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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Story of the Greeks, by H. A. Guerber
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Story of the Greeks
+
+
+Author: H. A. Guerber
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 5, 2007  [eBook #23495]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE GREEKS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Dave Macfarlane, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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+      See 23495-h.htm or 23495-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/3/4/9/23495/23495-h/23495-h.htm)
+      or
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+
+
+
+
+
+Eclectic School Readings
+
+THE STORY OF THE GREEKS
+
+by
+
+H. A. GUERBER
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+New York ·:· Cincinnati ·:· Chicago
+American Book Company
+
+Copyright, 1896, by
+American Book Company.
+
+
+
+STORY OF THE GREEKS.
+
+W.P. 15
+
+
+[Illustration: Theseus and the Minotaur.
+
+_Frontispiece_]
+
+
+DEDICATED
+TO
+ARNOLD, HELEN, AND EDWARD
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This elementary history of Greece is intended for supplementary reading
+or as a first history text-book for young pupils. It is therefore made
+up principally of stories about persons; for, while history proper is
+largely beyond the comprehension of children, they are able at an early
+age to understand and enjoy anecdotes of people, especially of those in
+the childhood of civilization. At the same time, these stories will give
+a clear idea of the most important events that have taken place in the
+ancient world, and, it is hoped, will arouse a desire to read further.
+They also aim to enforce the lessons of perseverance, courage,
+patriotism, and virtue that are taught by the noble lives described.
+
+A knowledge of ancient history, however superficial, is of very great
+value; and the classic legends are almost equally worth knowing, because
+of the prominent part they play in the world's literature. These tales
+make a deep impression on the minds of children, and the history thus
+learned almost in play will cling to the memory far more tenaciously
+than any lessons subsequently conned.
+
+Many children leave school unacquainted with any history except that of
+the United States; which, dealing with less simple and primitive times
+than that of Greece, is apt to be so unattractive that the child never
+afterwards reads any historical works. It has been my intention to write
+a book which will give children pleasure to read, and will thus
+counteract the impression that history is uninteresting.
+
+A few suggestions to teachers may not be considered superfluous. In the
+first place, I have found historical anecdotes an excellent aid in
+teaching English. Pupils find it far from irksome to relate the stories
+in their own words, and to reproduce them in compositions. Secondly,
+whenever a city or country is mentioned, every pupil should point out
+its location on the map. By such means only can any one properly
+understand an historical narrative; and in the present case there is the
+added reason that the practice will go far towards increasing the
+child's interest in geography. Lastly, the teacher should take great
+care that the proper names are correctly pronounced. The most common
+errors are provided against in the text; for, on the first occurrence of
+such a word, it is divided into syllables, with the accent marked. It
+remains for the teacher to enforce the ordinary rules as to the proper
+sounds of vowels and consonants.
+
+
+H.A.G.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+
+                                                       PAGE
+    Map                                 _between 10 and 11_
+      I. Early Inhabitants of Greece                    11
+     II. The Deluge of Ogyges                           13
+    III. The Founding of Many Important Cities          15
+     IV. Story of Deucalion                             19
+      V. Story of Dædalus and Icarus                    21
+     VI. The Adventures of Jason                        24
+    VII. Theseus visits the Labyrinth                   26
+   VIII. The Terrible Prophecy                          29
+     IX. The Sphinx's Riddle                            30
+      X. Blindness and Death of OEdipus                 34
+     XI. The Brothers' Quarrel                          37
+    XII. The Taking of Thebes                           39
+   XIII. The Childhood of Paris                         41
+    XIV. The Muster of the Troops                       44
+     XV. The Sacrifice of Iphigenia                     46
+    XVI. The Wrath of Achilles                          48
+   XVII. Death of Hector and Achilles                   50
+  XVIII. The Burning of Troy                            52
+    XIX. Heroic Death of Codrus                         55
+     XX. The Blind Poet                                 57
+    XXI. The Rise of Sparta                             61
+   XXII. The Spartan Training                           62
+  XXIII. The Brave Spartan Boy                          64
+   XXIV. Public Tables in Sparta                        67
+    XXV. Laws of Lycurgus                               69
+   XXVI. The Messenian War                              71
+  XXVII. The Music of Tyrtæus                           73
+ XXVIII. Aristomenes' Escape                            76
+   XXIX. The Olympic Games                              77
+    XXX. Milo of Croton                                 81
+   XXXI. The Jealous Athlete                            83
+  XXXII. The Girls' Games                               84
+ XXXIII. The Bloody Laws of Draco                       86
+  XXXIV. The Laws of Solon                              89
+   XXXV. The First Plays                                92
+  XXXVI. The Tyrant Pisistratus                         95
+ XXXVII. The Tyrant's Insult                            97
+XXXVIII. Death of the Conspirators                      99
+  XXXIX. Hippias driven out of Athens                  100
+     XL. The Great King                                104
+    XLI. Hippias visits Darius                         105
+   XLII. Destruction of the Persian Host               108
+  XLIII. The Advance of the Second Host                110
+   XLIV. The Battle of Marathon                        113
+    XLV. Miltiades' Disgrace                           115
+   XLVI. Aristides the Just                            117
+  XLVII. Two Noble Spartan Youths                      119
+ XLVIII. The Great Army                                121
+   XLIX. Preparations for Defense                      124
+      L. Leonidas at Thermopylæ                        127
+     LI. Death of Leonidas                             128
+    LII. The Burning of Athens                         131
+   LIII. The Battles of Salamis and Platæa             133
+    LIV. The Rebuilding of Athens                      136
+     LV. Death of Pausanias                            138
+    LVI. Cimon improves Athens                         141
+   LVII. The Earthquake                                143
+  LVIII. The Age of Pericles                           146
+    LIX. The Teachings of Anaxagoras                   151
+     LX. Beginning of the Peloponnesian War            152
+    LXI. Death of Pericles                             155
+   LXII. The Philosopher Socrates                      157
+  LXIII. Socrates' Favorite Pupil                      159
+   LXIV. Youth of Alcibiades                           163
+    LXV. Greek Colonies in Italy                       165
+   LXVI. Alcibiades in Disgrace                        167
+  LXVII. Death of Alcibiades                           169
+ LXVIII. The Overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants           171
+   LXIX. Accusation of Socrates                        173
+    LXX. Death of Socrates                             175
+   LXXI. The Defeat of Cyrus                           180
+  LXXII. The Retreat of the Ten Thousand               182
+ LXXIII. Agesilaus in Asia                             185
+  LXXIV. A Strange Interview                           186
+   LXXV. The Peace of Antalcidas                       189
+  LXXVI. The Theban Friends                            190
+ LXXVII. Thebes Free once more                         192
+LXXVIII. The Battle of Leuctra                         195
+  LXXIX. Death of Pelopidas                            197
+   LXXX. The Battle of Mantinea                        199
+   XXXI. The Tyrant of Syracuse                        201
+  XXXII. Story of Damon and Pythias                    204
+ XXXIII. The Sword of Damocles                         208
+  XXXIV. Dion and Dionysius                            210
+   XXXV. Civil War in Syracuse                         212
+  XXXVI. Death of Dion                                 214
+ XXXVII. Philip of Macedon                             217
+XXXVIII. Philip begins his Conquests                   219
+  XXXIX. The Orator Demosthenes                        221
+     XC. Philip masters Greece                         224
+    XCI. Birth of Alexander                            227
+   XCII. The Steed Bucephalus                          229
+  XCIII. Alexander as King                             232
+   XCIV. Alexander and Diogenes                        234
+    XCV. Alexander's Brilliant Beginning               236
+   XCVI. The Gordian Knot                              238
+  XCVII. Alexander's Royal Captives                    241
+  CVIII. Alexander at Jerusalem                        242
+   XCIX. The African Desert                            244
+      C. Death of Darius                               247
+     CI. Defeat of Porus                               249
+    CII. The Return to Babylon                         251
+   CIII. Death of Alexander the Great                  252
+    CIV. The Division of the Realm                     255
+     CV. Death of Demosthenes                          257
+    CVI. The Last of the Athenians                     260
+   CVII. The Colossus of Rhodes                        262
+  CVIII. The Battle of Ipsus                           265
+    CIX. Demetrius and the Athenians                   266
+     CX. The Achæan League                             268
+    CXI. Division in Sparta                            270
+   CXII. Death of Agis                                 274
+  CXIII. The War of the Two Leagues                    276
+   CXIV. The Last of the Greeks                        278
+    CXV. Greece a Roman Province                       280
+  INDEX                                                283
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE GREEKS.
+
+
+
+
+I. EARLY INHABITANTS OF GREECE.
+
+
+Although Greece (or Hel´las) is only half as large as the State of New
+York, it holds a very important place in the history of the world. It is
+situated in the southern part of Europe, cut off from the rest of the
+continent by a chain of high mountains which form a great wall on the
+north. It is surrounded on nearly all sides by the blue waters of the
+Med-it-er-ra´ne-an Sea, which stretch so far inland that it is said no
+part of the country is forty miles from the sea, or ten miles from the
+hills. Thus shut in by sea and mountains, it forms a little territory by
+itself, and it was the home of a noted people.
+
+The history of Greece goes back to the time when people did not know how
+to write, and kept no record of what was happening around them. For a
+long while the stories told by parents to their children were the only
+information which could be had about the country and its former
+inhabitants; and these stories, slightly changed by every new teller,
+grew more and more extraordinary as time passed. At last they were so
+changed that no one could tell where the truth ended and fancy began.
+
+The beginning of Greek history is therefore like a fairy tale; and while
+much of it cannot, of course, be true, it is the only information we
+have about the early Greeks. It is these strange fireside stories, which
+used to amuse Greek children so many years ago, that you are first going
+to hear.
+
+About two thousand years before the birth of Christ, in the days when
+Isaac wanted to go down into Egypt, Greece was inhabited by a savage
+race of men called the Pe-las´gi-ans. They lived in the forests, or in
+caves hollowed out of the mountain side, and hunted wild beasts with
+great clubs and stone-tipped arrows and spears. They were so rude and
+wild that they ate nothing but raw meat, berries, and the roots which
+they dug up with sharp stones or even with their hands.
+
+For clothing, the Pelasgians used the skins of the beasts they had
+killed; and to protect themselves against other savages, they gathered
+together in families or tribes, each having a chief who led in war and
+in the chase.
+
+There were other far more civilized nations in those days. Among these
+were the E-gyp´tians, who lived in Africa. They had long known the use
+of fire, had good tools, and were much further advanced than the
+Pelasgians. They had learned not only to build houses, but to erect the
+most wonderful monuments in the world,--the Pyr´a-mids, of which you
+have no doubt heard.
+
+In Egypt there were at that time a number of learned men. They were
+acquainted with many of the arts and sciences, and recorded all they
+knew in a peculiar writing of their own invention. Their neighbors, the
+Phoe-ni´-cians, whose land also bordered on the Mediterranean Sea,
+were quite civilized too; and as both of these nations had ships, they
+soon began to sail all around that great inland sea.
+
+As they had no compass, the Egyptian and Phoenician sailors did not
+venture out of sight of land. They first sailed along the shore, and
+then to the islands which they could see far out on the blue waters.
+
+When they had come to one island, they could see another still farther
+on; for, as you will see on any map, the Mediterranean Sea, between
+Greece and Asia, is dotted with islands, which look like stepping-stones
+going from one coast to the other.
+
+Advancing thus carefully, the Egyptians and Phoenicians finally came
+to Greece, where they made settlements, and began to teach the
+Pelasgians many useful and important things.
+
+
+
+
+II. THE DELUGE OF OGYGES.
+
+
+The first Egyptian who thus settled in Greece was a prince called
+In´a-chus. Landing in that country, which has a most delightful climate,
+he taught the Pelasgians how to make fire and how to cook their meat. He
+also showed them how to build comfortable homes by piling up stones one
+on top of another, much in the same way as the farmer makes the stone
+walls around his fields.
+
+The Pelasgians were intelligent, although so uncivilized; and they soon
+learned to build these walls higher, in order to keep the wild beasts
+away from their homes. Then, when they had learned the use of bronze and
+iron tools, they cut the stones into huge blocks of regular shape.
+
+These stone blocks were piled one upon another so cleverly that some of
+the walls are still standing, although no mortar was used to hold the
+stones together. Such was the strength of the Pelasgians, that they
+raised huge blocks to great heights, and made walls which their
+descendants declared must have been built by giants.
+
+As the Greeks called their giants Cy´clops, which means "round-eyed,"
+they soon called these walls Cy-clo-pe´an; and, in pointing them out to
+their children, they told strange tales of the great giants who had
+built them, and always added that these huge builders had but one eye,
+which was in the middle of the forehead.
+
+Some time after Inachus the Egyptian had thus taught the Pelasgians the
+art of building, and had founded a city called Ar´gos, there came a
+terrible earthquake. The ground under the people's feet heaved and
+cracked, the mountains shook, the waters flooded the dry land, and the
+people fled in terror to the hills.
+
+In spite of the speed with which they ran, the waters soon overtook
+them. Many of the Pelasgians were thus drowned, while their terrified
+companions ran faster and faster up the mountain, nor stopped to rest
+until they were quite safe.
+
+Looking down upon the plains where they had once lived, they saw them
+all covered with water. They were now forced to build new homes; but
+when the waters little by little sank into the ground, or flowed back
+into the sea, they were very glad to find that some of their thickest
+walls had resisted the earthquake and flood, and were still standing
+firm.
+
+The memory of the earthquake and flood was very clear, however. The poor
+Pelasgians could not forget their terror and the sudden death of so many
+friends, and they often talked about that horrible time. As this flood
+occurred in the days when Og´y-ges was king, it has generally been
+linked to his name, and called the Deluge (or flood) of Ogyges.
+
+
+
+
+III. THE FOUNDING OF MANY IMPORTANT CITIES.
+
+
+Some time after Inachus had built Argos, another Egyptian prince came to
+settle in Greece. His name was Ce´crops, and, as he came to Greece after
+the Deluge of Ogyges, he found very few inhabitants left. He landed, and
+decided to build a city on a promontory northeast of Argos. Then he
+invited all the Pelasgians who had not been drowned in the flood to join
+him.
+
+The Pelasgians, glad to find such a wise leader, gathered around him,
+and they soon learned to plow the fields and to sow wheat. Under
+Cecrops' orders they also planted olive trees and vines, and learned how
+to press the oil from the olives and the wine from the grapes. Cecrops
+taught them how to harness their oxen; and before long the women began
+to spin the wool of their sheep, and to weave it into rough woolen
+garments, which were used for clothing, instead of the skins of wild
+beasts.
+
+After building several small towns in At´ti-ca, Cecrops founded a larger
+one, which was at first called Ce-cro´pi-a in honor of himself. This
+name, however, was soon changed to Ath´ens to please A-the´ne (or
+Mi-ner´va), a goddess whom the people worshiped, and who was said to
+watch over the welfare of this her favorite city.
+
+[Illustration: Athene.]
+
+When Cecrops died, he was followed by other princes, who continued
+teaching the people many useful things, such as the training and
+harnessing of horses, the building of carts, and the proper way of
+harvesting grain. One prince even showed them how to make beehives, and
+how to use the honey as an article of food.
+
+As the mountain sides in Greece are covered with a carpet of wild,
+sweet-smelling herbs and flowers, the Greek honey is very good; and
+people say that the best honey in the world is made by the bees on Mount
+Hy-met´tus, near Athens, where they gather their golden store all summer
+long.
+
+Shortly after the building of Athens, a Phoenician colony, led by
+Cad´mus, settled a neighboring part of the country, called Boe-o´tia,
+where they founded the city which was later known as Thebes. Cadmus also
+taught the people many useful things, among others the art of trade (or
+commerce) and that of navigation (the building and using of ships); but,
+best of all, he brought the alphabet to Greece, and showed the people
+how to express their thoughts in writing.
+
+Almost at the same time that Cadmus founded Thebes, an Egyptian called
+Dan´a-us came to Greece, and settled a colony on the same spot where
+that of Inachus had once been. The new Argos rose on the same place as
+the old; and the country around it, called Ar´go-lis, was separated from
+Boeotia and Attica only by a long narrow strip of land, which was
+known as the Isthmus of Cor´-inth.
+
+Danaus not only showed the Pelasgians all the useful arts which Cadmus
+and Cecrops had taught, but also helped them to build ships like that in
+which he had come to Greece. He also founded religious festivals or
+games in honor of the harvest goddess, De-me´ter. The women were invited
+to these games, and they only were allowed to bear torches in the public
+processions, where they sang hymns in honor of the goddess.
+
+The descendants of Danaus long ruled over the land; and one member of
+his family, Per´seus, built the town of My-ce´næ on a spot where many
+of the Pelasgian stone walls can still be seen.
+
+The Pelasgians who joined this young hero helped him to build great
+walls all around his town. These were provided with massive gateways and
+tall towers, from which the soldiers could overlook the whole country,
+and see the approach of an enemy from afar.
+
+[Illustration: The Lion Gate, Mycenæ.]
+
+This same people built tombs for some of the ancient kings, and many
+treasure and store houses. These buildings, buried under earth and
+rubbish, were uncovered a few years ago. In the tombs were found swords,
+spears, and remains of ancient armor, gold ornaments, ancient pieces of
+pottery, human bones, and, strangest of all, thin masks of pure gold,
+which covered the faces of some of the dead.
+
+Thus you see, the Pelasgians little by little joined the new colonies
+which came to take possession of the land, and founded little states or
+countries of their own, each governed by its own king, and obeying its
+own laws.
+
+
+
+
+IV. STORY OF DEUCALION.
+
+
+The Greeks used to tell their children that Deu-ca´li-on, the leader of
+the Thes-sa´li-ans, was a descendant of the gods, for each part of the
+country claimed that its first great man was the son of a god. It was
+under the reign of Deucalion that another flood took place. This was
+even more terrible than that of Ogyges; and all the people of the
+neighborhood fled in haste to the high mountains north of Thes´sa-ly,
+where they were kindly received by Deucalion.
+
+When all danger was over, and the waters began to recede, they followed
+their leader down into the plains again. This soon gave rise to a
+wonderful story, which you will often hear. It was said that Deucalion
+and his wife Pyr´rha were the only people left alive after the flood.
+When the waters had all gone, they went down the mountain, and found
+that the temple at Del´phi, where they worshiped their gods, was still
+standing unharmed. They entered, and, kneeling before the altar, prayed
+for help.
+
+A mysterious voice then bade them go down the mountain, throwing their
+mother's bones behind them. They were very much troubled when they heard
+this, until Deucalion said that a voice from heaven could not have
+meant them to do any harm. In thinking over the real meaning of the
+words he had heard, he told his wife, that, as the Earth is the mother
+of all creatures, her bones must mean the stones.
+
+Deucalion and Pyrrha, therefore, went slowly down the mountain, throwing
+the stones behind them. The Greeks used to tell that a sturdy race of
+men sprang up from the stones cast by Deucalion, while beautiful women
+came from those cast by Pyrrha.
+
+The country was soon peopled by the children of these men, who always
+proudly declared that the story was true, and that they sprang from the
+race which owed its birth to this great miracle. Deucalion reigned over
+this people as long as he lived; and when he died, his two sons,
+Am-phic´ty-on and Hel´len, became kings in his stead. The former staid
+in Thessaly; and, hearing that some barbarians called Thra´cians were
+about to come over the mountains and drive his people away, he called
+the chiefs of all the different states to a council, to ask their advice
+about the best means of defense. All the chiefs obeyed the summons, and
+met at a place in Thessaly where the mountains approach the sea so
+closely as to leave but a narrow pass between. In the pass are hot
+springs, and so it was called Ther-mop´y-læ, or the Hot Gateway.
+
+The chiefs thus gathered together called this assembly the
+Am-phic-ty-on´ic Council, in honor of Amphictyon. After making plans to
+drive back the Thracians, they decided to meet once a year, either at
+Thermopylæ or at the temple at Delphi, to talk over all important
+matters.
+
+
+
+
+V. STORY OF DÆDALUS AND ICARUS.
+
+
+Hellen, Deucalion's second son, finding Thessaly too small to give homes
+to all the people, went southward with a band of hardy followers, and
+settled in another part of the country which we call Greece, but which
+was then, in honor of him, called Hellas, while his people were called
+Hel-le´nes, or subjects of Hellen.
+
+When Hellen died, he left his kingdom to his three sons, Do´rus,
+Æ´o-lus, and Xu´thus. Instead of dividing their father's lands fairly,
+the eldest two sons quarreled with the youngest, and finally drove him
+away. Homeless and poor, Xuthus now went to Athens, where he was warmly
+welcomed by the king, who not only treated him very kindly, but also
+gave him his daughter in marriage, and promised that he should inherit
+the throne.
+
+This promise was duly kept, and Xuthus the exile ruled over Athens. When
+he died, he left the crown to his sons, I´on and A-chæ´us.
+
+As the A-the´ni-ans had gradually increased in number until their
+territory was too small to afford a living to all the inhabitants, Ion
+and Achæus, even in their father's lifetime, led some of their followers
+along the Isthmus of Corinth, and down into the peninsula, where they
+founded two flourishing states, called, after them, A-cha´ia and
+I-o´ni-a. Thus, while northern Greece was pretty equally divided between
+the Do´ri-ans and Æ-o´li-ans, descendants and subjects of Dorus and
+Æolus, the peninsula was almost entirely in the hands of the I-o´ni-ans
+and A-chæ´ans, who built towns, cultivated the soil, and became bold
+navigators. They ventured farther and farther out at sea, until they
+were familiar with all the neighboring bays and islands.
+
+Sailing thus from place to place, the Hellenes came at last to Crete, a
+large island south of Greece. This island was then governed by a very
+wise king called Mi´nos. The laws of this monarch were so just that all
+the Greeks admired them very much. When he died, they even declared that
+the gods had called him away to judge the dead in Ha´des, and to decide
+what punishments and rewards the spirits deserved.
+
+Although Minos was very wise, he had a subject named Dæd´a-lus who was
+even wiser than he. This man not only invented the saw and the potter's
+wheel, but also taught the people how to rig sails for their vessels.
+
+As nothing but oars and paddles had hitherto been used to propel ships,
+this last invention seemed very wonderful; and, to compliment Dædalus,
+the people declared that he had given their vessels wings, and had thus
+enabled them to fly over the seas.
+
+Many years after, when sails were so common that they ceased to excite
+any wonder, the people, forgetting that these were the wings which
+Dædalus had made, invented a wonderful story, which runs as follows.
+
+Minos, King of Crete, once sent for Dædalus, and bade him build a maze,
+or labyrinth, with so many rooms and winding halls, that no one, once in
+it, could ever find his way out again.
+
+Dædalus set to work and built a maze so intricate that neither he nor
+his son Ic´a-rus, who was with him, could get out. Not willing to
+remain there a prisoner, Dædalus soon contrived a means of escape.
+
+[Illustration: Dædalus and Icarus.]
+
+He and Icarus first gathered together a large quantity of feathers, out
+of which Dædalus cleverly made two pairs of wings. When these were
+fastened to their shoulders by means of wax, father and son rose up like
+birds and flew away. In spite of his father's cautions, Icarus rose
+higher and higher, until the heat of the sun melted the wax, so that his
+wings dropped off, and he fell into the sea and was drowned. His father,
+more prudent than he, flew low, and reached Greece in safety. There he
+went on inventing useful things, often gazing out sadly over the waters
+in which Icarus had perished, and which, in honor of the drowned youth,
+were long known as the I-ca´ri-an Sea.
+
+
+
+
+VI. THE ADVENTURES OF JASON.
+
+
+The Hellenes had not long been masters of all Greece, when a Phryg´i-an
+called Pe´lops became master of the peninsula, which from him received
+the name of Pel-o-pon-ne´sus. He first taught the people to coin money;
+and his descendants, the Pe-lop´i-dæ, took possession of all the land
+around them, with the exception of Argolis, where the Da-na´i-des
+continued to reign.
+
+Some of the Ionians and Achæans, driven away from their homes by the
+Pelopidæ, went on board their many vessels, and sailed away. They formed
+Hel-len´ic colonies in the neighboring islands along the coast of Asia
+Minor, and even in the southern part of Italy.
+
+As some parts of Greece were very thinly settled, and as the people
+clustered around the towns where their rulers dwelt, there were wide,
+desolate tracts of land between them. Here were many wild beasts and
+robbers, who lay in wait for travelers on their way from one settlement
+to another. The robbers, who hid in the forests or mountains, were
+generally feared and disliked, until at last some brave young warriors
+made up their minds to fight against them and to kill them all. These
+young men were so brave that they well deserved the name of heroes,
+which has always been given them; and they met with many adventures
+about which the people loved to hear. Long after they had gone, the
+inhabitants, remembering their relief when the robbers were killed,
+taught their children to honor these brave young men almost as much as
+the gods, and they called the time when they lived the Heroic Age.
+
+Not satisfied with freeing their own country from wild men and beasts,
+the heroes wandered far away from home in search of further adventures.
+These have also been told over and over again to children of all
+countries and ages, until every one is expected to know something about
+them. Fifty of these heroes, for instance, went on board of a small
+vessel called the "Argo," sailed across the well-known waters, and
+ventured boldly into unknown seas. They were in search of a Golden
+Fleece, which they were told they would find in Col´chis, where it was
+said to be guarded by a great dragon.
+
+The leader of these fifty adventurers was Ja´son, an Æolian prince, who
+brought them safely to Colchis, whence, as the old stories relate, they
+brought back the Golden Fleece. They also brought home the king's
+daughter, who married Jason, and ruled his kingdom with him. Of course,
+as there was no such thing as a Golden Fleece, the Greeks merely used
+this expression to tell about the wealth which they got in the East, and
+carried home with them; for the voyage of the "Argo" was in reality the
+first distant commercial journey undertaken by the Greeks.
+
+
+
+
+VII. THESEUS VISITS THE LABYRINTH.
+
+
+On coming back from the quest for the Golden Fleece, the heroes returned
+to their own homes, where they continued their efforts to make their
+people happy.
+
+The´seus, one of the heroes, returned to Athens, and founded a yearly
+festival in honor of the goddess Athene. This festival was called
+Pan-ath-e-næ´a, which means "all the worshipers of Athene." It proved a
+great success, and was a bond of union among the people, who thus
+learned each other's customs and manners, and grew more friendly than if
+they had always staid at home. Theseus is one of the best-known among
+all the Greek heroes. Besides going with Jason in the "Argo," he rid his
+country of many robbers, and sailed to Crete. There he visited Minos,
+the king, who, having some time before conquered the Athenians, forced
+them to send him every year a shipload of youths and maidens, to feed
+to a monster which he kept in the Labyrinth.
+
+To free his country from this tribute, Theseus, of his own free will,
+went on board the ship. When he reached Crete, he went first into the
+Labyrinth, and killed the monster with his sword. Then he found his way
+out of the maze by means of a long thread which the king's daughter had
+given him. One end of it he carried with him as he entered, while the
+other end was fastened to the door.
+
+His old father, Ægeus, who had allowed him to go only after much
+persuasion, had told him to change the black sails of his vessel for
+white if he were lucky enough to escape. Theseus promised to do so, but
+he entirely forgot it in the joy of his return.
+
+Ægeus, watching for the vessel day after day, saw it coming back at
+last; and when the sunlight fell upon the black sails, he felt sure that
+his son was dead.
+
+His grief was so great at this loss, that he fell from the rock where he
+was standing down into the sea, and was drowned. In memory of him, the
+body of water near the rock is still known as the Æ-ge´an Sea.
+
+When Theseus reached Athens, and heard of his father's grief and sudden
+death, his heart was filled with sorrow and remorse, and he loudly
+bewailed the carelessness which had cost his father's life.
+
+Theseus now became King of Athens, and ruled his people very wisely for
+many years. He took part in many adventures and battles, lost two wives
+and a beloved son, and in his grief and old age became so cross and
+harsh that his people ceased to love him.
+
+They finally grew so tired of his cruelty, that they all rose up against
+him, drove him out of the city, and forced him to take up his abode on
+the Island of Scy´ros. Then, fearing that he might return unexpectedly,
+they told the king of the island to watch him night and day, and to
+seize the first good opportunity to get rid of him. In obedience to
+these orders, the king escorted Theseus wherever he went; and one day,
+when they were both walking along the edge of a tall cliff, he suddenly
+pushed Theseus over it. Unable to defend or save himself, Theseus fell
+on some sharp rocks far below, and was instantly killed.
+
+The Athenians rejoiced greatly when they heard of his death; but they
+soon forgot his harshness, remembered only his bravery and all the good
+he had done them in his youth, and regretted their ingratitude. Long
+after, as you will see, his body was carried to Athens, and buried not
+far from the A-crop´o-lis, which was a fortified hill or citadel in the
+midst of the city. Here the Athenians built a temple over his remains,
+and worshiped him as a god.
+
+While Theseus was thus first fighting for his subjects, and then
+quarreling with them, one of his companions, the hero Her´cu-les (or
+Her´a-cles) went back to the Peloponnesus, where he had been born. There
+his descendants, the Her-a-cli´dæ, soon began fighting with the Pelopidæ
+for the possession of the land.
+
+After much warfare, the Heraclidæ were driven away, and banished to
+Thessaly, where they were allowed to remain only upon condition that
+they would not attempt to renew their quarrel with the Pelopidæ for a
+hundred years.
+
+
+
+
+VIII. THE TERRIBLE PROPHECY.
+
+
+While Theseus was reigning over the Athenians, the neighboring throne of
+Thebes, in Boeotia, was occupied by King La´ius and Queen Jo-cas´ta.
+In those days the people thought they could learn about the future by
+consulting the oracles, or priests who dwelt in the temples, and
+pretended to give mortals messages from the gods.
+
+Hoping to learn what would become of himself and of his family, Laius
+sent rich gifts to the temple at Delphi, asking what would befall him in
+the coming years. The messenger soon returned, but, instead of bringing
+cheerful news, he tremblingly repeated the oracle's words: "King Laius,
+you will have a son who will murder his father, marry his mother, and
+bring destruction upon his native city!"
+
+This news filled the king's heart with horror; and when, a few months
+later, a son was born to him, he made up his mind to kill him rather
+than let him live to commit such fearful crimes. But Laius was too
+gentle to harm a babe, and so ordered a servant to carry the child out
+of the town and put him to death.
+
+The man obeyed the first part of the king's orders; but when he had come
+to a lonely spot on the mountain, he could not make up his mind to kill
+the poor little babe. Thinking that the child would soon die if left on
+this lonely spot, the servant tied him to a tree, and, going back to the
+city, reported that he had gotten rid of him.
+
+No further questions were asked, and all thought that the child was
+dead. It was not so, however. His cries had attracted the attention of a
+passing shepherd, who carried him home, and, being too poor to keep him,
+took him to the King of Corinth. As the king had no children, he gladly
+adopted the little boy.
+
+When the queen saw that the child's ankles were swollen by the cord by
+which he had been hung to the tree, she tenderly cared for him, and
+called him OEd´i-pus, which means "the swollen-footed." This nickname
+clung to the boy, who grew up thinking that the King and Queen of
+Corinth were his real parents.
+
+
+
+
+IX. THE SPHINX'S RIDDLE.
+
+
+When OEdipus was grown up, he once went to a festival, where his proud
+manners so provoked one of his companions, that he taunted him with
+being only a foundling. OEdipus, seeing the frightened faces around
+him, now for the first time began to think that perhaps he had not been
+told the truth about his parentage. So he consulted an oracle.
+
+Instead of giving him a plain answer,--a thing which the oracles were
+seldom known to do,--the voice said, "OEdipus, beware! You are doomed
+to kill your father, marry your mother, and bring destruction upon your
+native city!"
+
+Horrified at this prophecy, and feeling sure that the King and Queen of
+Corinth were his parents, and that the oracle's predictions threatened
+misfortunes to them, OEdipus made up his mind to leave home forever.
+He did not even dare to return to bid his family good-by, and he started
+out alone and on foot to seek his fortunes elsewhere.
+
+As he walked, he thought of his misfortunes, and grew very bitter
+against the cruel goddess of fate, whom he had been taught to fear. He
+fancied that this goddess could rule things as she pleased, and that it
+was she who had said he would commit the dreadful crimes which he was
+trying to avoid.
+
+After several days' aimless wandering, OEdipus came at last to some
+crossroads. There he met an old man riding in a chariot, and preceded by
+a herald, who haughtily bade OEdipus make way for his master.
+
+As OEdipus had been brought up as a prince, he was in the habit of
+seeing everybody make way for him. He therefore proudly refused to stir;
+and when the herald raised his staff to strike, OEdipus drew his sword
+and killed him.
+
+The old man, indignant at this deed of violence, stepped out of his
+chariot and attacked OEdipus. Now, the young man did not know that it
+was his father Laius whom he thus met for the first time, so he fell
+upon and killed him also. The servants too were all slain when they in
+turn attacked him; and then OEdipus calmly continued his journey,
+little suspecting that the first part of the oracle's prediction had
+been fulfilled.
+
+Soon after this fight, OEdipus came to the city of Thebes. The streets
+were filled with excited people, all talking at once; and the young
+prince, in listening to what they said, soon learned the cause of their
+excitement.
+
+[Illustration: After a few moments' deep thought, OEdipus answered.]
+
+It seems that a terrible monster called the Sphinx had taken up its
+station on one of the principal roads leading to the town, and would
+allow no one to pass who could not answer a riddle which it asked. This
+creature had the head of a woman, the body of a lion, and the wings of
+an eagle; and, as it ate up all those who could not guess its riddle,
+the people were very much frightened.
+
+Many persons had already been slain; for, although the bravest men had
+gone out to kill it, they had lost their lives in the attempt, as no one
+could harm it unless he guessed the mysterious riddle.
+
+Laius, the king, hoping to learn from the oracle at Delphi the answer to
+the riddle, had ridden off in his chariot; but the people grew more
+excited still, when a messenger came running into the town, and said
+that the king and all his servants had been killed by robbers, and that
+their dead bodies had been found in the middle of the road.
+
+OEdipus paid no attention to this news; for he little suspected that
+the old man whom he had killed was the king, whom everybody loved, and
+for whom they now mourned with noisy grief.
+
+He was, however, deeply interested in the story of the Sphinx; and he
+was so sure that he could guess the riddle, that he immediately set out
+to find the monster. He walked boldly along the road until stopped by
+the Sphinx, which told him to answer this riddle if he wished to live:
+"What creature walks upon four feet in the morning, upon two at noon,
+and upon three at night?"
+
+After a few moments' deep thought, OEdipus answered that the creature
+was _man_. "For," said he, "in the morning of life, or in babyhood, man
+creeps on hands and knees; at noon, or in manhood, he walks erect; and
+at evening, or in old age, he supports his tottering steps with a
+staff."
+
+The Sphinx's riddle was guessed; and the monster, knowing that its power
+was now at an end, tried to get away. But OEdipus would not allow it
+to do so; and, drawing his sword, he forced it back until it fell over a
+precipice, on the sharp stones below, and was dashed to pieces.
+
+
+
+
+X. BLINDNESS AND DEATH OF OEDIPUS.
+
+
+Boeotia was now rid of the Sphinx; and when the The´bans heard the
+joyful news of its death, they welcomed OEdipus with much joy. In
+reward for his bravery, they gave him not only the throne, but also the
+hand of Jocasta, the widowed queen. It was thus that OEdipus, although
+he did not know it, fulfilled the second part of the prophecy, and
+married his own mother.
+
+Several years now passed by, during which OEdipus ruled the Thebans so
+wisely, that they all loved him dearly, and went to him for advice in
+all their troubles. Finally the good times came to an end; and the
+people were again terrified, because a plague, or great sickness, broke
+out in the city, and many of the inhabitants died.
+
+All kinds of medicines were tried, but without effect; and all the gods
+were asked to lend their aid. In despair, OEdipus sent a messenger to
+Delphi to ask the oracle how the disease could be stopped. The oracle
+for once gave a plain answer, and said that the plague would cease only
+when the murderer of Laius had been found and punished.
+
+Investigations were now made for the first time, and it was found that
+OEdipus was the one who had slain the king. At the same time, the
+servant confessed that he had not killed the royal child; and the
+shepherd told how he had found the babe and carried him to Corinth,
+where he had been adopted by the king.
+
+When OEdipus heard all this, he was driven almost mad with despair;
+for now he knew not only that he had murdered his father and married his
+mother, but that it was on his account that the plague had caused the
+death of so many people in Thebes.
+
+In her horror and grief at this discovery, Queen Jocasta killed herself.
+When OEdipus learned that she was dead, he ran into the room where she
+lay, and took one of the buckles which fastened her dress and put out
+his eyes with it, saying, that, since they had beheld such a sorrowful
+sight, they should never again see the light of day.
+
+To rid the city of his accursed presence, and thus, if possible, save it
+from the threatened destruction, OEdipus banished himself, and
+wandered away, old, blind, and poor, for he would take none of his
+riches with him.
+
+He departed sorrowfully, leaving his kingdom to his two sons,
+E-te´o-cles and Pol-y-ni´ces, and telling them to care for their
+sisters, An-tig´o-ne and Is-me´ne.
+
+Ismene wept bitterly when she said good-by to her father; but Antigone
+placed her father's hand upon her shoulder, said that she would never
+forsake him, and left the city, tenderly supporting and guiding him.
+
+Father and daughter wandered thus from place to place, finding no rest;
+for all the people shrank from even looking upon OEdipus, who, they
+said, was evidently accursed by the gods, since he had committed such
+frightful crimes.
+
+After many days' wandering and much fatigue, the exiles arrived at last
+on the border of a dark forest held sacred to the Furies,--the goddesses
+whose duty it was to punish all criminals by tormenting them as long as
+they lived, and even after they had died.
+
+When Antigone described to her poor blind father the place they had
+reached, he bade her remain by the roadside, and, groping his way, soon
+vanished into the forest. He had scarcely gone, when a terrible
+thunderstorm arose. The air grew dark, the lightning flashed, the
+thunder rolled, the trees bent and twisted in the wind; and, although
+Antigone called her father again and again, she heard no answering cry.
+
+When morning came, she went to look for him, but found no trace of him.
+The people in the neighborhood then told her that the Furies had dragged
+her father away to punish him for his crimes, and Antigone sadly went
+back to Thebes.
+
+As soon as she arrived in the city, Antigone hastened to the palace to
+tell her brothers and sister about their father's sad death; but when
+she entered her former happy home, she learned that there are sadder
+things than death, for her brothers were no longer friends, and had
+begun a terrible quarrel.
+
+
+
+
+XI. THE BROTHERS' QUARREL.
+
+
+The misfortunes of Thebes had not come to an end with the banishment of
+OEdipus, and fate was still against the unhappy city. The plague, it
+is true, had stopped; but the two young princes were quarreling about
+the possession of the throne.
+
+Both wanted to reign, and neither wished to share the throne with his
+brother. After much dispute, they agreed at last that each should reign
+a year in turn.
+
+Eteocles, the elder, was of course allowed to rule during the first
+year; while Polynices went to pay a visit to A-dras´tus, King of Argos.
+Here he was warmly welcomed and hospitably entertained; but when the
+year was ended, he hurried back to Thebes to reign in his turn.
+
+When he came to the city, however, Eteocles refused to give up the
+scepter, and, calling out his guards, made use of his power to drive
+Polynices out of the town. This was very wrong, for a promise should
+always be kept; and it made Polynices so angry, that he said he would
+return with an army, and force his brother to act fairly.
+
+Polynices therefore hurried back to Argos, and soon persuaded Adrastus,
+with five other kings and noted warriors, to go with him to Thebes, and
+help him take the throne by force.
+
+When Eteocles heard that seven kings were coming with a large army to
+make him give up the throne of Thebes, he made up his mind to fight hard
+to keep it. After strengthening the city walls, laying in a great stock
+of provisions, and securing the help of seven brave allies, Eteocles
+closed the gates of Thebes, and calmly awaited the arrival of the enemy.
+
+Meanwhile the seven chiefs were marching from Argos to Thebes. They came
+at last to the forest of Ne´me-a, where Hercules, the chief hero of
+Argos, had once slain a terrible lion. This monster had long lived in
+the forest, filling the hearts of all the people with dread; and when
+Hercules came out of the forest, wearing the skin of the lion, they had
+greatly rejoiced.
+
+[Illustration: Hercules and the Nemean Lion.]
+
+In honor of Hercules' victory over the Ne´me-an lion, the seven chiefs
+stopped in this spot to celebrate games, which they said should be held
+in that neighborhood every three years. This festival was ever after
+celebrated thus; and when the people gathered together there to see the
+racing and boxing, they loved to recall the memory of the brave lion
+slayer, and of the seven kings who had first celebrated the Nemean
+games.
+
+When Polynices and his allies came at last to Thebes, they found all the
+gates closed; and although they fought bravely, and tried hard to enter
+the city, they were kept at bay for seven long years. At the end of that
+time the people inside the city, and those without, were equally tired
+of this long siege: so it was finally agreed that the two armies should
+meet on a neighboring plain and fight it out.
+
+The armies were led by the two brothers, who now hated each other so
+bitterly, that, instead of waiting for the signal for battle, they
+rushed upon each other, and both fell before any one could interfere.
+
+This terrible end of their quarrel filled the hearts of both armies with
+fear, and they agreed to make a truce in order to bury their chiefs. As
+it was customary at that time to burn the bodies of the dead, both
+corpses were laid upon the funeral pyre side by side. When the wood was
+all burned, the ashes were put into separate urns, for the Greeks used
+to tell their children that these brothers hated each other so much that
+even their ashes would not mingle.
