done. Nor is there any sufficient ground for supposing that +the prologue is fragmentary. The two parts-- of seven verses each-- do +not hang well together, but the connection of the thought is not so +remote after all. 'In the former part, Persius ridicules the pretended +source of the poetical inspiration of his time, in the latter he exposes +its real origin' (Teuffel). + +More open to debate is the relation of the prologue to the satires. Is +it an introduction to all, or only to the first? It is true that the +prologue seems to belong especially to the first. Both furnish us with a +programme of the poet's views, with a confession of faith which +consisted in a want of faith in the age; but as the First Satire itself +contains a vindication of the poet's work, and forms an introduction to +the other five satires, it is safer not to restrict the prologue to the +narrower office. + +It is needless to say that these verses have not lacked admirers and +imitators. The latter half is parodied by Milton (_In Salmasii +Hundredam_), and the line _magister artis ingenique largitor_ is +expanded by Rabelais (4, 59). + + +The metre is the _scazon_ or _choliambus_ (G., 755; A., 82, 2, _a_, R), +and as the combination of different rhythms is one of the peculiarities +of the earlier _satura_, it is not unlikely that Persius followed an +older pattern. In Petronius, cap. 5, the choliambus is in like manner +followed by the hexameter, but the analogy is not close. The choliambus, +the invention of the great lampoonist Hipp[-o]nax, is admirably adapted +by its structure for the expression of disappointment, vexation, +discontent. The march of the iambus is suddenly checked in the fifth +foot, and the rapid measure violently tripped up. It is a mischievous +metre, and betrays in its malice the Thersitic character of its +inventor. + + +1. The allusion is to Ennius, the _alter Homerus_, who drank of +Hippocrene (Prop., 3, 2 [4], 6), and dreamed that he had seen his great +original on Parnassus (Cic., Ac. Pr., 2, 16, 51). --#fonte#: '_in_ the +spring.' The Latin Abl. often has a locative translation, when the +conception is not necessarily or not distinctly locative. (G.,[2] 387.) +--#prolui#: 'drenched' is designedly misused. The figure is _Litotes_. +(G., 448, R. 2.) The greater the depression, the greater the rebound. +_Non prolui labra_ = _ne primoribus quidem labris attigi_. +--#caballino#: _Fons caballinus_, 'hack's spring,' is a mock translation +of _Hippocrene_ = +hippou krênê+: the fountain opened by Pegasus with +his hoof. _Caballus_ is a comic equivalent of _equus_. Comp. Juvenal's +_Gorgonei #caballi#_ (3, 118). + + [Footnote 2: G. = Gildersleeve's L. Grammar; A. = Allen and + Greenough's; M. = Madvig's.] + +2. #bicipiti#: 'two-peaked.' Parnassus is called _biceps_, either +because it appears to have two peaks from such common points of view as +the entrance to the Corinthian Gulf (+dikorumbos ho Parnasos+, Lucian, +Char., 5), or because of the two tall cliffs (Ov., Met., 1, 316; 2, +221)-- the +Phaidriades+ of Diodorus (16, 28), the +dilophos petra+ of +Sophocles (Ant., 1126)-- between which the Castalian spring takes its +rise. --#somniasse#: sc. _me somniasse_ (G., 527, R. 2; M., 401). With +_memini_ the Pres. Inf. is more common of Personal Recollection (G., +277, R; A., 58, 11, _b_), but the Perfect is also found when the action +is distinctly recognized as a by-gone. Comp. _saepe velut gemmas eius +signumque probarem_ | _per causam #memini# me #tetigisse# manum_, Tib., +1, 6, 26. Also Ov., Am., 3, 7, 25-6; A. A., 2, 169. The Perfect is +especially appropriate here, as the balance of the period would seem to +require _nec prolui nec_ (_quod meminerim_) _somniavi_; and so Conington +with correct instinct translates, 'never that #I# can remember.' + +3. #sic#: +houtôs+, 'just so,' 'without any warning, any preparation.' +--#prodirem#: 'make my appearance' (as it were on the stage). + +4. #Heliconidas#: The Muses. Comp. Hesiod (Theog., 1). Hermann prefers +the epic form, _Heliconiadas_. --#-que# --#-que#: G., 478; A., 43, 2, +_a._ --#pallidamque Pirenen#: Pirene is the fountain of Acrocorinthus, +where Pegasus was broken in by Bellerophon. The poetic virtue of its +water was a late discovery. _Pallidam_, attribute for effect. Comp. +_pallida mors_, +chlôron deos+, and the like. The pallor of students and +poets needs no illustration. + +5. #remitto#: +aphiêmi+, for the more usual _relinquo_, which is a +common v.l. Kisselius (_Specimen criticum_, p. 51) cites Cic., De Orat., +1, 58: _tibi #remittunt# istam voluptatem et ea se carere patiuntur_; +and Tac., Hist., 4, 11: _vim principis complecti, nomen remittere_. +--#imagines#: 'busts' (set up in libraries, public and private). Comp. +_ut dignus venias hederis et imagine macra_, Juv., 7, 29. --#lambunt#: +more frequently used of flames. + +6. #hederae#: Notice the plural, 'ivy wreaths,' G., 195, R. 6. The ivy, +being sacred to Bacchus, formed the wreath of victors in scenic +contests; thence transferred to poets generally. --#sequaces#: 'lissom, +pliant.' Persius seldom, if ever, uses a merely descriptive epithet, and +hence some commentators have detected a sneer in these words, 'lackeying +ivy belicks.' --#semipaganus#: 'poor half-brother of the guild' +(Conington). The _paganus_ is admitted to all the _sacra pagi_ +(_paganalia_); the _semipaganus_ is a lay-brother. Persius is not a +_vates_, but a _semivates_. He is not initiated into what Aristophanes +calls the +gennaiôn orgia Mousôn+, Ran., 356. Those who believe that the +Satires of Persius were aimed at Nero, see in _semipaganus_, +'half-educated,' as well as in the last seven verses, a deliberate +disguise of the poet's real condition, as a man of culture and of +wealth. They overlook the sneer at the class which he is not worthy to +join. + +7. #vatum#: with the same tone of derision as in the English equivalent, +'bards.' --#nostrum#: perhaps not simply = _meum_, but 'native, +home-made.' + +8. #expedivit#: _Expedire_ and _conari_ both imply difficulty (Jahn), +but the difficulty is completely conquered in _expedire_; not so in +_conari_. The parrot, if not a Greek (+psittakos+), is a Hellenized +Hindoo (_bitak_), and has learned to utter glibly his familiar +_Bonjour_. The magpie is an Italian, and not so deft. Others regard this +interpretation, which is essentially Jahn's, as too subtle, and make +_verba nostra_, which many prefer to _nostra verba_, simply equivalent +to 'human speech.' --#chaere# = +chaire+. Greek was the language of +small talk, love talk, parrot-talk. + +10. #magister artis ingenique largitor#: _Magister_, of that which is +taught; _largitor_, of that which comes from nature's bounty; _-que_ +combines the two into an exhaustive unit (G., 478; A., 43, 3, _a_). The +thought recurs in numberless forms. Comp. +ha penia, Diophante, mona tas +technas egeirei+, Theocr., 21, 1; _Paupertas omnes artis perdocet_, +Plaut., Stich., 1, 3. 23 (Jahn). Add +chreia didaskei, kan bradus tis ê, +sophon+, Eur., fr. 709 (Nauck), and Alexis, fr. 205 (3, 479 Mein.), +where the +gastêr+ is expressly mentioned. Birds, it seems, were trained +to talk by hunger. + +11. #negatas#: (_a natura_). --#artifex sequi#: poetic syntax for _a. +sequendi_. G., 424, R. 4. (comp. 429, R. 4); A., 57, 8, _f_, 3. +A so-called Greek construction. See 1, 59. 70. 118; 5, 15. 24; 6, 6. 24. +--#sequi# = _sectari_. --#voces#: (articulate) 'speech.' + +12. #quod si#: 'Nay, if but.' Commentators on Horace still indulge in +remarks on the unpoetical character of _quod si_, copying Orelli on Od., +1, 1, 35. If _quod si_ is prosaic, Propertius is to be pitied; he uses +it at every turn. --#dolosi#: 'seductive, alluring.' Persius does not +deal much in 'general epithets;' hence +dolion kerdos+ (Pind., Pyth., 4, +140) is not a sufficient parallel. --#refulserit#: better every way than +_refulgeat_, which Jahn accepts in his ed. of 1868. The Perf. Subj. is +more vivid and more correct than the Present. _Re-_ must not be +overlooked. Like the English 'again,' it denotes the reversal of a +previous condition. _Refulgere_, 'to catch the eye by its glitter,' 'to +flash on the sight'-- whereas it lay unnoticed before. --#nummi#: better +translated as a coin. Comp. 'The Splendid Shilling,' 'The Almighty +Dollar;' perhaps 'The Magic Sixpence.' Comp. Juv., 7, 8: _nam si Pieria +#quadrans# tibi nullus in umbra | ostendatur_, etc. + +13. #corvos poetas et poetridas picas#: 'Raven poets and poetess pies,' +the substantive standing for an epithet, like _popa venter_, 6, 74. +Which of the substantives is adjective to the other does not appear. For +the _corvus_, Poe and Dickens will answer as well as Macrob., Sat. 2, 4. +The male poet has a female counterpart in the magpie (_pica_). According +to Ov. (Met., 5, 294, foll.), the daughters of Pierus, the Macedonian, +were changed into magpies because they had challenged the Muses to a +contest, and reviled the victorious goddesses. There seems to be an +allusion to the literary ladies of the day, the blue-stockings of +Juvenal's Satire (6, 434 foll.). See Friedländer, _Sittengeschichte_, 1, +481. _Poetridas_ after Gr. analogy. + +14. #cantare nectar#: a poetic extension of the cognate accusative = +_nectareum carmen cantare_ (G., 331; A., 52, 1, _b_). _Nectar_ is copied +from Pind., Ol., 7, 7 (+nektar chuton, Moisan dosin+), and when combined +with _Pegaseium_ is sufficiently grandiloquent to be as absurd as it is +intended to be. The old reading, _melos_ (+melos+), with its faulty +quantity, rarely finds a champion against _nectar_. + + +CRITICAL APPENDIX. + +PROLOGUS. + +2. #Parnaso#: Parnasso, H. --4. #Heliconidas#: Heliconiadas, J{a}., H. +--5. #remitto#: relinquo, J{a}. --7. #adfero#: affero, J{a}., H. +--8. #chaere#: +chaire+, J{a}., H. --9. #picam#: picas, J{a}. --#nostra +verba#: verba nostra, H. --12. #refulserit#: J{a}.; refulgeat, J{w}., H. + + + * * * * * + + + SATURA I. + + + O curas hominum! o quantum est in rebus inane! + 'Quis leget haec?' Min tu istud ais? nemo hercule! 'Nemo?' + Vel duo, vel nemo. 'Turpe et miserabile!' Quare? + ne mihi Polydamas et Troiades Labeonem + praetulerint? nugae. non, si quid turbida Roma 5 + elevet, accedas examenque inprobum in illa + castiges trutina, nec te quaesiveris extra. + nam Romae quis non--? a, si fas dicere-- sed fas + tum, cum ad canitiem et nostrum istud vivere triste + aspexi ac nucibus facimus quaecumque relictis, 10 + cum sapimus patruos; tunc, tunc, ignoscite-- 'Nolo.' + Quid faciam? sed sum petulanti splene cachinno. + Scribimus inclusi, numeros ille, his pede liber, + grande aliquid, quod pulmo animae praelargus anhelet. + scilicet haec populo pexusque togaque recenti 15 + et natalicia tandem cum sardonyche albus + sede leges celsa, liquido cum plasmate guttur + mobile collueris, patranti fractus ocello. + hic neque more probo videas nec voce serena + ingentis trepidare Titos, cum carmina lumbum 20 + intrant, et tremulo scalpuntur ubi intima versu. + tun, vetule, auriculis alienis colligis escas? + auriculis, quibus et dicas cute perditus _ohe_. + 'Quo didicisse, nisi hoc fermentum et quae semel intus + innata est rupto iecore exierit caprificus?' 25 + En pallor seniumque! o mores! usque adeone + scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter? + 'At pulchrum est digito monstrari et dicier _hic est!_ + ten cirratorum centum dictata fuisse + pro nihilo pendas?' Ecce inter pocula quaerunt 30 + Romulidae saturi, quid dia poemata narrent. + hic aliquis, cui circa umeros hyacinthia laena est, + rancidulum quiddam balba de nare locutus, + Phyllidas Hypsipylas, vatum et plorabile si quid, + eliquat ac tenero supplantat verba palato. 35 + adsensere viri: nunc non cinis ille poetae + felix? non levior cippus nunc inprimit ossa? + laudant convivae: nunc non e manibus illis, + nunc non e tumulo fortunataque favilla + nascentur violae? 'Rides' ait 'et nimis uncis 40 + naribus indulges. an erit qui velle recuset + os populi meruisse et cedro digna locutus + linquere nec scombros metuentia carmina nec tus?' + Quisquis es, o, modo quem ex adverso dicere feci, + non ego cum scribo, si forte quid aptius exit, 45 + quando haec rara avis est, si quid tamen aptius exit, + laudari metuam, neque enim mihi cornea fibra est; + sed recti finemque extremumque esse recuso + euge tuum et belle. nam belle hoc excute totum: + quid non intus habet? non hic est Ilias Atti 50 + ebria veratro? non si qua elegidia crudi + dictarunt proceres? non quidquid denique lectis + scribitur in citreis? calidum seis ponere sumen, + scis comitem horridulum trita donare lacerna, + et 'verum' inquis 'amo: verum mihi dicite de me.' 55 + qui pote? vis dicam? nugaris, cum tibi, calve, + pinguis aqualiculus protenso sesquipede exstet. + o Iane, a tergo quem nulla ciconia pinsit, + nec manus auriculas imitari mobilis albas, + nec linguae, quantum, sitiat canis Apula, tantae! 60 + vos, o patricius sanguis, quos vivere fas est + occipiti caeco, posticae occurrite sannae! + Quis populi sermo est? quis enim, nisi carmina molli + nunc demum numero fluere, ut per leve severos + effundat iunctura unguis? scit tendere versum 65 + non secus ac si oculo rubricam derigat uno. + sive opus in mores, in luxum, in prandia regum + dicere, res grandis nostro dat Musa poetae. + ecce modo heroas sensus adferre videmus + nugari solitos graece, nec ponere lucum 70 + artifices nec rus saturum laudare, ubi corbes + et focus et porci et fumosa Palilia faeno, + unde Remus, sulcoque terens dentalia, Quinti, + cum trepida ante boves dictatorem induit uxor + et tua aratra domum lictor tulit-- euge poeta! 75 + est nunc Brisaei quem venosus liber Acci, + sunt quos Pacuviusque et verrucosa moretur + Antiopa, aerumnis cor luctificabile fulta. + hos pueris monitus patres infundere lippos + cum videas, quaerisne, unde haec sartago loquendi 80 + venerit in linguas, unde istuc dedecus, in quo + trossulus exsultat tibi per subsellia levis? + nilne pudet capiti non posse pericula cano + pellere, quin tepidum hoc optes audire _decenter_? + 'Fur es' ait Pedio. Pedius quid? crimina rasis 85 + librat in antithetis: doctas posuisse figuras + laudatur 'bellum hoc!' hoc bellum? an, Romule, ceves? + men moveat? quippe et, cantet si naufragus, assem + protulerim. cantas, cum fracta te in trabe pictum + ex umero portes? verum, nec nocte paratum 90 + plorabit, qui me volet incurvasse querela. + 'Sed numeris decor est et iunctura addita crudis. + cludere sic versum didicit _Berecyntius Attis_ + et _qui caeruleum dirimebat Nerea delphin_ + sic _costam longo subduximus Appennino_. 95 + _Arma virum_, nonne hoc spumosum et cortice pingui, + ut ramale vetus vegrandi subere coctum?' + 'Quidnam igitur tenerum et laxa cervice legendum? + _Torva mimalloneis inplerunt cornua bombis,_ + _et raptum vitulo caput ablatura superbo_ 100 + _Bassaris et lyncem Maenas flexura corymbis_ + _euhion ingeminat, reparabilis adsonat echo?'_ + haec fierent, si testiculi vena ulla paterni + viveret in nobis? summa delumbe saliva + hoc natat in labris, et in udo est Maenas et Attis, 105 + nec pluteum caedit, nec demorsos sapit unguis. + 'Sed quid opus teneras mordaci radere vero + auriculas? vide sis, ne maiorum tibi forte + limina frigescant: sonat hic de nare canina + littera.' Per me equidem sint omnia protinus alba; 110 + nil moror. euge! omnes, omnes bene mirae eritis res. + hoc iuvat? 'hic' inquis 'veto quisquam faxit oletum.' + pinge duos anguis: pueri, sacer est locus, extra + meite! discedo. secuit Lucilius urbem, + te Lupe, te Muci, et genuinum fregit in illis; 115 + omne vafer vitium ridenti Flaccus amico + tangit et admissus circum praecordia ludit, + callidus excusso populum suspendere naso: + men muttire nefas? nec clam, nec cum scrobe? nusquam? + hic tamen infodiam. vidi, vidi ipse, libelle: 120 + auriculas asini quis non habet? hoc ego opertum, + hoc ridere meum, tam nil, nulla tibi vendo + Iliade. audaci quicumque adflate Cratino + iratum Eupolidem praegrandi cum sene palles, + aspice et haec, si forte aliquid decoctius audis. 125 + inde vaporata lector mihi ferveat aure: + non hic, qui in crepidas Graiorum ludere gestit + sordidus, et lusco qui possit dicere 'lusce,' + sese aliquem credens, Italo quod honore supinus + fregerit heminas Arreti aedilis iniquas; 130 + nec qui abaco numeros et secto in pulvere metas + scit risisse vafer, multum gaudere paratus, + si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat. + his mane edictum, post prandia Calliroen do. + + +NOTES. + +FIRST SATIRE. + +This Satire is an attack on the literature of the day as the +efflorescence of the corruption of the times. The age is personified by +a critical friend, but it is not always easy to determine when the poet +is speaking and when the friend, or when the satirist is meeting an +imaginary objection from some other imaginary quarter. The unreality of +the whole dialogue is confessed with more candor than art in v. 44. +Instead of a firm outline, we have a floating _quisquis es_. + + +ARGUMENT.-- The poem opens with a line, which Persius recites to his man +of straw, who forthwith urges him to abandon authorship (1-3). The poet +acknowledges that he is at odds with his generation and expects no +applause at their hands. But little does he care for their praise; let +them prefer a Labeo to him. Their standard is not his standard. He is +his own canon. He will not, can not follow the advice of his friend. He +must obey the impulse of his temper and speak out (4-12). + +Whether we write laborious verse or laborious prose-- so the attack +begins-- it is all one; display and applause are the aim and object of +both. The style is fustian; the delivery wanton; the theme prurient. The +bard is little better than a bawd (13-23). And yet so deeply rooted is +this love of praise that learning is loss, unless it be minted into +golden opinions, and knowledge is naught until it be known of men. To be +pointed out as a lion, to be used as a school classic-- what glory! +(24-30). Oh, yes! A glory shared by the dainty ditties, the mewling +elegies of lisping, snuffling dandies, for this is what calls forth the +approval of the after-dinner circle. Such is the praise that is to bless +the poet even after death! (30-40). It is true that fame is not to be +despised. No poet but feels his heart vibrate to praise. But the popular +acclaim is not the ultimate standard. Mad epics, elegies thrown off in a +surfeit, effusions of aristocratic easy-chairs are alike lauded. A man +feeds the hungry and clothes the naked, and then asks for a candid +opinion. Mockery of criticism! (40-62). The taste of the people relishes +nothing but smooth verses-- verses without flaw or break, faultless +machine-verses-- which answer any turn, and serve alike for satire, for +eclogues, for heroic strains (63-75). Others, again, call themselves +passionate pilgrims to the well of Latin undefiled, and linger over the +obsolete magniloquence of Pacuvius and Accius. A fine _olla podrida_-- +this jumble of modern affectation and ancient trumpery (76-82). Bad as +this is in literature, how much worse it is to find that the jargon of +the _salon_ has become the language of the courts, and that the manly +Roman speech is dead. Even in a matter of life and death, the accused +thinks more of his rhetorical than of his judicial sentence, and listens +for a 'Pretty good,' as if that were the verdict (83-91). It will not do +to say that great improvements have been made in the art of verse. +Smooth are the verses and resonant, but at the cost of sense, of manly +vigor. Once catch the trick, and any body can reel off such lines +(92-106). Ears are ticklish, our satirist admits. Truth is an unwelcome +rasp, and the cold shoulder of great men no toothsome meal. Police +regulations are stringent. 'Commit no nuisance' is posted every where. +Ah, well! It was otherwise in the time of Lucilius. That was a free +world in which he craunched Lupus and Mucius. It was otherwise in the +time of Horace. That was a gay world, in which he tickled while he +taught. And is the poet not to mutter even? King Midas's barber told his +master's secret to a ditch. Where can a ditch be found? Here in this +book (107-121). Few readers can our author hope or desire-- only such as +have studied closely the great masters of the Attic sock, not such as +ignorantly make a mock of Greek attire and Greek science, pride +themselves on petty local honors, and rise to no higher conception of +wit or fun than a dog-fight or a jibe at personal infirmity (122-134). + +It has been well observed that this is the only Satire of Persius in the +strict sense of the term; the other five have rather the character of +essays on moral themes. + +One of the best commentaries on this poem is the famous 114th Epistle of +Seneca. + +The student of English literature will remember that Gifford's Baviad is +an imitation of this piece. + + +1-7. At the very outset we encounter a difficulty in the distribution of +the first lines between P. (Persius) and M. (Monitor, as the second +interlocutor is usually called). The arrangement followed in the text +may be explained thus: + +P. (_is discovered absorbed in contemplation. He recites a line from his +projected poem_).-- 'Vanity of vanities!' + +M.-- Who will read this stuff of yours? + +P. (_wakes up_).-- Do you mean that for me? Why, no one, of course. + +M.-- No one? + +P.-- Next to no one. + +M.-- A lame and impotent conclusion! + +P.-- Why so? Am I to fear that Polydamas and the Trojan dames shall make +up their minds to give Labeo the preference over me? Stuff! Don't +assent, when muddled Rome rejects a thing as light weight, and do not +trouble yourself to get the faulty tongue of that pair of scales to work +right, and look not outside of yourself for what you can find only +within yourself. + +1. #O curas hominum! O quantum est in rebus inane!# _Homines_ and _res_ +are both used for 'the world,' sometimes singly, sometimes together. +_Res_ is often to be omitted in translation, or another turn given. +_O quantum est in rebus inane_, 'Vanity of vanities'-- a suitable Stoic +text. There seems to be no allusion to Lucretius's common phrase, _in +rebus inane_. + +2. #Quis leget haec?# a quotation from Lucilius, according to the +scholiast. Jahn follows Pinzger in supposing that the quotation begins +with _O curas hominum!_ See, however, L. Müller, _Lucilius_, p. 194. + +3. #vel duo vel nemo#: is more guarded, and hence (by Litotes) stronger +than _nemo_. Comp. Gr. +ê tis ê oudeis+. + +4. #ne mihi praetulerint#: an elliptical sentence, such as we often find +in final relations (A., 70, 3, _f_), in English as well as in Latin (G., +688, R.). The sequence is not common in the classic period, but see G., +512, R. Comp. Plaut., Aul., 2, 3, 11; Liv., 44, 22, and Weissenborn in +loc. The Greek would be: +mê protimêsôsi+. --#Polydamas#: Some write +_Pulydamas_, corresponding with the Homeric form, +Pouludamas+; but +_P[-o]lydamas_ (+Pôludamas+) is the Sicilian Doric, like _p[-o]lypus_ +(+pôlupos+). The allusion is to a familiar passage in Hom., Il., 22, +100. 104. 5: +Pouludamas moi prôtos elencheiên anathêsei-- nun d' epei +ôlesa laon atasthaliêsin emêsin | aideomai Trôas kai Trôadas +helkesipeplous+. These are the words of Hector, as he steels his great +heart to meet Achilles. Polydamas is the counsellor who had urged him +(18, 254) to withdraw the Trojans into Troy, and Hector is ashamed to +turn back and encounter the rebuke of Polydamas and the reproaches of +his people. Persius uses Polydamas as the type of the Roman critic, and +by a familiar satiric stroke leaves out the Trojan men, as if they were +no men in Rome. Others understand 'Nero and his effeminate court.' The +Homeric passage had been well worn by Aristotle and Cicero (Att., 2, 5, +1; 7, 1, 4; 8, 16, 2) before it came to Persius. There is perhaps a +side-thrust at the pride of the old Roman families in their Trojan +descent. Comp. Juv., 1, 100: _iubet a praecone vocari | ipsos +#Troiugenas#_; also 8, 181. See Friedländer, _Sittengesch_., 1, 230. +--#Labeonem#: the Attius (Labeo) of v. 50, an unfortunate translator of +Homer, who stuck close to the letter. The scholiast has preserved a +line. +Ômon bebrôthois Priamon Priamoio te paidas+ (Il., 4, 35) is +rendered thus: _crudum manduces Priamum Priamique pisinnos_. 'Raw you'd +munch both Priam himself and Priam's papooses.' + +5. #nugae#: The accusative is more common. Comp. G., 340, R. 1. --#non +accedas-- nec quaesiveris#: _Non_ and _nec_, where Quintilian's rigid +rule (1, 5, 50) requires _ne_ and _neve_. G., 266, R. 1; A., 41, 2, _e_. +Comp. 3, 73 and 5, 45. --#turbida#: 'muddle-headed' (Conington). But +comp. _Alexandrea turbida_, Auson., Clar. Urb., 3, 4. + +6, 7. #elevet#: 'reject as light.' The figure is taken from weighing, +doubtless a common trope in the schools. --#examen#: (_filum, ligula_) +is the 'index, tongue, or needle' which is said to be _inprobum_, +'faulty,' 'wilful,' 'untoward,' because it does not move freely or +accurately on its pivot. --#trutina#: (Gr. +trutanê+, a word of doubtful +etymology and loose application, means here 'a balance,' 'a pair of +scales,' not, as the scholiast says, the _foramen_, 'fork' or 'cheeks,' +in which the _examen_ plays. --#castiges# = _percutias_ (Schol.) of the +tap given to a hitching balance. Gesner, s.v., regards _castigare_ here +as equivalent to _conpescere_ (5, 100), a view which has a good deal in +its favor. The notion is not 'do not correct the popular standard,' but +'do not try to get an exact result by the popular standard (for your +guidance).' Hermann (_Lect. Pers._, II., 9) follows those who understand +the _examen_ and _trutina_ of different instruments: _Noli examen tuum +in #populi# trutina castigare._[3] So Pretor, who translates: 'Do not +try to correct the erring tongue of your delicate balance by applying to +it a pair of ordinary scales.' --#nec te quaesiveris extra#: (_te_) 'Nor +look for yourself (what you can find only in yourself) outside of +yourself.' 'Be your own norm.' Others arrange: _nec quaesiveris extra +te_, 'Nor ask any opinion but your own.' + + [Footnote 3: No satisfactory treatment of this subject is + accessible to me. The Greek and Latin dictionaries are wildly at + variance with one another and with the authorities. _Examen_ seems + to have been originally the strap by which the beam was suspended-- + not from AG, but from AP. See Isidor., Orig., 16, 23, and comp. + _amentum_ (_ammentum_). Add Lucil., 16, 14 (L. Müller). + Eustathius's +trutanê epi zogou hê teiromenê tô barei tôn ogkôn+ + points to the pivot (knife-edge) as the first meaning of _trutina_.] + +8-12. The distribution followed is that of Jahn (1843), which gives +_nolo_ (v. 11) to the interlocutor. The jerky, self-interrupting +discourse is supposed to be characteristic of the _petulante splene +cachinno_. 'What is the use of consulting Rome? Every body there is an-- +If I might say what! If I might? Surely I may, when I consider how old +we are become, how grum we are, and all the step-fatherly manner of our +lives, since the days of "commoneys" and "alley tors." Indulge me. _It +can not be._ What am I to do? Nothing? But I am a man of laughter with a +saucy spleen.' + +8. #nam Romae quis non?# The suppressed predicate is to be supplied from +the general scope of the passage. The sentence is not completed in v. +131 (_auriculas asini habet_), for the simple reason that Persius did +not write _quis non_ in that passage, but _Mida rex_. + +9. #cum--aspexi#: _Cum_ is equivalent to _postquam_ here. G., 567; A., +62, 3, _e_. --#canitiem#: 'premature old age,' 'loss of youthful +freshness.' All through this satire the poet lashes old age, as +commentators have observed. So here, and 22. 26. 56. 79. The 'hoary +head' is not a 'crown of glory,' but a sign of debauchery; the 'fair, +round belly,' which is not uncomely in the elderly justice, is nothing +but a swagging paunch; the bald pate is not a mirror of honor, but a +mirror of dishonor; in short, 'no fool like an old fool.' Especially +severe is Persius on the 'used-up' man; and the affected moralizing of +young men, who had outlived their youth before they had had time to +forget the games of boyhood, drove him to satire. On the Neronian +hypothesis, Persius is endeavoring to masquerade as an old man. +--#nostrum istud vivere triste#: 'sour way of life.' This is a so-called +_figura Graeca_, which out-Greeks the Greeks. Good authors are very +cautious in adding an attribute to the infinitive, and do not go beyond +_ipsum, hoc ipsum_. _Scire tuum_, v. 27; _ridere meum_, v. 122; _velle +suum_, 5, 53; _sapere nostrum_, 6, 38, can not be rendered literally +into the language from which they are supposed to be imitated. Nursery +infinitives (3, 17) belong to a different category. + +10. #nucibus#: The modern equivalent is 'marbles.' The very games +survive. (See 3, 50.) It is hardly necessary to prove that putting away +such childish things means becoming a man. _Da nuces pueris, iners | +concubine: satis diu | lusisti nucibus_, Catull., 61, 127-9. + +11. #patruos#: On the accusative, see G., 329, R. 1; A., 52, 1, _c._ The +_patruorum rigor_ was proverbial. Owing to the legal position of the +paternal uncle, who was often the guardian, it is the _patruus_, not the +_avunculus_, who is the type of severity. So the cruel uncle of the +ballad of the 'children in the wood' is the father's brother. + +12. #quid faciam?# G., 258; A., 57, 6. --#sed#: (I know you want me to +do nothing), 'but' (I can't keep quiet) 'I am a laugher born.' +--#petulante#: literally, 'given to butting,' hence 'saucy' --#splene#: +The seat of laughter. --#cachinno#: a substantive, perhaps built by +Persius on the analogy of _bibo_, _epulo_, _erro_, etc. Comp. _glutto_, +5, 112; _palpo_, 5, 176. Hermann, following Heindorf, makes _cachinno_ +a verb, and reads: _tunc, tunc-- ignoscite, nolo; quid faciam sed sum +petulante splene-- cachinno_, 'Then-- then-- excuse me-- I would rather +not-- what am I to do?-- I can't help it-- my spleen is too much for +me-- I must have my laugh.' Jahn (1868) accepts _tunc, tunc-- ignoscite, +nolo_, but goes no further. + +13-23. The battery opens. Verse-wright and writer of prose alike care +for nothing except applause. Follows a vivid picture of a popular +recitation. + +13. #Scribimus inclusi#: Comp. _scribimus indocti_, etc. Hor., Ep., 2, +1, 117. --#inclusi#: 'in closet pent' (Gifford's Baviad), to show the +artificial and labored character of the composition in contrast with the +beggarly result. Markland's ingenious conjecture, _inclusus numeris_, is +not necessary. Heinr. admires Markl., but retains _numeros_ as a Greek +accusative! --#numeros#: 'poetry;' #pede liber# = _pede libero_, +'foot-loose,' 'prose,' _soluta oratio_. + +14. #grande#: 'vast,' 'grandiose.' _Grandis_ is always used with +intention, which our word 'grand' sometimes fails to give. See 1, 68; 2, +42; 3, 45. 55; 5, 7. 186; 6, 22. --#quod pulmo#: 'something vast enough +to make a lung generous of breath pant in the utterance of it.' Jahn +(1868) reads _quo_ for _quod; quo_ is not so vigorous. --#animae +praelargus#: a stretch of the adjectives of fulness (G., 373, R. 6; A., +50, 3, _b_); _praelargus = capacissimus._ + +15. #scilicet#: Ironical sympathy, 'O yes!' --#haec#: The position is +emphatic. --#populo#: 'to the public,' 'in public.' The political force +of _populus_ has ceased. --#pexus#: 'with hair and beard well dress'd.' +'Combed' hardly conveys the notion: say 'shampooed.' --#togaque +recenti#: 'fresh' (from the fuller). + +16. #natalicia sardonyche#: Jewelry reserved for great occasions. The +brilliancy of the sardonyx is a common theme. _Rufe vides ilium +subsellia prima tenentem | cuius et hinc lucet sardonychata manus_, +Mart., 2, 29, 1-2 --#tandem#: shows impatience. --#albus# = _albatus_ +(comp. 2, 40; Hor., Sat., 2, 2, 61) on account of the _toga recens_. So +_niveos ad frena Quirites_, Juv., 10, 45. Heinr. argues at length in +favor of 'pale.' + +17. #sede celsa# = _ex cathedra_. --#leges#: So Jahn (1868), despite the +MSS. _Legens_ may be explained at a pinch as _lecturus_, a comma being +put after _ocello_; Hermann combines with _pulmo_, and comp. Juv., 10, +238 sq., where _os_ stands for the owner of the same. Add _cana gula_, +Juv., 14, 10. But _pexus_ and _albus_ make such a synecdoche incredible. +--#liquido#: _quia liquidam vocem efficit._ Comp. Hor., Od., 1, 24, 3: +_cui liquidam pater | vocem cum cithara dedit_. The attribute is put for +the effect, as in _pallidam Pirenen_, Prol., 4. --#plasmate#: according +to Quint., 1, 8, 2, a technical name for the professional training of +the voice, a kind of rhetorical _solfeggio_. Others understand the +_plasma_ of a gargle to clear the throat. + +18. #mobile collueris#: _Mobile_ is predicative. Translate: 'after +gargling your throat to suppleness by filtering modulation.' --#patranti +ocello#: 'an eye that would be doing,' 'a leering, lustful eye.' Quint. +(8, 3, 44) says of _patrare: mala consuetudine in obscenum intellectum +sermo detortus_. Comp. 'do' in Shaksp., Troil. and Cressida, 4, 2: Go +hang yourself, you naughty, mocking uncle! You bring me to _do_, and +then you flout me too. --#fractus# = _effeminatus_, 'debauched,' +'languishing,' _+kladaros+._ Conington translates: 'with a languishing +roll of your wanton eye.' + +19. #neque more probo nec voce serena#: Litotes. See Prol., 1. + +20. #ingentis Titos#: Comp. _celsi Rhamnes_, Hor., A. P., 342. Here, +however, there is a reference to size of body (like _ingens Pulfennius_, +5, 190; _torosa iuventus_, 3, 86; _caloni alto_, 5, 95), for which +Persius seems to have had a Stoic contempt. _Titi_, perhaps another form +of _Tities_, the old Sabine nobility (Mommsen, _Rom. Gesch._, B. 1, +K. 4), of whom much aristocratic virtue might have been expected +(_sanctos licet horrida mores | tradiderit domus ac veteres imitata +#Sabinos#_, Juv., 10, 298-9). Instead of that we have great, hulking +debauchees. --#trepidare#: 'quiver.' The word is used indifferently of +pleasant and unpleasant agitation. The quavering measure thrills them so +that they can not sit still. On the infinitive, see 3, 64. + +21. #scalpuntur intima#: 'their marrow is tickled.' _Scalpere_ is +opposed to _radere_, 1, 107. Comp. 3, 114; 5, 15. + +22. #tun#: _-ne_ is often found in rhetorical questions. --#vetule#: +'you old reprobate,' 'you old sinner.' --#escas#: 'tidbits;' '_escas +colligere_,' 'cater.' + +23. #quibus et dicas#: _Et_ belongs to _cute perditus_, which is +variously explained 'dropsical,' 'unblushing,' 'thoroughly diseased.' +The context requires a tough subject, and 'hide-bound' or +'case-hardened' might answer as a rendering. --#ohe#: a reminiscence of +Hor., Sat. 2, 5, 96: _importunus amat laudari; donec '#Ohe iam#' | ad +caelum manibus sublatis dixerit, urge, | crescentem tumidis infla +sermonibus utrem_, which last line helps us to understand _cute +perditus_. Persius, as is his wont, tries to improve on Horace, and +makes his man inelastic. + +24-43. M. Study is useless except to show what a man has in him. --P. +A low ideal for a student. --M. Fame is a fine thing. --P. It would be a +fine thing if it were not shared by every dinner-table poet. --M. You +are too captious. It is a great thing to have written poems that are +proof against trunk-maker and pastry-cook. + +24. #Quo didicisse?# The exclamatory infinitive with involved subject. +G., 534 (340); A., 57, 8, _g_. + +25. #iecore#: the seat of the passions. Here 'heart' or 'breast' would +seem to be more appropriate. --#caprificus#: the wild fig-tree sprouts +in the clefts of rocks and cracks of buildings, which it rends in its +growth. _Ad quae | discutienda valent mala robora fici_, Juv., 10, 145. + +26. #En pallor seniumque#: 'So that's the meaning of your studious +pallor (v. 124; 3, 85; 5, 62) and your (early) old age.' With _senium_ +comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 18, 47: _inhumanae #senium# depone Camenae_. Persius +mocks at the weariness to the flesh which the student has undergone for +so paltry a result. This is the arrangement of Jahn (1843) and Hermann. +Jahn (1868) follows Heinr. in giving the line to the remonstrant. _En_, +originally an interrogative, is, after the time of Sallust, confounded +with _em_, and combined with the nom. in the sense of _em_, which +properly takes the accus. alone. So Ribbeck, _Beiträge zur Lehre von den +latein. Partikeln_, S. 35. --#o mores#: Cicero's famous ejaculation. +--#usque adeone#: _Usque adeone mori miserum est_, Verg., Aen., 12, 646; +_usque adeo nihil est_, Juv., 3, 84. + +27. #scire tuum nihil est#, etc.: 'And is thy knowledge nothing if not +known' (Gifford). These jingles were much admired in antiquity. The +passage from Lucilius, which Persius is said to have imitated, reads, +according to L. Müller (fr. inc., 40, 73): _ne dampnum faciam, scire hoc +sibi nesciat is me_. A better example in Lucr., 4, 470. + +28. #At#: objects. See G., 490; A., 43, 3, _b_. --#digito monstrari#: ++daktulô deiknusthai (daktulodeikteisthai)+. _Quod #monstror digito# +praetereuntium_, Hor., Od., 4, 3, 22; _saepe aliquis #digito# vatem +designat euntem_, Ov., Am., 3, 1. 19. --#hic est#: +houtos ekeinos+, in +the well-known story of Demosthenes. Cic., Tusc. Dis., 5, 36. +--#dicier#: On the form, see G., 191, 2; A., 30, 6, _e_, 4. So +_fallier_, 3, 50. + +29. #cirratorum#: 'curl-pates.' Jahn cites Mart., 9, 29, 7: _Matutini +#cirrata# caterva magistri_. School-boys wore their hair long, but +Persius does not waste his epithets, and 'youths of quality' are +doubtless meant. Comp. the _lautorum pueros_ of Juv., 7, 177. +--#dictata#: 'Persius takes not only higher schools, but higher lessons, +_dictata_ being passages from the poets read out by the master (for want +of books) and repeated by the boys' (Conington). Translate 'a +lesson-book,' a 'school classic.' + +30. #Ecce#: introduces a satiric sketch of 'classic poets at work.' +--#inter pocula#: 'over their cups.' Poems were read at table by an ++anagnôstês+, as lives of the saints are still read in religious houses. + +31. #Romulidae#: Comp. _Titos_, v. 20; _trossulus_, v. 82; _Romule_, v. +87. --#dia#: +theia+, an affected word. 'Let us hear,' say the company, +'what his charming verses are about' (Pretor). Conington renders: 'What +news from the divine world of poesy?' + +32. #hyacinthia laena#: The dandies of the day wore upper garments of +military cut and gay colors. A similar military dandyism on the part of +non-military men is observable in the Macedonian period. Comp. ++chlamudêphoroi andres+, Theocr., 15, 6, with the commentators. + +33. #rancidulum quiddam#: 'affected stuff,' 'namby-pamby trash.' +--#balba de nare# = _de nare balbutiens_, 'with a nasal lisp,' 'with a +snuffle and a lisp' (Conington). _Balbus_ is especially used of the +introduction of an aspirate, and 'lisp,' which involves a spirant, is +only approximate. Comp. +thauma mega+, _inquid #balba#_, Lucil., 6, 20, +with L. Müller's note. --#locutus#: Perf. Part. where we should expect a +Present. G., 278, R. + +34. #Phyllidas Hypsipylas#: Phyllis, fearing that she had been deserted +by her lover, Demophon, hanged herself, and was changed into an +almond-tree (Ov., Her., 2). Hypsipyle of Lemnos, after bearing two +children to Jason, was forsaken by him (Ov., Her., 6). These doleful +themes (_plorabilia_) were popular in Persius's time. The plural is +contemptuous in Latin as in English. + +35. #eliquat#: 'filters.' Every rough particle is strained out so as to +make the voice 'liquid.' The passage from Apul., Flor., p. 351, Elm., +cited by Jahn, _canticum videtur ore tereti semihiantibus in conatu +labellis #eliquare#_, indicates a cooing position of the lips, in which +the mouth simulates a colander. --#supplantat#: +huposkelizei+ (Lucil., +29, 50, L. M.), 'trips up.' To judge by Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 274, _balba +#feris# annoso verba palato_, of which the language of Persius seems to +be an exaggeration, the sounds impinge upon the roof of the mouth +instead of coming out boldly-- a kind of lolling utterance. --#tenero#: +adds another shade: the tripping is light, for the roof is sensitive; +'minces his words as though his mouth were sore' (Pretor). + +36. #adsensere viri#: Observe the Epic vein. _Adsensere omnes_, Verg., +Aen., 2, 130; _adsensere dii_, Ov., Met., 9, 259 (Jahn). _Viri_, +'heroes.' --#non-? -- non-?# On the form of the question, see G., 455; +A., 71, 1, R. + +37. #levior cippus#: Sufficiently familiar is the old wish, SIT · TIBI · +TERRA · LEVIS, which, like the modern R · I · P ·, was promoted to the +dignity of initials (S · T · T · L ·). --#ossa#: _Patrono meo #ossa# +bene quiescant_, Petron., 39. + +38. #manibus# = _cineribus_, 'remains' (Conington). On this +'materialism,' see Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, 2, 24 foll. + +40. #nascentur violae#: 'Lay her i' the earth | and from her fair and +unpolluted flesh | may _violets spring_.' Shaksp., Hamlet, 5, 1. +--#'Rides' ait#: As in Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 43. _Ait_ is used like _inquit_ +(G., 199, R. 3), without any definite reference. --#nimis uncis | +naribus indulges#: 'you are too much given to hooking, curling your +nose.' _Naribus uti_, Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 45; _naso adunco_, Hor., Sat., +1, 6, 5. + +41. #an#: when used alone is more or less rhetorical, and is intended to +force a conclusion involved in the foregoing; 'What?' 'So then?' G., +459; A., 71, 2, _b_. Persius's use of it is instructive: v. 87; 2, 19. +26; 3, 19. 27. 61; 5, 83. 125. 163. 164; 6, 51. 63. --#velle meruisse#: +See G., 275, 2; A., 53, 11, _d_, for the tense of _meruisse_. The Perf. +after _velle_ is legal rather than Greek. Comp. v. 91, _qui me volet +#incurvasse# querela_. So Hor. (Sat. 2, 3, 187), mimicking the legal +tone: _ne quis #humasse velit# Aiacem, Atrida, vetas? cur?_ Other Perf. +Infinitives with varying motives are found: 1, 132; 2, 66; 4, 7. 17; 5, +24. 33; 6, 4. 6. 17. 77. + +42. #os populi#: 'popular applause,' 'a place in the mouths of men' +(Conington). Comp. the phrase _in ore esse_. --#cedro digna#: Cedar oil +was used to preserve manuscripts. _Speramus carmina fingi | posse +linenda cedro_, Hor., A. P., 331-2. + +43. #nec scombros nec tus#: The fear of the mackerel is a stroke of +Catullus, 95, 8, which Milton imitates, Ep., 10: _gaudete scombri_. +Comp. Mart., 4, 86, 8. For _tus_, comp. Hor., Ep., 2, 1, 269: _deferar +in vicum vendentem #tus# et odores | et piper et quicquid chartis +amicitur ineptis_. The modern equivalent is the grocer or the +pastry-cook. + +44-62. The poet gives up his dramatizing and speaks in his own person. +'I am not indifferent to fame, but I reject a standard which approves +such stuff as Labeo's, such ditties as "persons of quality" dictate +after dinner, a standard which makes a hot dish the test of poetic +fervor, and covers a multitude of poetic sins with a cast-off cloak. If +you had eyes in the back of your head, you would see that all this +praise is for value received.' + +44. #dicere feci#: G., 527, R. 1; A., 70, 2. + +45. #non ego#: 'I do not decline your praise-- no, not I.' G., 447; A., +76, 3, _d_. Comp. 2, 3; 3, 78; and Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 37, _#non ego# +ventosae plebis suffragia venor_. --#si forte quid aptius exit#: 'if I +chance to turn out (off) a rather neat piece of work.' _Exit_ may mean +'to leave the shop' (_ex officina exire_, Cic., Parad., pr. 5), or 'to +leave the potter's wheel,' as _urceus exit_, Hor., A. P., 22 (Jahn). +Conington translates 'hatch' on account of _rara avis_. +Kakon ôon+. The +passage is imitated by Quint., 12, 10, 26. + +46. #quando#: gives the reason for his saying _si forte_. There is no +necessity of writing _quanquam_, but the translation 'although' is not +unnatural, as causative particles are often adversative. Comp. _cum_ and +Gr. +epei+. --#rara avis#: proverbial as in the famous line of Juv., 6, +165. + +47. #laudari metuam#: So Hor., _metuens audiri_, Ep., 1, 16, 60; _metuit +tangi_, Od., 3, 11, 10. In prose the construction is less common with +_metuo_ than with _vereor_. G., 552, R. 1; M., 376, Obs. --#cornea#: 'of +horn.' The metaphorical use seems to be novel. Comp. Hom., Od., 19, 211: ++ophthalmoi d' hôs ei #kera# hestasan êe sidêros+. --#fibra#: 'heart.' +See 5, 29. + +48. #recti finemque extremumque#: 'the ultimate standard.' Conington +renders 'be-all and end-all.' + +49. #euge, belle#: like _decenter_ (v. 84), are current expressions of +approbation at public readings. _Euge_, 'bravo!' _belle_, 'well said!' +_decenter_, 'pretty fair!' Martial gives us a list of popular comments +(2, 27, 3-4): _Effecte! graviter! st! nequiter! euge! beate! | hoc +volui!_ --#excute#: a favorite word with Persius as with Seneca, Ep., +13, 8; 16, 7; 22, 10; 26, 3; De Ira, 3, 36 (Jahn). The metaphor is taken +from shaking clothes in order to get out any thing that may be concealed +in them-- Gr., +ekseiein+. We should say 'analyze.' + +50. #quid non intus habet#: The figure is kept up. 'What is not covered +up in that beggarly rag of a _#belle#_'? --#non# = _nonne_. G., 445 +and R.; A., 71, 1. --#Atti#: See v. 4. --#Ilias ebria#: Comp. _ebrius +sermo_, Sen., Ep., 19, 9. + +51. #veratro#: white hellebore (_album multum terribilius nigro_, Plin., +II. N., 25, 5, 21), a strong emetic, which students took 'to quicken +their wits.' The modern _veratrum_ is a different drug. --#elegidia#: +contemptuous, 'bits of elegies' on such themes as Phyllis and Hypsipyle. +_E._ a Greek word not in Greek lexicons, like _poetridas_, Prol., 13. +--#crudi#: with their dinners undigested and their brains muddled. + +52. #dictarunt#: 'extemporize.' --#lectis#: 'sofas.' The ancients wrote +in a recumbent posture far more frequently than we do. + +53. #citreis#: 'of citron wood,' 'wood of the thyia' (_Thyia +articulata_, African Arbor Vitae, Plin., 15, 29). The fabulous cost of +tables of this material is well known. Cic., Verr., 4, 17, 37. --#scis#: +'you know how.' _Scire_ in this sense is related to _posse_, as Fr. +_savoir_ to _pouvoir_, a traditional distinction. --#calidum#: +'hot-and-hot' (Pretor). --#ponere#: 1. 'serve up;' 2. 'cause to serve +up,' 'treat to.' _Heri non tam bonum #posui# et multo honestiores +cenabant_, Petron., 34. --#sumen#: a dainty dish in the eyes of Greek +and Roman. Comp. _vulva nil pulchrius ampla_, Hor., Ep., 1, 15, 41; +Plut., Sanit. Praec., 124F; Alciphr., Ep., 1, 20; and the joke in +Alexis, fr. 188 (3, 473 Mein.). + +54. #comitem horridulum trita donare lacerna#: This is the kind of +patronage that galled Lucian (De Merced. Cond., 37), who mentions the +paltry present of an +ephestridion athlion hê chitônion huposathron+. On +the word _comitem_, see 3, 7. _Horridulum comitem_, 'shivering beggar of +a companion,' 'poor devil in your suite.' For the custom, comp. Hor., +Ep., 1, 19, 37: _Non ego ventosae plebis suffragia venor | impensis +#cenarum# et #tritae# munere #vestis#_. + +56. #qui pote?# _Pote_ is an archaism for _potis_. Both _potis_ and +_pote_ are used as predicates without regard to number and gender. +--#vis dicam#: G., 546, R. 3; A., 70, 3, _f_, R. _Vis_ does not wait for +an answer. See 6, 63. --#nugaris#: 'you are a twaddler' (Conington). +--#calve#: Persius calls up his _vetulus_ (v. 22) again, and gives him a +huge 'bombard' of a belly. Nero had a _venter proiectus_, and some +editors fancy that Nero's person is aimed at here, and Nero's poetry in +the verses that follow. See Introd., xxxvi. + +57. #aqualiculus#: (said properly to mean 'a pig's stomach') 'paunch,' +'cloak-bag of guts,' Shaksp. --#protenso sesquipede#: Comp. the Greek +proverb: +pacheia gastêr lepton ou tiktei noon+. Even M. Martha is +forced to say: _Le trait n'est ni spirituel ni poli_ (_Moralistes +Romains_, p. 147). For the justification, see v. 128. Jahn (1843) reads +_propenso_. + +58. #Iane#: Janus, who sees both ways, is secure from being laughed at +behind his back. --#ciconia pinsit# = _pinsendo ludit_. The fingers of +the mocker imitate the clapping of the stork's bill. _Pinsit_, 'pounds,' +because the _ciconia levat ac deprimit rostrum dum clangit_, Isidor., +Orig., 20, 15, 3. 'Pecks at' is not correct; 'claps' is nearer. What +seems to be meant is mock applause. + +59. #auriculas#: The imitation of ass's ears by the hands belongs to +universal culture. --#imitari mobilis# = _ad imitandum m._ G., 424, +R. 4; A., 57, 8, _f._ --#albas#: on account of the white lining. Ov., +Met., 11, 176: _aures-- villis #albentibus# implet_. + +60. #linguae#: The thrusting out of the tongue in derision is as common +now as it was then. --#canis Apula#: Apulia was the +dipsion Argos+ of +Italy. _Siticulosae Apuliae_, Hor., Epod., 3, 16. --#tantae#: So Jahn +and Herm. 'Tongues big enough to represent the thirst of an Apulian +hound' (Pretor). Jahn compares for the construction, Luc., 1, 259: +_quantum rura silent, tanta quies_. Conington considers _tantum_ 'much +neater,' and makes _quantum sitiat = quantum sitiens protendat_, 'a +length of tongue protruded like an Apulian dog in the dog-days.' + +61. #vos, o patricius sanguis#: Hor., A. P., 291: _vos, o | Pompilius +sanguis_. The Nom. for the Vocative in solemn address. G., 194, R. 3; +A., 53, _a._ --#fas est# = _fatum est_, 'it is ordained.' + +62. #occipiti#: Notice the exceptional Abl. in _i_. Comp. Auson., +Epigr., 12, 8: _#occipiti# calvo es_, and _capiti_, v. 83. --#posticae#: +chiefly of the back part of a building: 'back-stairs' (Conington). +--#occurrite#: 'turn round and face' (Conington and Pretor). --#sannae#: +'flout,' 'gibe,' 'fleer,' +môkos+. + +63-82. Persius takes up the thread which Janus had rudely snapt: 'We +have heard the bounden praise of dependants. What does the town say? +Why, they admire the smooth flow of the verse, the grand style. If they +find these requisites, little do they care about theme or order of +development; the 'prentice hand that bungles an eclogue, undertakes an +epic-- nay, jumbles eclogue and epic-- Bravo, poet! all the same. +Another mania is the passion for the old poets, a Pacuvian revival. What +is to be expected when all this bubble-and-squeak language is the daily +food of our children and the dear delight of lecture-halls?' + +63. #Quis# = _qui_. G., 105; A., 21, 1, _a._ --#quis enim#: _Enim_, like ++gar+; 'why, what else?' 