+
+This story of OEdipus and his family is only a myth, but it is a very
+celebrated one. The Greeks wrote stories, poems, and plays about it, and
+it is on that account that it should be known by every one who wishes to
+study the history of Greece.
+
+
+
+
+XII. THE TAKING OF THEBES.
+
+
+The terrible death of the two brothers Eteocles and Polynices did not,
+as you might suppose, end the siege of Thebes. No sooner were their
+funerals over, than both armies began to fight again; and they continued
+the contest until all the chiefs had been killed except Adrastus only.
+
+Most of the soldiers had also been slain: so Adrastus made up his mind
+to go home, and wait until the sons of these fallen heroes were old
+enough to fight, before he went on with the war. As they thought it
+their duty to avenge all injuries, and especially the death of a
+relative, Adrastus had no trouble in getting these youths to march
+against Thebes. So they began a second siege, which was known as the War
+of the E-pig´o-ni, or descendants, because the young warriors took up
+their fathers' quarrel.
+
+Such was the bravery of these young men, that they succeeded where their
+fathers had failed, and after a long struggle took the city of Thebes.
+As Polynices was dead, and could not claim the scepter he had so longed
+to possess, they put his son Ther-san´der upon the throne.
+
+This young man ruled for a while in peace; but because his sons were
+insane, the Thebans thought that the gods still hated the race of
+OEdipus: so they drove these princes away, and chose another and less
+unlucky family to rule over them instead.
+
+Even the daughters of OEdipus were very unhappy; for Antigone, having
+taken the part of her brother Polynices, was put to death, while her
+sister Ismene died of grief.
+
+Such was the end of the race of OEdipus,--a king who has been
+considered the most unhappy man that ever lived, because, although he
+meant to be good, he was forced by fate to commit the most horrible
+crimes.
+
+
+
+
+XIII. THE CHILDHOOD OF PARIS.
+
+
+In those days, Pri´am and Hec´u-ba were King and Queen of Troy (or
+Il´i-um),--a beautiful city near the coast of Asia Minor, almost
+opposite Athens. They were the parents of a large family of sons and
+daughters; and among the sons were Hec´tor and Par´is, young men of
+remarkable strength and beauty.
+
+Paris had had a very adventurous life. When he was but a little babe,
+his mother dreamed that she saw a flaming brand in the cradle, in the
+place where the child lay. This brand seemed to set fire to the cradle
+and all the palace; and the queen, awaking with a start, was overjoyed
+to find that it was nothing but a dream.
+
+Men in those days believed that dreams were sent by the gods to warn
+them of coming events, and so Hecuba was very anxious to know what the
+burning brand meant. She told her husband all about it, and they finally
+decided to ask an oracle to explain the dream.
+
+A few days later the messenger they had sent to the oracle came home,
+and Hecuba shed many tears when he brought word that the child Paris was
+destined to bring destruction upon his native city.
+
+To escape this calamity, Priam ordered that Paris should be carried out
+of the city, and that he should be left in a forest, where the wild
+beasts would eat him up, or where he would be sure to die from hunger
+and cold.
+
+Poor little Paris was therefore lifted out of his comfortable cradle,
+and left alone in the woods, where he cried so hard that a passing
+hunter heard him. This man was so sorry for the poor child, that he
+carried him home to his wife, who brought the little stranger up with
+her own children.
+
+As he lived with hunters, Paris soon learned their ways; and he became
+so active that when he was quite grown up he went to Troy to take part
+in the athletic games, which were often held there in honor of the gods.
+He was so strong that he easily won all the prizes, although Hector and
+the other young princes were also striving for them.
+
+When Paris went up to receive the crown of wild olive leaves which was
+the victor's prize, every one noticed his likeness to the royal family;
+and his sister Cas-san´dra, who was able to foretell future events, said
+that he was the son of Priam and Hecuba, and that he would bring great
+misfortunes upon Troy.
+
+The king and queen paid no heed to these words, but gladly welcomed
+Paris home, and lavished all kinds of gifts upon him to make up for
+their cruelty and long neglect.
+
+Paris was so fond of change and adventure, that he soon grew tired of
+court life, and asked Priam for a ship, so that he might sail off to
+Greece.
+
+This request was readily granted, and Paris went away. The young prince
+sailed from island to island, and came at last to the southern part of
+the Peloponnesus, where the descendants of Hercules had founded the city
+of Sparta. Here he was warmly welcomed by King Men-e-la´us; but this
+king was obliged to leave home shortly after the arrival of Paris, and
+he bade Helen, his wife, the most beautiful woman in the world, do all
+she could to entertain the noble stranger.
+
+Helen was so kind to Paris that he soon fell in love with her. His
+greatest wish was to have her as his wife: so he began to tell her that
+Ve´nus, the goddess of love, had promised him that he should marry the
+most beautiful woman in the world.
+
+Talking thus day after day, the handsome young Paris finally persuaded
+Helen to leave her husband and home. She got on board of his vessel, and
+went with him to Troy as his wife. Of course, this wrongdoing could not
+bring happiness; and not only were they duly punished, but, as you will
+soon see, the crime of Paris brought suffering and death to his friends
+as well.
+
+[Illustration: Menelaus.]
+
+When Menelaus came home and found that his guest had run away with his
+wife, he was very angry, and vowed that he would not rest until he had
+punished Paris and won back the beautiful Helen.
+
+He therefore made ready for war, and sent word to his friends and
+relatives to come and help him, telling them to meet him at Au´lis, a
+seaport, where they would find swift-sailing vessels to carry them
+across the sea to Troy.
+
+
+
+
+XIV. THE MUSTER OF THE TROOPS.
+
+
+When the neighboring kings and chiefs received Menelaus' message, they
+were delighted; for fighting was their only occupation, and they enjoyed
+the din of battle more than anything else. They began to collect their
+soldiers, polish their arms, and man their vessels. Then, inviting all
+who wished to join them, they started out for Aulis, where they formed a
+huge army.
+
+Each of the parties was led by its own king or chief. Some of these
+chiefs were very brave, and their names are still well known. The
+leading ones among them were Nes´tor, the wisest man of his day, to whom
+every one came for good advice; and U-lys´ses, the crafty or sly king,
+who was so clever that he could easily outwit all men.
+
+There were also A´jax, the strongest man of his time; Thersander, the
+new king of Thebes, who came with the Epigoni; and Ag-a-mem´non, King of
+Mycenæ, Menelaus' brother, who was chosen chief of the whole army.
+
+The Greeks never began any undertaking without consulting the oracles to
+find out how it would end. Agamemnon, therefore, consulted one of these
+soothsayers, who said that Troy would never be taken unless A-chil´les
+fought with the Greeks.
+
+When they heard this answer, the chiefs immediately asked who Achilles
+was, and they soon learned all about him. He was a young prince of whom
+it had been foretold at the time of his birth that he would be the
+greatest warrior of his age, and that he would die young. His mother,
+who loved him dearly, shed many tears when she heard these words, and
+made up her mind to do all she could to prevent this prophecy from
+coming true.
+
+She first carried Achilles, when but a baby, to the river Styx, for it
+was said that those who bathed in its waters could never be wounded.
+
+Afraid to let go of her child for fear he might drown, but anxious to
+make sure that the waters should touch every part of him, the mother
+plunged him into the rushing tide, holding him fast by one heel.
+
+This she held so tight that the waters never even wet it; and it was
+only long after, when too late to remedy it, that an oracle told her
+that Achilles could be wounded in his heel, which the waters of the Styx
+had not touched. As soon as this good mother heard the first news of the
+coming war, her heart was troubled; for she knew that Achilles, who was
+now a young man, would want to join the army, and she was afraid of
+losing him.
+
+To prevent his hearing anything about the war, she persuaded him to
+visit the King of Scyros. There, under pretext of a joke, he was induced
+to put on girl's clothes, and to pretend that he was a woman.
+
+The Greeks, after hearing the oracle's words, sent messengers for
+Achilles; but they could not find him, as he had left home, and no one
+would tell them where he had gone. As it was of no use to set out
+without him, according to the oracle's answer, which they thoroughly
+believed, the army lingered at Aulis in despair.
+
+Ulysses, seeing that they would never start unless Achilles were found,
+now offered to go and get him. Disguised as a peddler, with a pack upon
+his back, he went first to Achilles' home, where the chattering maids
+told him all he wished to know, and thence he went to the Island of
+Scyros.
+
+Achilles was so well disguised that Ulysses could not tell him from the
+king's daughters and their maids: so he made use of a trick to find him
+out. Among the trinkets in his pack, he put a sword of fine workmanship,
+and, entering the palace, spread out his wares before the admiring
+maidens. They all gathered about him; but, while the real girls went
+into raptures over his ornaments, Achilles grasped the sword, drew it
+from the scabbard, carefully tested the blade, and swung it with a
+strong arm.
+
+Of course, Ulysses then easily saw that he was not a girl, and, slipping
+up to him, managed to whisper news of the coming war, and won his
+promise to join the army at Aulis in a few days.
+
+
+
+
+XV. THE SACRIFICE OF IPHIGENIA.
+
+
+True to his promise, Achilles soon came to Aulis with his well-trained
+soldiers, the Myr´mi-dons, and with him came his friend Pa-tro´clus. All
+were now eager to start, and ready to embark; but unfortunately there
+was no favorable wind to fill their sails and waft them over to Asia
+Minor.
+
+Day after day they waited, and offered sacrifices to the gods, but all
+in vain. At last they again consulted the oracle, who said that the
+wind would not blow until Iph-i-ge-ni´a, Agamemnon's daughter, were
+offered up in sacrifice to Di-an´a, goddess of the moon and the chase,
+whom this king had once offended.
+
+Agamemnon at first said that he would not sacrifice his daughter, but
+finally his companions persuaded him to do so. Just as the priest was
+about to kill the maiden on the altar, however, the goddess Diana came,
+and carried her off unharmed, leaving a deer to be sacrificed in her
+stead.
+
+The deer was killed, the wind rose, the sails filled, and the Greek
+fleet soon came within sight of the high walls and towers of Troy.
+There, contrary to their expectations, the Greeks found the people ready
+to fight them; but, after many days' struggle, they saw that they had
+made no great advance.
+
+On the wide plain which stretched out between the city and the sea, the
+Greek and Tro´jan armies fought many a battle; and sometimes one party,
+and sometimes the other, had the victory. The men on both sides had been
+trained to handle their weapons with great skill, and there were many
+fights in which the Greek heroes met the bravest Trojans.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Nine years passed thus in continual warfare, but even then the Greeks
+were as far from taking the town as on the first day; and the Trojans,
+in spite of all their courage, had not been able to drive their enemies
+away.
+
+
+
+
+XVI. THE WRATH OF ACHILLES.
+
+
+In all their battles, the booty won by the Greeks from the enemy had
+been divided among the chiefs and soldiers, and on one occasion female
+slaves were given to Agamemnon and Achilles. These girls were not born
+slaves, but were captives of war reduced to slavery, as was then the
+custom; for, while the men and boys were always killed, the women and
+girls were forced to be the servants of the victors.
+
+Now, it happened that the slave given to Agamemnon was the daughter of a
+priest of A-pol´lo. He was very sorry when he heard she had fallen into
+the hands of the Greeks, and sent a message to Agamemnon, offering to
+give him a large sum of money if he would only set her free.
+
+Agamemnon would not accept the money, and sent a rude message to the
+priest, who, in anger, asked Apollo to avenge this insult by sending a
+plague upon the Greeks. The god heard and granted this prayer, and soon
+all the soldiers in the Greek camp were suffering from a terrible
+disease, of which many of them died.
+
+As no remedy could relieve the sufferers, the Greek leaders consulted an
+oracle, to find out how the plague might be stopped. Then they learned
+that Apollo was angry with Agamemnon because he had refused to give up
+his slave, and that the Greeks would continue to suffer until he made up
+his mind to give her back to her father.
+
+Thus forced to give her up to save his men from further suffering and
+even from death, Agamemnon angrily said he would take Achilles' slave
+instead, and he had her brought to wait upon him in his tent.
+
+Achilles, who wanted to save the Greeks from the plague, allowed the
+maiden to depart, warning Agamemnon, however, that he would no longer
+fight for a chief who could be so selfish and unjust. As soon as the
+girl had gone, therefore, he laid aside his fine armor; and although he
+heard the call for battle, and the din of fighting, he staid quietly
+within his tent.
+
+While Achilles sat thus sulking day after day, his companions were
+bravely fighting. In spite of their bravery, however, the Trojans were
+gaining the advantage; for, now that Achilles was no longer there to
+fill their hearts with terror, they fought with new courage.
+
+The Greeks, missing the bright young leader who always led them into the
+midst of the fray, were gradually driven back by the Trojans, who
+pressed eagerly forward, and even began to set fire to some of the Greek
+ships.
+
+Achilles' friend, Patroclus, who was fighting at the head of the Greeks,
+now saw that the Trojans, unless they were checked, would soon destroy
+the whole army, and he rushed into Achilles' tent to beg him to come and
+help them once more.
+
+His entreaties were vain. Achilles refused to move a step; but he
+consented at last to let Patroclus wear his armor, and, thus disguised,
+make a last attempt to rally the Greeks and drive back the Trojans.
+
+Patroclus started out, and, when the Trojans saw the well-known armor,
+they shrank back in terror, for they greatly feared Achilles. They soon
+saw their mistake, however; and Hector, rushing forward, killed
+Patroclus, tore the armor off his body, and retired to put it on in
+honor of his victory.
+
+Then a terrible struggle took place between the Trojans and the Greeks
+for the possession of Patroclus' body. The news of his friend's death
+had quickly been carried to Achilles, and had roused him from his
+indifferent state. Springing upon the wall that stretched before the
+camp, he gave a mighty shout, at the sound of which the Trojans fled,
+while Ajax and Ulysses brought back the body of Patroclus.
+
+
+
+
+XVII. DEATH OF HECTOR AND ACHILLES.
+
+
+The next day, having secured armor and weapons, Achilles again went out
+to fight. His purpose was to meet Hector, and, by killing him, to avenge
+his dead friend, Patroclus. He therefore rushed up and down the
+battlefield; and when at last he came face to face with his foe, they
+closed in deadly fight. The two young men, each the champion warrior of
+his army, were now fighting with the courage of despair; for, while
+Achilles was thirsting to avenge his friend, Hector knew that the fate
+of Troy depended mostly upon his arm. The struggle was terrible. It was
+watched with breathless interest by the armies on both sides, and by
+aged Priam and the Trojan women from the walls of Troy. In spite of
+Hector's courage, in spite of all his skill, he was doomed to die, and
+soon he fell under the blows of Achilles.
+
+Then, in sight of both armies and of Hector's weeping family, Achilles
+took off his enemy's armor, bound the dead body by the feet to his
+chariot, and dragged it three times around the city walls before he went
+back to camp to mourn over the remains of Patroclus.
+
+That night, guided by one of the gods, old King Priam came secretly into
+the Greek camp, and, stealing into Achilles' tent, fell at his feet. He
+had come to beg Achilles to give back the body of Hector, that he might
+weep over it, and bury it with all the usual ceremonies and honors.
+
+Touched by the old man's tears, and ready now to listen to his better
+feelings, Achilles kindly raised the old king, comforted him with gentle
+words, and not only gave back the body, but also promised that there
+should be a truce of a few days, so that both armies could bury their
+dead in peace.
+
+The funerals were held, the bodies burned, the usual games celebrated;
+and when the truce was over, the long war was begun again. After several
+other great fights, Achilles died from a wound in his heel caused by a
+poisoned arrow that was treacherously shot by Paris.
+
+The sorrowing Greeks then buried the young hero on the wide plain
+between Troy and the sea. This spot has been visited by many people who
+admired the brave young hero of the Il´i-ad (see p. 60).
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+XVIII. THE BURNING OF TROY.
+
+
+As the valor of the Greeks had proved of no avail during the ten-years'
+war, and as they were still as far as ever from taking Troy, Ulysses the
+crafty now proposed to take the city by a stratagem, or trick.
+
+The Greeks, obeying his directions, built a wooden horse of very large
+size. It was hollow, and the space inside it was large enough to hold a
+number of armed men. When this horse was finished, and the men were
+hidden in it, the Greeks all embarked as if to sail home.
+
+The Trojans, who had watched them embark and sail out of sight, rushed
+down to the shore shouting for joy, and began to wander around the
+deserted camp. They soon found the huge wooden horse, and were staring
+wonderingly at it, when they were joined by a Greek who had purposely
+been left behind, and who now crept out of his hiding place.
+
+In answer to their questions, this man said that his companions had
+deserted him, and that the wooden horse had been built and left there as
+an offering to Po-sei´don (or Nep´tune), god of the sea. The Trojans,
+believing all this, now decided to keep the wooden horse in memory of
+their long siege, and the useless attempt of the Greeks to take Troy.
+
+They therefore joyfully dragged the huge animal into the city; and, as
+the gates were not large enough for it to pass through, they tore down
+part of their strong walls.
+
+That very night, while all the Trojans were sleeping peacefully for the
+first time in many years, without any fear of a midnight attack, the
+Greek vessels noiselessly sailed back to their old moorings. The
+soldiers landed in silence, and, marching up softly, joined their
+companions, who had crept out of the wooden horse, and had opened all
+the gates to receive them.
+
+Pouring into Troy on all sides at once, the Greeks now began their work
+of destruction, killing, burning, and stealing everywhere. The Trojan
+warriors, awakening from sleep, vainly tried to defend themselves; but
+all were killed except Prince Æ-ne´as, who escaped with his family and a
+few faithful friends, to form a new kingdom in Italy.
+
+All the women, including even the queen and her daughters, were made
+prisoners and carried away by the Greek heroes. The men were now very
+anxious to return home with the booty they had won; for they had done
+what they had long wished to do, and Troy, the beautiful city, was
+burned to the ground.
+
+All this, as you know, happened many years ago,--so many that no one
+knows just how long. The city thus destroyed was never rebuilt. Some
+years ago a German traveler began to dig on the spot where it once
+stood. Deep down under the ground he found the remains of beautiful
+buildings, some pottery, household utensils, weapons, and a great deal
+of gold, silver, brass, and bronze. All these things were blackened or
+partly melted by fire, showing that the Greeks had set fire to the city,
+as their famous old poems relate.
+
+The Greeks said, however, that their gods were very angry with many of
+their warriors on account of the cruelty they showed on that dreadful
+night, and that many of them had to suffer great hardships before they
+reached home. Some were tossed about by the winds and waves for many
+long years, and suffered shipwrecks. Others reached home safely, only to
+be murdered by relatives who had taken possession of their thrones
+during their long absence.
+
+[Illustration: Vase.]
+
+[Illustration: Jug.]
+
+[Illustration: Cup.]
+
+Only a few among these heroes escaped with their lives, and wandered off
+to other countries to found new cities. Thus arose many Greek colonies
+in Sicily and southern Italy, which were called Great Greece, in honor
+of the country from which the first settlers had come.
+
+As you have already seen, Prince Æneas was among these Trojans. After
+many exciting adventures, which you will be able to read in the "Story
+of Rome," he sailed up the Ti´ber River, and landed near the place where
+one of his descendants was to found the present capital of Italy, which
+is one of the most famous cities in the world.
+
+
+
+
+XIX. HEROIC DEATH OF CODRUS.
+
+
+You remember, do you not, how the sons of Pelops had driven the
+Heraclidæ, or sons of Hercules, out of the peninsula which was called
+the Peloponnesus? This same peninsula is now called Mo-re´a, or the
+mulberry leaf, because it is shaped something like such a leaf, as you
+will see by looking at your map.
+
+The Heraclidæ had not gone away willingly, but were staying in Thessaly,
+in the northern part of Greece, where they promised to remain one
+hundred years without making any attempt to come back.
+
+Shortly after the end of the Trojan War, this truce of a hundred years
+came to an end; and the Heraclidæ called upon their neighbors the
+Dorians to join them, and help them win back their former lands.
+
+Led by three brave chiefs, the allies passed through Greece proper,
+along the Isthmus of Corinth, and, spreading all over the Peloponnesus,
+soon took possession of the principal towns. The leading members of the
+family of Hercules took the title of kings, and ruled over the cities of
+Argos, Mycenæ, and Spar´ta.
+
+The Dorians, who had helped the Heraclidæ win back their former
+possessions, now saw that the land here was better than their home in
+the mountains, so they drove all the rest of the Ionians out of the
+country, and settled there also.
+
+Thus driven away by the Dorians and the Heraclidæ, these Ionians went to
+Athens, to the neighboring islands, and even to the coast of Asia Minor,
+south of the ruined city of Troy, where they settled in great numbers.
+They called the strip of land which they occupied Ionia, and founded
+many towns, some of which, such as Eph´e-sus and Mi-le´tus, were
+destined to become famous.
+
+Of course, the Ionians were very angry at thus being driven away from
+home; and those who had gone to live in Athens soon asked Co´drus, the
+Athenian king, to make war against the Heraclidæ of Sparta.
+
+The two armies soon met, and prepared for battle. Codrus, having
+consulted an oracle, had learned that the victory would be given to the
+army whose king should be killed, so he nobly made up his mind to die
+for the good of his people.
+
+Instead of going into battle in royal dress, with his guards all around
+him, as was his habit, he dressed himself like an ordinary soldier, and
+went forward until he stood in the very first rank of the army. Then he
+rushed boldly into the midst of the foe.
+
+Of course, he was soon cut down; but the Athenians, seeing his courage,
+and learning why he had thus risked his life, fought with such valor
+that they defeated the Spar´tan forces, and forced them to retreat.
+
+The victory had been won; but the Athenians were so sorry to lose their
+beloved king, that they could not rejoice, and sadly returned home,
+carrying the body of Codrus. Such was the admiration of all the people
+for this act of royal courage, that they vowed they would never again
+call any one by the name of king.
+
+When Codrus had been buried, therefore, the Athenians gave his son and
+heir the government of the city, calling him archon, or chief for
+life,--a title which was borne by many rulers after him.
+
+The Spartans, who had come into Attica to fight the Athenians, retreated
+hastily after their defeat, and returned to their city, where they
+settled, forcing all the people who dwelt in the neighborhood either to
+leave the country or to serve them as their slaves.
+
+The return of the Heraclidæ into the Peloponnesus is the last event of
+the Heroic Age, and now real history begins. After this, it is no longer
+necessary to try to find out the truth hidden in the old tales which
+were handed down from father to son, and which were the only fairy
+stories the Greek children knew; for henceforth records were kept of all
+the principal events.
+
+
+
+
+XX. THE BLIND POET.
+
+
+Three or four centuries after the siege of Troy, there lived a poor old
+blind poet who wandered about from place to place, playing upon his
+lyre, and reciting wonderful verses which told about the adventures of
+the Greek heroes, and their great deeds during the Trojan War.
+
+We are told that this old man, whose name was Ho´mer, had not always
+been poor and blind, but that, having embarked by mistake upon a vessel
+manned by pirates, he not only had been robbed of all his wealth, and
+blinded, but had been left upon a lonely shore.
+
+By some happy chance, poor blind Homer found his way to the inhabited
+parts of the country, where he soon won many friends. Instead of
+spending all his time in weeping over his troubles, Homer tried to think
+of some way in which he could earn his living, and at the same time give
+pleasure to others. He soon found such a way in telling the stories of
+the past to all who cared to listen to them.
+
+[Illustration: Homer.]
+
+As the people in those days had no books, no schools, and no theaters,
+these stories seemed very wonderful. Little by little Homer turned them
+into verses so grand and beautiful that we admire them still; and these
+he recited, accompanying himself on a lyre, which he handled with much
+skill. As he wandered thus from place to place, old and young crowded
+around him to listen to his tales; and some young men were so struck by
+them that they followed him everywhere, until they too could repeat
+them. This was quite easy to do, because Homer had put them into the
+most beautiful and harmonious language the world has ever known. As soon
+as these young men had learned a few of the tales, they too began to
+travel from place to place, telling them to all they met; and thus
+Homer's verses became well known throughout all Greece.
+
+[Illustration: Telling Homer's Tales.]
+
+The Greeks who could recite Homer's poems went next to the islands and
+Asia Minor, stopping at every place where Greek was spoken, to tell
+about the wrath of Achilles, the death of Patroclus, Hector, or old
+Priam, the burning of Troy, the wanderings of Ulysses, and the return of
+the Greeks. Other youths learned the poems; and so, although they were
+not written down for many a year, they were constantly recited and sung,
+and thus kept alive in the memory of the people.
+
+As for Homer, their author, we know but little about him. We are told
+that he lived to be very old, and that although he was poor as long as
+he lived, and forced to earn his living by reciting his songs, he was
+greatly honored after his death.
+
+His two great heroic poems--the Iliad, telling all about the Trojan War,
+and the Od´ys-sey, relating how Ulysses sailed about for ten years on
+his way home from Troy--were finally written down, and kept so carefully
+that they can still be read to-day. Such was the admiration felt for
+these poems, that some years after Homer's death an attempt was made to
+find out more about him, and about the place where he was born.
+
+Fifty cities claimed the honor of giving him birth; but, although it was
+never positively found out where he was born, most people thought the
+Island of Chi´os was his birthplace. The Greek towns, wishing to show
+how much they admired the works of Homer, used to send yearly gifts to
+this place, the native land of the grandest poet the world has ever
+known.
+
+
+
+
+XXI. THE RISE OF SPARTA.
+
+
+The city of Sparta, founded in the days of the Pelasgians, and once
+ruled over by Menelaus and Helen, had fallen, as we have seen, into the
+hands of the Heraclidæ when they came back to the Peloponnesus after
+their exile of a hundred years. It was first governed by
+A-ris-to-de´mus, one of their three leaders; and, as records soon began
+to be kept, we know a great deal about the early history of this famous
+place.
+
+As the town had formerly belonged to the Heraclidæ, and had been ruled
+by one of their ancestors, called Lac-e-dæ´mon, they called it by his
+name, and the country around it they named La-co´ni-a. Having won back
+the town by fighting, the Heraclidæ said that they would attend to war
+and politics, and make the conquered people till the ground.
+
+The old inhabitants of Laconia, therefore, went on living in the
+country, where they sowed and harvested for the benefit of the Spartans.
+All the prisoners of war, however, became real slaves. They were obliged
+to serve the Spartans in every way, and were called He´lots.
+
+When Aristodemus died, his twin sons were both made kings; and, as each
+of them left his throne to his descendants, Sparta had two kings,
+instead of one, from this time on. One member of the royal family,
+although he never bore the name of king, is the most noted man in
+Spartan history. This is Ly-cur´gus, the son of one ruler, the brother
+of another, and the guardian of an infant king named Char-i-la´us.
+
+Lycurgus was a thoroughly good and upright man. We are told that the
+mother of the baby king once offered to put her child to death that
+Lycurgus might reign. Fearing for the babe's safety, Lycurgus made
+believe that he agreed to this plan, and asked that the child should be
+given to him to kill as he saw fit.
+
+Lycurgus, having thus obtained possession of the babe, carried him to
+the council hall. There the child was named king; and Lycurgus promised
+that he would watch carefully over him, educate him well, and rule for
+him until he should be old and wise enough to reign alone.
+
+While he was thus acting as ruler, Lycurgus made use of his power to
+bring many new customs into Sparta, and to change the laws. As he was
+one of the wisest men who ever lived, he knew very well that men must be
+good if they would be happy. He also knew that health is far better than
+riches; and, hoping to make the Spartans both good and healthy, he won
+them over little by little to obey a new set of laws, which he had made
+after visiting many of the neighboring countries, and learning all he
+could.
+
+
+
+
+XXII. THE SPARTAN TRAINING.
+
+
+The laws which Lycurgus drew up for the Spartans were very strict. For
+instance, as soon as a babe came into the world, the law ordered that
+the father should wrap it up in a cloak, and carry it before a council
+made up of some of the oldest and wisest men.
+
+They looked at the child carefully, and if it seemed strong and healthy,
+and was neither crippled nor in any way deformed, they said that it
+might live. Then they gave it back to the father, and bade him bring up
+the child for the honor of his country.
+
+If the babe was sickly or deformed, it was carried off to a mountain
+near by, and left alone; so that it soon died of hunger or thirst, or
+was eaten up by the wild beasts.
+
+The Spartan children staid under their father's roof and in their
+mother's care until they were seven years old. While in the nursery,
+they were taught all the beautiful old Greek legends, and listened with
+delight to the stories of the ancient heroes, and especially to the
+poems of Homer telling about the war of Troy and the adventures of
+Ulysses.
+
+As soon as the children had reached seven years of age, they were given
+over to the care of the state, and allowed to visit their parents but
+seldom. The boys were put in charge of chosen men, who trained them to
+become strong and brave; while the girls were placed under some good and
+wise woman, who not only taught them all they needed to know to keep
+house well, but also trained them to be as strong and fearless as their
+brothers. All Spartan boys were allowed but one rough woolen garment,
+which served as their sole covering by night and by day, and was of the
+same material in summer as in winter.
+
+They were taught very little reading, writing, and arithmetic, but were
+carefully trained to recite the poems of Homer, the patriotic songs, and
+to accompany themselves skillfully on the lyre. They were also obliged
+to sing in the public chorus, and to dance gracefully at all the
+religious feasts.
+
+As the Spartans were very anxious that their boys should be strong and
+fearless, they were taught to stand pain and fatigue without a murmur;
+and, to make sure that they could do so, their teachers made them go
+through a very severe training.
+
+Led by one of the older boys, the little lads were often sent out for
+long tramps over rough and stony roads, under the hot sun; and the best
+boy was the one who kept up longest, in spite of bleeding feet, burning
+thirst, and great fatigue.
+
+Spartan boys were allowed no beds to sleep in, lest they should become
+lazy and hard to please. Their only couch was a heap of rushes, which
+they picked on the banks of the Eu-ro´tas, a river near Sparta; and in
+winter they were allowed to cover these with a layer of cat-tail down to
+make them softer and warmer.
+
+
+
+
+XXIII. THE BRAVE SPARTAN BOY.
+
+
+As greedy and disobedient children were viewed at Sparta with the
+contempt they deserved, all the boys were trained to obey at a word,
+whatever the order given, and were allowed only the plainest and
+scantiest food.
+
+Strange to relate, the Spartans also trained their boys to steal. They
+praised them when they succeeded in doing so without being found out,
+and punished them only when caught in the act. The reason for this queer
+custom was this: the people were often engaged in war, and as they had
+no baggage wagons following their army, and no special officer to
+furnish food, they had to depend entirely upon the provisions they could
+get on their way.
+
+Whenever an army came in sight, the people hid not only their wealth,
+but also their food; and, had not the Spartan soldiers been trained to
+steal, they would often have suffered much from hunger when they were at
+war.
+
+To test the courage of the Spartan boys, their teachers never allowed
+them to have a light, and often sent them out alone in the middle of the
+night, on errands which they had to do as best they could.
+
+Then, too, once a year all the boys were brought to the Temple of Diana,
+where their courage was further tried by a severe flogging; and those
+who stood this whipping without a tear or moan were duly praised. The
+little Spartan boys were so eager to be thought brave, that it is said
+that some let themselves be flogged to death rather than complain.
+
+The bravery of one of these boys was so wonderful that you will find it
+mentioned in nearly every Greek history you read. This little fellow had
+stolen a live fox, and hidden it in the bosom of his dress, on his way
+to school.
+
+The imprisoned fox, hoping to escape, began to gnaw a hole in the boy's
+chest, and to tear his flesh with his sharp claws; but, in spite of the
+pain, the lad sat still, and let the fox bite him to death.
+
+It was only when he fell lifeless to the floor that the teachers found
+the fox, and saw how cruelly he had torn the brave little boy to pieces.
+Ever since then, when boys stand pain bravely and without wincing, they
+have been called little Spartans, in memory of this lad.
+
+In order that the boys should be taught to behave well under all
+circumstances, they were never allowed to speak except when spoken to,
+and then their answers were expected to be as short and exact as
+possible.
+
+This style of speaking, where much was said in few words, was so usual
+in the whole country of Laconia, that it is still known as the laconic
+style.
+
+To train them in this mode of speech, the elders daily made the boys
+pass an oral examination, asking them any questions they could think of.
+The boys had to answer promptly, briefly, and carefully; and if they
+failed to do so, it was considered a great disgrace.
+
+These daily questionings were meant to sharpen their wits, strengthen
+their memories, and teach them how to think and decide quickly and
+correctly.
+
+The Spartan youths were further taught to treat all their elders with
+the greatest respect; and it must have been a pretty sight to see all
+these manly fellows respectfully saluting all the old people they met,
+and even stopping their play to make way for them when they came on the
+street.
+
+To strengthen their muscles, the boys were also carefully trained in
+gymnastics. They could handle weapons, throw heavy weights, wrestle, run
+with great speed, swim, jump, and ride, and were experts in all
+exercises which tended to make them strong, active, and well.
+
+
+
+
+XXIV. PUBLIC TABLES IN SPARTA.
+
+
+The Spartan men prided themselves upon living almost as plainly as the
+boys, and, instead of eating their meals at home with the women and
+children, they had a common table. Each man gave a certain amount of
+flour, oil, wine, vegetables, and money, just enough to provide for his
+share of food.
+
+Instead of having varied and delicate dishes, they always ate about the
+same things; and their favorite food was a thick dark stew or soup,
+which they called black broth. Rich and poor were treated alike, sat
+side by side, and ate the same food, which was intended to make them
+equally strong and able to serve their country.
+
+The girls and women never came to these public tables; but the boys were
+given a seat there as soon as they had learned their first and most
+important lesson, obedience.
+
+When the boys came into the public dining hall for the first time, the
+oldest man present called them to him, and, pointing to the door,
+solemnly warned them that nothing said inside the walls was ever to be
+repeated without.
+
+Then, while the boys took their places and ate without speaking a word,
+the old men talked freely of all they pleased, sure that Spartan lads
+would never be mean enough to repeat anything they said, and trusting to
+their honor.
+
+Although the Spartans had wine upon their table, they were a very
+temperate people, and drank only a very little with each meal. To show
+the boys what a horrible thing drunkenness is, and the sure result of
+too much drinking, the old men sometimes gave them an object lesson.
+
+They sent for one of the meanest Helots or slaves, and purposely gave
+him plenty of wine. He was encouraged to go on drinking until he sank on
+the floor in a drunken sleep. Then the old men would point him out to
+the boys, and explain to them that a man who has drunk too much is
+unworthy of the love or esteem of his fellow-creatures, and is in many
+ways worse than a beast.
+
+The Spartan boys, thus early warned of the evils of drinking, were
+careful to take but very little wine, and to keep their heads quite
+clear, so that they might always be considered men, and might never
+disgrace themselves as they had seen the Helots do.
+
+When the boys had passed through the first course of training, they in
+turn became the teachers and leaders of the smaller lads, and thus
+served their country until they were old enough to go to war. When they
+left for their first campaign, all the people came out to see them off,
+and each mother gave her son his shield, saying,--
+
+"Come back with it or on it."
+
+By this she meant "Come home honorably, bearing your shield, thus
+showing that you have never thrown it away to save yourself by flight;
+or die so bravely that your companions will bring back your body resting
+on your shield, to give you a glorious burial."
+
+
+
+
+XXV. LAWS OF LYCURGUS.
+
+
+The Spartan girls, who were brought up by the women, were, like the
+boys, taught to wrestle, run, and swim, and to take part in gymnastics
+of all kinds, until they too became very strong and supple, and could
+stand almost any fatigue.
+
+[Illustration: A Dancing Girl.]
+
+They were also taught to read, write, count, sing, play, and dance; to
+spin, weave, and dye; and to do all kinds of woman's work. In short,
+they were expected to be strong, intelligent, and capable, so that when
+they married they might help their husbands, and bring up their children
+sensibly. At some public festivals the girls strove with one another in
+various games, which were witnessed only by their fathers and mothers
+and the other married people of the city. The winners in these contests
+were given beautiful prizes, which were much coveted.
+
+Lycurgus hoped to make the Spartans a strong and good people. To hinder
+the kings from doing anything wrong, he had the people choose five men,
+called ephors, to watch over and to advise them.
+
+Then, knowing that great wealth is not desirable, Lycurgus said that the
+Spartans should use only iron money. All the Spartan coins were
+therefore bars of iron, so heavy that a yoke of oxen and a strong cart
+were needed to carry a sum equal to one hundred dollars from one spot to
+another. Money was so bulky that it could neither be hidden nor stolen;
+and no one cared to make a fortune, since it required a large space to
+stow away even a small sum.
+
+When Charilaus, the infant king, had grown up, Lycurgus prepared to go
+away. Before he left the town, he called all the citizens together,
+reminded them of all he had done to make them a great people, and ended
+by asking every man present to swear to obey the laws until he came
+back.
+
+The Spartans were very grateful for all he had done for them, so they
+gladly took this oath, and Lycurgus left the place. Some time after, he
+came back to Greece; but, hearing that the Spartans were thriving under
+the rules he had laid down, he made up his mind never to visit Sparta
+again.
+
+It was thus that the Spartans found themselves bound by solemn oath to
+obey Lycurgus' laws forever; and as long as they remembered this
+promise, they were a thriving and happy people.
+
+
+
+
+XXVI. THE MESSENIAN WAR.
+
+
+Not very far from Sparta, and next to Laconia, was a country called
+Mes-se´ni-a, which was much more fertile, and had long been occupied by
+a kindred race descended from Le´lex, brother of Lacedæmon.
+
+When the Spartans found out that the Mes-se´ni-an fields were more
+fruitful than their own, they longed to have them, and anxiously watched
+for some excuse to make war against the Messenians and win their land.
+It was not long before they found one.
+
+There was a temple on the boundary of Messenia and Laconia, where the
+people of both countries used to assemble on certain days to offer up
+sacrifices to the gods. The Messenian lads, seeing the beauty of the
+Spartan girls, and longing to have such strong, handsome, and
+intelligent wives, once carried off a few of them into their own
+country, and refused to give them up again. The Spartans, indignant at
+this conduct, flew to arms, and one night, led by their king, attacked
+the Messenian town of Am-phe´a.
+
+As no one expected them, they soon became masters of the place, and in
+their anger killed all the inhabitants. The other Messenians, hearing of
+this cruel deed, quickly made ready to fight, and bravely began the
+struggle which is known as the First Messenian War.
+
+Although very brave, the Messenians had not been as well trained as the
+Spartans, and could not drive them back. On the contrary, they were
+themselves driven from place to place, until they were forced to take
+refuge in the fortified city of I-tho´me. Here they were shut in with
+their king, Aristodemus, who was a proud and brave man.
+
+Ithome was built high up on a rock, so steep that the Spartan soldiers
+could not climb it, and so high that they could not even shoot their
+arrows into the town.
+
+The Messenians, hoping to keep this place of refuge, kept a sharp
+lookout, and, whenever the Spartans made any attempt to climb the rocks,
+they rolled great blocks of stone down upon them.
+
+All went well as long as the food lasted, but the time came when the
+Messenians in Ithome had nothing to eat. Some of their bravest men tried
+to go down into the valley in search of provisions; but, as they were
+attacked by the Spartans, they could not bring the hungry people much to
+eat.
+
+When Aristodemus saw that the people would all die of hunger unless some
+way were found to get food, he consulted an oracle, in order to find out
+what it was best for him to do. The oracle answered that a battle should
+be fought, and promised the victory to the king who offered his daughter
+in sacrifice to the gods.
+
+When Aristodemus heard this answer, he shuddered with fear; for,
+although he knew that his ancestors had offered up human victims on
+their altars, he loved his only daughter too well to give her up.
+
+For some time longer, therefore, he resisted every attack, and tried to
+think of some other way to save his people. At last, however, seeing
+that they would all die unless something were done, he sacrificed the
+child he loved so well.
+
+The Messenians were touched by his generosity, and by his readiness to
+do all in his power to save them. They felt sure that the gods would now
+give them the victory, and rushed out of the town and into the Spartan
+camp. Their attack was so sudden, and they fought with such fury, that
+they soon killed three hundred Spartans and one of their kings.
+
+This battle did not, as they had hoped, end the war, which went on for
+several years. At last Aristodemus, despairing of victory, went to his
+beloved daughter's tomb, and there killed himself.
+
+When he was dead, the city of Ithome fell into the hands of the
+Spartans. They treated the conquered Messenians with great cruelty, made
+them all slaves, and were as unkind to them as they had been to the
+Helots.
+
+
+
+
+XXVII. THE MUSIC OF TYRTÆUS.
+
+
+After suffering great tortures under the Spartan yoke for forty long
+years, the Messenians began to plan a revolt.
+
+One of their princes, Ar-is-tom´e-nes, a man of unusual bravery, made up
+his mind to free the unhappy people, and to ruin the proud city of
+Sparta, which had caused them so much suffering.
+
+He therefore secretly assembled all the Messenians, and, when his plans
+were ready, began to war openly against the Spartans, whom he defeated
+in several battles.
+
+With his small army, he even pressed forward toward the city of Sparta,
+and camped within sight of its dwellings. The Spartan women could thus
+see a very unusual sight,--the light of the enemies' fires.
+
+To frighten the Spartans still more, Aristomenes went secretly into the
+city one dark night, stole into the principal temple, and there hung up
+the arms he had taken during the war.
+
+These weapons were arranged so as to form what the Greeks called a
+trophy, and right under them Aristomenes boldly wrote his name in
+letters so large that all could see it.