'of course.' G., 500; A., 43, 3, _d._ + +64. #nunc demum#: as if something marvellous had been accomplished. +--#severos#: 'captious, critical.' + +65. #effundat#: 'suffers to glide smoothly,' a harsh expression. +--#iunctura#: The image is that of the joining of pieces of marble, as +in an _opus tessellatum_. Comp. Lucil., fr. inc., 10, 33 (L. M.): _quam +lepide +lexeis+ conpostae, ut tesserulae, omnes | arte pavimenti atque +emblemati' vermiculati_. The poet is compared with an artisan, not with +an artist. He knows how to fit the pieces together so perfectly as to +present a continuous smooth surface to the pressure of the most exacting +nail. Comp. v. 92. --#tendere versum#: 'to lay off a verse,' as a +carpenter lays off his work. The propriety of the word _tendere_ is +heightened, if we remember that the hexameter was called the _versus +longus_. + +66. Carpenter-like, the versewright stretches his ruddled line +(_rubrica_), sights it (_oculo derigit uno_), and springs it. The modern +carpenter uses chalk instead of ruddle, but the red pencil may be +regarded as a survival of color. For references, see Rost's Passow, s.v. ++stathmê+. For the spelling _derigat_, remember that _dirigere_ is 'to +point in different directions;' _derigere_ 'in one.' --#ac si derigat#: +On the sequence, see G., 604; A., 61, 1, R. + +67. #sive#: seldom used alone; here for _vel si_. --#in mores, in luxum, +in prandia regum#: a kind of anticlimax. _In_ does not necessarily, +though it does naturally, denote hostility. The _prandium_ was +originally a very simple meal. The Stoic model is set up in Seneca, Ep. +83, 6: _Panis deinde siccus et sine mensa prandium, post quod non sunt +lavandae manus._ The _manger sur le pouce_ became in time the _déjeuner +à la fourchette_ (_calidum prandium_, Plaut., Poen., 3, 5, 14), and then +the _déjeuner dinatoire_ (_prandia cenis ingesta_, Sen., N. Q., 4, +13, 6). _Regum_, 'grandees,' 'nabobs,' belongs to _prandia_ alone. + +68. #res grandis#: 'sublimities.' + +69. #heroas#: used as an adjective. --#sensus#: 'sentiments.' +--#adferre#: 'parade,' 'bring on parade.' On the Inf., see 3, 64. + +70. #nugari graece#: 'dabble in Greek verses,' a phase of fashionable +education, no more peculiar to Nero than to Horace (Sat. 1, 10, 31). +--#ponere lucum#: 'put before our eyes,' 'paint,' 'describe.' _Lucus_, +a favorite poetic theme. Jahn thinks of the grove in which Mars and Rhea +Silvia met, Juv., 1, 7. Perhaps young poets tried their skill on groves, +as young draughtsmen on trees. + +71. #artifices#: With _artifices ponere_ comp. _artifex sequi_, Prol., +11. --#rus saturum#: 'lush, teeming country.' --#corbes-- focus-- +porci#: all 'properties' of country life. + +72. #fumosa Palilia faeno#: The festival called _Palilia_, in honor of +Pales (from the same radical as _pa-sco_), was celebrated on the +anniversary of the founding of Rome, April 21st. It was a day reeking +(_fumosa_) with bonfires of hay (_faenum_), over which the peasants +leaped, doubtless 'to appease the evil spirit by a pretended sacrifice' +(Pretor). The dictionaries will furnish the _loci classici_. The other +form, _Parilia_, is due to 'dissimilation.' Comp. _meridies_ for +_medidies_. + +73. #unde#: 'the source of;' loosely used to show connection. --#Remus#: +not unfrequently takes the place of his longer brother, whose oblique +cases do not fit well into dactylic verse. So _turba Remi_, Juv., 10, +73; _reddat signa Remi_, Prop., 4, 6, 80; and the other examples in +Freund. --#sulco#: '_with_' and '_in_ the furrow.' See Prol., v., 1. +--#terens#: 'wearing bright' (Conington), 'furbishing.' König compares: +_#sulco attritus# splendescere vomer_, Verg., Georg., 1, 46. +--#dentalia#: 'share-beams,' Verg., Georg., 1, 171, with Conington's +note. --#Quinti#: Cincinnatus, Liv., 3, 26. + +74. #cum dictatorem induit#: So Jahn (1843). Decidedly the easiest +reading, but the best in connection with _terens_. In his ed. of 1868, +Jahn reads _quem dictatorem_. Hermann objects to the expression, and +insists on _dictaturam_, appealing in his preface to Plin., H. N., 18, +3, 20, for _dictaturam_ in the sense of _vestem dictatoriam_. Surely, to +'robe dictator' and to 'robe with the dictatorship' are not far apart, +and the former is the more striking expression. --#trepida#: 'flurried.' +See v. 20. --#ante boves#: is supposed to give local coloring, and to +bring before us the 'slow, bovine gaze' of the astonished cattle. + +75. #tua aratra#: Poetic plural. --#euge poeta#: Here the applause comes +in. Mr. Pretor considers the words from _corbes_ to _tulit_ 'a +quotation, perhaps from one of Nero's poems.' + +76. #est nunc#: Persius attacks the _antiquarii_ in imitation of Horace. +The older Latin poets have long been restored to their rights. Accius +and Pacuvius hardly need defenders. Hermann makes the sentence +interrogative. --#Brisaei#: 'Bacchic.' _Brisaeus_ was an epithet of +Bacchus, transferred to the poet of Bacchus, who was perhaps too devoted +a worshipper of the god. There was a famous saying of Cratinus, who was +in like manner called +taurophagos+, a surname of Bacchus: +hudôr de +pinôn ouden an tekoi sophon+, fr. 186 (2, 119 Mein.). Comp. Hor., Ep., +1, 19, 1. --#venosus#: For the figure, comp. Tac., Dial. 21. The +'standing out of the veins' refers not so much to the 'shrinking of the +flesh in old age' (Conington), as to the scrawniness of the person. So +Tacit. uses _durus et siccus_ of Asinius Pollio (l.c.), Gr. +ischnos+. +'Angular,' 'hard-lined,' is about what is meant. Others prefer +'thick-veined,' 'turgid.' --#liber#: of a play, Quint., 1, 10, 18; +Prop., 4 (3), 21, 28 (Jahn). --#Acci#: also written _Atti_ (584-650? +A.U.C.). Cicero calls him _gravis et ingeniosus poeta, summus poeta_ +(pr. Planc., 24, 59; Sest., 56, 120); Hor., _altus_ (Ep., 2, 1, 56); +Ov., _animosi oris_ (Am., 1, 15, 19). Pacuvius said that the +compositions of Accius were _sonora quidem et grandia sed duriora paulum +et acerbiora_. + +77. #Pacuvius#: nephew of Ennius (534-622 A.U.C.). His great model was +Sophocles. --#verrucosa#: 'warty,' intended to be a climax of ugliness. +--#moretur#: 'fascinates,' 'enthralls.' _Fabula-- valdius oblectat +populum meliusque #moratur#_, Hor., A. P., 321. + +78. #Antiopa#: imitated from a lost play of Euripides. The fragments +have been collected by Ribbeck, _Tr. Lat. Reliq._, p. 62; comp. p. 278. +Antiope, as the mother of Amphion and Zethus, and the victim of Dirce, +is famous in literature and in art (the _Toro Farnese_). --#aerumnis cor +luctificabile fulta#: 'who props her dolorific heart on teen' (Gifford). +Jahn defends the conception as truly poetical, apart from the obsolete +language. 'The only stay of her sad heart is sorrow.' The words are +doubtless taken from the play itself, of course in different order. +_Aerumna_ was out of date as early as the time of Quintilian (8, 3, 26), +who protests against the use of it. As to _luctificabile_, if we go by +the fragments, it is Accius, rather than Pacuvius, that indulges in such +formations as _horrificabilis_, _aspernabilis_, _tabificabilis_, +_execrabilis_, _evocabilis_. + +79. #lippos#: of the eyes of the mind. Comp. 2, 72. + +80. #sartago#: literally 'a frying-pan,' 'hubble-bubble' (Conington), +'gallimaufry,' 'galimatias,' 'olio' (Gifford), 'olla podrida.' + +81. #dedecus#: The language is disgraced and degraded by this mixture of +old and new. Persius would not have enjoyed Tennyson's resuscitations. +See Introd., xxiv. --#in quo#: 'at which.' + +82. #trossulus#: an old name of the Roman knights, of disputed origin. +It was afterward used in derision. Jahn compares the German _Junker_. +--#exsultat#: +anapêda+, 'jumps up in delight.' --#per subsellia#: Jahn +understands the 'benches' or 'forms' in court; others, perhaps more +correctly, the seats in the lecture-hall. There is a climax. First, +private teaching; next, public lectures; thirdly, practical life, to +which we come in the following verse. --#levis#: the position is +emphatic, 'the smug, womanish creature.' _Levis_ is _levigatus_. Ancient +literature is full of allusions to this effeminate +paratilsis+. + +83. #nilne#: stronger than _nonne_, 'not a blush of shame.' --#capiti#: +rarer Ablative in _i_. Neue gives examples (_Formenlehre_, 1, 242). The +simple Abl. is found with _pellere_, even in prose, and the Dative, +which some prefer, would be forced. --#cano#: See note on v. 9. + +84. #quin optes#: G., 551; A., 65, 1, _b._ --#tepidum#: 'lukewarm,' +_decenter_ being faint praise. 'In good taste' (Conington). Gr. ++prepontôs+. + +85. #'Fur es'#: The accuser puts his point plainly enough; in three +letters, as the Romans would say. --#ait#: Comp. v. 40. --#Pedio#: Jahn +thinks it likely that this Pedius is not Horace's man (Sat., 1, 10, 28), +but one Pedius Blaesus, condemned under Nero, Tac., Ann., 14, 18; Hist., +1, 77. Persius knew more about Horace than about the _causes célèbres_ +of his own day. --#rasis antithetis#: commonly rendered 'polished +antitheses.' With _radere_ comp. the Gr. +diesmileumenai phrontides+, +Alexis, fr. 215 (3, 483 Mein.). But the figure may possibly be taken +from the careful removal of overweight in either scale of the balance. +The antitheses are scraped down to an exact equipoise. + +86. #doctas figuras#: _Doctus_, Scaliger's correction, which requires, +moreover, a period at _figuras_, is unnecessary. _Doctas figuras_, like +_artes doctae_, _dicta docta_, _doli docti_. _Figurae_, +schêmata+, +embraces 'tropes.' --#posuisse# = _quod posuerit_. G., 533; A., 70, 5, +_b._ + +87. #an#: 'what?' 'can it be that?' --#Romule#: bitter, like _Titi_, +_Romulidae_, _trossulus_. Comp. Catull., 29, 5. 9. --#ceves#: 'Wag the +tail' keeps within bounds of possible translation. + +88. #men moveat?# So _#men moveat# cimex Pantilius_, Hor., Sat., 1, 10, +78. The sentiment is that of the well-worn _si vis me flere, dolendum +est | primum ipsi tibi_, Hor., A. P., 102. _Moveat_ sc. _Pedius_. +--#quippe#: is often ironical, 'good sooth.' --#protulerim#: The Perf. +Subj. in a sentence involving total negation. + +89. #cantas#? 'you sing, do you?' --#fracta te in trabe pictum#: +Shipwrecked men appealed to charity by carrying about pictures of the +disaster which had overtaken them. Comp. 6, 32. _Si #fractis# enatat +exspes | navibus, aere dato qui pingitur_, Hor., A. P., 20, and Juv., +14, 302. _Trabe_ is the wrecked vessel as it appears in the picture, +although it is possible that the painting may have been put on a broken +plank of the ship, in order to heighten the pathos. So Jahn. + +90. #ex umero#: We say 'on the shoulder,' from a different point of +view. G., 388, R. 2. --#nocte paratum#: 'got up overnight.' + +91. #plorabit#: an imperative future. --#volet#: Observe the greater +exactness of the Latin expression. G., 624; A., 27, 2. --#incurvasse#: +See v. 42, and add Liv., 28, 41, 5; 30, 14, 6; 40, 10, 5, and the _S. C. +de Bacanalibus_ (passim). + +92-106. 'But,' rejoins the impersonal personage, whom Persius always has +at hand, 'we have made great advances in art. Contrast this verse and +that verse with the roughness of the Aeneid!'-- 'The Aeneid rough? Well, +what is smooth? [_He gives a specimen of fashionable poetry._] If we had +an inch of our sires' backbone, such drivel would be impossible. And as +for art-- it is as easy as spitting.' + +I have followed the distribution as presented in Hermann. Jahn gives vv. +96, 97 to Persius, 98-102 to the interlocutor, the rest to Persius. It +is impossible to discuss all the arrangements that have been suggested +for this passage. + +92. #decor#: Gr. +charis+. --#iunctura#: is used as in v. 64, of +'smoothness,' 'harmonious sequence,' the even surface without a break. +See Quint., 9, 4, 33. All the specimen verses that follow avoid +mechanically the offences against _iunctura_ that Quintilian enumerates, +and do not avail themselves of the license which he accords to a _grata +neglegentia_. There is no elision, no synaloepha, in any of them. As +these fashionable verses have been held up to derision by the satirist, +commentators have been busy in hunting out defects, and translators have +vied with each other in absurd renderings. But Jahn has wisely warned us +against an over-curious search into the supposed faults of these verses, +which Vossius pronounced superior to any thing in the compositions of +the critic himself. It is enough for us to know that to the ear of +Persius the lines lacked masculine vigor. The multiplication of +diaereses, the length of the words, the careful avoidance of elision, +the dainty half-rhyme of _bombis_ and _corymbis_, the jingle of +_ablatura_ and _flexura_, may be cited as confirmations of the view of +Persius, but, with the exception of the desperate verse 95, the diction +is in keeping with the theme. If _adsonat Echo_ is not ridiculous in +Ovid (Met., 3, 505), it is not ridiculous here; and one surely needs to +be told that _reparabilis_ is not a happy adjective for Echo, who is +always 'paying back' and making good. + +93. #cludere versum#: like _concludere versum_ (Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 40), +is 'round a verse' (Conington), rather than 'close a line.' --#didicit#: +What is the subject? 'Our man,' 'our poet,' the lover of _decor et +iunctura_? So most commentators. Heinr. makes _Attis_ the subject. The +personification of _iunctura_ would not be too harsh for Persius. +--#Berecyntius Attis#: It suffices to refer to Catull., 63. Berecyntus, +a mountain in Phrygia. + +94. #Nerea#: god of the sea, the water. In modern Gr. +neron+ is +'water.' The use, which Conington calls 'grotesque,' is almost as +'grotesque' as _Vulcanus_ for 'fire.' The scholiast thinks of Arion's +dolphin. Bacchus's dolphin is as likely. + +95. #sic costam longo subduximus Appennino#: With the close of the +verse, comp. Ov., 2, 226: _Aeriaeque Alpes et nubifer Appenninus_; and +Haupt's note. 'We filched a rib from the long Apennine.' The +interpretations are all unsatisfactory. The scholiast sees in the +removal of the rib from the mountain a metaphor for the removal of a +syllable from the hexameter. The only point worthy of notice in this +remark is the emphasis laid on the spondaic verse. The _Graece nugari +soliti_ doubtless used spondaic verses more freely than the model Latin +poets (comp. Catull., 64). Some understand the words to refer to a +forced march (_putavi tam pauca milia #subripi# posse_, Sen., Ep., +53, 1); others to the device attributed to Hannibal in crossing the Alps +(_montem rumpit aceto_, Juv., 10, 153). It is all idle guess-work, +without a context; but, guess for guess, the expression would suit a +'Titanomachia,' and the rib might answer for a weapon, as once a +jaw-bone did. The jingle of the verse is like Verg., Aen., 3, 549: +_cornua #velatarum# obvertimus #antennarum#_, quoted by the scholiast. + +96. #Arma virum!# 'Compare with these elegant verses _Arma virum_; what +a rough affair!' Not only were the opening words of a poem used to +indicate the poem itself-- +Mênin aeide+ the Iliad, +Andra moi ennepe+ +the Odyssey, _Arma virum_ the Aeneid-- but the first verses were +considered peculiarly significant. So the metrical structure of the +first verse of the Iliad is very different from that of the first verse +of the Odyssey. _Arma virum_, etc., with its short words and its +frequent caesurae, was harsh to the ear of the interlocutor, and is +compared with the rough, cracked bark of the cork-tree. --#spumosum et +cortice pingui#: 'frothy and fluffy' (Conington). As usual, Persius +works out his comparison into minute details. + +97. #vegrandi subere#: So Jahn, instead of _praegrandi subere_. Do not +translate 'huge, overgrown bark' (Conington), but 'dwarfed, stunted +cork-tree.' See Ribbeck (_Beiträge zur Lehre von den lateinischen +Partikeln_, S. 9), who has discussed _ve_ and this verse at some length. +Both Conington and Pretor admire the metaphysics of Jahn, who has +'explained, after Festus and Nonius, _vegrandis_ as _male grandis_, so +as to include the two senses attributed to it by Gell., 5, 12; 16, 5, of +_too small_ and _too large_.' But _ve-_ means separation (Vanicek, +_Etym. Wb._, S. 166); _ve-cor-s_, 'out of one's mind;' _ve-sanu-s_, 'out +of one's sound senses;' _ve-grandi-s_, 'shrunken,' 'dwarfed,' +'undergrown' (if the word is admissible). For the growth of the +cork-tree, R. refers to Plin., N. H., 16, 8, 13: _suberi #minima +arbor#-- cortex tantum in fructu, praecrassus ac renascens atque etiam +in denos pedes undique explanatus_. Some of the best commentators give +these two verses (96 and 97) to Persius, and consider _Arma virum_ as an +invocation of the shades of Vergil, 'as Horace, A. P., 141, contrasts +the opening of the Odyssey with _Fortunam Priami cantabo_.' _Hoc_ is +supposed to refer to the specimen verses. Ribbeck also (l.c.) regards +the swollen, light bark of the low cork-tree as the image of the _genus +tumidum et leve_, as opposed to the _grande et grave_. --#coctum#: +'thoroughly dried.' + +98. #Quidnam igitur#: _Igitur_ is not unfrequently used in questions, as +our 'then.' So _quidnam igitur censes?_ Juv., 4, 130. But, unless the +question is a rejoinder, it is not very appropriate. 'If the Aeneid is +rough, give us something really soft,' would be a fit reply to _Arma +virum_, etc., in the mouth of the objector. Conington, who gives 96-98 +to Persius, connects thus: 'If these are your specimens of finished +versification, give us something peculiarly languishing.' --#laxa +cervice#: the attitude of the _mobile guttur_, v. 18. + +99. #Torva mimalloneis#: Persius can not wait for a specimen, and gives +one himself. This is much more dramatic than the arrangement, which +makes the respondent cite the verses. The verses are attributed to Nero +by the scholiast, and in fact Nero is said to have composed a poem on +the Bacchae, Dio., 61, 20. The theme is so common that no conclusion is +to be drawn from that statement. Mr. Pretor, who understands by +_iunctura_ 'a resetting of old verses,' regards 99-102 as a weak +_réchauffé_ of Catull., 64, 257 seqq., and compares Tac., Ann., 14, 16. +--#Torva#: 'grim.' So _#torvum#que repente | clamat_, Verg., Aen., 7, +399 (of Bacchanalian madness). --#mimalloneis#: from Mimas, on the coast +opposite Chios. With the whole verse comp. _multis raucisonos efflabant +cornua bombos_, Catull., 64, 264, and Lucr., 4, 544. + +100. #vitulo superbo#: variously caricatured as 'the haughty, the +scornful calf.' No such effect could have been produced by the original. +Comp. +tauroi hubristai+, Eur., Bacch., 743 (Jahn); +gaurotera moschô+, +Theocr., 11, 21; _equae superbiunt_, Plin., 10, 63. The Bacchanal +rending of animals is familiar. --#ablatura#: On this free use of the +future participle, see G., 672; A., 72, 4. + +101. #Bassaris#: a Bacchante. Jahn cites a Greek epigram (Anth. Pal., 6, +74), which shows how close a resemblance may be due simply to community +of theme. --#lyncem#: 'The lynx was sacred to Bacchus as the conqueror +of India.' + +102. #euhion#: Gr. +euion+, Accus. of +euios+ (commonly but falsely +spelled _Evius_), _Euhius_, Bacchus. --#reparabilis#: Actively, as +Horace's _dissociabilis_, Od., 1, 3, 22; 'renewing,' 'restoring,' +'reawakening.' So Ov., Met., 1, 11, of the moon: _#reparat# nova +cornua_. --#adsonat#: 'chimes in.' + +103. #testiculi vena ulla paterni#: '_Honestius expressit_, Ov., Her., +16, 291: _si sint vires in semine avorum_.' 'If we had one spark of our +fathers' manhood alive in us' (Conington). + +104. #delumbe#: 'backboneless,' 'marrowless.' Comp. +ischiorrôgikos+ +--#saliva#: Spittle is 'foolish rheum' as well as tears. + +105. #in udo est Maenas et Attis#: 'Your Maenas and your Attis-- it +drivels away.' + +106. #nec pluteum caedit#, etc.: _Pluteus_, which is commonly rendered +'desk,' is, 'according to the scholiast, the back-board of the +_lecticula lucubratoria_,' or studying-sofa, such as Augustus indulged +in, Suet., Aug., 78; comp. v. 53. 'The man lies on his couch after his +meal, listlessly drivelling out his verses, without any physical +exertion or even motion of impatience' (Conington). Persius underrates +the artistic finish, as he has overdrawn the moral conclusion. +--#demorsos#: 'bitten down to the quick.' _Et in versu faciendo | saepe +caput scaberet vivos et roderet ungues_, Hor., Sat., 1, 10, 70. + +107-121. M. But what is the use of offending people? We must not tell +the truth at all times. You will have a cool reception at certain great +houses. Nay, the dog will be set on you. --P. Well! I make no struggle. +Every thing is lovely. No nuisance, you say. All right. Boys, let us go +somewhere else. But there was Lucilius-- he wielded the lash, he gnawed +the bones of his victims. There was Horace-- he probed his friend's +heart and punched him in the ribs, and had the town dangling from the +gibbet of his tip-tilted nose. And I am not to say-- Bo! Not all to +myself? Not with a ditch for my confidant? Nowhere? Nowhere, you say? +But I will. I have found a place-- a ditch. It is my book. Here, book, +is my great secret: 'All the world's an ass.' What a relief! + +107. #quid#: What case? --#radere#: 'rasp.' --#mordaci vero#: _Verum_ is +so completely a substantive that there is no difficulty about _mordaci +vero_ (comp. G., 428, R. 2). Much bolder is _generoso honesto_, 2, 74; +_opimum pingue_, 3, 32. + +108. #vid[)e]#: like _cav[)e]_, and other iambic Imperatives. G., +704, 2; A., 78, 2, _d_. --#sis# = _si vis_, to soften the Imperative, +'pray do.' --#maiorum tibi forte#: Hor., Sat., 2, 1, 60: _O puer ut sis +| vitalis metuo et maiorum ne quis amicus | #frigore# te feriat._ +_Maiores_ = 'grandees.' + +109. #limina frigescant#: like the modern slang, 'leave one out in the +cold.' _Limen_ is used in many Latin turns where 'threshold' would be +too stately in English. Mrs. Gamp would render: 'the great man's cold +doorsteps will settle on your lungs.' --#canina littera#: 'R is for the +dog,' Shaksp., Romeo and Jul.; 'A dog snarling R,' Ben Jonson. See +Dictionaries, s.v. _hirrire_. Gr. +ararizein+. An allusion to the +familiar _cave canem_. 'The snarl is that of the great man' (Scholiast). +Conington compares _ira cadat naso_, 5, 91. The obvious interpretation +is the right one. 'There is a sound of snarling in the air,' refers +simply to the great man's dog, which will be set on the unwelcome +satirist. + +110. #per me#: 'for all I care,' +emou g' heneka+, a familiar use of the +preposition _per: #per me# habeat licet_, Plaut., Mercat., 5, 4, 29. +--#equidem#: Not for _ego quidem_, although this opinion affected the +practice of Cicero, Horace, Vergil, Quintilian, the younger Pliny. +Sallust, like Varro, combines _equidem_ with every person. So Ribbeck +(l.c. S. 36), who derives _equidem_ from _e_ interj. and _quidem_. +Conington tries to save the rule here by making the expression +equivalent to _equidem concedo_. Another exception is found 5, 45, where +C. goes through the same legerdemain: _non #equidem# dubites_, 'I would +not have you doubt.' --#alba#: 'lovely,' 'whitewash them as much as you +please.' + +111. #nil moror#, etc.: The whole line, indeed the whole passage, is +strongly conversational in its tone. _Nil moror_, 'I don't wish to be in +your way, to spoil sport.' Comp. Ter., Eun., 3, 2, 7, and Gesner, s.v. +_moror_. --#bene#: Comp. Cic., Fam., 7, 22: _bene potus._ See also note +on 4, 22. --#mirae res#: 'wonders of the world' (Conington), 'miracles +of perfection.' + +112. #hoc iuvat?# 'I hope that is satisfactory.' --#veto quisquam faxit +oletum#: 'commit no nuisance.' Observe the legal tone. _Quisquam_, on +account of the negative idea. The negative _ne_ is omitted after _veto_ +as often after _caveo_. G. 548, R. 2; A., 57, 7, _a_. _Faxit_, +a disputed form. G., 191, 5; A., 30, 6, _e_. + +113. #pinge duos anguis#: 'a sign of dedication rather than of +prohibition' (Pretor). The dedication involves the prohibition. This is +one of the innumerable phases of serpent-worship. For the serpent, as +the symbol of the _genius loci_, which is Greek as well as Latin, see +Verg., Aen., 5, 95, and the commentators. The reading _pinguedo sanguis_ +of some of the best MSS. may be mentioned, _animi causa_. + +114. #secuit#: 'cut to the bone.' --#Lucilius#: The _loci classici_ are +Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 6; 1, 10, 1; 2, 1, 62; Juv., 1, 19, 165. The +_testimonia de Lucilio_ have been collected and annotated by L. Müller, +Lucil., p. 170 seqq.; p. 288 seqq. + +115. #Lupe, Muci#: L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus Cons. A.U.C. 598, and P. +Mucius Scaevola Cons. A.U.C. 621, Juv., 1, 154. --#genuinum#: 'Breaking +the back-tooth' shows the eagerness with which the satirist gnawed the +bones of his victims. Comp. Petron., 58: _venies sub #dentem#_, 'you +will be "chawed" up.' + +116. A deservedly admired characteristic of Horace. --#vafer#: a hard +word to catch. _Vafer_ crowns the formidable list of synonyms in the +well-known passage of Cic., Off., 3, 13, 57: _versuti, obscuri, astuti, +fallacis, malitiosi, callidi, veteratoris, #vafri#_, 'a shuffler, +a hoodwinker, a trickster, a cheat, a designing rascal, a cunning fox, +a blackleg, _a sly dog_.' The indirectness of _vafer_ may sometimes be +rendered by 'politic,' 'adroit.' 'Rogue' is a tolerable equivalent. +--#amico#: is much happier than _amici_ would be; it makes the friend a +party to the game. _Horatius qui ridendo verum dicit_ (Sat., 1, 1, 24) +_tam leniter vitia tangit, ut ipse, quem tangit, amicus rideat et +poetam, qui dum ludere videtur intima aggreditur, lubens admittat et +excipiat_ (Jahn, after Teuffel). --#admissus#: 'gets himself let in,' +'gains his entrance' (Conington, after Gifford). + +117. #praecordia#: 'heartstrings.' + +118. #excusso#: Persius would not be Persius, if he did not give us a +problem even in his best passages. _Excusso naso_ stronger than +_emunctae naris_, Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 8 (Jahn). According to Heinr., +_excusso = sursum iactato_, like _excussa brachia_, Ov., Met., 5, 596, +which seems to suit _suspendere_. Conington renders, 'with a sly talent +for tossing up his nose and catching the public on it,' doubtless with +reference to 'tossing in a blanket,' a pastime not unknown to the +ancients: _Ibis ab #excusso# missus in astra sago_, Mart., 1, 3, 8. +Comp. Suet., Otho, 2; Cervantes, Don Quijote, 1, 17; and on the +_sagatio_, see Friedländer, _Sittengesch._, 1, 25. As the blanket is +drawn tight in order to effect the elevation of the person tossed, we +may combine with this figure the old version of an 'unwrinkled nose,' +a nose that is 'kept straight' (_exporrectus_) by the owner to +disguise his merriment (_ac si nihil tule ageret_). But this is +over-interpretation, the besetting sin of the editors of Persius. +--#callidus suspendere#: On the construction, see Prol., 11. --#naso#: +_Naso #suspendis# adunco_, Hor., Sat., 1, 6, 5. Comp. 2, 8, 64. + +119. #men#: On _ne_ in rhetorical questions, see v. 22. --#nec clam--nec +cum scrobe#: 'neither to myself nor with a hole in the ground for my +listener.' The negative in _nefas_ is subdivided by _nec-- nec_, G., +444, R. Others supply _fas_, G., 446, R. --#nusquam#: The answer of the +critic, Jahn (1843). In the ed. of 1868 he writes with Hermann, +_nusquam?_ as a part of Persius's question. The arrangement in the text +seems to be more in accordance with Persius's fashion of anticipating an +answer (+anthupophora+). 'Nowhere? you say.' --#scrobe#: Allusion to the +story of Midas and his barber, for which no reader will need to be +referred to Ov., Met., 11, 180 seqq. + +121. #quis non habet?# According to the _Vita Persii_, the poet had +written _Mida rex habet_, intended for King Populus. Cornutus, afraid +that Nero would take the fling to himself, changed the words to _quis +non habet?_ The story is not very consistent with the theory that +Persius went so far as to ridicule Nero's poetry. + +122. #ridere meum#: See v. 9. --#nulla#: G., 304, R. 2. --#vendo#: 'I am +going to sell;' familiar present for future; hence = _vendito_. + +123. #Iliade#: Probably the Iliad of Labeo. Homer's Iliad would be too +extravagant. --#audaci quicumque#, etc.: The poet distinctly points to +the mordant Old Attic Comedy as his model; yet there is little trace of +direct imitation of the worthies whom he cites, and the interval of +conception is abysmal. --#adflate#: Persius, like some other Roman +poets, goes beyond reasonable bounds in the use of the Vocative as a +predicate. G., 324, R. 1; A., 35, _b_. The Greeks were cautious, and in +Vergil the Vocative can be detached and felt as such, but not here, nor +in 3, 28. --#Cratino#: the oldest of the famous comic triumvirate: +_Eupolis atque #Cratinus# Aristophanesque poetae_, Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 1. +Cratinus was the Archilochus of the Attic stage, hence _audax_. See the +famous characteristic in Aristophanes, Eq., 527. + +124. #iratum Eupolidem#: The epithet is borne out by the fragments. +--#praegrandi cum sene#: Aristophanes. The adjective refers to his +greatness: 'the old giant.' _Sene_ is not to be pressed. Men who come +before the public early are often called old before their time. Hannibal +calls himself an old man when he was only in his forty-fourth year, +Liv., 30, 30. Others understand _sene_ as a compliment to an 'ancient' +author. Instead of Aristophanes, Heinrich and others suppose that +Lucilius is meant. Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 1, 34: _vita #senis#_, although +Lucilius was only about forty-five at the time of his death-- but see L. +Müller, _Lucilius_, p. 288. --#palles#: 'study yourself pale over.' The +combination with the Accusative is bold, but not bolder than other +cognate Accusatives. 'Gain a Eupolidean pallor' = 'a pallor due to +Eupolis.' For different phases of _pallere_ with Accus., see 3, 43. 85; +5, 184. + +125. #decoctius#: The figure is from wine that is 'boiled down,' 'well +refined.' Not 'opposed to the _spumosus_ of v. 96' (Conington), as is +shown by _coctum_, v. 97. --#audis#: 'have an ear for' (Conington). + +126. #inde# = _ab iis_, 'by these' (G., 613, R. 1; A., 48, 5), 'by the +study of these,' dependent on _vaporata_. --#vaporata#: 'steamed,' hence +'cleansed,' 'refined' (Jahn). Comp. _#purgatas# aures_, 5, 63; _aurem +mordaci #lotus# aceto_, 5, 86. --#lector mihi ferveat#: _Mihi_ really +depends on _ferveat_, though it may be conveniently translated by 'my' +with _lector_. 'Let my reader be one who comes to me with his ears aglow +from the pure effluence of such poetry.' + +127. #non hic#: _Hic_ is different in tone from _is_, more distinctly +demonstrative, and hence more distinctly contemptuous. --#in crepidas#: +The simple Accusative with _ludere_ is the regular construction. +_Crepidae_, a part of the Greek national dress. Comp. Suet., Tib., 13: +_redegit se_ [_Tiberius_], _deposito patrio habitu, ad pallium et +#crepidas#_. Hence _fabulae crepidatae_ of tragedies with Greek plots. +--#Graiorum#: the rarer and more stilted form for _Graecorum_, perhaps +by way of rebuking the impertinence of this stolid would-be wag. + +128. #sordidus#: 'low creature,' 'dirty dog.' Himself vulgar, he can not +understand refinement of manners or attire. --#qui possit#: Casaubon +reads _poscit_ to match _gestit_. But Indicative and Subjunctive may +well be combined, the former of a fact, the latter of a characteristic: +'a man who-- and a man to--.' So in the famous line: _sunt qui non +habeant, est qui non curat habere_, Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 182. --#lusce#: +'Old One-eye' (Conington). The lowness of the wit is evident. In v. 56 +the poet appears to break his own rule, but baldness and corpulence are +in his eyes badges of vice, not simple misfortunes. + +129. #aliquem#: G., 301. --#Italo#: 'provincial.' --#supinus# = +_superbus_. The head is thrown back with the chin in the air, a familiar +stage attitude. Others render 'lolling at his ease.' + +130. #fregerit#: G., 541; A., 63, 2. --#heminas iniquas#: 'short +half-pint measures.' This was the duty of the aedile. --#Arreti#: +Arretium in Etruria. So Juvenal takes Ulubrae as the type of a small +provincial town: _vasa minora | frangere pannosus vacuis aedilis +#Ulubris#_, 10, 102. + +131. #abaco#: The _abacus_ was a slab of marble or other material which +was covered with sand (_pulvis_), for the purpose of drawing +mathematical figures or making calculations (Jahn). Or _pulvere_ may be +dissociated from _abaco_, and then _abacus_ would be a counting-board, +_pulvis_, the sand on the ground (_eruditus pulvis_, Cic., N. D., 2, 18, +48), familiar from the story of the murder of Archimedes. --#metas#: +'cones.' + +132. #scit#: as if this were a feat. Comp. v. 53. --#risisse#: ++gelasai+, 'to have his laugh at,' one of the Perfect Infinitives +mentioned in note on v. 41. --#vafer#: ironical. --#gaudere paratus#: +_Paratus_, as a Participle from _parare_, takes the Infinitive with +ease. The grammars generally treat it as an exceptional Adjective. Here +_paratus_ is +hoios+; 'Just your man to have a fit of glee.' Comp. +Petron., 43: _#paratus# fuit quadrantem de stercore mordicus tollere_. + +133. #Cynico barbam#: 'a Cynic's beard for him.' G., 343, R. 2. +_#Vellunt# tibi #barbam# | lascivi pueri_, Hor., Sat., 1, 3, 133 (of a +Stoic). The beard was the badge of a philosopher. --#nonaria#: so called +because women of that class were not allowed to ply their trade before +the 'ninth hour'-- 'callet,' 'trull.' --#vellat#: because dependent; +otherwise _gaudet si vellit_. G., 666; A., 66, 2. The Cynic philosopher +and the _nonaria_ (+ho kai hê kuôn+) belong to each other by elective +affinity, Alciphron, 3, 55, 9. See an amusing parallel between +philosopher and courtesan in the same sophist, 1, 34; and on the worst +specimens of the 'Capuchins of antiquity,' as the Cynics have been +called, comp. Friedländer, _Sittengesch._, 3, 572. + +134. #edictum#: 'play-bill,' after Sen., Ep., 117, 30. Others, 'the +business of the courts,' the praetor's court being a favorite +lounging-place. --#prandia#: See v. 67. --#Calliroen#: possibly one of +the _elegidia procerum_ (v. 51), after the order of Phyllis and +Hypsipyle (v. 34). Comp. Ov., Met., 9, 407, Rem. Am., 455-6. Others +suppose that Persius meant a _nonaria_. See note on 6, 73, and comp. +Plutarch, Quaest. Conv., 3, 6, 4. With this gracious permission, +Casaubon compares the edict of Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 8: _Forum putealque +Libonis | mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis_. + + +CRITICAL APPENDIX. + +SATURA I. + +6. #examenque#: examenve, J{a}., H. --8. #nam Romae quis non#: nam Romae +est quis non, J{a} --a: ac, J{a}.; ah, H. --9. #tum#: tunc, J{a}., H. +--11. #tunc, tunc, ignoscite-- 'Nolo:'# J{a}.; tunc, tunc-- ignoscite, +nolo, J{w}., H. --12. #splene cachinno#: splene-- cachinno, H. --14. +#quod#: J{a}., H.; quo, J{w}. --17. #leges#: legens, J{a}., H. --19. +#nec#: neque, J{a}. --32. #circa#: circum, J{a}. --#umeros#: humeros, +J{w}., H. --#hyacinthia#: hyacinthina, J{a}., H. --35. #supplantat#: +subplantat, J{w}. --36. #adsensere#: assensere, J{a}., H. --57. +#protenso#: propenso, J{a}. --60. #Apula#: Appula, H. --#tantae#: +tantum, Heinrich, Conington. --66. #derigat#: dirigat, J{a}., H. --69. +#adferre#: afferre, J{a}., H. --74. #cum#: J{a}.; quem, J{w}., H. +--#dictatorem#: dictaturam, H. --76. #Acci#: Atti, J{a}. --78. #fulta#: +fulta? H. --82. #exsultat#: J{a}., H.; exultat, J{w}. --88. #men moveat? +quippe et#: men moveat quippe et, J{a}., H. --89. #protulerim#: +protulerim? J{a}., H. --91. #querela#: J{a}., Brambach; querella, J{w}., +H. --93. #cludere#: claudere, J{a}., H. --95. #Appennino#: Apennino, +J{a}. --97. #vegrandi#: praegrandi, H. --102. #euhion#: evion, J{a}. +--111. #omnes, omnes#: omnes etenim, J{a}. --114. #meite#: meiite, +J{a}., H. --119. #nec cum scrobe? nusquam?# nec cum scrobe, nusquam? +J{w}., H.; nec cum scrobe? 'nusquam.' J{a}. --130. #heminas#: J{a}., H.; +eminas, J{w}. + + + * * * * * + + + SATURA II. + + + Hunc, Macrine, diem numera meliore lapillo + qui tibi labentis apponit candidus annos. + funde merum genio. non tu prece poscis emaci, + quae nisi seductis nequeas committere divis; + at bona pars procerum tacita libabit acerra. 5 + haud cuivis promptum est murmurque humilisque susurros + tollere de templis et aperto vivere voto. + 'Mens bona, fama, fides' haec clare et ut audiat hospes; + illa sibi introrsum et sub lingua murmurat 'o si + ebulliat patruus, praeclarum funus?' et 'o si 10 + sub rastro crepet argenti mihi seria dextro + Hercule! pupillumve utinam, quem proximus heres + inpello, expungam! namque est scabiosus et acri + bile tumet. Nerio iam tertia conditur uxor.' + haec sancte ut poscas, Tiberino in gurgite mergis 15 + mane caput bis terque et noctem flumine purgas? + heus age, responde-- minimum est quod scire laboro-- + de Iove quid sentis? estne ut praeponere cures + hunc-- 'cuinam?' cuinam? vis Staio? an scilicet haeres? + quis potior index, puerisve quis aptior orbis? 20 + hoc igitur, quo tu Iovis aurem inpellere temptas, + dic agedum Staio, 'pro Iuppiter! o bone' clamet + 'Iuppiter!' at sese non clamet Iuppiter ipse? + ignovisse putas, quia, cum tonat, ocius ilex + sulpure discutitur sacro quam tuque domusque? 25 + an quia non fibris ovium Ergennaque iubente + triste iaces lucis evitandumque bidental, + idcirco stolidam praebet tibi vellere barbam + Iuppiter? aut quidnam est, qua tu mercede deorum + emeris auriculas? pulmone et lactibus unctis? 30 + Ecce avia aut metuens divum matertera cunis + exemit puerum frontemque atque uda labella + infami digito et lustralibus ante salivis + expiat, urentis oculos inhibere perita; + tunc manibus quatit et spem macram supplice voto 35 + nunc Licini in campos, nunc Crassi mittit in aedis + 'hunc optet generum rex et regina! puellae + hunc rapiant! quidquid calcaverit hic, rosa fiat!' + ast ego nutrici non mando vota: negato, + Iuppiter, haec illi, quamvis te albata rogarit. 40 + Poscis opem nervis corpusque fidele senectae. + esto age; sed grandes patinae tuccetaque crassa + adnuere his superos vetuere Iovemque morantur. + Rem struere exoptas caeso bove Mercuriumque + arcessis fibra 'da fortunare Penatis, 45 + da pecus et gregibus fetum!' quo, pessime, pacto, + tot tibi cum in flammas iunicum omenta liquescant + et tamen hic extis et opimo vincere ferto + intendit 'iam crescit ager, iam crescit ovile, + iam dabitur, iam iam!' donec deceptus et exspes 50 + nequiquam fundo suspiret nummus in imo. + Si tibi creterras argenti incusaque pingui + auro dona feram, sudes et pectore laevo + excutiat guttas laetari praetrepidum cor. + hinc illud subiit, auro sacras quod ovato 55 + perducis facies; nam fratres inter aenos + somnia pituita qui purgatissima mittunt, + praecipui sunto sitque illis aurea barba. + aurum vasa Numae Saturniaque inpulit aera + Vestalisque urnas et Tuscum fictile mutat. 60 + o curvae in terris animae et caelestium inanes! + quid iuvat hoc, templis nostros inmittere mores + et bona dis ex hac scelerata ducere pulpa? + haec sibi corrupto casiam dissolvit olivo, + haec Calabrum coxit vitiato murice vellus, 65 + haec bacam conchae rasisse et stringere venas + ferventis massae crudo de pulvere iussit. + peccat et haec, peccat: vitio tamen utitur. at vos + dicite, pontifices, in sancto quid facit aurum? + nempe hoc quod Veneri donatae a virgine pupae. 70 + quin damus id superis, de magna quod dare lance + non possit magni Messallae lippa propago: + conpositum ius fasque animo sanctosque recessus + mentis et incoctum generoso pectus honesto. + haec cedo ut admoveam templis et farre litabo. 75 + + +NOTES. + +SECOND SATIRE. + +The theme of this Satire is the Wickedness and Folly of Popular Prayers. +The true philosopher is the only man that knows how to pray aright, and +the Stoic is your only true philosopher. Compare, on the subject of +prayer, the Second Alcibiades ascribed to Plato. + + +ARGUMENT.-- Macrinus, you may well salute your returning birthday. Your +wishes on that day of wishes are pure, whereas most of our magnates pray +for what they dare not utter aloud. Any one can hear their requests for +sound mind and good report, but the petitions for the death of an uncle, +a ward, a wife, the prayer for sudden gain, are mere whispers (1-15). +Strange that, in order to prepare for such impieties as these, men +should go through all manner of lustral services, and trust to the ear +of Jove what they would not breathe to any mortal (15-23). Strange that +men should fancy because Jove is not swift to strike the sinner dead +that he may be insulted with safety, or easily bought off by a lot of +greasy chitterlings (24-30). + +Pass from wicked to foolish prayers. Grandam and aunt would have skinny +Master Hopeful a wealthy nabob, would have him make a great match. Girls +are to scramble for him, and roses spring up beneath his feet. Silly +petitions! Refuse them, Jupiter (31-40). Nor less silly are those +prayers whose fulfilment the suppliant himself defeats-- prayers for a +hale old age, despite rich made-dishes (41-43); prayers for wealth, +while the worshipper expends his whole substance in sacrifice (44-51). + +The trouble lies in this, that men judge the gods by themselves. Because +gold brings a joyous flutter to their hearts, they think to sway the +gods by gold, and change to gold the vessels of the sanctuary. The gods +are measured by our 'accursed blubber,' that flesh which corrupts all +that it handles. Yet the flesh tastes what it touches, and enjoys the +ruin which it has wrought. But what can a pure god do with our gold? To +him it is a spent toy, an idle offering. Let us give the gods honest and +upright hearts, and a handful of meal will suffice to gain their +blessing (32-75). + + +Although the colors of the piece pale before the rhetorical glare of +Juvenal's Tenth Satire, which treats of a kindred theme-- the 'Vanity of +Human Wishes'-- the philosophical commonplace is handled with +considerable vigor, and with all the picturesque detail of the author's +style. And Montaigne, who, as a moralist, quotes Persius very often, has +garnished the 56th essay of his First Book with copious extracts from +this Satire. + + +1-15. Macrinus, your prayers are pure, you need no private audience of +the gods. Not so the petitions of many of our foremost men. Far +different is what they say and what they whisper, when they come before +the gods in prayer. + +1. #Hunc diem#: The birthday was always a high-day in Rome, as +elsewhere. In French, _fête_ is a synonym of birthday. --#Macrine#: +'Plotius Macrinus, the scholiast says, was a learned man, who loved +Persius as his son, having studied in the house of the same preceptor, +Servilius. He had sold some property to Persius at a reduced rate' +(Conington). --#meliore#: sc. _solito_. G., 312, 2; A., 17, 5. +--#lapillo#: The Scythians used to drop into a quiver a stone for every +day, white for the good and black for the bad, and when life was over +the stones were counted. There is a similar story of the Thracians, +Plin., H. N., 7, 40, 41 (Jahn). The phrase 'white stone' is so common +that one passage will suffice as a parallel: _Felix utraque lux diesque +nobis | signandi #melioribus lapillis#_, Mart., 9, 52, 4. + +2. #labentis#: not simply an _epitheton ornans_, 'the gliding years,' +but 'the years as they glide away.' _Eheu, fugaces, Postume, Postume | +#labuntur anni#_, Hor.., Od., 2, 14, 1. --#apponit#: 'puts to your +account.' Comp. _quem fors dierum cumque dabit lucro | #appone#_, Hor., +Od., 1, 9, 15. Each day lived may be a day gained or a day lost. Comp. +also Hor., Od., 2, 5, 15. --#candidus#: +leukê hêmera, leukon euameron +phaos+, Soph., Ai., 709. Comp. Catull., 8, 3: _fulsere vere #candidi# +tibi soles_. + +3. #genio#: 'The tutelary Deity, or "guardian angel," who was supposed +to attend on every individual from the cradle to the grave. Its cultus +was strictly materialistic, and should be compared with the offerings of +meat, drink, and clothes which were made to the _manes_ of the dead. +Comp. Censorin., De Die Nat., 3; Serv. ad Verg., Georg., 1, 302; Hor., +Ep., 2, 2, 187: _scit #Genius#, natale comes qui temperat astrum | +naturae deus humanae_, _mortalis in unum | quodque caput, vultu +mutabilis albus et ater_. In character it was the reflex of the man +(comp. Sat. 6, 48, where it represents the _felicitas_ of the emperor); +it might be humored and appeased by proper attention, more especially by +sacrifice (comp. 5, 151), or irritated and made baneful by neglect +(comp. 4, 27; Juv., 10, 129). From these latter passages it would appear +to represent the _alter homo_, or second self.' So Pretor. The _genius_ +is the divine element which is born with a man, and when he dies becomes +a _lar_, if he is good; if he is wicked, a _larva_, or a _lemur_. +Departed _genii_ were called _manes_-- 'good fellows'-- doubtless with a +view to propitiation. --#non tu#: Comp. 1, 45. --#emaci#: 'chaffering, +haggling.' Prayer was often conceived as bargain and sale. See v. 29, +and Plato, Euthyphro, 14E (Jahn). By the _prece emaci_ is meant the +_votum_, or vow, the +euchê+, and not the +proseuchê+, as Gregory of +Nyssa puts it (De Orat., Ed. Paris. a. 1638, Tom. 1, p. 724D). Casaubon +compares Hor., Od., 3, 29, 59: _ad miseras preces | decurrere et #votis +pacisci#_. + +4. #seductis#: Comp. _paulum a turba #seductior# audi_, 6, 42. +--#nequeas#: G., 633; A., 65, 2. + +5. #at bona pars#: Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 1, 61: _at #bona pars# hominum._ +--#libabit#: Gnomic or sententious future. See 3, 93. Jahn comp. Juv., +8, 182: _quae | turpia cerdoni Volesos Brutumque decebunt_. 'That which +is done is that which shall be done.' The other reading, _libavit_ +(gnomic Perfect), is not so good. See G., 228, R. 2, and Dräger, +_Histor. Synt. der lat. Sprache_, § 127. + +6. #haud cuivis#: Comp. _non #cuivis# homini contingit_, Hor., Ep., 1, +17, 36. --#humilis#: 'that keep near the ground,' 'groundling,' hence +'low.' Persius delights in rare epithets. + +7. #aperto vivere voto#: Comp. Mart., 1, 39, 6: _si quis erit recti +custos, mirator honesti | et #nihil arcano qui roget ore deos#_. + +8. #Mens bona#: Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 16, 59. --#Mens bona, fama, fides#: +are commonly considered to be the things prayed for. They are possibly +persons prayed to. 'Such notions as Welfare (_salus_), Honesty +(_fides_), Harmony (_concordia_), belong to the oldest and holiest Roman +divinities' (Mommsen). --#hospes#: 'a stranger,' 'any body.' + +9. #o si#: On this form of the wish, see G., 254, R. 1; A., 57, 4, _b._ +_O si_ may be considered an elliptical conditional sentence, but as the +ellipsis is emotional it must not be supplied. Such an apodosis as +scholars are prone to understand for the Greek (+kalôs an echoi+) _bene +sit_, would change the _wish_ into a _thought_. In this passage the +apodosis, which is involved in _praeclarum funus_, comes limping in as +an afterthought. + +10. #ebulliat#: is slang. Comp. _tam bonus Chrysanthus animam +#ebulliit#_, Petron., 42 (_nos non pluris sumus quam #bullae#_, ibid.); +Sen., Apocolocynt., 4. Conington renders 'go off.' 'Kick the bucket' +would be worthy of Persius. _Ebulliat_ must be read _ebulljat_ (G., +717). The best MSS. have _ebullit_, but such a Subjunctive would be more +than doubtful (G., 191, 3; Neue, _Formenl._, 2, 339). --#praeclarum +funus#: Either 'that would be a grand funeral,' or 'that would be a +corpse worth seeing.' In the former case the man of prayer tries to +salve his conscience by promising his uncle (comp. 1, 11) a 'first-class +funeral.' Comp. _#funus# egregie factum laudet vicinia_, Hor., Sat., 2, +5, 105. In the latter, he is welcoming the death of the crabbed old man. +For _funus_, in this connection, Jahn compares Prop., 1, 17, 8: _haecine +parva meum #funus# harena teget?_ The half-light of the passage is well +suited to the paltering knavery of the prayer. + +11. #sub rastro#, etc.: Hor., Sat., 2, 6, 10: _O si urnam argenti fors +quae mihi monstret, ut illi_ | _thesauro invento, qui mercennarius +agrum_ | _illum ipsum mercatus aravit, dives amico_ | _Hercule_. + +12. #Hercule#: This is Hercules +ploutodotês+, to whom the Romans +consecrated a tithe of their gains. Mommsen and others dissociate this +Hercules from the Greek +Hêraklês+. According to Casaubon and the schol. +(v. 44), Hermes (Mercury) is the bestower of windfalls found on the way, +Hercules the patron of sought treasures. --#pupillum#: 'The Twelve +Tables provided that where no guardian was appointed by will, the next +of kin would be guardian, and he would of course be heir' (Conington, +after Jahn). + +13. #inpello#: 'whose kibe I gall,' 'whom I tread hard upon.' +--#expungam#: 'get him out' (of his place in the will). --#namque#: +gives an explanation, which serves at once to heighten and to excuse the +hope. 'You see he is in a bad way already. He is going to die at any +rate, and death would really be a relief to all parties.' --#scabiosus#: +'scrofulous.' --#acri | bile#: +drimeia cholê+, Casaubon, who compares +Juv., 6, 565: _consulit #ictericae# lento de funere matris_. + +14. #tumet#: Comp. _turgescit vitrea bilis_, 3, 8; _mascula bilis_ | +_intumuit_, 5, 145. --#Nerio#: Nerius is the usurer in Horace, Sat., 2, +3, 69. Persius borrows his names from Horace, as Horace borrows his from +Lucilius-- progressive bookishness, of which there are several examples. +Comp. Pedius, 1, 85; Craterus, 3, 65; Bestius, 6, 37. --#conditur#: So +Jahn (1868) and Hermann. Jahn (1843) reads _ducitur_ with many MSS. +_Ducitur_ is not to be explained of 'being carried out to burial' +(Servius ad Verg., Georg., 4, 256), but in its ordinary sense of 'being +married.' Nerius has got rid of two wives, and 'is actually marrying a +third.' _Conditur_ is best supported by MS. authority, and gives a +sufficiently good sense. Hermann quotes, in support of _#conditur#_, +Mart., 5, 37, where a man survives the loss of a rich wife, and +gunaika +thaptein kreitton estin ê gamein+, Chaeremon, ap. Stobaeum, Sermon., 88, +22. Among the wishes in Lucian's Icaromen., 25, we find +ô theoi, ton +patera moi tacheôs apothanein+ (comp. v. 10), and +eithe klêronomêsaimi +tês gunaikos+, which is the key of this verse. On the use of the Dative, +see G., 352, R. 1; A., 51, 4, _c_. + +15, 16. These are the impious prayers that must be prefaced by pious +observances. + +15. #in gurgite mergis#: G., 384, R. 1; A., 56, 1, _c_, R. + +16. #bis terque#: +dis kai tris+. G., 497. --#flumine#: Prol., 1. The +lustral use of the bath, the pollution of the night, the peculiar virtue +of running water, are common to Scriptural and classical antiquity. +Lev., chap. 15. _Illo_ | _mane die, quo tu indicis ieiunia nudus_ | _in +#Tiberi# stabit_, Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 290; _Ter matutino #Tiberi# mergetur +et ipsis_ | _verticibus timidum #caput abluet#_, Juv., 6, 523; _Ac +primum pura #somnum# tibi #discute# lympha_, Prop., 4, 10, 13. For +parallels, see Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, 2, 388. + +17-30. With a sudden dramatic turn, Persius pins his omnipresent Second +Person to the wall by an ironical question touching his conception of +the divine character. 'What do you think of God? What can you think of +God when you confide to him wishes that you would conceal from a Staius? +Are you so bold because God is so slow? Are you so bold because God's +favor is so cheaply bought?' + +17. #minimum est#, etc.: Ironical. --#scire laboro#: So Hor., Ep., 1, 3, +2, and _nosse laboro_, Sat., 2, 8, 19. + +18. #estne ut#: On this periphrasis, see G., 558; A., 70, 4, _a_. _Si +#est#, patrue, culpam #ut# Antipho in se admiserit_, Ter., Phormio, 2, +1, 40. Comp. Hec., 3, 5, 51; 4, 1, 43; Adelph., 3, 5, 4; Hor., Od., 3, +1, 9. --#cures#: _Curare_, with Inf. usually has a negative (3, 78) or +equivalent, as here. + +19. #'cuinam?' cuinam?# The first _cuinam_ is the question of the other +man, the second the echo of Persius. Comp. Ar., Ach., 594: +alla #tis# +gar ei? D. #hostis?# politês chrêstos.+ --#vis#: Comp. 1, 56. --#Staio#: +Staius can not be identified-- _homuncio nobis ignotus_ (König)-- and, +as Jahn admirably remarks, it makes no difference who he was, whether +Staienus, as the scholiast says (Cic., Verr., 2, 32, 79; pro Cluentio, +7, 24, 65), or an average Philistine, or a typical scoundrel. The name +was a common one. Jones is measured with Jupiter. --#an scilicet +haeres#: 'what? are we to suppose that you are hesitating?' + +20. #quis#: may be for _uter_. Comp. Cic., Att., 16, 14, 1; Fam., 7, +3, 1; Caes., B. G., 5, 44. 'Which of the two is the better judge?' And +this is the more satisfactory rendering if Staius is a neutral +character. If he is a villain, 'who would be a better judge' or 'better +as a judge,' is more suitable. + +21. #inpellere#: 'smite' (Verg., Georg., 4, 349; Aen., 12, 618), +a rather strong word for _humilis susurros_. Pretor renders 'quicken;' +Conington, 'have an effect on.' 'Reach' is about what is meant. With the +thought of the passage, comp. Sen., Ep., 10, 5, cited by Casaubon: _Nunc +quanta dementia est hominum? Turpissima vota diis insusurrant: si quis +admoverit aurem, conticescent; et quod hominem scire nolunt, deo +narrant._ + +22. #agedum#: _#Agedum# hoc mi expedi primum_, Ter., Eun., 4, 4, 27. +_Dum_ shows impatience. 'Be at it,' or 'be done with it,' as the case +may be. --#clamet#: _Dic-- clamet = si dicas-- clamet._ G., 594. 4; A., +60, 1, _b_. + +23. #sese non clamet#: _Iovem_ would make the joke clearer, but Persius +would have had to pound his desk and bite his nails to get _Iovem_ in. +'Because he could swear by no greater, he sware by himself,' Hebr., 6, +13. König compares Hor., Sat., 1, 2, 17: _Maxime, quis non, | Juppiter, +exclamat simul atque audivit?_ + +24. 'The guilty worshipper is in a grove (_lucis_, v. 27) during a +thunderstorm; the lightning strikes not him but one of the sacred trees, +and he congratulates himself on his escape-- without reason, as Persius +tells him. The circumstances are precisely those used by Lucretius to +enforce his skeptical argument, 6, 390 and 416' (Conington). + +25. #sulpure sacro#: 'lightning.' Comp. the Greek +theion+, once +innocently derived from the Adjective +theios+. --#tuque domusque#: +Comp. Juv., 13, 206: _cum prole domoque_. The editors cite the oracle in +Herod., 6, 86, 3: +pasan | summarpsas olesei #geneên# kai #oikon# +hapanta+. + +26. #fibris#: the extremities of the liver, +loboi+. --#Ergenna#: an +Etruscan name. The Etruscans were great bowel-searchers (_haruspices_) +and lightning-doctors. + +27. #lucis#: local Abl. and poetic Plural. --#bidental#: According to a +law of Numa, whosoever was struck dead by lightning was buried where he +fell, and the spot was inclosed. The place was called _puteal_, from the +resemblance of the inclosure to a well-curb, or _bidental_, because of +the _oves bidentes_ (sheep with upper and lower teeth, hence 'full +grown') sacrificed in the consecration of the spot, which was invested +with a holy horror (_triste_), and might not even be looked at +(_evitandum_). Here _bidental_ is transferred from the place to the +person: 'a trophy of vengeance' (Conington), 'a monument of wrath' +(Gifford). _Triste bidental_, Hor., A. P., 471. + +28. #idcirco#: Emphatic resumption. --#vellere# = _vellendam_. G., 424, +R. 4; A., 57, 8, _f._ On the phrase _vellere barbam_, comp. 1, 133. +Jupiter was always represented as bearded, +geneiêtês+, Lucian, Sacrif., +11. 'Jove, will nothing wake thee? | Must vile Sejanus _pull thee by the +beard_ | ere thou wilt open thy black-lidded eyes | and look him dead?' +Ben Jonson, Sejan., 4, 5. + +29. #aut#: Another (negatived) case. See G., 460, R.; A., 71, 2. +--#quidnam est, qua mercede# = _quanam mercede_; unusual. Not +dissimilar, Caes., B. G., 5, 31: _#Omnia# excogitantur #quare# nec sine +periculo maneatur et languore militum et vigiliis periculum augeatur._ + +30. #emeris#: Jahn compares _praebere_ and _dare aurem_, to which +Conington adds _commodare_, Hor., Ep., 1, 1, 40. --#pulmone#: for the +larger, _lactibus_ for the smaller intestines +galaktides+. 'The details +are mentioned contemptuously' (Conington). Comp. Juv., 6, 540; 10, 354; +13, 115. + +31-40. Thus far we have had wicked prayers; now we have specimens of +silly prayers, of old wives' wishes. + +31. #Ecce#: _transitioni servit_ (Casaubon). See 1, 30. The showman puts +in a new slide, and says 'Look here.' --#avia aut matertera#: The doting +fondness of grandmothers, aunts, and nurses is proverbial. Their +affection is not tempered by responsibility; hence their indiscretion. +_Matertera_ is the mother's sister, as _amita_ (whence 'aunt') the +father's; but, significantly enough, there is not the same moral +distinction as between _patruus_ and _avunculus_ (whence 'uncle'). +--#metuens divum#: +deisidaimôn+. G., 374, R. 1; A., 50, 3, _b._ +--#cunis#: Dat. is more picturesque than Abl. + +32. #exemit#: The Perf. brings the scene before us, and makes it +particular instead of generic. --#uda#: 'slobbering.' + +33. #infami digito#: The middle finger (Juv., 10, 53) being used in +mocking and indecent gesture, was considered on that very account to +have more power against fascination. The notion still survives, and is +embodied in coral 'amulets' or 'charms' (_breloques_) manufactured at +Genoa. --#lustralibus#: The lustral day for a girl was the eighth, for a +boy the ninth. Such a day would be the day for vows and prayers. On the +corresponding Gr. +amphidromia+, see the Classical Dictionaries. +--#ante#: adverbial, 'first of all.' --#salivis#: Spittle has manifold +medical and magical virtues among all nationalities. Comp. Plin., H. N., +28, 4, 22; Juv., 8, 112; Petron., 131. The Plural is poetical, perhaps +intimating abundance. + +34. #expiat#: 'charms against mischief' (Conington). --#urentis#: +'blasting,' 'withering,' +marainontas+. --#oculos#: If the belief in the +'evil eye' is not too well known and too widely spread to need +illustration, comp. Verg., Ecl., 3, 103; Hor., Ep., 1, 14, 37. On the +philosophy of the evil eye, see Plutarch, Quaest. Conv., 5, 7. +--#inhibere perita#: On the construction, see Prol., 11. + +35. #manibus#: We say 'in,' Prol., 1. Translate 'arms,' as often. +--#quatit#: Il., 6, 474: +autar ho g' hon philon huion epei kuse #pêle# +te chersin, | eipen epeuxamenos Dii t' alloisin te theoisin+. 'Dances,' +'dandles.' --#spem macram#: 'the skinny hope.' + +36. #Licini#: Licinus, originally slave and steward of Caesar, then set +free and made procurator of Gaul, where he acquired immense wealth by +extortion. Comp. Juv., 1, 109: _Ego possideo plus | Pallante et +#Licinis#_. --#Crassi#: a still more familiar synonym for wealth, Cic., +Att., 1, 4, 3. The two combined in Sen., Ep., 119, 9: _Quorum nomina cum +#Crasso Licinoque# numerantur_. --#mittit#: 'transports,' 'wafts' +(Pretor); 'packs off' (Conington), is not in keeping with the +mock-lyrical tone of the passage. + +37. #hunc#: +deiktikôs+ König comp. Catullus, 62, 42: _Multi illum +pueri, multae #optavere# puellae_. On _optet_, comp. G., 281, Exc. 1; +A., 49, 1, _d._ --#rex et regina#: Comp. 1, 67. 'My lord and [my] lady' +(Conington). As the prayer is extravagant, Pretor thinks that the words +are to be taken literally, and Conington inclines to the same opinion. +But there is no objection to _regina_ for _domina_ in itself, Mart., 10, +64. + +38. #rapiant# = _diripiant_, +harpazoien+. 'May the girls have a +scramble for him.' The sexes are to be reversed in his honor. Casaubon +comp.: _Editum librum continuo mirari homines et #diripere# coeperunt_, +Vita Persii. --#rosa fiat#: Casaubon comp. Claud., Seren., 1, 89: +_Quocumque per herbam | reptares, fluxere #rosae#_. A fairy-tale wish. +Comp. Theocr., 8, 41; Verg., Ecl., 7, 59. + +39. #ast# = _at_ + _set_. G., 490; R. --#nutrici#: _Quid voveat dulci +#nutricula# maius alumno_, Hor., Ep., 1, 4, 8. With the sentiment of the +passage Casaubon comp. Sen., Ep., 60, 1: _Etiamnum optas quod tibi +#optavit nutrix# aut paedagogus aut mater? Nondum intellegis quantum +mali optaverint?_ + +40. #albata#: 'clad in white,' the proper attire of worshippers, +Tibull., 2, 1, 13; Plaut., Rud., 1, 5, 12 (Jahn). Hence 'though she ask +it with every requisite form' (Conington). See v. 15. + +41-51. From wicked wishes we have passed to silly wishes, from silly we +now pass to insane. Men pray for health and pray for wealth, and all the +while are doing their utmost to break down their health and squander +their wealth. + +41. #nervis#: 'thews,' 'sinews.' --#senectae#: may depend on _poscis +opem_ or on _fidele_ (Casaubon's view), 'to stand you in stead in old +age' (Conington), or 'to stand your old age in stead.' The latter is the +more forcible. + +42. #esto#: 'so far, so good' (Conington). --#grandes patinae#, etc.: +Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 2, 95: _#Grandes# rhombi #patinaeque#_ | _grande +ferunt una cum damno dedecus._ Jahn (1868) reads _pingues_. +--#tuccetaque crassa#: According to the Schol., 'beef steeped in a thick +gravy, which enables it to keep a year.' 'Rich gravies' (Conington); +'rich forced meats' (Pretor). 'Rich potted meats.' --#his# = _his +precibus, votis_. --#vetuere#: Perf. to show that 'the mischief is +already done' (Pretor). It is not a general Perfect. Comp. 32. + +44. #rem struere#: The Biblical 'heap up riches.' Hor., Sat., 1, 1, 35: +_acervo_ | _quem #struit#_. --#caeso bove#: An expensive sacrifice. +Comp. Gr. +bouthutein+. --#Mercurium#: See note on v. 11. An allusion to +Mercury, or rather Hermes, as the God of Flocks and father of Pan, is +barely possible. + +45. #arcessis# = _in auxilium vocas_ (Jahn). Conington's 'serve a +summons on' is a caricature. Comp. Ov., Fast., 4, 263, and Petron., 122. +_Accerso_ is a rarer form than _arcesso_, and to be reserved for state +occasions, according to Brambach. --#fibra#: See v. 26. --#da fortunare# += _ut fortunent_. --#fortunare#: used absolutely, as in Afranius, v. 84 +(Ribbeck). _Fortuno_ a _vox sollemnis_ in prayers (Jahn). --#Penatis#: +Gods of the Basket and Store. + +46. #quo, pessime, pacto#: Hor., Sat., 2, 7, 22: _quo pacto, pessime?_ + +47. #iunicum# = _iuvencarum_. Observe the extravagance of the sacrifice, +and compare with the expression Catull., 90, 6: _omentum in flamma +pingue #liquefaciens#_. + +48. #extis et ferto#: Comp. vv. 30, 45. _Fertum_ (_a ferendo_), a kind +of sacrificial cake or pudding, _libi genus, quod crebrius ad sacra +obmovebatur_ (Jahn). + +49. #et tamen#: _at tamen_ (Hermann), on which see 5, 159. + +50-51. Casaubon sees in this passage an imitation of Hesiod, O. et D., +369: +deilê d' eni puthmeni pheidô+ (_sera parsimonia in fundo est_, +Sen., Ep., 1, 5). I have followed the old reading, which makes _nummus_ +the subject. The personification is in Persius's vein, as Schlüter +correctly remarks. Comp. _tacita acerra_, v. 5; _gemuerunt aera_, 3, 39; +_sapiens porticus_, 3, 53; _modice sitiente lagoena_, 3, 92. _Nummi_ are +nursed as children, 5, 149; there is a kind of personification in +_dolosi nummi_, Prol., 12, and literature is full of personified coins, +of 'nimble sixpences,' 'slow shillings,' 'adventurous guineas.' Add: _ac +velut exhausta redivivus pullulet arca | #nummus#_, Juv., 6, 363. Paley +(ap. Pretor) suggests that _nequiquam_ may be considered the exclamation +of the _#nummus#_. This gives so happy a turn that I am almost tempted +to put it in the text. It is the familiar story of 'the bottom dime,' +set to the familiar tune of the 'Last Rose of Summer.' Jahn makes the +numbskull, not the _nummus_, the subject, and reads in his ed. of 1843: + + _Nequiquam fundo_, suspiret, _nummus in imo_! + +In his ed. of 1868 he follows Hermann, who reads: + + Nequiquam _fundo_, suspiret, _nummus in imo_! + +Pretor prints: + + _Nequiquam: fundo_, suspiret, _nummus in imo_! + +The scholiast hesitates. All much more prosaic and much less +satisfactory. --#suspiret#: See G., 574, R.; A., 62, 2, _d._ + +52-75. With a sudden start Persius strikes at the root of the matter-- +the false conception of the divine character. 'Thou thoughtest,' saith +God, 'that I was altogether such a one as thyself,' Ps. 50, 21. Because +you love gold, you fancy that God loves gold, and judge of His Holiness +by your corruption. God demands a pure heart, and not 'thousands of +rams.' This is a plane on which the highest expressions of the most +various religions meet, so that Hebrew, Greek, and Christian hold almost +identical discourse. M. Martha (_Moralistes Romains_, p. 134) recognizes +'a progress' in thoughts, which are immemorial in their antiquity. + +52. #creterras#: preferred by Jahn (1868) and Hermann to _crateras_, in +which the Acc. Sing. of the Greek word +kratêr+ seems to be taken as the +stem (G., 72, R. 2). See Hor., Od., 3, 18, 7: Sat., 2, 4, 80. Comp. also +_statera_ and _panthera_. G. Meyer (_Beitrage zur Stammbildung_ in +Curtius, _Studien_, 5, 72) questions the Accus. origin. --#argenti#: The +context indicates the material, which in prose would be _ex argento_ or +_argentea_ (G., 396; A., 54, 2). The Genitive should give us the +contents as in v. 11, _argenti seria_. Comp. Juv., 9, 141: _#argenti# +vascula puri_. --#incusa#: 'is a translation of +empaista+ (Casaubon), ++empaistikê technê+ being the art of embossing silver or some other +material with golden ornaments (_crustae_ or _emblemata_). Hence +_crateras argenti incusaque dona_ is probably a hendiadys' (Conington). +_Chrysendeta_, or parcel-gilt plate (Pretor). --#pingui#: 'thick,' not a +generic epithet. + +53. #dona#: Predicate. --#pectore laevo#: Jahn strangely follows +Casaubon in understanding _pectore laevo_ as _mente laeva_. Comp. Verg., +Ecl., 1, 16: _si mens non #laeva# fuisset_. The side of the heart is +meant. König comp. _#laeva# parte mamillae | nil salit Arcadico iuveni_, +Juv., 7, 159. + +54. #excutiat#: In his ed. of 1868 Jahn has abandoned the harsh +_excutias_ of 1843, which leaves _laetari praetrepidum cor_ to take care +of itself, with _laetari_ as an histor. Inf. of habit. Comp. Verg., +Georg., 1, 200; 4, 134; Aen., 4, 422; 7, 15. --#guttas#: 'Your heart in +an eager flutter of excited joy would drive the life-drops from your +left breast.' So Pretor, who adds that Persius alludes to the faintness +produced by any violent excitement. Comp. Verg., Georg., 3, 105: _cum +spes arrectae iuvenum exsultantiaque haurit | corda pavor pulsans_. With +_guttas_ comp. 'As dear to me as are the ruddy _drops_ that visit this +sad heart,' Shaksp. Jahn understands 'tears,' Heinrich 'sweat' (comp. +Juv., 1, 167: _tacita #sudant# praecordia culpa_). In the latter case we +should expect _ut_, as Schlüter observes. --#laetari praetrepidum#: +'over-hasty to rejoice' (Conington). For the construction, comp. Prol., +11, and Hor., Od., 2, 4, 24: _cuius octavum #trepidavit# aetas | +claudere lustrum_. On the meaning of _trepidum_, see 1, 20. + +55. #illud, quod#: 'that strange fashion that,' instead of the +impersonal construction with the Inf. with a different shade of meaning +(G., 525; A., 70, 5). --#subi[-i]t#: On the quantity of the final +syllable, see G., 705, Exc. 4; A., 84, _g_, 5. --#auro ovato#: Comp. +_triumphato auro_, Ov., Ep. ex Ponto, 2, 1, 41 (Jahn). An allusion to +the 'unjust acquisition of the gold offered to Heaven' seems to be too +modern, despite Juv., 8, 106. + +56. #nam#: 'for instance.' G., 500, R. 1. --#fratres aenos#: 'brazen +brotherhood' (Gifford). There are various interpretations: 1. The gods +generally (Jahn). 2. The fifty sons of Aegyptus, whose statues stood in +the portico of the Palatine Apollo over against those of the fifty +Danaides, Prop., 2, 31, 1 seqq.; Ov., Trist., 3, 1, 59 seqq. +(Scholiast). 3. The Dioscuri. The first explanation is the best. All the +gods might appear in vision, but some were more famous for such +appearances than others. The very existence of the statues of the sons +of Aegyptus is problematical, and their connection with dreams +inexplicable (Jahn). As for the Dioscuri, they were notoriously +beardless youths, apart from the fact that _qui mittunt_ points to more +than two (Casaubon). + +57. #pituita#: trisyllabic, as in Hor., Sat., 2, 2, 76; Ep., 1, 1, 108. +_Pituita_, 'phlegm,' 'gross humor.' 'That _pituita_ was supposed to mark +a heavy, cloudy intellect, is clear from the meaning of the opposite +expression, _emunctae naris_' (Pretor). See also the commentators on +Hor., ll.cc. + +58. #aurea barba#: Cic., N. D., 3, 34, 83: _Aesculapii Epidaurii #barbam +auream# demi iussit [Dionysius], neque enim convenire barbatum esse +filium cum in omnibus fanis pater imberbis esset._ + +59. #vasa Numae#: called _capedines_ and _simpuvia_. --#Saturnia aera#: +Old coinage, according to Schol., Casaubon, and Jahn. The earliest +coinage is said to have been stamped on one side with the head of Janus, +the coiner, on the other with a ship, in honor of Saturn's arrival in +Italy. It is best to translate loosely by 'brass' or 'bronze,' as the +explanation is far from certain. --#inpulit#: 'kicked out.' + +60. #Vestalis urnas#: always of earthenware. --#Tuscum fictile#: +'Etruscan pottery.' 'Etruscan' both by reason of its origin and its use +in Etruscan ritual. + +61. #O curvae#: A passionate apostrophe, which reminds M. Martha of +Bossuet. --#in terris#: So Jahn and Hermann. We should expect _in +terras_, but the Abl. is more forcible as denoting the fixity rather +than the tendency of the position. --#caelestium inanes#: On the Gen., +see G., 373, R. 6; A., 50, 3, _c_. Jahn quotes Hor., Od., 3, 11, 23: +_#inane# lymphae | dolium fundo pereuntis imo_. + +62. #quid iuvat hoc#: So Jahn. _Hos_, Hermann's reading, is not +necessary, though natural. _Hoc_ often anticipates the contents of a +dependent clause, as here with the Inf., 5, 45; _ut_ with Subj., 5, 19. +--#templis inmittere mores#: is more than 'the opposite to v. 7: +_tollere de templis_.' _Inmittere_, 'turn loose upon,' like so many +_hostes_, _sicarii_, etc. _Mores_, 'courses of life.' + +63. #bona dis#: Brachylogy. 'What is good in the eyes of the gods.' +--#ducere#: 'infer.' --#scelerata pulpa#: 'sinful, pampered flesh' +(Conington). _Pulpa_ is the Stoic +sarx, sarkidion+, in a stronger form. +M. Martha (l.c. p. 133, note) says that the Christian +sarx+ (_caro_) is +borrowed from the language of philosophy. Others only note the +coincidence. _Pulpa_ may be rendered 'blubber.' + +64. #haec#: sc. _pulpa_. --#sibi#: 'to suit its taste.' --#corrupto#: +The oil is spoiled by the spice, Verg., Georg., 2, 465: _Alba nec +Assyrio fucatur lana veneno | nec #casia# liquidi #corrumpitur# usus +#olivi#._ + +65. #Calabrum#: 'The beauty of the Calabrian fleece consisted in its +perfect whiteness,' which is destroyed by the dye. --#coxit#: here in a +bad sense, as we often use 'cook,' 'doctor.' --#vitiato#: The _murex_ is +spoiled as well as the _vellus_; both have violence done to their +natures. Comp. Juv., 3, 20: _ingenuum #violarent# marmora tofum_. On the +hard treatment of the _murex_, or +kalchê+, see St. John, _Manners and +Customs of Ancient Greece_, 3, 225 foll. + +66. #bacam#: 'pearl,' literally 'berry.' The transfer is explained by +Auson., Mos., 70: _albentes concharum germina #bacas#. Diluit insignem +#bacam#_, Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 241. --#rasisse#: Perf., like the Greek Aor. +Inf. See 1, 42. + +67. #massae#: 'ore.' --#crudo de pulvere#: 'from their primitive slag' +(Conington). + +68. #vitio utitur#: 'gets some good out of its sin.' --#nempe#: G., 500, +R. 2. + +70. #pupae#: The ancients dedicated to the gods what they had done with. +So when the girl was ripe for marriage, she hung up her dolls. The +sailor hangs up his clothes, Hor., Od., 1, 5, 16; the lover his harp, +Od., 3, 26, 3. The Sixth Book of the Greek Anthology is full of +examples. An ingenious friend suggests that the practice of publishing a +list of commentators in editions of the classics is a survival of this +usage. + +71. #quin damus#: See G., 268; A., 57, 7, _d_. --#lance#: 'sacrificial +plate,' 'paten.' Ov., Ep. ex P., 4, 8, 39: _nec quae de parva dis pauper +libat acerra | tura minus grandi quam data #lance# valet_ (Jahn). + +72. #Messallae propago#: Lucius Aurelius Cotta Messalinus (Schol.), an +unworthy son of M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus. See Tac., Ann., 6, 7. He +was a notorious debauchee in the reign of Tiberius. --#lippa#: alludes +to the effect of his excesses. Comp. 5, 77. + +73. #conpositum#: 'in just balance,' 'well blended' (Conington). --#ius +fasque#: 'duty to God and man' (Conington). --#recessus mentis#: ++phrenôn muchos+ Theocr., 29, 3 (Jahn). + +74. #incoctum#: 'thoroughly imbued.' --#generoso honesto#: 'with the +honor of a gentleman.' See note on _mordaci vero_, 1, 107. + +75. #cedo#: Notice the quantity. G., 190, 4; A., 38, 2, _f_. _C[)e]do_, +'give here,' 'let.' For the construction: _cedo ut bibam_, Plaut., +Most., 2, 1, 26; _cedo ut inspiciam_, Curc., 5, 2, 54. --#admovere#: +a sacrificial word. --#farre litabo#: Comp. Hor., Od., 3, 23, 19: +_mollivit aversos Penatis | #farre# pio et saliente mica_. _Litare_ is +the Greek +kallierein+, 'offer acceptably.' The sentiment may be +illustrated without end. Comp. +thusia megistê tô theô to g' eusebein+, +Men., Mon., 246, and Eur., fr. 329 and 940 (Nauck). + + +CRITICAL APPENDIX. + +SATURA II. + +5. #libabit#: libavit _al_. --9. #murmurat#: immurmurat, J{a}. +--10. #ebulliat#: ebullit _Cod. Montepessulanus_. --14. #conditur#: +ducitur, J{a}. --#pro#: proh, J{a}. --16. #purgas?# purgas. J{a}. --25. +#sulpure#: sulfure, J{a}., H. --37. #optet#: optent _al_. --42. +#grandes#: J{a}., H.; pingues, J{w}. --#tucceta#: tuceta, J{a}. --43. +#adnuere#: annuere, J{a}. --45. #arcessis#: accersis, H. --47. +#flammas#: flamma, J{a}. --48. #et tamen#: ac tamen, J{a}.; at tamen, H. +--52. #creterras#: crateras. J{a}. --54. #excutiat#: excutias, J{a}., H. +--61. #terris#: terras _al_. --#caelestium#: coelestium, J{a}., H. +--#inanes#: J{a}., H.; inanis, J{w}. _At vid. Ritschel. Prolegg. +Trinum._, xc.; _Neue, Formenl._, 1, 257. --62. #quid iuvat hoc#: quid +iuvat, hos, H. --66. #bacam#: baccam, J{a}., H. --73. #animo#: animi, H. + + + * * * * * + + + SATURA III. + + + 'Nempe haec adsidue: iam clarum mane fenestras + intrat et angustas extendit lumine rimas: + stertimus indomitum quod despumare Falernum + sufficiat, quinta dum linea tangitur umbra. + en quid agis? siccas insana canicula messis 5 + iam dudum coquit et patula pecus omne sub ulmo est.' + unus ait comitum. "Verumne? itane? ocius adsit + huc aliquis! nemon?" turgescit vitrea bilis: + "findor"-- ut Arcadiae pecuaria rudere dicas. + iam liber et positis bicolor membrana capillis 10 + inque manus chartae nodosaque venit harundo. + tunc querimur, crassus calamo quod pendeat umor, + nigra quod infusa vanescat sepia lympha; + dilutas querimur geminet quod fistula guttas. + o miser inque dies ultra miser, hucine rerum 15 + venimus? at cur non potius teneroque columbo + et similis regum pueris pappare minutum + poscis et iratus mammae lallare recusas? + "An tali studeam calamo?" Cui verba? quid istas + succinis ambages? tibi luditur. effluis amens, 20 + contemnere: sonat vitium percussa, maligne + respondet viridi non cocta fidelia limo. + udum et molle lutum es, nunc nunc properandus et acri + fingendus sine fine rota. sed rure paterno + est tibi far modicum, purum et sine labe salinum-- 25 + quid metuas?-- cultrixque foci secura patella. + hoc satis? an deceat pulmonem rumpere ventis, + stemmate quod Tusco ramum millesime ducis, + censoremne tuum vel quod trabeate salutas? + ad populum phaleras! ego te intus et in cute novi. 30 + non pudet ad morem discincti vivere Nattae? + sed stupet hic vitio et fibris increvit opimum + pingue, caret culpa, nescit quid perdat, et alto + demersus summa rursum non bullit in unda. + magne pater divum, saevos punire tyrannos 35 + haud alia ratione velis, cum dira libido + moverit ingenium ferventi tincta veneno: + virtutem videant intabescantque relicta. + anne magis Siculi gemuerunt aera iuvenci, + et magis auratis pendens laquearibus ensis 40 + purpureas subter cervices terruit, 'imus, + imus praecipites' quam si sibi dicat et intus + palleat infelix, quod proxima nesciat uxor? + Saepe oculos, memini, tangebam parvus olivo, + grandia si nollem morituri verba Catonis 45 + discere, non sano multum laudanda magistro, + quae pater adductis sudans audiret amicis. + iure; etenim id summum, quid dexter senio ferret, + scire erat in voto; damnosa canicula quantum + raderet; angustae collo non fallier orcae; 50 + neu quis callidior buxum torquere flagello. + haud tibi inexpertum curvos deprendere mores, + quaeque docet sapiens bracatis inlita Medis + porticus, insomnis quibus et detonsa iuventus + invigilat, siliquis et grandi pasta polenta; 55 + et tibi quae Samios diduxit littera ramos + surgentem dextro monstravit limite callem. + stertis adhuc, laxumque caput conpage soluta + oscitat hesternum, dissutis undique malis! + est aliquid quo tendis, et in quod dirigis arcum? 60 + an passim sequeris corvos testaque lutoque, + securus quo pes ferat, atque ex tempore vivis? + helleborum frustra, cum iam cutis aegra tumebit, + poscentis videas: venienti occurrite morbo! + et quid opus Cratero magnos promittere montis? 65 + discite, o miseri, et causas cognoscite rerum: + quid sumus, et quidnam victuri gignimur; ordo + quis datus, aut metae qua mollis flexus et unde; + quis modus argento, quid fas optare, quid asper + utile nummus habet; patriae carisque propinquis 70 + quantum elargiri deceat; quem te deus esse + iussit, et humana qua parte locatus es in re. + disce, nec invideas, quod multa fidelia putet + in locuplete penu, defensis pinguibus Umbris, + et piper et pernae, Marsi monumenta clientis, 75 + menaque quod prima nondum defecerit orca. + Hic aliquis de gente hircosa centurionum + dicat 'Quod sapio satis est mihi. non ego curo + esse quod Arcesilas aerumnosique Solones, + obstipo capite et figentes lumine terram, 80 + murmura cum secum et rabiosa silentia rodunt + atque exporrecto trutinantur verba labello, + aegroti veteris meditantes somnia, _gigni_ + _de nihilo nihilum, in nihilum nil posse reverti._ + hoc est, quod palles? cur quis non prandeat, hoc est?' 85 + His populus ridet, multumque torosa iuventus + ingeminat tremulos naso crispante cachinnos. + 'Inspice; nescio quid trepidat mihi pectus et aegris + faucibus exsuperat gravis alitus; inspice, sodes!' + qui dicit medico, iussus requiescere, postquam 90 + tertia conpositas vidit nox currere venas, + de maiore domo modice sitiente lagoena + lenia loturo sibi Surrentina rogabit. + 'Heus, bone, tu palles!' "Nihil est." 'Videas tamen istuc, + quidquid id est: surgit tacite tibi lutea pellis.' 95 + "At tu deterius palles; ne sis mihi tutor; + iam pridem hunc sepeli: tu restas." 'Perge, tacebo.' + turgidus hic epulis atque albo ventre lavatur, + gutture sulpureas lente exalante mefites; + sed tremor inter vina subit calidumque triental 100 + excutit e manibus, dentes crepuere retecti, + uncta cadunt laxis tunc pulmentaria labris. + hinc tuba, candelae, tandemque beatulus alto + conpositus lecto crassisque lutatus amomis + in portam rigidas calces extendit: at illum 105 + hesterni capite induto subiere Quirites. + 'Tange, miser, venas et pone in pectore dextram. + nil calet hic. summosque pedes attinge manusque. + non frigent.' Visa est si forte pecunia, sive + candida vicini subrisit molle puella, 110 + cor tibi rite salit? positum est algente catino + durum holus et populi cribro decussa farina: + temptemus fauces, tenero latet ulcus in ore + putre, quod haud deceat plebeia radere beta. + alges, cum excussit membris timor albus aristas; 115 + nunc face supposita fervescit sanguis et ira + scintillant oculi, dicisque facisque, quod ipse + non sani esse hominis non sanus iuret Orestes. + + +NOTES. + +THIRD SATIRE. + + +ARGUMENT.-- The Satire opens dramatically. A young Roman of the upper +classes is discovered asleep, snoring off the effects of yesterday's +debauch. To him one of his familiars, half companion, half tutor, who +rouses him by telling him that the sun is already high in the heavens, +and it is time to be up. The young fellow bawls for his servants, brays +for them, and makes a show of going to work. But nothing suits him. He +curses the ink because it is too thick, then he curses it because it is +too thin, and finally swears at pen and ink both. 'You big baby,' +exclaims the monitor. 'Do you expect me to study with such a pen?' asks +the young man with a whine. 'Don't come to me with your puling nonsense, +you dab of untempered mortar, you unformed lump of clay. You are lazing +away the time, when every minute is of moment, when the potter's wheel +should fly faster and faster, and deft hands should mould the vessel of +your life (1-24). But I see you think that you have already attained +perfection. You are satisfied with your position in life, move in a good +circle. Tell that to the profane vulgar. I know you, every inch of you. +Shame on you, that you, with your training, should live like a brutish +creature, who does not know what a rich jewel he is flinging away, who +sinks without a struggle in the slough of vice, whose soul dies and +makes no sign. But you, who know better, will have a dire fate. No worse +doom could Jove himself bring down on cruel tyrants than the vain +yearning for lost virtue, which they can never hope to regain. Nay, +worse than the brazen bull of Phalaris and the pendent sword of Damocles +is the consciousness of sin, the pallor that blanches not the cheek +only, but the very heart (25-43). You are past the age of childhood, and +have not the excuse of tender years. If you were a child, I could +understand your behavior. I remember my own childhood, how hateful and +unprofitable task-work alternated with frivolous play, how I dodged the +learning of the piece I had to speak, how I had no thought for any thing +save dice and marbles and tops (44-51). But you have reached a higher +level. You know the great norms of life, the doctrines of the Porch; you +understand the distinctions of Right and Wrong. Pshaw! As I live, you +are snoring still. Wake up, I say, and tell me-- have you any aim in +life? Or are you nothing better than a boy following sparrows with a +pinch of salt?' (52-62). + +Here the poet drops the dramatic form, deserts the individuality of the +student, and makes his exhortation general, reserving, of course, the +right to pick out at will any member of his congregation for rebuke. He +mounts the pulpit and begins to preach. His text is: + +'Be wise to-day; 'tis madness to defer.' Go back to the first principles +of all true philosophy, the constitution of the universe, the position +of man in that universe, the great laws of Ethic as derived from the +great laws of Physic. In brief, study your Stoic catechism. Do not allow +yourself to be diverted from higher study by success in the lower ranges +of life. You lawyer there, for instance, do not let hams and sprats, the +gifts of thankful clients, seduce you from the ambrosia of true +philosophy (63-76). + +But hark! some one is talking out in church. It is the voice of the +unsavory centurion. + +'I have got all the sense I want. I would not be for all the world one +of your painful philosophers, with head tucked down, eyes riveted on the +ground, mumbling and muttering a lot of metaphysic trash-- _chimaera +bombinans in vacuo_-- and the rest of the scholastic stuff. What! get +pale for that? What! miss my breakfast for that!' + +Great applause in the galleries, and a rippling reduplication of +laughter from the muscular humanity of the period (77-87). + +A sudden turn, or rather a sudden return to the figure of v. 63. The +connection, if there be a connection, seems to be this: + +Such men as the centurion are hopelessly lost, have already 'imbodied +and imbruted.' Like Natta, they are unconscious of their moral ruin. But +there are those who, half-conscious of their condition, consult a +physician of the soul, a spiritual director. The state of this class is +set forth in a dramatic parable. A man feels sick, goes to see a doctor, +follows his advice for a while, gets better, and then, despite all +remonstrance, violates the plainest rules of diet and falls dead +(88-106). + +But before our preacher can make the application, he is interrupted by +an impatient hearer, perhaps none other than the yawning youth, whose +acquaintance we made in the beginning of the Satire. Whoever he is, he +is so literal that he does not understand the drift of the apologue. + +'Sick! Who's sick? Not I. No fever in my veins. No chill in hands or +feet.' + +'But,' says our resolute moralist, 'the sight of money, the meaning +smile of a pretty girl, makes your heart beat a devil's tattoo. Coarse +flour shows that you are mealy-mouthed, and tough cabbage brings out the +ulcer in your throat. Kindle the fire of wrath beneath the cauldron of +your blood, and Orestes is sane in comparison' (107-118). + + +According to Jahn, this Satire is aimed at those that have received a +thorough training in ethics, but, owing to the weakness of human nature, +fail to follow the true guide of life; and, although well aware of their +short-comings, imitate the example of those brutish souls whose sins are +excused by their ignorance. In short, the Satire is an expansion of the +old theme-- _Video meliora proboque_. + +Knickenberg (_De Ratione Stoica in Persii Satiris Apparente_, p. 16 +seqq.) maintains that in conformity with Stoic doctrine, it is not so +much the weakness of human nature as imperfect knowledge-- the _inscitia +debilis_ of v. 99-- that is the source of the vices which the author +lashes in the present Satire. According to the Stoic, virtue is +knowledge, and the snoring youth, with his half-knowledge, which keeps +him from rising to the height of virtue, is the pattern of the false +philosophy of the time. + +But Persius is not an expounder of the Stoic philosophy, as a system, +any more than Seneca is; and commentators have attributed to him a +profounder knowledge of philosophy than he had, certainly a profounder +knowledge than it would have been artistic to show. Persius repeats the +catechism of the sect, expands some of their favorite theses, elaborates +some of their pet figures, and finds fault with his fellow students in +the lofty tone which he had caught from his teachers. A glaring paradox, +such as we find in 5, 119, he is but too happy to reproduce, but the +subtle analysis for which the Stoics were famous does not appear in his +poems. + + +The Satire is said by the Scholiast to be imitated from the Fourth Book +of Lucilius. + + +1-24. A young student is roused by one of his companions, who, after +meditating on his snoring form (1-4), remonstrates with him against +lying abed so long. Yawning and headachy, he attempts to go to work, +calls his servants testily, has his writing materials brought, swears at +them, and is rebuked by his sage friend for his babyishness, and urged +to make use of this golden season of life. + +1. #Nempe#: The opening is made very lively by the use of _nempe_, which +implies a preceding statement, and thus plunges at once into the thick +of the dialogue. 'And so'-- a clear imitation of Hor., Sat., 1, 10, 1. +Comp. the English use of 'and' in the first verse of lyrics, and the +common stage trick of beginning a scene with conjunctions: Farquhar, +Beaux' Stratagem, 2, 2: '_And_ was she the daughter of the house?' +Cibber, The Provoked Wife, 5, 4: '_But_ what dost thou think will come +of this business?' This effect is lost by bringing in the _comes_ at v. +5, as some do. --#mane#: Substantive, the Abl. of which, _mane_ +(_mani_), is in more common use as an Adverb. --#fenestras#: 'windows,' +here for 'window-shutters.' + +2. #extendit#: 'makes wider,' 'makes seem wider,' a familiar optical +effect. --#rimas#: 'chinks' (between the shutters). + +3. #stertimus#: Ironical First Person, excluding the speaker. +--#indomitum#: 'heady,' 'unmanageable' (Conington). Falernian was a +strong wine: _ardens_, Hor., Od., 2, 11, 9; _severum_, Od., 1, 27, 19; +_forte_, Sat., 2, 4, 24. Add Lucan, 10, 162: _#Indomitum# Meroe cogens +spumare #Falernum#_. --#quod sufficiat#: 'what ought to be enough.' G., +633; A., 65, 2. --#despumare#: 'work off,' 'carry off the fumes of' +(Conington). _Despumare_ is a technical term 'skim' (Verg., Georg., 1, +296), like 'rack' in English. + +4. #quint[-a] dum linea tangitur umbr[-a]#: where we should expect +_quint[)a] linea umbr[-a]_, by what is called Hypallagé. Conington +compares Aeschyl., Ag., 504: +dekatô se phengei tôd' aphikomên etous+. +See Schneidewin's note. --#dum#: 'while,' 'whereas,' 'and yet.' Comp. +G., 572, R.; A., 72, 1, _c_. --#linea#: of the sun-dial. The fifth hour +(about 11 o'clock) was the time of the _prandium_, according to Auson., +Ephem. Loc. Ordin. Coqui, 1, 2 (Casaubon): _Sosia, prandendum est, +quartam iam totus in horam | sol calet: ad #quintam# flectitur umbra +#notam#_. In Horace's time breakfast was after 10 (Sat., 1, 5, 25). The +sophist Alciphron implies that 12 was the hour in his day (3, 4, 1). + +5. #en quid agis?# Comp. _en quid ago_? Verg., Aen., 4, 534. In lively +questions the present is often used as a future, as: _Quoi #dono# +lepidum novum libellum?_ Catull., 1, 1. --#siccas#: proleptic or +predicative, to be combined with _coquit_. Conington renders 'is baking +the crops dry,' but _coquere_ is too common in this sense for such a +translation, a criticism which applies to a very large proportion of +Conington's picturesque versions. _Coquere_ is the regular word for +'ripen'-- Gr. +pessô+-- Varro, R. R., 1, 7, 4; 54, 1. Tr. 'is ripening +hard' (in the broiling sun). --#insana canicula#: 'the mad dog-star' is, +of course, the 'mad dog's star' (Conington). Comp. Hor., Od., 3, 29, 18; +Ep., 1, 10, 16. + +7. #comitum#: _Comes_ is a wide term, embracing fellow-students and +tutors. The Greek word is +hoi sunontes+. See Lucian's famous tract, ++peri tôn epi misthô #sunontôn#+ (de mercede conductis). + +8. #aliquis#: 'somebody,' '+tis+,' of a servant. _Aperite #aliquis# +actutum ostium_, Ter., Adelphi, 4, 4, 46. +Hôsper en oikô enioi despotai +prostattousi, Itô #tis# eph' hudôr, Xula #tis# schisatô+, Xen., Cyr., 5, +3, 49. --#nemon?# on the rhetorical _-ne_, see 1, 22. --#vitrea bilis#: +a medical term, +hualôdês cholê+, according to Casaubon. Comp. +_splendida bilis_, Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 141. + +9. #findor#: 'I'm splitting,' the exclamation of the impatient youth. +The old reading, _finditur_, 'he' or 'it' (_bilis_) 'is splitting,' has +little MS. authority. Others read _findimur_. --#Arcadiae pecuria#: The +asses of Arcady were famous in antiquity. --#rudere#: with _u_ long only +here and Auson., Epigr., 76, 3. + +10. #iamque liber#: The distribution of these articles is not without +its difficulty. According to some, _liber_ is the author to be explained +by the teacher; _chartae_, the papyrus for rough notes; _membrana_, the +parchment for a more careful transcript. According to others, '_liber_ +is the author out of which the lesson or thesis is to be transcribed, +and _membrana_ the parchment wrapper for preserving the loose sheets, as +the work progresses' (Pretor). --#bicolor#: used either of the two sides +of the skin-- the one from which the hair had been scraped, yellow, the +other white (Casaubon), or, more probably, of the custom of coloring the +parchment artificially (Jahn). --#capillis#: is commonly taken for +_pilis_, a rare use. The hair side of the skin was carefully smoothed +with pumice-stone. _Arida modo #pumice# expolitum_, Cat., 1, 2; _cui +#pumex# tondeat ante comas_, Tib., 3, 1, 10. The old explanation, +according to which _positis capillis = capillis ornatis sive pexis_ +(Plum), has found an advocate in Schlüter. The young man is supposed to +have dressed his hair before he goes to work. + +11. #nodosa harundo# = _calamus_ of the next verse. + +12. #querimur#: In his ed. of 1868 Jahn has abandoned _queritur_ (1843) +here and in v. 14. Comp. _stertimus_, v. 3. --#calamo#: In prose, _de +calamo_. + +13. #nigra sepia#: 'The blackness of the liquor,' Conington, who says +correctly that _nigra_ is emphatic. _Sepia_, 'juice of the cuttle-fish,' +used for ink. Comp. Auson., Epist., 4, 76; 7, 54 (Jahn). + +14. #fistula# = _harundo_. The nib of the pen was badly slit. Comp. _nec +iam #fissipedis# per #calami# vias | grassetur Cnidiae sulcus +harundinis_, Auson., Epist., 7, 49-50. + +The whole period is very awkward, and is not improved by Jahn's _sed_ +for _quod_ in v. 13. Mr. Pretor suspects a _duplex recensio_, and +brackets v. 13. In any other author I should suggest _dilutas#que +nimis#_ for _dilutas #querimur#_, v. 14 (Mp. _querimus_). + +15. #ultra miser# = _miserior_. --#hucine rerum#: _Hucine_ is archaic +and colloquial. On _rerum_, see G., 371, R. 4; A., 50, 2, _d_. Comp. 1, +1 for the translation. + +16. #tenero columbo#: a pet name for children (Schol.). _Columbus_ is +'the house-pigeon,' _palumbus_ 'the wood-pigeon.' Some of the best MSS. +read _palumbo_, which Bentley on Hor., Od., 1, 2, 10, prefers. Notice +further that nurses often feed their babies pigeon-fashion. --#regum +pueris#: 'aristocratic babies,' 'babies of quality' (Conington). _Regum_ +as in 1, 67. --#pappare#: (_papare_, Jahn, 1843) Infin. for Substantive, +'pap.' Such Infinitives are hardly parallel with _vivere triste_ (1, 9), +and belong rather to the _verba togae_. They may be called nursery +Infinitives. Comp. Titin. (ap. Charisium, 1, p. 99P.), v. 78 Ribb.: +_Date illi #biber#, iracunda haec est_. Comp. the Greek +to piein, to +phagein+, Theocr., 10, 53; Anthol. Pal., 12, 34, 5. The Scholiast calls +_pappare_ and _lullare_ '_voces mutilas_.' --#minutum#: 'chewed fine,' +'minced.' + +18. #iratus#: 'in a pet.' --#mammae#: exactly our 'mammy;' depends on +_lallare_, not on _iratus_. --#lallare#: like _pappare_, 'lullaby.' +'Pettishly refusing to let mammy sing you to sleep' (Conington)-- 'to go +by-bye for mammy.' + +19. #studeam#: G., 258; A., 57, 6. The absolute use of _studere_ is +post-Augustan. _Desidioso #studere# torqueri est_, Sen., Ep. M., 71, 23. +--#Cui verba#: sc. _das_? + +20. #succinis#: 'sing to an instrument or second to a person,' hence 'to +sing small' (Conington), 'come whimpering, whining with.' --#ambages#: +'beating about the bush,' 'shuffling excuses.' _Quando pauperiem, missis +#ambagibus#, horres_, Hor., Sat., 2, 5, 9. --#tibi luditur#: _Tua res +agitur_, 'it is your game,' 'your stake,' 'your affair.' --#effluis +amens#: with a sudden change of figure. The dissolute young man is +compared to a cracked jar, from which all the noble 'wine of life' +(Shaksp., Macbeth, 2, 3) is escaping. The passage in Ter., Eun., 1, 2, +25, which is often cited in this connection: _Plenus rimarum sum; huc +atque huc #perfluo#_ refers to 'a leaky vessel,' one who can not keep a +secret. + +21. #contemnere#: A sudden desertion of the metaphor, unless +_contemnere_ be a technical term, like +apodokimazein+, 'reject on +test.' Cicero combines _conterere et contemnere_, _contemnere et +reicere_, _contemnere et pro nihilo putare_. The Scholiast thinks that +the word is an unhappy reminiscence of Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 14: +_#contemnere# miser_. --#sonat vitium# = _sono indicat vitium_. _Sonat +vitium_, like _sapit mare_, 'sounds flawy,' 'has a flawy ring.' The +Schol. comp. Verg., Aen., 1, 328: _nec vox #hominem sonat#_. +--#maligne#: 'ill-naturedly,' 'grudgingly,' of that which falls short of +what was expected. _Maligne respondet_, 'gives a short answer,' 'a dull +sound.' + +22. #viridi#: = _crudo_, 'untempered.' The material is ill-mixed and the +crock ill-baked (_non cocta_). + +23. 'Persius steps back, as it were, while pursuing the metaphor,' is +Conington's droll defence of Persius's +husteron proteron+. Common +critics would say that Persius had bungled the figure. --#properandus et +fingendus#: not necessarily equivalent to _propere fingendus_. Comp. +Juv., 4, 134: _argillam atque rotam citius #properate#_. + +24-43. Persius: 'I know what you are going to say. You have a fair +estate, you have nothing to dread, you have good connections, you have a +good position. Away with these baubles. I know you yourself. You live no +higher life than the dullest sensualist, who knows not what he is +losing; but the time will come when you will be roused to the +consciousness of your loss, and your soul must be tortured with the +expectation of impending ruin and the carking of hidden sin.' --#rure +paterno#: G., 412, R. 1; A., 55, 3, _c_, R. + +25. #far modicum#: _Modicum_ with a sneer. The young man keeps up a show +of Stoic moderation. --#salinum--patella#: two articles of plate, to +which every respectable family aspired. Compare the apostle-spoons and +the candle-cup of the Elizabethan period. The _salinum_ and the +_patella_ were exempt, when all other gold and silver plate was called +for to meet the necessities of the state. --#purum et sine labe#: +literally and metaphorically. + +26. #quid metuas#: _ex animo iuvenis_. The young man is supposed to ask +_quid metuam?_ See v. 19. 'I have nothing to fear on the score of +poverty.' --#cultrix foci#: The _patella_ was used in the worship of the +Lares. Conington preserves the possible double sense of 'inhabitant' and +'worshipper,' by rendering 'a dish for fireside service.' --#secura#: +'that knows no fear' (of want). + +27. #hoc satis?# This is very well, but is it enough? --#an deceat#: The +connection is not very plain, and Jahn thinks that another person is +apostrophised. Persius is attacking the same man, now as to his fortune, +now as to his family. That this is not clearly brought out, is simply +his own fault. --#ventis#: 'with airs' (Pretor). See 4, 20. + +28. #stemmate#: Abl. as a whence-case. 'Comp. Juv., 8, 1-6; Suet., Nero, +37. These _stemmata_ were genealogical trees or tables of pedigree, in +which the family portraits (_imagines_) were connected by winding lines. +Comp. _#stemmata# vero lineis discurrebant ad imagines pictas_, Plin., +H. N., 25, 2, and _multae #stemmatum# flexurae_, Sen., de Benef., 3, 28' +(Pretor, after Jahn). --#Tusco#: The Etruscans were great sticklers for +family, as Persius well knew. Comp. Hor., Od., 3, 29, 1; Sat., 1, 6, 1; +Prop., 4, 9, 1. Your aristocratic philosopher can afford to be +disdainful of birth. A Stoic commonplace: _si quid est aliud in +philosophia boni, hoc est quod #stemma# non inspicit_, Sen., Ep., 44, 1. +--#ramum# = _lineam_. --#millesime#: 'a thousand times removed' +(Pretor). On the case, 1, 123. Conington recognizes a side-thrust, and +compares Savage's 'No _tenth_ transmitter of a foolish face.' + +29. #censoremne#: So Casaubon. Jahn (1868) reads _-que_, thus abandoning +the reading which is best supported by MSS., but utterly unsupported by +grammar, _-ve_. The careless use of _vel_ after _ve_ is one of those +slips that are simply incredible, nor can _-ve-- vel_ be successfully +defended by connecting the latter closely with _trabeate_. Pretor +explains, 'because you have a censor in your family, or are yourself a +knight of distinction (sc. _quodve censorem tuum salutas vel quod ipse +trabeatus es_)'. Heinr.'s conjecture, _fatuum_, with a reference to the +censorship of Claudius, is itself almost fatuous. If we are to resort to +conjecture, Heinr.'s other suggestion, _vetulum_, would be mild. Jahn +explains this line (after Niebuhr) of the _municipales equites_, +'Because you are a great man in your own provincial town.' Comp. 1, 129. +'In any case the allusion is to the annual _transvectio_ of the +_equites_ before the censor, who used to review them (_recognoscere_) as +they defiled before him on horseback. If _censorem_ is understood of +Rome, _tuum_ will imply that the youth is related to the Emperor, like +Juvenal's Rubellius Blandus, 8, 40; otherwise it means "your local +censor"' (Conington). --#trabeate#: The _trabea_ is the official dress +of the _equites_. Comp. 1, 123. + +30. #ad populum phaleras#: 'The _phalerae_ included all the trappings of +the horse and rider. They were on occasion much ornamented with metal, +and Polybius (6, 23) says that they were given as rewards of merit to +cavalry soldiers' (Pretor, after Jahn). 