+
+When morning dawned, and the Spartans came as usual into the temple to
+offer up their morning prayer and sacrifice, they were astonished and
+dismayed at the sight of this trophy. Aristomenes' bravery was so great
+that they despaired of conquering him without divine aid, and so they
+sent to ask an oracle what they should do.
+
+The oracle answered that the Spartans would be victorious if they
+marched to war under the command of an Athenian general. Now, the
+Spartans were a proud people, and did not like to ask aid of any one;
+but they made up their minds to obey this command, and so sent a
+messenger to Athens to ask for a good leader.
+
+Whether the Athenians, who were well known for their love of joking,
+wished to make fun of the Spartans, or whether they wanted to show them
+that the bodily beauty and strength which the Spartans prized so highly
+was not everything, no one now knows. The fact is, however, that the
+Athenians sent the Spartans a poor, lame schoolmaster, called Tyr-tæ´us,
+to lead them in battle. This man had never handled a weapon in his life,
+and the Spartans were very angry when he placed himself at their head
+with a lyre instead of a sword; but when he suddenly began to sing one
+of those war songs which make one's blood tingle, it roused their
+patriotism to such a point that all were ready to conquer or die, and
+their scorn was soon changed to deep admiration.
+
+Fired by these patriotic songs, and by the stirring music the lame
+schoolmaster played, the Spartans fought better than ever before,
+overcame the Messenians, and came home in triumph with their prisoners,
+among whom was the brave Aristomenes.
+
+As it was then usual to put all prisoners of war to death, the Spartans
+threw all the Messenians down into a horrible pit called the Ce´a-das.
+This was a dark hole of great depth, and its sides were all covered with
+jagged rocks, against which the prisoners were dashed to pieces long
+before they reached the bottom.
+
+The Messenians were cast into this place one after another, Aristomenes
+being thrown in last of all, so that he might have the sorrow of seeing
+his companions die. Of course, this was very cruel, but the Spartans had
+been brought up to think this mode of getting rid of their enemies quite
+right; and when they had thus killed them, they cheerfully went back to
+the city and celebrated their victory.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+XXVIII. ARISTOMENES' ESCAPE.
+
+
+Although the Spartans thought that Aristomenes was dead, they were
+greatly mistaken. By some miracle he had not struck against any of the
+sharp, jagged rocks, but, falling upon the heap of his dead companions,
+had reached the bottom of the Ceadas unhurt.
+
+There was apparently no way out of this pit except by the opening at the
+top, through which a bit of sky could be seen; and Aristomenes soon
+found that the sides were so steep that it was impossible to reach the
+opening. He therefore went off to one side, away from the heap of dead,
+and sat down on a stone in that cold, damp, and dark place. There he
+drew his cloak over his head to wait patiently until he should starve to
+death. Three days had thus been spent in this place, and his strength
+was already fast failing, when he suddenly felt a warm breath on his
+hand.
+
+He softly drew aside his cloak, and, now that his eyes were used to the
+darkness, he dimly saw a fox prowling around him, and sniffing his
+clothes suspiciously.
+
+Gently wrapping his cloak around his hand to protect it from the fox's
+sharp teeth, Aristomenes caught the animal firmly by the tail. Then, in
+spite of all its efforts to get away, he held it tight; and when it
+started off, he followed its lead.
+
+As he had shrewdly suspected, the fox knew a way out of the horrible
+place. All at once it slipped into a hole; and Aristomenes, seeing a
+little light at the end of this, let the fox go. With the help of a
+sharp stone, he soon made the fox's hole big enough to crawl through,
+and quickly made his way back to the Messenians.
+
+You can imagine how happy they were to see the beloved chief whom they
+thought dead, and how tenderly they cared for him until he was well and
+strong again. They never tired of hearing the story of his fall,
+imprisonment, and escape; and when he proposed to lead them once more
+against the Spartans, they gladly promised to help him.
+
+In spite of all Aristomenes' courage, however, Messenia finally fell
+into the hands of the Spartans, and the Second Messenian War came to an
+end. All the people who wished to escape slavery or death left their
+native country, and went to Italy or Sicily, where they founded Greek
+colonies.
+
+The cities that they built soon became very powerful, and one of them
+they named Mes-si´na in honor of their native land. This city still
+stands, as you will see by looking at your maps; and near it is the
+strait of the same name, which separates Sicily from Italy.
+
+
+
+
+XXIX. THE OLYMPIC GAMES.
+
+
+Northwest of Sparta, in the country called E´lis and in the city of
+O-lym´pi-a, rose a beautiful temple for the worship of Ju´pi-ter (or
+Zeus), the principal god of the Greeks. This temple was said to have
+been built by Hercules, the great hero from whom, as you remember, all
+the Heraclidæ claimed to be descended.
+
+According to the legends, Hercules was a son of the god Jupiter, and had
+ordered that a great festival should be held here every four years in
+honor of his divine father.
+
+[Illustration: The Temple at Olympia.]
+
+For the purpose of attracting all the neighboring people to the temple
+at Olympia, Hercules founded many athletic games, such as wrestling,
+stone and spear throwing, foot, horse, and chariot races, boxing,
+swimming, and the like.
+
+Hercules himself was present at the first of these festivals, and acted
+as umpire of the games, rewarding the victors by giving them crowns of
+wild olive leaves. This custom had been kept up ever since, and the
+Greek youths considered this simple crown the finest prize which could
+be given.
+
+As the Spartans were great athletes, they soon took important parts in
+the Olympic games, won most of the prizes, and claimed the honor of
+defending the temple at Olympia in all times of danger.
+
+All the people who went to Olympia to witness the games laid some
+precious offering before the shrines, so that the temple came to be
+noted for its beauty and wealth. Painters and sculptors, too, further
+adorned it with samples of their skill, and it soon contained numerous
+gems of art.
+
+The most precious of all was a statue representing Jupiter, which was
+the work of the renowned sculptor Phid´i-as. This statue was more than
+forty feet high; and, while the god himself was carved out of pure white
+ivory, his hair, beard, and garments were made of gold, and his eyes of
+the brightest jewels.
+
+The temple and grove were further adorned with a great many statues
+representing the other gods and all the prize winners, for it was
+customary to place a life-sized statue of each of them in this beautiful
+place.
+
+During the celebration of the Olympic games many sacrifices were offered
+up to the gods, and there were many religious processions in their
+honor. Poets and artists, as well as athletes, were in the habit of
+hastening thither on every occasion; for there were contests in poetry
+and song, and the people were anxious to hear and see all the new
+works.
+
+Between the games, therefore, the poets recited their poems, the
+musicians sang their songs, the historians read their histories, and the
+story-tellers told their choicest tales, to amuse the vast crowd which
+had come there from all parts of Greece, and even from the shores of
+Italy and Asia Minor.
+
+As the games were held every four years, the people eagerly looked
+forward to their coming, and soon began to reckon time by them. It was
+therefore usual to say that such and such a thing happened in the first,
+second, or third year of the fifth, tenth, or seventieth O-lym´pi-ad, as
+the case might be.
+
+Soon even the historians began to use this way of dating important
+events; and by counting four years for each Olympiad, as the time
+between the games was called, we can find out exactly when the chief
+events in Greek history took place.
+
+Although the Olympic games were probably held many times before this
+system of counting was begun, and before any good record was kept, we
+can trace them back to 774 B.C.
+
+For one thousand years after that, the name of each victor was carefully
+written down; and it was only about three centuries after Christ that
+the Olympic records ceased. Then the games came to an end, to the sorrow
+of all the Greeks.
+
+Several attempts have since been made to revive these games; but all
+proved fruitless until the Greek king arranged to renew them in 1896. In
+that year a great festival was held, not at Olympia, but in the city of
+Athens.
+
+Besides some of the old-fashioned Greek games, there were bicycle and
+hurdle races, shooting matches, and contests in jumping. People from all
+parts of the world went to see them in as large numbers as they went to
+Olympia in the olden times.
+
+The victors in the games, who belonged to many different nations,
+received medals, and wreaths of wild olive and laurel leaves; but the
+people did not wear crowns of flowers as formerly, nor offer sacrifices
+to the old gods, for Greece is now a Christian country.
+
+
+
+
+XXX. MILO OF CROTON.
+
+
+Among the athletes whose statues were to be seen at Olympia was Mi´lo, a
+man of Cro´ton, one of the Greek colonies in Italy. This man was
+remarkable for his great strength, and could carry very heavy weights.
+In order to develop his muscle and become strong, he had trained himself
+from a boy, and had practiced carrying burdens until he could lift more
+than any other man of his time.
+
+We are told that he was so earnest in his efforts to become strong, that
+he daily carried a pet calf, gradually increasing the distance. As the
+calf grew larger, Milo became stronger, and his muscles became so
+powerful that he could carry the animal with ease when it became a
+full-sized ox.
+
+To please his companions and show them what he could do, Milo once
+carried an ox for several miles, and then, feeling hungry, killed it
+with one blow of his fist, cooked it, and ate it all at a single meal.
+On another occasion, Milo was sitting with several companions in a
+rather tumble-down house. All at once he noticed that the roof was
+falling in. He stretched up his great arms, spread out his hands, and
+held the roof up until all his companions had run out of the house.
+
+Milo's hands were so strong that when he seized a chariot, even with one
+hand only, four horses could not make it stir until he let it go. Of
+course, Milo was very proud of his great strength, which, however,
+proved unlucky for him, and caused his death.
+
+One day when he was very old, Milo wandered out alone into a forest
+where some woodcutters had been at work. The men had gone away, leaving
+their wedges in an unusually large tree trunk.
+
+Milo, remembering his former strength, gazed for a moment at the tree,
+and then, feeling sure that he could easily pull it apart, he slipped
+his fingers into the crack. At his first effort the tree parted a
+little, and the wedges fell out; but the two halves, instead of
+splitting apart, suddenly came together again, and Milo found his hands
+held fast.
+
+In vain he struggled, in vain he called. He could neither wrench himself
+free nor attract any one's attention. Night came on, and soon the wild
+beasts of the forest began to creep out of their dens.
+
+They found the captive athlete, and, springing upon him, tore him to
+pieces, for he could not defend himself, in spite of all his boasted
+strength.
+
+
+
+
+XXXI. THE JEALOUS ATHLETE.
+
+
+Near the statue of Milo of Croton stood that of The-ag´e-nes, another
+noted athlete, who lived many years after Milo. He too had defeated
+every rival. He was the winner of many prizes, and all envied him his
+strength and renown.
+
+One of the men in particular, whom he had defeated in the games, was
+jealous of him, and of the honors which he had won. This man, instead of
+trying to overcome these wicked feelings, used to steal daily into the
+temple to view his rival's statue, and mutter threats and curses against
+it.
+
+In his anger, he also gave the pedestal an angry shake every night,
+hoping that some harm would befall the statue. One evening, when this
+jealous man had jostled the image of Theagenes a little more roughly
+than usual, the heavy marble toppled and fell, crushing him to death
+beneath its weight.
+
+When the priests came into the temple the next day, and found the man's
+dead body under the great statue, they were very much surprised. The
+judges assembled, as was the custom when a crime of any kind had been
+committed, to decide what had caused his death.
+
+As it was usual in Greece to hold judgment over lifeless as well as over
+living things, the statue of Theagenes was brought into court, and
+accused and found guilty of murder.
+
+The judges then said, that, as the statue had committed a crime, it
+deserved to be punished, and so they condemned it to be cast into the
+sea and drowned. This sentence had scarcely been executed, when a plague
+broke out in Greece; and when the frightened people consulted an oracle
+to find out how it could be checked, they learned that it would not
+cease until the statue of Theagenes had been set up on its pedestal
+again. The superstitious Greeks believed these words, fished the statue
+up out of the sea, and placed it again in Olympia. As the plague stopped
+shortly after this, they all felt sure that it was because they had
+obeyed the oracle, and they ever after looked upon the statue with great
+awe.
+
+
+
+
+XXXII. THE GIRLS' GAMES.
+
+
+Although the women and girls were not often allowed to appear in public,
+or to witness certain of the Olympic games, there were special days held
+sacred to them, when the girls also strove for prizes.
+
+They too ran races; and it must have been a pretty sight to see all
+those healthy, happy girls running around the stadium, as the foot-race
+course was called.
+
+One of these races was called the torch race, for each runner carried a
+lighted torch in her hand. All were allowed to try to put out each
+other's light; and the prize was given to the maiden who first reached
+the goal with her torch aflame, or to the one who kept hers burning
+longest.
+
+The prize for the girls was the same as that given to the boys; but the
+boys took part in more games, and were present in greater numbers,
+than the girls, and their victories were praised much more than those of
+their sisters.
+
+[Illustration: A Torch Race.]
+
+The crowd of people watching the games often grew so excited that they
+carried the victor all around the grounds on their shoulders, while
+Olympia fairly re-echoed with their cries of joy.
+
+We are also told that one old man called Chi´lo was so happy when his
+son laid at his feet the crowns he had just won, that he actually died
+of joy, thus turning his son's happiness into bitter grief.
+
+While all the foot races took place in the stadium, the horse and
+chariot races were held in the hippodrome, and excited the greatest
+interest. There were two-, four-, and eight-horse races; and, as the
+horses were sometimes unruly, the chariots were liable to be overturned.
+Thus at times a number of horses would fall in a heap, and lie
+struggling and kicking in the dust, which added to the general
+excitement.
+
+
+
+
+XXXIII. THE BLOODY LAWS OF DRACO.
+
+
+You have already learned that Athens was one of the greatest cities of
+ancient Greece, and that after the heroic self-sacrifice of Codrus the
+inhabitants would not allow any one to bear the name of king.
+
+The sons of Codrus were named archons, or rulers for life,--an office
+which was at first handed down from father to son, but which soon became
+elective; that is to say, all the people voted for and elected their
+own rulers. Then nine archons were chosen at once, but they kept their
+office for only one year.
+
+As these men received no pay for serving the state, only the richest
+citizens could accept the office; and thus Athens, from a monarchy, or
+country ruled by a king, became an oligarchy, or state ruled by the rich
+and noble citizens.
+
+As the rich thus held the reins of the government, they often used their
+power to oppress the poor, and this gave rise to many quarrels. Little
+by little the two parties, the rich and the poor, grew to hate each
+other so much that it was decided that a new code or set of laws should
+be made, and that they should be obeyed by all alike.
+
+A severe archon called Dra´co was chosen to draw up these new laws (602
+B.C.); and he made them so strict and cruel that the least sin was
+punished as if it had been a crime, and a man was sentenced to be hanged
+for stealing even a cabbage.
+
+When the Athenians heard these new laws, they were frightened. Such
+severity had never been known before; and one and all said that the laws
+had been written in blood instead of ink. Some of the citizens, hoping
+to make Draco change them, asked why he had named such a terrible
+punishment for so small a crime as the theft of a cabbage. Draco sternly
+replied that a person who stole even the smallest thing was dishonest,
+and deserved death; and that, as he knew of no severer punishment, he
+could not inflict one for the greater crimes.
+
+The Athenians had all promised to obey Draco's laws, so they were
+obliged to submit for a short time. Then, driven wild by their
+strictness, rich and poor rose up, drove the unhappy lawmaker out of the
+city, and forced him to go to the neighboring Island of Æ-gi´na. Here
+Draco spent all the rest of his life.
+
+The people were now in a state of great uncertainty. The laws of Draco
+were too severe, but they had no others to govern the city. While they
+were hesitating, not knowing what to do, Cy´lon, an Athenian citizen,
+tried to make himself king.
+
+His first move was to gather together a few of his friends, and go
+secretly to the Acropolis, or fortress of Athens, which he took by
+surprise. Now that he was master of the fortress, he tried to force the
+Athenians to recognize him as their king, but this they stoutly refused
+to do.
+
+Instead of yielding, the Athenians armed themselves, met the rebels in a
+bloody battle, and killed Cylon himself in the midst of the fight.
+
+As their leader was now dead, and they feared the anger of their
+fellow-citizens, Cylon's friends fled in haste to the temple of the
+goddess Athene. Once inside the sacred building, they felt quite safe;
+for no person could be killed in a temple, or be taken out of it by
+force.
+
+Although they had neither food nor drink, the rebels refused to leave
+the temple, until the archon Meg´a-cles, fearing that they would die
+there, and thus defile the temple, promised to do them no harm if they
+would only come out.
+
+The rebels did not quite trust to this promise, so they came out of the
+temple holding a small cord, one end of which was fastened to the statue
+of the goddess. They were thus still under her protection, and any one
+touching them would be guilty of a great crime.
+
+When the men reached the street at the bottom of the hill where the
+temple stood, the cord to which they were all clinging suddenly broke.
+Megacles, the first to notice this, said that the goddess refused to
+protect the rebels any longer, and gave orders to kill the unhappy men.
+
+
+
+
+XXXIV. THE LAWS OF SOLON.
+
+
+Shortly after the death of Cylon and the murder of his followers, a
+great many troubles came upon the city of Athens. The people were
+frightened, and soon the friends of Cylon began to whisper that the gods
+were surely punishing the Athenians, and especially Megacles, for
+breaking his promise.
+
+This report spread throughout the city. The terrified people assembled,
+and voted to exile Megacles and all his family, the Alc-mæ-on´i-dæ. Such
+was the fury of the Athenians against the archon whose crime had brought
+misfortunes upon them, that they even dug up the bones of his ancestors,
+and had them carried beyond the boundary of Attica.
+
+The city had been defiled by the crime which Megacles had committed, and
+the people felt that they would never be prosperous again until Athens
+had been purified; but the great question was to find a man holy enough
+to perform the ceremony.
+
+After much talking, they decided to send for Ep-i-men´i-des, and to ask
+him to purify the city. This man, when a mere lad, once went into a cave
+near his native town, and there laid himself down to sleep. Instead of
+taking an ordinary nap, however, he slept fifty-eight years, without
+awakening or undergoing any change. When he came out of the cave, where
+he fancied he had spent only a few hours, he was surprised to find
+everything new and strange to him.
+
+His relatives had all died, no one knew him, and it was only after some
+time had passed that he found out that he had slept fifty-eight years at
+a stretch. This man was a poet of note, and, as he had enjoyed so long a
+sleep, the people thought that he was a favorite of the gods.
+
+When the Athenians asked him to purify the town, he came to do so; but
+when the ceremonies were ended, he refused to accept any of the rich
+gifts which the people offered him as reward. Instead, he humbly begged
+them to give him a twig of the sacred olive tree which they said Athene
+herself had planted on the Acropolis.
+
+Their troubles having now ceased, the Athenians began to think of making
+another and less severe code of laws. This time they chose as lawmaker a
+wise man called So´lon, a descendant of the noble Codrus; and he soon
+consented to tell them what to do.
+
+Solon was a studious and thoughtful man, and had acquired much of his
+wisdom by traveling, and by learning all he could from the people he
+visited. He knew so much that he was called a sage, and he loved to
+meet and talk with wise people.
+
+Solon changed many of Draco's severe laws, arranged that the farmers and
+poor people should no longer be treated badly by the rich, and even took
+care of the slaves. He also gave the Athenians a court of law called
+A-re-op´a-gus. Here there were jurymen to judge all criminals; and here,
+for the first time, an accused person was allowed to speak in his own
+defense.
+
+When a man was accused of any wrongdoing, he was brought before this
+jury, who sat under the open sky at night. No light was provided, and
+the whole trial was carried on in the dark, so that the jury should not
+be influenced by the good or bad looks of the prisoner, but should judge
+merely from what was proved about him.
+
+If the accused person was found guilty, he was also sentenced and
+executed in the dark, so that the bright sun god, riding across the sky
+in his golden chariot, should not be offended by the sad sight of a man
+dying for his misdeeds.
+
+Every citizen of Athens, whether rich or poor, was allowed to vote; and
+as a salary was now paid to the men who helped govern the city, even a
+man of small means, if elected to the Tribunal, could afford to give his
+time to public duties.
+
+By Solon's order the people were encouraged to talk matters over in
+public in the market place; and, as the Athenians were fond of making
+speeches, many of them became very eloquent.
+
+Solon saw that his reforms were likely to work all the better if they
+were fairly tried, and if he were not there to see how the people did.
+He therefore made the Athenians promise to obey his laws for ten years,
+and again set out on his travels.
+
+
+
+
+XXXV. THE FIRST PLAYS.
+
+
+In the days of Solon, men were often to be seen wandering around the
+streets during the festival of Di-o-ny´sus, god of wine. They were clad
+in goatskins, were smeared with the dregs of wine, and danced and sang
+rude songs in honor of their god.
+
+[Illustration: Theater of Dionysus.]
+
+These songs were called tragedies, which in Greek means "goat songs,"
+because the goat was sacred to the god whom they thus worshiped. The
+people were greatly amused by the rude songs and dances of these
+worshipers of Dionysus, and crowds gathered about them to listen to
+their singing and to watch their antics.
+
+Thes´pis, a Greek of great intelligence, noticed how popular these
+amusements were, and to please the public taste he set up the first rude
+theater. In the beginning it was only a few boards raised on trestles to
+form a sort of stage in the open air; but Thespis soon built a booth, so
+that the actors, when not on the stage, could be hidden from public
+view.
+
+The first plays, as already stated, were very simple, and consisted of
+popular songs rudely acted. Little by little, however, the plays became
+more and more elaborate, and the actors tried to represent some of the
+tales which the story-tellers had told.
+
+Some people did not approve of this kind of amusement; and among them
+was Solon, who said that Thespis was teaching the Athenians to love a
+lie, because they liked the plays, which, of course, were not true.
+
+In spite of Solon's displeasure, the actors went on playing, and soon
+the best poets began to write works for the stage. The actors became
+more and more skillful, and had many spectators, although no women were
+allowed on the stage, their parts being taken by men.
+
+Finally, to make room for the ever-increasing number of theater goers, a
+huge amphitheater was built. It was so large, we are told, that there
+were seats for thirty thousand spectators. These seats were in
+semicircular rows or tiers, of which there were one hundred, rising one
+above another. The lowest row of all, near the orchestra, was composed
+of sixty huge marble chairs. The amphitheater was open to the sky, the
+stage alone being covered with a roof; and all the plays were given by
+daylight. The ruins of this building, which is known as the Theater of
+Dionysus, were dug out in 1862, and are now often visited by people who
+go to Athens.
+
+[Illustration: Sophocles.]
+
+The Greek actors soon dressed in costume, and all wore masks expressing
+the various emotions they wished to represent. The principal parts of
+the play were recited; but from time to time singers came on the stage,
+and chanted parts of the play in chorus.
+
+Some of these plays were so sad that the whole audience was melted to
+tears; others were so funny that the people shouted with laughter. When
+you learn Greek, you will be able to read the grand tragedies which were
+written by Æs´chy-lus, Soph´o-cles, and Eu-rip´i-des, and the comedies
+or funny plays of Ar-is-toph´a-nes.
+
+
+
+
+XXXVI. THE TYRANT PISISTRATUS.
+
+
+Not very long after Solon had given the new laws to the Athenians, the
+two political parties of the city again began to quarrel. One of these
+parties was composed wholly of rich men and nobles, or _aristoi_, from
+which Greek word is formed our English word "aristocrat;" the other
+party included the farmers and poor people, or _demos_, the Greek term
+which has given rise to the word "democrat."
+
+Among the aristocrats, or nobles, there was a nephew of Solon called
+Pi-sis´tra-tus. He was very rich; but, instead of upholding his own
+party, he seemed to scorn the rich, and always sided with the poor. To
+make friends with the democrats, he pretended to obey the laws with the
+greatest care, and addressed every man with the utmost politeness.
+
+Once, having killed a man by accident, Pisistratus came of his own free
+will before the judges of the Areopagus, confessed his crime, and was so
+humble that he quite disarmed the anger of the people.
+
+As soon as he felt quite sure that he had won many friends among the
+poor, Pisistratus appeared one day in the market place, covered with
+blood, which flowed from slight wounds which he had made upon his own
+body.
+
+His polite manners and kindly words had been only a pretense, however;
+and he was not only a hypocrite, but also a liar. So he now said that
+the aristocrats had tried to kill him because he was the friend of the
+people.
+
+In proof of these words, he pointed to his wounds. The poorer
+Athenians, who believed him, were very indignant, and began to talk
+angrily about the wicked nobles, who had hurt Pisistratus only because
+he was ready to help them.
+
+When Pisistratus cried out that his life was no longer safe, all the
+democrats exclaimed that they would protect him; and, as they had the
+right of voting, they then and there said that he should have a
+bodyguard of fifty armed men to protect him.
+
+Pisistratus pretended to be very grateful for this favor, and, under
+pretext of choosing his bodyguard, engaged a great number of soldiers.
+When his plans were all ready, he took possession of the Acropolis by
+force.
+
+The people now found out, but too late, that Pisistratus had deceived
+them only to get more power; and that, thanks to the guard they had
+voted him, he had become master of the town, and held the reins of the
+government.
+
+The Athenians did not long remain angry with their former favorite,
+however; for he did all he could to make them happy, and ruled them very
+wisely. He improved the city by building magnificent temples and other
+public buildings, and made a great aqueduct, so that the people could
+have plenty of pure water to drink.
+
+Pisistratus also laid out a public park, the Ly-ce´um, just outside the
+city walls, so that the Athenians could go there, and enjoy the cool
+shade of the groves he had planted.
+
+Then he began to collect all the poems of Homer, had them carefully
+written down, and placed them in a public library, so that the Greeks
+could read them whenever they pleased. Until then these poems had only
+been recited, and no written copy existed. Pisistratus, therefore, did a
+very good work in thus keeping for our enjoyment the greatest epic poems
+ever composed.
+
+As Pisistratus ruled just as he pleased, without consulting the Tribunal
+or people, he has been called a tyrant. This word in those days meant
+"supreme ruler;" but as many of those who followed him made a bad use of
+their power, and were cruel and grasping, its meaning soon changed, and
+the word now means "a selfish and unkind ruler."
+
+
+
+
+XXXVII. THE TYRANT'S INSULT.
+
+
+While Pisistratus was thus governing Athens to suit himself, Solon was
+traveling in Asia, where he met several interesting persons of whom you
+will hear in ancient history.
+
+Solon had gone away for ten years, hoping that the Athenians would
+strictly obey his laws. During that time he had no news of his native
+land; for there were no post offices or newspapers in those days, and
+people neither wrote nor received letters except when something very
+important happened.
+
+On coming back to Athens, Solon was very sorry to learn that it was
+Pisistratus, his own kinsman, who had taken the power of the archons;
+but when he saw how wisely Pisistratus governed the people, and how
+careful he was to make them happy and improve them, he freely forgave
+him, and remained on good terms with him until he died.
+
+Pisistratus went on ruling the Athenians for thirty-three years, and
+when he died they mourned him greatly. In their grief for their loss,
+they allowed his sons, Hip´-pi-as and Hip-par´chus, to succeed him,
+without raising any objections.
+
+These young men were very careful at first to follow their father's good
+example; but they soon began to neglect business for pleasure, and,
+instead of thinking of the people's good, they spent much of their time
+in feasting and drinking.
+
+In those days there dwelt at Athens two young men named Har-mo´di-us and
+A-ris-to-gi´ton. They were intimate friends, and were loved by all on
+account of their good qualities, and more especially because they were
+so anxious to increase the glory and prosperity of their native city.
+
+Harmodius had a sister who was as good as she was beautiful: so the
+people, hoping to please him, chose her to carry a basket of flowers in
+the great religious procession which took place in Athens every year.
+
+One of the tyrants, Hipparchus, was very jealous of Harmodius, because
+the people loved him so much. He therefore tried to annoy the young man
+in every way; and when he heard that his sister had been chosen to bear
+the flowers, he rudely forbade her presence at the feast.
+
+This was a great insult, for none but wicked women were forbidden to
+appear; and, as Hipparchus had thus publicly disgraced the girl, her
+brother was very angry.
+
+His friend, Aristogiton, was as angry as he; and the two young men,
+consulting together, decided that as long as these men ruled, the
+Athenians would be treated badly, and that it would be well to get rid
+of them soon.
+
+
+
+
+XXXVIII. DEATH OF THE CONSPIRATORS.
+
+
+Harmodius and Aristogiton, having decided to get rid of the tyrants,
+told their plans to a few of their friends. Secret meetings were held at
+the house of a brave lady called Le-æ´na ("the lioness"), who was the
+only woman in the plot.
+
+As the Athenians were in the habit of attending the feast in armor, the
+young men waited until then to carry out their plans. They mingled with
+the crowd, found a good place near the tyrants, and all at once drew
+their swords from their scabbards and attacked their enemies.
+
+Harmodius was so quick that he managed to kill Hipparchus; but, before
+his companions could join and protect him, he was cut down by the
+tyrants' guards.
+
+Aristogiton, his friend, rushed forward to save him, but was made
+prisoner, and dragged before Hippias, who bade him tell the names of his
+companions. The young man at first refused to speak; but after a while,
+pretending to yield, he named some of the tyrants' friends who were
+helping him oppress the Athenians.
+
+The tyrant, in dismay, sent for the accused, and had them and
+Aristogiton killed without trial. When he found out his mistake, he
+again tried to learn the names of the real conspirators. He knew that
+Harmodius and Aristogiton had often visited Leæna: so he had her
+imprisoned and tortured, to make her tell the names of the conspirators,
+because he wanted to kill them all as he had killed Aristogiton.
+
+The brave woman, knowing that the lives of several young men depended
+upon her, and that a single word might cause their death, resolved not
+to utter a sound. In spite of the most awful tortures, she therefore
+kept her mouth tightly closed; and when she was finally set free, they
+found that she had bitten off her tongue for fear of betraying her
+friends.
+
+Poor Leæna did not live long after this; and when she died, she was
+buried in a beautiful tomb, over which her friends put the image of a
+lioness without a tongue, to remind the people of her courage.
+
+The Athenians were very sorry for her death, and mourned the brave
+youths Harmodius and Aristogiton for a long time; but the tyranny of the
+son of Pisistratus daily grew more cruel and disagreeable.
+
+
+
+
+XXXIX. HIPPIAS DRIVEN OUT OF ATHENS.
+
+
+Four years passed thus, and the Athenians were hoping that the time
+would soon come when they could get rid of Hippias. They were only too
+glad, therefore, when they at last found a way to drive him out of the
+town.
+
+[Illustration: Delphi.]
+
+You must remember how Megacles had killed the men who came out of
+Athene's temple clinging to the cord they had fastened to her statue.
+Megacles, as you know, had been banished from Athens with all his family
+(the Alcmæonidæ) on account of this crime, but he had always hoped to be
+allowed to return.
+
+Meanwhile the beautiful temple at Delphi had been burned to the ground,
+and the people were very anxious to rebuild it. They therefore voted a
+certain sum of money for this purpose; and, as the Alcmæonidæ offered
+to do the work for the least pay, the contract was given to them.
+
+The Alcmæonidæ faithfully carried out the plans, and used the money;
+but, instead of building the temple of brick, they made it of pure white
+marble, paying for the more costly material themselves.
+
+The priests of Delphi were so pleased with the handsome new building,
+and with the generosity of the builders, that they were eager to do them
+a good turn. So, knowing that the Alcmæonidæ wanted to get back to
+Athens, they told the Spartans who came to consult the oracle, that
+Hippias should be driven away, and the Alcmæonidæ allowed to return to
+their native city.
+
+As the people believed all the oracle said, the Spartans armed at once,
+and, helped by the Alcmæonidæ, began to make war against the Athenians.
+By a clever trick, they soon managed to capture the family of Hippias,
+and they refused to set them free unless the tyrant left Athens forever.
+
+Thus forced to give in, Hippias left Athens, and withdrew with his
+family to Asia Minor. Here he spent all his time in trying to persuade
+the different cities to make war against Athens, offering to lead their
+armies, for he still hoped to regain his lost power.
+
+The Athenians, delighted at the expulsion of the Pis-is-trat´i-dæ, as
+the driving-away of Hippias and his family is called in history, now
+dared to make statues in honor of their favorites Harmodius and
+Aristogiton, and openly expressed their regret that these brave young
+men had not lived to see their native city free.
+
+Many songs were composed to celebrate the patriotism of the two
+friends; and these were sung on all public occasions, to encourage other
+youths to follow their example, lead good and virtuous lives, and be
+ready at any time to die, if need be, for the sake of their native land.
+
+Leæna, too, received much praise, for the Athenian women never forgot
+how bravely she had endured torture rather than betray the men who had
+trusted her.
+
+The Alcmæonidæ, having thus found their way back into the city, now
+began to play an important part in the government; and Clis´the-nes,
+their leader, urged the Athenians to obey again the laws which had been
+made by Solon.
+
+These were slightly changed, however, so as to give more power to the
+people; and the government thus became more democratic than ever. Then,
+too, Clisthenes said that there should always be ten Athenian generals
+who should hold supreme command each for a day in turn.
+
+He also made a law, to the effect that no man should be driven out of
+the city unless there were six thousand votes in favor of his exile.
+These votes were given in a strange way.
+
+When a man was so generally disliked that his departure seemed best, all
+the Athenians assembled in the market place. Then each voter received a
+shell (Greek, _ostrakon_), and dropped it into a place made for that
+purpose. All in favor of banishment wrote upon their shells the name of
+the man they wished to exile. The others left theirs blank.
+
+When all the votes had thus been cast, the shells were carefully
+counted, and, if six thousand bore the name of the same man, he was
+driven out of the city, or ostracized, as it was called from the name of
+the shell, for ten years.
+
+
+
+
+XL. THE GREAT KING.
+
+
+Hippias, the exiled tyrant of Athens, as we have already seen, had taken
+up his abode in Asia Minor, where he made several unsuccessful attempts
+to regain his power.
+
+The Greek cities were not ready to help him, however, so he tried to get
+another ally. Now, the greatest ruler in Asia Minor was Da-ri´us, the
+king who won his throne by the aid of his horse and groom, as you will
+see in ancient history.
+
+He was a powerful monarch,--so powerful that the Greeks, who had built
+cities all along the coast of Asia Minor, in the country called Ionia,
+never spoke of him except as "The Great King."
+
+Darius' kingdom was so large that it was quite impossible for one person
+to govern it without help. He therefore divided it into satrapies, or
+provinces, each of which was under the care of a satrap, or governor.
+These men received their orders from the king, saw that they were obeyed
+in all the territory under their care, and kept Darius informed of all
+that was going on.
+
+The Great King generally dwelt at Ec-bat´a-na, a city surrounded by
+seven walls, each painted in a different but very bright color. Inside
+the seventh and last wall stood the palace and treasure house, which was
+fairly overflowing with gold and precious stones.
+
+As there were armed soldiers at every gate in the seven walls, only the
+people to whom the king was willing to grant an audience could enter.
+
+Now, although so secluded, Darius knew perfectly well all that was
+happening in every part of his kingdom, and even in the neighboring
+states; for his satraps sent him messengers daily to report all the
+news, and he had many paid spies, whose duty it was to tell him all they
+knew.
+
+He was therefore one of the first Eastern rulers who heard of the revolt
+of the Athenians; and soon after this he learned that Hippias had come
+to Asia, and was trying to induce the Greek cities to make war against
+the Athenians.
+
+When Hippias arrived at Ecbatana in search of aid, he could not
+immediately see the king, but was obliged to send in a message written
+on a waxen tablet. This passed from hand to hand, and finally reached
+Darius, who, recognizing the name at the bottom of the request,
+graciously said that he would receive the exiled tyrant of Athens.
+
+
+
+
+XLI. HIPPIAS VISITS DARIUS.
+
+
+Hippias was led by one of the officers of the king's household past all
+the guards, who respectfully made way for him, and was brought into the
+most magnificent dwelling he had ever seen. All the walls were covered
+with silken hangings of the richest dyes, and the furniture sparkled
+with gold and precious stones.
+
+After passing through many rooms, where he saw richly dressed courtiers,
+and guards with jeweled weapons, Hippias was finally brought into a
+great audience chamber, at one end of which hung a heavy curtain of
+royal purple.
+
+Here all the courtiers knelt, bending over to touch the floor with their
+foreheads, in token of homage to The Great King. The officer now bade
+Hippias do likewise; and when the Athenian raised his head, after
+reluctantly going through this performance, he saw that the curtain had
+been quietly pulled aside.
+
+On a beautiful throne of ivory and gold, all overshadowed by a golden
+vine bearing clusters of jeweled grapes, sat the Persian king. He was
+clad in superbly embroidered robes, wore a diamond crown or tiara, held
+a scepter of pure gold, and was surrounded by his officers, who were
+almost as richly dressed as he.
+
+As the Athenians were plain people, Hippias had never seen such a sight
+before, and stared at the garments, which were far handsomer than those
+which the Greek gods were given to wear.
+
+Invited to speak freely and make his errand known, Hippias now told
+Darius that he had come to ask his aid against the revolted Athenians.
+Darius listened politely to all he had to say, and then sent him away,
+graciously promising to think the matter over, and giving orders that
+Hippias should be royally entertained in the mean while.
+
+Among Darius' numerous slaves, most of whom were captives of war, there
+was a learned Greek doctor called Dem-o-ce´des. This man, hoping soon to
+recover his freedom by paying a sum of money, was very careful to hide
+his name, and not to tell any one how much he knew.
+
+It happened, however, that the king hurt his foot; and after the Persian
+doctors had all vainly tried to cure him, he sent for Democedes, saying
+that he would put him to death if he did not speedily help him.
+
+Thus forced to use his knowledge, Democedes did all he could for the
+king, and treated the wound so skillfully that the monarch was soon
+cured. The king, who had found out from the other captives that the man
+was a doctor, now named him court physician, and even had him attend his
+wives.
+
+One of these women was A-tos´sa, the favorite queen; and when she became
+ill, Democedes was fortunate enough to save her life. The king was so
+delighted with this cure, that he bade Democedes choose any reward he
+pleased except his freedom.
+
+Democedes, after a few moments' thought, asked permission to visit his
+native land once more; and Darius let him go under the escort of fifteen
+officers, who had orders not to lose sight of the doctor for a moment,
+to bring him back by force if necessary, and to spy out the land.
+
+In spite of the constant watching of these fifteen men, Democedes
+managed to escape while they were in Greece, and hid so well that they
+were never able to find him. They were therefore obliged to go home
+without him; and as soon as they arrived in Persia, they reported to
+Darius all they had done on the way.
+
+The Great King questioned them very closely about all they had seen; and
+his curiosity was so excited by what they told him, that he made up his
+mind to conquer Greece and add it to his kingdom.
+
+He therefore sent for Hippias again, told him that he was ready to help
+him, and gave orders to collect one of the largest armies that had ever
+been seen. With this army he hoped not only to take the whole country,
+but also to get back the runaway doctor, Democedes, who in the mean
+while was living peacefully in Greece, where he had married a daughter
+of the famous strong man, Milo of Croton.
+
+
+
+
+XLII. DESTRUCTION OF THE PERSIAN HOST.
+
+
+The Persian preparations for war were hastened by news that all the
+Ionian cities had rebelled. These were, as you remember, Greek colonies
+founded on the coast of Asia Minor. They had little by little fallen
+into the hands of the Persians; but, as they hated to submit to foreign
+rule, they had long planned a revolt.
+
+The Athenians, who knew that the Persians were talking of coming over to
+conquer them, now offered to help the Ionians, and sent some troops over
+to Asia Minor. These joined the rebels, and together they managed to
+surprise and burn to the ground the rich city of Sar´dis, which belonged
+to Darius.
+
+A messenger was sent in hot haste to bear these tidings to The Great
+King; and when he heard them, he was very angry indeed. In his wrath, he
+said that he would punish both rebels and Athenians, and immediately
+sent his army into Ionia.
+
+The first part of his vow was easily kept, for his troops soon defeated
+the Ionian army, and forced the rebels to obey him once more. When
+Darius heard this, he was very much pleased; and then, sending for his
+bow, he shot an arrow in the direction of Athens, to show that the
+punishment of the Athenians would be his next care.
+
+As he was afraid of forgetting these enemies in the pressure of other
+business, he gave orders that a slave should appear before him every day
+while he sat at dinner, and solemnly say, "Master, remember the
+Athenians!"
+
+When the preparations for this distant war were ended, the Persian army
+set out for Greece. In order to reach that country, it had to march a
+long way through the northern part of Asia Minor, cross a narrow strait
+called the Hel´les-pont, and pass along the coast of the Ægean Sea,
+through Thrace and Scyth´i-a.
+
+In these countries the Persian army met the fierce and warlike
+Scyth´i-ans mounted on their fleet-footed horses, and was nearly cut to
+pieces. The Persians were so frightened by the attack of these foes,
+that they refused to go any farther, and even beat a hasty retreat.
+
+The Persian fleet in the mean while had sailed along bravely. It soon
+came to the promontory formed by Mount A´thos, a tall mountain which
+sometimes casts a shadow eighty miles long over the sea. Here a terrible
+tempest overtook the fleet, and the waves rose so high that six hundred
+vessels were dashed to pieces.
+
+All the rest of the Persian vessels were so damaged by the storm, that
+it was soon decided that they had better return home. The soldiers of
+The Great King were of course greatly discouraged by these misfortunes;
+but Darius was more than ever determined to conquer Greece, and at once
+began to gather a second army and to build a second fleet.
+
+
+
+
+XLIII. THE ADVANCE OF THE SECOND HOST.
+
+
+Darius was very busy preparing this other army to march against Greece.
+While the men were being drilled, he sent two messengers to the Greek
+towns and islands, bidding them surrender and give him earth and water.
+
+By demanding "earth and water," Darius meant that he wanted them to
+recognize him as their king, and as master of all their lands and
+vessels. The inhabitants of many of the islands and towns were so
+frightened by the messages sent by The Great King, that they humbly
+yielded; but when the messengers came to Sparta and Athens, they met
+with a different reception.
+
+In both cities the people proudly replied that they were their own
+masters, and would not yield to the demands of the Persian king. Then,
+angered by the insolent command to give earth and water, the Spartans
+entirely forgot that the life of an ambassador is sacred. In their rage,
+they seized the Persians, flung one into a pit and the other into a
+well, and told them to take all the earth and water they wanted.
+
+This conduct made Darius all the more angry, and he hastened his
+preparations as much as he could. He was so active that in a short time
+he was able to start out again, with an army of a hundred and twenty
+thousand men.
+
+The generals of this force were Da´tis and Ar-ta-pher´-nes, who were
+guided and advised by the traitor Hippias. The fleet was to land the
+army on the plain of Mar´a-thon, close by the sea, and only one day's
+journey from Athens.
+
+When the Athenians heard that the Persians were coming, they immediately
+decided to ask the Spartans, who were now their allies, to come to their
+aid, and help them drive back the enemy. As there was no time to lose,
+they chose as their messenger a fleet-footed Athenian, who made the
+journey of a hundred and fifty miles in a few hours, running every step
+of the way, and only seldom pausing to rest.
+
+The Spartans listened breathlessly to his tidings, and promised that
+they would help the Athenians; but they added, that they would not be
+able to start until the moon was full, for they thought that they would
+be beaten unless they set out at a certain time.
+
+The Persians in the mean while were advancing rapidly, so the Athenians
+started out to meet them with no other help than that of their neighbors
+the Pla-tæ´ans. The whole Greek force numbered only ten thousand men,
+and was under the command of the ten Athenian generals who were each
+entitled to the leadership for a day in turn.
+
+Among these ten Athenian generals were three remarkable
+men,--Mil-ti´a-des, Ar-is-ti´des, and The-mis´to-cles. They consulted
+together, hoping to find a plan by which their small army could
+successfully oppose the Persian host, which was twelve times greater.
+
+At last Miltiades proposed a plan which might succeed, provided there
+was but one chief, and all obeyed him well. Aristides, who was not only
+a good man, but also remarkably just and wise, at once saw the
+importance of such a plan, and offered to give up his day's command, and
+to carry out his friend's orders just as if he were nothing but a common
+soldier.
+
+[Illustration: Themistocles.]
+
+The other generals, not wishing to appear less generous than he, also
+gave up their command to Miltiades, who thus found himself general in
+chief of the Athenian and Platæan armies. So he speedily made his
+preparations, and drew up his small force on the plain of Marathon,
+between the mountains and the sea.
+
+
+
+
+XLIV. THE BATTLE OF MARATHON.
+
+
+The Greek army seemed so very small beside the huge host of invaders,
+that the Persians felt perfectly sure that it would surrender as soon as
+the fight began. Imagine their surprise, therefore, when the Greeks,
+instead of waiting for them, gave the signal for battle, and rushed
+furiously upon them.
+
+The daring and force of the Greek attack so confused the Persians, that
+they began to give way. This encouraged the Greeks still further, and
+they fought with such bravery that soon the army of The Great King was
+completely routed.
+
+Hippias, fighting at the head of the Persian army, was one of the first
+to die; and when the Persians saw their companions falling around them
+like ripe grain under the mower's scythe, they were seized with terror,
+rushed toward the sea, and embarked in their vessels in great haste.
+
+The Athenians followed the enemy closely, killing all they could reach,
+and trying to prevent them from embarking and so escaping their wrath.
+One Greek soldier even rushed down into the waves, and held a Persian
+vessel which was about to push off.
+
+The Persians, anxious to escape, struck at him, and chopped off his
+hand; but the Greek, without hesitating a moment, grasped the boat with
+his other hand, and held it fast. In their hurry to get away, the
+Persians struck off that hand too; but the dauntless hero caught and
+held the boat with his strong teeth, and died beneath the repeated
+blows of the enemy without having once let go. Thanks to him, not one of
+those enemies escaped.
+
+The victory was a glorious one. The whole Persian force had been routed
+by a mere handful of men; and the Athenians were so proud of their
+victory, that they longed to have their fellow-citizens rejoice with
+them.
+
+One of the soldiers, who had fought bravely all day, and who was covered
+with blood, said he would carry the glad news, and, without waiting a
+moment, he started off at a run.
+
+Such was his haste to reassure the Athenians, that he ran at his utmost
+speed, and reached the city in a few hours. He was so exhausted,
+however, that he had barely time to gasp out, "Rejoice, we have
+conquered!" before he sank down in the middle of the market place, dead.
+
+The Greeks, having no more foes to kill, next began to rob the tents,
+where they found so much booty that each man became quite rich. Then
+they gathered up their dead, and buried them honorably on the
+battlefield, at a spot where they afterward erected ten small columns
+bearing the names of all who had lost their lives in the conflict.
+
+Just as all was over, the Spartan force came rushing up, ready to give
+their promised aid. They were so sorry not to have had a chance to fight
+also, and to have missed a share in the glory, that they vowed they
+would never again allow any superstition to prevent their striking a
+blow for their native land whenever the necessity arose.
+
+Miltiades, instead of permitting his weary soldiers to camp on the
+battlefield, and celebrate their victory by a grand feast, next ordered
+them to march on to the city, so as to defend it in case the Persian
+fleet came to attack it.
+
+The troops had scarcely arrived in town and taken up their post there,
+when the Persian vessels came in; but when the soldiers attempted to
+land, and saw the same men ready to meet them, they were so dismayed
+that they beat a hasty retreat without striking another blow.
+
+
+
+
+XLV. MILTIADES' DISGRACE.
+
+
+The victory of Marathon was a great triumph for the Athenians; and
+Miltiades, who had so successfully led them, was loaded with honors. His
+portrait was painted by the best artist of the day, and it was placed in
+one of the porticos of Athens, where every one could see it.
+
+At his request, the main part of the booty was given to the gods, for
+the Greeks believed that it was owing to divine favor that they had
+conquered their enemies. The brazen arms and shields which they had
+taken from the ten thousand Persians killed were therefore melted, and
+formed into an immense statue of Athene, which was placed on the
+Acropolis, on a pedestal so high that the glittering lance which the
+goddess held could be seen far out at sea when the sunbeams struck its
+point.
+
+The Athenians vented their triumph and delight in song and dance, in
+plays and works of art of all kinds; for they wished to commemorate the
+glorious victory which had cost them only a hundred and ninety men,
+while the enemy had lost ten thousand.
+
+One of their choicest art treasures was made by Phidias, the greatest
+sculptor the world has ever known, out of a beautiful block of marble
+which Darius had brought from Persia. The Great King had intended to set
+it up in Athens as a monument of his victory over the Greeks. It was
+used instead to record his defeat; and when finished, the statue
+represented Nem´e-sis, the goddess of retribution, whose place it was to
+punish the proud and insolent, and to make them repent of their sins.
+
+Miltiades was, as we have seen, the idol of the Athenian people after
+his victory at Marathon. Unfortunately, however, they were inclined to
+be fickle; and when they saw that Miltiades occupied such a high rank,
+many began to envy him.
+
+Themistocles was particularly jealous of the great honors that his
+friend had won. His friends soon noticed his gloomy, discontented looks;
+and when they inquired what caused them, Themistocles said it was
+because the thought of the trophies of Miltiades would not let him
+sleep. Some time after, when he saw that Miltiades was beginning to
+misuse his power, he openly showed his dislike.
+
+Not very far from Athens, out in the Ægean Sea, was the Island of
+Pa´ros. The people living there were enemies of Miltiades; and he, being
+sole head of the fleet, led it thither to avenge his personal wrongs.
+
+The expedition failed, however; and Miltiades came back to Athens,
+where Themistocles and the indignant citizens accused him of betraying
+his trust, tried him, and convicted him of treason.
+
+Had they not remembered the service that he had rendered his country in
+defeating the Persians at Marathon, they would surely have condemned him
+to death. As it was, the jury merely sentenced him to pay a heavy fine,
+saying that he should remain in prison until it was paid.
+
+Miltiades was not rich enough to raise this large sum of money, so he
+died in prison. His son Ci´mon went to claim his body, so that he might
+bury it properly; but the hard-hearted judges refused to let him have it
+until he had paid his father's debt.
+
+Thus forced to turn away without his father's corpse, Cimon visited his
+friends, who lent him the necessary money. Miltiades, who had been the
+idol of the people, was now buried hurriedly and in secret, because the
+ungrateful Athenians had forgotten all the good he had done them, and
+remembered only his faults.
+
+
+
+
+XLVI. ARISTIDES THE JUST.
+
+
+The Athenians were very happy, because they thought, that, having once
+defeated the Persians, they need fear them no more. They were greatly
+mistaken, however. The Great King had twice seen his preparations come
+to naught and his plans ruined, but he was not yet ready to give up the
+hope of conquering Greece.
+
+On the contrary, he solemnly swore that he would return with a greater
+army than ever, and make himself master of the proud city which had
+defied him. These plans were suspected by Themistocles, who therefore
+urged the Athenians to strengthen their navy, so that they might be
+ready for war when it came.
+
+Aristides, the other general, was of the opinion that it was useless to
+build any more ships, but that the Athenians should increase their land
+forces. As each general had a large party, many quarrels soon arose. It
+became clear before long, that, unless one of the two leaders left the
+town, there would be an outbreak of civil war.
+
+All the Athenians, therefore, gathered together in the market place,
+where they were to vote for or against the banishment of one of the
+leaders. Of course, on this great occasion, all the workmen left their
+labors, and even the farmers came in from the fields.
+
+Aristides was walking about among the voters, when a farmer stopped him.
+The man did not know who he was, but begged him to write his vote down
+on the shell, for he had never even learned to read.
+
+"What name shall I write?" questioned Aristides.
+
+"Oh, put down 'Aristides,'" answered the farmer.
+
+"Why do you want him sent away? Has he ever done you any harm?" asked
+Aristides.
+
+"No," said the man, "but I'm tired of hearing him called the Just."
+
+Without saying another word, Aristides calmly wrote his own name on the
+shell. When the votes were counted, they found six thousand against him:
+so Aristides the Just was forced to leave his native city, and go away
+into exile.
+
+This was a second example of Athenian ingratitude; for Aristides had
+never done anything wrong, but had, on the contrary, done all he could
+to help his country. His enemies, however, were the men who were neither
+honest nor just, and who felt that his virtues were a constant rebuke to
+them; and this was the very reason why they were so anxious to get him
+out of the city.
+
+
+
+
+XLVII. TWO NOBLE SPARTAN YOUTHS.
+
+
+Darius was in the midst of his preparations for a third expedition to
+Greece, when all his plans were cut short by death. His son and
+successor, Xerx´es I., now became King of Persia in his stead.
+
+The new monarch was not inclined to renew the struggle with the Greeks;
+but his courtiers and the exiled Greeks who dwelt in his palace so
+persistently urged him to do it, that he finally consented. Orders were
+then sent throughout the kingdom to get ready for war, and Xerxes said
+that he would lead the army himself.
+
+During eight years the constant drilling of troops, manufacture of arms,
+collecting of provisions, and construction of roads, were kept up all
+through Asia. A mighty fleet lay at anchor, and the king was almost
+ready to start. Rumors of these great preparations had, of course, come
+to the ears of the Greeks. All hearts were filled with trouble and fear;
+for the coming army was far larger than the one the Athenians had
+defeated at Marathon, and they could not expect to be so fortunate
+again.
+
+When the Spartans saw the terror of the people, they regretted having
+angered the king by killing the Persian messengers, and wondered what
+they could do to disarm his wrath. Two young men, Bu´lis and
+Sper´thi-as, then nobly resolved to offer their lives in exchange for
+those that had been taken.
+
+They therefore set out for Persia, and, having obtained permission to
+enter the palace, appeared before the king. Here the courtiers bade them
+fall down before the monarch, and do homage to him, as they saw the
+others do. But the proud young men refused to do so, saying that such
+honor could be shown only to their gods, and that it was not the custom
+of their country to humble themselves thus. Xerxes, to the surprise of
+his courtiers did not at all resent their refusal to fall down before
+him, but kindly bade them make their errand known.
+
+Thus invited to speak, one of them replied, "King of Persia, some years
+ago our people killed two of your father's messengers. It was wrong to
+touch an ambassador, we know. You are about to visit our country to seek
+revenge for this crime. Desist, O king! for we have come hither, my
+friend and I, to offer our lives in exchange for those our people have
+taken. Here we are! Do with us as you will."
+
+Xerxes was filled with admiration when he heard this speech, and saw the
+handsome youths standing quietly before him, ready to die to atone for
+their country's wrong. Instead of accepting their offer, he loaded them
+with rich gifts, and sent them home unharmed, telling them he would not
+injure the innocent, for he was more just than the Lac-e-dæ-mo´ni-ans.
+
+But a few months later, when his preparations were complete, Xerxes set
+out with an army which is said to have numbered more than two million
+fighting men. As they were attended by slaves and servants of all kinds,
+some of the old historians say that ten millions of human beings were
+included in this mighty host.
+
+
+
+
+XLVIII. THE GREAT ARMY.
+
+
+Xerxes' army marched in various sections across Asia Minor, and all the
+forces came together at the Hellespont. Here the king had ordered the
+building of two great bridges,--one for the troops, and the other for
+the immense train of baggage which followed him.
+
+These bridges were no sooner finished than a rising storm entirely
+destroyed them. When Xerxes heard of the disaster, he not only condemned
+the unlucky engineers to death, but also had the waves flogged with
+whips, and ordered chains flung across the strait, to show that he
+considered the sea an unruly slave, who should be taught to obey his
+master.
+
+Then, undaunted by his misfortune, the King of Persia gave orders for
+the building of new bridges; and when they were finished, he reviewed
+his army from the top of a neighboring mountain.
+
+The sight must have been grand indeed, and the courtiers standing around
+were greatly surprised when they saw their master suddenly burst into
+tears. When asked the cause of his sorrow, Xerxes answered, "See that
+mighty host spread out as far as eye can reach! I weep at the thought
+that a hundred years hence there will be nothing left of it except,
+perhaps, a handful of dust and a few moldering bones!"
+
+The king was soon comforted, however, and crossed the bridge first,
+attended by his bodyguard of picked soldiers, who were called the
+Immortals because they had never suffered defeat. All the army followed
+him, and during seven days and nights the bridge resounded with the
+steady tramp of the armed host; but, even when the rear guard had passed
+over the Hellespont, there were still so many slaves and baggage wagons,
+that it took them a whole month to file past.
+
+That was a procession such as has never again been seen. You can imagine
+what a sight it was for all the boys and girls who lived near enough to
+the Hellespont to see this mighty parade, which continued night and day.
+
+They saw not only the sacred chariot drawn by eight white horses, the
+glittering array of the Immortals, the burnished helmets and arms of the
+foot soldiers, and the silken canopies and tents over the grandees, but
+also countless chariots drawn by four horses, and provided on either
+side with sharp scythes, which were intended to mow down the enemy like
+ripe grain.
+
+[Illustration: Crossing the Hellespont.]
+
+Besides these strange mowing machines, there were many other engines of
+war, which were all made to strike terror into the hearts of the Greeks,
+and to subdue completely the proud people who had so sorely defeated
+Darius' troops at Marathon.
+
+To prevent his fleet from being wrecked as his father's was, Xerxes had
+given orders to dig a great canal across the isthmus that connected
+Mount Athos with the mainland; and through this the vessels sailed past
+the promontory in safety.
+
+
+
+
+XLIX. PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE.
+
+
+The news of Xerxes' crossing of the Hellespont, and of his approach to
+conquer Greece, soon reached Athens, where it filled all hearts with
+fear. The people then remembered Miltiades, and bitterly regretted his
+death, and their ingratitude, which had been its real cause.
+
+As the mighty general who had already once delivered them was dead, they
+tried to think who could best replace him, and decided to recall
+Aristides the Just from his undeserved exile. Aristides generously
+forgave his fellow-citizens for all the harm they had done him, and he
+and Themistocles began to do all in their power to insure the safety of
+Athens.
+
+Swift runners were dispatched in every direction with messages urging
+all the Greek cities to unite for the good of the country by sending as
+many brave men as possible to check the Persian army, and to try to
+hinder it from really entering Greece.
+
+Themistocles was the most active in this attempt to induce the Greek
+cities to join forces, and it was he who planned a great council, or
+meeting, at Corinth, in 481 B.C. There it soon became evident that the
+cities were too jealous of each other to unite as they should.
+
+Many of them promised help, which they never sent; others vowed they
+would neither send troops nor furnish aid of any kind, unless _their_
+generals had supreme command; and even the oracles gave vague and
+discouraging answers, when consulted as usual.
+
+In spite of all these drawbacks, Themistocles managed to get a few
+allies; and, in order to induce the Spartans to lend their aid, he
+promised them the command not only of the army, but also of the fleet.
+
+He next persuaded them that it would be wisest to send an armed force
+into Thessaly, so as to defend the narrow pass of Thermopylæ, which was
+the only road by which the Persians could enter Greece. This natural
+causeway, as we have seen, lay between the mountains and the sea; and,
+because there were springs of warm water here, it was generally known as
+Thermopylæ, which is the Greek for "Hot Gateway."
+
+Under the guidance of Le-on´i-das, one of the Spartan kings, three
+hundred Lacedæmonian soldiers and six thousand allies marched thither,
+and undertook to guard the pass. This was a very small army; but it was
+impossible to get more soldiers at the time, as all the Greeks were more
+anxious to attend the Olympic games, which were just then being
+celebrated, than to defend their country and homes.
+
+Many of them said they were afraid the gods would be angry if they did
+not keep the feast as usual, and declared that it was against the law to
+bear arms or make war during that time. This was perfectly true; but
+Xerxes did not care at all for the Greek gods, and the country would
+have been defenseless had it not been for Leonidas and his handful of
+men.
+
+While this little army traveled northwards, the rest of the people
+thronged to Olympia, promising to come and fight as soon as the games
+were ended, and they could again bear arms without offending the gods.
+
+The Persian fleet, as you have seen, had passed behind Mount Athos,
+instead of rounding it as before, and Xerxes intended landing part of
+his army just below Thermopylæ. Unfortunately for him, however, the four
+hundred vessels bearing his troops were wrecked by a sudden storm.
+
+Another fleet was immediately prepared; but, before it was ready, the
+Olympic games came to an end, and the Greeks, flying to arms as they had
+promised, hastily embarked upon their own vessels, and came and took up
+their position at Ar-te-mis´ium, to hinder the advance of the Persian
+fleet.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+L. LEONIDAS AT THERMOPYLÆ
+
+
+The Persian army had come to the Pass of Thermopylæ; and Xerxes, seeing
+that it was guarded by only a few men, sent them a haughty message,
+bidding them surrender their arms.
+
+Instead of seeing a meek compliance with this request, as they expected,
+the Persian heralds were amazed to hear Leonidas reply with true laconic
+brevity, "Come and take them!"
+
+The Spartan king, however, had quickly seen that it would be impossible
+for him to do much more than stop for a while the advance of this mighty
+host. As a Spartan never drew back, he made up his mind to die on the
+field of battle, and bade his warriors comb their hair, don their
+choicest armor, and dress themselves in their richest attire, as was the
+custom when some great danger threatened them and they expected to die.
+
+The Persians, seeing this, were greatly surprised, and advanced
+confidently, for they fancied that men who took so much trouble to curl
+and perfume their hair would not be hard to conquer. They soon found out
+their mistake.
+
+As they advanced, the archers shot a volley of arrows, and in such
+numbers that they fairly darkened the sun. One of the allies, seeing
+this, ran to warn Leonidas; but he received the startling news with
+great coolness, and merely said, "Very well; then we can fight in the
+shade."
+
+When Xerxes saw that the Greeks would not yield without striking a blow,
+he gave orders for the battle to begin. The Persians pressed forward,
+under the eye of their king, who sat high up on the rocks to see them
+conquer; but, to his surprise, they were driven back by that mere
+handful of men.
+
+Again and again they tried to force the pass, but all their attempts
+proved vain. The Persian soldiers, amazed at the courage of the Greeks,
+were filled with superstitious fears, and began to refuse to advance,
+except when driven onward under the stinging blows of the lash.
+
+The king was furious to see their close ranks give way time after time,
+and finally ordered his own Immortals to march on and scatter the army,
+which, although so small, was keeping millions of men at bay. He
+expected that everything would of course give way at the very first
+charge of these troops.
+
+Imagine his wrath, therefore, when he saw the Immortals also retreat,
+after many useless efforts to drive away the enemy. The Persians did not
+know what to do. They could not advance, and were ashamed to retreat.
+
+
+
+
+LI. DEATH OF LEONIDAS.
+
+
+While the Persians were hesitating thus, a Greek shepherd, Eph-i-al´tes,
+stole into their camp, and, vile traitor that he was, offered to show
+them another way to get into Greece, if they would pay him well. This
+man was led into the tent of a Persian general, where he explained that
+he could easily lead a troop of Persians over the mountains.
+
+By a goat path known to the Greeks only, it was possible not only to
+cross the mountains, but also to come down upon the small Greek force
+guarding the Pass of Thermopylæ.
+
+His offer as guide was accepted. Ephialtes, true to his promise, if not
+to his country, led the Persian Immortals along this narrow way.
+Leonidas, who could not imagine that any one of the Greeks would be base
+enough to sell his country and honor for gold, had placed only a few of
+the allies at this spot.
+
+[Illustration: A Fighting Persian.]
+
+The Immortals followed Ephialtes, easily cut these few men down, and
+came unperceived behind the Spartan troops. It was only when he heard
+the tramp of horses behind him and on the mountain above him, that
+Leonidas found out that he had been betrayed.
+
+Hastily calling his allies, he gave them permission to save themselves
+by flight, declaring, however, that he and his companions would never
+leave their post, and that, since they could not conquer, they were
+ready to die.
+
+Some of the allies took advantage of this permission to escape, but
+seven hundred Thes´pi-ans nobly chose to remain with the Spartans. With
+the courage of despair, these men now fought against the Persians before
+and behind them, selling their lives as dearly as possible. In spite of
+the odds against them, they refused to surrender, and finally fell, one
+after another, on the spot which they had undertaken to guard.
+
+Their bodies, which were found almost in a heap,--for they had scorned
+to fly,--were honorably buried in a single mound, over which rose a
+monument with this modest inscription,--
+
+
+  "Go, passer-by, at Sparta tell,
+  Obedient to her law we fell."
+
+
+The Persians had forced their way into Greece. Nothing could check their
+further advance, so the mighty army swept southward. The first place of
+note on their way to Athens was Delphi, the site of the sacred temple,
+where great treasures were stored.
+
+The Greeks knew that the Persians did not worship the same gods, and
+feared that they might rob the temple: so they now eagerly questioned
+the oracle, to find out whether they should not all assemble there in
+its defense.
+
+To their surprise, the oracle proudly replied, "The gods will take care
+of their own," and bade them rather use their strength to defend their
+own homes.
+
+The Persians marched into the rocky gorge leading to the temple at
+Delphi, but just as they were entering the valley a terrible
+thunderstorm broke forth. The darkness became so great that the
+soldiers lost their way. The rocks rolled and crashed down upon them;
+and the soldiers, filled with dread, beat a hasty retreat, and never
+again dared venture into this valley.
+
+In the mean while the Greek fleet at Artemisium had held the Persian
+vessels at bay, until news was brought of the death of Leonidas, and the
+passage of Thermopylæ. Then the Greeks sailed as fast as they could
+toward Athens, knowing that they would be needed there to defend the
+city.
+
+The various allies, sure that it would be quite useless to try to defend
+the northern part of Greece any longer, retreated into the Peloponnesus,
+and, hoping to prevent the Persians from entering there, hastily began
+to build a huge wall all across the Isthmus of Corinth, which is only
+about five miles wide.
+
+
+
+
+LII. THE BURNING OF ATHENS.
+
+
+As all their allies were trying only to defend the Peloponnesus, the
+Athenians were left entirely alone. Many of their friends advised them
+to abandon their city, and follow the other Greeks southward, leaving
+all Attica a prey to the foe.
+
+This the Athenians did not wish to do, so they sent in haste to Delphi,
+to inquire of the oracle whether they had better retreat, or attempt to
+defend their city. As was generally the case, the oracle did not give a
+plain answer, but merely said, "The wooden walls will defend you and
+your children."
+
+When this answer was brought to Athens, no one could tell exactly what
+it meant. Some of the citizens fancied that the oracle was advising them
+to retreat behind the ancient wooden stockade on the Acropolis, but
+Themistocles insisted that by "wooden walls" the oracle meant their
+ships.
+
+He finally persuaded the Athenians to believe him. All the old men,
+women, and children were hastily brought on board the ships, and carried
+to the Peloponnesus, where they were welcomed by their friends. Then the
+men embarked in their turn, and the fleet sailed off to the Bay of
+Sal´a-mis, where it awaited a good chance to fight.
+
+The Persians swept down into Attica, and entered the deserted city of
+Athens. Here they gazed in wonder at all they saw, and, after robbing
+the houses, set fire to the town, and burned down all the most beautiful
+buildings.
+
+The Persians were so delighted at having attained their purpose, and
+reduced the proud city to ashes, that they sent messengers to bear the
+glad tidings to the Persian capital. Here the people became almost wild
+with joy, and the whole city rang with their cries of triumph for many a
+day.
+
+As you will remember, Themistocles had allowed the Spartans to command
+both the army and the navy. It was therefore a Spartan king,
+Eu-ry-bi´a-des, who was head of the fleet at Salamis. He was a careful
+man, and was not at all in favor of attacking the Persians.
+
+Themistocles, on the contrary, felt sure that an immediate attack, being
+unexpected, would prove successful, and therefore loudly insisted upon
+it. His persistency in urging it finally made Eurybiades so angry that
+he exclaimed, "Those who begin the race before the signal is given are
+publicly scourged!"
+
+Themistocles, however, would not allow even this remark to annoy him,
+and calmly answered, "Very true, but laggards never win a crown!" The
+reply, which Eurybiades thought was meant for an insult, so enraged him
+that he raised his staff to strike the bold speaker. At this, the brave
+Athenian neither drew back nor flew into a passion: he only cried,
+"Strike if you will, but hear me!"
+
+Once more Themistocles explained his reasons for urging an immediate
+attack; and his plans were so good, that Eurybiades, who could but
+admire his courage, finally yielded, and gave orders to prepare for
+battle.
+
+
+
+
+LIII. THE BATTLES OF SALAMIS AND PLATÆA.
+
+
+The fleets soon came face to face; and Xerxes took up his post on a
+mountain, where he sat in state upon a hastily built throne to see his
+vessels destroy the enemy. He had made very clever plans, and, as his
+fleet was far larger than that of the Greeks, he had no doubt that he
+would succeed in defeating them.
+
+His plans, however, had been found out by Aristides, who was in the
+Island of Ægina; and this noble man rowed over to the fleet, at the risk
+of being caught by the enemy, to warn his fellow-citizens of their
+danger.
+
+He first spoke to Themistocles, saying, "Rivals we have always been; let
+us now set all other rivalry aside, and only strive which can best serve
+his native country."
+
+Themistocles agreed to this proposal, and managed affairs so wisely and
+bravely that the Greeks won a great victory. When they came home in
+triumph with much spoil, the women received them with cries of joy, and
+strewed flowers under their feet.
+
+From his high position, Xerxes saw his fleet cut to pieces; and he was
+so discouraged by this check, that he hastened back to Persia, leaving
+his brother-in-law Mar-do´ni-us with an army of three hundred thousand
+men to finish the conquest of Greece.
+
+The Greeks were so happy over their naval victory at Salamis, that they
+all flew to arms once more; and Pau-sa´ni-as, the Spartan king, the
+successor of Leonidas, was soon able to lead a large army against
+Mardonius.
+
+The two forces met at Pla-tæ´a, and again the Greeks won, although
+fighting against foes who greatly outnumbered them. Strange to relate,
+while Pausanias was winning one battle at Platæa, the other Spartan
+king, Eurybiades, defeated a new Persian fleet at Myc´a-le.
+
+These two victories finished the rout of the greatest army ever seen.
+Mardonius fled with the remnant of his host, leaving his tents, baggage,
+and slaves to the Greeks, who thus got much booty.
+
+We are told that the Spartans, entering the Persian camp, were greatly
+amazed at the luxury of the tents. Pausanias stopped in the one that had
+been occupied by Mardonius, and bade the slaves prepare a meal such as
+they had been wont to lay before their master.
+
+[Illustration: Return of the Victorious Greeks.]
+
+Then, calling his own Helots, he gave orders for his usual supper. When
+both meals were ready, they made the greatest contrast. The Persian tent
+was all decked with costly hangings, the table was spread with many
+kinds of rich food served in dishes of solid gold, and soft couches were
+spread for the guests.
+
+The Spartan supper, on the contrary, was of the plainest description,
+and was served in ordinary earthenware. Pausanias called his officers
+and men, and, after pointing out the difference between the Spartan and
+the Persian style of living, he showed how much he liked plain food by
+eating his usual supper.
+
+To reward Pausanias for his bravery and for defeating the enemy, the
+Greeks gave him a part of all that was best in the spoil. Next they set
+aside one tenth of it for Apollo, and sent it to his priests at Delphi
+as a token of gratitude for the favor of the god.
+
+To show that they were grateful also to Zeus and Poseidon,--the gods
+who, they thought, had helped them to win their battles by land and by
+sea,--they sent statues to Olympia and Corinth; and they erected a
+temple in honor of Athene, the goddess of defensive war, on the
+battlefield of Platæa.
+
+
+
+
+LIV. THE REBUILDING OF ATHENS.
+
+
+The Persians had been driven out of Greece, and the war with them was
+now carried on in Asia Minor instead of nearer home. The Greek army won
+many battles here also, and even managed to free the city of Miletus
+from the Persian yoke.
+
+These triumphs encouraged all the Ionian cities, and they soon formed a
+league with the other Greeks, promising to help them against the
+Persians should the war ever be renewed. As soon as this alliance was
+made, the Greek fleet returned home, bringing back to Athens as a trophy
+the chains with which Xerxes had pretended to bind the rebellious sea.
+
+In the mean while the Athenians, who had taken refuge on the
+Peloponnesus, had returned to their native city, where, alas! they found
+their houses and temples in ruins. The desolation was great; yet the
+people were so thankful to return, that they prepared to rebuild the
+town.
+
+They were greatly encouraged in this purpose by an event which seemed to
+them a good omen. Near the temple of the patron goddess of Athens stood
+a sacred olive tree, supposed to have been created by her at the time
+when the city received her name.
+
+This place had been burned by the invaders, and the returning Athenians
+sorrowfully gazed upon the blackened trunk of the sacred tree. Imagine
+their delight, therefore, when a new shoot suddenly sprang up from the
+ashes, and put forth leaves with marvelous speed.
+
+The people all cried that the goddess had sent them this sign of her
+continued favor to encourage them to rebuild the city, and they worked
+with such energy that they were soon provided with new homes.
+
+As soon as the Athenians had secured shelter for their families, they
+began to restore the mighty walls which had been the pride of their
+city. When the Spartans heard of this, they jealously objected, for they
+were afraid that Athens would become more powerful than Sparta.
+
+Of course, they did not want to own that they were influenced by so mean
+a feeling as jealousy, so they tried to find a pretext to hinder the
+work. This was soon found, and Spartan messengers came and told the
+Athenians that they should not fortify the town, lest it should fall
+again into the hands of the enemy, and serve them as a stronghold.
+
+Themistocles suspected the real cause of these objections, and made up
+his mind to use all his talents to help his fellow-citizens. He
+therefore secretly assembled the most able men, and told them to go on
+with the work as fast as possible, while he went to Sparta to talk over
+the matter with the Lacedæmonians.
+
+When he arrived at Sparta, he artfully prolonged the discussions until
+the walls were built high enough to be defended. Of course, there was
+now nothing to be done; but the Spartans were very angry, and waited
+anxiously for an opportunity to punish the Athenians. This came after a
+time, as you will see in the following chapters.
+
+
+
+
+LV. DEATH OF PAUSANIAS.
+
+
+Pausanias, the Spartan king, was very proud of the great victory he had
+won over the Persians at Platæa, and of the praise and booty he had
+received. He was so proud of it, that he soon became unbearable, and
+even wanted to become ruler of all Greece.
+
+Although he had at first pretended to despise the luxury which he had
+seen in the tent of Mardonius, he soon began to put on the Persian dress
+and to copy their manners, and demanded much homage from his subjects.
+This greatly displeased the simple Greeks, and he soon saw that they
+would not help him to become sole king.
+
+In his ambition to rule alone, he entirely forgot all that was right,
+and, turning traitor, secretly offered to help the Persians if they
+would promise to make him king over all Greece.
+
+This base plot was found out by the ephors, the officers whose duty it
+was to watch the kings, and they ordered his own guards to seize him.
+Before this order could be carried out, however, Pausanias fled, and
+took refuge in a neighboring temple, where, of course, no one could lay
+violent hands upon him.
+
+As the ephors feared he might even yet escape to Persia, and carry out
+his wicked plans, they ordered that the doors and windows of the temple
+should all be walled up.
+
+It is said that as soon as this command had been given, Pausanias'
+mother brought the first stone, saying she preferred that her son should
+die, rather than live to be a traitor.
+
+Thus walled in, Pausanias slowly starved to death, and the barriers were
+torn down only just in time to allow him to be carried out, and breathe
+his last in the open air. The Spartans would not let him die in the
+temple, because they thought his dying breath would offend the gods.
+
+As Themistocles had been a great friend of Pausanias, he was accused of
+sharing his plans. The Athenians therefore rose up against him in anger,
+ostracized him, and drove him out of the country to end his life in
+exile.
+
+After wandering aimlessly about for some time, Themistocles finally went
+to the court of Ar-tax-erx´es, the son and successor of Xerxes.
+
+The Persian monarch, we are told, welcomed him warmly, gave him a
+Persian wife, and set aside three cities to supply him with bread, meat,
+and wine. Themistocles soon grew very rich, and lived on the fat of the
+land; and a traveler said that he once exclaimed, "How much we should
+have lost, my children and I, had we not been ruined by the Athenians!"
+
+Artaxerxes, having thus provided for all Themistocles' wants, and helped
+him to pile up riches, fancied that his gratitude would lead him to
+perform any service the king might ask. He therefore sent for
+Themistocles one day, and bade him lead a Persian army against the
+Greeks.
+
+But, although Themistocles had been exiled from his country, he had not
+fallen low enough to turn traitor. He proudly refused to fight; and it
+is said that he preferred to commit suicide, rather than injure the
+people he had once loved so dearly.
+
+
+
+
+LVI. CIMON IMPROVES ATHENS.
+
+
+As soon as Themistocles had been banished from Athens, Aristides again
+became the chief man of the city, and he was also made the head and
+leader of the allies. He was so upright and just that all were ready to
+honor and obey him, and they gladly let him take charge of the money of
+the state.
+
+In reward for his services, the Athenians offered him a large salary and
+many rich gifts; but he refused them all, saying that he needed nothing,
+and could afford to serve his country without pay.
+
+He therefore went on seeing to all the public affairs until his death,
+when it was found that he was so poor that there was not enough money
+left to pay for his funeral. The Athenians, touched by his virtues, gave
+him a public burial, held his name in great honor, and often regretted
+that they had once been so ungrateful as to banish their greatest
+citizen, Aristides the Just.
+
+As Aristides had watched carefully over the money of the allied states,
+and had ruled the Athenians very wisely, it is no wonder that Athens had
+little by little risen above Sparta, which had occupied the first place
+ever since the battle of Thermopylæ.
+
+The Athenians, as long as Aristides lived, showed themselves just and
+liberal; but as soon as he was dead, they began to treat their former
+allies unkindly. The money which all the Greek states furnished was now
+no longer used to strengthen the army and navy, as first agreed, but was
+lavishly spent to beautify the city.
+
+Now, while it was a good thing to make their town as fine as possible,
+it was certainly wrong to use the money of others for this purpose, and
+the Athenians were soon punished for their dishonesty.
+
+Cimon, the son of Miltiades, was made the head of the army, and won
+several victories over the Persians in Asia Minor. When he returned to
+Athens, he brought back a great deal of spoil, and generously gave up
+all his share to improve the city and strengthen the walls.
+
+[Illustration: The Theseum.]
+
+It is said that Cimon also enlarged the beautiful gardens of the
+A-cad´e-my; and the citizens, by wandering up and down the shady walks,
+showed that they liked this as well as the Lyceum, which, you will
+remember, Pisistratus had given them.
+
+They also went in crowds to these gardens to hear the philosophers, who
+taught in the cool porticoes or stone piazzas built all around them, and
+there they learned many good things.
+
+Cimon showed his patriotism in still another way by persuading the
+people that the remains of Theseus, their ancient king, should rest in
+the city. Theseus' bones were therefore brought from Scyros, the island
+where he had been killed so treacherously, and were buried near the
+center of Athens, where the resting-place of this great man was marked
+by a temple called the The-se´um. A building of this name is still
+standing in the city; and, although somewhat damaged, it is now used as
+a museum, and contains a fine statue of Theseus.
+
+
+
+
+LVII. THE EARTHQUAKE.
+
+
+Cimon, as you have already seen, was very wealthy, and as generous as he
+was rich. Besides spending so much for the improvement of the city, he
+always kept an open house. His table was bountifully spread, and he
+gladly received as guests all who chose to walk into his home.
+
+Whenever he went out, he was followed by servants who carried full
+purses, and whose duty it was to help all the poor they met. As Cimon
+knew that many of the most deserving poor would have been ashamed to
+receive alms, these men found out their wants, and supplied them
+secretly.
+
+Now, although Cimon was so good and thoughtful, you must not imagine
+that it was always very easy for him to be so. It seems that when he was
+a young man he was very idle and lazy, and never thought of anything but
+his own pleasure.
+
+Aristides the Just noticed how lazy and selfish the young man was, and
+one day went to see him. After a little talk, Aristides told him
+seriously that he ought to be ashamed of the life he was living, as it
+was quite unworthy of a good citizen or of a noble man.
+
+This reproof was so just, that Cimon promised to do better, and tried so
+hard that he soon became one of the most industrious and unselfish men
+of his day.
+
+Cimon was not the only rich man in Athens, however; for Per´i-cles,
+another citizen, was even wealthier than he. As Pericles was shrewd,
+learned, and very eloquent, he soon gained much influence over his
+fellow-citizens.
+
+While Cimon was generally seen in the company of men of his own class,
+and was hence considered the leader of the nobles or aristocrats,
+Pericles liked to talk with the poorer class, whom he could easily sway
+by his eloquent speeches, and who soon made him their idol.
+
+Day by day the two parties became more distinct, and soon the Athenians
+sided either with Pericles or with Cimon in all important matters. The
+two leaders were at first very good friends, but little by little they
+drifted apart, and finally they became rivals.
+
+About this time an earthquake brought great misfortunes upon Greece. The
+whole country shook and swayed, and the effects of the earthquake were
+so disastrous at Sparta that all the houses and temples were destroyed.
+
+Many of the inhabitants were crushed under the falling stones and
+timbers, and there were only five houses left standing. The Spartans
+were in despair; and the Helots, or slaves, who had long been waiting
+for an opportunity to free themselves, fancied that the right time had
+come.
+
+They quickly assembled, and decided to kill the Spartans while they were
+groping about among the ruined dwellings for the remains of their
+relatives and friends.
+
+The plan would have succeeded had not the king, Ar-chi-da´mus, found it
+out. Without a moment's delay, he rallied all the able-bodied men, and
+sent a swift messenger to Athens for aid.
+
+True to their military training, the Spartans dropped everything when
+the summons reached them; and the Helots came marching along, only to
+find their former masters drawn up in battle array, and as calm as if no
+misfortune had happened.
+
+This unexpected resistance so frightened the Helots, that they hastily
+withdrew into Messenia. Here they easily persuaded the Messenians to
+join forces with them and declare war against the Spartans.
+
+In the mean while the swift runner sent by Archidamus had reached
+Athens, and told about the destruction of the town and the perilous
+situation of the people. He ended by imploring the Athenians to send
+immediate aid, lest all the Spartans should perish.
+
+Cimon, who was generous and kind-hearted, immediately cried out that the
+Athenians could not refuse to help their unhappy neighbors; but
+Pericles, who, like most of his fellow-citizens, hated the Spartans,
+advised all his friends to stay quietly at home.
+
+Much discussion took place over this advice. At last, however, Cimon
+prevailed, and an army was sent to help the Spartans. Owing to the
+hesitation of the Athenians, this army came late, and they fought with
+so little spirit that the Lacedæmonians indignantly said that they might
+just as well have remained at home.
+
+This insult so enraged the Athenians that they went home; and when it
+became publicly known how the Spartans had treated their army, the
+people began to murmur against Cimon. In their anger, they forgot all
+the good he had done them, and, assembling in the market place, they
+ostracized him.
+
+
+
+
+LVIII. THE AGE OF PERICLES.
+
+
+As soon as Cimon had been banished, Pericles became sole leader of the
+Athenians; and as he governed them during a long and prosperous time,
+this period is generally known as the Age of Pericles.
+
+The Spartans who had so rudely sent away their Athenian allies manfully
+resolved to help themselves, and set about it so vigorously that they
+soon brought the Helots back to order, and rebuilt their city. When they
+had settled themselves comfortably, however, they remembered the
+lukewarm help which had been given them, and determined to punish the
+Athenians.