'To the mob with your trappings, +your stars and garters.' --#intus et in cute#: 'inside and out;' a rough +equivalent. _In cute_ (Gr. +en chrô+) means 'closely' ('to a dot, a T'). +See Lexx. s.v. +chrôs+. + +31. #non pudet#: 'You are not ashamed?' (you ought to be). See G., 455. +--#discincti#: Comp. _#discinctus# aut perdam #nepos#_, Hor., Epod., 1, +34 (Schol.). The _discinctus_ is 'a man of loose habits.' --#Nattae#: +taken at random from Hor., Sat., 1, 6, 124. + +32. #stupet#: +anaisthêtei+ (Casaubon). He is 'past feeling,' his +conscience is benumbed, is 'seared with a hot iron.' --#fibris increvit +opimum pingue#: 'his heart is overgrown with thick collops of fat' +(Conington). The Scriptural parallels are familiar: Psa., 119, 70; +Matt., 13, 15; John, 12, 40. The Delphin ed. comp. Tertull., de Anima, +20: _#Opimitas# impedit sapientiam._ On _opimum pingue_, comp. 1, 107. + +33. #caret culpa#: Perhaps because the Stoic would not hold him +responsible, Epictet., Diss., 1, 18. Conington well remarks that +Casaubon's quotation from Menand., Mon., 430-- +ho mêden eidôs ouden +examartanei+-- does not meet the case. In Menander we have to do with 'a +sin of ignorance' against others. Here the sin is against the man's own +nature. Possibly _culpa_ is = _conscientia culpae_. + +34-43. The terrors of remorse. + +34. #rursum non bullit#: 'he makes no bubbles,' 'makes no further +struggles,' 'he is down among the dead men.' + +36. #velis#: 'deign.' _Velle_ gives a reverential turn to the wish. + +37. #moverit#: Perf. Subj. Attraction of mood. G., 666; A., 66, 2. +--#ferventi tincta veneno#: The _gelidum venenum_ chills, this poison +fires the blood. Comp. Alciphr., 1, 37, 3: +thermoteron pharmakon+, of a +love potion. _Occultum inspires #ignem# fallasque #veneno#_, Verg., +Aen., 1, 688. _Tincta_ is a reminiscence of the shirt of Nessus and the +bridal-gift of Medea to Glaucé. + +38. #intabescant#: belongs to the same sphere of comparison. +_Intabescere_, +katatêkesthai+, is hopeless pining for a lost love. +Comp. Theocr., 1, 66; 11, 14. For the figure, see Ov., Met., 3, 487: _ut +#intabescere# flavae_ | _igne levi cerae-- solent, sic attenuatus amore_ +| _liquitur_. --#relicta#: sc. _virtute_. Conington comp. Verg., Aen., +4, 692: _quaesivit caelo lucem ingemuitque #reperta#_. _Relicta_ = _quod +religuerint_. + +39. #anne# = _an_. --#Siculi iuvenci#: Every one has heard of the brazen +bull made by Perillus for Phalaris of Agrigentum, Cic., Off., 2, 7, 26, +and the sword of Damocles, in the next verse, is a proverb in English. +Comp. Hor., Od., 3, 1, 17; Cic., Tusc. Dis., 5, 21, 61. --#aera#: poet. +Plur. Vivid personification and identification. + +40. #auratis laquearibus# = _de a. l. Laquearibus_, 'sunken panels +(_lacus_) between the cross-beams of the ceiling.' See Verg., Aen., 1, +726. --#ensis#: a poetic word, 'glaive,' 'brand.' + +41. #purpureas cervices#: Damocles was arrayed in royal purple; hence +_purpureas_ (Casaubon). Others apply the expression to tyrants +generally. Comp. Hor., Od., 1, 35, 12: _purpurei tyranni_. + +42. #imus#: Better to have a sword hanging by a hair over your neck than +yourself to be hanging above an abyss of misery. The commentators refer +to Tiberius's letter to the senate (Tac., Ann., 6, 6; Suet., Tib., 67), +by way of illustrating the shuddering perplexity of the sinful tyrant. +--#dicat#: The subject is loosely involved. --#intus | palleat#: This +'not very intelligible expression' (Conington) is paralleled by Shaksp., +Macb., 2, 2: 'My hands are of your color, but I shame | to wear a heart +so _white_.' + +43. #quod#: dependent on the notion of fear contained in _pallere_. G., +329, R. 1; A., 52, 1, _a_. --#proxima uxor#: 'the wife at his side,' +'the wife of his bosom.' --#nesciat#: 'is not to know.' + +44-51. You have not the excuse of an unenlightened conscience, nor have +you the plea of the ignorance of boyhood. Boys will be boys. I was a boy +myself, played boyish tricks, loved boyish sports. My training was bad, +my behavior only to be justified by my training. + +44. #parvus#: 'as a small boy:' _Memini quae plagosum #mihi parvo#_ | +_Orbilium dictare_, Hor., Ep., 2, 1, 70. --_olivo:_ The boy would tip +(_tangere_) his eyes with oil, in order to make believe, by the use of +the remedy, that he was suffering from the disease. For the anointing of +sore eyes, see Hor., Sat., 1, 8, 25; Ep., 1, 1, 29. + +45. #grandia#: 'sublime.' _Grandia verba_ is the American 'tall talk.' +--#nollem#: Iterative conditional. G., 569, R. 2; A., 59, 5, _b_. +--#morituri Catonis#: Such compositions were very much in vogue as +rhetorical exercises. Comp. Juv., 1, 16 (oration to Sulla, advising a +withdrawal from public life); 7, 161 (speech made for Hannibal). Seneca +(Ep., 24, 6) does not seem to regard the theme of Cato's death as +threadbare. + +46. #discere#: better than _dicere_. The boy shirks the learning rather +than the speaking, and the sore eyes would be a better excuse for the +one than for the other. --#non sano#: Comp. Petron., cap. 1; Tac., Or., +35, on this system of training. Hermann reads _et insano_. --#laudanda# += _quae laudaret_, the free adjective use of the Gerundive, which is +more common in later times. + +47. #quae pater audiret#: Juv., 7, 166: _ut totiens illum #pater +audiat#_. --#sudans#: from excitement; hardly 'in a glow of perspiring +ecstasy' (Conington). _Sudans_ is thrown in maliciously as a comment. + +48. #iure#: +eikotôs+, 'and well I might.' --#etenim#: is +kai gar+. +Theoretically the predicate of the preceding sentence is to be repeated +with the _et_. Practically it is often best to leave _et_ untranslated. +G., 500, R. 2 and 3; A., 43, 3, _d_. --#senio#, etc.: 'The game was +played with four _tali_, which, unlike the _tesserae_, were rounded on +two sides, while the other four faces were marked with one, three, four, +or six pips, and called respectively _unio_, _ternio_, _quaternio_, +_senio_. The _canis_ was the worst throw, when all four _tali_ showed +single pips (Ov., A. A., 2, 206; Trist., 2, 474; Mart., 13, 1, 6; Prop., +4, 8, 46), and the _Venus_ the best, when all the faces turned up were +different (Lucian, Amor., p. 415); or else, for it varied upon occasion, +when all showed sices. The ace was a losing throw and the sice a winning +one, when the pips were counted' (Pretor, after Jahn). Persius wanted to +know the value of each throw, what one brought in (_ferret_) another +swept off (_raderet_). + +49. #scire erat in voto#: _Hoc #erat in votis#_, Hor., Sat., 2, 6, 1. + +50. #angustae collo non fallier orcae#: The allusion is to a game at +_nuces_, called +tropa+ or 'cherry-pit.' ''Tis not for gravity to play +at _cherry-pit_ with Satan,' Shaksp., Twelfth N., 3, 4. Fr. _à la +fossette_. Comp. Rabelais, 1, 2. The modern equivalent of _nuces_ is +marbles, and the modern +tropa+ is 'pitch-in-the-hole,' or 'knucks.' +Instead of the hole in the ground (+bothros+), the ancients used a small +jar (_orca_), and to enhance the difficulty of getting in, the neck of +this jar was made narrow (_collo angustae orcae = angusto collo orcae_, +by Hypallagé, v. 4). So the modern hole admits but one marble. Comp. +[Ov.] Nux, 85, 86: _Vas quoque saepe cavum spatio distante locatur, | in +quod missa levi nux cadat #una# manu._ --#fallier#: like _dicier_, 1, +28. + +51. #neu quis# = _et ne quis_. G., 546. '_Et [erat in voto] ne quis +callidior [esset]._' --#buxum#: 'top,' because made of 'boxwood.' Comp. +Verg., Aen., 7, 382: _volubile #buxum#_. --#torquere#: See Prol., 11, +and 1, 118. + +52. You have had a better training. You have reached years of +discretion. You know Right from Wrong. --#curvos# = _pravos_. Comp. +_scilicet ut possem #curvo# dinoscere rectum_, Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 44, and +Persius, 4, 12; 5, 38. + +53. #quaeque docet#: _Quae_ depends by Zeugma on some notion involved in +_deprendere_, such as _tenere_. G., 690; M., 478, Obs. 4. --#sapiens +porticus#: Comp. _sapientem barbam_, Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 35; _eruditus +pulvis_, Cic., N. D., 2, 18, 48. --#bracatis inlita Medis#: The +stoa +poikilê+, the resort of Zeno and his school, was adorned with paintings +by Polygnotus and others. One of these paintings represented the battle +of Marathon, hence 'the wise Porch bepainted with the trouser'd Medes.' +_Inlita_ perhaps contemptuous, not necessarily 'frescoed.' The _bracae_ ++anaxurides, thulakoi+, a mark of barbaric luxury and display. Comp. +Prop., 4, 3, 17: _Tela fugacis equi et #bracati militis# arcus_ and +_Persica braca_, Ov., Tr., 5, 10, 34 (Freund). --#quibus#: Neuter. +_Quibus et = et quibus._ Trajection, G., 693. --#detonsa#: +'close-cropped,' for so the Stoics wore their hair, although they let +their beard grow long +en chrô kouriai+, Luc., Hermot., 18; Vit. Auct., +20. Comp. Juv., 2, 15: _supercilio brevior coma_. + +55. #invigilat#: 'rather tautological after _insomnis_. _Nec capiat +somnos #invigiletque# malis_, Ov., Fast., 4, 530' (Conington). Positive +and negative sides of an action are more frequently combined in Latin +and Greek than in English, and 'sleepless vigil' would not be strange +even in English. --#siliquis#: 'pulse.' Hor., Ep., 2, 1, 123: _vivit +[vates] #siliquis# et pane secundo_. --#grandi polenta#: 'mighty messes +of porridge;' coarse, thick stuff (Macleane). '_Polenta_, +alphita+, +"pearl barley," a Greek, not a Roman dish (Plin., H. N., 18, 19, 28), +mentioned as a simple article of diet by Attalus, Seneca's preceptor +(Ep., 110, 18)' (Conington, after Jahn). + +56. #Samios# = Pythagorean, from Pythagoras of Samos. 'And the letter, +which is disparted into Samian branches, has pointed out to you the +steep path whose track is on the right.' --#diduxit#: as demanded by the +sense against the MSS., which have _deduxit_. --#littera#: The letter ++Y+, or rather its old form [[symbol]], was selected by Pythagoras to +embody the immemorial image of the two paths (Hesiod, O. et D., +287-292), so familiar in the apologue of Hercules at the cross-roads +(Xen., Comm., 2, 1, 20), and alluded to again by our author, 5, 34. +Hence this letter was called the Pythagorean; Auson., Id., 12, de litt. +monos., 9: _#Pythagorae# bivium ramis patet ambiguis_ +Y+ (comp. also +Id., 15, 1: _quod vitae sectabor iter?_) Hence the _rami Samii_ above. +'The stem stands for the unconscious life of infancy and childhood, the +diverging branches for the alternative offered to the youth, virtue or +vice' (Conington). + +57. #surgentem#: The path to the right is the _surgens callis_ of +Persius, the +orthios oimos+ of Hesiod. The character itself points +upward, and the right-hand path is a clear-cut line (_limes_), so that +there is no mistaking the road, unless you are bent on following +Shakspeare's 'primrose path of dalliance,' instead of 'the steep and +thorny path to heaven.' + +58. #stertis adhuc#: The preacher finds his audience still snoring, +despite his eloquence. As _stertis_ can not be divorced from what +follows, it is better to take it as an exclamation than as a rhetorical +question. --#laxumque caput#, etc.: 'Your head a-lolling with its +coupling loose, yawns a yawn of yesterday with jaws unhinged at every +point.' The head is _laxum_ on account of its weight. Comp. +karêbarein+ +Alciphr., 3, 32, and Menand., fr. 67 (4, 88 Mein.). + +59. #oscitat hesternum#: 'Yawning off yesterday' (Conington); the yawn +is yesterday's yawn, because it comes from yesterday's debauch, Alexis, +fr. 277 (3, 515 Mein.). --#undique#: 'from all points of the compass' +(Conington), 'an intentional exaggeration for _utraque parte_.' +--#malis#: Jahn's _malis?_ (1843) is not good. The description is too +minute for the interrogative form. + +60. #est aliquid#: Ironical; hence the expectation of a negative answer +is suppressed. G., 634, R. 1; A., 65, 2, _a_. --#quo# = _in quod_. +Schlüter combines with _tendis arcum_. --#in quod#: The other reading, +_in quo_, is unsatisfactorily defended by Hermann and Pretor. + +61. 'A wild-goose chase' is the corresponding English expression for the +Latin _corvos sequi_, the Greek +ta petomena diôkein+. 'Each word is +carefully selected. Thus the chase is a random one (_passim_), the +object worthless (_corvos_), the missile any thing that comes first to +hand' (Pretor, after Jahn). Jahn refers further to Aeschyl., Ag., 394 +(Dind.): +diôkei pais potanon ornin+. Familiar is Eurip.: +ptênas +diôkeis, ô teknon, tas elpidas+. + +62. #ex tempore#: 'for the moment,' 'at the beck of the moment,' 'by the +rule of the moment' (Conington). + +63-76. A general preachment begins. Wake up, you snorer. Wake up, all +you snorers. You are all sick, or all threatened with sickness. Do not +postpone the remedy until it is too late. That remedy is to be found in +the principles of true wisdom; in other words, in the doctrines of the +Stoic creed. Before the sermon is finished, the preacher notices an +unfriendly stir in his audience, and is punching a member of his +congregation when he is interrupted. + +63. #helleborum#: The black hellebore this time (1, 51). The black was +good for dropsy, Plin., H. N., 25, 5, 22. It was the great 'purger of +melancholy.' --#cutis aegra tumebit#: Comp. vv. 95, 98. --#venienti +occurrite morbo#: Every one will remember the well-worn Ovidian +_Principiis obsta_, R. A., 91. The comparison of moral with physical +disease was a favorite topic with the Stoics, who overdid it, according +to Cic., Tusc. Dis., 4, 10, 23. + +64. #poscentis#: Elsewhere Persius uses after _video_ the less vivid +Infinitive, 1, 19. 69; 3, 91. On the difference, see G., 527, R. 1; A., +72, 3, _d_. So after _facio_, 1, 44. + +65. #quid opus#: G., 390, R.; A., 52, 3, _a_. --#Cratero#: More +bookishness. Craterus was a famous physician of the time of Cicero. +Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 161. --#magnos promittere montis#: A proverbial +phrase, which survives in several modern languages: Fr. _monts et +merveilles_; Germ. _goldene Berge versprechen_. Jahn compares Ter., +Phormio, 1, 2, 18: _modo non #montis# auri pollicens_; Heinr., Sall., +Cat. 23: _maria #montis#que polliceri coepit_. + +66. #discite o#: To remove the hiatus, Barth suggested _io_, Guyet +_vos_. Hor., Od., 3, 14, 11: _male ominatis_, is not a parallel for the +hiatus, even if the reading be correct, and the parallel in Catull., 3, +16, is conjectural. --#causas cognoscite rerum#: Comp. Verg., Georg., 2, +490: _Felix qui potuit #rerum cognoscere causas#_, and _sapientia est +rerum divinarum et humanarum #causarumque scientia#_, Cic., Off., 2, +2, 5. On the connection of the different articles of this catechism, see +Knickenberg, l.c. p. 35 seqq. _Discite_ is the exhortation to the study +of philosophy. _Causas cognoscite rerum_ bids us pursue what the Stoics +called Physic, for without a knowledge of nature there can be no +knowledge of duty. Ethic is based on Physic; +telos esti to +homologoumenôs tê phusei zên+ (Stob., Ecl., 2, 132). See Long's +_Antoninus_, p. 56. The constitution of nature once understood, we shall +know what we owe to God, what to ourselves, what to mankind, what things +are good, what evil. _Quid fas optare_ refers to our duty to God, _quem +te deus esse iussit_ to our duty to ourselves, _patriae carisque +propinquis_ to our duty to our neighbors. But nothing is more evident +than the absence of any logical development. Comp. with the whole +passage, Sen., Ep., 82, 6: _sciat quo iturus sit, unde ortus, quod illi +bonum, quod malum sit, quid petat, quid evitet, quae sit illa ratio quae +appetenda ac fugienda discernat, qua cupiditatum mansuescit insania, +timorum saevitia conpescitur_. + +67. #quid sumus#: The independent form with the Indicative is more +lively; the regular dependent form with the Subjunctive comes in below, +v. 71. G., 469, R. 1; A., 67, 2, _d_. --#quidnam# = _quam vitam_. G., +331, R. 2; A., 52, 3, _a_, N. --#victuri#: The use of the Participle in +an interrogative clause is unnatural in English (G., 471). The future +Participle of purpose is late or poetical (G., 673; A., 72, 4, _a_). +'And what the life that we are born to lead.' --#ordo#: According to +Heinr. and Jahn _ordo_ is used with reference to the position in the +chariot-race, so that the comparison begins here, and not at _metae_. +Soph., El., 710: +stantes d' hin' autous hoi tetagmenoi brabeis | +klêrois epêlan kai katestêsan diphrous+. But as +taxis+ (_ordo_) is a +Stoic term, it is not unlikely that the use of the word suggested the +figure, which came in as an after-thought. The Stoic preacher, as well +as the Christian, finds it necessary to repeat himself in slightly +different forms, and we must not look for a sharp distinction between +_ordo quis datus_ and _humana qua parte locatus es in re_, between +_quidnam victuri gignimur_ and _quem te deus esse iussit_. + +68. #quis# = _qui_. So 1, 63. G., 105; A., 21, 1, _a_. --#qua et unde#: +where (how) it lies and from what point to begin, 'where to take it' +(Conington). Herm.'s _quam_ is not so good. --#metae flexus#: 'turn +round the goal.' The difficulty of rounding the goal in a chariot-race +is notorious. See Il., 23, 306 foll.; Soph., El., 720 foll., and the +commentators on Plato, Io, 537. With the expression _metae flexus_ Jahn +comp. Stat., Theb., 6, 433: _flexae-- metae_. _Mollis_, 'gradual,' +'easy.' So Caes., B. G., 5, 9: _#molle# litus_, of a gently sloping +shore. + +69. #quis modus argento#: The Sixth Satire deals with a similar theme. +--#quid fas optare#: the argument of the Second Satire. --#asper +nummus#: 'coin fresh from the mint,' 'rough from the die,' Suet., Nero, +44. So Jahn. Others consider this distinction too subtle, and make +_a. n._ simply equivalent to 'coined silver,' as opposed to 'silver +plate,' _argentum_. Conington suggests the meaning, 'What is the use of +money hoarded up and not circulated (_tritus_)?' Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 1, +41 foll., 73: _nescis quo valeat nummus? quem praebeat usum?_ + +70. #carisque propinquis#: Hor., Sat., 1, 1, 83. + +72. #locatus#: 'posted,' +tetagmenos+, 'a military metaphor' (Arrian, +Diss., 1, 9, 16; M. Anton., 11, 13). --#humana re#: 'humanity,' _inter +homines_. + +73. #disce, nec invideas#: sc. _discere_, according to Jahn. _His te +quoque iungere, Caesar | #invideo#_, Lucan., 2, 550, like +phthonein: mê +#phthonei# moi apokrinasthai touto+, Plat., Gorg., 489A. Persius singles +out one of his audience, who is tempted away from philosophy by his +gains as an advocate. Others, less satisfactorily, suppose that the +lawyer is outside of the congregation. On _#nec# invideas_, see 1, 7. +--#multa fidelia putet#: 'Many a jar of good things is spoiling;' 'The +details are contemptuous. There is a coarseness in fees paid in kind' +(Conington). Comp. Juv., 7, 119. --#pinguibus Umbris#: 'fat' in every +sense, in figure, in fortune, and in wit. In Mart., 7, 53, an Umbrian +sends by eight huge Syrian slaves a miscellaneous lot of presents, value +30 nummi-- a proceeding due as much to stupidity as to stinginess +(_parcus Umber_, Cat., 39, 11). The appearance of the Umbrians was not +prepossessing, if we may judge by Ovid's portrait of an Umbrian dame +(A. A., 3, 303-4). + +75. #et piper et pernae#: The _piper_ is not the Indian, but the +inferior Italian (Plin., H. N., 12, 7, 4; 16, 32, 59) (Meister). +_Pernae_, a stock present. Comp. _siccus #petasunculus# et vas | +pelamydum_, Juv., 7, 119. To supply _putet_ with _piper_ is not +satisfactory, and we must take refuge in Zeugma. Pretor is for dropping +v. 75, and sees in Persius's awkwardness traces of a _duplex recensio_, +as in vv. 12-14. --#Marsi#: For the simplicity of the Marsians, Jahn +compares Juv., 3, 169; 14, 180. + +76. #mena#: 'sprat,' cheap sea-fish of some sort. 'You have not yet come +to the last sprat of the first barrel' (Conington). --#defecerit#: As +_non quod_ more commonly takes the Subjunctive, the shifting to the +Subjunctive from the Indicative, after _nec invideas_, is not strange. +G., 541, R. 1; A., 66, 1, _d_, R. + +77-85. The discourse is cut short by a military man, who, with the +dogmatism of his class (_vieux soldat, vieille bête_), sets down all +philosophers as a pack of noodles. The lines of the picture which he +draws are familiar to every student of manners. 'Persius hates the +military cordially (comp. 5, 189-191) as the most perfect specimens of +developed animalism, and consequently most antipathetic to a +philosopher. See Nisard, _Études sur les Poetes Latins_ [1, 3^e éd. +273-277; Martha, _Moralistes Romains_, p. 141]. Horace merely glances at +the education their sons received, as contrasted with that given him by +his father, in spite of narrow means, Sat., 1, 6, 72. Juvenal has an +entire satire on them (16), in which he complains of their growing power +and exclusive privileges, but without any personal jealousy' +(Conington). Persius is so bookish that I suspect Greek influence. Comp. ++kompsos stratiôtês, oud' ean plattê theos, | oudeis genoit' an+, +Menand., fr. 711 (4, 277 Mein.). See Introd., xx. + +77. #de gente#: G., 371, R. 5; A., 50, 2, _e_, R. 1. _Gente_, 'tribe,' +'crew.' --#hircosa#: 'Rammish' is not too strong, opposed to +_unguentatus_ in a fragment of Sen., ap. Gell., 12, 2, 11 (cited by +Jahn). The unsavory soldier and the perfumed dandy are alike foes to the +simplicity of the Stoic school. Your old soldier prided himself on his +stench, as would appear from the dainty anecdote in Plutarch, Mor., +180C: +ô basileu, tharrei kai mê phobou to plêthos tôn polemiôn, auton +gar hêmôn #ton grason# ouch hupomenousi+. --#centurionum#: The rank is +higher, but the intellectual level is that of the typical German +_Wachtmeister_. + +78. #Quod sapio satis est mihi#: Jahn (1868); _Quod satis est sapio +mihi_, Jahn (1843), Herm. With the latter reading the words _quod satis +est = satis_ must be taken together, and a little more stress is laid on +_mihi_. The general sense is the same. Comp. Plato, Phaedr., 242C: ++hôsper hoi ta grammata phauloi #hoson emautô monon# hikanos+, with a +very different tone. --#non ego#: 'no-- not I.' See 1, 45. --#curo#: +'care,' i.e., 'want.' See 2, 18. + +79. #Arcesilas#: Arcesilaus, the founder of the New Academy, flourished +about 300 B.C. His great advance on Socrates was his knowing that he did +not even know that he knew nothing, Cic., Acad., 1, 12, 45. Solon +flourished about 600 B.C. Our hircose friend is made to jumble his +samples. --#aerumnosi Solones#: Notice the contemptuous use of the +Plural. _Aerumnosus_, +kakodaimôn+, 'God-forsaken,' 'poor devil,' is a +strange epithet for Solon, but we have to do with an ignoramus and a +jolter-head. + +80. #obstipo capite#: 'with stooped head,' 'bent forward,' +kekuphotes+. +Hor., Sat., 2, 5, 92: _Davus sis comicus atque | stes capite #obstipo#, +multum similis metuenti._ Comp. the description of Ulysses in Il., 3, +217 foll. --#figentes lumine terram#: Jahn quotes a parallel from Stat., +Silv., 5, 1, 140. More common forms are _figere lumina terra, in humo, +in terram_. 'They bore the ground with their eyes,' 'look at it as if +they would look through it.' Casaubon comp. Plat., Alcib. II., 138A. Add +Lucian, Vit. Auct., 7; Aristaenet., 1, 15. + +81. #murmura#: Imitated by Auson., Id., 17, 24: _murmure concluso +rabiosa silentia rodunt_. --#rabiosa#: 'Mad dogs do not bark.' +--#silentia#: Poetic Plural; very common. --#rodunt#: 'biting the lips +and grinding the teeth.' 'Whether _murmura_ and _silentia_ are +Accusatives of the object, or cognates, is not clear' (Conington). +'Chewing the cud of mumbled words and mad-dog silence' is very much in +the vein of Persius. Comp. _rarus sermo illis et magna libido tacendi_, +Juv., 2, 14. + +82. #exporrecto trutinantur#: The lips are thrust out (a sign of deep +thought) and quiver like a balance; hence they are said 'to poise their +words upon the quivering balance of a thrust-out lip'-- a caricature of +the simple figure _ponderare verba_. Jahn compares Luc., Hermot., 1, 1: ++kai #ta cheilê diesaleues# êrema hupotonthoruzôn+; and Casaubon, +Aristaen., 2, 3: +êrema #tô cheilê kinei# kai atta dêpou pros heauton +psithurizei+. + +83. #aegroti veteris#: The _aegri somnia_ of Hor., A. P., 7. As usual, +Persius exaggerates, and makes the sick man (_aegroti_) a dotard to boot +(_veteris_). Jahn understands, 'a confirmed invalid.' Comp. Juv., 9, 16: +_#aegri veteris# quem tempore longo | torret quarta dies_, etc. --#gigni +| de nihilo nihilum#: The cardinal doctrine of Epicurus (Lucr., 1, 150), +but not confined to him. + +85. #hoc est quod palles#: G., 331, R. 2; A., 52, 1, _b_. Comp. 1, 124. +The Cognate Accusative is susceptible of a great variety of +translations. 'Is this the stuff that you get pale on?' (Pretor). 'Is +this what makes you pale?' --#prandeat#: The _prandium_, originally a +military meal, was dear to the military stomach. Comp. _#impransi# +correptus voce magistri_, Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 257. + +86. #his#: Abl. Conington makes it a Dative, and cites an evident Abl. +to prove it, Verg., Aen., 4, 128. Jahn comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 8, 83: +_ridetur fictis rerum_. --#multum#: with _torosa_, according to Jahn. + +87. Conington notices the grandiloquence of the line. 'Cloth of frize' +is often 'matched' with 'cloth of gold' in Persius. --#naso crispante#: +'curling nostrils.' The mob laughs, the soldiers snicker. The listening +rabble is frankly amused. The crew to which the centurion belongs sneer +too much to laugh out. Or perhaps the poet makes the distinction between +the general _ridere_ (+gelan+) and the mocking laughter of _cachinnare_ +(+kanchazein+). + +88-106. It is strange, as Pretor observes, that the sudden change +introduced by this line should not have been noticed by the +commentators. With a more mature artist there would be a suspicion of +dislocation. As it is, the unity of the Satire would gain by omitting +66-87. Persius composed slowly, and we find here as elsewhere traces of +piecemeal work. + +The preacher takes up his parable. A man feels sick, consults a +physician, lies by; is more comfortable, takes a fancy to a bath and a +draught of wine. He meets a friend, perhaps his medical friend, on the +way. 'My dear fellow, you are pale as a ghost.' --'Pshaw!' --'Look out! +You are yellow as saffron, and bless me! if you are not swelling.' +--'Pale? Why, you are paler than I am. Don't come the guardian over me. +My guardian has been dead a year and a day.' --'Go ahead, I'm mum.' --He +goes ahead, stuffs himself, takes his bath. While he is drinking a chill +strikes him, and he is a dead man. No expense spared on the funeral. +'You can't mean that for me,' says a literalist. 'If I'm sick, you are +another. I have no fever, no ague.' Nay, but you are subject to the +worst of diseases-- to the fever of covetousness, the fever of lust, to +daintiness with its sore mouth, to fear with its cold chill, and, worse +than all, to the raging delirium of anger. + +88. #inspice#: +episkepsai+, a medical term. Comp. Plaut., Pers., 2, 5, +15. --#nescio quid#: G., 469, R. 2; A., 67, 2, _e_. _Quid_ is the +Accusative of the Inner Object. 'I have a strange fluttering at my +heart.' --#aegris#: 'out of order.' As _aegris_ is emphatic, co-ordinate +in English. There is 'something wrong about my throat _and_--' + +89. #exsuperat#: Neuter. Comp. _#exsuperant# flammae_, Verg., Aen., 2, +759. --#gravis#: 'foul.' So Ov., A. A., 3, 277: _#gravis# oris odor_. +--#sodes#: The original form is commonly supposed to be _si audes_ +(_saudes_), Plaut., Trin., 2, 1, 18; from _audeo_ (comp. _avidus_), 'if +you have the heart,' 'an thou wilt,' A., 35, 2, _a_. Others put _sodes_ +under SA (pron.), as akin to _sodalis_, and comp. +êtheios+, 'own dear +friend,' '_mon cher_.' See Vanicek, _Lat. Etym. Wb._, S. 165. _Sodes_ = +_socius_ is an old tradition. + +90. #requiescere#: 'keep quiet.' --#postquam vidit#: with a causal +shade. See 5, 88; 6,10, and G., 567; A., 62, 2, _e_. + +91. #tertia nox#: The patient thinks that he has the more common +semitertian, whereas he has the quartan. When the third night comes +without a chill, he fancies that he is safe. + +92. #de maiore domo#: The 'great house' is clearly that of a rich +friend, rather than that of a large dealer. Casaubon compares Juv., 5, +32: _cardiaco numquam cyathum, missurus amico_. --#modice sitiente +lagoena#: Thirst and capacity are near akin; a flagon of moderate thirst +is a flagon 'of moderate swallow,' as Conington renders it. The +personification of the flagon is old and not uncommon. See the humorous +epigram, Anthol. Pal., 5, 135. + +93. #lenia Surrentina#: _Lenia_ is either 'mild' or 'mellow.' The +Surrentine was a light wine often recommended to invalids, Plin., H. N., +14, 6, 8; 23, 1, 20. --#loturo#: He asks _before_ bathing; he drinks +_after_ bathing. For the custom Jahn compares Sen., Ep., 122, 6. +--#rogabit#: So Jahn (1868) and Hermann. Jahn (1843) reads _rogavit_, +like the Greek Aorist in descriptions. The Future makes it more +distinctly a supposed case. + +94. #videas#: rather optative than imperative in its tone. + +95. #surgit#: 'is swelling,' 'getting bloated.' --#tacite#: 'insensibly' +(Conington). --#pellis#: 'hide.' Comp. Juv., 10, 192: _deformem pro cute +#pellem#_. + +96. #At tu deterius#: _Le trait est comique. Ce serait de la gaieté, si +Perse savait rire_, Nisard. --#ne sis mihi tutor#, etc.: Proverbial. So +Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 88: _ne sis patruus mihi_. + +97. #iam pridem sepeli#: Comp. _Omnes composui. Felices! Nunc ego +resto_, Hor., Sat., 1, 9, 28. _Sepeli_ for _sepelii_ (_sepelivi_), +a rare contraction. --#turgidus his epulis#: Hor., Ep., 1, 6, 61: _crudi +#tumidique# lavemur_, and comp. Juv., 1, 142 seqq: _paena tamen +praesens, cum tu deponis amictus | #turgidus# et crudum pavonem in +balnea portas | hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus_. --#hic#: +'our man.' --#albo ventre#: _Turgidus epulis_ is one feature, _albo +ventre_ another. _Ventre_ does not depend on _turgidus_. The color +(+leukos+) is a sign of weakness and sickness. The swollen belly makes a +ghastly show. --#lavatur#: 'takes his bath.' Comp. G., 209; A., 39, _c_, +N. + +99. #sulpureas mefites#: _Mefitis_ is originally the vapor from +sulphur-water; hence the propriety of the epithet _sulpureas_. + +100. #calidum triental#: The wine was heated to bring out the sweat. +_Bibere et sudare vita cardiaci est_, Sen., Ep., 15, 3. --#triental#: +restored by Jahn (1843) for _trientem_, to which he returned in 1868. +_Triens_ is the measure, 1/3 sextarius, _triental_ would be the vessel. +Comp. with this passage Lucil., 28, 39-40 (L. M.): _ad cui? quem febris +una atque una +apepsia+ | vini inquam #cyathus# unus potuit tollere_. + +101. #crepuere#: Vivid Aorist, not a simple return to the narrative +form. Comp. 5, 187. For the Greek, which Persius imitates, see Kühner, +_Ausf. Gramm._ (_2te Ausg._), 2, 138. --#retecti#: He shows his teeth +when he chatters. + +102. #uncta#: Remember the large use of oil in Italian cookery. +--#cadunt# = _vomuntur_, but there is a certain helplessness in +_cadunt_. --#pulmentaria#: originally +opson+, 'relish,' afterward +'dainties.' See the Dictionaries. + +103. #hinc#: 'hereupon.' --#tuba#: Trumpets announced the death, and +trumpets were sounded at the funeral. See Hor., Sat., 1, 6, 42. +--#candelae# = _cerei_, 'wax lights,' supposed by Jahn and others to +have been used chiefly when the death was sudden, on the basis of Sen., +Tranq., 11, 7. --#tandem#: 'After all the preliminary performances' +(Macleane). --#beatulus#: +makaritês+. Jahn cites Amm. Marcell., 25, 3: +_quem cum #beatum# fuisse Sallustius respondisset praefectus, intellexit +occisum_. 'The dear departed' (Conington). 'Our sainted friend.' +--#alto#: A mark of a first-class funeral. + +104. #conpositus#: 'laid out.' 'By foreign hands thy decent limbs +_composed_,' Pope. --#crassis lutatus amomis#: Every word is +contemptuous: 'bedaubed with lots of coarse ointments.' The Plural +_amoma_ indicates the cheap display. With _crassis_, comp. Hor., A. P., +375: _#crassum# unguentum_; with _amomis_, Juv., 4, 108: _#amomo# | +quantum vix redolent duo funera_. + +105. #in portam#: A custom at least as old as Homer, Il., 19, 212. +_Porta_ here = _ianua_, _fores_, but 'nowhere else' (Macleane). +--#rigidas#: The gender of _calx_ is unsteady. See Neue, _Formenlehre_, +1, 694. + +106. #hesterni Quirites#: 'Citizens of twenty-four hours' standing' +(Conington); slaves left free by him. Hence _capite induto_, with the +_pilleus_ 'cap of liberty' on. The winding up of the man reminds one of +Petron., 42: _bene elatus est, planctus est optime, manumisit aliquot_. + +107. Persius hauls out his man-of-straw, his _souffre-douleur_, and +makes him talk. --#Tange venas#: 'Feel my pulse,' the regular +expression, as in Sen., Ep., 22, 1: _vena #tangenda# est_. --#miser#: +Comp. v. 15. 'You're another!' 'Poor creature yourself' (Conington). +--#pone in pectore dextram#: If you are not satisfied with my pulse, put +your hand on my heart. + +108. #nil calet hic#: After some hesitation, I have given the whole +passage from _Tange miser_ to _non frigent_ to one person, who +anticipates the verdict of the monitor by _nil calet hic_ and _non +frigent_. 'You must admit that my heart is not hot nor my feet cold.' At +the same time the very clearness is an objection. + +109. #Visa est si forte#: On the form of the conditional, see G., 569; +A., 59, 2, _b_. On the obvious thought, see 2, 52 foll.; 4, 47. + +111. #rite#: 'regularly.' --#positum est#: 'served up.' + +112. #durum holus#: 'tough cabbage,' 'half boiled' (Pretor). --#populi# +(= _plebis_) #cribro#: 'A coarse, common sieve.' Hence _p. c. decussa +farina_, 'coarse-bolted flour,' the _panis secundus_ of Horace, Ep., 2, +1, 123, the 'seconds' of the modern miller. The ancients were very +dainty in this article. The parasite in Alciphron (1, 21, 2) expresses +his disgust at the +artos ho ex agoras+. + +114. #putre quod haud deceat#: The Relative with the Subjunctive is +parallel with the Adjective. G., 439, R. Comp. 1, 14. _Haud deceat_, 'it +won't do,' 'it won't answer.' --#plebeia beta#: The beet is a vulgar +vegetable, Mart., 13, 13 (Jahn). The irony is evident, as the beet is +proverbially tender. See Dictionaries, s.v. _betizare_. + +115. #excussit#: _Excutere aristas_ seems to be a vulgar expression, +like the English 'raise a goose-skin, goose-flesh, duck-flesh.' +--#aristas# = _pilos_. Jahn refers to Varro, L. L., 6, 49. --#timor +albus#: See note on Prol., 4. + +116. #face supposita#: The heart is the caldron and passion the +fire-brand. + +118. #Orestes#: the typical madman. + + +CRITICAL APPENDIX. + +SATURA III. + +11. #harundo#: arundo, J{a}., H. --12. #querimur#: queritur, J{a}. +--#umor#: humor, J{a}., H. --13. #quod#: J{a}., H.; sed, J{w}. --14. +#querimur#: queritur, J{a}. --15. #hucine#: huccine, J{a}., H. --17. +#pappare#: papare, J{a}. --29. #censoremne#: Casaubon.; censoremque, +J{w}.; censoremve, J{a}., H. --31. #Nattae?# J{a}., H.; Nattae. J{w}. +--32. #vitio et#: _om._ et H. --46. #discere non sano#: dicere et +insano, H. --48. #iure: (;)#: J{a}., H.; iure etenim, J{w}. --53. +#bracatis#: braccatis, H. --56. #diduxit#: deduxit, H. --58. #adhuc#: +adhuc? J{a}. --59. #malis!#: malis? J{a}. --60. #in quod#: in quo, H. +--68. #qua#: quam, H. --73. #nec#: neque, J{a}. --76. #mena#: maena, +J{a}. --78. #quod sapio satis est mihi#: quod satis est sapio mihi, +J{a}., H. --89. #alitus#: halitus, J{a}., H. --92. #lagoena#: lagena, +J{a}., H. --93. #rogabit#: rogavit, J{a}. --94. #istuc#: istud, J{a}., +H. --99. #sulpureas exalante#: sulfureas exhalante, J{a}., H. +--#mefites#: mephites, J{a}. --100. #triental#: J{a}.; trientem, J{w}., +H. --105. #rigidas#: rigidos, J{a}. --112. #holus#: olus, J{a}., H. + + + * * * * * + + + SATURA IV. + + + 'Rem populi tractas?' barbatum haec crede magistrum + dicere, sorbitio tollit quem dira cicutae + 'quo fretus? dic hoc, magni pupille Pericli. + scilicet ingenium et rerum prudentia velox + ante pilos venit, dicenda tacendaque calles. 5 + ergo ubi commota fervet plebecula bile, + fert animus calidae fecisse silentia turbae + maiestate manus. quid deinde loquere? "Quirites, + hoc puta non iustum est, illud male, rectius illud." + scis etenim iustum gemina suspendere lance 10 + ancipitis librae, rectum discernis, ubi inter + curva subit, vel cum fallit pede regula varo, + et potis es nigrum vitio praefigere theta. + quin tu igitur, summa nequiquam pelle decorus, + ante diem blando caudam iactare popello 15 + desinis, Anticyras melior sorbere meracas! + quae tibi summa boni est? uncta vixisse patella + semper et adsiduo curata cuticula sole? + exspecta, haud aliud respondeat haec anus. i nunc + "Dinomaches ego sum," suffla "sum candidus." esto; 20 + dum ne deterius sapiat pannucia Baucis, + cum bene discincto cantaverit ocima vernae.' + Ut nemo in sese temptat descendere, nemo, + sed praecedenti spectatur mantica tergo! + quaesieris 'Nostin Vettidi praedia?' "Cuius?" 25 + 'Dives arat Curibus quantum non miluus errat.' + "Hunc ais, hunc dis iratis genioque sinistro, + qui, quandoque iugum pertusa ad compita figit, + seriolae veterem metuens deradere limum + ingemit: _hoc bene sit!_ tunicatum cum sale mordens 30 + caepe et farrata pueris plaudentibus olla + pannosam faecem morientis sorbet aceti?" + at si unctus cesses et figas in cute solem, + est prope te ignotus, cubito qui tangat et acre + despuat 'hi mores! penemque arcanaque lumbi 35 + runcantem populo marcentis pandere vulvas! + tu cum maxillis balanatum gausape pectas, + inguinibus quare detonsus gurgulio exstat? + quinque palaestritae licet haec plantaria vellant + elixasque nates labefactent forcipe adunca, 40 + non tamen ista filix ullo mansuescit aratro.' + caedimus inque vicem praebemus crura sagittis. + vivitur hoc pacto; sic novimus. ilia subter + caecum vulnus habes; sed lato balteus auro + praetegit. ut mavis, da verba et decipe nervos, 45 + si potes. 'Egregium cum me vicinia dicat, + non credam?' Viso si palles, inprobe, nummo, + si facis in penem quidquid tibi venit amarum, + si puteal multa cautus vibice flagellas: + nequiquam populo bibulas donaveris aures. 50 + respue, quod non es; tollat sua munera cerdo; + tecum habita: noris, quam sit tibi curta supellex. + + +NOTES. + +FOURTH SATIRE. + +The theme of this Satire is contained in the closing verses. It is the +Apollinic +gnôthi sauton+. Want of self-knowledge is the fault which is +scourged. The basis is furnished by the Platonic dialogue, known as the +First Alcibiades, and the characters are the same. The person lectured +under the mask of Alcibiades is a young Roman noble, in whom +commentators of a certain school have recognized the familiar features +of Nero. + + +ARGUMENT.-- Socrates is supposed to be addressing Alcibiades. You +undertake to engage in politics? You rely on your genius, do you? What +do you know of the norms of right and wrong, you callow youngster? What +do you know of the subtle distinctions of casuistry, that you undertake +to say what is just and what is unjust? You have a goodly outside, but +that is all, and you are fitter for a course of hellebore than for a +career of statesmanship. What is your end and aim in life? Dainty dishes +and basking in the sunshine? The first old crone you meet has the same +exalted ideal. Or do you boast of your descent? You praise your lineage, +you trumpet forth your beauty, just as yon market-woman cries up her +greens (1-22). + +You do not know yourself. Who knows himself? Every one sees his +neighbor's faults, no one his own. You sneer at the curmudgeon who +groans out a health over the sour stuff he gives his laborers on a +holiday (23-32). And while you make mock at him, some fellow, who is +standing at your side, nudges you with his elbow, and tells you that you +are as bad as he, though in another way (33-41). And so we give and take +punishment. This is our plan of life. We hide our faults from ourselves. +We get testimonials from our neighbors to impose on our own consciences. +Awake to righteousness! Put your goodness to the test! If you yield to +the temptation of covetousness, of lust, in vain will you drink in the +praises of the rabble. Reject what you are not. Let Rag, Tag, and +Bobtail take away their tributes. Live with yourself, and you will find +out how scanty is your moral furniture (42-52). + + +Jahn regards this Satire as the earliest of the six, and it certainly +shows even greater immaturity than the others. The well-known +individuality of Socrates is coarsely handled, the irony lacks the +subtle play, the mischievous good-nature of the great Athenian; and +though the glaring anachronisms may be defended by such exemplars as +Horace (notably in Sat., 2, 5), there is all the difference in the world +between the sly humor of the older poet, who peeps from behind the Greek +mask and winks at the Roman audience, and the grim contortions of the +beardless representative of the bearded master. + +The indecency of a part of the Satire is considered by Teuffel a valid +objection to the view taken by Jahn, but the imagination of early youth +and the experience of corrupt old age often meet in disgusting detail, +and the obscenities of bookish men are among the worst in literature. +Add to this the peculiar views of the Stoic school as to the corruption +of the flesh (2, 63), and the consequent Stoic tendency to degrade the +body by the most contemptuous representations of physical functions, and +we can the more readily understand how Marcus Antoninus, the purest +character of his time, should have besmirched his Meditations with +passages which lack a parallel for their crudity; and why Persius, the +poet of virginal life, should have outdone the _praegrandis senex_ of +Attic comedy in the coarseness of his expressions. + + +1-22. Socrates exposes the incompetence of Alcibiades for affairs of +state, his lack of ethical training, his need of a just balance, his +grovelling views of life, his puerile pride in his ancient family and in +his handsome face. Socrates and Alcibiades were contrasts so tempting +that dialogues between them were favorite philosophical exercises. + +1. #rem populi# = _rem publicam_. --#tractas?# On the form of the +question, see G., 455; A., 71, 1, R. Comp. Plato, Alc. I., p. 106C: ++dianoei gar parienai sumbouleusôn Athênaiois entos ou pollou chronou+, +and further, p. 118B, and Conv., p. 216A. --#barbatum#: The beard was +the conventional mark of the philosopher in the time of Persius; it is +an anachronism in the case of Socrates, who lived before shaving was the +rule and the beard a badge. However, the custom was old in Persius's +day, and the slip is slight. So Plato's long beard is noticed by +Ephippus ap. Athen., 11, p. 509C (3, 332 Mein.). Comp. Juv., 14, 12: +_barbatos-- magistros_. --#crede#: advertises a want of art. + +2. #sorbitio#: 'draught,' 'dose.' So Sen., E. M., 78, 25. --#tollit# = +_sustulit_. A solitary Historical Present with a relative is harsh to us +for all the examples and all the commentators. + +3. #quo fretus?# See 3, 67. Comp. Plato, Alc. I., p. 123E: +ti oun pot' +estin hotô #pisteuei# to meirakion+. --#magni pupille Pericli#: Because +Alcibiades owed his start in life to his guardian and kinsman Pericles. +See Plat., l.c. p. 104B. For the form _Pericli_, see G., 72; A., 11, I., +4. + +4. #scilicet#: Ironical, 1, 15; 2, 19. 'Of course.' Comp. the old 'God +wot.' --#ingenium et rerum prudentia#: 'wit and wisdom.' _Prudentia_ may +be translated 'knowledge,' and _rerum_ 'world,' 'life,' but not +necessarily. See 1, 1. --#velox#: Predicative (Schol.), 'have been quick +in coming' (Conington). + +5. #ante pilos#: 'before your beard.' 'A contrast with _barbatum +magistrum_' (Conington), but _b._ can hardly be used in the same breath +as the mark of mature years and as the ensign of a philosopher. +--#venit#: On the number, see G., 281, Exc. 2; A., 49, 1, _b._ +--#dicenda tacendaque#: Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 7, 72-- _dicenda tacenda +locutus_-- for the expression. For the sense, Conington comp. Aeschylus, +Cho., 582: +sigan hopou dei kai legein ta kairia+. In Horace it means +'all sorts of things;' here, 'what you must say, what leave unsaid.' + +6. #commota fervet bile#: Comp. Hor., Od., 1, 13, 4: _fervens difficili +#bile# tumet iecur_. + +7. #fert animus#: Well-known phrase of Ov., Met., 1, 1. So in Greek, ++pherei ho nous, hê gnômê, hê phrên+. The verse has a stately irony, and +should have a stately translation. 'The spirit moves you' (Pretor) is +degraded to slang. 'Your bosom's lord biddeth you wave a hush profound.' +--#fecisse#: Comp. 1, 91. --#silentia#: Comp. 3, 81. + +8. #maiestate manus#: 'with majestic hand'. (G., 357, R. 2), 'by the +imposing action of your hand' (Conington). --#quid deinde loquere?# The +orator has not considered his speech. 'Now that you have got your +silence, what have you got to say.' --#Quirites#: Persius drops his +Greek. Alcibiades is a mere quintain. + +9. #puta#: 'put case,' 'say,' 'for instance,' is an iambic Imperative, +with the ultimate shortened, like _cav[)-e]_, _vid[)-e]_, etc., 1, 108. +Hermann gives it to Socrates, which is favored by the sense; Jahn and +others to Alcibiades, as caricatured by Socrates, which is favored by +the position. Heinrich reads _puto_. + +10. #scis etenim#, etc.: _and_ (well you may) _for you know how_, etc. +On _scis_, see 1, 53; on _etenim_, 3, 48. Comp. Plato, l.c. 110C: +ôou +ara epistasthai kai pais ôn, hôs eoike, ta dikaia kai ta adika+. It may +be necessary to observe that all this is sarcasm. Conington takes it +literally, and considers these statements as so many concessions. +--#gemina lance# = _geminis lancibus_. Comp. Ov., A. A., 2, 644: +_geminus pes_. + +11. #ancipitis#: 'wavering.' --#rectum discernis#: 'You can distinguish +the straight line when it runs among crooked lines on either hand-- ay, +even when your square with twisted leg is but a faulty guide.' The +straight line is virtue, the crooked lines are vices. The difficulty of +picking out the right course is much enhanced when the rule by which we +go is itself warped-- that is, 'as Casaubon explains it, when justice +has to be corrected by equity.' The _regula_ here is not the _regula_ of +5, 38, but the _norma_, or carpenter's square. + +13. #potis es#: See 1, 56. --#theta#: +Th+, the initial of +thanatos+, +was the mark of condemnation used in the time of Persius, instead of the +older C (_condemno_). It was also employed in epitaphs, in army lists, +and the like, for 'deceased.' Translate 'black mark.' + +14. #quin desinis#: See 2, 71. --#tu#: The elision of the monosyllable +is harsh (Jahn). See 1, 51. 66. 131. --#igitur#: 'If all this is so, why +then--.' Comp. the indignant _igitur_ (+eita+) of 1, 98. --#summa pelle +decorus#: Hor. Ep., 1, 16, 45: _Introrsus turpem, speciosum #pelle +decora#_. --#nequiquam#: 'because you can not impose on me.' Comp. 3, 30 +(Conington). + +15. #ante diem#: 'before your time.' --#blando caudam iactare popello#: +Casaubon thinks that a peacock is meant, Jahn suggests a horse. The +Scholiast says that the image is that of a (pet) dog. _Pelle decorus_ +would not apply to the peacock, nor very well to the horse. It does +apply to Alcibiades as the lion's whelp of Aristoph., Ran., 1431. Comp. +the famous description in Aeschyl., Agam., 725 (Dindorf). The comparison +of politicians with lions is found also in Plato, Gorg., 483E. The only +difficulty lies in _blando popello_, but petting implies _blanditiae_ on +both sides. 'The dog fawns on those who caress him' (Conington). +--#popello#: contemptuously, 6, 50; Hor., Ep., 1, 7, 65. + +16. #Anticyras#: There were two towns of that name, one on the Maliac +Gulf, the other in Phocis; both famous for their hellebore, but +especially the latter. The town for its product, after the pattern of +Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 83; A. P., 300 (Jahn). The Plural is the familiar +poetic exaggerative. --#meracas#: 'undiluted,' 'without a drop of +water.'Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 137: _expulit helleboro morbum bilemque +#meraco#_. On the use of hellebore as a preparative for philosophy, +comp. the well-known experience of Chrysippus: +ou themis genesthai +sophon, ên mê tris ephexês tou elleborou piês+, Lucian, Vit. Auct., 23 +(1, 564 R.). --#melior sorbere# = _qui melius sorberes_ (comp. _quo +graves Persae #melius# perirent_, Hor., Od., 1, 2, 22). + +17. #summa boni# = _summum bonum_. --#uncta patella#: 'rich dishes.' +Comp. 3, 102. The reference to a sacrificial dish (3, 26) is less +likely. As the character of Alcibiades is not kept up with any care by +Persius, it is hardly worth while to note that he was a most sensitive +_gourmet_, as is shown by the curious anecdote, Teles ap. Stob., Flor., +5, 67. --#vixisse#: The Perfect with intention. G., 275, 1; A., 58, 11, +_e._ 'To have the satisfaction of _having lived_ on the daintiest fare,' +so that you may say when you come to die, _vixi dum vixi bene_. Comp. +Sen., Ep., 23, 10: _Id agendum est ut satis #vixerimus#_. + +18. #curata cuticula sole#: with reference to the _apricatio_ or +_insolatio_. Comp. Juv., 11, 203: _nostra bibat vernum contracta +#cuticula solem#_. What was a matter of hygiene became a matter of +luxury. The sun-cure has been revived of late years. _Curare cuticulam_, +_cutem_, _pelliculam_ is commonly used of 'good living' generally, +'taking very good care of one's dear little self.' See Hor., Ep., 1, 2, +29. 4, 15; Sat., 2, 5, 38; Juv., 2, 105. --#haec#: +deiktikôs+. --#i +nunc#: '_Irridentis vel exprobrantis formula_,' Jahn, who gives an +overwhelming list of examples (comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 6, 17; 2, 3, 76). The +usage requires it to be connected with _suffla_. 'Go on, then, and blow +as you have been blowing.' _Suffla_ in this sense is quite as 'low' as +our Americanism. Persius has the aristocrat's contempt for superfine +language, and by a natural reaction falls, not unfrequently, into slang. +Jahn compares 5, 13 and 3, 27, and the Greek proverbial expression ++phusa gar ou smikroisin auliskois epi+. Add Menand., fr. 296 (4, 157 +Mein.): +hoioi laloumen ontes hoi trisathlioi | hapantes #hoi phusôntes +eph' heautois mega#+. 'Mouth it out' (Conington), 'spout it out' +(Macleane). + +20. #Dinomaches#: The mother of Alcibiades came of the great house of +the Alcmaeonidae, and it was to her that he owed his connection with +Pericles. The Gen. without _filius_ (G., 360, R. 3; A., 50, 1, _b_) is +rare in the predicate. --#candidus# = _pulcher_. Comp. 3, 110. The +beauty of Alcibiades is well known, Plat., l.c. p. 104A. --#esto#: ++eien+; an ironical concession. + +21. #dum ne#: Comp. G., 575; A., 61, 3. Final sentences are often +elliptical (comp. note on 1, 4). 'Only you must admit that,' etc.; '_dum +ne neges deterius sapere_.' --#pannucia#: Here not 'ragged,' but +'shrivelled.' Comp. Mart., 11, 46, 3. --#Baucis#: The name is copied +from the Baucis of Ovid, Met., 8, 640, the wife of Philemon, the Joan of +the antique Darby; a poor woman, who had a patch of vegetables. The +_anicula quae agreste holus vendebat_, in Petron., 6, is a similar +figure. + +22. #bene#: with _discincto_, according to Jahn, who compares _bene +mirae_, 1, 111. Mr. Pretor says that if thus combined, '_bene_ is weak +and adds nothing to the picture.' He forgets that there is such a thing +as being _male discinctus_. Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 2, 132: _#discincta# +tunica fugiendum est ac pede nudo_. If _bene_ is combined with +_cantaverit_, it must be used in its mercantile sense with _vendere_, +_cantare_ being equivalent to _cantando vendere_. 'When she has cried +off her herbs at a good figure.' --#discincto vernae#: _Verna_, of +itself a synonym for all that is saucy and pert, is heightened by +_discinctus_, for which see 3, 31. --#ocima#: 'basil,' 'water-cress,' or +what not, stands for 'greens' generally. Jahn thinks that it was an +aphrodisiac, referring to Eubul., fr. 53 (3, 229 Mein.). Persius, as we +have seen, delights in picturesque detail, and his comparisons must not +be pressed. Alcibiades cries his wares, just as the herb-seller cries +hers. So the 'apple-woman' or 'orange-girl' in modern times might be +selected as the standard of a rising politician, hawking his wares from +hustings to hustings, from stump to stump. The far-fetched +interpretation that _ocima cantare_ = _convicia ingerere_, because, as +Pliny tells us (19, 7), 'basil is to be sown with curses,' may be +mentioned as a specimen of the way in which the text of our author has +been smothered by learning. + +23-41. The satire becomes more general. No one tries to know his own +faults; each has his eyes fixed on his neighbor's short-comings. Take +some rich skinflint, and, as soon as he is mentioned, the details of his +meanness will be spread before us. And yet you are as great a sinner in +a different direction. Comp. M. Anton., 7, 71: +geloion esti tên men +idian kakian mê pheugein ho kai dunaton esti, tên de tôn allôn pheugein +hoper adunaton+. + +23. #Ut#: _how_. --#in sese descendere#: 'go down into his own heart.' +The thought is simply _noscere se ipsum_. The heart is a depth, a well, +a cellar, a sea. This is not the _recede in te ipsum quantum potes_ of +Sen., Ep., 7, 8. Comp. M. Anton., 4, 3. Still less is it Mr. Pretor's +'enter the lists against yourself,' which would make 'self' at once the +arena and the antagonist. + +24. #spectatur#: The positive (_quisque_) must be supplied from the +preceding negative. Comp. G., 446, R.; M., 462 b. --#mantica#: According +to the familiar fable of Aesop (Phaedr., 4, 10), each man carries two +wallets. The one which holds his own faults is carried on his back; the +other, which contains his neighbor's, hangs down over his breast. Comp. +Catull., 22, 21: _sed non videmus #manticae# quod in tergo est_. Persius +reduces the two wallets to one. Each man's knapsack of faults is open to +the inspection of all save himself. + +25. #quaesieris#: G., 250; A., 60, 2, _b_; +eroit' an tis+. Persius gets +away from Socrates and Alcibiades into a land of shadowy second persons. +One of these is supposed to ask another whether he knows a certain +estate. The casual question leads to a caustic characteristic of the +owner, which is interrupted by another indefinite character, who quotes +an _ignotus aliquis_, and the general impression at the close is that +every body is violently preached at except the son of Dinomache, with +whom we started. --#Vettidi#: With the characteristic of Vettidius, +comp. Horace's Avidienus (_cui canis cognomen_, Sat., 2, 2, 55), and the ++aneleutheros+ and the +mikrologos+ of Theophrastus. + +26. #Curibus#: in the land of the Sabines, the land of frugal habits. +Comp. 6, 1. --#miluus errat#: So Jahn (1868). _Miluus_ is trisyllabic, +as in Hor., Epod., 16, 31. Hermann, _oberrat_; Jahn (1843), _oberret_. +The expression is proverbial: _quantum #milvi# volant_, Petron., 37. +Comp. Juv., 9, 55. + +27. #dis iratis genioque sinistro#: Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 8: _#iratis# +natus paries #dis# atque poetis_. A substantive expression of quality +without a common noun is rare in Latin as in English (M., 287, Obs. 3), +but not limited in time. See Dräger, _Histor. Syntax_, § 226. 'The +aversion of the gods and at war with his genius,' his 'second self,' who +'delights in good living,' _quia genius laute vivendo gaudere putabatur_ +(Jahn). + +28. #quandoque# = _quandocumque_, as Hor., Od., 4, 1, 17, 2, 34. +--#pertusa# = _pervia_, according to Jahn; 'roads and thoroughfares' +(Conington); = _calcata_, _trita_, Heinr., which seems more natural. +--#compita#: 'The _compitalia_ is meant. Comp. Cato, R. R., 5, 4: _Rem +divinam nisi #compital#ibus in #compito# [vilicus] ne faciat._ It was +one of the _feriae conceptivae_, held in honor of the _Lares compitales_ +on or about the 2d of January. It is said to have been instituted by +Servius Tullius, and restored by Augustus (Suet., Aug., 31), and was +observed with feasting. Comp. Cato, R. R., 5, 7, and _uncta compitalia_. +Anthol. Lat., 2, 246, 27B. n. 105, 27M.' So Pretor, after Jahn. With +_com-pit-a_ comp. Greek +pat-os+, _path_. --#figit#: The suspension of +the yoke symbolizes the suspension of labor. The yoke stands for the +plough as well, Tibull., 2, 1, 5. + +29. #metuens deradere#: See 1, 47. Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 4, 80: +_#metuentis reddere# soldum_. --#limum#: 'the dirt' on the jar. Comp. +_sive gravis veteri craterae #limus# adhaesit_, Hor., Sat., 2, 4, 80. +The Scholiast understands 'the seal.' + +30. #hoc bene sit#: The formula in drinking a health. Comp. Plaut., +Pers., 5, 1, 20. Here used also as a kind of grace. --#tunicatum | +caepe#: +polulopon krommuon+ (Casaubon). _#Tunicatum# caepe_, 'bulbous +or coated onion,' as opposed to the _sectile #porrum#_, or 'chives' +(Pretor). It may be going too far to exclude _epitheta ornantia_ from +Persius, but he certainly uses them sparingly. _Tunicatum_ is commonly +understood to mean 'skin and all,' as we say of a potato, 'jacket and +all.' Comp. Juv., 14, 153: _#tunicam# mihi malo lupini_. But as the skin +of an onion is not very 'filling,' and as _tunica_ may be used in the +sense of 'coat' or 'layer,' the slight change to _tunicatim_-- 'layer by +layer'-- has suggested itself to me. It is not a whit more exaggerated +than Juvenal's _filaque sectivi numerata includere porri_ (14, 133). + +31. #farrata olla#: 'porridge pot of spelt,' an every-day meal with +others, holiday fare with these unfortunates, hence _plaudentibus_. The +Abl. of Cause. _Farratam ollam_ (Jahn [1843] and Hermann) may be +defended by Stat., Silv., 5, 3, 140 (cited by Jahn): _#fratrem plausere# +Therapnae_, but there is danger of the miser's eating it. + +32. #pannosam#: 'mothery.' Every word tells. It is not wine, but +vinegar; it is not even good vinegar, but vinegar that is getting flat; +it is not even clear vinegar, but the lees of vinegar; and not even +honest lees, but mothery lees. --#morientis#: 'Dying vinegar' is not so +familiar to us as 'dead wines.' Comp. Mart., 1, 18, 8. --#aceti#: Comp. +_faece rubentis #aceti#_, Mart., 11, 56, 7. + +33. Picture of a sensualist. --#figas in cute solem#: +eilêtherein+, +'fix the sun in your skin,' 'let the sun's rays pierce your skin,' +instead of _bibere_, _combibere solem_, Juv., 11, 203 (quoted above, v. +18), and Mart., 10, 12, 7; or the more prosaic _sole uti_, Mart., 1, 77, +4. + +34. #cubito tangat#: an immemorial familiarity. Examples range from +Homer, Od., 14, 485 to Aristaen., 1, 19, 27. Persius has in mind Hor., +Sat., 2, 5, 42: _nonne vides (aliquis #cubito# stantem prope #tangens#) +inquiet_, etc. + +35. #acre | despuat#: 'empty acrid spittle,' sc. on you. Others read _in +mores_ with Jahn (1843). Jahn (1868) reads with Hermann, _Hi mores_. Of +course it is impossible to analyze this spittle, which flows to the end +of v. 41. See the Introduction to the Satire. '_Persium_,' as Quintilian +says of Horace, _in quibusdam nolim interpretari_ (1, 8, 6). This is one +of the passages that called down on our author the rebuke of that +verecund gentleman Pierre Bayle: _Les Satires de Perse sont +dévergondées_. + +42-52. Such is life. We hit and are hit in turn. We disguise our +faults-- our _vulnera vitae_-- even from ourselves, and appeal to that +common jade, common fame, for a certificate of health. But temptation +reveals the corruption within. You are guilty of avarice, lust, +swindling, and the praises of the mob are of no moment. Be yourself. +Examine yourself, and know how scantily furnished you are. + +42. #caedimus#, etc.: Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 97: _#caedimur# et totidem plagis +consumimus hostem_ (Casaubon). The resemblance here, as often elsewhere, +is merely verbal, as in Horace 'the passage of arms is a passage of +compliments' (Conington). --#praebemus#: 'expose,' 'present.' + +43. #vivitur hoc pacto#: Negatively expressed _non aliter vivitur_. In +other words: _haec est condicio vivendi_, Hor., Sat., 2. 8, 65, which +Casaubon compares. 'These are the terms, this the rule of life.' --#sic +novimus# = _notum est_ (Jahn). 'So we have learned it.' 'This is its +lesson.' --#ilia subter#: G., 414, R. 3. The danger of the wound is well +known. + +44. #caecum#: 'hidden.' --#lato balteus auro#: The baldric covered the +groin, and was often ornamented with bosses of gold. Comp. Verg., Aen., +5, 312: _#lato# quam circumplectitur #auro | balteus#_. This broad gold +belt is the symbol of wealth and rank. + +45. #ut mavis#: Ironical. Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 21. --#da verba#: Comp. 3, +19. --#decipe nervos#: 'cheat your muscle,' 'cheat yourself into the +belief that you are sound;' and certainly self-deception seems to be +required by the context. Otherwise _decipe nervos_ might be considered +as equivalent to _mentire robur_, _pro sano te iacta_, _sanum te finge_. + +47. #non credam?# G., 455; A., 71, 1, R. --#inprobe#: The _inprobus_ is +hard-headed as well as hard-hearted. Comp. _plorantesque #inproba# +natos-- reliquit_, Juv., 6, 86. + +48. #amarum#: Jahn reads _amorum_ in his ed. of 1843, but was sorry for +it. In 1868 he reads _amarum_, and punctuates so as to throw it into the +grave of the next line. + +49. #si puteal#: A _versus conclamatus_ (Jahn). The old explanation +makes this passage refer to exorbitant usury. The _puteal_ here meant is +supposed to be the one mentioned by Hor., Sat., 2, 6, 13-- the _puteal +Libonis_, situated near the praetor's tribunal, and on that account a +favorite haunt of usurers, who would naturally have frequent occasion to +appear in court. Comp. the poplar-tree, which was the rendezvous of a +certain 'ring' of contractors in Athens, Andoc., 1, 133. Local allusions +of this kind are the despair of commentators; the _puteal_ is, after +all, as mysterious as a 'corner' to the uninitiated, and we can only +gather that _puteal flagellare_ is slang for some recondite swindling +process, which required a certain amount of knowingness (hence +_cautus_). Conington renders, 'flog the exchange with many a stripe.' We +may Americanize by 'clean out, thrash out Wall Street.' The Neronians, +Casaubon at their head, understand the passage as referring to Nero's +habit of going out at night in disguise and maltreating people in the +street-- see Tac., Ann., 13, 25; Suet., Nero, 26-- and _cautus_ is +supposed to allude to the measures which he took for his personal +safety. + +50. #bibulas donaveris aures#: The student is by this time familiar with +Persius's way of hammering a familiar figure into odd shapes. If ears +drink in, then ears are thirsty; if they are thirsty, then they tipple; +and if you can give ear, you can bestow ears. 'In vain would you have +given up your thirsty ears to be drenched by the praises of the mob.' +_Donaveris_, Perf. Subj., +matên pareschêkôs an eiês ta ôta+. Future +ascertainment of a completed action. G., 271, 2. + +51. #cerdo#: +Kerdôn+, a plebeian proper name. Conington translates by +the 'Hob and Dick' of Shakspeare's Coriolanus. The common rendering, +'cobbler,' is a false inference from Mart., 3, 59, 1; 99, 1. + +52. #tecum habita#: Comp. 1, 7. --#noris#: The punctuation of all the +editors makes _noris_ an Imperative Subjunctive. Still a kind of +condition is involved = _si habites, noris_. G., 594, 4; A., 60, 1, _b_. +One of the most threadbare quotations from Latin poetry. + + +CRITICAL APPENDIX. + +SATURA IV. + +3. #hoc#: o, H. --9. #hoc puta#: _hoc_, puta, H.; puto, Heinr. --13. +#theta#: theta? H. --19. #exspecta#: expecta, J{w}. --20. #suffla#: +sufla, J{w}. --26. #miluus errat#: milvus oberret, J{a}.; milvus +oberrat, H. --31. #farrata olla#: farratam ollam, J{a}., H. --35. #hi +mores#: in mores, J{a}. --38. #exstat#: extat, J{w}. --48. #venit +amarum#: H.; venit, amarum, J{w}.; venit amorum, J{a}. --_sed mox +paenituit_. _Vid. Prolegg._, 193, 1. + + + * * * * * + + + SATURA V. + + + Vatibus hic mos est, centum sibi poscere voces, + centum ora et linguas optare in carmina centum, + fabula seu maesto ponatur hianda tragoedo, + vulnera seu Parthi ducentis ab inguine ferrum. + 'Quorsum haec? aut quantas robusti carminis offas 5 + ingeris, ut par sit centeno gutture niti? + grande locuturi nebulas Helicone legunto, + si quibus aut Prognes, aut si quibus olla Thyestae + fervebit, saepe insulso cenanda Glyconi; + tu neque anhelanti, coquitur dum massa camino, 10 + folle premis ventos, nec clauso murmure raucus + nescio quid tecum grave cornicaris inepte, + nec scloppo tumidas intendis rumpere buccas. + verba togae sequeris iunctura callidus acri, + ore teres modico, pallentis radere mores 15 + doctus et ingenuo culpam defigere ludo. + hinc trahe quae dicis, mensasque relinque Mycenis + cum capite et pedibus, plebeiaque prandia noris.' + Non equidem hoc studeo, bullatis ut mihi nugis + pagina turgescat, dare pondus idonea fumo. 20 + secreti loquimur; tibi nunc hortante Camena + excutienda damus praecordia, quantaque nostrae + pars tua sit, Cornute, animae, tibi, dulcis amice, + ostendisse iuvat: pulsa, dinoscere cautus, + quid solidum crepet et pictae tectoria linguae. 25 + his ego centenas ausim deposcere voces, + ut, quantum mihi te sinuoso in pectore fixi, + voce traham pura, totumque hoc verba resignent, + quod latet arcana non enarrabile fibra. + Cum primum pavido custos mihi purpura cessit 30 + bullaque succinctis Laribus donata pependit; + cum blandi comites totaque inpune Subura + permisit sparsisse oculos iam candidus umbo; + cumque iter ambiguum est et vitae nescius error + deducit trepidas ramosa in compita mentes, 35 + me tibi supposui: teneros tu suscipis annos + Socratico, Cornute, sinu; tum fallere sollers + apposita intortos extendit regula mores, + et premitur ratione animus vincique laborat + artificemque tuo ducit sub pollice vultum. 40 + tecum etenim longos memini consumere soles, + et tecum primas epulis decerpere noctes: + unum opus et requiem pariter disponimus ambo, + atque verecunda laxamus seria mensa. + non equidem hoc dubites, amborum foedere certo 45 + consentire dies et ab uno sidere duci + nostra vel aequali suspendit tempora Libra + Parca tenax veri, seu nata fidelibus hora + dividit in Geminos concordia fata duorum, + Saturnumque gravem nostro Iove frangimus una: 50 + nescio quod, certe est, quod me tibi temperat astrum. + Mille hominum species et rerum discolor usus; + velle suum cuique est, nec voto vivitur uno. + mercibus hic Italis mutat sub sole recenti + rugosum piper et pallentis grana cumini, 55 + hic satur inriguo mavult turgescere somno; + hic campo indulget, hunc alea decoquit, ille + in Venerem putris; sed cum lapidosa cheragra + fregerit articulos, veteris ramalia fagi, + tunc crassos transisse dies lucemque palustrem 60 + et sibi iam seri vitam ingemuere relictam. + at te nocturnis iuvat inpallescere chartis; + cultor enim iuvenum purgatas inseris aures + fruge Cleanthea. petite hinc puerique senesque + finem animo certum miserisque viatica canis! 65 + 'Cras hoc fiet.' Idem cras fiet. 'Quid? quasi magnum + nempe diem donas.' Sed cum lux altera venit, + iam cras hesternum consumpsimus: ecce aliud cras + egerit hos annos et semper paulum erit ultra. + nam quamvis prope te, quamvis temone sub uno 70 + vertentem sese frustra sectabere cantum, + cum rota posterior curras et in axe secundo. + Libertate opus est, non hac, ut, quisque Velina + Publius emeruit, scabiosum tesserula far + possidet. heu steriles veri, quibus una Quiritem 75 + vertigo facit! hic Dama est non tressis agaso, + vappa lippus et in tenui farragine mendax: + verterit hunc dominus, momento turbinis exit + Marcus Dama. papae! Marco spondente recusas + credere tu nummos? Marco sub iudice palles? 80 + Marcus dixit: ita est; adsigna, Marce, tabellas. + haec mera libertas; hoc nobis pillea donant! + 'An quisquam est alius liber, nisi ducere vitam + cui licet, ut voluit? licet ut volo vivere: non sum + liberior Bruto?' "Mendose colligis," inquit 85 + stoicus hic aurem mordaci lotus aceto + "haec reliqua accipio; _licet_ illud et _ut volo_ tolle." + 'Vindicta postquam meus a praetore recessi, + cur mihi non liceat, iussit quodcumque voluntas, + excepto si quid Masuri rubrica vetavit?' 90 + Disce, sed ira cadat naso rugosaque sanna, + dum veteres avias tibi de pulmone revello. + non praetoris erat stultis dare tenuia rerum + officia atque usum rapidae permittere vitae: + sambucam citius caloni aptaveris alto. 95 + stat contra ratio et secretam garrit in aurem, + ne liceat facere id quod quis vitiabit agendo. + publica lex hominum naturaque continet hoc fas, + ut teneat vetitos inscitia debilis actus. + diluis helleborum, certo conpescere puncto 100 + nescius examen: vetat hoc natura medendi. + navem si poscat sibi peronatus arator, + luciferi rudis, exclamet Melicerta perisse + frontem de rebus. tibi recto vivere talo + ars dedit, et veri speciem dinoscere calles, 105 + ne qua subaerato mendosum tinniat anro? + quaeque sequenda forent, quaeque evitanda vicissim, + illa prius creta, mox haec carbone notasti? + es modicus voti? presso lare? dulcis amicis? + iam nunc astringas, iam nunc granaria laxes, 110 + inque luto fixum possis transcendere nummum, + nec glutto sorbere salivam Mercurialem? + 'haec mea sunt, teneo' cum vere dixeris, esto + liberque ac sapiens praetoribus ac Iove dextro, + sin tu, cum fueris nostrae paulo ante farinae, 115 + pelliculam veterem retines et fronte politus + astutam vapido servas sub pectore vulpem, + quae dederam supra relego funemque reduco: + nil tibi concessit ratio; digitum exsere, peccas, + et quid tam parvum est? sed nullo ture litabis, 120 + haereat in stultis brevis ut semuncia recti. + haec miscere nefas; nec, cum sis cetera fossor, + tris tantum ad numeros satyrum moveare Bathylli. + 'Liber ego.' Unde datum hoc sentis, tot subdite rebus? + an dominum ignoras, nisi quem vindicta relaxat? 125 + 'I puer et strigiles Crispini ad balnea defer!' + si increpuit, 'cessas nugator;' servitium acre + te nihil impellit, nec quicquam extrinsecus intrat, + quod nervos agitet; sed si intus et in iecore aegro + nascuntur domini, qui tu inpunitior exis 130 + atque hic, quem ad strigiles scutica et metus egit erilis? + Mane piger stertis. 'Surge!' inquit Avaritia 'heia + surge!' Negas; instat 'Surge!' inquit. "Non queo." 'Surge!' + "Et quid agam?" 'Rogitas? en saperdam advehe Ponto, + castoreum, stuppas, hebenum, tus, lubrica Coa; 135 + tolle recens primus piper ex sitiente camelo; + verte aliquid; iura.' "Sed Iuppiter audiet." 'Eheu! + varo, regustatum digito terebrare salinum + contentus perages, si vivere cum Iove tendis!' + iam pueris pellem succinctus et oenophorum aptas 140 + 'Ocius ad navem!' nihil obstat, quin trabe vasta + Aegaeum rapias, ni sollers Luxuria ante + seductum moneat 'Quo deinde, insane, ruis? quo? + quid tibi vis? calido sub pectore mascula bilis + intumuit, quod non exstinxerit urna cicutae? 145 + tu mare transilias? tibi torta cannabe fulto + cena sit in transtro, Veientanumque rubellum + exalet vapida laesum pice sessilis obba? + quid petis? ut nummi, quos hic quincunce modesto + nutrieras, pergant avidos sudare deunces? 150 + indulge genio, carpamus dulcia! nostrum est + quod vivis; cinis et manes et fabula fies. + vive memor leti! fugit hora; hoc quod loquor inde est.' + en quid agis? duplici in diversum scinderis hamo. + huncine, an hunc sequeris? subeas alternus oportet 155 + ancipiti obsequio dominos, alternus oberres. + nec tu, cum obstiteris semel instantique negaris + parere imperio, 'rupi iam vincula' dicas; + nam et luctata canis nodum abripit; et tamen illi, + cum fugit, a collo trahitur pars longa catenae. 160 + 'Dave, cito, hoc credas iubeo, finire dolores + praeteritos meditor.' crudum Chaerestratus unguem + adrodens ait haec 'an siccis dedecus obstem + cognatis? an rem patriam rumore sinistro + limen ad obscenum frangam, dum Chrysidis udas 165 + ebrius ante fores exstincta cum face canto?' + "Euge, puer, sapias, dis depellentibus agnam + percute." 'Sed censen plorabit, Dave, relicta?' + "Nugaris; solea, puer, obiurgabere rubra. + ne trepidare velis atque artos rodere casses! 170 + nunc ferus et violens; at si vocet, haud mora, dicas: + _Quidnam igitur faciam? nec nunc, cum arcessat et ultro_ + _supplicet, accedam?_ Si totus et integer illinc + exieras, nec nunc." hic hic, quod quaerimus, hic est, + non in festuca, lictor quam iactat ineptus. 175 + ius habet ille sui palpo, quem ducit hiantem + cretata ambitio? vigila et cicer ingere large + rixanti populo, nostra ut Floralia possint + aprici meminisse senes: _quid pulchrius?_ at cum + Herodis venere dies, unctaque fenestra 180 + dispositae pinguem nebulam vomuere lucernae + portantes violas, rubrumque amplexa catinum + cauda natat thynni, tumet alba fidelia vino: + labra moves tacitus recutitaque sabbata palles. + tum nigri lemures ovoque pericula rupto, 185 + tum grandes galli et cum sistro lusca sacerdos + incussere deos inflantis corpora, si non + praedictum ter mane caput gustaveris alli. + Dixeris haec inter varicosos centuriones, + continuo crassum ridet Pulfennius ingens, 190 + et centum Graecos curto centusse licetur. + + +NOTES. + +FIFTH SATIRE. + +The theme of the Fifth Satire is the Stoic doctrine of True Liberty. All +men are slaves except the philosopher, and Persius has learned to be a +philosopher-- thanks to Cornutus, to whom the Satire is addressed. +Compare and contrast Horace's handling of a like subject in Sat., 2, 3. +In Teuffel's commentary on his translation of this Satire, the matter is +briefly summed up in these words: Horace is an artist, Persius a +Preacher. See Introd., xxvi. Comp. also Hor., Sat., 2, 7, 46 seqq. + + +ARGUMENT.-- Persius speaks: Poets have a way of asking for a hundred +mouths, a hundred tongues, whether the theme be tragedy or epic. +--Cornutus: A hundred mouths, a hundred tongues! What do you want with +them? Or, for that matter, with a hundred gullets either, to worry down +the tragic diet which other poets affect. You do not pant like a +bellows, nor croak like a jackdaw, nor strain your cheeks to bursting in +the high epic fashion. Your language is to be the language of every-day +life, to which you are to give an edge by skilful combination. Your +utterance is modest, and your art is shown in rasping the unhealthy body +of the age, and in impaling its faults with high-bred raillery. Be such +your theme. Let others sup full with tragic horrors, if they will. Do +you know nothing beyond the frugal luncheon of our daily food (1-18). + +Persius: It is not my aim to have my pages swollen with 'Bubbles from +the Brunnen of Poesy.' We are alone, far from the madding crowd, and I +may throw open my heart to you, for I would have you know how great a +part of my soul you are. Knock at the walls of my heart, for you are +skilful to distinguish the solid from the hollow, to tell the painted +stucco of the tongue from the strong masonry of the soul. To this end I +fain would ask-- and ask until I get-- a hundred voices, to show how +deeply I have planted you in my heart of hearts; to tell you all that is +past telling in my inmost being (19-29). When first the purple garb of +boyhood withdrew its guardianship, and the amulet-- no longer potent-- +was hung up, an offering to the old-fashioned household gods, when all +about me humored me, and when the dress of manhood permitted my eyes to +rove at will through the Subura with all its wares and wiles, what time +the youth's path is doubtful, and bewilderment, ignorant of life, brings +the excited mind to the spot where the great choice of roads is to be +made-- in that decisive hour I made myself son to you, and you took me, +Cornutus, to your Socratic heart. Where my character was warped, the +quiet application of the rule of right straightened what in me was +crooked. My mind was constrained by reason, wrestled with its conqueror, +and took on new features under your forming hand. How I remember the +long days I spent with you, the first-fruits of the festal nights I +plucked with you. Our work, our rest we ordered both alike, and the +strain of study was eased by the pleasures of a modest table (30-44). +Nay, never doubt that there is a harmony between our stars. Our +constellation is the Balance or the Twins. The same aspect rules our +nativities. Some star, be that star what it may, blends my fate with +yours (45-51). + +We are attuned each to other; but look abroad, and see how different men +are from us and from each other. Each has his own aims in life. One is +bent on active merchandise, one is given up to sluggish sleep, another +is fond of athletic sports. One is drained dry by dicing, another by +chambering and wantonness; but when the chalk-stones of gout rattle +among their fingers and toes, they awake to the choke-damp and the foggy +light in which they have spent their days, and mourn too late their +wasted life (52-61). + +But you delight to wax pale over nightly studies. A tiller of the human +soul, you prepare the soil, and sow the field of the ear with the pure +grain of Stoic wisdom. Hence seek, young and old, an aim for your higher +being, provision for your hoary head (62-65). + +'Hoary head, you say?' interposes an objector. 'That can be provided for +as well to-morrow.' To-morrow! 'Next day the fatal precedent will +plead.' Another to-morrow comes, and we have used up yesterday's +to-morrow, and so our days are emptied one by one. To-morrow! It is +always ahead of us, as the hind wheel can never overtake the front +wheel, though both be in the self-same chariot (66-72). + +The remedy for this and all the other ills of life is True Liberty-- not +such as gives a dole of musty meal, a soup-house ticket to the new-made +citizen; not such as makes a tipsy slave free in the twinkling of an +eye. Now Dama is a worthless groom, and would sell himself for a handful +of provender. Anon he is set free, as you call it-- becomes Marcus Dama. +Excellent surety! Most excellent judge! If Marcus says it is so, it is +so. Your sign and seal here, good Marcus. Pah! This is the liberty that +manumission gives. Up speaks Marcus: 'Well! Who is free except the man +that can do as he pleases? I can do as I please. _Argal_ I am free as +air.' --'Not so,' says your learned Stoic. 'Your logic is at fault. +I grant the rest, but I demur to the clause "as you please."' --'The +praetor's wand made me my own man. May I not do what I please, if I +offend not against the statute-book?' (73-90). + +'Do what you please!' cries Persius, who identifies himself with the +Stoic philosopher. 'Stop just there and learn of me; but first cease to +be scornful, and let me get these old wives' notions out of your head. +The praetor could not teach you any thing about the conduct of life with +all its perplexities. As well expect a man to teach an elephant to dance +the tight-rope. Reason bars the way, and whispers, "You must not do what +you will spoil in the doing." This is nature's law, the law of +common-sense. You mix medicine, and know nothing of scales and weights? +You, a clodhopper, and undertake to pilot a ship? Absurd, you say; and +yet what do you know of life? How can you walk upright without +philosophy? How can you tell the ring of the genuine metal, and detect +the faulty sound of the base alloy? Do you know what to seek, what to +avoid, what to mark with white, what with black? Can you control your +wishes, moderate your expenses, be indulgent to your friends? Do you +know how to save and how to spend? Can you keep your month from watering +at the sight of money, from burning at the taste of ginger? When you can +say in truth, "All this is mine," then you are truly free. But if you +retain the old man under the new title, I take back all that I have +granted. You can do nothing that is right. Every action is a fault. Put +forth your finger-- you sin. There is not a half-ounce of virtue in your +silly carcass. You must be all right or all wrong. Man is one. You can +not be virtuous by halves. You can not be at once a ditcher and a +dancer. You are a slave still, though the praetor's wand may have waved +away your bonds. You do not tremble at a master's voice, 'tis true, but +there are other masters than those whom the law recognizes. The wires +that move you do not jerk you from without, but masters grow up within +your bosom' (91-131). + + +Here the dialogue is dropped. We leave Dama, whose personality has been +getting fainter all the time, and are treated to a series of more or +less dramatic scenes in illustration of the Ruling Passions. + +So Avarice and Luxury dispute about the body and soul of an un-Stoic +slave (132-160). + +A Lover tries to break the chain that binds him to an unworthy mistress +(161-175). + +Another is led captive by Ambition at her will (176-179). + +Yet another is under the dominion of Superstition (180-188). + +But why discourse thus? Imagine what the military would say to such a +screed of doctrine. I hear the horse-laugh of Pulfennius, as he bids a +clipped dollar for a hundred Greek philosophers-- a cent apiece +(189-191). + + +This Satire is justly considered by many critics the best of all the +productions of Persius, as it is the least obscure. The warm tribute to +his master Cornutus may have had its share in commending the poem to +teachers, who, of all men, are most grateful for gratitude. But apart +from this revelation of a pure and loving heart, the peculiar talent of +Persius, which consists in vivid portraiture of character and situation, +appears to great advantage in this composition. True, the introduction +is not wrought into the poem, and the poet's discourse is too distinctly +a Stoic school exercise, and reminiscence crowds on reminiscence, but +there is a certain movement in the Satire, or Epistle, as it were better +called, which carries us on over the occasional rough places, without +the perpetual jolt which we feel every where else on the 'corduroy road' +of Persius's _Gradus ad Parnassum_. + + +1-4. Persius: Oh for a hundred voices, a hundred mouths, a hundred +tongues! + +1. #Vatibus hic mos est#: Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 2, 86: _#regibus hic mos# +est._ _Vatibus_, with a sneer. See Prol., 7. --#centum sibi poscere +voces#: Examples might be multiplied indefinitely from Homer to Charles +Wesley. Comp. Il., 2, 489: +oud' ei moi deka men glôssai, deka de +stomat' eien+; and Verg., Aen., 6, 625: _non mihi si linguae centum sint +oraque centum_; also Georg., 2, 43; Ov., Met., 8, 532. Conington +burlesques the passage by translating _poscere_ 'put in a requisition +for,' and _optare_ 'bespeak.' By such devices humor of a certain kind +might be extracted from elegies, and Vergil be made 'to put in a +requisition for Quintilius at the Bureau of the Gods,' Hor., Od., 1, 24, +12. + +3. #seu ponatur#: The mood after _seu_-- _seu_ is determined on general +principles (A., 61, 4, _c_). In practice, however, the Indicative is +more common (G., 597, R. 4). The Subjunctive is to be explained by G., +666 (see last example), and A., 66, 2. --#ponatur# = _proponatur_ (Cic., +Tusc. Dis., 1, 4, 7). Comp. +theinai+, +thesis+. Jahn understands it as +_ponere lucum_, 1, 70, _posuisse figuras_, 1, 86. Perhaps there is a +play on the different senses of _ponere_. 'Serve up' would not be bad in +view of vv. 9, 10. --#hianda#: 'To be spouted by some doleful actor.' +'_Hianda_ has reference to the tragic mask, in which a wide aperture was +cut for the mouth, to facilitate a distinct enunciation. From the +appearance presented by the speaker, it soon came to be used of a +bombastic style of utterance. Comp. _carmen #hiare#_, Prop., 2, 31, 6, +and _grande Sophocleo carmen bacchamur #hiatu#_, Juv., 6, 636.' Pretor, +after Jahn. + +4. #vulnera Parthi#: Is _Parthi_ object or subject? The passage is a +reminiscence of Hor., Sat., 2, 1, 15: _aut labentia equo describat +#vulnera Parthi#_. If _Parthi_ is the object, an interpretation which is +favored by the Horatian passage and by the propriety of the epic theme-- +for why should a Roman enlarge upon the wounds that the Parthian +deals?-- _ducentis ab inguine ferrum_ must be rendered 'drawing the dart +from his groin.' Still _ab_ is not a suitable preposition, nor can it be +defended by such expressions as _ducere suspiria ab imo pectore_, Ov., +Met., 10, 402. Others think of 'trailing the shaft from his groin,' in +which it had been imbedded. Comp. v. 160: _a collo trahitur pars longa +catenae_. If _Parthi_ is the subject, translate, 'The Parthian who draws +the arrow from [the quiver] near his groin.' The Eastern nations wore +the quiver low, the Greeks upon the shoulder. This line refers to epic +poetry as the preceding to tragedy. + +5-18. Cornutus: What need have you of a hundred mouths? You have no +foolish tragedy to cram, no big epics to mouth. Your simple satire +demands a simple style, the talk of every day, only better put. Your +business is to scourge and pierce, and yet remember that you are a +gentleman. Let these themes suffice you, and leave to others the +stage-horrors of cannibalic feasts; yourself content with the pot-luck +of the Roman cit. + +5. #Quorsum haec#: Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 7, 21. --#aut#: G., 460, R.; A., +71, 2. --#robusti carminis offas#: 'dumplings of substantial poetry,' +'lumps of solid poetry' (Conington). _Offa_ is a dumpling of meal or +flesh. Comp. Apul., Met., 1, 3, on the chokiness of a certain _polentae +caseatae #offula# grandior_. + +6. #ingeris#: 'cram.' The whole passage is intended to be coarse. 'What +great gobbets of stuffing song are you cramming yourself with, that you +require a hundred throats to strain them down?' Others understand: +_ingeris_ sc. _populo_. See v. 177. --#centeno gutture# = _centum +gutturibus_. So _centena arbore_, Verg., Aen., 10, 207 (Conington). + +7. #grande#: See 1, 14. --#locuturi#: See 1, 100. --#nebulas#: Jahn is +reminded of Hor., A. P., 230: _nubes et inania captet_. Observe that +_legunto_ suggests the culinary figure below. The mists represent the +vegetables, Procne and Thyestes furnish the meat. --#Helicone#: See +Prologue. Persius is as intensely Roman in poetic practice as he is +Greek in philosophic theory. --#legunto#: The Imperative, instead of the +Subjunctive, gives the tone of an edict or of a cookery-book. + +8. #Prognes--Thyestae#: See Classical Dictionaries for the familiar +myths. Observe the balance. Procne served up her son, Thyestes made a +dinner off his. Both are common tragic themes. See Hor., A. P., 91. +186-187. --#olla fervebit#: 'Who are going to set Thyestes's pot +a-boiling' (Conington). + +9. #Glyconi#: Glyco was a stupid actor of the day, who could not +understand a joke. The Neronians have made the most of the fact, as +reported by the Scholiast, that G. was manumitted by Nero, who paid his +half-owner Vergilius 300,000 sesterces for his share. So, for instance, +Lehmann (_De A. Persii Satira Quinta_, p. 17), who has nosed out all +manner of subtle Neronian flavors in this innocent satire. --#cenanda#: +Comp. 3, 46. + +10. #coquitur dum#: When the action with _dum_, 'while,' is co-extensive +with the action in the leading clause, the limit may be expressed by +_until_, 'while it is smelting' = 'until it is smelted' --#massa#: See +note on 2, 67. + +11. #folle#: The wind is squeezed 'with' or 'in' the bellows rather than +'from' the bellows. The Scholiast notices the Horatian reminiscence, +Sat., 1, 4, 19: _at tu conclusas hircinis #follibus# auras | usque +laborantes, dum ferrum molliat ignis | ut mavis, imitare_. Comp. also +Juv., 7, 111: _tunc immensa cavi spirant mendacia #folles#_. --#nec +clauso murmure#, etc.: 'Nor with pent-up murmur croak to yourself until +you are hoarse some solemn nonsense.' + +13. #scloppo#: So Jahn (1868), instead of _stloppo_ (1843). This is +supposed to be a word coined to express the sound (comp. _bombis_, 1, +99). Conington renders 'plop.' Vanicek records it under SKAR, S. 183, +and it may well be the 'slap' with which the distended cheeks are +reduced, and hence the 'plop' which is heard. The childish trick may be +witnessed wherever there are children. Persius multiplies absurd and +meaningless noises without any sharp distinction. + +14. #verba togae#: 'the language of every-day life.' The _fabula togata_ +is Roman comedy, as opposed to the _fabula praetexta_, or Roman tragedy, +and to the _f. palliata_, the subjects of which were Greek. Persius +insists on the connection of the national satire with the national +comedy, and the scanty remains of the _fabula togata_ deserve close +comparison. --sequeris = _sectaris_. Prol., 11. --#acri iunctura#: 'nice +grouping,' 'telling combination.' The words are familiar, but the +setting is new. Comp. Hor., A. P., 47: _#notum# si callida #verbum# | +reddiderit #iunctura# novum_; and 242: _tantum #series iunctura#que +pollet | tantum #de medio sumptis# accedit honoris_. An important +passage, as showing the intense self-consciousness of the poet's art. + +15. #ore teres modico#: Jahn comp. _ore rotundo_, Hor., A. P., 323. The +mouth stands for the style, and the position of the mouth symbolized the +utterance (_ore magis quam labris loquendum est_, Quint., 11, 3, 81). +_Teres_ as in Cic., De Orat., 3, 52, 199: _est [oratio] et plena quaedam +sed tamen #teres# et tenuis, non sine nervis et viribus._ 'A moderate +rounding of the cheek' (Conington); but although in view of v. 13 it +would be desirable to retain the figure, it is hardly possible. 'With +smooth and compassed tone.' As _teres ore = ore modico_, Hermann +(_L. P._, II., 46) comp. Ov., Fast., 6, 425: _lucoque obscurus opaco_. +--#pallentis mores#: The 'spirit of the age' is also the 'body of the +age.' Hence the figure. 'Pale' with disease and vice (comp. 4, 47), +'guilty.' --#radere#: Comp. 1, 107. + +16. #ingenuo ludo#: 'with high-bred raillery,' 'with raillery that a +gentleman may speak and hear.' Persius has in mind +eutrapelia+, the ++pepaideumenê hubris+ of Aristotle, Rhet., 2, 12, as Conington suggests. +--#defigere#: Variously explained. So 'post up,' 'placard' (Casaubon); +'pin to the ground' (Conington); 'pierce,' like an arrow (Jahn); +'sting,' like a hornet, as in Ov., Fast., 3, 753: _milia crabronum +coeunt et vertice nudo, | spicula #defigunt# oraque summa notant_. Comp. +the use of _figere_, 3, 80. + +17. #hinc#: From every-day life. König compares Hor., A. P., 318: _vivas +#hinc# ducere voces_. --#quae dicis#: So Jahn (1868), after the best +MSS. In 1843 we find _dicas_, which is more natural, but not necessary. +--#Mycenis#: Dative, far more forcible than the locative Ablative. Jahn +comp. Prol., 5: _illis relinquo_, a reading which he afterward +abandoned. See G., 344, R. 3. + +18. #cum capite et pedibus#: served up to Thyestes after he had finished +his dinner. Comp. Aeschyl., Ag., 1594; Sen., Thyest., 764. --#plebeia +prandia#: Your theme is 'human nature's daily food,' not the heroic +suppers of 'raw-head and bloody-bones' that teach us nothing. _Mensa_ is +contrasted with _prandia_ (comp. Seneca's _sine mensa prandium_, cited +1, 67) as 'banquet' with 'meal,' '_Tafel_' with '_Tisch_.' + +19-29. Persius: You understand my aims. I do not care to swell my page +with frothy nonsense. And now that we are alone, I desire you to examine +my heart, that you may see how you are enshrined in it-- a theme for +which I might well desire a hundred voices. + +19. #equidem#: Here in accordance with common usage. See 1, 110. +--#bullatis nugis#: 'air-blown trifles' (Gifford). _Bullatis:_ so Jahn +(1868) with Hermann. The reading of the oldest MSS., _pullatis_, 'sad +colored,' explained now as 'tragic stuff' (because mourners were +_pullati_); now as stuff for the groundlings (because the common people +were _pullati_), is scarcely tenable. _Ampullatis_, Jahn's conjecture, +though defended by Lachmann (Lucret., 6, 1067), is metrically bad; but +the sense is excellent, and the reference would be to a passage which +Persius must have had in his mind. Hor., A. P., 97: _proicit #ampullas# +et sesquipedalia verba_. Even Thyestes is mentioned in the context, l.c. +91. _Bullatis_, 'bubbly.' Hermann (_L. P._, I., 32) comp. _alata avis_, +and makes _bullatis_ refer to _tumorem et inanem verborum strepitum_. + +20. #dare pondus fumo#: Casaubon comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 42: _nugis +#addere pondus#_. Horace uses the expression in the sense of 'attaching +importance.' Persius means that these trifles are fitted to lend +importance, to give seeming substance to mere vapors. _Fumus_ is a +synonym for 'humbug.' On _dare idonea_ = _idonea quae det_, see G., 424, +R. 4; A., 57, 8, _f._ + +22. #excutienda#: See 1, 49. But the figure changes below, or there is a +figure within a figure, the heart being compared to a wall, the wall to +a dress. On the construction, see G., 431; A., 72, 5, _c._ + +23. #pars animae#: Comp. _te meae partem animae_, Hor., Od., 2, 17, 5; +_animae dimidium meae_, Od., 1, 3, 8. --#Cornute#: See Introduction, ix. + +24. #ostendisse#: once for all. See G., 275, 1; A., 58, 11, _d._ +--#pulsa#: +kroue+. See 3, 21. --#dinoscere cautus#: Hor., Sat., 1, 6, +51: _cautum adsumere dignos_. Comp. Prol., 11. + +25. #solidum crepet#: like _sonat vitium_, 3, 21. G., 331, R. 2; A., 52, +3, _a._ --#pictae tectoria linguae#: The comparison is taken from a +stuccoed party-wall painted to look solid. Comp. Afran. ap. Non., 152, +28, v. 14 (Ribbeck): _fallaci aspectu #paries pictus# putidus_ +(= _puter_). The notion in _pictae_ belongs rather to _tectoria_ than to +_linguae_-- 'painted tongue-stucco.' The figure will not bear close +examination any more than the stucco. + +26. #his, ut# = _ad haec ut._ Comp. _hoc, ut_, v. 19. Others read _hic_. +--#centenas# = _centum_. G., 310, R.; A., 18, 2, _d_. --#deposcere#: +Notice the determination that lies in _deposcere_. + +27. #quantum fixi#: This is not conceived as a dependent interrogative, +as is shown by v. 29, where the antecedent of the parallel clause is +expressed. G., 469, R. 3. --#sinuoso#: Comp. Plin., H. N., 2, 37: _cor +prima domicilia intra se animo et sanguini praebet #sinuoso specu#_. +_Sinuoso pectore_ = _in recessu mentis_, 2, 73. + +28. #voce#: carelessly repeated after _voces_. --#pura#: 'honest.' + +29. #non enarrabile#: i.e., save by the hundred voices. There is no +contradiction, and even if there were-- this is supposed to be poetry. +--#fibra#: 1, 47. + +30-51. When first I put away the things of boyhood and encountered the +temptations of youth, and stood bewildered at the cross-roads of life, +I threw myself into your sheltering arms, and put myself under your +guiding hand. Happy the memory of those days and nights, as they brought +common work and common rest. Surely a common star controls our destinies +and makes us one. + +30. #pavido#: variously interpreted of the fear-- 1. Which an entrance +on life breeds; 2. Which requires the protection of the _praetexta_; 3. +Which the rule of tutors and governors inspires. The third view is +favored by _blandi comites_, as Conington remarks. Comp. Mart., 11, 39, +2: _et pueri #custos# assiduusque #comes#_ with v. 6: _te dispensator, +te domus ipsa #pavet#_. --#custos purpura#: 'the guardian purple.' +_Purpura_ = _praetexta_, the dress of boyhood, which was of itself a +protection. This was exchanged for the _toga_ when the nonage was over. +_Per hoc inane #purpurae# decus precor_, Hor., Epod., 5, 7. --#mihi#: If +_cessit_ is taken absolutely, _mihi_ may depend on the predicative +notion in _custos_ = _quae mihi custos fuerat_. Casaubon explains, _mihi +cessit, ut iam annis maiori vel etiam ut hosti_. It seems best to +combine the two: 'When the purple resigned its dreaded guardianship over +me.' + +31. #bulla#: the well-known 'boss,' which contained amulets and the +like. Comp. 2, 70. --#succinctis#: 'Like _cinctutis_ (Hor., A. P., 50), +_incinctos_ (Ov., Fast., 2, 632), in allusion to the _cinctus Gabinus_, +in which primitive dress they (the Lares) were always represented. It +was worn over the left shoulder, leaving the right arm free' (Pretor). +Conington renders _succinctis_, 'quaint.' + +32. #blandi#: (_fuerunt_). --#comites#: Jahn considers these _comites_ +the same as those mentioned in 3, 7. See note. The epigram of Mart., +cited above, v. 30, makes for this view: the harsh tutors have become +_blandi comites_. But most commentators prefer to take _comites_ in its +general sense. --#tota Subura#: On the construction, see G., 386; A., +55, 3, _f._ The Subura, as the focus of business life, was the haunt of +persons who are sufficiently characterized as _Suburanae magistrae_, +Mart., 11, 78, 11. + +33. #permisit sparsisse#: On the Inf., see G., 532, R. 1; A., 70, 3, +_a._ On the tense, note on 1, 41. With the phraseology, Jahn comp. Val. +Flacc., 5, 247: _tua nunc terris, tua #lumina# toto | #sparge# mari_. +_Spargere_ is a happy word for a rapid, roving glance. --#iam#: +êdê+. +The English idiom often refuses to give the exact force of _iam_. The +youngster has got a 'sure enough' _candidus umbo_. The contrast in time +is the former _praetexta_. --#candidus umbo#: '_Umbo_ was the knot into +which the folds of the toga were gathered after passing the left +shoulder' (Pretor). Of course the _umbo_ was _candidus_, as the _toga_ +was. + +34. #iter ambiguuum#: See 3, 56. --#vitae nescius error#: is +bewilderment from ignorance of life. + +35. #deducit#: So Jahn (1843), a reading which he has strangely forsaken +(1868) for _diducit_. Schlüter puts it neatly thus: _homines in compita +ubi viae #di#ducuntur_, _#de#duci dicuntur_. _Compita_ does not mean the +roads, but the place where the roads meet-- the crossing (Schol.). _De_ +adds the notion of decision to _ducit_. Comp. _in discrimen #de#ducere_, +Cic., Fam., 10, 24, 4. The youth is brought to a point where he must +choose. --#trepidas#: See 1, 74. + +36. #supposui#: Almost 'I made you adopt me.' _Supponere_ is used of +supposititious children. As Persius's own father died while the poet was +young, there is a tone of orphanage about the expression that appeals to +our sympathy. 'I threw myself as a son into your arms.' --#suscipis#: is +the correlative of _supposui_. + +37. #Socratico sinu#: The loving care of Socrates is meant, as well as +his wisdom, as Jahn has observed. --#fallere sollers#: On the +construction, see G., 424, R. 4; A., 57, 8, _f_, 3; Prol., 11. 'Skilful +to deceive,' in the sense of the gradual Socratic approach. The rule is +not rudely applied, but cheats the warped nature into rectitude. Jahn's +note amounts to this, that a ruler that understands deception, +understands detection, and hence is a true ruler. + +38. #regula#: 'ruler.' See note on 4, 11. + +39. #premitur ratione#: Comp. Verg., Aen., 6, 80: _fera corda domans +fingitque #premendo#_. --#vinci laborat# = _dum vincitur laborat_, _cum +labore vincitur_. '_Laborat_ shows that the pupil's mind co-operated +with his teacher' (Conington). + +40. #artificem#: Passive, _arte factum_, 'artistic,' 'finished.' The +figure is of course taken from moulding in wax or clay. --#ducit +vultum#: Comp. _exigite ut teneros mores ceu pollice #ducat# | ut si +quis cera vultum facit_, Juv., 7, 237; only there the workman moulds, +here the material. Transl. 'take on,' 'assume,' as in Ov., Met., 1, 402: +_saxa #ducere# formam_ (Jahn). --#pollice#: The thumb is largely used in +moulding. See Juv., l.c., and Ov., Met., 10, 285; Stat., Achill., 1, +332, quoted by Jahn. + +41. #etenim#: +kai gar+. See 3, 48. --#memini consumere#: See Prol., 2. +--#soles# = _dies_. The antithesis runs throughout. _Soles-- opus-- +seria_ are opposed to _noctes-- requiem-- mensa_. + +42. #primas noctes#: 'the early hours of the night.' --#epulis#: 'for +feasting.' Others, 'from feasting,' i.e., for study, 3, 54; 5, 62. +--#decerpere#: The expression is a cross between _carpe diem_ (Hor., +Od., 1, 11, 8) and _partem solido demere de die_ (Hor., Od., 1, 1, 20). +_Decerpere_ is to pluck with resolute, eager hand. + +43. #unum opus et requiem# = _unum opus et (unam) requiem_ (Jahn). +Casaubon comp. Verg., Georg., 4, 184. + +44. #laxamus seria#: Jahn comp. Verg., Aen., 9, 223: _#laxabant# curas_. + +45. #non equidem hoc dubites#: On _equidem_, see note on 1, 110. With +_non dubites_ comp. _non accedas_, 1, 5. --#foedere certo#: Jahn comp. +Manil., 2, 475: _iunxit amicitias horum sub #foedere certo#_. _Foedus +certum_, 'fixed law,' 'fixed principle.' + +46. #consentire dies#: On the Inf., instead of the normal _quin_ with +Subj., see G., 551, R. 4; M., 375 c., Obs. 2. For the thought, comp. +Hor., Od., 2, 17, 21: _utrumque nostrum incredibili modo | #consentit# +astrum_. --#ab uno sidere duci#: Astrology was very popular in Persius's +time, having been brought into vogue by Tiberius. It was the +aristocratic mode of divination, and is compared by Friedländer +(_Sittengesch._, 1, 347) with the spiritualism and table-turning of the +present day. Philosophy was not proof against it; indeed, the later +Stoics always had a leaning to it, and Panaetius was the only one that +rejected it (Knickenberg, l.c. p. 79). All people of 'culture' talked +about 'horoscope,' 'nativity,' and 'malign aspect,' just as the same +class in our time speak of 'the spectroscope,' 'heat a mode of motion,' +and 'the survival of the fittest.' Horace and Persius, who imitates +Horace, have caught up some of the current terms, and travel along the +Zodiac in blissful ignorance of their own stars. + +47. #aequali Libra#: So Hor., Od., 2, 17, 17: _seu #Libra# seu me +Scorpios adspicit_. Comp. the whole passage. + +48. #Parca tenax veri#: Comp. _Parca non mendax_, Hor., Od., 2, 16, 39. +'Fate is represented with scales in her hands, also as marking the +horoscope on the celestial globe' (Jahn). The _Parca_ of mythology is +identified with the _Fatum_ of the Stoics. --#seu#: Observe the +irregularity of _vel-- seu_ instead of _seu-- seu_. --#nata# +#fidelibus#: 'ordained for faithful friends.' 'The hour of birth is said +to be born itself, as in Aeschyl., Ag., 107, +xumphutos aiôn+; Soph., +O. R., 1082, +sungeneis mênes+' (Conington). + +49. #Geminos#: Casaubon quotes Manil., 2, 628: _magnus erit #Geminis# +amor et concordia duplex_. + +50. #Saturnumque gravem#, etc.: 'We together cross malignant Saturn by +propitious Jove.' 'Saturnine' and 'jovial' are remnants of astrological +belief. _Nostro_ is not only 'our,' but 'on our side,' 'propitious.' + +51. #nescio quod#: almost = _aliquod_. See v. 12. --#est quod temperat#: +On the Mood, see G., 634, R. 1; M., 365, Obs. 2. With the expression, +comp. Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 187: _scit genius, natale comes qui #temperat# +astrum_, where the parts are reversed. --#me tibi temperat#: The Dative +is used after the analogy of _miscere_. 'Blends my being with thine.' + +52-61. Our aims, our lives are one. But 'many men, many minds.' Each has +his passion-- the merchant, the man of ease, the lover of sport, the +gamester, the rake-- but they have to reckon with disease at last, and +groan over the failure of their lives. + +52. #Mille hominum species#: The Schol. quotes Hor., Sat., 2, 1, 27: +_quot capitum vivunt, totidem studiorum | milia_. Proverbial is Ter., +Phorm., 2, 3, 14: _quot homines, tot sententiae: suos cuique mos_. +--#usus rerum#: 'practice of life,' 'practice.' See 1, 1, note. +--#discolor#: 'of various hue.' + +53. #velle suum cuique est#: Comp. Verg., Ecl., 2, 65: _trahit sua +quemque voluptas_. On _velle suum_, see 1, 9. --#nec uno vivitur voto#: +Comp. 2, 7: _aperto vivere voto_. The negative form of a proposition +following the positive strengthens it. _Nec uno_, 'far different.' With +the examples that follow, Jahn comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 18, 21 seqq. + +54. #mercibus mutat piper#: On the Abl., see G., 404, R.; A., 54, 8. The +normal construction is _merces mutat pipere_; the other does not occur +in archaic Latin nor in model prose. Horace is the first to use it, +e.g., Od., 3, 1, 47; Epod., 9, 27. Livy introduces it into prose, but +employs it only once (5, 30, 3). So Dräger, _Histor. Syntax_, § 235. +--#sub sole recenti#: The Schol. comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 29: _hic mutat +merces #surgente a sole# ad eum quo | vespertina tepet regio_. + +55. #rugosum piper#: 'wrinkled pepper,' 'shrivelled pepper,' the +shrivelling being the effect of the hot Eastern sun. None of your +Italian pepper, but the genuine Eastern article. See note on 3, 75. +--#pallentis cumini#: like _pallidam Pirenen_, Prol., 4. attribute for +effect, an imitation and, strange to say, without attempt at +enhancement, of the _exsangue cuminum_ of Hor., Ep., 1, 19, 18. _Cuminum +pallorem bibentibus gignit_, Plin., H. N., 20, 14, 57. Cumin was +considered an indispensable condiment. The large use of it is shown by +the compounds in Greek (+kuminodochê-- thêkê, kte+)-- see Seiler ad +Alciphron., 3, 58-- and it ranks with pepper in Petron., 49; with salt +in Alexis, fr. 169 (3. 465 Mein.). Add Plutarch, Quaest. Conv., 5, 10. + +56. #inriguo somno#: _Inriguo_ is active. Sleep waters him, as it were, +and increases his fat. Comp. Verg., Aen., 3, 511: _fessos sopor +#inrigat# artus_. 'Dewy sleep' is almost too sweet for the passage. +König, a prosaic soul, thinks of the 'sweaty sleep' of a man who is +gorged with meat and drink. + +57. #campo#: The gymnastic exercises of the _campus_, and especially of +the _campus Martius_ in Rome, are familiar. See Hor., Od., 1, 8, 4; Ep., +1, 7, 59; A. P., 162, referred to by Jahn. --#decoquit# = _coquendo +vires absumit_. The word is employed of a man who has used up, run +through, his means. So Cic., Phil., 2, 18, 44: _tenesne memoria +praetextatum te #decoxisse#_? Here it is the man who is used up, who is +made to go to pot. + +58. #putris#: Gr. +takeros+. 'In wanton dalliance melts away' (Gifford). +--#lapidosa cheragra#: Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 1, 31: _nodosa #cheragra#_. +The chalk-stones of gout are compared with hailstones. + +59. #fregerit#: Perf. Subj. in a generic sense. G., 569, R. 2 (end). +Comp. _postquam illi iusta cheragra | #contudit# articulos_, Hor., Sat., +2, 7, 15 seqq. --#veteris ramalia fagi#: The comparison is between the +fingers and the knotty boughs. Comp. Hesiod's +pentozos+, O. et D., 744. +--#fagi#: _Fagus_, +phêgos+, and 'beech' (BHAG) are etymologically, but +not botanically, the same. See Curtius, _Grundzüge_, No. 160. + +60. A forcible passage, on which Conington says: 'The conception here is +of life passed in a Boeotian atmosphere of thick fogs and pestilential +vapors, which the sun never penetrates-- probably with especial +reference to the pleasures of sense, of which Persius has just been +speaking. So the "vapor, heavy, hueless, formless, cold," in Tennyson's +"Vision of Sin."' --#crassos dies#: _sub crasso aere_ (Jahn). +--#transisse#: Heinr. comp. Tib., 1, 4, 33: _vidi iam iuvenem, premeret +cum serior aetas, | maerentem stultos #praeteriisse# dies_. --#lucem +palustrem#: 'boggy' = 'foggy light' is 'light choked by fog.' _Crassos +dies lucemque palustrem_ must be connected closely-- 'gross days in +foggy light'-- so as to get rid of an awkward Zeugma with _transisse_. + +61. #sibi#: with _ingemuere_ (Conington). --#iam seri#: 'too, too late.' +On _iam_, see v. 33. On _seri_, G., 324, R. 6; A., 47, 6. --#ingemuere#: +like the Gr. Aorist. Comp. v. 187 and 3, 101. G., 228, R. 2; A., 58, 5, +_c_. 'Heave a sigh' (Conington). --#relictam#: _anteactam_ (Casaubon). +_Iam post terga #reliquit# | sexaginta annos_, Juv., 13, 16. + +62-65. Contrast of Cornutus's noble mission. His creed the only creed +for life. + +62. #at#: in lively contrast. --#nocturnis#: Comp. 1, 90. +--#inpallescere#: Comp. 1, 26. + +63. #purgatas#: _Purgare_ is an agricultural term like our 'clean,' and +the metaphor is kept up. The field is the ear. --#inseris#: where we +should expect _seris_. + +64. #fruge Cleanthea#: Cleanthes is selected here on account of his +strict life and virtuous poverty, in opposition to the luxury and wealth +of the _Romulidae_, as Knickenberg remarks, l.c. p. 9. --#petite#: Mr. +Pretor supposes that this is Cornutus's invitation to the world. But if +Cornutus speaks here, where does Persius come in again?