+
+The Persian general was just then planning a new invasion of Greece, so
+the Athenians found themselves threatened with a twofold danger. In
+their distress they recalled Cimon, who was an excellent general, and
+implored him to take command of their forces.
+
+Cimon fully justified their confidence, and not only won several
+victories over the Spartans, but compelled them at last to agree to a
+truce of five years. This matter settled, he next attacked the Persians,
+whom he soon defeated by land and by sea.
+
+He then forced Artaxerxes, the Persian king, to swear a solemn oath that
+he would never again wage war against the Athenians, and forbade the
+Persian vessels ever to enter the Ægean Sea.
+
+[Illustration: Pericles.]
+
+These triumphs won, Cimon died from the wounds he had received during
+the war. His death, however, was kept secret for a whole month, so that
+the people would have time to get used to a new leader, and not be
+afraid to fight without their former general.
+
+While Cimon was thus successfully battling with the enemy abroad,
+Pericles had managed affairs at home. He urged the Athenians to finish
+their walls; and by his advice they built also the Long Walls, which
+joined the city to the Pi-ræ´us, a seaport five miles away.
+
+Pericles also increased the Athenian navy, so that, by the time the
+five-years' truce was over, he had a fine fleet to use in fighting
+against the Spartans.
+
+As every victory won by the Athenians had only made Sparta more jealous,
+the war was renewed, and carried on with great fury on both sides. The
+Spartans gained the first victories; but, owing to their better navy,
+the Athenians soon won over all the neighboring cities, and got the
+upper hand of their foes.
+
+[Illustration: The Acropolis.]
+
+They were about to end the war by a last victory at Cor-o-ne´a, when
+fortune suddenly deserted them, and they were so sorely beaten that they
+were very glad to agree to a truce and return home.
+
+By the treaty then signed, the Athenians bound themselves to keep the
+peace during a term of thirty years. In exchange, the Spartans allowed
+them to retain the cities which they had conquered, and the leadership
+of one of the confederacies formed by the Greek states, reserving the
+head of the other for themselves.
+
+During these thirty years of peace, Pericles was very busy, and his
+efforts were directed for the most part toward the improvement of
+Athens. By his advice a magnificent temple, the Par´the-non, was built
+on top of the Acropolis, in honor of Athene.
+
+This temple, one of the wonders of the world, was decorated with
+beautiful carvings by Phidias, and all the rich Athenians went to see
+them as soon as they were finished. This sculptor also made a
+magnificent gold and ivory statue of the goddess, to stand in the midst
+of the Parthenon. But in spite of all his talent, Phidias had many
+enemies. After a while they wrongfully accused him of stealing part of
+the gold intrusted to him. Phidias vainly tried to defend himself; but
+they would not listen to him, and put him in prison, where he died.
+
+Between the temple of Athene and the city there was a series of steps
+and beautiful porticoes, decorated with paintings and sculptures, which
+have never been surpassed.
+
+Many other beautiful buildings were erected under the rule of Pericles;
+and the beauty and art loving Athenians could soon boast that their city
+was the finest in the world. Artists from all parts of the country
+thronged thither in search of work, and all were well received by
+Pericles.
+
+[Illustration: Phidias.]
+
+
+
+
+LIX. THE TEACHINGS OF ANAXAGORAS.
+
+
+As Pericles was a very cultivated man, he liked to meet and talk with
+the philosophers, and to befriend the artists. He was greatly attached
+to the sculptor Phidias, and he therefore did all in his power to save
+him from the envy of his fellow-citizens.
+
+An-ax-ag´o-ras, a philosopher of great renown, was the friend and
+teacher of Pericles. He, too, won the dislike of the people; and, as
+they could not accuse him also of stealing, they charged him with
+publicly teaching that the gods they worshiped were not true gods, and
+proposed to put him to death for this crime.
+
+Now, Anaxagoras had never heard of the true God, the God whom we
+worship. He had heard only of Zeus, Athene, and the other gods honored
+by his people; but he was so wise and so thoughtful that he believed the
+world could never have been created by such divinities as those.
+
+He observed all he saw very attentively, and shocked the people greatly
+by saying that the sun was not a god driving in a golden chariot, but a
+great glowing rock, which, in spite of its seemingly small size, he
+thought must be about as large as the Peloponnesus.
+
+Of course, this seems very strange to you. But Anaxagoras lived more
+than two thousand years ago, and since then people have constantly been
+finding out new things and writing them in books, so it is no wonder
+that in this matter you are already, perhaps, wiser than he. When you
+come to study about the sun, you will find that Anaxagoras was partly
+right, but that, instead of being only as large as the Peloponnesus, the
+sun is more than a million times larger than the whole earth!
+
+Anaxagoras also tried to explain that the moon was probably very much
+like the earth, with mountains, plains, and seas. These things, which
+they could not understand, made the Athenians so angry that they exiled
+the philosopher, in spite of all Pericles could say.
+
+Anaxagoras went away without making any fuss, and withdrew to a distant
+city, where he continued his studies as before. Many people regretted
+his absence, and missed his wise conversation, but none so much as
+Pericles, who never forgot him, and who gave him money enough to keep
+him in comfort.
+
+Another great friend of Pericles was a woman called As-pa´sia. She was
+so bright that the wisest men of Athens used to go to her house merely
+for the pleasure of talking to her. All the best-informed people in town
+used to assemble there; and Cimon and Pericles, Phidias, Anaxagoras, and
+Soc´ra-tes were among her chosen friends.
+
+
+
+
+LX. BEGINNING OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.
+
+
+The end of Pericles' long and useful life was troubled by a new war
+between Athens and Sparta; for, as soon as the thirty-years' truce was
+ended, both cities flew to arms. The war which then began, and which in
+history is known as the Peloponnesian War, lasted almost as long as the
+truce; that is to say, for nearly thirty years.
+
+Pericles knew very well that the Athenians, not being so well trained,
+were no match for the Spartans on land. He therefore advised all the
+people to come into the city, and take refuge behind the mighty walls,
+while the fleet carried on the war by sea.
+
+This advice was followed. All the farmers left their fields, and crowded
+into Athens. When the Spartans came into Attica, they found the farms
+and villages deserted; but from the top of the Acropolis the people
+could see the enemy burn down their empty dwellings and destroy the
+harvests in their fields.
+
+In the mean while the Athenian fleet had sailed out of the Piræus, and
+had gone down into the Peloponnesus, where the troops landed from time
+to time, striking terror into the hearts of the inhabitants, and causing
+much damage.
+
+The Spartans also had a fleet; but it was so much smaller than that of
+the Athenians, that it could not offer any very great resistance. Still
+the time came when a battle was to take place between the vessels of the
+two cities.
+
+It happened on a day when there was to be an eclipse of the sun. Now,
+you know that this is a very simple and natural thing. An eclipse of the
+sun is a darkening of its surface, which occurs whenever the moon passes
+between it and the earth.
+
+As the moon is a very large and solid body, we cannot see either through
+or around it, and for a few minutes while it is directly between us and
+the sun it entirely hides the latter from our sight. Pericles, who had
+so often talked with Anaxagoras and the other learned men of his day,
+knew what an eclipse was, and had even been told that one would soon
+take place. He was therefore quite ready for it, warned his soldiers
+that it was coming, and illustrated his meaning by flinging his cloak
+over the head of his pilot.
+
+"Can you see the sun now?" he asked.--"Why, no! master, of course not!"
+replied the man. "Your thick cloak is between me and the sun; how could
+I see through it?"--"Well, neither can you see through the moon, then,"
+replied Pericles.
+
+His men, thus warned, showed no fear of the eclipse; but the Spartans,
+who did not trouble themselves greatly with learning, were terrified.
+They imagined that the darkening of the sun at midday was the sign of
+some coming misfortune, and hardly dared to fight against the Athenians.
+
+Thanks to this superstitious fear, Pericles laid waste the fields of the
+Peloponnesus, and came back to Athens in triumph; for, although much
+damage had been done to the enemy, the Athenians had lost only a few
+men. These were buried with great honors. Pericles himself pronounced
+their funeral oration; and we are told that he was so eloquent that all
+his hearers were melted to tears.
+
+
+
+
+LXI. DEATH OF PERICLES.
+
+
+Although the Athenian fleet had caused much damage, and had come home
+victorious, the Spartan army was still in Attica. The Spartans had been
+awed and frightened by the eclipse, but they did not give up their
+purpose, and continued the war.
+
+The Athenians remained within the city walls, not daring to venture out
+lest they should meet with a defeat, and they soon began to suffer
+greatly. As there were not enough water and food for the crowded
+multitude, a terrible disease called the plague soon attacked the
+people. This sickness was contagious, and it spread rapidly. On all
+sides one could see the dead and dying. The sufferers were tormented by
+a burning thirst; and as there was soon no one left to care for the
+sick, they painfully dragged themselves to the sides of the fountains,
+where many of them died.
+
+Not only were the sick uncared for, but it was also nearly impossible to
+dispose of the dead; and the bodies lay in the streets day after day,
+waiting for burial.
+
+When the Athenians were in the greatest distress, Pericles heard that
+there was a Greek doctor, named Hip-poc´ra-tes, who had a cure for the
+plague; and he wrote to him, imploring his help.
+
+Hippocrates received Pericles' letter at the same time that a message
+arrived from Artaxerxes, King of Persia. The king asked him to come and
+save the Persians, who were suffering from the same disease, and offered
+the doctor great wealth.
+
+The noble doctor did not hesitate a moment, but sent away the Persian
+messenger, saying that it was his duty first to save his own countrymen.
+Then he immediately set out for the plague-stricken city of Athens,
+where he worked bravely night and day.
+
+His care and skill restored many sufferers; and, although thousands died
+of the plague, the remaining Athenians knew that they owed him their
+lives. When the danger was over, they all voted that Hippocrates should
+have a golden crown, and said he should be called an Athenian
+citizen,--an honor which they seldom granted to any outsider.
+
+The plague had not only carried away many of the poorer citizens, but
+had also stricken down the nobles and the rich. Pericles' family
+suffered from it too. All his children took it and died, with the
+exception of one.
+
+The great man, in spite of his private cares and sorrows, was always in
+and out among the people, helping and encouraging them, and he finally
+caught the plague himself.
+
+His friends soon saw, that, in spite of all their efforts, he would die.
+They crowded around his bed in tears, praising him in low tones, and
+saying how much he had done for the Athenians and for the improvement of
+their city.
+
+"Why," said one of them warmly, "he found the city bricks, and leaves it
+marble!"
+
+Pericles, whose eyes had been closed, and who seemed unconscious, now
+suddenly roused himself, and said, "Why do you mention those things?
+They were mostly owing to my large fortune. The thing of which I am
+proudest is that I never caused any fellow-citizen to put on mourning!"
+
+Pericles then sank back, and soon died; but his friends always
+remembered that he had ruled Athens for more than thirty years without
+ever punishing any one unjustly, and that he had always proved helpful
+and merciful to all.
+
+
+
+
+LXII. THE PHILOSOPHER SOCRATES.
+
+
+When Pericles died, the Peloponnesian War had already been carried on
+for more than three years, but was not nearly at an end. As the
+Athenians felt the need of a leader, they soon chose Nic´ias to take the
+place left vacant by Pericles.
+
+This Nicias was an honest man; but he was unfortunately rather dull, and
+very slow about deciding anything. Whenever he was called upon to see to
+matters of state, he hesitated so long, and was so uncertain, that the
+Greeks often had cause to regret the loss of Pericles.
+
+There was another man of note in Athens at this time, the philosopher
+Socrates, a truly wise and good man. He was no politician, however; and,
+instead of troubling himself about the state, he spent all his spare
+moments in studying, or in teaching the young men of Athens.
+
+Like his friend Anaxagoras, Socrates was a very deep thinker. He, too,
+always tried to find out the exact truth about everything. He was
+specially anxious to know how the earth had been created, who the Being
+was who gave us life, and whether the soul died with the body, or
+continued to live after the body had fallen into dust.
+
+Socrates was a poor man, a stonecutter by trade; but he spent every
+moment he could spare from his work in thinking, studying, and
+questioning others. Little by little, in spite of the contrary opinion
+of his fellow-citizens, he began to understand that the stories of the
+Greek gods and goddesses could not be true.
+
+He thought that there must surely be a God far greater than they,--a God
+who was good and powerful and just, who governed the world he had
+created, and who rewarded the virtuous and punished the wicked.
+
+[Illustration: Socrates.]
+
+Socrates believed that everybody should be as good and gentle as
+possible, and freely forgive all injuries. This belief was very
+different from that of all ancient nations, who, on the contrary,
+thought that they should try to avenge every insult, and return evil for
+evil.
+
+The philosopher Socrates not only taught this gentleness, but practiced
+it carefully at home and abroad. He had plenty of opportunity to make
+use of it; for he had such a cross wife, that her name, Xan-thip´pe, is
+still used to describe a scolding and bad-tempered woman.
+
+Whenever Xanthippe was angry, she used to scold poor Socrates roundly.
+He always listened without flying into a passion, or even answering her;
+and when her temper was too unbearable, he quietly left the house, and
+went about his business elsewhere.
+
+This gentleness and meekness only angered Xanthippe the more; and one
+day, when he was escaping as usual, she caught up a jug full of water
+and poured it over his head.
+
+Socrates good-naturedly shook off the water, smiled, and merely remarked
+to his companions, "After the thunder comes the rain."
+
+
+
+
+LXIII. SOCRATES' FAVORITE PUPIL.
+
+
+As you have already heard, Socrates was a teacher. He did not, however,
+have a school like yours, with desks, and books, and maps, and
+blackboards. His pupils gathered about him at his workshop, or in the
+cool porticoes, or under the trees in the garden of the Academy.
+
+Then, while hammering his stone, or while slowly pacing up and down, the
+philosopher talked to his scholars so gently and wisely, that even the
+richest and noblest youths of Athens were proud to call him their
+teacher. He also visited the house of the noted Aspasia, and was a
+friend of Pericles, Phidias, and Anaxagoras, besides being the teacher
+of three very celebrated men,--Pla´to, Xen´o-phon, and Al-ci-bi´a-des.
+
+[Illustration: Alcibiades dared the Driver to come on.]
+
+Plato and Xenophon, even in their youth, were noted for their coolness
+and right-mindedness; but Alcibiades, a general favorite, was very
+different from them both. He was an orphan, and the ward of Pericles.
+His father had left him a large fortune; and, as Alcibiades was
+handsome, intelligent, and very high-spirited, he was made much of and
+greatly spoiled.
+
+Even as a little child he was very headstrong, and, as he had no father
+and mother to check him, he was often led by his willfulness into great
+danger. We are told that once, when he saw a wagon coming down the
+street where he and his playmates were playing, he called to the man to
+stop. The man, who cared nothing for their game, drove on, and the other
+children quickly sprang aside so as not to be run over. Alcibiades,
+however, flung himself down across the road, in front of his playthings,
+and dared the driver to come on.
+
+This was of course very foolish; and if the driver had given him a few
+sharp cuts with his whip, it might have done Alcibiades a great deal of
+good. But the man was so amused by the little fellow's pluck, that he
+actually turned around and drove through another street.
+
+When Alcibiades grew a little older, he went to listen to the teachings
+of Socrates. In the presence of this wise man, Alcibiades forgot all his
+vanity and willfulness, talked sensibly, and showed himself well
+informed and kind-hearted.
+
+He seemed so earnest and simple that Socrates soon grew very fond of
+him. They often walked together on the street; and it must have been
+pleasing to see this tall, handsome, and aristocratic youth, eagerly
+listening to the wise words of the homely, toil-worn workman beside
+him.
+
+Unfortunately, however, Alcibiades could not pass all his time with the
+good philosopher, and when he left him it was to spend the rest of the
+day with his own class. As he was rich, generous, and handsome, his
+companions always flattered him, approved of all he did, and admired
+everything he said.
+
+This constant flattery was very bad for the young man; and, as he was
+anxious to please everybody, it often led him to do foolish things. He
+gave costly banquets, drove fast horses, boasted a great deal, and even
+started out for his first battle in a magnificent suit of armor all
+inlaid with gold.
+
+His shield was also inlaid with gold and ivory, and on it was a picture
+of Cu´pid throwing the thunderbolts of Jove (Zeus). All his flatterers,
+instead of telling him frankly that such armor was ridiculous, admired
+him greatly, and vowed that he looked like the god of the sun.
+
+In the midst of the battle, Alcibiades, who was very brave, rushed into
+the thick of the foe. His armor was not as strong as a plainer suit
+would have been; and he soon found himself hemmed round, and almost
+ready to fall. His fine friends had of course deserted the lad; but,
+fortunately for him, Socrates was there. The philosopher rushed into the
+midst of the fray, caught up the young man in his strong arms, and bore
+him off the battlefield to a place of safety, where he tenderly bound up
+his wounds.
+
+As Alcibiades was a good-hearted youth, he felt deeply grateful to
+Socrates for saving his life, and ever after proudly claimed him as a
+friend. In spite of the philosopher's advice, however, the young man
+continued to frequent the same society; and, as he was genial and
+open-handed with all, he daily grew more popular.
+
+
+
+
+LXIV. YOUTH OF ALCIBIADES.
+
+
+As the Greeks all loved the Olympic games, Alcibiades was always seen
+there. He took part in the chariot races especially; and his horses won
+three prizes in succession, to the delight of his admirers.
+
+Alcibiades was shrewd enough, in spite of all his vanity, to understand
+that the people of Athens loved him principally because he was handsome
+and rich. He also knew that they delighted in gossip, and he sometimes
+did a thing merely to hear them talk about it.
+
+He had a very handsome dog, for instance; and for a little while its
+beauty was praised by every one. But the Athenians soon grew used to the
+animal, and ceased to talk about it. Then Alcibiades had the dog's tail
+cut off, and of course every one began to exclaim about that.
+
+Some of the Athenians became so inquisitive that they asked why he had
+done so, and he laughingly answered that it was merely in order to
+supply them with material for conversation and wonder.
+
+Alcibiades was so merry and light-hearted that he treated even serious
+matters in a joking way. We are told, that, when he was first admitted
+to the city council, he acted like a schoolboy, and mischievously let
+loose a captive quail, which ran in and out among the feet of the
+councilors, and fluttered about so wildly as to upset the gravity of the
+whole assembly.
+
+On another occasion the councilors were all waiting for Alcibiades to
+begin their proceedings. He entered the hall with a crown of flowers on
+his head; begged them to excuse him, because he could really not attend
+to business, as he had a banquet at his house; and asked them to adjourn
+and go home with him.
+
+Strange to relate, his manner was so fascinating that the grave
+councilors did as he wished, and dropped their important business to
+feast with him. It was on account of this influence that an Athenian
+citizen once bitterly exclaimed, "Go on, my brave boy! Your prosperity
+will bring ruin on this crowd."
+
+Alcibiades was such a favorite among rich and poor, that the Athenians
+would gladly have made him king. Fortunately, however, the young man
+still had sense enough to refuse this honor; but, although he would not
+accept the title, he exercised much of the power of a king, and soon he
+and Nicias were the principal politicians of the day.
+
+Alcibiades was as ambitious as Nicias was careful; and while the latter
+was always trying to keep the Athenians as quiet and contented as
+possible, Alcibiades was always ready to think of some plan by which the
+power of the city could be extended.
+
+This ambition of Alcibiades was destined to have a very bad effect upon
+his own fortunes and upon those of his native land, as you will see by
+the end of his career.
+
+
+
+
+LXV. GREEK COLONIES IN ITALY.
+
+
+The Greeks, as you know, had founded colonies all along the coast of
+Asia Minor and on many of the islands. They had also sailed as far as
+Italy and Sicily, where they built many towns.
+
+Little by little these colonies grew richer and stronger. As the Greek
+settlers increased in number, they claimed more and more land. In Sicily
+and southern Italy the soil was so fertile that the people soon grew
+very rich; and, as they had vessels in plenty, they traded everywhere,
+and became noted for their commercial enterprise.
+
+The first of the Greek colonies in southern Italy was the city of
+Syb´a-ris. It was so prosperous that the people had more money than they
+knew what to do with; and they spent large sums in making their houses
+beautiful and in securing every comfort.
+
+The Syb´a-rites soon became so luxurious in their habits, that they were
+noted all over the country for their love of ease. We are told that one
+Sybarite, for instance, once ordered his slaves to prepare a couch for
+him of fresh rose leaves.
+
+When it was ready, he stretched himself out upon it and slept. In a
+short time he awoke with cries of great distress, saying that he could
+not sleep because a rose leaf was crumpled under him, and chafed his
+tender skin.
+
+Ever since then, when people make a great fuss about a trifle, they are
+apt to hear the remark, "'Tis the crumpled rose leaf!" and when they
+spend too much thought upon their bodily comfort, and indulge in too
+much luxury, they are called Sybarites.
+
+The people of this town continued to flourish for some time, but they
+finally quarreled with the neighboring colony of Croton. A war followed,
+in which the ease-loving Sybarites were defeated and their city was
+destroyed.
+
+Croton and Ta-ren´tum on the mainland, and Messina and Syr´a-cuse on the
+Island of Sicily, were now the principal colonies. They were all very
+rich and prosperous, so Alcibiades told the Athenians that it would be a
+good plan to send out a fleet to conquer and annex them.
+
+Nicias and his party opposed this plan; but when it was put to the vote,
+it was found that the eloquence of Alcibiades had prevailed. A large
+fleet was prepared, and Nicias, Lam´a-chus, and Alcibiades were chosen
+generals of the expedition. The fleet was on the point of sailing out of
+the Piræus, when the Athenians found out that all the statues of their
+god Her´mes, which were used as boundary marks and milestones, had been
+shamefully broken.
+
+The excited people assembled on the market place to discuss this event;
+and all cried loudly against it, for the statues were considered sacred,
+as they represented a god. Alcibiades' enemies--and he had a number,
+although he was so popular--now stepped forward, and declared that he
+had done it after the banquet which he had given to celebrate his
+departure.
+
+The young man denied having broken the statues, and asked that his
+trial might take place at once, so that he might prove his innocence
+before he started out; but, in spite of this urgent request, it was
+postponed, and he was forced to depart with this cloud hanging over him.
+
+
+
+
+LXVI. ALCIBIADES IN DISGRACE.
+
+
+Alcibiades had no sooner sailed, however, than his enemies, grown
+bolder, began to talk louder, and soon convinced the people of his
+guilt. In their wrath, the Athenians now sent a messenger to Sicily to
+overtake him, and bid him return to Athens to be tried.
+
+His friends, seeing the excitement of the people, and fearing that they
+would condemn him in anger, sent word to him not to return, but to wait
+until the popular fury had had time to blow over.
+
+In obedience to this advice, Alcibiades left the fleet, and, instead of
+going to Athens, went straight to Sparta, where he took up his abode.
+Here the changeable youth adopted the Spartan dress, lived with the
+utmost simplicity and frugality, and even used the laconic mode of
+speech.
+
+As he was tall and strong, and a very good athlete, he soon won the
+admiration of the Spartans, and made many friends. During his stay here,
+he heard that he had been tried at Athens, although absent, found guilty
+of sacrilege, and even sentenced to death.
+
+This ingratitude on the part of his people so angered Alcibiades, that
+he told the Spartans all the Athenian plans, and showed how to upset
+them. By his advice, the Spartans sent aid to the Greeks in Sicily,
+helped them to resist the Athenian attack, and even captured both
+generals and seven thousand soldiers, who were put to death.
+
+The Spartans, still under Alcibiades' instructions, now took and
+fortified the small town of Dec-e-le´a, only twelve miles from Athens.
+Here they kept an armed force, ready to spring out at any minute and
+molest the Athenians, who thus found themselves in a continual state of
+warfare and insecurity.
+
+The small cities and islands which the Athenians had won by force now
+seized this favorable opportunity to revolt; and the Persians, at
+Alcibiades' invitation, joined them, and again began to wage war with
+the proud city.
+
+[Illustration: Alcibiades.]
+
+The Athenians were almost in despair. They had enemies on all sides, and
+were also worried by the quarrels of aristocrats and democrats within
+the city. These two political parties were now so opposed to each other,
+that nothing could make them friends.
+
+The army, longing for action, and without a leader, finally took matters
+into their own hands. They recalled Alcibiades, and asked him to help
+them. The young man, who was generous and kind-hearted, immediately
+responded to this appeal; and, now that it was too late, he repented of
+what he had done, and began to do all in his power to defeat the enemy
+he had aroused.
+
+By his eloquence and skill, Alcibiades finally succeeded in winning the
+Persians over to side with the Athenians, and to fight against the
+Spartans; but all his efforts to make up for the past were vain. His
+treachery had ruined Athens; and when he led the troops against the
+Spartans, the Athenians were completely defeated.
+
+
+
+
+LXVII. DEATH OF ALCIBIADES.
+
+
+Afraid to return to his native city, where he knew the people would
+blame him for their sufferings, Alcibiades fled. After roaming about for
+some time, he took refuge in a castle which he had built on the
+Cher-so-ne´sus.
+
+From the height upon which the castle stood, Alcibiades could overlook
+the sea on both sides; and he watched the Spartan and Athenian fleets,
+which, unknown to each other, had come to anchor very near him. He soon
+discovered that the Spartans had become aware of the presence of the
+Athenians, and were preparing to surprise them.
+
+He therefore left his castle, and, at the risk of his life, went down to
+warn the Athenians of the coming danger. They, however, treated his
+warning with scorn, and bade him return to his castle, and remember
+that he no longer had any right to interfere in their affairs.
+
+From the top of his promontory, Alcibiades saw the complete destruction
+of the Athenian fleet. Only a few men managed to escape to his castle
+for shelter; while a single ship sailed in haste to Athens, to report
+the defeat, and warn the people of the coming danger.
+
+A few days later the victorious Spartan army marched unchallenged into
+Athens, for there were now no fighting men left to oppose them. The
+Spartans said that Athens must now obey them in all things; and, to
+humiliate the people, they tore down the Long Walls to the sound of
+joyful music on the anniversary of the glorious victory of Salamis.
+
+Thus ended the Peloponnesian War, which, as you have seen, began shortly
+before the death of Pericles. From this time on, the fame of Athens was
+due mostly to her literature and art.
+
+By order of the Spartans, Solon's laws were set aside, and thirty men
+were chosen to govern the city. These rulers proved so stern and cruel,
+that they were soon known as the Thirty Tyrants, and were hated by every
+one.
+
+The Athenians suffered so sorely under the government which the Spartans
+had thus forced upon them, that they soon began to long for the return
+of Alcibiades, who, whatever his faults, was always generous.
+
+When the Thirty Tyrants and the Spartans learned of this feeling, they
+were afraid that the Athenians would summon Alcibiades, so they bribed
+the Persian governor to put him to death.
+
+A party of murderers went to his house at night, and set it afire.
+Alcibiades, waking up suddenly, tried to escape with his household; but
+no sooner had he reached the door than he found himself surrounded by
+enemies.
+
+Alcibiades quickly wrapped his cloak around his left arm to serve as a
+shield, and, seizing his sword in his right hand, rushed manfully out
+upon his foes. The Persians, frightened at his approach, fled in haste;
+but they came to a stop at a safe distance, and flung so many stones and
+spears at him that he soon fell dead from the blows.
+
+His body was left where it had fallen, and was found by his wife, who
+loved him dearly in spite of all his faults. She tenderly wrapped it up
+in her own mantle, and had it buried not far from where it lay.
+
+Thus ended the life of the brilliant Alcibiades, who died at the age of
+forty, far away from his native land, and from the people whose idol he
+had once been, but whom he had ruined by his vanity.
+
+
+
+
+LXVIII. THE OVERTHROW OF THE THIRTY TYRANTS.
+
+
+Although the Thirty Tyrants ruled in Athens but a short time, they
+condemned fifteen hundred men to death, and drove many good citizens
+into exile. During their brief period of authority they even found fault
+with Socrates, and would have liked to kill him, though he was the
+greatest philosopher the world has ever known.
+
+As the rule of the Thirty Tyrants had been forced upon them by the
+victorious Spartans, the Athenians soon resolved to get rid of them.
+Among the good citizens whom these cruel rulers had driven away into
+exile, was Thras-y-bu´lus, who was a real patriot.
+
+He had seen the sufferings of the Athenians, and his sympathy had been
+roused. So he began plotting against the Thirty Tyrants, assembled a few
+brave men, entered the city, drove out the Spartans, and overturned
+their government when they least expected it.
+
+Some years later the Athenians rebuilt the Long Walls, which Ly-san´der,
+the Spartan general, had torn down to the sound of festive music. They
+were so glad to be rid of the cruel tyrants, that they erected statues
+in honor of Thrasybulus, their deliverer, and sang songs in his praise
+at all their public festivals.
+
+The Spartans, in the mean while, had been changing rapidly for the
+worse, for the defeat of the Athenians had filled their hearts with
+pride, and had made them fancy they were the bravest and greatest people
+on earth. Such conceit is always harmful.
+
+Lysander, in capturing Athens and the smaller towns of Attica, had won
+much booty, which was all sent to Sparta. The ephors refused at first to
+accept or distribute this gold, saying that the love of wealth was the
+root of all evil; but they finally decided to use it for the improvement
+of their city.
+
+Lysander himself was as noble a man as he was a good general, and kept
+none of the booty for his own use. On the contrary, he came back to
+Sparta so poor, that, when he died, the city had to pay his funeral
+expenses.
+
+The Spartans felt so grateful for the services which he had rendered
+them, that they not only gave him a fine burial, but also gave marriage
+portions to his daughters, and helped them to get good husbands.
+
+
+
+
+LXIX. ACCUSATION OF SOCRATES.
+
+
+Socrates, as you know, was one of the best and gentlest of men, yet he
+had many enemies. These were principally the people who were jealous of
+him and of his renown for great wisdom; for his reputation was so well
+established, that the oracle at Delphi, when consulted, replied that the
+most learned man in Greece was Socrates.
+
+Although Socrates was so wise and good and gentle, he was not at all
+conceited, and showed his wisdom by never pretending to know what he did
+not know, and by his readiness to learn anything new, provided one could
+prove it to be true.
+
+Among the noted Athenians of this time was Aristophanes, a writer of
+comedies or funny plays. He was so witty that his comedies are still
+admired almost as much as when they were played in the Theater of
+Dionysus for the amusement of the people.
+
+Like most funny men, Aristophanes liked to turn everything into
+ridicule. He had often seen Socrates and Alcibiades walking through the
+streets of Athens, and was greatly amused at the contrast they
+presented.
+
+Now, Aristophanes, with all his cleverness, was not always just; and
+while his ridicule sometimes did good, at other times it did a great
+deal of harm. He soon learned to dislike Alcibiades; but he saw how
+dearly the people loved the young man, and fancied that his faults must
+be owing to the bad advice of his teacher. Such was not the case, for
+Socrates had tried to bring out all the good in his pupil. Alcibiades'
+pride, insolence, and treachery were rather the result of the constant
+flattery to which he had been exposed on the part of those who claimed
+to be his friends.
+
+Aristophanes disliked Alcibiades so much that he soon wrote a comedy
+called "The Clouds," in which he made fun of him. Of course, he did not
+call the people in the play by their real names; but the hero was a
+good-for-nothing young man, who, advised by his teacher, bought fast
+horses, ran his father into debt, cheated everybody, and treated even
+the gods with disrespect.
+
+As the actors who took part in this comedy dressed and acted as nearly
+as possible like Alcibiades and Socrates, you can imagine that the play,
+which was very comical and clever, made the Athenians roar with
+laughter.
+
+Everybody talked about it, repeated the best jokes, and went again and
+again to see and laugh over it. We are told that Socrates went there
+himself one day; and, when asked why he had come, he quietly said, "I
+came to find out whether, among all the faults of which I am accused,
+there may not be some that I can correct."
+
+You see, the philosopher knew that it was never too late to mend, and
+fully intended to be as perfect as possible. He knew, of course, that he
+could not straighten his crooked nose or make his face good-looking,
+but he hoped to find some way of improving his character.
+
+"The Clouds" amused the Athenians for about twenty years; and when
+Alcibiades turned traitor, and caused the ruin of his country, the
+people still went to see it. In their anger against Alcibiades, they
+began to think that perhaps Aristophanes was right, and that the youth
+they had once loved so dearly would never have turned out so badly had
+he not been influenced for evil.
+
+As the teacher in the play was blamed for all the wrongdoing of his
+pupil, so Socrates was now accused by the Athenians of ruining
+Alcibiades. Little by little the philosopher's enemies became so bold
+that they finally made up their minds to get rid of him. As he was quite
+innocent, and as there was no other excuse for dragging him before the
+Tribunal, they finally charged him with giving bad advice to young men,
+and speaking ill of the gods.
+
+
+
+
+LXX. DEATH OF SOCRATES.
+
+
+The false accusation made against Socrates by his enemies soon had the
+desired effect, for the Tribunal gave orders for his arrest and trial.
+The philosopher, sure of his innocence, came before his judges, and
+calmly answered their questions.
+
+He told them he had never turned the gods into ridicule, as he knew it
+was wrong to make fun of anything which others deemed sacred. Then, as
+they still further pressed him to explain his views, he confessed that
+he believed there was a God greater and better than any they worshiped.
+
+As to teaching the young men anything which could do them harm, he said
+it was quite impossible; for he had ever told them that they should be
+as good, virtuous, and helpful as they could, which was surely not
+wrong.
+
+Socrates gave noble answers to all their questions; but the judges,
+blinded with prejudice, believed the lying charges of his enemies, which
+Socrates scorned to contradict. The philosopher's friends begged him to
+use his eloquence to defend himself and confound his accusers; but he
+calmly refused, saying, "My whole life and teaching is the only
+contradiction, and the best defense I can offer."
+
+Socrates, as you have seen, was really one of the best men that ever
+lived, and, without having ever heard of the true God, he still believed
+in him. Nearly four centuries before the coming of Christ, when people
+believed in revenge, he preached the doctrine of "Love one another" and
+"Do good to them that hate you."
+
+But, in spite of all his goodness and constant uprightness, Socrates the
+philosopher was condemned to the shameful death of a base criminal.
+
+Now, in Greece, criminals were forced to drink a cup of deadly poison at
+sunset on the day of their condemnation, and there was generally but a
+few hours' delay between the sentence and its execution. But the law
+said that during one month in the year no such punishment should be
+inflicted. This was while an Athenian vessel was away on a voyage to
+the Island of De´los to bear the annual offerings to Apollo's shrine.
+
+As Socrates was tried and condemned at this season, the people were
+forced to await the return of the vessel before they could kill him: so
+they put him in prison. Here he was chained fast, yet his friends were
+allowed to visit him and to talk with him.
+
+Day after day the small band of his pupils gathered around him in
+prison; and, as some of them were very rich, they bribed the jailer, and
+arranged everything for their beloved master's escape.
+
+When the time came, and Socrates was told that he could leave the prison
+unseen, and be taken to a place of safety, he refused to go, saying that
+it would be against the law, which he had never yet disobeyed.
+
+In vain his friends and disciples begged him to save his life: he would
+not consent. Then Cri´to, one of his pupils, began to weep, in his
+distress, and exclaimed indignantly, "Master, will you then remain here,
+and die innocent?"
+
+"Of course," replied Socrates, gravely. "Would you rather I should die
+guilty?"
+
+Then, gathering his disciples around him, he began to talk to them in
+the most beautiful and solemn way about life and death, and especially
+about the immortality of the soul.
+
+This last conversation of Socrates was so attentively listened to by his
+disciple Plato, the wisest among them all, that he afterward wrote it
+down from memory almost word for word, and thus kept it so that we can
+still read it.
+
+[Illustration: Socrates' Farewell.]
+
+As the sun was slowly setting on that last day, the sacred vessel came
+back from Delos. The time of waiting was ended, and now the prisoner
+must die. The jailer interrupted this beautiful last talk, and entered
+the cell, bringing the cup of poison.
+
+Socrates took the cup from his hand and drained it, unmoved, telling his
+disciples that he felt sure that death was only birth into another and
+better world. Then he bade them all farewell.
+
+As he was a good and scrupulous man, very careful about paying his debts
+and keeping his promises, he now told Crito to remember that he had
+promised to sacrifice a cock to Æs-cu-la´pi-us, the god of medicine, and
+bade him do it in his stead.
+
+He then lay down upon his hard prison bed, and, while he felt the chill
+of death slowly creeping upward toward his heart, he continued to teach
+and exhort his pupils to love virtue and do right.
+
+All his last sayings were carefully treasured by Plato, who wrote them
+down, and who concludes the story of his death in these beautiful words:
+"Thus died the man who, of all with whom we are acquainted, was in death
+the noblest, and in life the wisest and best."
+
+Some time after the death of Socrates, the Athenians found out their
+mistake. Filled with remorse, they recalled the sentence which had
+condemned him, but they could not bring him back to life. In token of
+their sorrow, however, they set up a statue of him in the heart of their
+city.
+
+This statue, although made of bronze, has long ceased to exist; but the
+remembrance of Socrates' virtues is still held dear, and all who know
+his name both love and honor him.
+
+
+
+
+LXXI. THE DEFEAT OF CYRUS.
+
+
+It was at the close of the Peloponnesian War that Darius II., King of
+Persia, died, leaving two sons, Artaxerxes and Cy´rus. These two heirs
+could not agree which should reign. Artaxerxes claimed the throne
+because he was the elder, and Cyrus because he was the first son born
+after their father had become king; for in Persia it was the custom for
+a ruler to choose as his successor a son born after he had taken
+possession of the throne.
+
+The quarrel between the two brothers daily became more bitter; and when
+Artaxerxes made himself king by force, Cyrus swore that he would compel
+him to give up his place again.
+
+To oust his brother from the throne, Cyrus collected an army in Asia
+Minor; and, as he could not secure enough Persian soldiers, he hired a
+body of eleven thousand Greeks, commanded by a Spartan named
+Cle-ar´chus.
+
+This Greek army was only a small part of Cyrus' force; but he expected
+great things from it, as the Persians had already found out to their
+cost that the Greeks were very good fighters.
+
+After a long march, the armies of both brothers met at Cu-nax´a; and
+there was a terrible battle, in the midst of which Cyrus was killed. Of
+course, his death ended the quarrel, and the Persians all surrendered.
+
+But the Greeks continued fighting bravely, until Artaxerxes sent them
+word that his brother was dead, and that he would have them guided
+safely back to their own country if they would lay down their arms.
+
+The Greeks, believing him, immediately stopped fighting; and their
+officers accepted an invitation to enter the Persian camp, and be
+present at the council of all the generals.
+
+Their trust was sadly misplaced, however; for no sooner had the Greek
+officers entered the tent than they were surrounded and slain. The
+Persian king then sent a message to the Greek troops, saying that their
+leaders were all dead, and summoning them to give up their arms and to
+swear to obey him in all things.
+
+This message filled the hearts of the Greeks with rage and despair. What
+were they to do? Their chiefs were dead, they were in a strange country
+surrounded by enemies, and their own home lay eight months' journey
+away.
+
+They had no leaders, no money or provisions, and no guides to show them
+the way back across the burning sands, deep rivers, and over the
+mountains. They had nothing, in short, but the armor on their backs and
+the weapons in their hands.
+
+As they did not even know the language of the country, they could not
+ask their way; and as they were surrounded by enemies, they must be
+constantly on their guard lest they should be surprised and taken
+prisoners or killed. They were indeed in a sorry plight; and no wonder
+that they all fancied they would never see their homes again. When night
+came on, they flung themselves down upon the ground without having eaten
+any supper. Their hearts were so heavy, however, that they could not
+sleep, but tossed and moaned in their despair.
+
+In this army there was a pupil of Socrates, called Xenophon. He was a
+good and brave man. Instead of bewailing his bad luck, as the others
+did, he tried to think of some plan by which the army might yet be
+saved, and brought back to Greece.
+
+His night of deep thought was not in vain; and as soon as morning dawned
+he called his companions together, and begged them to listen to him, as
+he had found a way of saving them from slavery or death.
+
+Then he explained to them, that, if they were only united and willing,
+they could form a compact body, and, under a leader of their own
+choosing, could beat a safe retreat toward the sea.
+
+
+
+
+LXXII. THE RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND.
+
+
+Xenophon's advice pleased the Greeks. It was far better, they thought,
+to make the glorious attempt to return home, than basely to surrender
+their arms, and become the subjects of a foreign king.
+
+They therefore said they would elect a leader, and all chose Xenophon to
+fill this difficult office. He, however, consented to accept it only
+upon condition that each soldier would pledge his word of honor to obey
+him; for he knew that the least disobedience would hinder success, and
+that in union alone lay strength. The soldiers understood this too, and
+not only swore to obey him, but even promised not to quarrel among
+themselves.
+
+So the little army began its homeward march, tramping bravely over sandy
+wastes and along rocky pathways. When they came to a river too deep to
+be crossed by fording, they followed it up toward its source until they
+could find a suitable place to get over it; and, as they had neither
+money nor provisions, they were obliged to seize all their food on the
+way.
+
+The Greeks not only had to overcome countless natural obstacles, but
+were also compelled to keep up a continual warfare with the Persians who
+pursued them. Every morning Xenophon had to draw up his little army in
+the form of a square, to keep the enemy at bay.
+
+They would fight thus until nearly nightfall, when the Persians always
+retreated, to camp at a distance from the men they feared. Instead of
+allowing his weary soldiers to sit down and rest, Xenophon would then
+give orders to march onward. So they tramped in the twilight until it
+was too dark or they were too tired to proceed any farther.