-- unless he +takes up the cudgels for his master in v. 66. + +65. #finem# = +telos+. --#miseris#: 'wretched else.' --#viatica#: Jahn +quotes Diog. Laert., 1, 5, 80: #+#ephodion# apo neotêtos eis gêras +analambane sophian+; and 5, 11, 21: +kalliston #ephodion# tô gêra hê +paideia+. --#canis#: G., 195, R. 1. + +66-72. 'There is time enough for that,' says an impersonal sinner. +'To-morrow will do as well.' '"To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow." +To-morrow never becomes to-day.' + +66. #Cras hoc fiet#, etc.: 'I will do this that you ask of me +to-morrow.' 'You will do to-morrow just what you are doing to-day.' Jahn +comp. Ov., R. A., 104: _Cras quoque fiet idem._ Hermann arranges: _Cras +hoc fiet idem. Cras fiet?_ 'This will, can be done to-morrow as well as +to-day.' 'To-morrow, you say?' Comp. Petron., 82: _quod hodie non est, +cras erit_. + +67. #nempe diem donas#: 'Well, what of it? Suppose I go on the same way +to-morrow; it will only be a day-- a great present, forsooth, to be +haggling about!' On _nempe_, see G., 500, R. 2. --#cum venit-- +consumpsimus#: more lively than _cum venerit-- consumpserimus_ (G., +229). One clause is involved in the other. G., 236, R. 4. This seems to +be better than making _venit_ iterative, and _consumpsimus_ an Aoristic +Perf. + +69. #egerit#: 'unloads,' 'carts off.' _Egerere_ is the opposite of +_ingerere_ (v. 6). Comp. Sen., Ep., 47, 2: _venter maiore opera omnia +e#gerit# quam in#gessit#_. Jahn makes _egerit_ = _impulerit_, in order +to save the figure. Compare _truditur dies die_, Hor., Od., 2, 18, 15, +and Petron., 45: _dies diem trudit_; and 82: _vita truditur_. But even +this does not save the figure, and the sudden change of metaphor is in +Persius's vein. --#paulum erit ultra#: 'To-morrow will always be a +little further on,' is the common rendering, the figure changing at this +point. + +70. #quamvis--vertentem#: A later construction. G., 611, R.; M., 443, +Obs. --#cantum#: 'tire.' + +72. #cum curras#: 'seeing that you are running.' Here _cum_ is nearly +equivalent to _si_, as it is thrown by _sectabere_ into the future, and +is thus made hypothetical. Comp. G., 591, R. 3, and 584. + +73-90. What men need is Liberty-- not the freedom of the city, which +insures a quota of damaged corn; not the freedom of the freedman, which +gives a slave a name to be free, while he is yet a slave; but the +liberty wherewith Philosophy sets men free. The freedman demurs to this +hard doctrine, but a Stoic adept silences him by his 'Short Method.' + +73. #hac, ut, quisque#: _Hac_ is the adverb, _ut_ = _qua_, _quisque_ = +_quicunque_ (comp. _quandoque_ = _quandocumque_, 4, 28), a sad complex +of harshnesses, which may be rendered thus: 'Liberty is what is wanted; +not after the prevalent (G., 290, 7) fashion, by which each man that has +worked his way up to a Publius in the Veline tribe is owner of a ticket +for a ration of musty spelt.' Other readings, such as _hac quam ut +quisque_ (Passow), _hac qua quisque_ (Meister), are mere devices to +relieve the grammatical situation, which is doubtless unnatural in the +extreme, as _hac_ seems to belong to _libertate_, and _ut quisque_ is a +familiar combination. Conington makes _non hac_ the beginning of an +independent sentence, and translates: 'It is not by _this_ freedom that +every fire-new citizen, who gets his name enrolled in a tribe, is +privileged to get a pauper's allowance for his ticket.' --#Velina#: +Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 6, 52: _hic multum in Fabia valet, ille #Velina#_. +The Veline was one of the last two tribes instituted (Becker, _Rom. +Alt._, 2, 1, 170), and is supposed by some to be one of the four city +tribes to which the _libertini_ were restricted. The name of the tribe +to which a man belongs is put in the Abl. (as a whence case). So +_M. Larcius L. f. #Pomptina# Pudens_ (Becker, l.c. 198). + +74. #Publius#: Only freemen were entitled to the _praenomen_. Comp. +Hor., Sat., 2, 5, 32: _#Quinte#, puta, aut #Publi# (gaudent praenomine +molles | auriculae_). --#emeruit#: literally 'has served his time' (of a +soldier), 'has worked his way up to be a Publius' (supplying _esse_). +--#tesserula#: the well-known _tessera frumentaria_, Suet., Aug., 41. + +75. #Quiritem#: Rare in the Singular (Schol.). + +76. #vertigo#: the 'twirl' of the familiar process of _manumissio per +vindictam_. 'The lictor touched the slave with the _vindicta_, the +master turning him round and "dismissing him from his hand" with the +words _Hunc hominem liberum esse volo_' (Conington). --#facit#: is +causal as well as _faciat_. G., 627, R.; A., 63. --#Dama#: +Dêmas = +Dêmêtrios+; according to others for +Dêmeas+ (Mehlhorn, _Gr. Gr._, 183), +a common slave's name. --#non tressis#: Jahn comp. _#non semissis# +homo_, Vatin. ap. Cic., Fam., 5, 10, 1. + +77. #vappa#: 'dead wine,' hence 'mean liquor.' --#lippus#: the effect of +drinking. --#in farragine tenui#: 'in the matter of,' and hence 'for a +poor feed of corn.' + +78. #verterit--exit# = _si verterit-- exit_. G., 257; A., 57, 5. Comp. +v. 189. The Perf. is aoristic, 'give him a whirl.' --#momento#: +literally by the 'motion,' 'by virtue,' 'by the act of whirling.' 'By +dint' would give an ironical turn. + +79. #Marcus#: as _Publius_, v. 74. Jahn cites an inscription: M · FVFIVS +· M · L · DAMA. --#papae#: Ironical admiration. 'Wondrous change! Every +body will trust this thief, this liar now!' _Papae_ (Gr. +papai, +babai+). 'Whew!' 'Prodigious!' --#recusas?# Fie on you, if you do! See +note on 4, 1. + +80. #adsigna tabellas#: 'your hand and seal to this document,' 'witness +this document.' + +82. #mera#: 'pure and simple' (ironical). --#pillea#: See 3, 106. + +83. #An quisquam-- Bruto#: These words are generally assigned to Dama, +and it is certainly more humorous to make the promoted stable-boy argue +in mood and figure than to rake up one of Persius's dead-alive +spectators, as König does, and after him Pretor. _Quisquam_, because of +the negative answer expected. See 1, 112, and G., 304; A., 21, 2, _h_. + +84. #ut voluit#: The Stoic formula did not differ from the popular +definition. Certainly it does not sound recondite to say: _libertas est +potestas vivendi ut velis_, Cic., Parad., 5, 1, 34; or with Arrian, +Diss., 4, 1, 1: +eleutheros estin ho zôn hôs bouletai+, but the words +must be understood in their Stoic sense. + +85. #Mendose colligis#: +phaulôs sullogizei+. 'Your syllogism is +faulty.' 'Marcus, thou reasonest ill.' + +86. #stoicus hic#: 'our Stoic friend' (Conington). Persius himself. +--#aurem# --#lotus#: Comp. v. 63 and 1, 126. _Lotus_ may be reflexive. +G., 332, R. 2; A., 53, 3, _c_, R. --#aceto#: Vinegar was used in cases +of deafness, Cels., 6, 7, 2, 3 (König). + +87. #accipio--tolle#: 'Persius admits the major, but denies the minor; +denies both that the man has a will (_volo_) and that he is free +(_licet_) to follow it' (Conington). Mr. Pretor limits the concession to +_vivere_ (+to zên+), and explains: 'The mere fact that you are a living +creature, I admit; the inference contained in _licet_ and _ut volo_, +I altogether deny.' 'This dissection of the argument word by word' may +be 'more in keeping with the character of the Stoic'-- the Stoics were +great choppers of logic-- but it is not in keeping with the style of +Persius, who is subtle every where except in his arguments. + +88. #Vindicta#: the _festuca_, or 'wand,' with which the lictor struck +the manumittend. See v. 76. --#postquam recessi#: with a causal tone. +See note on 3, 90. --#meus#: 'my own man,' hence 'my own master' (G., +299, R.); _mei iuris_ (Schol.). + +90. #Masuri rubrica#: 'The canon of Masurius.' 'Masurius Sabinus, an +eminent lawyer, lived in the reigns of Tiberius and Nero, and wrote a +work in three books, entitled _Ius Civile_.' _Rubrica_, 'because the +titles and first few words of the laws were commonly picked out with +vermilion. Comp. _perlege #rubras# | maiorum leges_, Juv., 14, 192' +(Pretor, after Jahn). A low creature like Dama has a soul that is not +above the statute-book; lofty spirits, like our Stoic, and believers in +the higher law sneer at the canon and its maker. So Marc. Antonin., ap. +Front., Ep., 2, 7 (p. 32 Naber), speaks of _deliramenta Masuriana_. +Comp. Quint., 12, 3, 11. --#vetavit#: for _vetuit_, reminds us of the +slip of another youthful genius, Kirke White, and his 'rudely blow'd.' +There is no sufficient warrant for the form. + +91-131. A Stoic sermon. Text: Do nothing that you will spoil in the +doing. You know nothing as you ought to know it, and you can do nothing +as you ought to do it. You are ignorant of the first principles of +morals; you have no control over your desires, your appetites. You may +call yourself free, but you are a slave for all that. For one master +without, you have a legion of masters within. + +91. #Disce#: Comp. 3, 66. --#naso#: the simple Abl. as a whence case. +Comp. 1, 83. The nose is the familiar seat of anger. Theocr., 1, 18: ++kai hoi aei drimeia chola poti #rhini# kathêtai+. For Biblical +parallels, see Gesenius or Fürst, s.v. [Hebrew] ++af++. The anger is +shown by snorting, or, as here, by snarling. --#rugosa#: Comp. +_#corruget# nares_, Hor., Ep., 1, 5, 23. --#sanna#: 1, 62. + +92. #dum revello#: '_while_ I _am_ plucking' = '_until_ I _have_ +plucked.' See note on v. 10. --#veteres avias#: 'old grandmothers,' for +'inveterate, rooted, grandmotherish notions.' Comp. _patruos sapere_, 1, +11, and +ho legomenos #graôn# huthlos+, Plat., Theaet., 176B. --#de +pulmone#: The lung is the seat of pride in 3, 27 (comp. _suffla_, 4, +20). Jahn regards it here as the seat of wrath. + +93. #erat#: 'as you thought.' G., 224, R. 3; A., 58, 3, _d_. --#tenuia +rerum officia#: 'mastery of the subtle distinctions of duty.' _Tenuia_, +a trisyllable, as often. G., 717. _Rerum_, parallel with _vitae_. See +1, 1. + +94. #usum rapidae vitae#: 'the right management of the rapid course of +life.' The metaphor is taken either from a river (_#rapidus# amnis, +#rapidi# fluminum lapsus, #rapidum# flumen, #rapidus# Tigris_, Hor.), +which sweeps away the man who does not understand its current, or from a +race-course in which there is no stopping, as Conington thinks (3, 67). +Others understand _rapidae_ simply as 'fleeting.' + +95. #sambucam#: The ordinary translation, 'dulcimer,' is not strictly +correct, though 'dulcimer' suggests the exotic refinement of the +_sambuca_, a four-stringed instrument of Eastern origin, synonymous with +cultivated luxury. --#citius aptaveris#: +thatton an harmoseias+; +written out = _citius aptaveris quam praetor det_, but it is better not +written out. Notice the Perf. Subj. 'You would sooner _succeed in +making_ a dulcimer fit, sooner _get_ a dulcimer _to fit_ [the hand of] +a gawky camp-porter.' --#caloni#: used in its original sense of a +soldier's hewer of wood and drawer of water. Persius, who has no +admiration for soldiers themselves, would naturally select a soldier's +drudge as a type of awkwardness and stupidity. So, in effect, Conington. +--#alto#: We combine 'tall and gawky;' 'hulking' (Conington). Comp. the +sneer at the _#ingentis# Titos_, 1, 20, and _Pulfennius #ingens#_, 5, +190, and the +anêr #triskaidekapêchus#+ of Theocr., 15, 17. + +96. #stat contra#: 'confronts,' 'stops the way.' Jahn comp. Mart., 1, +53, 12: _#stat contra#, dicitque tibi tua pagina: Fur es_, a parallel +which no conscientious commentator can quote without qualms. Juv., 3, +290: _#stat contra# starique iubet_. --#ratio#: 'Right reason' here is +equivalent to _natura_ below, which is itself equivalent to _publica lex +hominum_. See Knickenberg, l.c. p. 20 seqq. --#secretam#: 'private.' +--#garrit#: It is hard choosing between _gannit_ and _garrit_. Martial +has _#garrire# in aurem, in auriculam_, 1, 89, 1; 3, 28, 2, and _aurem +dum tibi praesto #garrienti#_, 11, 24, 2; Afran., ap. Non., 452, 11 (283 +Ribb.): _#gannire# ad aurem numquam didici dominicam_. + +97. #liceat#: with reference to v. 84. + +98. #publica lex hominum naturaque#: 'The universal law of human +nature.' Of course in the peculiar Stoic sense. See note on 3, 67. 'The +doctrine of a supreme law of Nature, the actual source and ideal +standard of all particular laws, was characteristic of the Stoics, and +lay at the bottom of the Roman juristical notion of a _ratio naturalis_ +or _ius gentium_' (Conington). + +99. #teneat actus#: As _tenere cursum_ is sometimes used in the sense of +'check a course,' 'refrain from a course,' so _tenere vetitos actus_ +means to refrain from, or, as Pretor translates, 'hold in abeyance +forbidden actions.' To this effect König. But as _tenere cursum_ is also +used in the sense of 'hold a course, keep on a course,' Jahn's version, +which makes it a law of nature for weak ignorance to pursue forbidden +actions, is not without justification. In that case _fas est_ = 'it is +to be expected,' as in _operi longo fas est obrepere somnum_. For the +thought of the necessity of sin for the ignorant, see v. 119. But the +immediate context favors the former interpretation. Casaubon's _tenere +vetitos_ = _habere pro vetitis_ is without warrant in usage. + +100-104. Popular illustrations of the doctrine drawn from medicine and +navigation, and from Hor., Ep., 2, 1, 114: _navem agere ignarus navis +timet: abrotonum aegro | non audet, nisi qui didicit dare_. + +100. #certo conpescere puncto#, etc.: 'although you do not know how to +check [that is, to bring to the perpendicular and keep there] the tongue +or index [of the steelyard by putting the equipoise or pea] at a certain +point.' 'Although you do not know how to use the steelyard' (_statera_). +On the _examen_, see 1, 6; _punctum_ is one of the points or notches +(_notae_) on the graduated arm. With _nescius conpescere_ comp. +_callidus suspendere_, 1, 118, and Prol., 11. --#natura# = _lex_, as +above. + +102. #peronatus#: The _pero_ was a thick boot of raw-hide, _crudus +pero_, Verg., Aen., 7, 690, and Juv., 14, 186: _quem non pudet alto | +per glaciem #perone# tegi, qui summovet Euros | pellibus inversis_ +(Jahn). The _peronatus arator_ is a clodhopper, a country bumpkin. + +103. #luciferi rudis#: Not a good stroke. Some knowledge of the stars +was necessary for the ploughman himself, as Casaubon remarks. See Verg., +Georg., 1, 204 seqq. So notably of the Pleiades, Hesiod, O. et D., 383. +615. --#Melicerta#: Portunus, patron of sailors, Verg., Georg., 1, 437. +--#perisse#: Comp. Hor., Ep., 2, 1, 80: _clament #periisse# pudorem | +cuncti paene patres_. + +104. #frontem#: the seat of modesty for modesty itself. In English, +'face,' 'front,' and 'forehead' are used for the absence of modesty; but +'frontless' and 'effrontery' accord with the usage and in Juv., 13, 242: +_quando recepit | eiectum simul attrita de fronte pudorem?_ --#de +rebus#: 'from the world,' or omitted. See 1, 1. --#recto talo#: Comp. +Hor., Ep., 2, 1, 176: _cadat an #recto# stet fabula #talo#_. Jahn comp. +further Pind., Isthm., 6, 12: +orthô estasas epi sphurô+, and Eur., +Hel., 1449: +orthô bênai podi+. Transl. 'uprightly.' + +105. #ars#: Philosophy. [_Philosophus_] _#artem# vitae professus_, Cic., +Tusc. Dis., 2, 4, 12; _sapientia #ars# est_, Sen., Ep., 29, 3. +--#speciem#: Jahn gave up in 1868 the hopeless _specimen_ of 1843, which +left _qua_ in the next line utterly unprovided for. That this aberration +of a distinguished scholar should have been followed at all is a sad +instance of _Nachbeterei_-- a German word, not exclusively a German +vice. + +106. #ne qua#: sc. _species_. _Ne_ because of the general notion of +apprehension in the sentence, as after _videre_. G., 548, R. 2; A., 70, +3, _e_. --#subaerato auro#: _Subaeratus_ is a translation of ++hupochalkos. Hupochalkon nomisma+ is literally a coin (of gold or +silver) with copper underneath. Of course we should say gilt or silvered +copper coin. _Subaerato auro_, Abl. Abs. --#mendosum tinniat#: With +_mendosum_ comp. _sonat vitium_, 3, 21; _solidum crepet_, v. 25; with +_tinniat_, Quint., 11, 3, 31: _sonis homines, ut aera #tinnitu#, +dinoscimus_. Translate the line: 'that no [seeming truth] give a faulty +ring, due to the copper underneath the gold.' + +107. #forent#: On the sequence, see G., 511, R. 2; A., 58, 10, _a_. + +108. #ilia prius creta#, etc.: Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 246: _sanin +#creta# an #carbone# notandi_. + +109. #modicus voti#: On the Gen., see G., 374, R. 2; A., 50, 3, _c_. +--#presso lare#: 'Your establishment within your means?' _Pressus_ +opposed to _diffusus_. --#dulcis#: 'indulgent.' Observe the 'sweet +reasonableness' of the ancient religionist. He, too, was an apostle of +'sweetness and light.' + +110. #iam nunc-- iam nunc#: 'At the very moment,' 'just at the right +time,' hence 'at one instant, at another.' --#astringas# --#laxes#: +'shut tight-- open wide.' --#granaria#: 6, 25, Plural of abundance. +Comp. 2, 33. + +111. #inque luto#: It was a favorite trick of the Roman boys to solder a +piece of money to a stone in the pavement, in order to have a laugh at +any one who might stoop to pick it up (Scholiast). Similar pranks are +common enough now. Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 16, 63: _qui liberior sit avarus +| in triviis fixum, cum se demittit ob assem | non video_. + +112. #glutto#: On the formation, see _cachinno_, 1, 12. +'Lickerish-mouthed that you are' would give the coarse tone. +--#salivam#: Doth not our mouth water? --#Mercurialem#: Excited by gain +and not by food. See 2, 12. 'Water of treasure-trove' (Conington). + +113. #haec mea sunt, teneo#: The commentators notice the legal tone. +--#cum dixeris#: G., 584. + +114. #-que ac#: a rare combination. --#praetoribus ac Iove dextro#: +a kind of Zeugma = _praetoribus [auctoribus] et Iove dextro_, 'by the +grace of the praetors and Jove.' The Jupiter here meant is the _Iuppiter +Liberator_ (+Zeus eleutherios+), so famous in connection with the death +of Persius's friend, Thrasea Paetus, Tac., Ann., 16, 35. See Introd., +xiii. + +115. #sin#: '(if not) but if,' G., 593; A., 59, 1, _a_; Ribbeck, l.c. +14. --#cum#: 'whereas,' 'after,' adversative. --#nostrae farinae#: 'one +of our grain, batch, set,' 'one of our kidney'-- doubtless a proverbial +expression. The metaphor is taken from the mill or from the bakery. The +batch referred to is the Stoic school. Of course the statement is +ironical. 'Whereas (to judge by your bold pretensions to liberty) you +were a little while ago in our set.' + +116-118. The drift of the passage is plain enough. 'A change of fortune +does not bring with it a change of character. If you possess all that +you say you possess, then you are free and wise. But if you are, after +all, the same old man, I take back all that I have granted. You are a +fool, a slave.' This familiar Stoic thesis is covered over with a mass +of confused metaphors, at least according to the commentators and +translators. --#pelliculam veterem retines#: is supposed to be: 1. An +ass in a lion's skin, after Hor., Sat., 1, 6, 22; or, 2. A snake that +has not cast its slough (Jahn). --#astutam servas vulpem#: is the fox +dressed up like a lion, Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 186. --#vapido pectore#: +contains an allusion to 'dead wine,' _vappa_, v. 77, and is opposed to +_incoctum generoso pectus honesto_, 2, 74. --#funem reduco#: 1. Of a +beast that has had rope allowed it and is pulled in; 2. Of a cock-chafer +that is played at the end of a string (Ar., Nub., 763). --#fronte# +#politus#: words that do not fit in very satisfactorily with ass, fox, +flat wine, restiff beast, or buzzing cock-chafer. My admiration of +Persius is not unqualified, but this medley is almost too wild even for +his turbid genius; and here, as elsewhere, commentators have been misled +by looking at mere verbal coincidences with Horace. There is an Aesopic +fable (149 Halm), the moral of which gives the substance of this +passage: +ho logos dêloi hoti hoi phauloi tôn anthrôpôn, kan ta +proschêmata lamprotera analabôsi, tên goun phusin ou metatithentai+. In +this fable, which bears a family likeness to +walê pot' andros+ (Babr. +32), _La Chatte Metamorphosée en Femme_ (La Fontaine, 2, 18), Zeus, +charmed with the cleverness of Reynard, had made him king of the beasts; +but wishing to try whether fortune had changed his character, he caused +a beetle to fly before His Majesty's eyes as he was borne by in state. +The fox could not withstand the temptation, leaped from the litter, and +tried to catch the game in such unseemly guise that Zeus deposed him. +The fox is Dama, made Marcus; nay, become a philosopher (_nostrae +farinae_), and the philosopher is king: _sapiens-- dives | #liber#, +honoratus, pulcher, #rex# denique regum_, as Horace puts the Stoic +doctrine (Ep., 1, 1, 107). But if despite his fair seeming, his smooth +regal brow (_fronte politus_), he retains his old nature (_pelliculam +veterem_), and the old Reynard-- the old rascal that swindled his master +for a feed of corn-- is still in his heart (_astutam servas sub pectore +vulpem_), our _deus ex machina_ takes back all that he has granted; he +is a slave still. + +117. #relego#: So Jahn. Inferior MSS. have _repeto_. _Relego_ evidently +suggested the new figure, _funem reduco_. + +119. #digitum exsere, peccas#: a favorite expression with the Stoics to +show that the wise man alone understands the conduct of life. Epictet., +fr. 53: +hê philosophia phêsin hoti oude ton daktulon ekteinein eikê +prosêkei+ (Casaubon). + +120. #nullo ture litabis#: Comp. 2, 75. Here _litabis_ = _litando +impetrabis_. + +122. #fossor#: 'a ditcher, a clown, a clodhopper.' _Fossor_ = _in +cultus_. Comp. 'navvy.' Juvenal (11, 80) speaks of the _squalidus +fossor_; Catullus (22, 10) combines _fossor_ and _#caprimulgus#_, Eur. +(El., 252), +skapheus+ and +bouphorbos+. + +123. #tris tantum ad numeros moveare#: 'dance three steps in time.' +_Ad_, as often, of the standard; _numerus_ = +ruthmos+; _moveri_ of the +dance, as in Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 125, and as _motus_ in Od., 3, 6, 21: +_#motus# doceri gaudet Ionicos | matura virgo_. --#satyrum#: a kind of +Cognate Accusative, as in Hor., l.c.: _qui | nunc #satyrum#, nunc +agrestem Cyclopa movetur_. Persius selects the _satyrus_ in distinct +opposition to the _agrestis Cyclops_, a more congenial dance for the +_agrestis fossor_. See the commentators on Horace. --#Bathylli#: +Bathyllus was a famous dancer in the time of Augustus. More bookishness. +See Phaedr., 5, 7, 5; Juv., 6, 63. + +124. #Liber ego#: The language of Dama. Only Dama is fading out. +'Persius meets this reassertion of freedom with a new answer. Before he +had contended that fools had no _rights_; now he shows that they have no +independent _power_' (Conington). --#Unde datum hoc sentis#: So Hor., +Sat., 2, 2, 31: _Unde datum hoc sentis_, only _sentis_ here is +equivalent to _censes_ (Jahn). On the interrogative with the Participle, +see 3, 67. _Unde datum_, 'Who allowed you?' _unde_ being = _a quo_. +Comp. _inde_, 1, 126, and G., 613, R. 1; A., 48, 5. --#tot subdite +rebus#: Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 7, 75: _tune mihi dominus rerum imperiis +hominumque | #tot tantisque# minor_ = +hêssôn+ = _subditus_. + +125. #an#: 'or' (do you mean to say?) 'what?' See 1, 41. --#relaxat#: in +a general sense. Exit Dama. Enter Impersonal _Tu_. + +126. #I puer#: sample order of a sample master. --#strigiles#: A man +might go to a common bath, but he would not like to use a common scraper +(_strigilis_, +xustra+). On the _strigilis_, see, if needful, the +commentators on Juv., 3, 263. --#Crispini#: Perhaps the bath-keeper. The +name is Horatian, Sat., 1, 2, 120, and elsewhere. + +127. #si increpuit#: The slave loiters, the master scolds. --#'cessas +nugator:'# Much more effective in the mouth of the master than as an +apodosis to _si increpuit_, as Hermann has it, and Jahn (1868); though +Schlüter's remark, _verba_ '_cessas nugator?' dominum, non philosophum +decent_, does not amount to much, when we consider that the philosopher +is Persius himself. _Nugator_ is used here of wasting time; but the use +of _nugari_ and its forms, which were often addressed to slaves, is +wider, like the English 'fool.' So in Petron., 52, a boy lets a cup +fall, and Trimalchio cries, _ne sis nugax_. With _cessas_ comp. Hor., +Ep., 2, 2, 14: _semel hic cessavit_. 'What do you mean by this +loitering, you dawdler, you?' --#servitium acre#: 'the goad of bondage,' +as Conington suggests. _Acre_, from the same radical as _aculeus_. + +128. #nihil nec quicquam#: G., 482, R. 3. + +129. #nervos#: 'wires.' The figure of the puppet (_sigillarium_, +agalma +neurospaston+) as a favorite one with the Stoics, to judge by +M. Antoninus, who uses it very often, e.g., +sigillaria +neurospastoumena+, 7, 3; +neurospastia+, 6, 28. Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 7, +80: _tu mihi qui imperitas alii servis miser atque | duceris ut #nervis# +alienis mobile lignum_. --#agitet#: 'There is nothing from without to +set your wires going.' Your masters are within. --#iecore#: See 1, 25. + +130. #domini#: An immemorial figure. So Sophocles of Love. _Di meliora, +inquit, libenter vero istinc sicut a #domino# agresti ac furioso +profugi_, Cic., Cat. Mai., 14, 47. --#qui#: 'how?' --#exis# = _evadis_. +See 1, 46; 6, 60. + +131. #atque# = _quam_. G., 311, R. 6. --#hic# = _de quo loquimur_. G., +290, 3. --#metus erilis# = _metus eri_. G., 360, R. 1; 363, R.; A., 50, +1, _a_. 'If I be a master, where is _my fear_?' Mal., 1, 6. The +assumption of Hendiadys, 'fear of the master's whip,' is unnecessary, +and makes the passage less forcible. + +132-191. The remainder of the Satire is taken up with descriptions of +the ruling passions: Avarice (132-142), Luxury (143-160), Love +(161-175), Ambition (176-179), Superstition (180-189). The language is +lively and mimetic, and forcibly recalls the connection between comedy +and satire. + +132-160. Avarice finds you snoring, makes you get up, thrusts a bill of +lading in your hand, cuts out work for you-- not very honest work +either-- and chides you till she gets you to the ship. As you are about +to embark, Luxury takes you aside, remonstrates with you, reminds you of +the annoyances of a sea voyage. And all for what? The difference between +five and eleven per cent. Why so greedy? 'Life let us cherish.' Enjoy it +while you may. And so you are in a strait betwixt two. First you submit +to one, then to the other master; and when you have once rebelled, you +must not say, 'I have broken my bonds.' So a struggling hound may wrench +away the staple, but drags the chain after it. + +132. #Mane stertis#: a reminiscence of himself, 3, 3. + +134. #saperdam#: Sing. for the Plur. Comp. _mena_, 3, 76. The _saperda_ +(+saperdês, korakinos+) was a cheap fish for salting. The best came from +the Palus Maeotis (Sea of Azow, Balik-Denghis, or Fish-sea), where they +were caught in vast quantities. 'Salt herring.' --#Ponto#: a whence +case. + +135. #castoreum, stuppas, hebenum, tus#: A mere hodge-podge. Comp. +Menand., fr. 720 (4, 279 Mein.): +stuppeion, elephant', oinon, aulaian, +muron+. The wares are mainly Eastern. Musk came from Pontus, ebony and +frankincense from the Far East. --#lubrica Coa#: 'slippery Coans,' may +be understood of 'oily (or laxative) Coan wines,' Hor., Sat., 2, 4, 29, +or of 'soft Coan vestments,' which were little more than woven air, +Hor., Od., 4, 13, 13. The use of _Coa_ for 'Coan robes' is sustained by +Ov., A. A., 2, 298: _#Coa# decere puta_, even if Hor., Sat., 1, 2, 101, +be cavilled at, and the effect is droller. + +136. #recens primus piper#: _Recens_, 'fresh,' 'just in;' _primus_, +'forestall the market.' --#ex sitiente camelo#: The thirsty camel brings +the scene before our eyes-- comp. _ante boves_, 1, 74-- and shows that +the genuine Indian pepper is meant, the _rugosum piper_ of v. 55. The +camel must have come a long way to be thirsty (_sitim quadriduo +tolerat_, Plin., H. N., 8, 18), but Madam Avarice will not let her slave +wait until the camel has been unloaded and has had its drink. + +137. #verte aliquid; iura#: _Verte aliquid_ is said with impatience, and +_aliquid_ is to be urged. Comp. _frange #aliquid#_, 6, 32; _dest +#aliquid#_, 6, 64; _fodere aut arare aut #aliquid# ferre_, Ter., Heaut., +1, 1, 17. 'Do something or other in the way of trade.' This obviates +Jahn's objection, who finds the expression tame after the preceding +list, and prefers to make _vertere_ = _versuram facere_, 'borrow money' +(to pay debts), and to interpret _iura_ of swearing out of the +obligation. But the connection in which _iura_ stands shows that it is +professional, and hence dishonorable; and though _verte aliquid_ is not +necessarily immoral, observe that in English we add 'honest' to the +phrase 'turn a penny,' if we wish to prevent a sinister interpretation, +which is the interpretation here, as König remarks. As for the +'tameness,' _mercare_ is 'tame' after _vende animam lucro_, 6, 75. + +138. #varo#: or _baro_, 'lout.' This obscure word is entered by Vanicek +(_Etym. Wörterb._, S. 36) under KAR (KVAR)-- comp. _varus_, 'crooked'-- +so that _varo_ would be 'a wrong-headed creature,' 'a perverse +blockhead.' The verb _obvaro_ occurs in Ennius (Trag., 2 Vahl.), and +_varo_ (Subst.) would be a formation like _cachinno_ (1, 12) and _palpo_ +(5, 176). --#regustatum digito terebrare salinum#: After the Greek +proverb: +halian trupan+ (of extreme poverty). Casaubon quotes, and +every body after him, Apoll. Tyan., Ep., 7: +emoi d' eiê tên halian +trupan en Themidos oikô.+ 'To taste and taste until you bore a hole with +your finger in the salt-cellar.' 'To lick the platter clean.' +--#salinum#: Only the most advanced philosophers professed to consider +salt, which even the miser could not well dispense with (4, 30), as a +luxury. So Thrasycles, in Luc., Tim., 56: +opson de hêdiston thumon ê +kardamon ê #ei pote truphôên oligon tôn halôn#+. + +139. #perages#: according to Casaubon, an imitation of the Gr. ++diagein+. Warrant for the ellipsis of _vitam_ or _aetatem_ seems to be +lacking. Some wish to read _perges_ here, and combine it with +_terebrare_. If so, the word _perges_ must not be translated 'continue' ++trupôn diateleis+, but 'proceed.' See the Dictionaries. There is no +authority for making _perages_ = _perges_. --#vivere cum Iove#: Madam +Avarice is blasphemously familiar in her expressions. 'To live on good +terms with Jupiter.' + +140. #pellem#: simply 'a skin,' which might serve as many purposes as a +modern traveller's shawl. Jahn interprets it as meaning a sort of +packing cloth (_segestre_), and compares Petron., 102. This is much more +likely than the _pastoria pellis_ of Ov., Met., 2, 680, the +baitê+ of +Theocr., 3, 25, elsewhere called +nakos+, 5, 2, 'a peasant's coat of raw +hide.' --#succinctus#: 'high girt,' hence 'equipped.' --#oenophorum#: 'a +wine case.' Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 6, 109: _pueri lasanum portantes +#oenophorumque#_. + +141. #Ocius ad navem#: It matters not who says this: 'Off to the ship +this instant.' We are on the wharf, where such cries are in the air; but +if we must assign them to somebody, they are best assigned to the +master, who hurries the slaves on board. --#quin#: G., 551,1; A., 70, 4, +_g_. --#trabe vasta#: 'mammoth ship.' The man's greed is indicated by +the size of the ship, as contrasted with the slenderness of his personal +equipment. _Vastum Aegaeum_, another reading, would be an epithet +wasted, a rare extravagance in Persius. + +142. #rapias#: 'scour.' Casaubon comp. Stat., Theb., 5, 3: _#rapere# +campum_. So Verg., Georg., 3, 103: _campum | #corripuere#_. The notion +is that of devouring. --#sollers#: 'artful' (literally, all-art). + +143. #seductum#: Comp. 2, 4; 6, 42. --#quo deinde ruis?# So Verg., Aen., +5, 741. _Deinde_, 'next.' + +144. #quid tibi vis?# Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 2, 69. G., 351, R.; A., 51, +7, _d_. --#calido#: is proleptic. 'Your breast is heated by a rising of +potent bile.' --#mascula# = _robusta_ (Jahn). _Mascula bilis_ means +_bilis nigra_, +melancholia+. Conington compares the Greek use of ++arsên+ as +ktupos arsên+, Soph., Phil., 1455. See 6, 4. + +145. #intumuit#: Comp. 2, 14; 3, 8. --#non exstinxerit#: +ouk an +sbeseie+. G., 629 (250); A., 60, 2, _b_. --#urna#: nearly three gallons, +half an amphora. --#cicutae#: the remedy for madness from this cause, +Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 53. + +146. #mare transilias#: G., 251; A., 57, 6. Conington's 'skip across' +would hardly answer for Horace's _non tangenda rates | #transiliunt# +vada_, Od., 1, 3, 24. Tr. 'vault over.' --#torta cannabe#: 'Twisted +hemp' is 'rope,' but Persius probably means a 'coil of rope.' --#fulto#: +with _tibi_. Jahn quotes Juv., 3, 82: _#fultusque# toro meliore +recumbet_. A coil of rope will be your cushion and a bench your table. + +147. #Veientanumque rubellum#: The _Veientana uva_ (Mart., 2, 53, 4) +yielded a coarse red wine. _Et Veientani bibitur faex crassa #rubelli#_, +Mart., 1, 103, 9. Not a happy stroke, as Teuffel has observed. A sea +voyage does not involve bad wine. + +148. #vapida pice#: 'fusty pitch.' Jars were pitched to preserve the +wine. --#laesum#: 'damaged.' --#sessilis obba#: 'broad-bottomed jorum,' +'squab jug' (Gifford). _Obba_ is an obsolete word for a large +drinking-cup. Conington's 'noggin' does not hold enough. + +149. #quincunce#: As an _as_ a month is twelve per cent. per annum, so +5/12 _as_ (_quincunx_) is five per cent., and _deunx_ eleven. + +150. #nutrieras#: We use 'nursing' in similar connections, but rather in +the sense of 'husbanding.' The figure is an extension of the Greek ++tokos+. See Shaksp., M. of V., 1, 3, where the 'breed for barren metal' +embodies an ancient prejudice. Comp. further Hor., Ep., 1, 18, 35: +_nummos alienos #pascet#_. --#nummi-- pergant avidos sudare deunces#: So +Jahn (1843). 'May go on to sweat out a greedy eleven per cent.' Hermann +edits: _nummos-- peragant avido sudore deunces_, and so Jahn (1868). H. +(_L. P._, II., 57) refers to _bona peragere_ (6, 22), and says that the +merchant, dissatisfied with his modest five per cent. which had +increased his capital, goes in for eleven per cent., which gobbles it +up, and has his sweat for his pains. On _pergant_, see note on v. 139; +with _sudare deunces_ comp. Verg., Ecl., 4, 30: _sudabunt roscida +mella_. + +151. #indulge genio#: See note on 2, 3. --#nostrum est quod vivis#: +Variously interpreted. 'Your real life is mine,' i.e., 'only that part +of life which you bestow on me is life' (Casaubon, and so, in effect, +Jahn). 'Your life belongs to me and you (_nostrum_ answering to +_carpamus dulcia_), not to any one else, such as Avarice, and it is all +that we have' (Conington). 'It is all in our favor that you are alive' +(Pretor)-- clearly wrong. There is an evident reminiscence of the +Horatian _#quod spiro# et placeo, si placeo, #tuum# est_ (Od., 4, 3, +24), which sustains Casaubon's view. + +152. #cinis et manes et fabula fies#: See note on 1, 36. There are +clearly three stages, as Conington suggests: 'first ashes, then a shade, +then a name.' With _fabula fies_ comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 13, 9: _fabula +fias_, and Od., 1, 4, 16: _iam te premet nox #fabulaeque manes#_. + +153. #vive memor leti#: So Hor., Sat., 2, 6, 97. --#hoc quod loquor inde +est#: 'What I am saying-- this speech of mine-- is so much off, so much +time lost.' Comp. _dum loquimur fugerit invida | aetas_, Hor., Od., 1, +11, 7. + +154. #en quid agis?# See 3, 5. --#duplici hamo#: 'a couple of hooks.' If +_hamo_ is a fish-hook, _scinderis_ is a metaphor within a metaphor. 'You +are like a fish distracted by two hooks,' not knowing which to bite at. +Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 7, 74: _occultum visus decurrere piscis ad #hamum#_, +and for _scinderis_, Verg., Aen., 2, 39: _#scinditur# incertum studia in +contraria vulgus_. The executioner's hook, which others understand, is +generally _uncus_; Juv., 10, 66: _Seianus ducitur #unco#_. + +155. #sequeris#: See note on 3, 5. --#subeas oportet#: G., 535, R. 1; +A., 70, 3, _f_, R. + +156. #oberres#: Gr. +drapeteuein+, 'go at large' (Pretor). + +157-158. #nec--dicas# = _neu dicas_. See note on 1, 5. + +159. #nam et#: (Don't say so) 'for.' 'Why, there's the dog that, like +you (_et_), breaks its fastening.' --#luctata#: 'by a wrench.' +--#nodum#: 'is the knot by which the chain is fastened to the bar of the +door, (_sera_). Comp. Prop., 4, 11, 25-6: _#Cerberus# et nullas hodie +petat improbus umbras, | sed iaceat tacita lapsa catena #sera#_' +(Pretor). --#et tamen#: So Jahn (1868). _At tamen_, the reading of most +MSS., can not stand, if Madvig is right in maintaining that _at tamen_ +always means 'at least.' Hermann's _ast tamen_ is well supported by +MSS., and is more vigorous than _et_. + +160. #a collo#: G., 388, R. 2; A., 42, 2. --#pars longa catenae#: The +long chain hampers its flight, and makes it easier to catch. The +comparison clearly suggests the next picture. + +161-175. Persius, knowing little of love or liaison, goes to his Greek +books for an example, and finds it, where it was not far to seek, in +Menander's Eunuch. Horace (Sat., 2, 3, 259 seqq.) follows Terence's +adaptation, Persius seems to have stuck to the original. Hence the +dialogue is between Chaerestratus (+Chairestratos+), the young master, +and Davus (+Daos+), the confidential servant, and not between Phaedria +and Parmeno, as in the Latin dramatist. + +Ch. Davus, I'm going to put a stop to this sort of thing. --D. Thank +Heaven for that! --Ch. But-- I should not like to hurt her feelings. Do +you think she'll cry? --D. Well, if you talk that way, you had better +not kick over the traces at all. She will give it to you soundly when +she gets hold of you again, and she will get hold of you again as soon +as she calls you. Don't be making suppositions. Go back to her in no +case. + +A man who can make such a resolution and keep it-- here is your free +man, not the lictor's whirligig. + +161. #Dave, cito#: Observe how he jerks out the words between the +gnawings. --#credas iubeo#: G., 546, R. 3. --#finire dolores#, etc.: +From Hor., l.c. 263: _an potius mediter #finire dolores#_. + +162. #praeteritos#: logically superfluous with _finire_, and yet not bad +dramatically; 'that I have been having, undergoing.' --#crudum#: +predicative, 'to the raw,' 'to the quick.' Comp. 1, 106: _demorsos +unguis_. + +163. ##ad#rodens#: more natural than _abrodens_. 'He is in meditation, +not in despair' (Hermann). --#siccis#: opp. to _madidis_, _ebriis_. +'What! shall I be a standing disgrace in the way of my sober relations?' + +164. #rumore sinistro#: 'What? make myself the talk of all the +scandal-mongers by squandering my estate?' + +165. #limen ad obscenum#: 'at a bawdy-house.' See note on 1, 109. He +puts the case strongly. Remember that he is shut out. --#frangam#: +colloquial, 'smash up,' 'make flinders of.' --#Chrysidis#: In Terence +the lady's name is Thais, not Chrysis. --#udas#: 'dripping.' With what? +With perfumes (Lucr., 4, 1179), with wine (Hor., Od., 1, 7, 22), with +tears (Ov., Am., 1, 6, 18), with rain (Hor., Od., 3, 10, 19), with the +sweat of the commentators of Persius. + +166. Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 4, 51: _#ebrius# et, magnum quod dedecus, +ambulet ante | noctem #cum facibus#_. --#ante fores canto#: Antique +erotic literature is full of the caterwaulings of excluded lovers +(+paraklausithura+). + +167. #puer#: 'Davus encourages his master, hence _puer_ instead of +Terence and Horace's _ere_' (Conington). 'My young master' gives the +tone here, 'my boy' below. --#sapias#: 'I do hope you are going to show +your sense.' Rather optative than imperative. --#dis depellentibus#: +_depulsoribus_ = _dis averruncis_. The Gr. is +apotropaios, apôsikakos, +alexikakos+. Comp. +apotropoisi daimosi+, Aesch., Pers., 203 (quoted by +Pretor). + +169. #Nugaris#: 'at your old nonsense, I see.' See v. 127. --#solea#: +The slipper was and is a matronly instrument of torture (Luc., D. D., +11, 1), and hence the fun of its application to grown-up men, as in the +familiar story of Hercules and Omphalé, Luc., D. D., 13, 2. 'To slipper' +would be understood as well in a modern nursery as +blautoun+ was in a +Greek gynaikonitis. _Philtra quibus valeat mentem vexare mariti | et +#solea# pulsare natis_, Juv., 6, 611-12. --#obiurgabere#: a _terminus +technicus_. Petron., 34: _colaphis #objurgare# puerum iussit_. +--#rubra#: A dramatic touch. This 'No Goody Two Shoes' wore the +fashionable red slippers. Comp. the _talon rouge_ of the last century. + +170. #ne trepidare velis# = _noli trepidare_. 'Pray don't undertake to +be restiff, to be plunging about.' Chaerestratus is a wild beast in the +toils. This suggests _ferus_, and then the metaphor is dropped, unless +_exieras_, v. 174, be a remnant of it. + +171. The distribution of what follows is not clear. Jahn and Hermann +make Davus's speech end with _dicas_, so that _haud mora_ is the reply +which the slave puts into the mouth of his master. 'If she should call +you, you would say: "Anon, anon, mistress."' Chaerestratus speaks the +words from _Quidnam_ to _accedam_, and Davus concludes with _si totus-- +nec nunc_. If Jahn's view be adopted, I do not see how we are to reject +the old conjecture _ne tunc_ or _nec tunc_ for the reading _ne nunc, nec +nunc_, v. 174. According to Heinrich, followed by Macleane and +Conington, _haud mora_ is adverbial, and the words _quidnam-- accedam_ +are attributed by Davus to Chaerestratus. 'In Terence,' says Conington, +'the lover has received a summons before the scene begins, and he +deliberates whether to obey it. In Persius he is trying to resolve under +the pressure of disappointment, and even then can not make up his mind; +so that his servant tells him that if he _should_ be summoned back, he +is pretty sure to entertain the question.' I have followed Heinrich's +arrangement. Speech within speech is as characteristic of Persius as +metaphor within metaphor. + +172. #nec nunc#: So Jahn in his ed. of 1868. _Ne nunc_, his former +reading, for _ne nunc quidem_, condemned by Madvig, has a doubtful +support in Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 262, a clear support in Petron., 9, 47. +--#arcessat#: So Jahn for _arcessor_, which is excessively harsh, by +reason of the double change, person and mood, in _supplicet_. + +174. #si exieras#: +ei g' exebês+. 'If (as you pretend you did) you got +away heart-whole and fancy-free, don't go to her even now.' _Si_ with +Pluperf. Ind. (not iterative) is not common, Cic., N. D., 2, 35, 90. +Others read _exieris_. --#nec nunc#: sc. _accedas_. --#hic, hic#: The +Adverb, as appears from _in festuca_. Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 17, 39: _hic +est aut nusquam quod quaerimus_. + +175. #festuca#: is generally explained as a synonyme for _vindicta_. +Others refer it to the practice of throwing stubble on the manumitted +slave, Plut., De Sera Num. Vind., p. 550 (Conington). --#ineptus#: 'as +if a lictor could make a man truly free!' (Jahn). + +176-179. Ambition's Slave. + +176. #palpo#: literally 'patter, stroker,' 'softsawder-man,' i.e., +electioneerer. Another of the _verba togae_. See note on 1, 12. _Palpo_ +is explained by Io. Sarisberiensis (ap. Jahn) as 'one who feels his way +with the people;' but this is not so simple nor so much in accordance +with the use of _palpare_. --#ducit hiantem#: Comp. Hor., Sat., 1, 2, +88: _emptorem inducat #hiantem#_, where Bentley reads _ducat_ on account +of this passage. Also Verg., Georg., 2, 508: _hunc plausus #hiantem#-- | +corripuit_, and Solon, 13, 36 (Bergk), #+#chaskontes# kouphais elpisi +terpometha+. + +177. #cretata# = _candidata_. Togas were chalked then, as belts are +pipe-clayed now. The candidate naturally put on his best. 'My Lady +Canvass in holiday attire, in spotless white.' --#vigila#: 'Be up +early,' in the same sense as our phrase, 'You must get up early to do +this or that.' There is no special reference to the morning _salutatio_. +--#cicer#: Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 182: _in #cicere# atque faba bona tu +perdasque lupinis, | latus ut in circo spatiere et aeneus ut stes_. The +vetch was a vulgar vegetable. + +178. #nostra#: _nobis aedilibus celebrata_ (Jahn). On the ironical First +Person, see 3, 3. --#Floralia#: See the Dictionaries. + +179. #aprici# = _apricantes_. See 4, 18. 19. To 'love to live i' th' +sun' (Shaksp.) is common to the feebleness of age and the luxury of +youth, 4, 33. --#quid pulchrius#: Snatch of the old men's chat +(Hermann). Ironical comment of Persius (Jahn). The former is more in +Persius's manner. + +#at#: An abrupt transition to the Thraldom of Superstition (180-188). +Whether the slave of superstition is identical with the slave of +ambition or not is not certain-- probably not. + +180. #Herodis--dies#: Probably Herod's birthday, celebrated by the sect +of the Herodians. Persius takes Herod as the most familiar Jewish +personage to indicate Jewish superstition. On the spread of Judaism in +the Roman Empire, see Friedländer, _Sittengesch._, 3, 489. --#uncta +fenestra#: The 'window' is 'greasy' from the oil-lamps. + +181. #lucernae#: Those who wish illustrations for what they can see with +their own eyes, may consult Friedländer, l.c. 1, 292. The lights remind +one of the Feast of Tabernacles. + +182. #violas#: Comp. Juv., 12, 90: _omnis #violae# iactabo colores_. The +violet may be our violet or the pansy (_viola bicolor_). --#rubrumque +amplexa catinum#: The tunny is so large that it embraces the dish, and +is not embraced by it. Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 4, 77: _angustoque vagos +piscis urgere #catino#_. _Rubrum_, the common color of pottery. + +183. #cauda thynni#: The tunny has a large tail, hence some such +adjective as 'taily' is desiderated. Comp. note on 6, 10. --#natat#: +Makes fun of the fish's swimming in the circumstances. --#tumet#: +'bulges.' The big belly of the jar looks as if it were 'swollen' with +wine. + +184. #labra movet tacitus#: Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 16, 60: _#labra movet#, +metuens audiri_ (of a prayer to Laverna). A recondite allusion to the +secret prayer of the Jews is unlikely. --#recutita sabbata# = +_recutitorum sabbata_. Comp. Ov., Rem. Am., 219, 220: _nec te peregrina +morentur | #sabbata#_. --#palles# = _pallidus times_. G., 329, R. 1; A., +52, 1, _a_. Comp. our English 'blanch' or 'blench.' + +185. #tum#: As soon as the man has got over his Jewish fright he is +assailed by other superstitions. --#lemures#: 'hobgoblins.' See note on +2, 3. Comp. Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 208: _somnia, terrores magicos, miracula, +sagas, | #nocturnos lemures#, portentaque Thessala rides?_ --#ovoque +pericula rupto#: The Schol. refers these words to the Gr. +ôoskopikê+ +(Jahn). 'The priests used to put eggs on the fire, and observe whether +the moisture came out from the side or the top, the bursting of the egg +being considered a very dangerous sign.' So Conington, after the +Scholiast. _Lemures_ and _pericula_ have no strict grammatical +connection. Some supply _timentur_ out of _palles_, others connect with +_incussere_ by Zeugma. + +186. #grandes galli#: Juvenal's _ingens | semivir_ (6, 512). The +peculiar worship of Cybelé had long been familiar to the Romans. +--#sistro#: The +seistron+, or 'timbrel,' was peculiar to the service of +Isis, which had been imported more recently. On its significance, see +Plut., De Isid. et Osir., p. 376. The vibratory theory of life, with its +perpetual sensuous unrest, is no novelty, as some of its eloquent +advocates seem to think. --#lusca#: Why _lusca_? The priestess is +supposed to have been struck blind by Isis, who visited offenders in +that way. Comp. Ov., Ep. ex P., 1, 1, 53, and Juv., 13, 93: _Isis et +irato feriat mea lumina sistro_. One homely explanation is that the +priestess, being one-eyed, had betaken herself to religion in despair of +a husband! (Schol.) + +187. #incussere#: Gr. Aorist. Comp. 3, 101. The expression, 'strike the +gods into you,' after the analogy of _incutere metum, terrorem_, is the +other side of Vergil's famous _magnum si pectore postit | #excussisse +deum#_ (Aen., 6, 78). --#inflantis#: 'who have a way of swelling.' +Compare the use of _depellentibus_ for _depulsoribus_, v. 167. See G., +439. + +188. #praedictum#: 'prescribed.' --#alli#: The superstitious usage here +referred to has not yet been paralleled. + +189-91. Last scene of all. Horse-laughter of the muscular military. + +189. #Dixeris--ridet# = _si dixeris-- ridet_. Comp. v. 78. +--#varicosos#: Comp. Juv., 6, 397: _#varicosus# fiet haruspex_ (from +long-standing). Varicose veins would naturally be common with men who +were as much on their legs as the soldiers of that day. But as +_varicare_ means to stand or walk, as if one had _varices_, 'to +straddle' (Quint., 11, 3, 125), and as _v[-a]ricus_ means 'straddling' +(Ov., A. A., 3, 304), it seems better to translate _varicosos_ +'straddling' here, always remembering the origin. With the change of +quantity, comp. _v[)a]cillo_ and _v[-a]cillo (vaccillo)_, Lachm., +_Lucret._, p. 37. --#centurionum#: See note on 3, 77. + +190. #crassum ridet#: Comp. _subrisit molle_, 3, 110. --#Pulfennius#: +Jahn's last. The name is variously written. Notice a similar trouble +about a _hircosus centurio_ in Caes., B. G., 5. 44, once Pulfio, now +Pulio. Heinrich recognizes a fellow-countryman in _Vulfennius_ (Wulfen). +--#ingens#: Comp. _#torosa# inventus_, 3, 86; _caloni #alto#_, 5, 95. + +191. #Graecos#: Comp. _doctores Graios_, 6, 38. --#curto#: 'clipped.' +--#licetur#: A similar notion is worked out with admirable humor in +Lucian's Vitarum Auctio. + + +CRITICAL APPENDIX. + +SATURA V. + +3. #maesto#: moesto, J{a}., H. --8. #Prognes#: Procnes, #H. --9. +cenanda#: coenanda, J{a}., #H. --13. scloppo#: stloppo, J{a}., #H. --17. +dicis#: dicas, J{a}., H. --19. #bullatis#: pullatis, J{a}.; ampullatis +_proposuit_ J. --24. #dinoscere#: dignoscere, J{a}. --35. #deducit#: +J{a}., H.; diducit, J{w}. --38. #apposita#: J{a}., H.; adpos., J{w}. +--58. #cheragra#: chiragra, J{a}. --66. #'cras hoc fiet.' Idem cras +fiet#: cras hoc fiet idem-- Cras fiet? H. --68. #consumpsimus#: +consumsimus, J{a}. --71. #cantum#: canthum, J{a}., H. --76. #tressis#: +J{a}., H.; tresis, J{w}. --82. #pillea#: pilea, J{a}., H. --102. +#navem#: navim, J{a}. --105. #speciem dinoscere#: specimen dignoscere, +J{a}. --110. #astringas#: adstringas, J{a}. --112. #glutto#: gluto, +J{a}. --117. #sub#: J{a}., H.; in, J{w}. --119. #exsere#: J{a}., H.; +exere, J{w}. --122. #cetera#: caetera, J{a}. --123. #tris#: tres, H. +--#satyrum#: satyri, J{a}. --127. #'cessas nugator:'# J{a}.; cessas +nugator, J{w}., H. _Vid. Comment._ --131. #erilis#: herilis, J{a}., H. +--132. #heia#: eia, J{a}. --135. #hebenum#: ebenum, J{a}., H. --136. +#ex#: e, J{a}. --#camelo#: J{a}., H.; camello, J{w}. --138. #varo#: +J{a}.; baro, J{w}., H. --142. #ni#: nisi, J{a}., H. --145. +#exstinxerit#: J{a}., H.; extinxerit, J{w}. --146. #transilias#: +transsilias, J{a}. --147. #cena#: coena, J{a}., H. --148. #exalet#: +exhalet, J{a}., H. --149. #nummi#: J{a}.; nummos, J{w}., H. --150. +#pergant avidos sudare#: J{a}.; peragant avido sudore, J{w}., H. --155. +#huncine#: hunccine, J{a}., H. --159. #et tamen#: ac tamen, J{a}.; ast +tamen, H. --163. #adrodens#: abrodens, J{a}. --165. #obscenum#: +obscoenum, J{a}. --172. #nec nunc#: ne nunc, J{a}. --#arcessat#: +accersar, H.; arcessor _al_. --174. #exieras#: exieris _al_. --#nec +nunc#: ne nunc, J{a}. --190. #Pulfennius#: Fulfennius, J{a}. + + + * * * * * + + + SATURA VI. + + + Admovit iam bruma foco te, Basse, Sabino? + iamne lyra et tetrico vivunt tibi pectine chordae? + mire opifex numeris veterum primordia vocum + atque marem strepitum fidis intendisse Latinae, + mox iuvenes agitare iocis et pollice honesto 5 + egregius lusisse senes. mihi nunc Ligus ora + intepet hibernatque meum mare, qua latus ingens + dant scopuli et multa litus se valle receptat. + Lunai portum, est operae, cognoscite, cives! + cor iubet hoc Enni, postquam destertuit esse 10 + Maeonides, Quintus pavone ex Pythagoreo. + hic ego securus vulgi et quid praeparet auster + infelix pecori, securus et angulus ille + vicini nostro quia pinguior, etsi adeo omnes + ditescant orti peioribus, usque recusem 15 + curvus ob id minui senio aut cenare sine uncto, + et signum in vapida naso tetigisse lagoena. + discrepet his alius! geminos, horoscope, varo + producis genio. solis natalibus est qui + tingat holus siccum muria vafer in calice empta, 20 + ipse sacrum inrorans patinae piper; hic bona dente + grandia magnanimus peragit puer. utar ego, utar, + nec rhombos ideo libertis ponere lautus, + nec tenuis sollers turdarum nosse salivas. + messe tenus propria vive et granaria, fas est, 25 + emole; quid metuis? occa, et seges altera in herba est. + ast vocat officium: trabe rupta Bruttia saxa + prendit amicus inops, remque omnem surdaque vota + condidit Ionio; iacet ipse in litore et una + ingentes de puppe dii, iamque obvia mergis 30 + costa ratis lacerae. nunc et de caespite vivo + frange aliquid, largire inopi, ne pictus oberret + caerulea in tabula. 'Sed cenam funeris heres + negleget, iratus quod rem curtaveris; urnae + ossa inodora dabit, seu spirent cinnama surdum, 35 + seu ceraso peccent casiae, nescire paratus. + tune bona incolumis minuas? et Bestius urguet + doctores Graios: _Ita fit, postquam sapere urbi_ + _cum pipere et palmis venit nostrum hoc maris expers;_ + _fenisecae crasso vitiarunt unguine pultes._' 40 + Haec cinere ulterior metuas? At tu, meus heres + quisquis eris, paulum a turba seductior audi. + o bone, num ignoras? missa est a Caesare laurus + insignem ob cladem Germanae pubis, et aris + frigidus excutitur cinis, ac iam postibus arma, 45 + iam chlamydes regum, iam lutea gausapa captis + essedaque ingentesque locat Caesonia Rhenos. + dis igitur genioque ducis centum paria ob res + egregie gestas induco; quis vetat? aude. + vae, nisi conives! oleum artocreasque popello 50 + largior; an prohibes? dic clare! 'Non adeo,' inquis + 'exossatus ager iuxta est.' Age, si mihi nulla + iam reliqua ex amitis, patruelis nulla, proneptis + nulla manet patrui, sterilis matertera vixit, + deque avia nihilum superest, accedo Bovillas 55 + clivumque ad Virbi, praesto est mihi Manius heres. + 'Progenies terrae?' Quaere ex me, quis mihi quartus + sit pater: haud prompte, dicam tamen; adde etiam unum, + unum etiam: terrae est iam filius, et mihi ritu + Manius hic generis prope maior avunculus exit. 60 + qui prior es, cur me in decursu lampada poscis? + sum tibi Mercurius; venio deus huc ego ut ille + pingitur; an renuis? vin tu gaudere relictis? + 'Dest aliquid summae.' Minui mihi; sed tibi totum est, + quidquid id est. ubi sit, fuge quaerere, quod mihi quondam 65 + legarat Tadius, neu dicta repone paterna: + _Faenoris accedat merces; hinc exime sumptus._ + _quid reliquum est?_ Reliquum? nunc, nunc inpensius ungue, + ungue, puer, caules! mihi festa luce coquetur + urtica et fissa fumosum sinciput aure, 70 + ut tuus iste nepos olim satur anseris extis, + cum morosa vago singultiet inguine vena, + patriciae inmeiat vulvae? mihi trama figurae + sit reliqua, ast illi tremat omento popa venter? + vende animam lucro, mercare atque excute sollers 75 + omne latus mundi, nec sit praestantior alter + Cappadocas rigida pinguis plausisse castata: + rem duplica. 'Feci; iam triplex, iam mihi quarto, + iam deciens redit in rugam: depunge, ubi sistam.' + Inventus, Chrysippe, tui finitor acervi. 80 + + +NOTES. + +SIXTH SATIRE. + +The Sixth Satire is addressed to Caesius Bassus, a friend of Persius. +The theme of it is the Proper Use of the Goods of this Life, which takes +the personal form of a vindication of the poet's course in preferring +moderate enjoyment to mean parsimony or grasping avarice. + + +ARGUMENT.-- Are you by this time snugly ensconced by your Sabine fire? +And _do_ the chords of your lyre wake to life at your vigorous touch? +O cunning craftsman! in whose song the noble tongue of our sires is set +to manly music, while young and old alike feel the play of your sportive +wit, which in all its sport never forgets the gentleman (1-6). + +While you are yonder, I am in my dear Liguria, where the coast is warm, +the sea is wintry but kindly, the rocks bar out the storm, and the shore +retreats far inland. + + 'Luna's port-- 'tis well worth while, good people, to know it.' + +This was a saying of Ennius, as he woke up in his senses from his +Pythagorean dreams and became plain Quintus, instead of the 'blind old +man of Scio's rocky isle,' and a wise saying of that hearty old cock it +was (7-11). + +Well, here I am, caring nothing for the rabble rout, caring nothing what +an ill wind may be getting up for my flock. My neighbor may have a +better patch of ground, men of lower birth may be growing rich over me. +I will not fret myself into a crooked old man for that, nor dine without +a bit of something nice, nor nose out a swindle in the imperfect seal of +a flagon of flat wine (12-17). + +How men differ in such matters! The very same horoscope may bring forth +rights and lefts. Here is one that even on his birthday allows himself +only the scantiest and meanest fare. Here is another that eats up, like +a spirited lad as he is, a vast estate. For my part, 'Enjoyment, +enjoyment,' is my motto, although I do not intend to treat my freedmen +to turbots, and do not understand the difference between cock-ortolan +and hen-ortolan after they are cooked (18-24). + +Now this is the way to live, I take it. Up to your harvest, up to the +last grain of your garners. What are you afraid of? It is a mere matter +of harrowing, and lo! another crop is there (25, 26). + +But you say, Mr. Critic, 'There are claims on one. A friend is +shipwrecked, the poor fellow is utterly ruined. One must do something +for him.' + +Well and good! Sell a piece of land, give the proceeds to the needy +friend, and keep him from begging up and down with a pictorial appeal to +the benevolent (27-33). + +Ay, but what of the heir? _He_ will dock the funeral meats, if _you_ +dock the estate. One, sure, would not be stenchful when one's dead, and +your bones will not be perfumed, or the perfumes will be stale or +adulterated. One can not expect to diminish one's property without +paying for it. Why, I heard Bestius say of your Greek teachers, from +whom you learned this precious wisdom of yours, that ever since this new +doctrine came to town the very haymakers have been spoiling their good, +wholesome fare by rancid grease. + +Well, what of all this-- the heir's neglect and Bestius's +fault-finding-- would you fear _them_ beyond the grave? (34-41). + +But come, my heir, let us dismiss the critic, and have a quiet chat +together. Consider the claims on me. Here comes a glorious piece of news +from the Emperor. The Germans have been defeated with great slaughter. +A grand triumph is preparing. This is no time to hold back. I am going +to bring out a hundred pairs of gladiators in honor of the occasion. +Forbid it, if you dare. If you don't like that, I am going to give +largess to the people-- none of your vile vetches, but oil and pasties. +Do you object? Out with it (42-51). + +What do you say? 'My farm is hardly worth having after that.' Well, if +you don't want it, I can get some of the women to take it; and if there +is none of them left, I can go to the next village, and Hodge will +accept. 'A son of earth?' you say; 'a nobody?' Pshaw! If you come to +that, I can just remember who my great-great-grandfather was. Two +generations further back and I come to a son of earth, a nobody, and +Hodge is a relation-- a distant relation, but still a relation-- a kind +of great-great-uncle. Believe me, the Lord No Zoo is father of us all +(52-60). + +You are an impatient heir, I must say. Why can't you wait for my shoes +until I take them off? I am the God of Fortune to you, just as he is +painted in the pictures, with a purse in his hand. Will you take what I +leave, and be glad to get it? It falls short; I know it does. But if I +have lessened it, it is for myself that I have lessened it, and what is +left is all yours. Don't stop to ask about that old legacy, and serve up +a stale dish of fatherly advice. I know how fathers talk. 'Credit +yourself by the interest. Debit yourself by the expenses. What is the +remainder?' Remainder? Fudge! Souse the cabbage, boy. Don't spare the +oil. Am I to dine off cow-heel and turnips on a holiday, that your +graceless grandson may stuff himself with _pâté de foie gras_, and +indulge himself in aristocratic connections? Am I to go through the eye +of a cambric needle that he may have a priestly paunch? (61-74). + +Furthermore, if you are not content with the little that I can leave +you, sell your life for gain. Try every trade. Try every nook and corner +of the earth. Go to Cappadocia, for instance, where you can make +something by dealing in slaves, and become an adept in that dainty +business. Double your capital. 'I have done so. Nay, I have trebled it, +quadrupled it, decupled it. Tell me where to draw the line.' Tell you +where to draw the line? Why, Chrysippus himself could not find the limit +between wealth and poverty. A dollar more does not make a man rich, +a dollar less does not make him poor. Where is the turning-point? And +yet this man talks as if the turning-point had been found! (75-80.) + + +The Sixth Satire is the most obscure and unsatisfactory of the poems of +Persius, and baffled interpreters have taken refuge in the hypothesis +that the Satire is incomplete. The roughness of the metre and the +harshness of the transitions favor this view; but parts are wrought out +with all the minuteness of detail that is characteristic of our author's +style, and some of the highest authorities, such as Jahn, consider the +Satire complete. The close, as Mr. Pretor remarks, is exactly in +Persius's manner, and we must look elsewhere in the Satire for the +breaks-- if breaks there be. + + +1-11. Are you spending the winter on your Sabine farm, Bassus, and have +you resumed your poetry? I am in my Ligurian resort, so praised by +Ennius. + +1. #iam#: in the question implies uncertainty, 'actually?' 'so?' +--#bruma# = _brevuma_ = _brevissuma_ (_dies_), 'the shortest day,' +'winter-solstice,' 'midwinter.' --#foco#: contrast between the +_fireside_ of the land of the Sabines and the open-air _warmth_ of +Liguria. --#Basse#: 'Caesius Bassus, one of the intimate friends of +Persius, was deputed by Cornutus to edit his Satires after his death. He +is classed with Horace, as a lyric poet, by Quintilian (10, 1, 96), who, +however, thinks him inferior to some of his own contemporaries, and he +is probably the same with the author of a treatise on Metres, which is +referred to by various grammarians, and still exists in an interpolated +epitome, but different from Gabius or Gavius Bassus, who wrote works on +the origin and signification of words and on the gods. Bassus was +killed, according to the Scholiast, in the famous eruption of Vesuvius' +(Conington, after Jahn). See also v. 5. --#Sabino#: The simplicity of +the Sabines has already been noted (see 1, 20), and Jahn thinks that the +life about the fireside (Verg., Georg., 2, 532) is an indication of the +primitive tastes of Bassus and his family. _Sabino_ also prepares the +way for _tetrico_ (below). Comp. _#tetrica# ac tristis disciplina +#Sabinorum#_, Liv., 1, 18 (quoted by Jahn). + +2. #tetrico#: 'austere.' --#vivunt#: Persius was thinking of Horace's +_vivuntque commissi calores | Aeoliae fidibus puellae_, Od., 4, 9, 11. +12. _Iam vivunt_, 'wake to life' (Pretor), where 'wake' represents +_iam_. See note on 5, 33. + +3. #mire#: is an Adjective or an Adverb, according as _opifex_ is a +Substantive or an Adjective. --#opifex#: Commentators supply _es_, but +the Nom. can be used in characteristic exclamation. See G., 340, R. 1, +and comp. 1, 5. With _opifex intendisse_ comp. Prol., 11, and _egregius +lusispe_ below. For the Perf., see 1, 41, note. --#veterum primordia +vocum#: Perhaps 'the racy richness of our early tongue.' Lucr. (4, 531) +uses _primordia vocum_ of the beginnings of articulate sound, as Quint., +1, 9, 1, uses _dicendi primordia_ of instruction in the rudimentary +preparation for rhetoric. Bassus, as the whole context shows, affected +to belong to the _antiquiores homines_, and imitated the diction of an +earlier time. Persius belongs to a different school of art, and his +friendship makes him guarded. Jahn understands a grammatical poem, of +which Lucilius furnishes a familiar example in his Ninth Book (see L. +Müller's _Lucilius_, p. 221), but, as Pretor remarks, _numeris-- marem +strepitum fidis intendisse Latinae_ indicates lyric poetry. + +4. #marem strepitum#: like +arrên phthongos+. Comp. Hor., A. P., 402: +_mares animos_. --#fidis Latinae#: Stress is to be laid on _Latinae_. +Persius himself is intensely Latin in his vocabulary. --#intendisse#: +'Verg., Aen., 9, 774, speaks of stringing the numbers on the chords; +Persius goes further [and fares worse], and talks of stringing sounds on +the numbers' (Conington). + +5. #mox#: points to another side of Bassus's poetry, the non-lyrical, +probably satires, for one _Bassus in satyris_, mentioned by Fulgentius +(ap. Jahn), is most likely our man, despite Jahn's objections. +--#iocis#: Heinrich, _ex coni_. The passage is a very difficult one. The +interpretation turns on the two words, _iocos_ (or _iocis_), _senes_ (or +_senex_), as the reading _egregios_ for _egregius_ may be discarded. + + (1.) Jahn reads in both editions (1843 and 1868) _iocos_ and _senes_. + + (2.) Hermann's _senex_, the reading of Montepess., was + enthusiastically advocated by Hermann himself. + + (3.) Heinrich's _iocis_ has the merit of making a perfectly clear + sense, and is accepted by Mr. Pretor. + + (1.) If we read _iocos_ with the MSS., _iuvenes_ must be considered + an Adjective, and _iuvenes iocos_ = _iuvenilis iocos_. This almost + compels us to make _senes_ an Adjective also, and the following + translation may be given: 'Rare genius for carrying on the frolics + of youth [in song], and for giving play with virtuous skill to the + jests of the aged.' + + (2.) Hermann's reading labors under the difficulty of requiring us to + understand _senex_ of Bassus, who was not an old man at the time; + but compare the note on _praegrandi sene_, 1, 124. Notice also the + want of balance in the absolute _lusisse_. 'Then showing yourself + excellent in your old age at wakening young loves and frolicking + over the chords with a virtuous touch' (Conington). _Iocus_ is + often used of love. Comp. Catull., 8, 6: _ibi illa multa tum + #iocosa# fiebant_. + + (3.) Heinrich's _iocis_ gives us, 'Rarely skilled to rally the young + with jibe and jest and have a fling at old sinners, but all in + high-bred style.' _Pollice honesto_ is the _ingenuo ludo_ of 5, 16. + Comp. also 2, 74: _generoso #honesto#_; and the _#honesta# oratio_ + of Ter., Andr., 1, 1, 114: _quae opponitur #plebeiae#_, as Gesner + says, s.v. It is hardly necessary to say that the English language + has no synonyme for _honestus_, which embraces the goodly outside + as well as the pure heart. + +Mr. Conington translates Hermann's text and comments on Jahn's. _Lusisse +senes_ he understands as _amavisse senili more_, the poet being said to +do the deed he writes about, Verg., Ecl., 9, 19. It would be far more +simple to make _iocos senes_ = _amores senilis_, harsh as that would be. +Old men's philanderings are fair game for the satirist or comic poet to +have his fling at (_lusisse_). _Turpe senilis amor_, as the master says, +Ov., Am., 1, 9, 4. Compare the Casina of Plautus. --#pollice#: the +cithern being played chiefly with the thumb. + +6. #lusisse#: Comp. _scit #risisse#_, 1, 132. --#mihi#: The step-father +of Persius probably had a seat there. + +7. #intepet#: The warmth of the coast made it a favorite resort for +invalids. It is not unlikely that Persius was a man of delicate +constitution. --#hibernat#: According to some, 'my sea winters,' that +is, 'rests for the winter,' is not vexed by the keels of ships (Schol.). +According to others, 'is wintry,' like _hiemat_ (the more common word in +this sense). A stormy sea was supposed to lash itself warm. Jahn quotes, +among other passages, Cic., N. D., 2, 10, 26: _maria agitata ventis +#tepescunt#_. --#meum#: 'my sea,' 'my favorite haunt.' Some have +inferred falsely from this passage that Luna was the birthplace of +Persius. + +8. #latus dant#: 'present their giant side,' 'interpose a mighty +barrier' against the winds. Jahn comp. Verg., Aen., 1, 105: _undis #dat +latus#_. --#valle# = _sinu_. The Abl. of manner may be translated +locally; 'into a deep bay' (Conington). --#se receptat#: 'retreats,' +'retires' from the storms. So Horace (Od., 1, 17, 17; Epod., 2, 11) +speaks of a _reducta vallis_. Jahn refers the frequentative to the +windings of the bay. 'Keeps retreating,' 'retreats further and further,' +might very well be said from the traveller's point of view. The +description of the harbor, now the Gulf of Spezia, is said to be very +accurate. + +9. #Lunai portum#, etc.: Ennius, Ann., v. 16 (Vahl.). Luna, from which +the harbor took its name, was not on the gulf, but on the eastern side +of the Macra (Magra), near the modern Sarzana. --#est operae#: Commonly +explained by the ellipsis of _pretium_. But the Gen. is very elastic. +--#cognoscite#: is easier in tone, _cognoscere_ is easier for +translation. #cives#: 'good people all.' Ger. _Leutlein_. Jahn notices +the _antiqua gramtas_ of _civis_. + +10. #cor Enni#: Comp. _re-#cor#-dor_ and _#cor#-datus_, and our 'get _by +heart_.' So _credidit meum #cor#_, Enn., Ann., 374 (Vahl.). See Mart., +3, 26, 4; 11, 84, 17. The expression is little more than _cordatus +Ennius_, as in the familiar passage, _tergemini #vis# Geryonaï_, Lucr., +5, 28. So _#corpore# Turni_, Verg., Aen., 7, 650; Greek, +bia, is, +demas, stoma+ (+Anutês stoma+, Anthol. P., 9, 26, 3). On the same +principle are based such combinations as _#mens# provida Reguli_, Hor., +Od., 3, 5, 13, and _venit et Crispi iucunda #senectus#_. Juv., 4, 81, +and _Montani quoque #venter# adest_, l.c. 107. 'Ennius, in his sober +moments' (Gifford). --#destertuit#: On the Tense, see G., 563; A., 62, +2, _a_. 'Snored off his being,' i.e., the dream that he was Homer. +Ennius's dreams are touched up in Prol., 2, where it has been mentioned +that Ennius dreamed that he had seen Homer. For the further visions, see +the citations in Vahlen's ed. of Ennius, Ann., v. 15. + +11. #Maeonides#: poetic 'flash-name,' like the 'Bard of Avon.' +--#Quintus#: 'plain Quintus' (Gifford). The Scholiast fancies that +_quintus_ is a numeral, and gives the following order of +transmigrations: 1. Pythagoras; 2. A peacock; 3. Euphorbus; 4. Homer. +Tertullian gives: 1. Euphorbus; 2. Pythagoras; 3. Homer; 4. A peacock. +The pun would be a wretched one, but that is no objection; more serious +is the wrong use of the Preposition _ex_ for _ab_. Heinrich combines +confidently _Maeonides Quintus_, 'Homer with a Roman _praenomen_.' +Conington follows doubtingly. --#pavone#: _Memini me fiere #pavum#_, +Enn., Ann., v. 15 (Vahl.). --#Pythagoreo#: 'Since _Pythagoras'_ time +that I was an Irish rat,' Shaksp. + +12-17. Here I am in happy unconcern, caring naught for vulgar herd or +threatened flock. I do not pine because my neighbor waxes fat. Let who +will get up in the world; I won't let my hair turn gray for that, nor +stint myself, nor poke my nose into the wax of every jar of wine I open +to see whether somebody has not been tampering with the seal. + +12. #securus#: with Gen., Verg., Aen., 1, 350; 10, 326. --#quid +praeparet auster#: Jahn comp. _quid cogitet umidus #auster#_, Verg., +Georg., 1, 462; and 444: _arboribusque satisque Notus #pecorique# +sinister_. + +13. #infelix#: with Dat. Verg., Georg., 2, 239: _tellus_-- _#infelix# +frugibus_, quoted by Conington. --#pecori#: as it were, doubly +dependent. --#securus et#: The trajection of _et_ (1, 23) gives +_securus_ a better position. --#angulus#: as in _O si #angulus# ille | +proximus accedat_, Hor., Sat., 2, 6, 8. + +14. #pinguior#: Jahn quotes appositely for the thought, _fertilior seges +est alienis semper in agris_, Ov., A. A., 1, 349. So Juv., 14, 142: +_maiorque videtur | et melior vicina seges_. --#adeo omnes#: The +emphasis of _adeo_ may be given by repetition, _all, ay, all_. The +supposition is an extreme one, hence the Subjunctive _ditescant_. Notice +the harsh elision at this point, which is avoided by smoother writers. +Persius has it fourteen times in all-- eight times in this one Satire-- +which may be interpreted as an indication of its incompleteness. + +15. #peioribus#: Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 6, 22: _#peioribus# ortus_. The +social sense is the more prominent. --#usque# = _ubi-s-que_, 'no matter +where or when,' hence 'every where,' and, as here, 'always.' + +16. #curvus#: 'bent double.' --#minui#: 'lose flesh' (Conington). +--#senio#: before my time. Comp. 1, 26. --#uncto#: synonymous with +'dainty.' Jahn comp. Hor., A. P., 422, and 3, 102; 4, 17. + +17. #signum tetigisse#: Only good wines were sealed. The miser not only +seals up his vile stuff, but, in his anxious scrutiny into the state of +the seal, butts his nose against it-- perhaps with the additional idea +of helping the sense of sight with the sense of smell. _Recusem +tetigisse_ = _nolim tetigisse_. Comp. note on 1, 91. + +18-24. Others may not agree with me in these views. Even twins born +under the same star may be widely different. One gives himself a treat +only on his birthday, and a poor treat it is. Another devours his +substance before he comes of age. I am for enjoyment, but not for waste; +for enjoyment, but not for a subtle discernment of the pleasures of the +table. + +18. #his#: On the Dat., see G., 388, R. 1; A., 51, 2, _g_. _His_ is +Neuter. 'These views of mine.' --#geminos#: Comp. Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 183 +seqq. --#horoscope#: 'natal star,' 'star of nativity.' Comp. note on 5, +46. --#varo genio#: 'of diverging temper.' _#Varus#_ is often used of +distorted, bowed legs, and _varo genio_ is only Persius's way of saying +that the dispositions of twins often go apart. + +19. #producis#: 'bring forth,' 'give birth to,' 'beget,' Plaut., Rud., +4, 4, 129; Prop., 5, 1, 89 (Conington). Jahn renders it _in lucem edit +et educat_, which is more in conformity with general usage and with the +notion of control in the star of nativity. --#solis natalibus#: This +picture has been much admired. Every word tells. This high-day comes but +once a year (_solis_), the cabbage is dry (_sine uncto_), he does not +souse it with oil, as Persius does (_ungue, puer, caules_, v. 69), but +moistens it (_tingat_) with fish brine (_muria_), which he has bought-- +sly fox that he is (_vafer_)-- in a cup (a cupful at a time, to prevent +waste), while, with his own hand (_ipse_)-- for he trusts no other-- he +dusts (_inrorans_) the platter with the dear, precious pepper, sacred in +his eyes (_sacrum_). + +20. #muria#: was a cheap sauce, 'made of the _thynnus_, and less +delicate than _garum_, made of the _scomber_' (Macleane); hence the +point of buying it only as he wanted it-- a small quantity at a time. +--#empta#: Both Conington and Pretor direct us to combine _empta_ with +_muria_. It can not be combined with any thing else, as _calice_ is +rigidly masculine, Neue, _Formenl._, 1, 691. + +21. #sacrum#: _Acerbe dictum quia avarus tamquam sacro parcit_ (Jahn). +Jahn compares +hals theios+, but has not overlooked the real point, as +Mr. Pretor intimates. --#inrorans#: Comp. _instillat_ in a similar +description of a miser (Avidienus), in Hor., Sat., 2, 2, 62. --#dente +peragit#: 'gobbles up' (Conington). _Peragere_, 'go through,' 'run +through.' + +22. #magnanimus#: Ironical, like Hor., Ep., 1, 15, 27: _rebus maternis +atque paternis | #fortiter# absumptis_. 'High-hearted hero.' --#puer#: +while a mere lad. 'Gifford notices the rapidity of the metre, and +contrasts it with the slowness of v. 20.' It would have been more to the +purpose if he had noticed the mockery of the position, which suspends +the sense. 'He-- his property-- with nothing but his teeth-- his vast +estate-- heroic being-- runs through-- while nothing but a boy.' + +23. #rhombos#: It suffices to refer to Juv., Sat., 4. --#ponere#: 1, 53. +For the construction, see Prol., 11. + +24. #tenuis--salivas#: 'delicate juices,' 'subtle flavors.' _Saliva_ = +_sapor_, as in Plin., H. N., 22, 1, 22: _sua cuique vino #saliva#_, by a +natural transfer from the consumer to the consumed; or, as Conington +puts it, from effect to cause. See 5, 112. --#sollers nosse#: Prol., 11. +--#turdarum#: 'thrushes,' 'fieldfares,' a well-known delicacy, Hor., +Sat., 2, 5, 10; Ep., 1, 15, 41. The Scholiast tells us that the feminine +is used for the ordinary masculine, because the Brillat-Savarins of the +period undertook to tell the sex by the taste. The difference between +_turdorum_ and _turdarum_ reminds one of 'calipash' and 'calipee.' + +25-33. The true course is to live fully up to your income and trust to +the next crop. 'But suppose an extraordinary demand is made on you. +Suppose a friend is shipwrecked.' What easier than to sell a piece of +land and relieve his wants? + +25. #tenus#: here 'fully up to.' Jahn makes _tenus_ an Adverb, compares +Verg., Aen., 1, 737: _summo #tenus# attigit ore_, and explains _messe +propria vive_ as = _consume fructus agrorum tuorum usque ad finem, quoad +suppetunt_. --#propria#: 'Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with +_mine own_?' + +26. #emole#: to the last grain. --#occa#: Comp. Hor., Ep., 2, 2, 161: +_cum segetes #occat# tibi mox frumenta daturas_. --#in herba#: 'in the +blade.' Ov., Her., 17, 263: _adhuc tua messis in #herba# est_. Have +something of the farmer's hopeful spirit. Comp. the Gr. proverb: +aei +geôrgos eis neôta plousios+. + +27. #ast#: 2, 39. An impersonal objector speaks. --#officium# = +to +kathêkon+, which embraces our charity. The Stoics insisted on ++chrêstotês+, without prejudice to +apatheia+. They wanted +_benevolentia_ without _misericordia_. See Knickenberg, l.c. p. 90. The +poet gets the better of the philosopher in Persius. --#trabe rupta#: +Comp. 1, 89. --#Bruttia saxa#: In the toe of the Italian boot. + +28. #prendit#: Casaubon comp. _#prensantemque# uncis manibus capita +aspera montis_, Verg., Aen., 6, 360 (of Palinurus). --#surdaque vota#: +_Surdus_ is 'dull of hearing' and 'dull of sound,' 'deaf,' and, as here, +'unheard,' Comp. +kôphos+, The radical is SVAR, 'heavy;' 'neither his +ear _heavy_ that it can not hear.' + +29. #Ionio#: sc. _sinu_, if we may judge by Juv., 6, 92: _lateque +#sonantem# pertulit #Ionium#_. Gr. +Ionios #kolpos#+. Comp. Thuc., 1, 24 +with 6, 30. It is used here in a wide sense, as is shown by _Bruttia +saxa_, v. 27. Comp. Serv. ad Aen., 3, 211: _sciendum #Ionium sinum# esse +#immensum# ab Ionia usque ad #Siciliam#_. On the translation and +construction of _Ionio_, see note on Prol., 1. --#ipse#: the master of +the vessel. G., 297, R. 1. + +30. #de puppe dii#: Paintings of the gods. Comp. Verg., Aen., 10, 171: +_aurato fulgebat #Apolline puppis#_. The gods may have been Castor and +Pollux, no unlikely 'sign,' Acts, 28, 11. _Ingentes_ implies the size of +the ship and the magnitude of the loss (Jahn). See note on _trabe +vasta_, 5, 141. --#obvia mergis#: Jahn comp. Hor., Epod., 10, 21: _opima +quod si praeda eurvo litore | porrecta #mergos# iuveris_. Any large +sea-bird will answer, such as 'cormorant.' + +31. #lacerae#: Conington comp. Ov., Her., 2, 45: _at #laceras# etiam +#puppes# furiosa refeci_. --#et#: +kai+, 'if need be.' --#caespite +vivo#: Comp. Hor., Od., 1, 19, 13; 3, 8, 4; 'live sod,' 'green turf.' +Here landed property is meant, in contrast to the income, represented by +the _messis_. + +32. #pictus#: See note on 1, 89. 'With his picture' (Conington). +--#oberret#: 'go up and down the country.' --#tabula caerulea#: 'a +sea-green board,' as might be expected from the subject. + +33-41. 'But,' resumes the interlocutor, 'your heir will object to your +curtailing your property, and not show you the proper respect when you +are dead. You can't expect to diminish your property without scath. And, +in fact, you philosophers are very much spoken against on account of the +bad example you set, the bad influence you have exerted on the common +people.' --Well, what of it? Would you care any thing about what was +done to you or said of you after you are dead? + +The connection is much disputed. + +33. #cenam funeris#: the _epulum funebre_, the 'funeral baked meats' of +Hamlet, not the _silicernium_ proper, not the _exigua #feralis cena# +patella_ of Juv., 5, 85, the scanty meal left at the funeral pile for +the _dis manibus_. + +34. #curtaveris#: G., 542; A., 70, 5, _b_. --#urnae#: Do not efface the +personal conception (G., 344, R. 3; A., 51, N.) by translating 'put +into.' The urn receives; hence _dabit_ = 'commit,' 'consign.' + +35. #inodora#: Ov., Trist., 3, 3, 69: _atque ea (= ossa) cum foliis et +#amomi# pulvere misce_; Tib., 3, 2, 23 (Jahn). --#seu spirent#: 5, 3. +--#cinnama--casiae#: On the Plural, see G., 195, R. 6; A., 14, 1, _a_. +--#surdum#: 'faint,' a transfer from hearing to smell. On the +construction, see 5, 25. + +36. #ceraso#: This passage is our only authority for the fraudulent +admixture. Tr., 'whether the cinnamon have lost the fragrance of its +breath, or cassia be taken in adulteration with cherry-bark.' --#nescire +puratus#: here 'fully resolved,' rather than as in 1, 132. + +37. #tune bona incolumis minuas#: In his ed. of 1868 Jahn has followed +Sinner's suggestion, and transposed parts of vv. 37 and 41, so as to +read _Haec cinere ulterior metuas_ here, and _Tune bona incolumis +minuas_ below, as Hermann had done before him, only Hermann puts the +words in the mouth, not of the objector, but of Persius. I am unable to +see how either arrangement helps us out of the difficulties of the +passage. In his ed. of 1843, Jahn makes _tune bona incolumis minuas?_ +the language of the heir, who asks angrily, 'Do you expect to diminish +your property without suffering for it?' It is rather the language of +the objector, who had just told Persius that he would miss a good +funeral by curtailing his estate, and who goes on to cite Bestius, as +another opponent of this new-fangled philosophy. Persius dismisses this +tirade by the single question: 'What would all this be to you or me +after we are dead?' This gets rid of Bestius as a new speaker. He is +quoted by the objector. Mr. Pretor translates: 'Do you mean to say, +Persius, that _you_ would thus break up your property, while hearty and +strong, instead of waiting to bequeath it by will on your death-bed?' +--#incolumis#: +chairôn+, _impune_. --#et#: Others besides the heir are +dissatisfied. --#Bestius#: the _corrector Bestius_ of Hor., Ep., 1, 15, +37, who is quoted here by the opponent of Persius, as inveighing against +doctrines that have taught the lower classes to waste their substance on +condiments and spoil their wholesome fare, after the pattern of such +gentlemen as Persius. Comp. _usque recusem-- cenare sine uncto_, v. 16, +and _ungue, puer, caules_, v. 69. + +38. #doctores Graios#: Comp. 5, 191. --#Ita fit#: 'That is the way of +it.' --#sapere nostrum#: 1, 9. --#urbi#: with _venit_. _Venire_ with the +Dat., like the Greek +elthein+, on account of the personal interest +involved, 'came' being = 'was brought,' _allatum est_. See Kühner, +_A. G._, 2, 351, and Weissenborn on Liv., 32, 6, 4. + +39. #cum pipere et palmis#: notoriously foreign productions. Comp. +_advectus Romam quo pruna et cottona vento_, Juv., 3, 83. _Palmis_ = +'dates.' --#nostrum hoc#: 'this new wisdom of our day.' --#maris +expers#: Hor., Sat., 2, 8, 15: _Chium #maris expers#_. The explanations +are by no means convincing. _Maris expers._ (1) Not mixed with salt +water, which was supposed to be wholesome, as in Horace, l.c. (2) +_insulum_, Heinr., the most simple, 'foolish philosophy,' 'insipid +sapience.' (3) Devoid of manliness (Casaubon). Comp. 1, 103, 104, in +which case _maris_ would be a pun, as there is an evident Horatian +reminiscence. See Introd., xxiii. But the Horatian passage is itself +variously interpreted. (4) The rendering, 'innocent of the sea,' i.e., +'home-grown,' is in manifest contradiction to the drift of the passage. + +40. #fenisecae#: Type of the rustic laborer. Comp. _fossor_, 5, 122. +_Fenisecae_, the plebeian spelling for _faenisecae_, seems more +appropriate here. --#crasso unguine#: They can not get a good article, +but they are determined to imitate their betters, and so they take a +poor one. With _crasso unguine_ comp. 3, 104: _crassis amomis_. +--#vitiarunt pultes#: On _vitiarunt_ comp. 2, 65; _puls_ is the national +porridge, the _farrata olla_ of 4, 31. + +41. #cinere ulterior#: 'when you are the other side of the grave' (comp. +5, 152); +peraiterô koneôs+ (Casaubon). + +41-60. Persius turns on his heir: 'Glorious news has come of a great +victory. I wish to celebrate it by games-- by largess. Will you forbid +it? If you don't want what is left, let it alone. I can get somebody to +take it-- some beggar, perhaps, related to me through that son of earth, +Adam.' + +42. #quisquis eris#: does not so much show 'the indifference of Persius +himself' to his successor as the utter lack of real personality in the +Satire. See note on 1, 44. --#seductior#: Comp. 2, 4. _Paulum_ with +_seductior_. Comp. Petron., 13: _#seduxit# me #paululum# a turba_; and +Plaut., Asin., 5, 2, 75; Ter., Eun., 4, 4, 39. The Accusative with the +Comparative is rare but sure, Dräger, l.c. § 245, _b_; for examples with +_paulum_, Sil., 15, 21; Stat., Theb., 10, 938 (Freund). + +43. #o bone#, etc.: The only passage in Persius that deals with the +political life of his time, the only passage that has any historic +force. A keen observer in his narrow sphere, Persius has hit off very +happily the features of this droll triumph of Caligula's. True, he was +only seven years old when it took place; but he lost his father when he +was six, and yet recalls him vividly, and this parade must have made an +abiding impression, whether he saw it or only heard of it. Caligula's +German expedition is recounted in Suet., Calig., 43 seqq.: 'He ordered a +triumph, which was to be unprecedentedly splendid, and cheap in +proportion, as he had a right to the property of his subjects-- changed +his mind, forbade any proposal on the subject under capital penalties, +abused the senate for doing nothing, and finally entered the city in +ovation on his birthday' (Conington). With _o bone_ comp. _heus bone_, +3, 94. --#laurus# = _laureata epistola_, the letter bound with bays, in +which victories were announced. + +44. #Germanae pubis#: 'flower of the German army' (Pretor), _pubes_ +being = +hêlikia+. + +45. #aris | frigidus excutitur cinis#: Of course to make room for new +sacrifices, but _frigidus_ intimates that the ashes had had time to +cool; such occasions were rare. Comp. Apul., Met., 4, 83: _arae viduae +#frigido cinere# foedatae_. _Aris_, Dat. _Excutitur_ denotes haste. 'The +ashes are hustled off.' --#postibus#: 'for the door-posts' (of temples, +palaces, the residence of the _triumphator_, and other buildings). With +the Dative comp. Juv., 6, 51: _necte coronam | #postibus#_. + +46. #lutea gausapa#: 'yellow wools.' The coarse fabric known as +_gausapa_ was used to make yellow wigs for the mock German captives. The +light hair of the Germans is a familiar characteristic, and a similar +device is recorded of Domitian by Tacitus, Agr., 39 (Jahn). As the +captives were actually Gauls, Casaubon understands _gausapa_ of the +common Gallic costume. + +47. #Caesonia#: the mistress, and, after the birth of a daughter and the +divorce of Lollia, the wife of Caligula, Suet., Cal., 25. --#ingentis +Rhenos#: Jahn understands statues or pictures of the Rhine, to be +carried in procession, referring to the Jordan on the Arch of Titus, and +citing Ov., A. A., 1, 223 seqq., for the Euphrates and Tigris. Conington +adds Verg., Georg., 3, 28, for the Nile, and considers the Plural +_Rhenos_ sarcastic. The more common interpretation regards _Rhenos_ as +_Rhenanos_. Suet., l.c. 47, mentions expressly the fact that Caligula +picked out the tallest men he could find (_procerissimum quemque_) for +the procession. + +48. #genioque ducis#: On _genio_, see 2, 3. The genius of the Emperor +was publicly worshipped, Ov., Fast., 5, 145. Caligula punished those who +did not swear by his genius, Suet., Cal., 27. _Ducis_ is sarcastic. 'So +Juv., 4, 145; 7, 21, calls Domitian _dux_, with reference to a similar +exploit, a sham triumph with manufactured slaves' (Conington, after +Jahn). --#centum paria#: Comp. Hor., Sat., 2, 3, 85: _ni sic fecissent +#gladiatorum# dare #centum# | damnati populo #paria# atque epulum_. The +number is absurd for any ordinary fortune, and the extravagance of the +threat destroys the dramatic effect on the heir. + +49. #induco#: The familiar Present for the Future. _Induco, verbum +harenae_ (Casaubon). --#aude#: We should say, 'I dare you' (Conington). + +50. #oleum#: Largesses of oil by Caesar and Nero are recorded by Suet., +Caes., 38, Nero, 12 (Jahn). --#artocreas#: +artokreas+ = _visceratio_, +'bread-meat' for 'bread-and-meat.' Outside of the numerals, such +copulative compounds (_dvandva_ in Sanskrit) are rare, and chiefly late. +Comp. _suovetaurilia_, +nuchthêmeron+, the famous word of seventy-nine +syllables in Ar., Eccl., 1169, and Mod. Gr. +androgunon+, +'man-and-wife.' Some consider _artocreas_ a kind of meat-pasty. +--#popello#: 4, 15. + +51, 52. #dic clare#: It were very much to be wished that he had. The +context seems to require, on the one hand, a motive for the silence of +the heir; on the other, a motive for declining the inheritance. The +interpretation of _non adeo-- iuxta est_ depends on the meaning of +_exossatus_, which is sometimes rendered 'exhausted,' 'impoverished,' +'worn out,' as if 'boneless' and 'marrowless' were the same thing here; +sometimes, and with far more probability, 'cleared of stones.' A poetic +allusion to the 'bones of Mother Earth,' Ov., Met., 1, 393 seqq. +(Schol.), would be out of place, and the common culinary sense of +_exossatus_, 'boned,' is in keeping with the homely character of +Persius's tropes. _Adeo_ is sometimes considered a Verb, in the sense of +_adire hereditatem;_ sometimes an Adverb, and connected now with +_prohibeo_ (from _prohibes_), now with _exossatus_; and, finally, some +give _exossatus-- est_ to the heir, others to Persius. I subjoin the +chief distributions and interpretations: + +(1.) _Non adeo_, inquis. Exossatus ager iuxta est. Jahn (1843). (Do you +mean to hinder me? Out with it.) 'Not exactly,' you say. Here is a +worn-out field hard by. If you won't have it, another will. + +(2.) 'Non adeo,' inquis? Exossatus ager iuxta est (Conington). You won't +accept the inheritance, you say? Here is a field, now, cleared for +ploughing. + +(3.) 'Non adeo,' inquis, 'exossatus ager iuxta est,' Jahn (1868), which +may be rendered, 'I am sure that your land here is not in such very good +order' (that you can afford such extravagance). Good order or not, I can +find some one to take it off my hands, etc. + +(4.) Hermann bases his interpretation on the Schol., and understands +_non adeo exossatus ager_ to be a field that is not wholly cleared of +stones, to which the heir points as a cogent argument against his making +a difficulty. He is afraid of a stoning from the people, as above he was +afraid of doing any thing to disoblige the Emperor (_Lect. Pers._, II., +64). + +(5.) Teuffel agrees with Hermann's interpretation of _exossatus_, but +separates _non adeo_, 'Not exactly.' See (1.). 'There is a field hard by +from which the stones have [just] been dug up,' where they are lying in +convenient heaps. + +(6.) Heinrich takes _adeo_ to be the Verb, _exossatus_ as +'impoverished,' and _iuxta_ = _paene_. + +(7.) _Non adeo_, inquis. _Exossatus ager iuxta est_ is rendered by Mr. +Pretor, 'I can't quite forbid it; but let me suggest to you that your +land is impoverished.' + +(8.) König understands the heir to say: 'I will not accept. I have a +well-tilled piece of land of my own hard by.' + +I am not ashamed to acknowledge that the only point about which I am +convinced is the impossibility of making _exossatus_ mean +'impoverished.' + +53. #amitis#: _Amita_ is the aunt by the father's side. See note on 2, +31. Persius left his property to his mother and sister, and all this +string of suppositions is in keeping with the impersonal character of +his heir. Teuffel notices the utter jumble of legal relations. +--#proneptis patrui#: 'female cousin twice removed.' + +54. #sterilis vixit#: 'has lived barren' means 'has died childless, +without issue.' + +55. #nihilum#: 'neither chick nor child.' --#Bovillas#: Bovillae lay +between Rome and Aricia, and was the first stage on the Appian road, +hence called 'suburban' by Ov., Fast., 3, 667 (Jahn). Persius had an +estate in the neighborhood. + +56. #clivum ad Virbi#: Martial's _clivus Aricinus_ (2, 19, 3; 12, 32, +10), a noted station for beggars. Juv., 4, 17: _dignus #Aricinos# qui +mendicaret ad axes_. Virbius was identified with Hippolytus, and +worshipped as the hero of Aricia. --#Manius#: a typical beggar's name. +There was a proverb: _multi #Mani# Ariciae_, Fest., s.v., with the +explanation, _multos claros viros ibi fuisse_. The 'Arician aristocracy' +must have become a term of contempt by the time of Persius (+palai pot' +êsan alkimoi Milêsioi+). + +57. #progenies terrae#: is the indignant remonstrance of the heir, +_progenies terrae_ being = the more familiar _terrae filius_, Cic., +Att., 1, 13, 4 al.; our 'groundling' can answer only as a play on the +word. --#quartus pater# = _abavus_, 'great-great-grandfather.' + +58. #haud prompte, dicam tamen#: +molis men, exerô d' homôs+ +(Conington); +molis men, all' oun exerô+ Comp. [Dem.] 58, 26. --#adde +etiam unum# = _atavum_, 'one step further back.' + +59. #unum etiam# = _tritavum_. + +60. #ritu | generis#: 'by regular descent' (Conington). Jahn connects +_generis_ with _avunculus_. --#maior avunculus#: _avii aut aviae +avunculus est_ (Jahn), 'great-great-uncle.' Persius qualifies this +statement by _prope_, 'something like,' but he has not only got the +degree wrong, but has passed over to the mother's side. The thought of +this _frigidiuscula ratio_, as Jahn calls it, does not need +illustration. Still, comp. Juv., 4, 99: _unde fit ut malim fraterculus +esse gigantum_. --#exit# = _evadit_, 1, 45; 5, 130. + +61-74. Persius: 'You are getting impatient. Why not wait for your turn? +I am Fortune. Wait until I drop my purse into your hand, and then be +satisfied with what I have left in it. _Tadius bequeathed me some +money._ I know he did. What is that to you? None of your fatherly advice +about looking after my balance at the banker's. What do I care about +"balance?" I will eat a good dinner, and not starve myself for your +spoilt grandson's sake.' + +61. #qui prior es#: In this form of the +lampadêphoria+ 'the course was +marked out in stations, at each of which a new set of runners stood +ready to take up the race, and so long as the torch remained alight, and +the conditions of the race were thus fulfilled, it could not exchange +hands except at particular stations' (Pretor, after Jahn). Here the man +in advance is represented as trying to get the torch out of Persius's +hands before he has reached the station, while Persius is yet running +(_in decursu_), which Jahn properly emphasizes. The interpretation is +much disputed. --#poscis#: implies impatience. + +62. #Mercurius#: See note on 2, 11. + +63. #pingitur#: +Hermês kerdôos+, 'with money-bag in hand.' Comp. Ar., +Ach., 991, 992: +pôs an eme kai se tis Erôs xunagagoi labôn, | hôsper ho +#gegrammenos#, echôn stephanon anthemôn+. --#vin tu gaudere relictis#: +_Gaudere_ here almost = +agapan+, 'be thankful for whatever I shall +leave you.' According to the ordinary rules of grammar, _vis_ would be +the rhetorical, _vin_ the genuine form of the question (G., 455), but +_ne_ can not be pinned down by strict rules, as has been remarked. See +note on 1, 22. + +64. #dest aliquid summae#: may be an objection of the heir, or an +anticipated objection. Persius often reminds us of Mrs. Caudle. --#minui +mihi#: It was mine, and I diminished it to suit myself. It was mine to +lessen; what is left will be all your own to keep. + +65. #fuge quaerere# = _noli quaerere_, as in Hor., Od., 1, 9, 13. + +66. #neu#: 3, 51. --#repone#: 'dish up again;' the _paterna dicta_ may +be considered a _crambe repetita_. Comp. Quint., 2, 4, 29: _cum eadem +iudiciis pluribus dicunt, fastidium movent velut frigidi et #repo siti# +cibi_. Persius is nothing if not culinary. Jahn (1868) reads: _oppone_, +which is clearer but tamer. _Paterna d._ is simply 'the talk one hears +from fathers,' severe old gentlemen on the stage. + +67. #faenoris--reliquum est#: clearly a specimen of fatherly counsel. +Every Polonius has something to say to his Laertes on this subject +(Hamlet, 1, 3). Persius's Polonius advises his son to keep an account, +enter (_accedat_ = _apponatur_, see note on 2, 2) his interest on the +credit side, charge his expenses to the debit side, and find the +remainder-- in other words, to live carefully within the income of his +property. Before the old gentleman gets through, Persius repeats his +last word mockingly: 'Remainder? Hang the remainder.' This is also +Conington's view, who compares the commercial arithmetic lesson in Hor., +A. P., 327 seqq. --#merces#: Hor. uses _merces_ alone in the same sense +as _faenoris merces_ here, Sat., 1, 2, 14. 3, 88. --#hinc#: from the +capital, or from the interest, or from both. I am inclined to refer +_hinc_ to the side of the account. + +69. #ungue caules-- festa luce#: See note on v. 19. + +70. #urtica#: Comp. Hor., Ep., 1, 12, 7: _abstemius herbis | vivis et +#urtica#_; and Sat., 2, 2, 117: _#holus fumosae# cum pede pernae_ +(Jahn). --#sinciput#: 'pig's cheek.' The swine was the common sacrifice +and the common dish. --#aure#: _Fissa aure_ seems to be nothing more +than a picturesque detail. The pig's head was bung up in the smoke by a +slit in its ear. + +71. #tuus iste nepos#: Mr. Pretor sees a trace of incompleteness in the +mention of _tuus iste nepos_, 'whose existence has never before been +hinted at.' The _nepos_ is hauled up out of the inane like the +_quisquis_ heir himself. --#anscris extis#: Comp. Juv., 5, 114: +_#anseris# ante ipsum magni #iecur#_. + +73. #patriciae#: implies great expense. This coarse combination of +sensual pleasures is an argument in favor of the old-fashioned +interpretation of _Calliroen_, 1, 134. --#trama#: Fr. _trame_, 'woof.' +Such terms are apt to stick. Others translate falsely 'warp.' '_Trama +figurae_ is "a thread-paper figure," as _trama_ is the thread of the +woof, which crosses that of the upright _stamen_ or warp, and when the +nap is worn off the cloths, these threads are laid bare.' Stocker, +quoted by Pretor. + +74. #tremat#: 'quiver,' like jelly, 'wag.' --#omento#: 'fatty caul,' +'fat,' 2, 47. --#popa#: used as a Substantive. Comp. Prol., 13. +'Alderman-belly,' instead of an 'aldermanic belly.' 'They which waited +at the altar'-- for the _popae_ were the priests' assistants-- 'were +partakers with the altar' (1 Cor., 9, 13), and waxed fat on the _iunicum +omenta_. Pretor quotes Prop., 4, 3, 62: _succinctique calent ad nova +lucra #popae#_. + +75-80. Commentators notice the abrupt transition. Jahn says that the +dialogue is dropped, but who expects invariably close connection between +two heads of a sermon? In my judgment Persius is still hammering away at +his impatient heir, and bids him earn money for himself, if he is not +content to wait for Persius's death, and does not like Persius's mode of +living. 'Sell your life, ransack the world, drive every trade. Double, +treble, quadruple, decuple your property. But you will find that there +is no point where you can stop, where you will be rich enough.' + +75. #vende animam lucro#: Casaubon comp. the Greek proverb: +thanatou +ônion to kerdos+, and Longin., Sublim., 44: +to ek tou pantos kerdainein +ônoumetha tês psuchês+. --#excute#: (for the last time of eight) +'ransack.' + +76. #latus mundi#: Hor., Od., 1, 22, 19 (Conington). --#nec# = _neu_. +See 1, 7. + +77. #Cappadocas#: The slaves of Cappadocia were, as a rule, tall and +well grown (Petron., 63), and good litter-bearers (Mart., 6, 77, 4) +(Jahn), but in other respects extremely undesirable cattle. --#rigida#: +'fixed upright.' _#Rigidae# columnae_, Ov., Fast., 3, 529 (Jahn). +--#plausisse#: So Jahn (1868). In 1843 he edited _pavisse_, and comp. +_quot pascit servos?_ Juv., 3, 141, and other passages. But _p[-a]visse_ +may have been intended as a Third Conjugation Perf. from _p[)a]vio_, and +hence = _plausisse_. So Longfellow uses 'dove' for 'dived.' Slaves were +slapped to try their condition. On the Inf. and the Perfect, see _opifex +intendisse_, v. 3, note. --#catasta#: 'platform.' The sense of the +passage, 'Make yourself an expert in slave flesh.' + +78. #feci--sistam#: words of the avaricious man. The passage is imitated +from Hor., Ep., 1, 6, 34: _mille talenta rotundentur, totidem altera, +porro | tertia succedant et quae pars quadret acervum_. --#quarto#: as +if he had written _ter_ before. + +79. #redit#: the regular word for 'income,' 'revenue.' Comp. _reditus_. +--#rugam#: _Ruga_ = _sinus_, 'fold in a garment.' The _sinus_ answers to +our 'pocket,' hence 'purse.' The _ruga_, then, is the _rugosum +marsupium_ (Heinrich), or the 'yet unfilled bosom' of Juv., 14, 327. 'It +comes into a purse that wrinkles still.' To bring this out more clearly +Mr. Paley (ap. Pretor) puts a semicolon after _deciens_. --#depunge#: So +Jahn (1868) for his previous _depinge_. 'Prick a hole.' --#ubi sistam#: +G., 469, 623; A., 67, 2, _b_. + +80. #inventus#: Ironical. 