+
+After a hasty supper, the Greeks flung themselves down to rest on the
+hard ground, under the light of the stars; but even these slumbers were
+cut short by Xenophon's call at early dawn. Long before the lazy
+Persians were awake, these men were again marching onward; and when the
+mounted enemy overtook them once more, and compelled them to halt and
+fight, they were several miles nearer home.
+
+As the Greeks passed through the wild mountain gorges, they were further
+hindered by the neighboring people, who tried to stop them by rolling
+trunks of trees and rocks down upon them. Although some were wounded and
+others killed, the little army pressed forward, and, after a march of
+about a thousand miles, they came at last within sight of the sea.
+
+You may imagine what a joyful shout arose, and how lovingly they gazed
+upon the blue waters which washed the shores of their native land also.
+
+But although Xenophon and his men had come to the sea, their troubles
+were not yet ended; for, as they had no money to pay their passage, none
+of the captains would take them on board.
+
+Instead of embarking, therefore, and resting their weary limbs while the
+wind wafted them home, they were forced to tramp along the seashore.
+They were no longer in great danger, but were tired and discontented,
+and now for the first time they began to forget their promise to obey
+Xenophon.
+
+To obtain money enough to pay their passage to Greece, they took several
+small towns along their way, and robbed them. Then, hearing that there
+was a new expedition on foot to free the Ionian cities from the Persian
+yoke, they suddenly decided not to return home, but to go and help them.
+
+Xenophon therefore led them to Per´ga-mus, where he gave them over to
+their new leader. There were still ten thousand left out of the eleven
+thousand men that Cyrus had hired, and Xenophon had cause to feel proud
+of having brought them across the enemy's territory with so little loss.
+
+After bidding them farewell, Xenophon returned home, and wrote down an
+account of this famous Retreat of the Ten Thousand in a book called the
+A-nab´a-sis. This account is so interesting that people begin to read it
+as soon as they know a little Greek, and thus learn all about the
+fighting and marching of those brave men.
+
+
+
+
+LXXIII. AGESILAUS IN ASIA.
+
+
+You may remember that the Greeks, at the end of the Peloponnesian War,
+had found out that Sparta was the strongest city in the whole country;
+for, although the Athenians managed to drive the Spartans out of their
+city, they were still forced to recognize them as the leaders of all
+Greece.
+
+The Spartans were proud of having reached such a position, and were
+eager to maintain it at any cost. They therefore kept all the Greek
+towns under their orders, and were delighted to think that their king,
+A-ges-i-la´us, was one of the best generals of his day.
+
+He was not, however, tall and strong, like most of his fellow-citizens,
+but puny and very lame. His small size and bad health had not lessened
+his courage, however, and he was always ready to plan a new campaign or
+to lead his men off to war.
+
+When it became known that Artaxerxes was about to march against the
+Greek cities in Ionia, to punish them for upholding his brother Cyrus,
+and for sending him the ten thousand soldiers who had beat such a
+masterly retreat, Agesilaus made up his mind to go and help them.
+
+There was no prospect of fighting at home just then, so the Spartan
+warriors were only too glad to follow their king to Asia. Agesilaus had
+no sooner landed in Asia Minor, than the Greek cities there gave him
+command over their army, bidding him defend them from the wrath of
+Artaxerxes.
+
+Now, although the Persian host, as usual, far outnumbered the Greek
+army, Agesilaus won several victories over his enemies, who were amazed
+that such a small and insignificant-looking man should be at the same
+time a king and a great general.
+
+They were accustomed to so much pomp and ceremony, and always saw their
+own king so richly dressed, that it seemed very queer to them to see
+Agesilaus going about in the same garments as his men, and himself
+leading them in battle.
+
+
+
+
+LXXIV. A STRANGE INTERVIEW.
+
+
+We are told that Agesilaus was once asked to meet the Persian general
+Phar-na-ba´zus, to have a talk or conference with him,--a thing which
+often took place between generals of different armies.
+
+The meeting was set for a certain day and hour, under a large tree, and
+it was agreed that both generals should come under the escort of their
+personal attendants only.
+
+Agesilaus, plainly clad as usual, came first to the meeting place, and,
+sitting down upon the grass under the tree, he began to eat his usual
+noonday meal of bread and onions.
+
+[Illustration: Agesilaus and Pharnabazus.]
+
+A few moments later the Persian general arrived in rich attire, attended
+by fan and parasol bearer, and by servants bringing carpets for him to
+sit upon, cooling drinks to refresh him, and delicate dishes to tempt
+his appetite.
+
+At first Pharnabazus fancied that a tramp was camping under the tree;
+but when he discovered that this plain little man was really Agesilaus,
+King of Sparta, and the winner of so many battles, he was ashamed of his
+pomp, sent away his attendants, and sat down on the ground beside the
+king.
+
+They now began an important talk, and Pharnabazus was filled with
+admiration when he heard the short but noble answers which Agesilaus had
+for all his questions. He was so impressed by the Spartan king, that he
+shook hands with him when the interview was ended.
+
+Agesilaus was equally pleased with Pharnabazus, and told him that he
+should be proud to call him friend. He invited him to leave his master,
+and come and live in Greece, where all noble men were free.
+
+Pharnabazus did not accept this invitation, but renewed the war,
+whereupon Agesilaus again won several important victories. When the
+Persian king heard that all his soldiers could not get the better of the
+Spartan king, he resolved to try the effect of bribery.
+
+He therefore sent a messenger to Athens to promise this city and her
+allies a very large sum of money provided that they would rise up in
+revolt against Sparta, and thus force Agesilaus to come home.
+
+
+
+
+LXXV. THE PEACE OF ANTALCIDAS.
+
+
+The Athenians hated the Spartans, and were only waiting for an excuse to
+make war against them: so they were only too glad to accept the bribe
+which Artaxerxes offered, and were paid with ten thousand Persian coins
+on which was stamped the figure of an archer.
+
+As soon as the Spartan ephors heard that the Athenians had revolted,
+they sent a message to Agesilaus to tell him to come home. The Spartan
+king was about to deal a crushing blow to the Persians, but he was
+forced to obey the summons. As he embarked he dryly said, "I could
+easily have beaten the whole Persian army, and still ten thousand
+Persian archers have forced me to give up all my plans."
+
+The Thebans joined the Athenians in this revolt, so Agesilaus was very
+indignant against them too. He energetically prepared for war, and met
+the combined Athenian and Theban forces at Coronea, where he defeated
+them completely.
+
+The Athenians, in the mean while, had made their alliance with the
+Persians, and used the money which they had received to strengthen their
+ramparts, as you have seen, and to finish the Long Walls, which had been
+ruined by the Spartans ten years before.
+
+All the Greek states were soon in arms, siding with the Athenians or
+with the Spartans; and the contest continued until everybody was weary
+of fighting. There was, besides, much jealousy among the people
+themselves, and even the laurels of Agesilaus were envied.
+
+The person who was most opposed to him was the Spartan An-tal´ci-das,
+who, fearing that further warfare would only result in increasing
+Agesilaus' popularity and glory, now began to advise peace. As the
+Greeks were tired of the long struggle, they sent Antalcidas to Asia to
+try to make a treaty with the Persians.
+
+Without thinking of anything but his hatred of Agesilaus, Antalcidas
+consented to all that the Persians asked, and finally signed a shameful
+treaty, by which all the Greek cities of Asia Minor and the Island of
+Cy´prus were handed over to the Persian king. The other Greek cities
+were declared independent, and thus Sparta was shorn of much of her
+power. This treaty was a disgrace, and it has always been known in
+history by the name of the man who signed it out of petty spite.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVI. THE THEBAN FRIENDS.
+
+
+Although all the Greek cities were to be free by the treaty of
+Antalcidas, the Spartans kept the Messenians under their sway and, as
+they were still the most powerful people in Greece, they saw that the
+other cities did not infringe upon their rights in any way.
+
+Under pretext of keeping all their neighbors in order, the Spartans were
+always under arms, and on one occasion even forced their way into the
+city of Thebes. The Thebans, who did not expect them, were not ready to
+make war, and were in holiday dress.
+
+They were all in the temple, celebrating the festival of Demeter, the
+harvest goddess; and when the Spartans came thus upon them, they were
+forced to yield without striking a single blow, as they had no weapons
+at hand.
+
+The Spartans were so afraid lest the best and richest citizens should
+try to make the people revolt, that they exiled them all from Thebes,
+allowing none but the poor and insignificant to remain.
+
+To keep possession of the city which they had won by this trick, the
+Spartans put three thousand of their best warriors in the citadel, with
+orders to defend and hold it at any price.
+
+Among the exiled Thebans there was a noble and wealthy man called
+Pe-lop´i-das. He had been sorely wounded in a battle some time before,
+and would have died had he not been saved by a fellow-citizen named
+E-pam-i-non´das, who risked his own life in the rescue.
+
+This man, too, was of noble birth, and was said to be a descendant of
+the men who had sprung from the dragon teeth sown by Cadmus, the founder
+of Thebes. Epaminondas, however, was very poor; and wealth had no charms
+for him, for he was a disciple of Py-tha´o-ras, a philosopher who was
+almost as celebrated as Socrates.
+
+Now, although Epaminondas was poor, quiet, and studious, and Pelopidas
+was particularly fond of noise and bustle, they became great friends and
+almost inseparable companions. Pelopidas, seeing how good and generous a
+man his friend was, did all he could to be like him, and even gave up
+all his luxurious ways to live plainly too.
+
+He therefore had plenty of money to spare, and this he spent very freely
+for the good of the poor. When his former friends asked why he no
+longer cared for his riches, he pointed to a poor cripple near by, and
+said that money was of importance only to unhappy men like that one, who
+could do nothing for themselves.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVII. THEBES FREE ONCE MORE.
+
+
+The Spartans, coming into Thebes, as we have seen, exiled the rich and
+important Pelopidas, but allowed his friend Epaminondas to remain. They
+little suspected that this quiet and seemingly stupid man would in time
+become their greatest enemy, and that the mere sound of his name would
+fill their hearts with dread.
+
+Pelopidas, thus forced to leave home, withdrew to Athens, where he was
+very kindly received. He was not happy, however, and was always longing
+to return home, and see his friend Epaminondas, whose society he missed
+very much.
+
+He therefore called a few of the Theban exiles together, and proposed
+that they should return to Thebes in disguise, and, taking advantage of
+the Spartans' carelessness, kill their leaders, and restore the city to
+freedom.
+
+This proposal was received with joy, although the Spartans numbered
+three thousand, and the Theban exiles only twelve. The chances were of
+course against them; but the men were so anxious to free their city,
+that they resolved to make the attempt.
+
+They therefore set out from Athens with weapons and hunting dogs, as if
+bent upon a day's sport in the country. Thus armed, they secretly
+entered the house of Cha´ron, one of their friends in Thebes. Here they
+exchanged their hunting garments for women's robes; for, hearing that
+the Spartan general and his officers were feasting, they had resolved to
+pretend that they were dancing girls, in order to gain an entrance into
+the banquet hall, and kill the men while they were drinking.
+
+They had just finished dressing, when a knock was heard at the door, and
+a Spartan soldier came in and gravely informed Charon that the commander
+wished to see him.
+
+For a moment Pelopidas and his companions fancied that their plans were
+discovered, and that Charon had betrayed them. He read this suspicion in
+their frightened faces, and, before leaving the house with the soldier,
+he placed his only son, a mere infant, in the arms of Pelopidas, saying,
+"There, keep him; and if you find that I have betrayed you, avenge
+yourselves by killing my only child, my dearest treasure."
+
+After speaking thus, Charon went out, and soon came back to report that
+all was well.
+
+The Theban exiles now went to the banquet hall, where they were readily
+allowed to enter to amuse the company. The Spartan officers, who were no
+longer frugal and temperate as of old, were so heavy and stupid with
+wine, that the supposed dancing girls easily killed them.
+
+[Illustration: "Avenge yourselves by killing my only child."]
+
+One version of the story is, that Pelopidas and his companions rushed
+out into the street with lighted torches, and slew every Spartan they
+met. The Spartan soldiers, deprived of most of their officers (who had
+been killed in the banquet hall), and greatly frightened, fled in the
+darkness from what they fancied was a large army, and returned in haste
+to Sparta.
+
+Imagine their shame, however, when it became known there that they had
+been routed by only twelve determined men! The Spartan citizens were so
+angry that they put the two remaining officers to death, and, collecting
+another army, placed it under the leadership of Cle-om´bro-tus, their
+second king, because Agesilaus was too ill at the time to fight.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVIII. THE BATTLE OF LEUCTRA.
+
+
+The Thebans, delighted at having thus happily got rid of their enemies,
+had made Pelopidas and Epaminondas Boe´o-tarchs, or chiefs of
+Boeotia, the country of which Thebes was the capital. These two men,
+knowing well that the Spartans would soon send an army to win back the
+city, now made great preparations to oppose them.
+
+Epaminondas was made general of the army; and Pelopidas drilled a choice
+company, called the Sacred Battalion. This was formed of three hundred
+brave young Thebans, who took a solemn oath never to turn their backs
+upon the enemy or to surrender, and to die for their native country if
+necessary.
+
+The Thebans then marched forth to meet their foes; and the two armies
+met at Leuc´tra, a small town in Boeotia. As usual, the Thebans had
+consulted the oracles to find out what they should do, and had been
+told that all the omens were unfavorable. Epaminondas, however, nobly
+replied that he knew of none which forbade fighting for the defense of
+one's country, and he boldly ordered the attack.
+
+The Spartans were greatly amused when they heard that Epaminondas, a
+student, was the commander of the army, and they expected to win a very
+easy victory. They were greatly surprised, therefore, when their
+onslaught was met firmly, and when, in spite of all their valor, they
+found themselves defeated, and heard that their leader, Cleombrotus, was
+dead.
+
+The Thebans, of course, gloried in their triumph; but Epaminondas
+remained as modest and unassuming as ever, merely remarking that he was
+glad for his country's and parents' sake that he had been successful. To
+commemorate their good fortune, the Thebans erected a trophy on the
+battlefield of Leuctra, where their troops had covered themselves with
+glory.
+
+The inhabitants of Sparta, who had counted confidently upon victory,
+were dismayed when they saw only a few of their soldiers return from the
+battle, and heard that the Thebans were pursuing them closely. Before
+they could collect new troops, the enemy marched boldly down into
+Laconia; and the women of Sparta now beheld the smoke of the enemy's
+camp for the first time in many years. As there were neither walls nor
+fortifications of any kind, you can easily imagine that the inhabitants
+were in despair, and thought that their last hour had come.
+
+If Epaminondas had been of a revengeful temper, he could easily have
+destroyed the city; but he was gentle and humane, and, remaining at a
+short distance from the place, he said that he would go away without
+doing the Spartans any harm, provided they would promise not to attack
+Thebes again, and to set the Messenians free.
+
+These conditions were eagerly agreed to by the Spartans, who found
+themselves forced to take a secondary place once more. Athens had ruled
+Greece, and had been forced to yield to Sparta; but now Sparta was
+compelled in her turn to recognize the supremacy of Thebes.
+
+
+
+
+LXXIX. DEATH OF PELOPIDAS.
+
+
+Thebes was the main power in Greece after the brilliant victory at
+Leuctra, and for a short time the city managed to maintain its
+supremacy. By virtue of its position, it decided the destiny of less
+powerful cities; and when Al-ex-an´der, tyrant of Thessaly, became very
+cruel, the Thebans sent Pelopidas to remonstrate with him.
+
+Instead of treating the ambassador of the Thebans with courtesy,
+however, the Thessalian tyrant loaded him with heavy chains, put him in
+prison, and vowed he would keep him there as long as he lived.
+
+When the news of this outrage reached the Thebans, they set out at once,
+under the guidance of two new Boeotarchs, to deliver their beloved
+fellow-citizen. Epaminondas, too, marched in the ranks; for, now that
+his term of office was ended, he had contentedly returned to his former
+obscure position.
+
+The new Boeotarchs were unfortunately very poor generals. They met the
+Thessalian army, but were defeated and driven back. Indeed, the Thebans
+were soon in such danger, that the soldiers revolted against their
+generals, and begged Epaminondas again to take the lead.
+
+As they were in great distress, Epaminondas could not refuse to help
+them: so he assumed the command, and beat such a skillful retreat that
+he brought them out of the country in safety.
+
+The following year, when again chosen Boeotarch, Epaminondas made
+plans for a second campaign, and marched into Thessaly to deliver his
+friend, who was still a prisoner.
+
+When Alexander the tyrant heard that Epaminondas was at the head of the
+army, he was frightened, and tried to disarm the wrath of the Thebans by
+setting Pelopidas free, and sending him to meet the advancing army.
+
+Of course, Epaminondas was very glad to see his friend; but when he
+heard how cruelly Alexander treated all his subjects, he nevertheless
+continued his march northward, hoping to rid the country of such a bad
+ruler.
+
+Just then the Spartans, in spite of their solemn promise, suddenly rose
+up in arms against the Thebans; and Epaminondas, leaving part of the
+army in Thessaly with Pelopidas, hurried southward with the rest to put
+down the revolt.
+
+Pelopidas marched boldly northward, met the Thessalians, and fought a
+fierce battle. When it was over, the Thebans, although victorious, were
+very sad; for their leader, Pelopidas, had been slain in the midst of
+the fray.
+
+Still, undaunted by his death, the army pursued the Thessalians, and
+killed Alexander. Then, to show their scorn for such a vile wretch, they
+dragged his body through the mud, and finally flung it out of a palace
+window into the courtyard, where it was torn to pieces by his own
+bloodhounds.
+
+
+
+
+LXXX. THE BATTLE OF MANTINEA.
+
+
+When Epaminondas heard that his friend Pelopidas was dead, he grieved
+sorely; but nevertheless, knowing that his country had need of him, he
+vigorously continued his preparations to meet and conquer the Spartan
+army.
+
+The battle promised to be hard fought; for while Epaminondas, the victor
+of Leuctra, led the Thebans, Agesilaus, the hero of countless battles,
+was again at the head of the Spartan army. The Thebans pressed forward
+so eagerly, however, that the two armies met at Man-ti-ne´a, in the
+central part of the Peloponnesus.
+
+In spite of Agesilaus' courage and experience, and the well-known
+discipline of the Spartan troops, the Thebans again won a splendid
+victory over their foes. Their joy, however, was turned to mourning when
+they heard that Epaminondas had been mortally wounded just as the battle
+was drawing to an end.
+
+A spear had pierced his breast; and as he sank to the ground, some of
+his followers caught him, bore him away tenderly in their arms, and
+carefully laid him down under a tree on a neighboring hillside. As soon
+as he opened his eyes, he eagerly asked how the army was getting along.
+
+Gently raising him so that he could see the battlefield, his friends
+pointed out the Spartan army in full flight, and the Thebans masters of
+the field. Epaminondas sank back with a sigh of relief, but soon roused
+himself again to ask whether his shield were safe.
+
+It was only when he had seen it that he would allow the doctors to
+examine his wound. They found the head of a barbed spear sunk deep into
+his breast, and said that it must be pulled out. Still they hesitated to
+draw it out, for they feared that the rush of blood would kill him.
+
+Epaminondas, therefore, bade them leave it alone, although he was
+suffering greatly; and then he called for his assistant generals, to
+give them a few important orders. The friends standing around him sadly
+told him that both had fallen in the battle, and could no longer execute
+his commands. When Epaminondas heard this unwelcome news, he realized
+that there was no one left who could replace him, and maintain the
+Theban supremacy: so he advised his fellow-countrymen to seize the
+favorable opportunity to make peace with the Spartans.
+
+When he had thus done all in his power to provide for the future welfare
+of his native city, Epaminondas drew out the spear from his wound with
+his own hand, for he saw that his friends were afraid to touch it.
+
+As the doctors had foreseen, there was a great rush of blood, and they
+soon saw that Epaminondas had only a few minutes to live. His friends
+wept over him, and one of them openly expressed his regret that
+Epaminondas left no children.
+
+These words were heard by the dying hero, who opened his eyes once more,
+and gently said, "Leuctra and Mantinea are daughters enough to keep my
+name alive!"
+
+This saying has proved true; for these two great victories are put down
+in every Greek history, and are never spoken of except in connection
+with the noble general who won them in behalf of his country, and died
+on the field when the last victory was secured.
+
+In memory of Epaminondas, their greatest citizen and general, the
+Thebans erected a monument on the battlefield, and engraved his name
+upon it, with an image of the dragon from whose teeth his ancestors had
+sprung.
+
+The Thebans, remembering his dying wish, then proposed a peace, which
+was gladly accepted by all the Greek states, for they were exhausted by
+the almost constant warfare they had kept up during many years.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXI. THE TYRANT OF SYRACUSE.
+
+
+You have seen what a cruel man Alexander was. He was not the only tyrant
+in those days, however; for the city of Syracuse in Sicily, which
+Alcibiades had hoped to conquer, was ruled by a man as harsh and mean as
+Alexander.
+
+This tyrant, whose name was Di-o-nys´ius, had seized the power by force,
+and kept his authority by exercising the greatest severity. He was
+always surrounded by guards, who at a mere sign from him were ready to
+put any one to death.
+
+Dionysius was therefore feared and hated by the people whom he governed,
+but who would have been very glad to get rid of him. No honest man cared
+to come near such a bloodthirsty wretch, and there were soon none but
+wicked men to be found in his court.
+
+These men, hoping to win his favor and get rich gifts, used to flatter
+him constantly. They never told him the truth, but only praised him, and
+made believe to admire all he said and did.
+
+Of course, even though they were wicked too, they could not really
+admire him, but secretly hated and despised him. Their praise,
+therefore, was as false as they, and their advice was always as bad as
+bad could be.
+
+Now, Dionysius was as conceited as he was cruel, and fancied that there
+was nothing he could not do. Among other things, he thought he could
+write beautiful poetry. Whenever he wrote a poem, therefore, he read it
+aloud to all his courtiers, who went into raptures over it, although
+they made great fun of it behind his back.
+
+Dionysius was highly flattered by their praise, but thought he would
+like to have it confirmed by the philosopher Phi-lox´e-nus, the most
+learned man of Syracuse.
+
+He therefore sent for Philoxenus, and bade him give his candid opinion
+of the verse. Now, Philoxenus was far too noble a man to tell a lie: and
+whenever he was consulted by Dionysius, he always boldly told the
+truth, whether it was agreeable or not.
+
+When the tyrant asked his opinion about the poems, therefore, he
+unhesitatingly answered that they were trash, and did not deserve the
+name of poetry at all.
+
+This answer so angered Dionysius, and so sorely wounded his vanity, that
+he called his guards, and bade them put the philosopher into a prison
+hewn out of the living rock, and hence known as "The Quarries."
+
+Here Philoxenus was a prisoner for many a day, although his only fault
+was having told the tyrant an unwelcome truth when asked to speak.
+
+The philosopher's friends were indignant on hearing that he was in
+prison, and signed a petition asking Dionysius to set him free. The
+tyrant read the petition, and promised to grant their request on
+condition that the philosopher would sup with him.
+
+Dionysius' table was well decked, as usual, and at dessert he again read
+aloud some new verses which he had composed. All the courtiers went into
+ecstasies over them, but Philoxenus did not say a word.
+
+Dionysius, however, fancied that his long imprisonment had broken his
+spirit, and that he would not now dare refuse to give a few words of
+praise: so he pointedly asked Philoxenus what he thought of the poem.
+Instead of answering, the philosopher gravely turned toward the guards,
+and in a firm voice cried aloud, "Take me back to The Quarries!" thus
+showing very plainly that he preferred suffering to telling an untruth.
+
+The courtiers were aghast at his rashness, and fully expected that the
+tyrant would take him at his word and put him in prison, if nothing
+worse; but Dionysius was struck by the moral courage which made
+Philoxenus tell the truth at the risk of his life, and he bade him go
+home in peace.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXII. STORY OF DAMON AND PYTHIAS.
+
+
+There lived in those days in Syracuse two young men called Da´mon and
+Pyth´i-as. They were very good friends, and loved each other so dearly
+that they were hardly ever seen apart.
+
+Now, it happened that Pythias in some way roused the anger of the
+tyrant, who put him in prison, and condemned him to die in a few days.
+When Damon heard of it, he was in despair, and vainly tried to obtain
+his friend's pardon and release.
+
+The mother of Pythias was very old, and lived far away from Syracuse
+with her daughter. When the young man heard that he was to die, he was
+tormented by the thought of leaving the women alone. In an interview
+with his friend Damon, Pythias regretfully said that he would die easier
+had he only been able to bid his mother good-by and find a protector for
+his sister.
+
+Damon, anxious to gratify his friend's last wish, went into the presence
+of the tyrant, and proposed to take the place of Pythias in prison, and
+even on the cross, if need be, provided the latter were allowed to visit
+his relatives once more.
+
+Dionysius had heard of the young men's touching friendship, and hated
+them both merely because they were good; yet he allowed them to change
+places, warning them both, however, that, if Pythias were not back in
+time, Damon would have to die in his stead.
+
+At first Pythias refused to allow his friend to take his place in
+prison, but finally he consented, promising to be back in a few days to
+release him. So Pythias hastened home, found a husband for his sister,
+and saw her safely married. Then, after providing for his mother and
+bidding her farewell, he set out to return to Syracuse.
+
+The young man was traveling alone and on foot. He soon fell into the
+hands of thieves, who bound him fast to a tree; and it was only after
+hours of desperate struggling that he managed to wrench himself free
+once more, and sped along his way.
+
+He was running as hard as he could to make up for lost time, when he
+came to the edge of a stream. He had crossed it easily a few days
+before; but a sudden spring freshet had changed it into a raging
+torrent, which no one else would have ventured to enter.
+
+In spite of the danger, Pythias plunged into the water, and, nerved by
+the fear that his friend would die in his stead, he fought the waves so
+successfully that he reached the other side safe but almost exhausted.
+
+Regardless of his pains, Pythias pressed anxiously onward, although his
+road now lay across a plain, where the hot rays of the sun and the
+burning sands greatly increased his fatigue and faintness, and almost
+made him die of thirst. Still he sped onward as fast as his trembling
+limbs could carry him; for the sun was sinking fast, and he knew that
+his friend would die if he were not in Syracuse by sunset.
+
+[Illustration: Damon and Pythias.]
+
+Dionysius, in the mean while, had been amusing himself by taunting
+Damon, constantly telling him that he was a fool to have risked his life
+for a friend, however dear. To anger him, he also insisted that Pythias
+was only too glad to escape death, and would be very careful not to
+return in time.
+
+Damon, who knew the goodness and affection of his friend, received these
+remarks with the scorn they deserved, and repeated again and again that
+he knew Pythias would never break his word, but would be back in time,
+unless hindered in some unforeseen way.
+
+The last hour came. The guards led Damon to the place of crucifixion,
+where he again asserted his faith in his friend, adding, however, that
+he sincerely hoped Pythias would come too late, so that he might die in
+his stead.
+
+Just as the guards were about to nail Damon to the cross, Pythias dashed
+up, pale, bloodstained, and disheveled, and flung his arms around his
+friend's neck with a sob of relief. For the first time Damon now turned
+pale, and began to shed tears of bitter regret.
+
+In a few hurried, panting words, Pythias explained the cause of his
+delay, and, loosing his friend's bonds with his own hands, bade the
+guards bind him instead.
+
+Dionysius, who had come to see the execution, was so touched by this
+true friendship, that for once he forgot his cruelty, and let both young
+men go free, saying that he would not have believed such devotion
+possible had he not seen it with his own eyes.
+
+This friendship, which wrung tears from the grim executioners, and
+touched the tyrant's heart, has become proverbial. When men are devoted
+friends, they are often compared to Damon and Pythias, whose story has
+been a favorite with poets and playwrights.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIII. THE SWORD OF DAMOCLES.
+
+
+Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, was not happy, in spite of all his wealth
+and power. He was especially haunted by the constant fear that some one
+would murder him, for he had been so cruel that he had made many bitter
+enemies.
+
+We are told that he was so afraid, that he never went out unless
+surrounded by guards, sword in hand, and never walked into any room
+until his servants had examined every nook and corner, and made sure
+that no murderer was hiding there.
+
+The tyrant even carried his caution so far, that no one was allowed to
+come into his presence until thoroughly searched, so as to make sure
+that the visitor had no weapon hidden about his person. When his barber
+once jokingly said that the tyrant's life was daily at his mercy,
+Dionysius would no longer allow the man to shave him.
+
+Instead of the barber, Dionysius made his wife and daughter do this
+service for him, until, growing afraid of them also, he either did it
+himself or let his beard grow.
+
+Suspicious people are never happy; and, as Dionysius thought that
+everybody had as evil thoughts as himself, he was always expecting
+others to rob or murder or injure him in some way.
+
+His sleep, even, was haunted by fear; and, lest some one should take him
+unawares, he slept in a bed surrounded by a deep trench. There was a
+drawbridge leading to the bed, which he always drew up himself on his
+own side, so that no one could get at him to murder him in his sleep.
+
+Among the courtiers who daily visited Dionysius there was one called
+Dam´o-cles. He was a great flatterer, and was never weary of telling the
+tyrant how lucky and powerful and rich he was, and how enviable was his
+lot.
+
+Dionysius finally grew tired of hearing his flattery; and when he once
+added, "If I were only obeyed as well as you, I should be the happiest
+of men," the tyrant offered to take him at his word.
+
+By his order, Damocles was dressed in the richest garments, laid on the
+softest couch before the richest meal, and the servants were told to
+obey his every wish. This pleased Damocles greatly. He laughed and sang,
+ate and drank, and was enjoying himself most thoroughly.
+
+By chance he idly gazed up at the ceiling, and saw a naked sword hanging
+by a single hair directly over his head. He grew pale with terror, the
+laughter died on his lips, and, as soon as he could move, he sprang from
+the couch, where he had been in such danger of being killed at any
+minute by the falling sword.
+
+Dionysius with pretended surprise urged him to go back to his seat; but
+Damocles refused to do so, and pointed to the sword with a trembling
+hand. Then the tyrant told him that a person always haunted by fear can
+never be truly happy,--an explanation which Damocles readily understood.
+
+Since then, whenever a seemingly happy and prosperous person is
+threatened by a hidden danger, it has been usual to compare him to
+Damocles, and to say that a sword is hanging over his head.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIV. DION AND DIONYSIUS.
+
+
+When Dionysius the tyrant died at last, he was succeeded by his son, a
+lazy, good-for-nothing young man, who was always changing his mind.
+Every day he had some new fancy, admired something new, or rode some new
+hobby. As the son's name was the same as the father's, the latter is now
+sometimes known as Dionysius the Elder, while the son is generally
+called Dionysius the Younger.
+
+The new tyrant had a brother-in-law named Di´on, a good and studious
+man, who had received an excellent education. Like most rich young
+Greeks of his day, Dion had gone to Athens to finish his studies; and
+there he had been a pupil of Plato, the disciple of Socrates.
+
+As Dion was modest, truthful, and eager to learn, he soon became a
+favorite of Plato, who took great interest in him, and spared no pains
+to make him a fine scholar and philosopher.
+
+When Dion came back to Syracuse, he often spoke with great warmth of
+his teacher. This so excited the curiosity of Dionysius, the new tyrant,
+that he longed to see Plato himself. He therefore begged Dion to invite
+Plato to Syracuse to teach him also.
+
+The young man was very glad to do so. He hoped, that, under the
+philosopher's wise teachings, Dionysius would learn to be good and
+industrious, and thus become a blessing instead of a curse to his
+people. But Plato was already an old man, and answered that he could not
+undertake so long a journey at his advanced age.
+
+Dion then wrote again such imploring letters, that the philosopher
+finally decided to change his mind, and set sail for Syracuse. There he
+was received at the shore by Dionysius in person, and escorted to the
+palace.
+
+For a short time the tyrant listened with great pleasure to the
+philosopher's teachings. Then, growing weary of virtue as of everything
+else, he suddenly began to reproach Dion for bringing such a tiresome
+person to court.
+
+All the courtiers had pretended to listen to Plato's teaching with the
+greatest interest; but they liked feasting better than philosophy, and
+now began to make fun of the great Athenian, and to turn him into
+ridicule.
+
+They were so afraid that the virtuous Dion would again win their fickle
+master's ear, and induce him to do something really useful and
+reasonable, that they made up their minds to get rid of him.
+
+By artful slander they soon made Dionysius believe that his
+brother-in-law was a traitor, and that his only wish was to take the
+power, and become tyrant of Syracuse in his stead.
+
+Now, these accusations were not true; but Dionysius believed them, and
+sent Dion into exile, forbidding his wife, who loved him dearly, to go
+with him, and even forcing her to take another husband instead.
+
+The courtiers wished to revenge themselves for the weary hours they had
+spent listening to Plato's beautiful talk, which they were too base to
+understand, so they now said that he had helped Dion; and they had him
+first put into prison, and then sold into slavery.
+
+Happily, there were some of the philosopher's friends in town; and they,
+hearing of this outrage, knew no rest until they had bought his freedom,
+and sent him back to Athens to end his life in peace.
+
+On his way home, Plato stopped at Olympia to attend the games. As soon
+as the people found out that he was there, they shouted for joy; and one
+and all voted him a crown just like those won by the victors in the
+games.
+
+This was the highest honor the Greeks could bestow; and, although it was
+nothing but a wreath of olive leaves, you may be sure that the
+philosopher prized it more highly than if it had been of pure gold,
+because it was a token of the love and respect of his countrymen.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXV. CIVIL WAR IN SYRACUSE.
+
+
+When Dion was exiled from Syracuse by Dionysius, he went to Greece,
+where he was unhappy only because he could not see the wife and child he
+loved so dearly.
+
+When he heard that the tyrant had forced his wife to belong to another
+husband, he vowed he would punish Dionysius for this crime. Plato vainly
+tried to persuade Dion not to return to Syracuse. The young man refused
+to listen to his advice, and, gathering together a small army, he set
+sail without delay.
+
+He landed boldly, although he was an exile, and was welcomed with great
+joy by all the people, who were very weary of their ruler. When he told
+them that he had come to punish the tyrant, they all joined him, and
+marched with him up to the palace.
+
+As Dionysius was out of town at the time, they had no trouble whatever
+in getting into the royal dwelling. This was hastily deserted by the
+tyrant's few friends, who took refuge in the citadel.
+
+Some time after, when Dionysius came back to the city, he found the
+harbor blocked by a great chain stretched across it to prevent the
+entrance of any ship; and he was forced to retreat into the citadel,
+where the angry Syr-a-cus´ans came to besiege him.
+
+Now, Dion had a great many friends, and, as everybody knew that he was
+truthful and well-meaning, the people all fought on his side. He was so
+strict with himself, however, that he treated his subjects also with
+great rigor, and exacted such obedience and virtue that they soon grew
+weary of his reign.
+
+Then, too, while he was always ready to reward the good, Dion punished
+the wicked with such severity that he soon made many enemies. One of
+these was the courtier Her-a-cli´des, who, instead of showing his
+dislike openly, began to plot against him in secret.
+
+Dionysius, besieged in the citadel, was in sore straits by this time,
+and almost dying of hunger; for the Syracusans, afraid that he would
+escape, had built a wall all around the citadel, and watched it night
+and day, to prevent any one from going in or out, or smuggling in any
+food.
+
+As Dionysius had no army, and could not win back his throne by force, he
+made up his mind to do so, if possible, by a trick. He therefore wrote a
+letter, in which he offered Dion the tyranny in exchange for his
+freedom. This message was worded so cleverly that it sounded as if Dion
+had asked to be made tyrant of Syracuse.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVI. DEATH OF DION.
+
+
+Now, after suffering so much under Dionysius and his father, the
+Syracusans had learned to hate the very name of tyrant; and ever since
+Dion had come into the city, and taken the lead, they had loudly said
+they would never stand such a ruler again.
+
+As soon as the letter was ended, Dionysius tied it to a stone, and threw
+it over the wall. Of course, it was carried to Dion, who read it aloud,
+little suspecting its contents, or the effect it would produce upon his
+followers.
+
+The people began to frown and look angry, and Heraclides boldly seized
+this opportunity to poison their minds against Dion. He urged them to
+drive their new leader out of the city, and to give the command of the
+army to him instead.
+
+The people, ever ready for a change, gladly listened to this advice,
+and, after banishing Dion, made Heraclides their chief. Dionysius
+cleverly managed to escape from the citadel; and his general, Nyp´sius,
+only then becoming aware of the revolution, took his place there, and by
+a sudden sally won back the greater part of the city.
+
+As Heraclides was taken by surprise at this move, and greatly feared the
+wrath of Dionysius, he now wrote to Dion, begging him to come back and
+save those who had upheld him.
+
+The appeal was not made in vain. Dion generously forgave the treachery
+of Heraclides, and, marching into the city once more, drove Nypsius back
+into the citadel, where this general died.
+
+The people of Syracuse were ashamed of having so suddenly turned against
+Dion after their first warm welcome to him, and they now fell at his
+feet, begging his pardon, which he freely granted to them all.
+
+In spite of this kindness, which they had not deserved, Heraclides and
+many others went on plotting secretly against Dion, until his friends,
+weary of such double dealing, put Heraclides to death.
+
+Dion was sorry for this, reproved his friends for committing such a
+crime, and said that he knew the Syracusans would in time lay the murder
+at his door, and try to punish him for it.
+
+He was right in thinking thus, for the friends of Heraclides soon began
+plotting against him; and, entering his country house one day when he
+was alone, they fell upon him and killed him.
+
+As soon as Dionysius heard that Dion was dead, he hastened back to
+Syracuse, where he ruled more cruelly than ever, and put so many people
+to death that the citizens rose up against him once more. With the help
+of a Co-rin´thi-an army, they then freed their city, and sent Dionysius
+to Corinth, where he was forced to earn his living by teaching school.
+
+[Illustration: The people all hooted.]
+
+As Dionysius was a cross and unkind teacher, the children would neither
+love nor obey him; and whenever he passed down the street, clad in a
+rough mantle instead of a jewel-covered robe, the people all hooted, and
+made great fun of him.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVII. PHILIP OF MACEDON.
+
+
+In the days when Thebes was the strongest city in Greece, and when
+Epaminondas was the leader in his native country, he received in his
+house a young Mac-e-do´-ni-an prince called Philip. This young man had
+been sent to Greece as a hostage, and was brought up under the eye of
+Epaminondas. The Theban hero got the best teachers for Philip, who was
+thus trained with great care, and became not only quite learned, but
+also brave and strong.
+
+Mac´e-don, Philip's country, was north of Greece, and its rulers spoke
+Greek and were of Greek descent; but, as the people of Macedon were not
+of the same race, the Greeks did not like them, and never allowed them
+to send any one to the Amphictyonic Council.
+
+Two years after the battle of Mantinea, when Philip was eighteen years
+old, he suddenly learned that the king, his brother, was dead, and had
+left an infant to take his place. Philip knew that a child could not
+govern: so he escaped from Thebes, where he was not very closely
+watched, and made his way to Macedon.
+
+Arriving there, he offered to rule in his little nephew's stead. The
+people were very glad indeed to accept his services; and when they found
+that the child was only half-witted, they formally offered the crown of
+Macedon to Philip.
+
+Now, although Macedon was a very small country, Philip no sooner became
+king than he made up his mind to place it at the head of all the Greek
+states, and make it the foremost kingdom of the world.
+
+This was a very ambitious plan; and in order to carry it out, Philip
+knew that he would need a good army. He therefore began to train his
+men, and, remembering how successful Epaminondas had been, he taught
+them to fight as the Thebans had fought at Leuctra and Mantinea.
+
+Then, instead of drawing up his soldiers in one long line of battle, he
+formed them into a solid body,--an arrangement which soon became known
+as the Macedonian phalanx.
+
+Each soldier in the phalanx had a large shield, and carried a spear. As
+soon as the signal for battle was given, the men locked their shields
+together so as to form a wall, and stood in ranks one behind the other.
+
+The first row of soldiers had short spears, and the fourth and last rows
+very long ones. The weapons of the other rows were of medium length, so
+that they all stuck out beyond the first soldiers, and formed a
+bristling array of points which no one dared meet.
+
+Philip not only trained his army so as to have well-drilled soldiers
+ready, but also found and began to work some gold mines in his kingdom.
+As they yielded much precious metal, he soon became one of the richest
+men of his time.
+
+This wealth proved very useful, for it helped him to hire a great force
+of soldiers, and also to buy up a number of allies. In fact, Philip soon
+found that his gold was even more useful than his army, and he was in
+the habit of saying that "a fortress can always be taken if only a mule
+laden with gold can be got inside."
+
+Philip was so kind and just that he soon won the love of all his
+subjects. It is said that he listened to the complaints of the poor and
+humble with as much patience as to those of his noblest courtiers.
+
+Once, after dining heavily and drinking too much, Philip was suddenly
+called upon to try the case of a poor widow. As the king's head was not
+very clear, he was not able to judge as well as usual: so he soon said
+that she was in the wrong, and should be punished.
+
+The woman, who knew that she was right, was very angry; and, as the
+guards were dragging her away, she daringly cried, "I appeal!"
+
+"Appeal?" asked Philip, in a mocking tone, "and to whom?"
+
+"I appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober!" replied the woman.
+
+These words made such an impression upon Philip, that he said he would
+try the case again on the next day, when his head was quite clear. He
+did not forget his promise on the morrow; and when he found that the
+woman was right, he punished her accuser, and set her free.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVIII. PHILIP BEGINS HIS CONQUESTS.
+
+
+As we have already seen, when Philip found himself in the wrong, he was
+not afraid to admit his mistake, and to try to do better. He was also
+very patient and forgiving. On one occasion he heard that a man named
+Ni-ca´nor was always speaking ill of him.
+
+He therefore sent for the man, who came in fear and trembling, thinking
+that the king would either imprison or slay him. Philip, however,
+received him kindly, made him sit at his own table, and let him go only
+after giving him many rich gifts. As the king had not found fault with
+him in any way, Nicanor was greatly surprised, and vowed that he would
+not speak another word against so generous a man.
+
+As soon as Philip had made sure of his authority at home, drilled his
+army, and piled up enough gold, he began to carry out his bold plans.
+First of all, he wished to subdue a few of his most unruly neighbors,
+such as the Thracians and O-lyn´thi-ans.
+
+An archer named As´ter came to him just before he began this war. This
+man offered his help to the king, and began to boast how well he could
+shoot. Philip, who believed only in spears for fighting, sent the man
+away, after saying that he would call for his help when he began to war
+against starlings and other birds.
+
+This answer made Aster so angry that he went over to the enemy and
+enlisted in their ranks. Philip soon came to besiege the city where
+Aster was stationed; and as soon as the archer heard of it, he got an
+arrow upon which he wrote, "To Philip's left eye."
+
+Aster then went up on the wall, took careful aim, and actually put out
+the king's left eye. Philip was so angry when he heard of the writing on
+the arrow, that he ordered another shot into the city. On this arrow was
+written, "If Philip takes the city, he will hang Aster."
+
+The city was taken, and the archer hung; for Philip always prided
+himself upon keeping promises of this kind. The Olynthians, finding that
+they would not be able to resist long, now wrote a letter to the
+Athenians, begging them to come to their rescue.
+
+The Athenians read the letter in the public square, so that every one
+could hear it, and then began to discuss whether they should send any
+help. As was always the case, some were for, and others against, the
+plan, and there was much talking. Among the best speakers of the city
+was the orator De-mos´the-nes, a very clear-sighted man, who suspected
+Philip's designs. He therefore warmly advised the Athenians to do all
+they could to oppose the Macedonian king, so as to prevent his ever
+getting a foothold in Greece. Indeed, he spoke so eloquently and
+severely against Philip, and told the people so plainly that the king
+was already plotting to harm them, that violent speeches directed
+against any one have ever since been called "Philippics," like these
+orations against the King of Macedon.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIX. THE ORATOR DEMOSTHENES.
+
+
+As you have seen in the last chapter, Philip had one great enemy in
+Greece, the orator Demosthenes. He had distrusted Philip from the very
+first, and had kept warning the Athenians that the King of Macedon was
+very ambitious, and would soon try to become master of all Greece. When
+the Olynthians asked for aid, he had warmly urged the Athenians to give
+it, saying that they ought to bring on the conflict with Philip as soon
+as possible, so that the fighting might be done outside of Greece. In
+spite of his good arguments, however, Demosthenes failed.
+
+[Illustration: Demosthenes.]
+
+Philip took not only O-lyn´thus, but all the towns which formed the
+Olynthian union, and destroyed them so completely that a few years later
+one could not even find out where these once prosperous cities had been.
+
+Demosthenes made three very fine speeches in favor of the Olynthians,
+and several against Philip. These were written down, and have been
+translated time and again. You may some day read and admire them for
+yourselves.
+
+Of course, when Philip heard of Demosthenes' speeches, he was very
+angry; but he thought that his gold could do wonders, so he sent a
+beautiful cup of that precious metal to the orator. The gift was
+accepted; still Demosthenes, instead of remaining silent as Philip had
+expected, went on talking against him as openly as before.
+
+As Demosthenes was such a great man, you will like to hear how he
+learned to speak so well. He was an orphan, but very ambitious indeed.
+He saw how eagerly the Athenians listened to the best speakers, and he
+thought that he too would like to become an orator.
+
+Unfortunately, he could not talk very plainly, and instead of listening
+to him, even his playmates made fun of him. But instead of crying,
+sulking, or getting angry, Demosthenes sensibly made up his mind to
+learn how to speak so well that they could no longer laugh at him. He
+therefore learned a great deal of poetry, which he recited daily as
+distinctly as possible. To be able to do this without attracting any
+attention, he used to go down to a lonely spot on the seashore, where he
+would put some pebbles in his mouth, and then try to recite so loud that
+his voice could be heard above the noise of the waves.
+
+To make his lungs strong, he used to walk and run up hill, reciting as
+he went; and, in order to form a pleasant style, he copied nine times
+the works of the great Greek historian Thu-cyd´i-des.
+
+When a young man, he shut himself up in the house to study hard. Then,
+as he was afraid of being tempted to go out and amuse himself, he shaved
+one side of his head, and let the hair grow long on the other.
+
+You see, he was bound to succeed, and his constant trying was duly
+rewarded, as it always is. He became learned, eloquent, and energetic;
+and whenever he rose to speak in the public places of Athens, he was
+surrounded by an admiring crowd, who listened open-mouthed to all he
+said.
+
+The Athenians were too lazy at this time, however, to bestir themselves
+very much, even for their own good. So, in spite of all that Demosthenes
+could say, they did not offer any great resistance to Philip, who little
+by little became a very powerful king.
+
+
+
+
+XC. PHILIP MASTERS GREECE.
+
+
+When Philip had entirely subdued the Thracians and Olynthians, he helped
+the Thessalians to get rid of their tyrant; and, adding their cavalry to
+his infantry, he boasted of as fine an army as the Greeks had ever been
+able to muster. He was very anxious to find a pretext to march into
+Greece at the head of this force, because he thought that, once there,
+he would soon manage to become master of all the towns. And the excuse
+for which he longed so much soon came.
+
+A contest known as the Sacred War was going on in Greece at that time.
+It had arisen because the Pho´cians had taken possession of lands that
+were left waste in honor of the god Apollo. The Amphictyonic Council
+said they should pay a fine for this offense; and the Phocians, angry at
+being thus publicly reproved, defied the council.
+
+To show how little they intended to obey, they not only kept the land
+they had taken, but robbed the temple at Delphi. Then they used the
+money thus obtained to win over some allies, and soon began to make war
+against the people who obeyed the council.
+
+The loyal Greeks fought against the Phocians for a long time, but were
+unable to conquer them: so Philip proposed to come and help the council.
+In their anxiety to win in this war, the Greeks gladly allowed him to
+bring his army into their country, and he soon completely subdued the
+rebels.
+
+In reward for his help, Philip was made president of the council,--a
+position he had long coveted,--and leader of the Pyth´i-an games held in
+honor of Apollo.
+
+When the war was ended, Philip quietly went back to Macedon. He was,
+however, merely waiting for a favorable opportunity to reënter Greece,
+and punish the Athenians for listening to Demosthenes' speeches against
+him.
+
+In the mean while, Philip's gold had been very busy, and he was buying
+up as many friends and allies as he could. Many of his gifts had the
+desired effect, and were not like the gold cup which he sent to
+Demosthenes. This, you know, had wholly failed in its purpose, for the
+orator went on talking more eloquently than ever against the Macedonian
+king.
+
+He finally roused the Athenians to the point of arming to meet Philip,
+when they heard that he was really coming at last to make himself master
+of Greece. Their allies, the Thebans, joined them; and the two armies
+met at Chær-o-ne´a, in Boeotia, where a terrible battle was fought.
+
+Demosthenes had joined the army; but as he was no soldier, and was not
+very brave, he fled at the very first onset. Dashing through the bushes,
+he was suddenly stopped by some spiky branches that caught in his cloak
+and held him fast. The orator was so frightened that he thought the
+enemy had captured him, and, falling upon his knees, he began to beg
+that his life might be spared.
+
+While Demosthenes was thus flying madly, his friends and fellow-citizens
+were bravely meeting the Macedonians; but, in spite of all their
+courage, they were soon forced to yield to the Macedonian phalanx, and
+the battlefield was left strewn with their dead.
+
+Alexander, Philip's son, who was then only eighteen years of age,
+commanded one wing of his father's army, and had the glory of completely
+crushing the Sacred Battalion of the Thebans, which had never before
+been beaten.
+
+This brilliant victory at Chæronea made Philip really master of all
+Greece; but he generously refrained from making the Athenians recognize
+him openly as their lord, although he made their government do whatever
+he pleased.
+
+As Greece was now obedient to him, the ambitious Philip began to plan
+the conquest of Asia and the downfall of the Persian Empire. To get as
+large an army as possible, he invited all the Greeks to join him,
+artfully reminding them of all they had suffered at the hands of the
+Persians in the past.
+
+His preparations were nearly finished, and he was on the point of
+starting for Asia, when he was murdered by Pausanias, one of his
+subjects, whom he had treated very unkindly.
+
+
+
+
+XCI. BIRTH OF ALEXANDER.
+
+
+When Philip died, he was succeeded by his son Alexander, a young man of
+twenty, who had already earned a good name by leading part of the army
+at the battle of Chæronea. His efforts, as you know, had defeated the
+Sacred Battalion of the Thebans, and helped much to secure the victory.
+
+Through his mother, O-lym´pi-as, Alexander was a descendant of Achilles,
+the well-known hero of the Trojan War. He was born at Pel´la, a city of
+Macedon, three hundred and fifty-six years before Christ. His father was
+so pleased to have a son, that he said that all the boys born in his
+kingdom on the same day should be brought up with Alexander in the
+palace, and become his bodyguard.
+
+Thus you see the young prince had plenty of playmates; and, as there
+was nothing he liked better than fighting, he soon began to play
+soldiers, and to train his little regiment.
+
+From the very first, the Macedonians had declared that Alexander was
+born to greatness, and several noted events that took place on the day
+of his birth served to confirm this belief.
+
+In the first place, Par-me´ni-o, Philip's general, won a grand victory
+on that day; then Philip's horses, which had been sent to Olympia, got
+the prize at the chariot races; and, lastly, the famous temple at
+Ephesus, dedicated to Diana, was burned to the ground.
+
+The first two events were joyful in the extreme; but the burning of
+this temple, which was among the wonders of the world, was a great
+calamity. Every one was anxious to know how it had happened; and all
+were very angry when they found out that it was not an accident, but had
+been done on purpose.
+
+The man who had set fire to it was crazy. His name was E-ros´tra-tus;
+and when he was asked why he had done such a wicked thing, he said that
+it was only to make his name immortal. The people were so indignant,
+that they not only condemned him to die, but forbade all mention of his
+name, hoping that it would be forgotten.
+
+In spite of this care, Erostratus' name has come down to us. It is
+immortal indeed, but who except a crazy man would wish to win such fame,
+and could bear to think that all who ever heard of him would condemn his
+action, and consider him as wicked as he was insane?
+
+Alexander was first given over to the care of a nurse. He loved her
+dearly as long as he lived, and her son Cly´tus was always one of his
+best friends and most faithful comrades.
+
+As soon as he was old enough, Alexander began to learn the Iliad and
+Odyssey by heart; and he loved to hear about the principal heroes, and
+especially about his own ancestor, Achilles.
+
+He admired these poems so much that he carried a copy of them with him
+wherever he went, and always slept with it under his pillow. Both the
+Iliad and the Odyssey were kept in a box of the finest gold, because
+Alexander thought nothing was too good for them.
+
+
+
+
+XCII. THE STEED BUCEPHALUS.
+
+
+When only thirteen years of age, Alexander once saw some horsedealers
+bringing a beautiful steed before the king. The animal had a white spot
+on his nose shaped somewhat like the head of an ox, and on this account
+was named Bu-ceph´a-lus, which means "ox-head."
+
+Philip admired the horse greatly, and bade the grooms try him, to see if
+his gait was good. One after another mounted, only to be thrown a few
+minutes later by the fiery, restless steed, which was becoming very much
+excited.
+
+The horse seemed so skittish that Philip finally told the men to lead
+him away, adding that a man would be foolish to purchase such a useless
+animal. Alexander then stepped forward and begged permission to try him.
+
+His father first made fun of him for asking to mount a horse which none
+of the grooms could manage; but, as Alexander persisted in his wish, he
+was finally allowed to make the attempt.
+
+The young prince then quietly walked up to the excited horse, took the
+bridle, held it firmly, and began to speak gently and pat the steed's
+arched neck. After a moment, Alexander led Bucephalus forward a few
+steps, and then turned him around, for he had noticed that the horse was
+frightened by his shadow.
+
+Then, when the shadow lay where he could not see it, and where it could
+no longer frighten him, the young man dropped his cloak quietly, and
+vaulted upon the horse's back. Once more Bucephalus reared, pranced,
+kicked, and ran; but Alexander sat firmly on his back, spoke to him
+gently, and, making no effort to hold him in, let him speed across the
+plain.
+
+[Illustration: Alexander and Bucephalus.]
+
+In a few moments the horse's wildness was over, and Alexander could ride
+back to his proud father, sitting upon a steed which obeyed his
+slightest touch.
+
+Philip was so delighted with the coolness, courage, and good
+horsemanship that Alexander had shown on this occasion, that he made him
+a present of the steed. Bucephalus became Alexander's favorite mount,
+and, while he would allow no one else to ride him, he obeyed his master
+perfectly.
+
+Although most young men began the study of philosophy only at sixteen,
+Alexander was placed under the tuition of Ar´is-totle soon after his
+first ride on Bucephalus. This philosopher was a pupil of Plato. He was
+so learned and well known, that Philip, in writing to him to tell him of
+Alexander's birth, expressed his pleasure that the gods had allowed his
+son to live in the same age with so great a teacher.
+
+Alexander loved Aristotle dearly, and willingly learned all that was
+required of him. He often said that he was very grateful, for this
+philosopher had taught him all the good he knew. Alexander's remarkable
+coolness, judgment, and perseverance were largely owing to his teacher,
+and, had he always followed Aristotle's advice, he would have been truly
+great.
+
+But although Alexander did not always practice the virtues which
+Aristotle had tried to teach him, he never forgot his old tutor. He gave
+him large sums of money, so that the philosopher could continue his
+studies, and find out new things; and during his journeys he always sent
+him complete collections of the animals and plants of the regions he
+visited.
+
+
+
+
+XCIII. ALEXANDER AS KING.
+
+
+Philip, King of Macedon, as we have seen, had one great fault. He drank;
+and often his reason was clouded, and his step unsteady. Now, it is
+impossible to respect a man who is drunk, and everybody used to make fun
+of Philip when he was in that state.
+
+Even Alexander, his own son, felt great contempt for him when he thus
+disgraced himself; and once when he saw his father stagger and fall
+after one of his orgies, he scornfully exclaimed, "See! here is a man
+who is getting ready to cross from Europe to Asia, and yet he cannot
+step safely from one couch to another."
+
+Alexander, we are told, was greatly displeased by his father's
+conquests, and once angrily cried that if Philip really beat the
+Persians, and took possession of Asia, there would be nothing left for
+him to do.
+
+You may readily imagine, therefore, that he was not very sorry when his
+father died before the expedition could be undertaken; for he thus
+became, at twenty, master of an immense army and of great riches, and
+head of all the Greek cities, which were then the finest in the world.
+
+The news of Philip's death was received with great joy by the Athenians
+also, who thought they would now be free. Demosthenes, in particular,
+was so glad to be rid of his hated foe, that he ran all through the city
+with a crown of flowers on his head, shaking hands with everybody he
+met, and shouting his congratulations.
+
+His joy was so great, because he and all his fellow-citizens fancied
+that a mere boy like Alexander would never be able to hold his own, and
+because they hoped to become again the leading people of Greece.
+
+The Thracians, who also thought that Alexander would not be able to
+carry out his father's plans, now revolted, and the young king was
+obliged to begin his reign by marching against them.
+
+Three months passed. The Greeks heard no news of Alexander or of his
+army, and fancied that he had been defeated and killed. The Thebans,
+thinking the right moment had come, suddenly rose up, and said that they
+would never again submit to the Macedonian yoke, but would stay free.
+
+They soon had cause to repent of this rash talk. Alexander was not dead,
+but had conquered the Thracians completely. Without stopping to rest, he
+now marched straight down into Boeotia, and besieged and took Thebes.
+All the inhabitants were either slain or sold into slavery, the walls
+torn down, and not a single building was left standing, except the house
+of Pin´dar, a Greek poet, whose songs Alexander had always admired.
+
+The other Greek cities, frightened by the terrible punishment of Thebes,
+sent messengers to the young king, offering not only to obey him as
+their chief, but also to supply all the men, money, and stores he
+wished for the expedition to Asia. Alexander graciously accepted all
+these proposals, and then marched southward as far as Corinth.
+
+
+
+
+XCIV. ALEXANDER AND DIOGENES.
+
+
+Everybody bowed down before Alexander, and all looked at him with awe
+and respect, as he made his triumphant progress through Greece,--all
+except the sage Di-og´e-nes.
+
+This man belonged to a class of philosophers who were called "cynics,"
+which means "doglike," because, as some say, they did not care for the
+usual comforts of life.
+
+It is said that Diogenes, the principal philosopher of this kind, chose
+as his home a great earthenware tub near the Temple of Ce´res. He wore a
+rough woolen cloak, summer and winter, as his only garment, and ate all
+his food raw. His only utensil was a wooden bowl, out of which he drank.
+
+One day, however, he saw a child drinking out of its hollow palm.
+Diogenes immediately threw away the bowl, saying he could do without
+luxury as well as the child; and he drank henceforth from his hand.
+
+As you see, Diogenes was a very strange man. He prided himself upon
+always telling the truth, and upon treating all men alike. Some of his
+disciples once met him wandering about the streets with a lantern,
+anxiously peering into every nook and corner, and staring fixedly at
+every person he met. When asked what he was looking for so carefully,
+yet apparently with so little hope, he bluntly answered, "An honest
+man."
+
+Alexander had heard of this queer philosopher, and was anxious to see
+him. He therefore went to the Temple of Ceres, escorted by all his
+courtiers, on purpose to visit him. Diogenes was lying on the ground in
+front of his tub, warming himself in the rays of the sun.
+
+Alexander, drawing near, stood between the philosopher and the sun, and
+tried to begin a conversation; but Diogenes gave surly answers, and
+seemed to pay little heed to his visitor.
+
+At last the young king proudly remarked, "I am Alexander the king!"
+
+"And I," replied the philosopher in exactly the same tone, "am Diogenes
+the cynic!"
+
+As he could win nothing but short or rude answers, Alexander was about
+to go away, but he first asked the sage if there was anything he could
+do for him. "Yes," snapped Diogenes; "stand out of my sunshine!"
+
+The courtiers were shocked at this insolent behavior, and began to talk
+of the philosopher in a scornful tone as they were moving away.
+Alexander, overhearing them, soon stopped them by saying, "If I were not
+Alexander, I should like to be Diogenes."
+
+By this remark he wished them to understand, that, if he could not be
+master of all earthly things, he would rather despise them.
+
+Strange to relate, Alexander the king, and Diogenes the cynic, died on
+the same night, and from the same cause. Diogenes died in his tub, after
+a too plentiful supper from the raw leg of an ox; while Alexander
+breathed his last in a Bab-y-lo´ni-an palace, after having eaten and
+drunk to excess at a rich banquet.
+
+
+
+
+XCV. ALEXANDER'S BRILLIANT BEGINNING.
+
+
+As soon as the Greek states had all been brought to a proper state of
+obedience, Alexander prepared to conquer Persia, although he had a force
+of only 34,500 men. These men were very well trained, however, and
+promised to be more powerful on the battlefield than the million
+warriors of Xerxes.
+
+In his joy at departing, Alexander made rich presents to everybody,
+until one of his advisers modestly reminded him that his treasure was
+not boundless, and asked him what he would have left when he had given
+away all he owned.
+
+"My hopes!" answered Alexander proudly, for he expected to conquer not
+only Persia and Asia Minor, but all the known world.
+
+While his army slowly made its way along the coast and across the
+Hellespont, Alexander, attended by only a few followers, sailed straight
+for Troy, the ancient Asiatic city.
+
+He landed on the desert plain where the proud city had once stood,
+visited all the scenes of the mighty conflict, and offered sacrifices on
+the tomb of Achilles, while his friend He-phæs´ti-on did the same on
+that of Patroclus.
+
+When this pious pilgrimage to the tomb of his ancestor was over,
+Alexander hastened to join the army, for he longed to do like the
+ancient Greeks, and win a glorious victory.
+
+His wishes were soon granted, for before long he met the Persian army
+near the Gra-ni´cus River, where a terrible battle was fought. Alexander
+himself joined in the fighting, and would certainly have been killed had
+not his friend Clytus, the son of his old nurse, rushed to his rescue
+and saved his life.
+
+In spite of the size of the Persian army, which was much larger than his
+own, Alexander won a complete victory at the Granicus. Then, marching
+southward, he took the cities of Sardis and Ephesus without striking
+another blow. These towns were very rich, and offered of their own free
+will to pay him the same tribute that they had given to the Persians.
+
+Alexander, however, would not take it, but bade them use the money to
+rebuild the Temple of Diana, which had been burned to the ground on the
+night he was born. As the sacred image of the goddess had been saved,
+the E-phe´sians gladly built a second magnificent shrine, which was
+visited many years later by Paul, the disciple of Christ.
+
+From Sardis and Ephesus, Alexander marched on into the province of
+Ca´ri-a. Here the queen of the country warmly welcomed him, adopted him
+as her son, and even proposed to give him her best cooks, so that they
+might prepare his food for him on the march.
+
+Alexander thanked her heartily for this kind offer, but declined it,
+saying that his tutor Aristotle had given him the very best recipe for
+making him relish his meals.
+
+The queen, whose appetite was fanciful, eagerly asked what it was; and
+Alexander smilingly answered, "A march before daybreak as the sauce for
+my dinner, and a light dinner as the sauce for my supper."
+
+This was, as you may see, a very good recipe; and if Alexander had
+always remembered to be temperate, as Aristotle had advised, he would
+not have died of over eating and drinking at the age of thirty-three.
+
+
+
+
+XCVI. THE GORDIAN KNOT.
+
+
+Alexander did not stop long in Caria. Marching onward, he soon came to
+the city of Gor´di-um, in Phryg´i-a, where Mi´das had once reigned. In
+one of the temples the people proudly showed Alexander the cart in which
+this king rode as he entered their city.
+
+The yoke was fastened to the pole by a rope tied in a peculiar and very
+intricate knot. Now, it seems that an ancient prophecy had declared that
+whoever untied the Gordian knot would surely be master of all Asia.
+
+Of course, as Alexander had set his heart upon conquering the whole
+world, he looked at this knot with great interest; but a few moments'
+careful examination made him feel sure that he would not be able to
+untie it.
+
+Rather than give it up, however, Alexander drew his sword, and cut it
+with a single quick stroke. Ever since then, when a person has settled a
+difficulty by bold or violent means instead of patiently solving it,
+the custom has been to say that he has "cut the Gordian knot," in memory
+of this feat of Alexander's.
+
+[Illustration: Alexander cutting the Gordian Knot.]
+
+From Gordium, Alexander next passed on to Tar´sus, which also became
+subject to him; and shortly after that the young conqueror nearly lost
+his life.
+
+He had been exposed to the hot sun, and had thus become terribly
+overheated, when he came to the river Cyd´nus. This stream was a torrent
+whose waters were very cold, but, in spite of all that his attendants
+could say, Alexander insisted upon taking a bath in it.
+
+The sudden chill brought on a cramp, and he would have been drowned had
+not some of his people plunged into the water, and pulled him out. As it
+was, his imprudence brought on a serious illness, and for a short time
+Alexander's life was in great danger.
+
+His physician, however, was Philip, a Greek doctor, who had attended him
+ever since he was born, and who now took great care of him. When the
+fever was at its worst, he said he hoped to save the king by means of a
+strong medicine which he was going to prepare.
+
+Just after Philip went out to brew this potion, Alexander received a
+letter which warned him to beware of his physician, as the man had been
+bribed by the Persian king, Darius III., to poison him.
+
+After reading the letter, Alexander slipped it under his pillow, and
+calmly waited for the return of his doctor. When Philip brought the cup
+containing the promised remedy, Alexander took it in one hand, and gave
+him the letter with the other. Then, while Philip was reading it, he
+drank every drop of the medicine.
+
+When the physician saw the accusation, he turned deadly pale, and looked
+up at his master, who smilingly handed back the empty cup. Alexander's
+great trust in his doctor was fully justified; for the medicine cured
+him, and he was soon able to go on with his conquests.
+
+
+
+
+XCVII. ALEXANDER'S ROYAL CAPTIVES.
+
+
+Alexander was marching southward, and Darius was hastening northward
+with a vast army, hoping to meet him and to prevent his advancing any
+farther.
+
+By a singular chance it happened that the two armies missed each other,
+and passed through separate defiles in the same range of mountains.
+Alexander became aware of this first, and retraced his steps without
+delay, for he was anxious to find and defeat the enemy.
+
+The two armies soon met at a place called Is´sus, where the Persians
+were routed. Darius was forced to flee, and his mother, wife, and family
+were made captives.
+
+As soon as the battle was over, Alexander went to visit the royal ladies
+in their tent, to assure them that they would be treated with all
+respect. He was accompanied by his friend Hephæstion, who was somewhat
+taller and larger than he.
+
+As they entered the tent, in their plain armor, the queen mother,
+Sis-y-gam´bis, mistook Hephæstion for the king, and fell down upon her
+knees before him, begging his mercy for herself and her children. When
+she found out her mistake, she was greatly dismayed; but Alexander
+kindly reassured her by leaning upon his friend's shoulder, and saying
+of him, "He is my other self."
+
+The young conqueror treated the Persian ladies with the utmost kindness,
+and often visited them in their own tent, to talk for a while with them.
+As he always found them idle, he fancied that time must hang very
+heavily upon their hands, and once offered to have them taught to spin
+and weave, as the Greek ladies were wont to do.
+
+At this proposal, Sisygambis burst into tears, and asked if he wished to
+make slaves of them, for Persian ladies considered any labor a disgrace.
+Alexander, seeing her grief, hastened to comfort her, and tried to
+explain how happy the Greek ladies always seemed over their dainty work.
+
+But when he understood that the royal family would rather remain idle,
+he never again proposed to furnish them with occupation of any kind. On
+the contrary, he was so gentle and respectful, that Sisygambis soon
+learned to love him, and used to treat him like her own son.
+
+
+
+
+XCVIII. ALEXANDER AT JERUSALEM.
+
+
+Darius, as we have seen, had fled after the disastrous battle of Issus.
+His terror was so great that he never stopped in his flight until he had
+reached the other side of the river Ti´gris, where he still believed
+himself safe.
+
+Instead of going after Darius at once, Alexander first went southward
+along the coast; for he thought it would be wiser to take all the cities
+near the sea before he went farther inland, so as to make sure that he
+had no enemies behind his back.
+
+Marching down through Syr´i-a and Phoe-nic´ia, Alexander took the
+cities of Da-mas´cus and Si´don, and came at last to Tyre, a prosperous
+commercial city built on an island at a short distance from the shore.
+
+The Tyr´i-ans would not open their gates and surrender, so Alexander
+prepared to besiege the city. As he had no fleet, he began to build a
+great causeway out to the island.
+
+This was a very difficult piece of work, because the water was deep; and
+while his men were building it, they were greatly annoyed by showers of
+arrows, stones, and spears from the walls of the city and from the decks
+of the Tyrian vessels.
+
+A storm, also, broke the causeway to pieces once, when it was nearly
+finished, and the army had to begin the work anew. The obstinate
+resistance of Tyre made Alexander so angry, that he celebrated his final
+victory by crucifying a large number of the richest citizens.
+
+After offering up a sacrifice to Hercules on the flaming ruins of Tyre,
+Alexander went on toward Je-ru´sa-lem. His plan was to punish the Jews,
+because they had helped his enemies, and had supplied the Tyrians with
+food.
+
+The news of his coming filled the hearts of the Jews with terror, for
+they expected to be treated with the same frightful cruelty as the
+Tyrians. In their fear they knew not whether to surrender or fight.
+
+Finally Jad-du´a, the high priest, had a vision, in which an angel of
+the Lord appeared to him, and told him what to do. In obedience to this
+divine command, he made the Le´vites put on their festal garments, and
+then, dressed in his priestly robes, he led them down the hill to meet
+the advancing conqueror.
+
+When Alexander saw the beautiful procession, headed by such a dignified
+old man, he quickly got down from his horse, knelt before Jaddua, and
+worshiped the name written on his holy vestments.
+
+His officers, astonished at this unusual humility, finally asked him why
+he did such honor to a foreign priest. Then Alexander told them of a
+vision he had had before leaving Macedon. In it he had beheld Jaddua,
+who bade him come over to Asia without fear, as it was written that the
+Persians would be delivered into his hands.
+
+Walking beside the aged Jaddua, Alexander entered the holy city of
+Jerusalem and the courts of the temple. Here he offered up a sacrifice
+to the Lord, and saw the Books of Daniel and Zech-a-ri´ah, in which his
+coming and conquests were all foretold.
+
+
+
+
+XCIX. THE AFRICAN DESERT.
+
+
+After staying a few days in Jerusalem, Alexander continued on his way to
+Egypt, which he quickly conquered also. Here he founded a new city at
+the mouth of the Nile, and named it Al-ex-an´dri-a, after himself. It
+was so favorably located, that it soon became an important town, and
+has continued so even till the present day.
+
+Then, having heard that there was a famous temple in Lib´y-a, dedicated
+to Jupiter, Alexander resolved to go there and visit it. The road lay
+through an African desert, and the journey was very dangerous indeed.
+
+The soldiers toiled painfully along over the burning sand, in which
+their feet sank up to the ankles. The blazing African sun fell straight
+down upon their heads, and made them stagger and grow faint with the
+heat.
+
+From time to time a hot wind, the simoom, blew over the desert, raising
+great clouds of dust, and choking men and horses as it rolled over them
+like a torrent, burying them under its shifting waves.
+
+The horses died from thirst and fatigue, for such animals are not fit
+for travel in the desert. The only creature which can journey
+comfortably over the dreary waste of the Sa-ha´ra is the camel, whose
+stomach is made in a peculiar way, so that it can drink a large quantity
+of water at a time, and store it up for future use.
+
+Undaunted by fatigue or danger, Alexander pressed onward. Like his
+soldiers, he suffered from heat and thirst; and like them, too, he was
+deceived by the mirage.
+
+This is an optical effect due to a peculiar condition of the desert
+atmosphere. The traveler suddenly sees trees, grass, and running water,
+apparently a short distance before him. He hastens eagerly forward to
+lie in the shade, and to plunge his hot face and hands in the refreshing
+stream; but when he reaches the spot where he saw water and trees, there
+is nothing but sand, and he sinks down exhausted and cruelly
+disappointed.
+
+After enduring all these hardships, Alexander arrived at last at the
+oasis, or green island in the sandy desert, where the Temple of Jupiter
+stood. The priests led him into the holy place, and, hoping to flatter
+him, called him the son of Jupiter.
+
+After resting for some time in this pleasant spot, Alexander and his men
+again braved the dangers of the desert, went back to Alexandria and
+Tyre, and from there began the long-delayed pursuit of Darius.
+
+The Greek soldiers had suffered so many hardships since beginning the
+war, that they were now ready for anything. They crossed the Eu-phra´tes
+over a hastily built bridge; then coming to the Tigris, where neither
+bridge nor boats could be found, they boldly swam across the river,
+holding their shields over their heads to protect themselves from the
+arrows of the Persians who stood on the other bank.
+
+Alexander was always the first to rush forward in battle, and he now led
+the way across the river. He was longing to meet the Persians again, and
+was very glad to overtake them on the other side of the Tigris.
+
+Here, on the plains of Ar-be´la, the third great battle was fought, and
+Alexander won the victory. Darius fled once more before the conqueror,
+while Alexander marched straight on to Bab´y-lon, the most wonderful
+city in the East.
+
+
+
+
+C. DEATH OF DARIUS.
+
+
+Alexander soon won the good will of the Babylonians by allowing them to
+rebuild the Temple of Bel, which had been destroyed. He also secured the
+affections of the captive Jews; for he excused them from doing any work
+on this building as soon as he heard that they considered it the Tower
+of Babel, and hence objected to aiding in its erection.
+
+The young conqueror spent one month in Babylon, and then went on to
+Su´sa. There he found the brazen statue of Athene which Xerxes had
+carried off to Persia; and he sent it back to the Athenians, who
+received it with much joy.
+
+The Persian queen now became very ill, and, in spite of the utmost care,
+she soon died. Throughout her illness, Alexander was most thoughtful and
+attentive; and when she died, he gave orders that she should be buried
+with all the pomp due to her high rank.
+
+He also comforted the mourning Sisygambis, and sent the news of the
+queen's death to Darius, who had fled to the northern part of his
+kingdom, where he was hastily gathering together another army. Touched
+by Alexander's conduct, Darius now wrote to him, offering peace, and
+proposing to share the throne of Persia with him.
+
+The young conqueror's head had been turned by his many victories, and he
+was growing more haughty every day: so he proudly refused this proposal,
+saying that the world could not have two masters any more than two
+suns.
+
+In his pride, Alexander now assumed the dress and state of an Oriental
+king, surrounded himself with luxury, and spent most of his time in
+feasting and revelry. His courtiers encouraged him in this folly, and he
+soon forgot the wise lessons taught by Aristotle.
+
+On several occasions the young king drank so much that he did not know
+what he was doing; and once, in a fit of drunken rage, he set fire to
+the beautiful palace of Per-sep´o-lis, and burned it to the ground.
+
+As he had refused Darius' offers of peace, he soon considered it
+necessary to continue the war: so, laying aside his jeweled robes, he
+put on his armor and set out for the north. He was about to overtake the
+Persian king, when Darius was mortally wounded by one of his followers
+named Bes´sus.
+
+The traitor thought that he would win Alexander's favor by this crime,
+and came and boasted of it to him. Alexander was so angry, however, that
+he bade his guards seize Bessus, and had him put to death in the most
+barbarous way.
+
+When the Macedonian king finally came up with Darius, he found him
+bathed in his own blood, and breathing his last. He had only time to
+assure him of the safety of his family, and to promise to continue to
+protect them, before Darius sank back dead.
+
+By Alexander's orders the body was embalmed, and carried to Sisygambis,
+so that it could be properly buried in the beautiful tomb of the Persian
+kings. This last act of generosity quite won the aged queen's heart; and
+she felt so grateful, that she loved Alexander as long as he lived.
+
+
+
+
+CI. DEFEAT OF PORUS.
+
+
+Now that Darius was dead, Alexander took the Persian title of "Shah in
+Shah" (king of kings), and became ruler of all the empire which had been
+subject to the Persian monarch.
+
+He was so proud of his new state and of his vast conquests, that he
+entirely forgot that he owed them mostly to his brave generals and
+soldiers; and he became so obstinate, that he would no longer listen to
+any advice, and only thought of having his own way.
+
+His father's general, Parmenio, who had always given him the wisest
+counsel, was no longer in favor, because he tried to restrain the king's
+extravagance. Indeed, Alexander's once generous and noble nature was so
+changed, that, when his courtiers accused Parmenio of treachery, he
+listened to them, and actually put the faithful general to death.
+
+Every day now Alexander indulged in feasts and banquets, always drinking
+more and more, although it was affecting his health as well as his
+temper. Clytus, the son of his old nurse, tried to check his excesses,
+but only succeeded in provoking his wrath.
+
+On one occasion such remonstrances so enraged Alexander, that in his
+drunken fury he seized a spear and killed Clytus. When he saw him dead
+at his feet, the king realized what a terrible crime he had committed,
+and felt deep remorse for a short time.
+
+He reformed, and, instead of giving himself up entirely to pleasure,
+spent the next two years in the work of governing Persia, where he
+founded several cities called by his name.
+
+As all the central part of Asia now acknowledged his rule, he next went
+down into India, where he found King Po´rus, the bravest adversary he
+had ever met. This king, whose realm was in the northwestern part of
+India, came against Alexander with a very large army. In the ranks were
+many elephants, trained to crush the enemy beneath their huge feet, and
+bearing on their broad backs wooden turrets filled with brave fighting
+men and good archers.
+
+In spite of these elephants, which at first awakened great fear in the
+Greek soldiers, the Macedonian phalanx won the victory as usual, and
+Porus was made prisoner. He was led into the presence of Alexander, who
+haughtily asked him how he expected to be treated. "Like a king!" was
+the proud reply.
+
+This answer so pleased Alexander, that he not only set Porus free, but
+even allowed him to keep his kingdom, after he had sworn to be the
+faithful subject of his conqueror.
+
+Alexander, having thus won the help and affection of Porus, made war
+against several other Indian kings, and continued his advance toward the
+south. In one of these battles he lost his faithful steed Bucephalus,
+which had borne him safely through many a fight.
+
+Alexander felt this loss deeply, and not only had a monument built over
+his remains, but also founded a city near by, which was called
+Bu-ceph´a-la.
+
+
+
+
+CII. THE RETURN TO BABYLON.
+
+
+Upon reaching the Hyph´a-sis River, Alexander would have liked to cross
+it, and continue his conquests; but his soldiers now refused to go any
+farther. They were tired of fighting and danger, and were longing to go
+back to Macedon.
+
+Although he was unwilling to do so, Alexander was therefore obliged to
+stop in his conquests; but, instead of going home as he had come, he now
+built a fleet, and sailed down the In´dus River to the sea.
+
+Now, the Greeks had no maps such as we have; and their knowledge of
+geography was very small. When Alexander came to the sea, however, he
+thought it must be the same as that into which the Euphrates flowed.
+
+To find out if this was true, he bade his admiral, Ne-ar´chus, sail
+along the coast and explore it, while the army went homeward on foot.
+Alexander himself staid with the army, and led the soldiers along a new
+way, which was very wearisome and dangerous.
+
+The Macedonians had to pass through large wastes of burning sand, where
+they suffered a great deal. They were cheered and encouraged, however,
+by the example of Alexander, who nobly shared their hardships, and
+always went ahead of them on foot, carrying his own armor.
+
+Once, when they were panting with thirst, some of his men found a little
+water, which they brought him. Rather than indulge in anything which all
+could not share with him, Alexander poured the water out upon the sand,
+saying he would refresh himself only when his men could do so too.
+
+After many months of weary travel and great suffering, the army finally
+joined the fleet at the mouth of the Euphrates, for Nearchus had in the
+mean while sailed all along the northern coast of the Indian Ocean and
+up the Persian Gulf.
+
+He wrote an account of this wonderful sea journey, which was of great
+importance, as it opened a new and convenient road for Eastern commerce.
+The people soon took advantage of it to establish colonies and trading
+stations, and to carry on a lively business with the East.
+
+
+
+
+CIII. DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
+
+
+Alexander now went back to Babylon, where he married Rox-an´a, a Persian
+princess, giving her sister's hand to his intimate friend Hephæstion.
+This wedding was celebrated with great pomp, for eighty Macedonian
+officers took Persian wives on the same day.
+
+The feasting for the weddings went on for many days, and the revelry was
+carried to such a shameful excess, that Hephæstion actually drank
+himself to death.
+
+In token of sorrow, Alexander built him a fine tomb, had him buried with
+all the magnificence possible, and even decreed that he should
+henceforth be worshiped as a god. In this folly he was upheld by the
+priests, who were now ready to grant his every wish, and were always
+filling his mind with their senseless flatteries.
+
+Alexander then fell into his old habits more than ever. He had again
+assumed all the pomp of an Eastern king, and sat on a wonderful golden
+throne. Over his head was the golden vine that had formerly belonged to
+the first Darius. Its leaves were of emeralds, while its grapes were
+clusters of fine carbuncles.
+
+This vine had been given to a Persian king by Croe´sus, the wealthy
+ruler of Lyd´i-a, and was considered one of the most precious treasures
+which the young conqueror had won.
+
+But in spite of all Alexander's successes, he was not nearly so happy as
+he used to be when only king of Macedon. He no longer enjoyed the fine
+health which had helped him to bear the greatest hardships, and,
+weakened by over eating and drinking, he soon fell dangerously ill.
+
+The doctors crowded around his bed, doing their best to save him, but
+they soon saw that he would die. When the Macedonian soldiers heard
+this, they were beside themselves with grief, and one and all insisted
+upon seeing their beloved leader once more.
+
+Silently and sadly they filed past his bed, gazing upon the dying face
+which they had seen so bright and full of life a short time before. As
+most of the soldiers were older than their king, they had never expected
+to outlive him; and every one said that it was sad to die thus, at
+thirty-three, when master of nearly all the known world.
+
+Just before he died, some one begged Alexander to name his successor. He
+hesitated for a moment, then drew his signet ring from his finger, gave
+it to Per-dic´cas, his principal general, and whispered that the
+strongest among them should have the throne.
+
+[Illustration: Death of Alexander.]
+
+Alexander's death was mourned by all, for, in spite of his folly and
+excesses, he was generally beloved. Even Sisygambis, the Persian queen
+whom he had taken captive a few years before, shed many tears over his
+remains, and declared she had lost a protector who had always treated
+her as kindly as if he had been her own son.
+
+The conqueror's body was laid in a golden coffin, and carried in state
+to Alexandria, the city he had founded at the mouth of the Nile. Here a
+fine tomb was built by order of Ptol´e-my, one of Alexander's generals,
+who said that his dead master also should be worshiped as a god.
+
+Ptolemy wanted the body to remain in Egypt because an oracle had said
+that he who buried Alexander would be master of his kingdom.
+
+
+
+
+CIV. THE DIVISION OF THE REALM.