'So some one has been found, Chrysippus, to +mark the limit of your heap.' If you can find a man to put a bound to +greed, you can find a man to solve the _sorites_ of Chrysippus. The +fallacy called the +sôreitês+, or +sôritês+, Lat. _acervus_, is often +mentioned; so in Hor., Ep., 2, 1, 47, where it is illustrated by pulling +hair after hair from the tail of a horse, and taking year after year +from the age of a poet. See Hamilton's Lectures on Logic, p. 268 (Am. +ed.). + + +CRITICAL APPENDIX. + +SATURA VI. + +5. #iocis#: Heinr. _ex coni._; iocos, J., H., Codd. --6. #egregius#: +egregios _al_. --#senes#: senex, H. --16. #cenare#: coenare, J{a}., H. +--17. #lagoena#: lagena, J{a}., H. --20. #tingat#: J{a}., H., Bramb.; +tinguat, J{w}. --#holus#: olus, J{a}., H. --#empta#: emta, J{a}., H. +--24. #tenuis salivas#: tenuem salivam, J{a}. --30. #dii#: Brambach; +dei, J., H. --31. #caespite#: Brambach; cespite, J., H. --33. #cenam#: +coenam, J{a}., H. --34. #negleget#: negliget, J{a}., H. --37. #tune bona +incolumis minuas#: J{a}.; _haec verba et v. 41 verba_ haec-- metuas +_transposuit Sinnerus quem secuti sunt_ J{w}. _et_ H. --40. #fenisecae#: +faenisecae, J{a}.; foenisacae, H. --50. #conives#: connives, J{a}., H. +--51. #inquis#: inquis. J{a}. --64. #dest#: deest, J{a}., H. --66. +#Tadius#: Stadius J{a}. --#repone#: J{a}., H.; oppone, J{w}. --67. +#faenoris#: Brambach; fenoris, J{w}.; foenoris, J{a}., H. --#sumptus#: +sumtus, J{a}. --69. #ungue#: unge, J{a}. --#coquetur#: coquatur, J{a}., +H. --77. #plausisse#: pavisse, J{a}. --79. #depunge#: depinge, J{a}., H. + + + * * * * * + + VITA A. PERSII FLACCI + + DE COMMENTARIO PROBI VALERII SUBLATA. + + + * * * * * + + [The line divisions and numbers of the original have been retained, + although they are not used in any editorial references. Brackets + are in the original. Note that the first page break is inconsistent + with the following line numbers.] + + + A. Persius Flaccus natus est pridie nonas Decembris + Fabio Persico L. Vitellio coss. decessit VIII kalendas + Decembris P. Mario Asinio Gallo coss. 5 + + natus est in Etruria Volaterris, eques Romanus, sanguine + et affinitate primi ordinis viris coniunctus. decessit + ad octavum miliarium in via Appia in praediis + suis. + + pater eum Flaccus pupillum reliquit moriens annorum 10 + fere sex. Fulvia Sisennia mater nupsit postea + Fusio equiti Romano et eum quoque extulit inter + paucos annos. + + studuit Flaccus usque ad annum XII aetatis suae + Volaterris, inde Romae apud grammaticum Remmium 15 + Palaemonem et apud rhetorem Verginium Flavum. + cum esset annorum XVI, amicitia coepit uti Annaei + Cornuti, ita ut ab eo nusquam discederet. inductus + aliquatenus in philosophiam est. + + amicos habuit a prima adulescentia Caesium Bassum 20 + poetam et Calpurnium Staturam, qui vivo eo iuvenis + decessit. coluit ut patrem Servilium Nonianum. cognovit + per Cornutum etiam Annaeum Lucanum, aequaevum + auditorem Cornuti. [nam Cornutus illo tempore + [-- page --] + tragicus fuit sectae stoicae. sed] Lucanus adeo mirabatur + scripta Flacci, ut vix retineret se recitantem clamore, + quin illa [esse] vera poemata diceret, etsi ipse + sua ludos faceret. sero cognovit et Senecam, sed non + ut caperetur eius ingenio. usus est apud Cornutum + duorum convictu virorum et doctissimorum et sanctissimorum, 5 + acriter tum philosophantium, Claudii Agathemeri, + medici, Lacedaemonii, et Petronii Aristocratis, + Magnetis, quos unice miratus est et aemulatus, cum aequales + essent, Cornuti minores et ipsi. + + idem etiam decem fere annos summe dilectus a Paeto 10 + Thrasea est, ita ut peregrinaretur quoque cum eo aliquando, + cognatam eius Arriam habente uxorem. + + fuit morum lenissimorum, verecundiae virginalis, + formae pulchrae, pietatis erga matrem et sororem et + amitam exemplo sufficientis. 15 + + fuit frugi et pudicus. + + reliquit circa HS vicies matri et sorori. scriptis tamen + ad matrem codicillis Cornuto rogavit ut daret sestertia, + ut quidam, centum, ut alii volunt et argenti facti + pondo viginti et libros circa septingentos Chrysippi sive 20 + bibliothecam suam omnem. verum Cornutus sublatis + libris pecuniam [sororibus, quas heredes frater fecerat] + reliquit. + + et raro et tarde scripsit. hunc ipsum librum inperfectum + reliquit. versus aliqui dempti sunt ultimo libro, 25 + ut quasi finitus esset. leviter retractavit Cornutus + et Caesio Basso petenti, ut ipsi cederet, tradidit + edendum. + + [-- page --] + scripsit etiam Flaccus in pueritia praetextam [+] vescio + et hodoeporicon librum unum et paucos in socrum + Thraseae [in Arriae matrem] versus, quae se + ante virum occiderat. omnia ea auctor fuit Cornutus + matri eius ut aboleret. 5 + + editum librum continuo mirari et diripere homines + coepere. + + decessit autem vitio stomachi anno aetatis XXX. + + sed mox ut a scholis et magistris divertit, lecto libro + Lucilii decimo vehementer saturas conponere instituit. 10 + cuius libri principium imitatus est, sibi primo, mox omnibus + detracturus cum tanta recentium poetarum et oratotum + insectatione, ut etiam Neronem [illius temporis + principem] culpaverit. cuius versus in Neronem cum + ita se haberet 'auriculas asini Mida rex habet,' in eum 15 + modum a Cornuto, Persio iam tum mortuo, est commutatus + 'auriculas asini quis non habet?' ne hoc Nero in + se dictum arbitraretur. + + QUINTILIANUS X, 1, 94 multum et verae gloriae + quamvis uno libro Persius meruit. 20 + + MARTIALIS IV, 9, 7 + Saepius in libro numeratur Persius uno, + quam levis in tota Marsus Amazonide. + + IOANNES LYDUS DE MAG. I, 41 +Persios de + ton poiêtên Sôphrona mimêsasthai thelôn to Lukophronos 25 + parêlthen amauron.+ + + + * * * * * + +CRITICAL APPENDIX. + + +The first reading is the reading of this edition, which, in the absence +of any statement to the contrary, coincides with Jahn's edition of 1868. +Variations in spelling have been noted where they have been deemed +instructive. + + J{a}. = Jahn, ed. of 1843. + J{w}. = " " 1868. + J. = " both editions. + H. = Hermann (1854). + + [The remainder of the Critical Appendix has been distributed among + the individual Satires.] + + + * * * * * + + INDEX. + + + * * * * * + + [Transcriber's Note: + + All references are to Satires and line numbers, not to physical + pages. Punctuation is German-style, so: + Prol., 14; 1, 11. 106; 3, 59. 110; 4, 34 + may be read as: + Prologue line 14 + Satire 1 lines 11, 106 + Satire 3 lines 59, 110 + Satire 4 line 34] + + + A. + + abaco, 1, 131. + abavus, 6, 57 (note). + Ablative in [-i], 1, 62. 83. + not necessarily locative, Prol., 1; 2, 35; 6, 8. + accerso, 2, 45. + Acci, 1, 76. + accipio, 5, 87. + Accusative cognate, Prol., 14; 1, 11. 106; 3, 59. 110; 4, 34; + 5, 25. 106. 123. 190; 6, 35. + for abl., 6, 42. + acerra, 2, 5. + aceti morientis, 4, 32. + aceto lotus, 5, 86. + acre despuat, 4, 34. + acre servitium, 5, 127. + acri iunctura, 5, 14. + actus teneat, 5, 99. + ad, 5, 123. + adductis amicis, 3, 47. + adeo, 6, 14. 51. + adferre sensus, 1, 69. + adflate, 1, 123. + Adjective for Subst., 1, 107; 2, 74; 3, 52. + admissus, 1, 117. + admovere templis, 2, 75. + adnuere his, 2, 43. + adrodens, 5, 163. + adsensere viri, 1, 36. + adsigna tabellas, 5, 81. + adsonat, 1, 102. + adverso, ex adv. dicere, 1, 44. + Aegaeum rapere, 5, 142. + aegroti veteris, 3, 83. + Aegyptus, sons of, 2, 56 (note). + aenos fratres, 2, 56. + aequali Libra, 5, 47. + aera invenci, 3, 39. + Saturnia, 2, 59. + aerumnis, 1, 78. + aerumnosi, 3, 79. + agaso, 5, 76. + agedum, 2, 22. + ager exossatus, 6, 52. + agitare iocos (?), 6, 5. + Ague, semitertian, 3, 91. + ait (indef. person), 1, 40. + alba, 1, 110. + albata, 2, 40. + albo ventre, 3, 98. + albus cum sardonyche, 1, 16. + timor, 3, 115. + Alcibiades, 4, 3 (note). + alea, 5, 57. + algente catino, 3, 111. + alges, 3, 115. + aliquid, 3, 60; 5, 137. + aliquis, 3, 8. + alitus gravis, 3, 89. + alli caput, 5, 188. + ambages succinis, 3, 20. + ambiguum iter, 5, 34. + ambitio cretata, 5, 177. + amitis, 6, 53. + amomis crassis, 3, 104. + amplexa catinum, 5, 182. + an, 1, 41. + anceps, 4, 11; 5, 156. + anguis duos, 1, 113. + angulus, 6, 13. + anhelo, 1, 14; 5, 10. + animae pars, 5, 23. + animam vende, 6, 75. + anne, 3, 39. + anseris exta, 6, 71. + ante boves, 1, 74. + Anticyras, 4, 16. + Antiopa, 1, 78. + antithetis rasis, 1, 86. + anus, 4, 19. + Aorist descriptive, 3, 101; 5, 187. + gnomic, 2, 5. + infinitive, 1, 132; 2, 66; 5, 33; 6, 77. + aperto voto, 2, 7. + +apotropoisi daimosi+, 5, 167. + Appennino, 1, 95. + apponit annos, 2, 2. + apposita regula, 5, 38. + apricatio, 4, 18. 19. 33 (note). + aprici senes, 5, 179. + aptius, 1, 45. + Apula canis, 1, 60. + aqualiculus, 1, 57. + arator peronatus, 5, 102. + aratra, 1, 75. + aratro, 4, 41. + Arcadiae pecuaria, 3, 9. + Arcesilas, 3, 79. + arcessat, 5, 172. + arcessis, 2, 45. + arcum dirigere, 3, 60. + argenti creterras, 2, 52. + seria, 2, 10. + argento modus, 3, 69. + Aricia, 6, 56 (note). + aris excutere, 6, 44. + aristas excutere, 3, 115. + Aristophanes, 1, 124 (note). + arma virum, 1, 96. + Arreti, 1, 130. + ars = philosophia, 5, 105. + articulos fregerit, 5, 59. + artifex ponere, 1, 71. + sequi, Prol., 11. + artificem vultum, 5, 40. + artis magister, Prol., 10. + artocreas, 6, 50. + asini, 1, 121. + asper nummus, 3, 69. + ast, 2, 39. + astringas, 5, 110. + Astrology, 5, 46 (note). + astutam vulpem, 5, 117. + at, 1, 28; 5, 62. + atavus, 6, 58 (note). + atque (after compar.), 5, 131. + Atti, 1, 50. + Attis, 1, 93. 105. + Attribute for effect, Prol., 4; 17. + audaci Cratino, 1, 123. + aude, 6, 49. + auratis laquearibus, 3, 40. + aure vaporata, 1, 126. + aurem lotus, 5, 86. + aures bibulas, 4, 50. + auriculas albas, 1, 59. + asini, 1, 121. + emere, 2, 30. + radere, 1, 108. + auro ovato, 2, 55. + pingui, 2, 52. + subaerato, 5, 106. + auster infelix, 6, 12. + aut and an, 5, 5. + avaritia, 5, 132. + avia, 2, 31. + avias veteres, 5, 92. + avunculus maior, 6, 60. + axe secundo, 5, 72. + + + B. + + bacam conchae, 2, 66. + balanatum, 4, 37. + balba nare, 1, 33. + balnea, 5, 126. + balteus, 4, 44. + barba aurea, 2, 58. + barbatus magister, 4, 1. + Bassaris, 1, 101. + Bassus Caesius, 6, 1 (note). + Bathylli, 5, 123. + Baucis, 4, 21. + beatulus, 3, 103. + belle, 1, 49. + bellum (adj.), 1, 87. + bene, 1, 111; 4, 30. + Berecyntius, 1, 93. + Bestius, 6, 37. + beta, 3, 114. + bibulas aures, 4, 50. + bicipiti Parnaso, Prol., 2. + bicolor membrana, 3, 10. + bidental, 2, 27. + bile acri, 2,14. + commota, 4, 6. + bilis mascula, 5, 144. + vitrea, 3, 8. + Birthday, 2, 1. + bis terque, 2, 16. + Blaesus Pedius, 1, 85 (note). + blandi comites, 5, 32. + blando popello, 4, 15. + bombis, 1, 99. + bona mens, 2, 8. + pars, 2, 5. + bone, 3, 94; 6, 43. + +bouthutein+, 2, 44. + bove caeso, 2, 44. + Bovillas, 6, 55. + bracatis Medis, 3, 53. + Brisaei, 1, 76. + Bruto liberior, 5, 85. + bruma, 6, 1. + Bruttia saxa, 6, 27. + buccas tumidas, 5, 13. + bulla donata, 5, 31. + bullatis nugis, 5, 19. + bullit, 3, 34. + buxum torquere, 3, 51. + + + C. + + caballino fonte, Prol., 1. + cachinno, 1, 12. + cachinnos ingeminare, 3, 87. + caeco occipiti, 1, 62. + caecum vulnus, 4, 44. + caedimus, 4, 42. + caelestium inanes, 2, 61. + caerulea tabula, 6, 33. + caepe tunicatum, 4, 31. + caeso bove, 2, 44. + Caesonia, 6, 47. + caespite vivo, 6, 31. + Calabrum vellus, 2, 65. + calamo, 3, 12. 19. + calcaverit, 2, 38. + calces extendit, 3, 105. + gender of, _ib._ + calet, 3, 108. + calice, 6, 20. + calidae turbae, 4, 7. + calidum sumen, 1, 53. + triental, 3, 100. + Caligula, 6, 43 (note). + callem surgentem, 3, 57. + calles, 4, 5. + callidus, 5, 14. + suspendere naso, 1, 118. + Calliroen, 1, 134. + caloni, 5, 95. + calve, 1, 56. + camelo sitiente, 5, 136. + Camena hortante, 5, 21. + camino coquitur, 5, 10. + campo indulgere, 5, 57. + candelae, 3, 103. + candidus dies, 2, 2. + umbo, 5, 33. + canem cave, 1, 109 (note). + canicula, 3, 5. + damnosa, 3, 49. + canina littera, 1, 109. + canis (capillis), 5, 65. + canis Apula, 1, 60. + cano capiti, 1, 83. + canitiem, 1, 9. + cannabe, 5, 146. + cantare ocima, 4, 22. + nectar, Prol., 14. + cantum, 5, 71. + capedines, 2, 59 (note). + capillis positis, 3, 10. + capite et pedibus, 5, 18. + induto, 3, 106. + obstipo, 3, 80. + capiti cano, 1, 83. + Cappadocas, 6, 77. + caprificus, 1, 25. + caput alli, 5, 188. + laxum, 3, 58. + carbone notare, 5, 108. + carere culpa, 3, 33. + carmen robustum, 5, 5. + carpamus dulcia, 5, 151. + casia, 2, 64; 6, 36. + casses artos, 5, 170. + castigare examen, 1, 7. + castoreum, 5, 135. + catasta, 6, 77. + catenae, 5, 160. + catino, 3, 111. + catinum rubrum, 5, 182. + Catonis morituri, 3, 45. + caudam iactare, 4, 15. + caules ungue, 6, 69. + cansas rerum, 3, 66. + cautus dinoscere, 5, 24. + cedo, 2, 75. + cedro, 1, 42. + celsa sede, 1, 17. + cena funeris, 6, 33. + cenanda, 5, 9. + censen, 5, 168. + censorem tuum, 3, 29. + centenas voces, 5, 26. + centeno gutture, 5, 6. + centum voces poscere, 5, 1. + paria, 6, 48. + centuriones, 5, 189. + centurionum, 3, 77. + centusse curto, 5, 191. + ceraso peccent, 6, 36. + cerdo, 4, 51. + certo puncto, 5, 100. + cervice laxa, 1, 98. + cervices purpureas, 3, 41. + cessas, 5, 127. + cesses, 4, 33. + cessit pavido, 5, 30. + ceves, 1, 87. + chaere = +chaire+, Prol., 8. + Chaerestratus, 5, 162. + chartae, 3, 11. + chartis nocturnis, 5, 62. + cheragra, 5, 58. + Cherry pit, 3, 50. + chlamydes, 6, 46. + chordae, 6, 2. + chrysendeta, 2, 52 (note). + Chrysidis, 5, 165. + Chrysippus, 6, 80. + cicer, 5, 177. + ciconia, 1, 58. + cicutae, 4, 2; 5, 145. + Cincinnatus, 1, 73 (note). + cinere ulterior, 6, 41. + cinis, 5, 152. + cinis frigidus, 6, 45. + cippus, 1, 37. + cirratorum, 1, 29. + citius, 5, 95. + citreis lectis, 1, 53. + cives, 6, 9. + cladem, 6, 44. + clamare sese, 2, 23. + clauso murmure, 5, 11. + Cleanthea fruge, 5, 64. + clivum Virbi, 6, 56. + cludere versum, 1, 93. + Coa lubrica, 5, 135. + cocta fidelia, 3, 22. + cognatis siccis, 5, 164. + colligis = +sullogizei+, 5, 85. + collo orcae, 3, 50. + collueris, 1, 18. + columbo, 3, 16. + comitem, 1, 54. + comites, 5, 32. + comitum, 3, 7. + committere, 2, 4. + commota bile, 4, 6. + conari, Prol., 9. + conchae baca, 2, 66. + concordia fata, 5, 49. + condidit Ionio, 6, 29. + conditur uxor, 2, 14. + conives, 6, 50. + conpage soluta, 3, 68. + conpescere examen, 5, 100. + conpita, 4, 28; 5, 35. + conpositas venas, 3, 91. + conpositum ius, 2, 73. + conpositus lecto, 3, 104. + consentire, 5, 46. + consumere cras, 5, 68. + soles, 5, 41. + contemnere, 3, 21. + Copulative compounds, 6, 50. + coquere messis, 3, 6. + vellus, 2, 65. + coquitur massa, 5, 10. + cor Enni, 6, 10. + luctificabile, 1, 78. + corbes, 1, 71. + cornea, 1, 47. + cornicaris, 5, 12. + cornua torva, 1, 99. + Cornute, 5, 23. 37. + corrupto olivo, 2, 64. + cortice pingui, 1, 96. + corvos poetas, Prol., 13. + corvos sequi, 3, 61. + corymbis, 1, 101. + costa ratis, 6, 31. + costam subduximus, 1, 95. + cras hesternum, 5, 68. + crassa tucceta, 2, 42. + Crassi aedes, 2, 36. + crassis amomis, 3, 104. + crassos dies, 5, 60. + crassum ridere, 5, 190. + Craterus, 3, 65. + Cratinus, 1, 123. + crepet, 2, 11. + solidum, 5, 25. + crepidas, 1, 127. + crepuere dentes, 3, 101. + creta notare, 5, 108. + cretata ambitio, 5, 177. + cribro populi, 3, 112. + crispante naso, 3, 87. + Crispini balnea, 5, 126. + crudi, 1, 51. + crudis, 1, 92. + crudo pulvere, 2, 67. + crudum unguem, 5, 162. + crura praebere, 4, 42. + cubito tangere, 4, 34. + cuinam? cuinam? 2, 19. + cuivis, 2, 6. + culpa carere, 3, 33. + cultor invenum, 5, 63. + cultrix foci, 3, 26. + cum = postquam, 1, 9. + cuminum, 5, 55. + cunis exemit, 2, 31. + curas hominum, 1, 1. + curata cuticula, 4, 18. + Curibus, 4, 26. + curo, 3, 78. + curta supellex, 4, 52. + curtare rem, 6, 34. + curto centusse, 5, 191. + curva, 4, 12. + curvae in terris, 2, 61. + curvos mores, 3, 52. + curvus, 6, 16. + custos purpura, 5, 30. + cute, in c. figere, 4, 33. + in c. novi, 3, 30. + perditus, 1, 23. + cuticula curata, 4, 18. + cutis aegra, 3, 63. + Cybele, 5, 186 (note). + cynico, 1, 133. + + + D. + + +daktulodeikteisthai+, 1, 28. + Dama, 6, 76. 79. + damnosa canicula, 3, 49. + Damocles, 3, 39 (note). + Danaides, 2, 56 (note). + dare verba, 3, 19; 4, 45. + Dative case, 1, 116. 126; 6, 34. + datum seutire, 5, 124. + Davus, 5, 161. + decenter, 1, 84. + decerpere, 5, 42. + decipe nervos, 4, 45. + decoctius, 1, 125. + decoquit, 5, 57. + decor, 1, 92. + decorus pelle, 4, 14. + decursu, 6, 61. + decussa farina, 3, 112. + dedecus, 1, 81. + obsto, 5, 163. + deducit, 5, 35. + defigere culpam, 5, 16. + deinde, 4, 8; 5, 143. + +deisidaimôn+, 2, 31. + delphin, 1, 94. + delumbe, 1, 104. + demersus, 3, 34. + demorsos, 1, 106. + demum, 1, 64. + dentalia terens, 1, 73. + dente peragere, 6, 21. + dentes refecti, 3, 101. + depellentibus dis, 5, 167. + deposcere voces, 5, 26. + deprendere mores, 3, 52. + depunge, 6, 79. + deradere limum, 4, 29. + derigere, 1, 66. + descendere in sese, 4, 23. + despuat, 4, 35. + despumare, 3, 3. + destertuit, 6, 10. + detonsa, 3, 54. + deunces, 5, 150. + dexter senio, 3, 48. + dextro Hercule, 2, 12. + Iove, 5, 114. + dia, 1, 31. + Dice, 3, 48. + dicenda tacenda, 4, 5. + dicier, 1, 28. + dictarunt, 1, 52. + dictata, 1, 29. + dictatorem induit, 1, 74. + diducere ramos, 3, 56. + dies Herodis, 5, 180. + digito infami = medio, 2, 33. + monstrari, 1, 28. + digitum exsere, 5, 119. + digna cedro, 1, 42. + dilutas guttas, 3, 14. + Dinomaches, 4, 20. + dinoscere cautus, 5, 25. + speciem, 5, 105. + dirimebat, 1, 94. + discernere rectum, 4, 11. + discincti Nattae, 3, 31. + discincto vernae, 4, 22. + discolor usus, 5, 52. + discrepet, 6, 18. + discutitur, 2, 25. + dis depellentibus, 5, 167. + iratis, 4, 27. + disponere, 5, 43. + Dissimilation, 1, 72. + dissutis malis, 3, 59. + ditescant, 6, 15. + diversum, in d. scindere, 5, 154. + dividere in Geminos, 5, 49. + doctas figuras, 1, 86. + doctores Graios, 6, 38. + dolores finire, 5, 161. + dolosi nummi, Prol., 12. + domini, 5, 130. + domo maiore, 3, 92. + +drapeteuein+, 5, 156. + ducere bona, 2, 63. + ferrum, 5, 4. + ramum, 3, 28. + vultum, 5, 40. + duci ab uno sidere, 5, 46. + ducis genio, 6, 48. + dum, 3, 4; 5, 10. + dum ne, 4, 21. + duplici hamo, 5, 154. + durum holus, 3, 112. + + + E. + + ebria, 1, 50. + ebulliat, 2, 10. + ecce, 1, 30; 2, 31. + echo, 1, 102. + edictum, 1, 134. + effluis, 3, 20. + effundat, 1, 65. + egerit, 5, 69. + egregius lusisse, 6, 6. + +eien+, 4, 20. + +ekseiein+, 1, 49. + elargiri, 3, 71. + elegidia, 1, 51. + +eleutherios Zeus+, 5, 114. + elevet, 1, 6. + eliquat, 1, 35. + Elision, 4, 14. + elixas, 4, 40. + Ellipsis, 1, 4; 3, 19; 5, 139; 6, 29. + emaci prece, 2, 3. + emeruit, 5, 74. + emole, 6, 26. + +empaista+, 2, 52. + empta in calice, 6, 20. + emunctae naris, 1, 118. + en, 1, 26. + enarrabile, 5, 29. + enim, 1, 63. + Enni cor, 6, 10. + Ennius, Prol., 2; 6, 10 (note). + ensis, 3, 40. + Epithets, general, Prol., 12. + epulis, 5, 42. + equidem, 1, 110; 5, 19. 45. + Ergenna, 2, 26. + erilis metus, 5, 131. + error, 5, 34. + escas, 1, 22. + esseda, 6, 47. + estne ut, 2, 18. + esto, 1, 20. + etenim, 3, 48. + +ê tis ê oudeis+, 1, 3. + Etruscan rites, 2, 36. + Etymology of ast, 2, 39. + bidental, 2, 27. + conpita, 4, 28. + fagus, 5, 59. + Palilia, 1, 72. + scloppus, 5, 13. + sodes, 3, 89. + sollers, 5, 142. + surdus, 6, 35. + usque, 6, 15. + varo (baro), 5, 138. + euge, 1, 49. 75. 111. + euhion, 1, 102. + Eupolis, 1, 124. + evitandum, 2, 27. + exalare, 3, 99; 5, 148. + examen, 1, 6; 5, 100. + excussit aristas, 3, 115. + excusso naso, 1, 118. + excute, 1, 49; 6, 75. + excutiat guttas, 2, 54. + excutienda, 5, 22. + excutit e manibus, 3, 101. + excutitur cinis, 6, 45. + exire, 1, 46; 5, 78. 130. 174; 6, 60. + exossatus ager, 6, 52. + expedivit, Prol., 7. + expers maris, 6, 39. + expiare frontem, 2, 34. + exporrecto, 3, 82. + expungam, 2, 13. + exsere digitum, 5, 119. + exspes, 2, 50. + exstet aqualiculus, 1, 57. + exstinxerit, 5, 145. + exsultat, 1, 82. + exsuperat, 3, 89. + extendit calces, 3, 105. + mores, 5, 38. + rimas, 3, 2. + extrinsecus, 5, 128. + + + F. + + fabula, 5, 3. 152. + face exstincta, 5, 166. + supposita, 3, 116. + facere with inf., 1, 44. + faecem pannosam, 4, 32. + faeno fumosa, 1, 72. + faenoris merces, 6, 67. + fagi, 5, 59. + Falernum, 3, 3. + fallere sollers, 5, 37. + fallier, 3, 50. + fallit regula, 4, 12. + far modicum, 3, 25. + farina, 3, 112; 5, 115. + farrago, 5, 77. + farrata olla, 4, 31. + farre litabo, 2, 75. + fas, 1, 61; 2, 73; 5, 99. + fata, 5, 49. + favilla, 1, 39. + faxit, 1, 112. + fenestra, 5, 180. + fenestras, 3, 1. + fenisecae, 6, 40. + fermentum, 1, 24. + ferrum, 5, 4. + fert animus, 4, 7. + ferto opimo, 2, 48. + ferus, 5, 171. + ferveat lector, 1, 126. + fervebit olla, 5, 9. + ferventi veneno, 3, 37. + ferventis massae, 2, 67. + fervescit sanguis, 3, 116. + fervet plebecula, 4, 6. + festa luce, 6, 69. + festuca, 5, 175. + fibra, 1, 47; 2, 26. 45; 3, 32; 5, 29. + fictile, 2, 60. + fidele senectae, 2, 41. + fidelia non cocta, 3, 22. + putet, 3, 73. + tumet, 5, 183. + fidelibus nata, 5, 48. + figere iugum, 4, 28. + solem, 4, 33. + terram, 3, 80. + figurae trama, 6, 73. + figuras ponere, 1, 86. + filix, 4, 41. + Final sentence elliptical, 1, 4. + findor, 3, 9. + fingendus, 3, 24. + finire dolores, 5, 161. + finis, 1, 48; 5, 65. + fissa aure, 6, 70. + fistula, 3, 14. + fixum mummum, 5, 111. + Flaccus, 1, 116. + flagellas puteal, 4, 49. + flexus metae, 3, 68. + Floralia, 5, 178. + foci cultrix, 3, 26. + foco admovit, 6, 1. + focus, 1, 72. + foedere certo, 5, 45. + folle, 5, 11. + fonte caballino, Prol., 1. + forcipe, 4, 40. + fores udas, 5, 166. + fortunare, 2, 45. + fossor, 5, 122. + fractus, 1, 18. + frangere Saturnum, 5, 50. + rem patriam, 5, 165. + fratres aenos, 2, 56. + fretus, 4, 3. + frigere, 3, 109. + frigescant, 1, 109. + frigidus cinis, 6, 45. + frontem perisse, 5, 104. + fronte politus, 5, 116. + fruge Cleanthea, 5, 64. + fulta, 1, 78. + fulto, 5, 146. + fumo dare pondus, 5, 20. + fumosa Palilia, 1, 72. + fumosum sinciput, 6, 70. + fundo imo, 2, 51. + funem reduco, 5, 118. + funeris cena, 6, 33. + funus praeclarum, 2, 10. + fur, 1, 85. + Future as imperative, 1, 91. + gnomic, 2, 5. + participle, 1, 100. + + + G. + + Gabinus cinctus, 5, 31 (note). + Galli, 5, 186. + garrit, 5, 96. + gaudere = +agapan+, 6, 63. + paratus, 1, 132. + gausape, 4, 37; 6, 46. + gemina lance, 4, 10. + geminet guttas, 3, 14. + Geminos (in G.) dividere, 5, 49. + producis, 6, 18. + generoso honesto, 2, 74. + Genitive of material, 2, 52. + free use of, 1, 14. + genius, 1, 113; 2, 3; 4, 27; 5, 151; 6, 19. 48. + genuinum, 1, 115. + glutto, 5, 112. + Glyconi, 5, 9. + graece nugari, 1, 70. + Graiorum, 1, 127. + Graios, 6, 38. + grana, 5, 55. + granaria, 5, 110; 6, 25. + grande loqui, 1, 14; 5, 7. + grandes Galli, 5, 186. + patinae, 2, 42. + grandi polenta, 3, 55. + grandia, 3, 45. + gravis alitus, 3, 89. + Saturnus, 5, 50. + gurgite, 2, 15. + gurgulio, 4, 38. + guttas excutere, 2, 54. + gutture exalare, 3, 99. + niti, 5, 6. + + + H. + + habita tecum, 4, 52. + haeres, 2, 19. + hamo duplici, 5, 154. + hebenum, 5, 135. + hederae, Prol., 6. + Helicone, 5, 7. + Heliconidas, Prol., 4. + Hellebore, 3, 63; 4, 16; 5, 100. + heminas, 1, 130. + Hendiadys, 2, 52; 5, 131. + herba, 6, 26. + Hercule dextro, 2, 12. + heres proximus, 2, 12. + +Hermês kerdôos+, 6, 51. + heroas sensus, 1, 69. + Herodis dies, 5, 180. + hesterni Quirites, 3, 106. + hesternum cras, 5, 68. + oscitat, 3, 59. + hianda, 5, 3. + hiantem ducere, 5, 176. + Hiatus, 3, 66. + hibernat, 6, 7. + hircosa, 3, 77. + Historic present, 4, 2. + holus durum, 3, 112. + siccum, 6, 20. + hominum, 1, 1. + honesto generoso, 2, 74. + horoscope, 6, 18. + horridulus, 1, 54. + hospes, 2, 8. + hucine rerum, 3, 15. + humana re, 3, 72. + humilis susurros, 2, 6. + hyacinthia, 1, 32. + Hypallage, 3, 4. 50. 57. + Hyperbaton, 1, 23; 6, 13. + Hypsipylas, 1, 34. + + + I. + + iactare caudam, 4, 15. + festucam, 5, 175. + iam, 5, 33. + nunc, 5, 110. + Iane, 1, 58. + idcirco, 2, 28. + idonea dare, 5, 20. + iecore, 1, 25. + aegro, 5, 129. + igitur, 1, 98; 4, 14. + ignovisse, 2, 24. + ilex, 2, 24. + ilia, 4, 43. + Ilias Atti, 1, 50. 123. + imagines, Prol., 5; 3, 28. + Imperfect of a false impression, 5, 93. + inane, 1, 1. + inanes caelestium, 2, 61. + inclusi, 1, 13. + incoctum honesto, 2, 74. + incolumis, 6, 37. + increpuit, 5, 127. + increvit fibris, 3, 32. + incurvasse, 1, 91. + incusa auro, 2, 52. + incutere deos, 5, 187. + inde, 1, 126; 5, 153. + indomitum Falernum, 3, 3. + induco, 6, 49. + indulge genio, 5, 151. + induto capite, 3, 106. + inepte cornicari, 5, 12. + ineptus lictor, 5, 175. + inexpertum deprendere, 3, 52. + infami digito, 2, 33. + infelix auster, 6, 13. + Infinitive, perf. instead of present, Prol., 2; 1, 42. 91. 132; + 2, 66; 4, 7. 17; 5, 24. 33; 6, 4. 6. 17. 77. + for gerund, etc., Prol., 11; 1, 59. 70. 118; 2, 34. 54; 3, 51; + 4, 16; 5, 20. 24. 37. 100; 6, 3. 24. 36. 77. + as a subst. with demonst. and possessive, 1. 9. 27. 123; 5, 53; + 6, 38. + nursery infinitives, 3, 18. + in exclamation, 1, 24; 4, 36. + passive in -er, 1, 28; 3, 50. + for subjunctive, 5, 46. + inflantis corpora, 5, 187. + infodiam, 1, 120. + infundere monitus, 1, 79. + infusa lympha, 3, 13. + ingemere, 4, 13. + vitam, 5, 61. + ingeminat, 1, 102; 3, 87. + ingeni largitor, Prol., 10. + ingenium, 4, 4. + ingentis Titos, 1, 20. + ingenuo ludo, 5, 16. + ingerere, 5, 6. 177. + inhibere perita, 2, 34. + iniquas heminas, 1, 130. + inlita Medis, 3, 53. + inmeiat vulvae, 6, 73. + inmittere templis, 2, 62. + inodora, 6, 35. + inpallescere chartis, 5, 62. + inpellere, 2, 13. 59; 5, 128. + aurem, 2, 21. + inpensius, 6, 68. + inprobe, 4, 47. + inriguo somno, 5, 56. + inrorans piper, 6, 21. + insana canicula, 3, 5. + inscitia debilis, 5, 99. + inserere aures, 5, 63. + Insolatio, 3, 33. 98; 4, 18; 5, 179. + insomnis, 3, 54. + inspice, 3, 88. + instanti imperio, 5, 157. + insulso Glyconi, 5, 9. + intabescant, 3, 38. + integer, 5, 173. + intendisse numeris, 6, 4. + intepet ora, 6, 7. + Interrogative dependent in Indicative, 3, 67. + intima, 1, 21. + intortos mores, 5, 38. + introrsum, 2, 9. + intumuit bilis, 5, 145. + intus novi, 3, 30. + pallere, 3, 42. + i nunc, 4, 19. + invigilat, 3, 55. + Ionio condere, 6, 29. + Iove nostro, 5, 50. + dextro, 5, 114. + iratis dis, 4, 27. + iratum Eupolidem, 1, 124. + Ironical 1st Person, 3, 3. + Isis, 5, 186 (note). + Italo honore, 1, 129. + iubeo (construction), 5, 161. + iudex potior, 2, 20. + iugum figere, 4, 28. + iunctura, 1, 65. 92; 5, 14. + iura, 5, 137. + iure, 3, 48. + ius fasque, 2, 73. + iustum suspendere, 4, 10. + + + L. + + labefactent, 4, 40. + labella uda, 2, 32. + labello exporrecto, 3, 82. + labentis annos, 2, 2. + Labeo Attius, 1, 4. 50. 123 (note). + laborat vinci, 5, 39. + laboro scire, 2, 17. + labra moves, 5, 184. + prolui, Prol., 1. + lacerae ratis, 6, 31. + lactibus unctis, 2, 30. + laena, 1, 32. + laetari praetrepidum, 2, 54. + laevo pectore, 2, 53. + lagoena, 6, 17. + sitiente, 3, 92. + lallare, 3, 18. + lambunt, Prol., 5. + +lampadêphoria+, 6, 61. + lance gemina, 4, 10. + magna, 2, 71. + lapidosa cheragra, 5, 58. + lapillo meliore, 2, 1. + laquearibus auratis, 3, 40. + lare presso, 5, 109. + largior, 6, 51. + largire, 6, 32. + largitor, Prol., 10. + Laribus donata, 5, 31. + larvae, 1, 38 (note). + latet ulcus, 3, 113. + Latinae fidis, 6, 4. + lato auro, 4, 44. + latus dare, 6, 8. + mundi, 6, 76. + lautus ponere, 6, 23. + lavatur, 3, 98. + Lawyers' fees, 3, 75. + laxa cervice, 1, 98. + laxamus seria, 5, 44. + laxes granaria, 5, 110. + laxis labris, 3, 102. + laxum caput, 3, 58. + lector ferveat, 1, 126. + legarat, 6, 66. + legere nebulas, 5, 7. + leges, 1, 17. + lemures, 5, 185. + lenia Surrentina, 3, 93. + leti memor, 5, 153. + +leukê hêmera+, 2, 2. + levis, sit tibi terra, 1, 37 (note). + levis trossulus, 1, 82. + lex publica, 5, 98. + libabit, 2, 5. + libelle, 1, 120. + liber = play, 1, 76. + Liberator Iuppiter, 5, 114 (note). + liber pede, 1, 13. + libertate, 5, 73. + Libonis puteal, 4, 49 (note). + Libra aequali, 5, 47. + librae ancipitis, 4, 11. + librat, 1, 86. + licetur Graecos, 5, 191. + Licini, 2, 36. + lictor, 1, 75. + ineptus, 5, 175. + Ligus ora, 6, 6. + limen obscenum, 5, 165. + limina frigescant, 1, 109. + limite dextro, 3, 57. + limo viridi, 3, 22. + limum veterem, 4, 29. + linea, 3, 4. + lingua, sub l., 2, 9. + linguae pictae, 5, 25. + lippa propago, 2, 72. + lippus, 1, 79; 5, 77. + liquescant in flammas, 2, 47. + liquido plasmate, 1, 17. + litabis, 5, 120. + litabo farre, 2, 75. + Literary ladies, Prol., 13. + Litotes, Prol., 1; 1, 19. + littera canina, 1, 110. + Pythagorea, 3, 56. + litus, 6, 8. + locatus, 3, 72. + loturo, 3, 93. + lotus, 5, 86. + lubrica Coa, 5, 135. + lucem palustrem, 5, 60. + lucernae dispositae, 5, 181. + Luciferi rudis, 5, 103. + Lucilius, 1, 2. 114. + lucis (Abl.), 2, 27. + lucro vendere, 6, 75. + luctata canis, 5, 159. + luctificabile, 1, 78. + lucum ponere, 1, 70. + luditur tibi, 3, 20. + ludo ingenuo, 5, 16. + lumbum intrant, 1, 20. + lumine figentes, 3, 80. + Lunai portus, 6, 9. + Lupus, 1, 115. + lusca sacerdos, 5, 186. + lusce, 1, 128. + lusisse, 6, 6. + lustralibus, 2, 33. + lutatus amomis, 3, 104. + lutea gausapa, 6, 46. + pellis, 3, 95. + luto, in l. fixum, 5, 111. + lutum udum, 3, 23. + luxum, 1, 67. + luxuria sollers, 5, 142. + lyncem, 1, 101. + lyra, 6, 2. + + + M. + + macram spem, 2, 35. + Macrinus, 2, 1. + Maenas, 1, 101. 105. + Maeonides, 6, 11. + magister artis, Prol., 10. + magistrum barbatum, 4, 1. + magnanimus puer, 6, 22. + maiestate manus, 4, 8. + maiorum limina, 1, 108. + +makaritês+, 3, 103. + maligne, 3, 21. + mammae, 3, 18. + mando, 2, 39. + mane, 1, 134. + clarum, 3, 1. + manes, 1, 38; 5, 152. + offerings to, 2, 3. + manibus quatere, 2, 35. + Manius, 6, 56. 60. + mansuescit, 4, 41. + mantica, 4, 24. + marcentis vulvas, 4, 36. + Marcus Dama, 5, 79. + marem strepitum, 6, 4. + maris expers, 6, 39. + Marsi clientis, 3, 75. + mascula bilis, 5, 144. + massa, 5, 10. + massae venas, 2, 67. + Masuri rubrica, 5, 90. + matertera, 2, 31; 6, 54. + medendi natura, 5, 101. + medico, 3, 90. + Medis bracatis, 3, 52. + meditari somnia, 3, 83. + mefites sulpureas, 3, 99. + meite, 1, 114. + melior sorbere, 4, 16. + membrana bicolor, 3, 10. + memini, Prol., 3. + memor leti, 5, 153. + mena, 3, 76. + Menander, 5, 161 (note). + mendose colligis, 5, 85. + mendosum tinnire, 5, 106. + mens bona, 2, 8. + mera libertas, 5, 82. + meracas, 4, 16. + mercare, 6, 75. + mercede, 2, 29. + merces faenoris, 6, 67. + mercibus Italis, 5, 54. + Mercurialem salivam, 5, 112. + Mercurius, 2, 44. + +kerdôos+, 6, 62. + mergis obvia, 6, 30. + merum fundere, 2, 3. + Messalinus, 2, 72. + Messalla, 2, 72. + messe propria, 6, 25. + metae flexus, 3, 68. + metas, 1, 131. + metuens divum, 2, 31. + metuentia scombros, 1, 43. + metuo with Inf., 1, 47; 4, 28. + meus, 5, 88. + Mida rex, 1, 121 (note). + mille species, 5, 52. + millesime, 3, 28. + miluus, 4, 26. + Mimalloneis, 1, 99. + Mimas, 1, 99 (note). + minui, 6, 16. + minutum pappare, 3, 17. + mirae, bene mirae, 1, 111. + mire opifex, 6, 3. + mittit, 2, 36. + mobile, 1, 18. + mobilis imitari, 1, 59. + modice sitiente, 3, 92. + modico ore, 5, 15. + modicus voti, 5, 109. + modus, 3, 69. + molle subrisit, 3, 110. + momento turbinis, 5, 78. + monstrari digito, 1, 28. + montis promittere, 3, 65. + morari Iovem, 2, 43. + mordaci aceto, 5, 86. + vero, 1, 107. + mores pallentis, 5, 15. + moretur, 1, 77. + morientis aceti, 4, 32. + moror, 1, 111. + morosa vena, 6, 72. + moveare, 5, 123. + Mucius, 1, 115. + muria, 6, 20. + murice vitiato, 2, 65. + murmura rodere, 3, 81. + tollere, 2, 6. + murmure clauso, 5, 11. + mutare mercibus, 5, 54. + muttire, 1, 119. + Mycenis, 5, 17. + + + N. + + nare balba, 1, 33. + naribus uncis, 1, 41. + naso cadat ira, 5, 91. + crispante, 3, 87. + excusso, 1, 118. + tangere, 6, 17. + nata fidelibus, 5, 48. + natalia, 6, 19. + natalicia, 1, 16. + natat, 5, 182. + Natta, 3, 31. + natura, 5, 98. 101. + naufragus, 1, 88; 6, 33 (note). + ne = ne-quidem, 5, 172. + omitted, 1, 112. + -ne in rhetorical questions, 1, 22. + nebulas legere, 5, 7. + nectar cantare, Prol., 14. + nefas, 1, 119. + negatas, Prol., 11. + Negative, position of, 1, 45; 2, 3. + nempe, 2, 70; 3, 1; 5, 67. + nepos, 6, 71. + Nerea, 1, 94. + Nerius, 2, 14. + Nero, supposed allusions to, 1, 56. 75. 121; 4, 49. + nervis, 2, 41. + nervos agitare, 5, 129. + decipere, 4, 45. + neu, 3, 51; 6, 66. + nigra sepia, 3, 13. + nihil de nihilo, 3, 84. + niti gutture, 5, 6. + nocte paratum, 1, 90. + noctem purgare, 2, 16. + noctes decerpere, 5, 42. + nodosa harundo, 3, 11. + nodum abripit, 5, 159. + non, position of, 1, 45; 2, 3; 3, 78. + non = ne, 1, 5; 5, 45. + non = nonne, 1, 50. + nonaria, 1, 133. + noris, 4, 52. + nostin, 4, 25. + nostrum, Prol., 7; 5, 151. + novimus, 4, 43. + nox tertia, 3, 91. + nucibus, 1, 10. + nugae, 1, 5. + bullatae, 5, 19. + nugari Graece, 1, 70. + nugaris, 1, 56. + nugator, 5, 127. + Numae aurum, 2, 59. + numerare diem, 2, 1. + numeris, 6, 3. + numeros, 1, 13; 5, 123. + nummi dolosi, Prol., 12. + nummus asper, 3, 70. + nutrici, 2, 39. + nutrire nummos, 5, 150. + + + O. + + obba, 5, 148. + oberres, 5, 156. + oberret, 6, 32. + obiurgabere, 5, 169. + obscenum limen, 5, 165. + obsequio, 5, 156. + obstipo capite, 3, 80. + obstiteris, 5, 157. + obvia mergis, 6, 30. + occa, 6, 26. + occipiti, 1, 62. + occurrite, 1, 62; 3, 64. + ocello patranti, 1, 18. + ocima, 4, 22. + ocius ad navem, 5, 141. + oculos urentis, 2, 34. + oenophorum, 5, 140. + offas carminis, 5, 5. + officium, 5, 94; 6, 27. + ohe, 1, 23. + oletum, 1, 112. + oleum, 6, 50. + olivo corrupto, 2, 64. + tangere, 3, 44. + olla farrata, 4, 31. + Prognes, 5, 8. + omentum, 2, 47; 6, 74. + +ôoskopikê+, 5, 185. + operae est, 6, 9. + opertum, 1, 121. + opifex, 6, 3. + opimo ferto, 2, 48. + opimum pingue, 3, 32. + optare linguas centum, 5, 2. + orbis pueris, 2, 20. + orca, 3, 76. + orcae angustae, 3, 50. + ordo, 3, 67. + ore modico, 5, 15. + Orestes, 3, 118. + oscitat, 3, 59. + o si, 2, 9. + os populi, 1, 42. + ossa, 1, 37. + ostendisse iuvat, 5, 24. + ovato auro, 2, 55. + ovile, 2, 49. + ovo rupto, 5, 185. + + + P. + + pacto, 4, 43. + Pacuvius, 1, 77. + pagina, 5, 20. + palaestritae, 4, 39. + palato, 1, 35. + Palilia, 1, 72. + pallentis cumini, 5, 55. + mores, 5, 15. + palles, 1, 124; 3, 94. 96; 4, 47; 5, 80. 184. + palliatae, 5, 14 (note). + pallidam Pirenen, Prol., 4. + pallor, 1, 26. + palmis, 6, 39. + palpo, 5, 176. + palustrem lucem, 5, 60. + panis secundus, 3, 112 (note). + pannosam, 4, 32. + pannucia, 4, 21. + papae, 5, 79. + pappare minutum, 3, 17. + paratum nocte, 1, 90. + paratas gaudere, 1, 132. + nescire, 6, 36. + Parca, 5, 48. + paria centum, 6, 48. + Parnaso, Prol., 2. + Parthi vulnera, 5, 4. + Participle in questions, 3, 67; 5, 124. + parvus, 3, 44. + patella, 3, 26; 4, 17. + pater quartus, 6, 58. + paterna dicta, 6, 66. + paterni testiculi, 1, 103. + patinae, 2, 42; 6, 21. + patranti ocello, 1, 18. + patriciae vulvae, 6, 73. + patricius sanguis, 1, 61. + patruelis, 6, 53. + patrui proneptis, 6, 54. + patruus, 1, 11; 2, 10. + patula ulmo, 3, 6. + pavido mihi, 5, 30. + pavisse, 6, 77. + pavone, 6, 11. + peccas, 5, 119. + peccat (pulpa), 2, 68. + peccent casiae, 6, 36. + pectine, 6, 2. + pectore calido, 5, 144. + laevo, 2, 53. + sinuoso, 5, 27. + sub p. vulpum, 5, 117. + pecuaria Arcadiae, 3, 9. + pede liber, 1, 13. + pedes summos, 3, 108. + Pedius, 1, 85. + Pegaseium, Prol., 14. + peioribus orti, 6, 15. + pelle summa, 4, 14. + pellem aptas, 5, 140. + pelliculam, 5, 116. + pellis lutea, 3, 95. + Penatis, 2, 45. + penu locuplete, 3, 74. + perages, 5, 139. + peragit bona, 6, 22. + percussa, 3, 21. + percute agnam, 5, 168. + perditus cute, 1, 23. + perducere facies, 2, 56. + Perfect, 2, 32. 43; 5, 95. + Inf. See Infinitive. + pergant sudare, 5, 150. + perge, 3, 97. + Pericli, 4, 3. + perisse frontem, 5, 102. + perita inhibere, 2, 34. + permisit sparsisse, 5, 33. + pernae, 3, 75. + peronatus, 5, 103. + pertusa conpita, 4, 28. + +petomena diôkein+, 3, 60. + petulanti, 1, 12. 133. + pexus, 1, 15. + Phalaris, 3, 39. + phaleras, 3, 30. + Phyllidas, 1, 34. + picam, Prol., 9. + picas, Prol., 13. + pictum in trabe, 1, 89. + pillea, 5, 82. + pilleus, 3, 106 (note). + pilos, ante p., 4, 5. + pingitur, ut p., 6, 63. + pingue opimum, 3, 33. + pinguem nebulam, 5, 181. + pingui auro, 2, 52. + pinguibus Umbris, 3, 74. + pinguior angulus, 5, 14. + pinsit, 1, 58. + piper, 3, 75; 5, 55. 136; 6, 21. + Pirenen, Prol., 4. + pituita, 2, 57. + plantaria, 4, 39. + plaudere, w. accus. (?), 4, 31. + plausisse, 6, 77. + plebeia, 3, 114; 5, 18. + plorabile, 1, 34. + Plural, Prol., 6; 1, 75; 2, 33; 3, 79. 104; 4, 16; 5, 110. + pluteum caedit, 1, 106. + poetas corvos, Prol., 13. + poetridas, Prol., 13. + +poikilê stoa+, 3, 53. + polenta, 3, 55. + politus fronte, 5, 116. + pollice, 5, 40. + honesto, 6, 5. + Polydamas, 1, 4. + pondus dare fumo, 5, 20. + ponere, 1, 53. 70; 3, 111; 5, 3; 6, 23. + pontifices, 2, 69. + Ponto advehe, 5, 134. + popa venter, 6, 74. + popello, 6, 50. + blando, 4, 15. + populi rem = rem publicam, 4, 1. + porci, 1, 72. + porrum sectile, 4, 30 (note). + portam, extendit in p., 3, 105. + porticus sapiens, 3, 54. + postibus, 6, 45. + postica sanna, 1, 62. + postquam, 3, 90. + pote, 1, 56. + potis, 4, 13. + praebet vellere, 2, 28. + praecedenti tergo, 4, 24. + praecipites imus, 3, 42. + praecordia, 1, 117; 5, 22. + praedictum, 5, 188. + praefigere theta, 4, 13. + praegrandi, 1, 124. + praelargus, 1, 14. + praeparet auster, 6, 12. + praeponere, 2, 18. + praestantior, 6, 76. + praetegit, 4, 45. + praetor, 5, 88. 93. + praetrepidum laetari, 2, 54. + praetulerint, 1, 5. + prandeat, 3, 85. + prandia plebeia, 5, 18. + post p. Calliroen, 1, 134. + regum, 1, 67. + premere ratione, 5, 39. + ventos, 5, 11. + presso Lare, 5, 109. + primas noctes, 5, 42. + primordia vocum, 6, 3. + proceres, 1, 52. + procerum, 2, 5. + prodirem, Prol., 3. + producis, 6, 19. + progenies terrae, 6, 57. + Prognes olla, 5, 8. + pro Iuppiter, 2, 22. + Prolepsis, 3, 5. + prolui, Prol., 1. + promittere montis, 3, 65. + promptum, 2, 6. + proneptis patrui, 6, 53. + properandus, 3, 23. + protenso, 1, 57. + protinus, 1, 110. + protulerim, 1, 89. + proxima uxor, 3, 43. + prudentia rerum, 4, 4. + psittaco, Prol., 8. + pubis Germanae, 6, 44. + Publius, 5, 74. + puer, 5, 167; 6, 22. + Pulfennius, 5, 190. + pullatis (?), 5, 19. + pulmentaria, 3, 102. + pulmo praelargus, 1, 14. + pulmone, 2, 30. + pulmonem rumpere, 3, 27. + pulpa, 2, 63. + pulsa, 5, 24. + pultes, 6, 40. + puncto certo, 5, 100. + pupae, 2, 70. + pupille, 4, 3. + pupillum, 2, 12. + puppe, in p. dii, 6, 30. + Puppets, 5, 128. + pura voce, 5, 28. + purgare noctem, 2, 16. + purgatas aures, 5, 63. + purpura custos, 5, 30. + purum salinum, 3, 25. + puta, 4, 9. + puteal, 4, 49. + putet, 3, 73. + putre ulcus, 3, 114. + putris, 5, 58. + Pythagoras, 3, 56 (note). + Pythagoreo, 6, 11. + + + Q. + + quaesieris, 4, 25. + quamvis, 5, 70. + quando, 1, 46. + quandoque = quandocumque, 4, 28. + Quartan ague, 3, 91. + quartus pater, 6, 57. + quatere manibus, 2, 35. + que-que, Prol., 4. + quid agis, 3, 5. + quidnam, 2, 29. + quin, w. indic., 2, 71; 4, 14. + w. subjunct., 1, 84. + quincunce modesto, 5, 149. + Quinti, 1, 73. + Quintus Ennius, Prol., 1; 6, 11. + quippe, 1, 88. + Quiritem, 5, 75. + Quirites, 3, 106; 4, 8. + quis = qui, 1, 63. 68. + = uter (?), 2, 20. + quisquam, 1, 112; 5, 83. 128. + quisque = quicumque, 5, 73. + quo with Inf., 1, 24. + quod si, Prol., 12. + quorsum, 5, 5. + + + R. + + R for L by dissimilation, 1, 72. + rabiosa silentia, 3, 81. + radere, 1, 107; 3, 114; 5, 15. + raderet, 3, 50. + ramale, 1, 97. + ramalia, 5, 59. + ramos Samios, 3, 56. + ramosa compita, 5, 35. + ramum ducere, 3, 28. + rancidulum, 1, 33. + rapiant hunc, 2, 38. + rapias Aegaeum, 5, 142. + rapidae vitae, 5, 94. + rara avis, 1, 46. + rasis antithetis, 1, 85. + rasisse, 2, 68. + rastro, 2, 11. + ratio, 5, 96. 119. + ratione, 3, 36; 5, 39. + ratis, 6, 31. + rauco murmure, 5, 11. + recens piper, 5, 136. + recenti sole, 5, 54. + toga, 1, 15. + receptare se, 6, 8. + recessus mentis, 2, 73. + recto talo, 5, 104. + rectum discernere, 4, 11. + recusem minui, 6, 15. + recutita sabbata, 5, 184. + redire in rugam, 6, 79. + reduco funem, 5, 118. + refulserit, Prol., 12. + regina, 2, 37. + regula, 4, 12; 5, 38. + regum = procerum, 1, 67; 3, 17. + regustatum salinum, 5, 138. + Relative w. subjunct., 3, 114. + relaxat, 5, 125. + relego, 5, 118. + relicta (virtute), 3, 38. + relictam vitam, 5, 61. + rem populi, 4, 1. + remitto, Prol., 5. + Remus, 1, 73. + reparabilis, 1, 102. + repone, 6, 66. + requiescere, 3, 90. + rerum prudentia, 4, 4. + resignent, 5, 28. + respondere maligne, 3, 22. + respue, 4, 51. + restas, 3, 97. + retecti dentes, 3, 101. + revello, 5, 92. + rex, 2, 37. + Rhenos, 6, 47. + Rhetorical question, with -ne, 1, 22. + rhombos, 6, 23. + ridere crassum, 5, 190. + meum, 1, 122. + rimas extendere, 3, 2. + rite salit, 3, 111. + ritu generis, 6, 59. + rixanti populo, 5, 178. + robusti carminis, 5, 5. + rodere casses, 5, 170. + murmura, 3, 81. + Roma turbida, 1, 5. + Romule, 1, 87. + Romulidae, 1, 31. + rosa fiat, 2, 38. + rota acri, 3, 24. + curras, 5, 72. + rubellum, 5, 147. + rubra solea, 5, 169. + rubrica, 1, 66; 5, 90. + rudere, 3, 9. + rudis Luciferi, 5, 103. + rugam, in r. redire, 6, 79. + rugosum piper, 5, 55. + rumore sinistro, 5, 164. + rumpere buccas, 5, 13. + pulmonem, 3, 27. + runcare, 4, 36. + rus saturum, 1, 71. + + + S. + + sabbata recutita, 5, 184. + Sabino foco, 6, 1. + sacerdos, 5, 186. + sacras facies, 2, 55. + sacrum piper, 6, 21. + salinum purum, 3, 25. + terebrare, 5, 138. + salit cor, 3, 111. + saliva summa, 1, 104. + salivam Mercurialem, 5, 112. + turdarum, 6, 24. + salivis lustralibus, 2, 33. + salutas, 3, 29. + sambucam, 5, 95. + Samios ramos, 3, 56. + sancte, 2, 15. + sancto, in s., 2, 69. + sanctos recessus, 2, 73. + sanguis fervescit, 3, 116. + patricius, 1, 61. + sanna rugosa, 5, 91. + sannae posticae, 1, 62. + saperdam, 5, 134. + sapere deterius, 4, 21. + hoc, 6, 38. + sapiens porticus, 3, 53. + sapimus patruos, 1, 11. + sapit, 1, 106. + sardonyche, 1, 16. + sartago, 1, 80. + +sarx+, 2, 63. + satur, 5, 56; 6, 71. + saturi, 1, 31. + Saturnia aera, 2, 59. + Saturnum gravem, 5, 50. + saturum, 1, 71. + satyrum, 5, 123. + saxa, 6, 27. + scabiosum far, 5, 74. + scabiosus, 2, 13. + scalpuntur, 1, 21. + scelerata pulpa, 2, 63. + scilicet, 1, 15; 2, 19; 4, 4. + scinderis, 5, 154. + scintillant oculi, 3, 117. + scire tuum, 1, 27. + scis, 1, 53; 4, 10. + scloppo, 5, 13. + scombros, 1, 42. + scopuli, 6, 8. + scribimus inclusi, 1, 13. + scrobe, 1, 119. + scutica, 5, 131. + secretam aurem, 5, 96. + secreti loquimur, 5, 21. + sectabere, 5, 71. + secto pulvere, 1, 131. + secuit urbem, 1, 114. + secundo axe, 5, 72. + secura patella, 3, 26. + securus vulgi, 6, 12. + sede celsa, 1, 17. + seductior, 6, 42. + seductis divis, 2, 4. + seductum, 5, 143. + semipaganus, Prol., 6. + semuncia recti, 5, 121. + sene praegrandi, 1, 124. + senes, 6, 6. + s[-e]nio dexter, 3, 48. + senio minui, 6, 16. + senium, 1, 26. + sepeli = sepelii, 3, 97. + sepia nigra, 3, 13. + sequaces, Prol., 6. + Sequence of Tenses, 1, 4; 5, 107. + sequi = sectari, Prol., 11; 5, 14. + seria argenti, 2, 11. + seria laxamus, 5, 44. + seriolae, 4, 29. + Serpent worship, 1, 113. + servas vulpem, 5, 117. + servitium acre, 5, 127. + sesquipede, 1, 57. + sessilis obba, 5, 148. + severos unguis, 1, 64. + si = +eige+, 5, 173. + sic, Prol., 3. + siccas messes, 3, 5. + siccis cognatis, 5, 163. + Siculi iuvenci, 3, 39. + sidere, ab uno s. duci, 5, 46. + signum lagoenae, 6, 17. + silentia fecisse, 4, 7. + rodere, 3, 81. + siliquis pasta, 3, 55. + simpuvia, 2, 59 (note). + sin, 5, 115. + sinciput, 6, 70. + singultiet, 6, 72. + sinistro genio, 4, 27. + rumore, 5, 164. + sinu Socratico, 5, 37. + sinuoso pectore, 5, 27. + sis = sivis, 1, 108. + sistro, 5, 186. + sitiente camelo, 5, 136. + lagoena, 3, 92. + sive = vel si, 1, 67. + Socrates, 4, 1 (note). + Socratico sinu, 5, 37. + sodes, 3, 89. + sole assiduo, 4, 18. + recenti, 5, 54. + solea rubra, 5, 169. + soles longos, 5, 41. + solidum crepet, 5, 25. + sollers, 5, 142. + fallere, 5, 37. + nosse, 6, 24. + Solones, 3, 79. + somniasse, Prol., 2. + somno inriguo, 5, 56. + sonare vitium, 3, 21. + sorbere melior, 4, 16. + sorbet, 4, 32. + sorbitio, 4, 2. + sordidus, 1, 128. + +sôritês+, 6, 80. + sparsisse oculos, 5, 33. + speciem veri, 5, 105. + species hominum, 5, 52. + spirare surdum, 6, 35. + Spleen, the seat of laughter, 1, 12. + splene petulanti, 1, 12. + spondente, 5, 79. + spumosum, 1, 96. + Staienus, 2, 19 (note). + Staius, 2, 19. 22. + stare contra, 5, 96. + Steelyard, 5, 100. + stemmate Tusco, 3, 28. + steriles veri, 5, 75. + stertimus, 3, 3. + stertis, 3, 58. + Stoic catechism, 3, 67; 5, 104. + stolidam barbam, 2, 28. + strepitum marem, 6, 4. + strigiles, 5, 126. 131. + stingere venas, 2, 66. + struere rem, 2, 44. + studere (absol.), 3, 9. + stupet vitio, 3, 32. + stuppas, 5, 135. + subaerato auro, 5, 106. + subdite rebus, 5, 124. + subduximus, 1, 95. + subeas dominos, 5, 155. + subere, 1, 97. + subiere, 3, 106. + subi[-i]t, 2, 55. + subit inter curva rectum, 4, 11. + tremor, 3, 110. + subrisit molle, 3, 110. + subsellia, 1, 82. + Subura, 5, 32. + succinctis Laribus, 5, 31. + succinctus, 5, 140. + succinis ambages, 3, 20. + sudans pater, 3, 47. + sudare deunces, 5, 150. + sudes, 2, 53. + suffla, 4, 20. + sulco terens, 1, 73. + sulpure sacro, 2, 25. + sulpureas mefites, 3, 99. + sumen calidum, 1, 53. + summa boni, 4, 17. + summae dest aliquid, 6, 64. + summos pedes, 3, 108. + supellex, 4, 52. + superbo vitulo, 1, 100. + supinus, 1, 129. + supplantat, 1, 35. + supposita face, 3, 116. + supposui, 5, 36. + surda vota, 6, 28. + surdum spirare, 6, 35. + surgentem callem, 3, 57. + surgit pellis, 3, 95. + Surrentina, 3, 93. + suscipis, 5, 36. + suspendere lance, 4, 10. + naso, 1, 118. + tempora, 5, 47. + + + T. + + tabellas adsigna, 5, 81. + tabula caerulea, 6, 33. + Tadius, 6, 66. + tali (game), 3, 48 (note). + talo recto, 5, 104. + tandem, 1, 16; 3, 103. + tange venas, 3, 107. + tantae quantum, 1, 60. + tectoria linguae, 5, 25. + temone, 5, 70. + temperat, 5, 51. + tempore, vivis ex t., 3, 62. + temptemus fauces, 3, 113. + tenax veri, 5, 48. + tendere versum, 1, 65. + teneat actus, 5, 99. + tenero columbo, 3, 16. + palato, 1, 35. + tenuia (trisyllab.), 5, 94. + tenuis salivas, 6, 24. + tenus, 6, 25. + tepidum, 1, 84. + terebrare salinum, 5, 138. + terens sulco, 1, 73. + teres ore, 5, 15. + terrae filius, 6, 59. + progenies, 6, 57. + tertia nox, 3, 91. + tesserula, 5, 74. + testaque lutoque, 3, 61. + testiculi, 1, 103. + tetigisse signum, 6, 17. + tetrico pectine, 6, 2. + theta nigrum, 4, 13. + Thyestae olla, 5, 8. + thynni cauda, 5, 183. + Tiberino in gurgite, 2, 15. + timor albus, 3, 115. + tincta veneno, 3, 37. + tinniat mendosum, 5, 106. + Titos ingentis, 1, 20. + toga recenti, 1, 15. + togae verba, 5, 14. + tollat munera cerdo, 4, 51. + tolle piper, 5, 136. + ut volo, 5, 87. + tollere susurros, 2, 7. + tollit = sustulit, 4, 2. + torosa iuventus, 3, 86. + torquere buxum, 3, 51. + torva cornua, 1, 99. + trabe fracta, 1, 89. + rupta, 6, 27. + vasta, 5, 141. + trabeate, 3, 29. + tragoedo maesto, 5, 3. + traham voce, 5, 28. + Trajection, 1, 23; 6, 13. + trama figurae, 6, 73. + transcendere nummum, 5, 111. + transilias mare, 5, 146. + transisse, 5, 60. + transtro, 5, 147. + transvectio, 3, 29 (note). + tremor subit, 3, 100. + tremulos cachinnos, 3, 87. + trepida, 1, 74. + trepidare, 1, 20; 5, 170. + trepidas mentes, 5, 35. + trepidat, 3, 88. + tressis agaso, 5, 76. + triental calidum, 3, 100. + triplex, 6, 78. + triste bidental, 2, 27. + trita lacerna, 1, 54. + tritavus, 6, 57 (note). + Troiades, 1, 4. + trossulus, 1, 82. + trutina, 1, 5. + trutinari verba, 3, 82. + tuba, 3, 103. + tucceta crassa, 2, 42. + tumebit cutis, 3, 63. + tumet bile, 2, 14. + fidelia, 5, 183. + tunicatum caepe, 4, 30. + turbida Roma, 1, 5. + turbinis momento, 5, 78. + turdarum salivas, 6, 24. + ture litabis, 5, 120. + turgescat pagina, 5, 20. + turgescere somno, 5, 56. + turgescit bilis, 3, 8. + turgidus, 3, 98. + tus, 5, 135. + Tusco stemmate, 3, 22. + Tuscum fictile, 2, 60. + tutor, 3, 96. + + + U. + + uda labella, 2, 32. + udas fores, 5, 165. + udo, in udo esse, 1, 105. + ulcus putre, 3, 113. + ulterior cinere, 6, 41. + ultra, 3, 15. + umbo candidus, 5, 33. + umbra quinta, 3, 4. + Umbris pinguibus, 3, 74. + uncta fenestra, 5, 180. + patella, 4, 17. + pulmentaria, 3, 102. + uncto, sine uncto cenare, 6, 16. + unctus, 4, 33. + uncus, 5, 154 (note). + unde, 1, 73. + undique, 3, 59. + ungue caules, 6, 68. + unguine crasso, 6, 40. + unguis severos, 1, 65. + unum opus, 5, 43. + +hupadein+, 3, 20. + +huposkelizein+, 1, 35. + +hupochalkos+, 5, 106. + urentis oculos, 2, 34. + urnas Vestalis, 2, 60. + urtica, 6, 70. + usque adeo, 1, 26. + usum vitae, 5, 94. + usus rerum, 5, 52. + ut omitted, 1, 56. + uxor proxima, 3, 43. + + + V. + + vafer, 1, 116. 132; 6, 20. + vago inguine, 6, 72. + vallis = sinus, 6, 8. + vanescere, 3, 13. + vapida lagoena, 6,17. + pice, 5, 148. + vapido pectore, 5, 117. + vaporata aure, 1, 126. + vappa, 5, 77. + varicosos centuriones, 5, 189. + varo (baro), 5, 138. + varo genio, 6, 18. + pede, 4, 12. + vatibus, 5, 1. + vatum, Prol., 7. + ve-, 1, 97. + ve or vel redundant (?), 3, 29. + vegrandi, 1, 97. + Veientanum rubellum, 5, 147. + vel duo, vel nemo, 1, 3. + Velina, 5, 73. + velle suum, 5, 53. + with perf. inf., 1, 41. 91. + vellere barbam, 1, 133; 2, 28. + vellus Calabrum, 2, 65. + velox, 4, 4. + vena singultiet, 6, 72. + testiculi, 1, 103. + venas conpositas, 3, 91. + stringere, 2, 66. + tangere, 3, 107. + vendo = vendito, 1, 122. + veneno ferventi, 3, 37. + Veneri donatae pupae, 2, 70. + venire with the dative, 6, 39. + venosus, 1, 76. + venter, Prol., 11; 3, 98. + ventis rumpere, 3, 27. + ventos premere, 5, 11. + veratro, 1, 51. + verba dare, 3, 19; 4, 45. + togae, 5, 14. + verecunda mensa, 5, 44. + veri speciem, 5, 105. + vernae discincto, 4, 22. + verrucosa, 1, 77. + versum cludere, 1, 93. + tendere, 1, 65. + verte aliquid, 5, 137. + verterit, 5, 78. + vertigo, 5, 76. + verumne, 3, 7. + Vestalis urnas, 2, 60. + vetare superos, 2, 43. + vetavit, 5, 90. + veteres avias, 5, 92. + vetitos actus, 5, 99. + veto faxit, 1, 112. + Vettidius, 4, 25. + vetule, 1, 22. + viatica, 5, 65. + vibice, 4, 49. + vicinia, 4, 46. + vid[)e], 1, 108. + vigila, 5, 177. + vin and vis, 1, 56; 6, 63. + vinci laborat, 5, 39. + vindicta, 5, 88. 125. + violae, 1, 40. + violas, 5, 182. + Virbi clivus, 5, 56. + viridi limo, 3, 22. + vis dicam, 1, 56. + visceratio, 6, 50 (note). + vitae rapidae, 5, 94. + vitiabit agendo, 5, 97. + vitiarunt pultes, 6, 40. + vitiato murice, 2, 65. + vitio praefigere theta, 2, 68. + stupet, 3, 32. + utitur, 2, 68. + vitium sonare, 3, 21. + vitrea bilis, 3, 8. + vitulo superbo, 1, 100. + vivere nostrum, 1, 9. + vivitur, 4, 43; 5, 53. + vivo caespite, 6, 31. + vivunt chordae, 6, 2. + vixisse, 4, 17. + Vocative in the predicate, 1, 123; 3, 28. + voce pura, 5, 28. + voces centum, 5, 1. + vomere nebulam, 5, 181. + voti modicus, 5, 109. + voto aperto, 2, 7. + in voto esse, 3, 49. + vulnera Parthi, 5, 4. + vulnus caecum, 4, 44. + vulpem astutam, 5, 117. + vulvae patriciae, 6, 73. + vulvas marcentis, 4, 36. + + + Z. + + Zeugma, 3, 75; 5, 114. 185. + + + + +THE END. + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +Errata (Noted by Transcriber) + +Quando cerco norme di gusto + [text reads "uome": checked against original] + +"Neue" in bibliographical references is a personal name. + +Notes + + "Note I.7" will be found under I.5 (long sentence). + +I.84 Gr. +prepontôs+ [epsilon invisible]. +III.20 '... or second to a person,' hence 'to sing small' + [text reads "...to a person,' 'hence to sing..."] +III.29 trabeatus es_)' [text has close quote inside parenthesis] +III.34 #rursum non bullit# [printed with line 33] +III.56 The letter +Y+, or rather its old form [[symbol]] + _the first form is Greek capital upsilon, identical in form to Roman + "Y"; the second form is a vertical line with bar projecting to the + upper left_ +V.38 see note on 4.11 [4.12] +V.64, 65 [all notes printed with line 63] +V.65 #viatica#, #miseris# [order of notes transposed] +V.156 #oberres# [text reads "155", repeated] +V.157-158 #nec--dicas# [text reads "156"] +V.162 'to the raw,' 'to the quick.' [second open quote missing] +VI.5 no synonyme for _honestus_, [spelling unchanged] + +Critical Appendix + +II.14 #pro# [the nearest occurrence of this word is in line II.22] +III.93 [text reads III.94] +IV.20 #suffla# [printed with line 19] +VI.69 #ungue# [printed with line 67] + +Index + + Unambigous punctuation errors were silently corrected. + + Attribute for effect, Prol., 4; 1, 17. [number 1 missing] + inflantis corpora, 5, 187 + lusca sacerdos, 5, 186 + +drapeteuein+, 5, 156 + [in all three, book number misprinted as 1] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Satires of A. Persius Flaccus, by +A. Persius Flaccus (AKA Persius) + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SATIRES OF A. 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