+
+
+The day after Alexander's death there was a sad assembly in the palace.
+All the Macedonian generals sat there in silence and dismay, gazing at
+the empty golden throne, upon which Perdiccas had solemnly laid the
+royal signet ring.
+
+Who was to take the place of the king whose military genius and great
+conquests had won for him the title of "Great"? It is true that
+Alexander had a half-brother, named Ar-ri-dæ´us, but he was weak-minded.
+The only other heir was an infant son, born shortly after his father's
+death.
+
+The generals gravely talked the matter over, and finally said that
+Arridæus and the child should be publicly named successors of the dead
+king, while four of their own number should be appointed guardians of
+the princes, and regents of the vast realm.
+
+This decision was considered wise, and the kingdom of Alexander was
+divided into thirty-three provinces, each governed by a Macedonian
+officer, who was to hold it in the name of Arridæus and of the child.
+
+In dying, Alexander had foretold that his funeral would be followed by
+bloodshed, and this prediction came true. The generals who had met so
+solemnly around the empty throne soon became dissatisfied at being only
+governors, and each wanted to be king in his own right, of the land
+intrusted to his care.
+
+Perdiccas, having received Alexander's signet ring from his dying hand,
+was, of course, their leader, and took under his own protection the
+infant king and the Persian mother Roxana.
+
+He fancied that it would thus be an easy matter to keep the power in his
+own hands, and to govern the vast realm as he pleased. But An-tip´a-ter,
+governor of Macedon, no sooner heard that Alexander was dead, than he
+placed the idiot Arridæus on the throne, proclaimed him king, and began
+to rule as if he were the only regent.
+
+The other Macedonian generals daily claimed new rights, which Perdiccas
+was forced to grant in order to pacify them; but when it was too late,
+he found out how mistaken he had been, and regretted that he had yielded
+to their demands.
+
+The various governors, never satisfied with the honors given them, were
+not only suspicious of each other, but particularly jealous of
+Perdiccas, the head of the realm. In their envy, they rose up against
+him; and for many years Perdiccas was forced to hold his own against
+them all, while trying to make his way back to Macedon, where he wanted
+to place Alexander's son upon the throne.
+
+
+
+
+CV. DEATH OF DEMOSTHENES.
+
+
+When Alexander left for the East, the orator Demosthenes began to urge
+the Greeks to rise up against him, and win back their freedom. All his
+eloquence, however, was not enough to persuade them to make war as long
+as Alexander lived.
+
+But when the conqueror's death was made known, Demosthenes again tried
+to arouse them, and this time with success. Pho´cion, a cautious
+Athenian, vainly begged the people to wait at least until the news was
+confirmed, saying, "If Alexander is dead to-day, he will still be dead
+to-morrow and on the next day, so that we may take counsel at our
+leisure."
+
+This wise caution, however, did not suit the Athenians, who were joined
+in their revolt by most of the little states and principal towns of
+Greece, except Sparta. The united Greeks soon raised an army, which
+marched northward, and met the Macedonian governor's troops near
+Thermopylæ.
+
+[Illustration: Phocion.]
+
+The Greeks were successful here, and, after shutting up the enemy in the
+fortress of La´mi-a, closely besieged them. But after a time the Greek
+general was killed; and, when the Macedonians were reënforced, they
+gained a decisive victory. This really ended the war; for the Macedonian
+general, Antipater, broke up the union, and made separate terms of peace
+for each city.
+
+In his anger, Antipater said he would punish all those who had
+encouraged the Greeks to revolt. He soon learned that Demosthenes had
+been one of the principal men to advise the uprising, so he sent his
+soldiers to make him prisoner.
+
+Demosthenes, warned of his danger, immediately fled, but had only time
+to take refuge in the Temple of Neptune. There, in spite of the holiness
+of the place, Antipater's guards came to get him.
+
+Seeing that it would be useless to resist, the orator asked for a few
+moments' respite, that he might write a letter to his friends. The men
+consented; and Demosthenes, closely watched, took up his tablet and the
+reed with which he generally wrote.
+
+The soldiers saw him trace a few lines, then stop and bite the top of
+his reed, as if thinking about what he would say next. But, instead of
+going on to write his letter, the orator soon covered his head with his
+cloak and staid quite still.
+
+After a few moments' waiting, one of the men went to him, and, receiving
+no answer to his question, drew aside the folds of the cloak. He started
+back in terror, for the orator's face was very pale, and he was
+evidently about to die.
+
+The men quickly carried him out of the temple, so that it should not be
+defiled by death, and then they found that the reed with which he wrote
+was hollow, and had contained a deadly drug. Demosthenes had taken the
+poison, thinking that death would be better than prison.
+
+The Athenians now saw that it would have been wiser to listen to the
+cautious Phocion: so they set him at the head of their affairs, and
+promised to obey him. Although honest, Phocion was not very clever, and
+his caution little by little became cowardice.
+
+In his fear of the Macedonians, he allowed them to have more and more
+power; and Greece a few years later was entirely under the rule of
+Antipater, the Macedonian governor.
+
+
+
+
+CVI. THE LAST OF THE ATHENIANS.
+
+
+Antipater, although master of all Greece, did not treat the people
+cruelly, for he was very anxious to secure friends who would help him to
+keep his share of Alexander's realm.
+
+He soon heard that Perdiccas was marching homeward with the infant king,
+who was named, like his father, Alexander; and he knew that the general
+wanted to place the child on the Macedonian throne. This plan was very
+distasteful to Antipater. He was not at all afraid of the infant
+Alexander, but he knew that Perdiccas would want to be regent, and he
+wished that position himself.
+
+Rather than give up his authority, Antipater decided to fight; and, as
+many of Alexander's generals were dissatisfied, they all rose up in arms
+at the same time, as we have seen.
+
+Perdiccas was surrounded by enemies, but he faced them all bravely, and
+even led an army into Egypt to subdue Ptolemy, his greatest foe. To
+reach the enemy, the soldiers under Perdiccas were obliged to swim
+across the Nile. Here so many of them were eaten up by huge crocodiles,
+that the rest, angry with their general for leading them into such
+danger, fell upon him and killed him.
+
+Almost at the same time, Antipater died, leaving his son, Cas-san´der,
+and his general, Pol-ys-per´chon, to quarrel over the government of
+Macedon. Each gathered together an army, and tried to get as many
+friends as possible, especially among the Greeks.
+
+The Athenians vainly tried to remain neutral during this quarrel; but in
+the course of the war, Polysperchon came into their city, said that
+Phocion and many other great citizens were siding with Cassander, and
+condemned them to die by drinking poison brewed from the hemlock plant.
+
+It seems, however, that there was not enough poison ready to kill them
+all, so the jailer made Phocion give him some money to buy more. The
+noble old man, forced to do as he was bidden, gave the necessary amount,
+saying, "It seems that one cannot even die for nothing in Athens."
+
+As he was the last really noted politician in the city, he has been
+called the "Last of the Athenians." No one ever dared to uphold the
+city's power after his death, or tried to help it win back its old
+freedom.
+
+As soon as Perdiccas was dead, Roxana and her son were brought to
+Macedon, where they were finally placed under the protection of
+Polysperchon. When Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, saw his
+infant son, she was so anxious to secure the throne for him alone, that
+she slew the idiot king Arridæus and all his family.
+
+Under pretext of avenging this crime, Cassander captured and slew
+Olympias; and then, having won Macedon and Greece from Polysperchon, and
+seeing that there was no one left to protect Roxana and the child king,
+he put both mother and son in prison, where they were killed by his
+order shortly after.
+
+Thus, twelve years after Alexander's death, all his family were dead,
+and his vast kingdom was a prey to quarreling, which broke it up into
+several states.
+
+
+
+
+CVII. THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES.
+
+
+When Perdiccas died, An-tig´o-nus ("the one-eyed") was named his
+successor, and became governor of all the Eastern province. He no sooner
+heard that Cassander had murdered Alexander's family, than he marched
+westward, intending to avenge the crime.
+
+On his way, Antigonus passed through Syria, the land governed by
+Se-leu´cus, and asked that ruler how he had spent the money of the
+kingdom. Seleucus, who had a bad conscience, instead of answering, ran
+away to Egypt, where he became a friend of Ptolemy.
+
+Then, fearing that they would not be able to fight against Antigonus
+successfully, these two generals persuaded Cassander, ruler of Macedon,
+and Ly-sim´a-chus, ruler of Thrace, to join them.
+
+For several years the war was kept up between the four allies on one
+side, and Antigonus and his son De-me´tri-us on the other. The field of
+battle was principally in Asia Minor. The fighting continued until the
+generals became weary of warfare, and concluded to make peace.
+
+A treaty was then signed, settling the claims of all parties, and
+providing that all the Greek cities should have their freedom. This
+done, each went back to his own province; but it soon became evident
+that the peace would not last, for Cassander did not keep his promise to
+make the Greek states free.
+
+When Cassander's wrongdoing became known, the generals called upon
+Demetrius to bring him to terms. The Athenians were so pleased when
+they heard of this, that they received Demetrius with great joy.
+
+Demetrius was such a good general that he soon managed to defeat
+Cassander at Thermopylæ; and when he came back to Athens in triumph, the
+happy people gave him the title of "The Preserver," called a month by
+his name, lodged him in the Parthenon, and worshiped him as a god. Some
+time after this, Demetrius conquered Ptolemy, who had shown that he
+would not abide by the treaty either. This victory was so great, that
+Demetrius' soldiers said he deserved a reward, and named him King of
+Syria.
+
+When the other generals heard that Demetrius and his father had accepted
+the title of kings, they too put on royal crowns. Then, as each was
+still jealous of the rest, and wished to obtain more land for himself,
+war soon broke out among them once more.
+
+Demetrius, who had been very lucky in all his wars, now planned to take
+the Island of Rhodes from Ptolemy, King of Egypt. It proved, however, a
+far more difficult thing than he had expected, and, after besieging the
+principal city for a whole year, he gave up the attempt.
+
+But he had invented so many machines to try to subdue the city of
+Rhodes, that every one thought he deserved much credit, and they
+therefore gave him the title of Po-li-or-ce´tes ("the city taker").
+
+Peace was agreed upon, and Demetrius retreated, giving up to the
+Rho´di-ans all the mighty war engines he had brought with him. These
+were sold for three hundred talents (something over three hundred
+thousand dollars), and the money thus obtained was used in erecting a
+colossal statue in honor of Apollo (or He´li-os), the patron god of the
+island.
+
+[Illustration: Demetrius Poliorcetes. (Coin.)]
+
+This marvelous brazen statue, which was so fine that it was one of the
+seven wonders of the ancient world, represented the sun god, with his
+head surrounded by rays, and with his feet resting one on each side of
+the entrance of the port.
+
+We are told that the Co-los´sus of Rhodes, as this statue was generally
+called, was so tall that ships under full sail easily passed under its
+spreading legs in and out of the harbor.
+
+It stood there for about sixty years, when it was overthrown by an
+earthquake. After lying in ruins for a long time, the brass was sold as
+old metal. It was carried off on the backs of camels, and we are told
+that nine hundred of these animals were required for the work.
+
+Thus vanished one of the much talked of wonders of the ancient world.
+The others were Diana's Temple at Ephesus, the Tomb of Mau-so´lus (which
+was so fine that any handsome tomb is sometimes called a mausoleum), the
+Pha´ros or Lighthouse of Alexandria or Messina, the Walls and Hanging
+Gardens of Babylon, the Labyrinth of Crete, and the Pyramids of Egypt.
+To these is often added the Parthenon at Athens, which, as you have
+seen, was decorated by the carvings of Phidias.
+
+
+
+
+CVIII. THE BATTLE OF IPSUS.
+
+
+Demetrius, having failed to take Rhodes, now passed over into Greece,
+hoping to overthrow Cassander; but the other kings, growing afraid of
+him, agreed to help the ruler of Macedon. They therefore collected a
+large army, and forced Demetrius to stop and fight them all at Ip´sus,
+in Asia Minor.
+
+Here, just twenty years after Alexander's death, his generals met in a
+great battle. Seleucus, it is said, brought a number of fighting
+elephants, such as Porus had used, which added much to the confusion and
+fierceness of the struggle.
+
+Antigonus, the father of Demetrius, was slain, and Demetrius himself was
+defeated, and driven to Ephesus. The Athenians, who had been his friends
+and allies as long as he was prosperous, now basely deserted him. They
+declared themselves his enemies, and made a law whereby any one who
+spoke well of him, or tried to make peace with him, should be put to
+death.
+
+The battle of Ipsus decided the fate of Alexander's kingdom. It was now
+divided into four principal parts. Ptolemy remained master of Egypt, and
+his family reigned there many years, until under Cle-o-pa´tra, the last
+of his race, the country fell into the hands of the Romans.
+
+Seleucus and his descendants, the Se-leu´ci-dæ, had the Persian Empire,
+or Syria and the land between the Indus and the Euphrates. The capital
+of this empire was first Se-leu´cia, near Babylon, and later An´ti-och,
+which became a rich and well-known city.
+
+Lysimachus was given the kingdom of Thrace, which, however, soon passed
+into other hands; and Cassander remained master of Macedon. As for
+Demetrius, although he had lost a kingdom at the battle of Ipsus, he
+soon managed to conquer another.
+
+In his anger at the Athenians, he first marched against them, and
+besieged them in their own city. The Athenians were frightened, for they
+knew how well they deserved punishment; but they resisted as well as
+they could, and the siege dragged on for several months.
+
+At the end of this time there was no food left in the city, and the
+people suffered greatly from hunger. Finally they were obliged to yield;
+and Demetrius rode into Athens in triumph.
+
+
+
+
+CIX. DEMETRIUS AND THE ATHENIANS.
+
+
+The Athenians trembled with fear when they saw the stern expression on
+Demetrius' face as he entered their city. This terror became still
+greater when he ordered all the principal citizens to assemble in the
+public square. None of the Athenians dared to disobey, and they were in
+no wise reassured when the conquering army surrounded them, each soldier
+holding an unsheathed sword in his hand.
+
+Demetrius now sternly addressed the citizens, who fancied that every
+moment would be their last. He reproved them harshly for their
+ingratitude and desertion, and told them that they deserved death at his
+hands; but he ended his speech by saying that he preferred to show his
+power by granting them forgiveness rather than by killing them.
+
+Then he went on to tell them, that, knowing how much they had suffered,
+he had sent supplies of grain to every house, so that when they went
+home they should not find their wives and children starving.
+
+The sudden reaction from their great terror proved almost fatal to the
+Athenian citizens. But when they recovered their breath, the air was
+rent by a mighty shout of joy in honor of the kind conqueror.
+
+Although Demetrius was as generous as he was brave, his end was very
+sad. After a long life of continual warfare, and after conquering and
+losing Macedon, he fell into the hands of his rival and enemy, Seleucus,
+who kept him in prison as long as he lived.
+
+About this time a new trouble befell Macedon and Greece. This was an
+invasion of the Gauls, who came sweeping down from the mountains into
+Greece, in order to rob the temple at Delphi.
+
+A second time, however, the temple escaped, thanks to a terrible
+thunderstorm, which filled the superstitious minds of the robbers with
+dread. In the sudden darkness the Gauls fell upon each other, as the
+Persians had done in the days of Xerxes, and fought so desperately that
+many were killed.
+
+The Greeks, remembering former victories, now made up their minds to
+strike a blow in their own defense. They collected an army, and defeated
+the invaders so severely that Bren´nus, the leader of the Gauls, killed
+himself in despair, while his followers withdrew to a province in Asia
+Minor, which from the Gauls was called Ga-la´tia.
+
+
+
+
+CX. THE ACHÆAN LEAGUE.
+
+
+While the generals and successors of Alexander were busy trying to crush
+one another, most of the Greek towns, left to their own devices, had
+become small republics. But instead of forming a union, they became so
+jealous, that they began to quarrel and even to fight among themselves.
+
+As the quarrels became more bitter, two parties or leagues were formed,
+which, from the two most important provinces at that time, received the
+names of Achæan and Æ-to´li-an.
+
+The Achæan League was made up of twelve small towns in the Peloponnesus,
+and was under the leadership of A-ra´tus, a native of Sic´y-on. When a
+child, Aratus had seen his native city in the hands of a tyrant. His
+father, who was a patriot, had made a bold attempt to free the city, but
+had failed, and lost his life. Aratus, who was but seven years of age,
+heard that his father and all his family had been slain, and knew that
+the tyrant would try to kill him too. As he was too weak to defend
+himself, he sought refuge in the house of the tyrant's sister, where no
+one would be likely to seek for him.
+
+This woman, touched by the child's trust, hid him cleverly, and, when
+all danger was over, sent him to some friends, where she paid for his
+board, and had him carefully brought up.
+
+As Aratus was patriotic, he was anxious to finish the work which his
+father had begun. At the age of twenty, therefore, he assembled a few
+comrades, entered Sicyon, called all the lovers of liberty to his aid,
+and drove away the tyrant without shedding any blood.
+
+The town, thus freed, joined the Achæan League, of which Aratus soon
+became the leader. This office was elective, and no one was expected to
+fill it for more than a year; but Aratus was so much loved that he was
+chosen leader thirty-five years in succession.
+
+At this time, Greece and Macedon were under the rule of Antigonus
+Go-na´tas, son of Demetrius; for this man had conquered for himself the
+second kingdom which his father had lost. But now Aratus and the Achæan
+League refused to obey him, so he marched down from Macedon to restore
+order.
+
+To prevent his advance, and to hinder his getting even as much as a
+foothold in the peninsula, Aratus wanted to capture the fortress of
+Ac-ro-co-rin´thus, which barred the Isthmus of Corinth.
+
+This undertaking was very difficult, because the fortress was perched
+upon a rock so high and steep that it was almost impossible to climb it.
+
+A traitor, Di´o-cles, however, offered to show Aratus a way to climb
+this rock, provided that he should receive a certain reward. Although
+general of the Achæan League, and one of the greatest men of his day,
+Aratus was far from being rich; and, in order to obtain the required
+sum, he had to sell all he had, and even pawn his wife's few jewels.
+
+Then, in the midst of the darkness, one rainy night, Diocles led the
+Achæan soldiers along a steep path, which they had to climb in Indian
+file.
+
+He brought them safely and unseen into the fortress, where they killed
+most of the Macedonian sentinels, and put the guards to flight. As soon
+as the key of the Peloponnesus had been thus daringly won, most of the
+other towns in the peninsula joined the league, and the Achæans gained
+such victories, that Antigonus Gonatus fell ill, and died of grief.
+
+The Achæan League became stronger and stronger; and, although Sparta and
+a few other cities remained neutral, most of the small towns were freed
+from their tyrants. Such was the importance of the league, that the
+Roman ambassadors once came to ask for its aid to suppress the pirates
+who infested the neighboring seas.
+
+This help was cheerfully given, and the Achæans entered into a treaty
+with the Romans. They little suspected, however, that the city whose
+name was then almost unknown would in less than a hundred years become
+strong enough to subdue them, and be mistress over all Greece.
+
+
+
+
+CXI. DIVISION IN SPARTA.
+
+
+While the Achæan League was doing its best to restore Greece to its
+former power, Sparta had remained inactive. The Spartans had changed
+greatly since the days of Lycurgus. They no longer obeyed his wise laws,
+and, instead of being brave and frugal, they were greedy, lazy, and
+wicked.
+
+One of their kings was named Leonidas; but he was in no way like his
+great namesake, the king who had fallen at Thermopylæ. Indeed, he
+married an Eastern wife, and to please her assumed all the pomp and led
+the idle life of an Eastern king.
+
+His fellow-king, on the other hand, was such a miser that he heaped up
+great treasures. When he died, his wife and mother were said to have
+more gold than the city and people together. The miser king was
+succeeded by his son, but this young man's sole ambition was to restore
+Sparta to its former condition.
+
+His name was A´gis. He lived like the Spartans of old, practiced all the
+virtues of his ancestors, and was frugal and brave in the extreme. To
+restore Sparta, real Spartans were needed, but, in counting them over,
+Agis found that there were only about seven hundred of the old stock
+left. The first move was to restore equality. For that purpose, all the
+money and land would have to be equally divided, so Agis began by
+persuading his own mother and grandmother to give up their wealth.
+Leonidas did not like the plan of equality, and soon openly opposed it,
+although his son-in-law Cleombrotus sided with Agis, and upheld it.
+
+But the people were eager for the new division which would make them all
+equal as of old; and they were so angry with Leonidas for his
+resistance, that they rose up against him, and proposed to depose him by
+reviving an old law which forbade the ruling of a king who married a
+foreign wife.
+
+Leonidas had time to flee to the Temple of Athene; and when the ephors
+called him to appear before them, he refused to do so, because he feared
+for his life. As such a refusal was a crime, the ephors said he should
+not reign any longer, and named Cleombrotus king in his stead.
+
+[Illustration: Cleombrotus and Chilonis.]
+
+Leonidas, who had led a selfish, pleasure-loving life, was now forsaken
+by every one except his daughter, Chi-lo´nis, who gave up her husband
+and the throne in order to console her unfortunate father. She kept him
+company in the temple, cared for him and amused him, and, when her
+husband begged her to come back, she answered that her place was rather
+with her unhappy father than with her prosperous husband.
+
+When it became known that the Spartans were plotting to kill the unhappy
+Leonidas, Agis helped him to escape, and Chilonis followed him into
+exile.
+
+The Ætolian League, which just then was very strong, now sent an army
+across the isthmus to attack the Spartans. The latter sallied forth
+under the leadership of Agis, who proved such a skillful general, that
+he not only won a great victory, but also drove the Ætolians out of the
+peninsula.
+
+During the absence of Agis, many of the richest Spartans who had not yet
+given up their property refused to do so, and when urged by Cleombrotus
+to obey, they revolted against him, and recalled Leonidas.
+
+Cleombrotus had only time to take refuge in the same temple where his
+father-in-law had once found shelter. Here he was soon joined by his
+wife, Chilonis, who, ever faithful to the most unhappy, came thither to
+comfort him.
+
+Leonidas was so angry that he would probably have treated Cleombrotus
+with the utmost severity, had not Chilonis fallen at his feet and
+begged him to spare her husband's life. Her tears touched her father,
+and he granted the favor she asked, declaring, however, that Cleombrotus
+should go into exile.
+
+In spite of her father's entreaties to remain with him, Chilonis
+insisted upon accompanying her husband. She gave Cleombrotus one of
+their two children, clasped the other to her breast, and left the city,
+proudly walking at her husband's side.
+
+
+
+
+CXII. DEATH OF AGIS.
+
+
+When Agis heard of the changes which had been taking place in Sparta
+during his absence, he quickly went home. On arriving in the city, he
+found the party of the rich so powerful that he could not oppose them,
+and was even forced to seek refuge in a temple, as Leonidas and
+Cleombrotus had each done in turn.
+
+His wife, A-gi-a´tis, forced by illness to stay at home, could not show
+her love by following him there; but a few faithful friends went with
+him, and kept guard over him. Their watchfulness was needed, because
+Agis slipped out of the temple every night to go to the bath and refresh
+himself.
+
+It happened, however, that two of these friends were false. They basely
+took the bribes offered by the ephors for information about the king,
+and told them that he left the temple every night, and for what
+purpose.
+
+Thus advised, the ephors surprised the little party the next night, and
+thrust Agis into prison. He was tried and condemned to death by order of
+Leonidas, and thus died when only twenty-two years of age, after having
+vainly tried for three years to bring the Spartans back to their former
+simplicity and virtue.
+
+Leonidas, not content with killing Agis, gave the widow Agiatis in
+marriage to his son, Cle-om´e-nes, who was a mere boy, several years
+younger than she. Agiatis soon won great influence over the young
+prince, and told him so much about her dead husband, that he tried to
+follow the example of Agis in everything.
+
+When Leonidas died, Cleomenes succeeded him, and, thanks to the
+teachings of his wife, was both great and virtuous. He drove away the
+ephors, who were rich and corrupt, and then distributed all the property
+equally among the people, as Agis had planned.
+
+When Aratus heard of the reforms made by Cleomenes, he began to fear
+that Sparta would win back her former power, and again try to lord it
+over the rest of Greece. To prevent such a misfortune, he decided to
+attack the Spartan king while he was too young to excel in the art of
+war.
+
+He therefore advanced with a good army; but, to his surprise and dismay,
+he was completely defeated by the young king. Several of the smaller
+towns now showed a desire to leave the Achæan League and join Sparta, so
+Aratus became more eager than ever to suppress her rising power.
+
+In his eagerness he forgot all caution, and even asked help of Antigonus
+Do´son, King of Macedon, the successor of Antigonus Gonatas. This ruler
+owed his surname of Doson ("who will give") to a bad habit of promising
+all kinds of gifts to his followers,--promises which were never kept.
+
+Antigonus Doson was only too glad to send a Macedonian army into Greece,
+and not only garrisoned the fortress on the Isthmus of Corinth, but also
+sent troops on into the Peloponnesus.
+
+
+
+
+CXIII. THE WAR OF THE TWO LEAGUES.
+
+
+The Achæan and Macedonian armies now met the Spartans at Sel-la´sia, in
+Laconia, where the latter were badly defeated, and Sparta fell into the
+enemy's hands. Antigonus was so proud of his victory that he burst a
+blood vessel upon hearing the news, and died shortly after.
+
+Before he closed his eyes, however, he had the satisfaction of driving
+Cleomenes away from Greece into Egypt. There the young king fell upon
+his sword, after killing his children, rather than become a slave.
+Tyrants were now allowed again in many of the Greek cities, in spite of
+the remonstrances of Aratus, who learned only too late that the
+Macedonians had come into the Peloponnesus merely for the purpose of
+making themselves masters of the country.
+
+Aratus' eyes were opened. He saw that all his efforts were vain, and
+that, owing to his own imprudence, Greece would never again be free. In
+his grief, his presence of mind quite forsook him. He did not know what
+steps to take in order to undo all the harm he had done.
+
+The Ætolians now became the champions of freedom, and marched against
+the Achæans, whom they defeated. In their distress, the Achæans once
+more begged the Macedonians to interfere, and send troops into Greece.
+
+The contest which followed is known as the War of the Two Leagues, and
+lasted for some time. In the beginning, the Macedonian king allowed
+Aratus to take the lead, and followed all his directions; but, growing
+weary of this subordinate part, he finally poisoned the Achæan leader,
+and became head of the league himself.
+
+When the Spartans and Ætolians, who had joined forces, found that the
+Achæans and Macedonians were likely to prove too strong for them, they
+also began to look around for allies. As the fame of the rising city of
+Rome had reached them, they finally sent thither for the help they
+needed.
+
+The Romans were then rapidly extending their territory, and hoped soon
+to become masters of the world, so they were glad to help the Spartans
+against the Macedonians, who were already their enemies.
+
+They therefore speedily came to the Spartans' aid, set fire to the
+Achæan and Macedonian ships, and defeated their armies so sorely, that
+Philip was obliged to beg for peace and to give them his son as a
+hostage.
+
+The Spartans, having thus freed themselves from the yoke of the Achæan
+League, now fell into far worse hands, for they were governed by a
+tyrant named Na´bis,--a cruel and miserly man, who, in order to
+increase his treasure, often had recourse to vile stratagems.
+
+He had made a cunning instrument of torture, on purpose to obtain money
+from any one he wished. This was a statue, the exact image of his wife,
+clad in magnificent robes. Whenever he heard that any man was very rich,
+Nabis used to send for him. After treating him with exaggerated
+politeness, the tyrant would gently advise him to sacrifice his wealth
+for the good of the state.
+
+If his guest refused to do so, Nabis would invite him to visit his wife,
+and lead the unsuspecting man close to the statue. This was made so as
+to move by a system of cunningly arranged springs, and as soon as the
+victim came within reach, the statue's arms closed tightly around him.
+
+The terrified guest, caught in an irresistible embrace, then found
+himself drawn closer and closer, and pressed against sharp points and
+knives hidden under the rich garments.
+
+It was only, when the tortured man had solemnly promised to give up all
+he owned, that the tyrant Nabis would set him free; but if he resisted,
+he was killed by slow torture, and allowed to bleed to death in the
+statue's embrace.
+
+
+
+
+CXIV. THE LAST OF THE GREEKS.
+
+
+When Aratus died, the principal man in the Achæan army was
+Phil-o-poe´men, a brave and virtuous young man. He was patriotic in
+the extreme, and so plain and unassuming that no one would have
+suspected his rank.
+
+On one occasion, when he had reached the dignity of general, he was
+invited to dine at a house where the hostess was a stranger to him. When
+he came to the door, she took him for a servant, on account of his plain
+clothes, and curtly bade him go and split wood.
+
+Without saying a word, Philopoemen threw aside his cloak, seized an
+ax, and set to work. The host, on coming up a few minutes later, was
+horrified to see his honored guest cutting wood, and was profuse in his
+apologies for a mistake which only made Philopoemen laugh.
+
+When Philopoemen heard how cruel Nabis was, he wanted to free Sparta
+from his tyranny. So he entered the town at the head of an armed force
+of men, confiscated the treasures for the benefit of the public, and
+drove Nabis away.
+
+The Spartans were at first very grateful to the Achæans for freeing
+them, but they soon began to feel jealous of their power, and again rose
+up in revolt against them. This time Philopoemen treated the Spartans
+with the utmost severity, even razing the walls of the city, which were
+never rebuilt.
+
+Philopoemen was farsighted enough to see from the beginning that the
+Roman alliance would prove bad for Greece. He soon discovered that the
+Romans intended to subdue the country, and in order to do so most easily
+were trying to make the people quarrel among themselves.
+
+All his efforts were therefore directed toward keeping peace, and for a
+time he was quite successful. But the Romans, seeing no other way to
+bring about a quarrel, at last bribed the Messenians to revolt.
+
+In the course of the war, Philopoemen was led into an artfully
+arranged ambuscade, and was taken in chains to Messenia, where,
+notwithstanding his gray hair, he was exposed to the jeers of the common
+people.
+
+After thus humiliating him, they led him to the place of torture; but
+when he heard that his army had escaped from the ambush, he fervently
+cried, "I die happy, since the Achæans are safe."
+
+This only hastened the end of the brave patriot, who has been called the
+"Last of the Greeks," because he was the last to try to maintain his
+country's independence.
+
+The Achæans soon after took the town of Messenia, stoned all
+Philopoemen's murderers on his tomb, and carried his ashes to
+Meg-a-lop´o-lis, his native city, where they were buried with great
+pomp.
+
+
+
+
+CXV. GREECE A ROMAN PROVINCE.
+
+
+For centuries the Greeks had been in the habit of assembling at Corinth
+every three years for the celebration of the Isthmian games, in honor of
+Poseidon, god of the sea. Here, as at Olympia, there were races,
+wrestling and boxing matches, and contests in verse and song; and as
+usual the prizes were simple crowns of olive leaves, which were
+considered far more precious than silver or gold.
+
+In 196 B.C. not only were the Greeks present at this celebration, but
+there were also many Romans who wished to witness the games. The Greeks
+were then particularly happy because the War of the Two Leagues seemed
+to be ended, and the country was at peace.
+
+In the midst of the festival, Quin´tius Flam-i-ni´nus, the Roman consul,
+mounted the orator's block, and proclaimed that the Roman army had just
+won a great victory over the revolted King of Macedon, and that the
+Greek states were now indeed free.
+
+These tidings were received with such a tumult of joyful cries, it is
+said, that a flock of birds that were flying overhead fell to the earth,
+stunned by the shock of cheers which rent the air.
+
+This joy, however, did not last very long, for the new-won freedom of
+Greece existed in name only. As soon as the Romans had completed the
+conquest of Macedon under its last ruler, Perseus, they prepared to
+annex Greece also.
+
+Their first move was to accuse the Achæans of sending aid to Macedon.
+Under this pretext, one thousand leading citizens were seized, and sent
+to Rome to be tried.
+
+Here they were kept in exile for many a year, longing to go home, and
+fuming against their detention. When they were finally allowed to
+return, they were so imbittered, that, as the Romans had foreseen, they
+soon stirred up a revolt among the Achæans.
+
+Æ-mil´i-us Pau´lus, the conqueror of Macedon, then marched into Greece,
+and swept over the whole country. He took the city of Corinth, and
+burned it to the ground, after carrying off many of its most precious
+works of art to adorn his triumph.
+
+Such was the ignorance of the Romans at that time, however, about all
+matters of art, that the sailors who were to carry these treasures to
+Rome were warned by the consul to be careful, as they would have to
+replace any article they had damaged or lost.
+
+The Romans then placed garrisons in the principal Greek towns, and the
+country became a mere province of Rome, under the name of Achaia.
+
+Thus ends the history of ancient Greece, which, though so small, was yet
+the most famous country the world has ever known,--the country from
+which later nations learned their best lessons in art, philosophy, and
+literature.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+                                                PAGE
+
+
+Academy, gardens of                             142
+
+Achæan League                                   268-270
+
+Achæans exiled to Rome                          281
+
+Achilles, avenges Patroclus                     50
+  betrays himself                               46
+  death of                                      51
+  in the Styx                                   45
+  prophecy regarding                            44
+
+Acropolis, captured                             88, 96
+  Parthenon on                                  149
+  statue of Athene on                           115
+  temple to Theseus, near                       28, 143
+
+Adrastus                                        37-40
+
+Ægean Sea, derivation of name                   27
+  Persian vessels forbidden to enter            147
+
+Ægeus                                           27
+
+Ægina, Draco at Island of                       88
+
+Æneas, escape of                                53
+
+Ætolian League                                  268, 273
+
+Agamemnon, insults priest of Apollo             48
+  King of Mycenæ                                44
+
+Age of Pericles                                 146
+
+Agesilaus, at Coronea                           189
+  courage of                                    185, 199
+
+Agis, condemned to death                        275
+  type of old Spartans                          271
+
+Alcibiades, anecdotes of                        161, 163, 164
+  hostility toward                              166
+  killed by Persians                            171
+  shield of                                     162
+
+Alexander I                                     197-199
+
+Alexander the Great, birthplace of              227
+  crosses Libyan desert                         245
+  cuts Gordian knot                             238
+  death of                                      236, 253
+  enters Jerusalem                              244
+  generosity of                                 248
+  horsemanship of                               229, 231
+  marriage of                                   252
+  omens concerning                              227
+  prophecy of                                   256
+  self-denial of                                251
+  takes title of "Shah in Shah"                 249
+  tomb of                                       255
+  victory of                                    237, 246
+  visit of, to Diogenes                         235
+
+Alexandria, founded                             244
+  Lighthouse of                                 264
+
+Ambassador, life of, sacred                     111, 120
+
+Amphictyonic Council                            20, 217, 224
+
+Anaxagoras, philosopher                         151, 152
+
+Antalcidas, treaty of                           190
+
+Antigone                                        36, 40
+
+Antigonus Doson                                 275
+
+Antigonus Gonatas                               269
+
+Antigonus, "the one-eyed"                       262
+
+Antipater, governor of Macedon                  256, 258, 260
+
+Apollo sends plague                             48
+  statue in honor of                            264
+
+Appetite, recipe for good                       238
+
+Aratus, leader of Achæan League                 269
+  poisoning of                                  277
+
+Arbela, battle at                               246
+
+Archon, how elected                             87
+  origin of title of                            57
+
+Areopagus, court of law                         91
+  Pisistratus before the                        95
+
+Aristides, anecdote of                          118
+  burial of                                     141
+  discovers plans of Xerxes                     133
+  recall of                                     124
+
+Aristocrat, derivation of                       95
+
+Aristodemus, daughter sacrificed by             72
+  first ruler of Sparta                         61
+
+Aristogiton                                     99, 102
+
+Aristomenes                                     73-77
+
+Aristophanes                                    173-175
+
+Aristotle, teacher of Alexander                 231
+
+Arridæus                                        256, 261
+
+Artaxerxes, befriends Themistocles              140
+  oath of                                       147
+  sends for Hippocrates                         155
+  treachery of                                  181
+
+Aspasia                                         152
+
+Aster, an archer                                220
+
+Athene, festival in honor of                    26
+  statue of                                     115, 149, 247
+  temple to                                     88, 101, 136, 149, 271
+
+Athene, tree planted by                         90, 137
+
+Athenians, at Marathon                          113-115
+  bribery of                                    189
+  build statues                                 102, 179
+  defeat Spartans                               56
+  extravagance of                               141
+  heroes among                                  113, 114
+  ingratitude of                                117, 119
+  last of the                                   261
+  thirty-years' peace of                        148
+
+Athens, art in                                  149
+  becomes an oligarchy                          87
+  burning of                                    132
+  called Cecropia                               16
+  chains of Xerxes in                           137
+  Olympic games at in, 1896                     80
+  plague in                                     155
+  purification of                               90
+  rebuilt                                       137
+  title of king in                              56
+  voting in                                     91, 103
+
+Athos, Mount                                    110, 124, 126
+
+
+Babylon, city of                                246
+  Hanging Gardens of                            264
+
+Bessus, treachery of                            248
+
+Brennus, leader of Gauls                        267
+
+Bucephalus, meaning of                          229
+  monument to                                   250
+
+Bulis, self-sacrifice of                        120
+
+
+Cadmus                                          17, 191
+
+Canal dug by Xerxes                             124
+
+Cassander                                       260-263
+
+Cassandra                                       42
+
+Ceadas, pit of                                  75
+
+Cecropia. See _Athens_.
+
+Cecrops founds Athens                           16
+
+Chæronea, battle at                             225
+
+Charilaus educated by Lycurgus                  62
+
+Charon, babe of, as pledge                      193
+
+Chilo dies of joy                               86
+
+Chilonis, self-sacrifice of                     273
+
+Chios, Island of                                60
+
+Cimon, banishment of                            146
+  death of                                      147
+  generosity of                                 143
+  son of Miltiades                              117
+
+Cleombrotus                                     195, 273
+
+Cleomenes                                       275, 276
+
+Cleopatra, last of the Ptolemies                265
+
+Clytus                                          228, 237, 249
+
+Codrus, heroic death of                         56
+
+Coinage of money                                24
+
+Colchis, Golden Fleece in                       25
+
+Colossus of Rhodes                              264
+
+Comedy of "The Clouds"                          174, 175
+
+Corinth, city of                                280, 281
+  Isthmus of                                    17, 131
+
+Coronea                                         148, 189
+
+Crete, location of                              22
+
+Criminals, punishment of                        176
+  self-defense of                               91
+
+Crito                                           177, 179
+
+Croesus, ruler of Lydia                       253
+
+Croton, Greek colony                            81, 166
+
+Cunaxa, battle at                               180
+
+Cyclops, meaning of                             14
+
+Cydnus, Alexander bathes in                     240
+
+Cylon                                           88
+
+Cyrus, death of                                 180
+
+
+Dædalus invents sails                           22
+
+Damocles' sword                                 209
+
+Damon                                           204-208
+
+Danaus teaches shipbuilding                     17
+
+Darius, army of, routed                         113
+  audience chamber of                           106
+  death of                                      119, 248
+  offers peace to Alexander                     247
+  resolves to conquer Greece                    108, 117
+  second army of                                110
+  "The Great King"                              104
+
+Decelea, fortification of                       168
+
+Delos, Island of                                177, 179
+
+Delphi, temple at, rebuilding of                101
+  robbed                                        224
+  saved by thunderstorm                         130, 267
+
+Demeter, festival of                            17, 191
+
+Demetrius, generosity of                        266
+  imprisonment of                               267
+  "The Preserver"                               263
+
+Democedes, court physician                      107
+
+Democrat, derivation of                         95
+
+Demosthenes, cowardice of                       226
+  joy of, at death of Philip                    233
+  orator                                        221-223
+  takes poison                                  259
+
+Deucalion                                       19, 20
+
+Diana, goddess                                  47
+  temple of                                     65, 227, 237, 264
+
+Diocles, traitor                                269
+
+Diogenes                                        234, 235
+
+Dion                                            210-215
+
+Dionysius the Elder                             202-210
+
+Dionysius the Younger                           210-216
+
+Dionysus, festival and theater of               92-94
+
+Draco, cruel lawmaker                           87, 88, 91
+
+
+"Earth and water," demand for                   110
+
+Ecbatana, a walled city                         104
+
+Egyptians, civilization of                      12
+
+Epaminondas, as commander                       196
+  dying words of                                201
+  risks own life for Pelopidas                  191
+
+Ephesus, founded                                56
+  taken by Alexander                            237
+  temple at                                     227, 264
+
+Ephialtes, perfidy of                           128
+
+Epimenides, long sleep of                       90
+
+Erostratus wins immortality                     228
+
+Eteocles quarrels with Polynices                37-39
+
+Eurybiades, Spartan king                        132-134
+
+
+Flood of Ogyges                                 15
+
+Furies, duty of                                 36
+
+
+Galatia, how named                              267
+
+Golden Fleece, search for                       25
+
+Gordian knot, cutting the                       240
+
+Gordium                                         238
+
+Granicus, battle near                           237
+
+Great Greece                                    54
+
+Great King, The (see also _Darius_)        104
+
+Greece, alphabet brought to                     17
+  Egyptians settle in                           13
+  freedom of                                    281
+  known as Achaia                               282
+  punishment of criminals in                    176
+  situation of                                  11
+
+Greeks, at Thermopylæ                           127, 128
+  betrayal of                                   181
+  commercial journey by                         26
+  geographical knowledge of                     251
+  gods angry with                               54
+  last of the                                   280
+  retreat of                                    182-184
+  statue judged by                              83
+  Troy taken by                                 53
+  truce of                                      51
+  victory of, at Salamis                        134
+
+
+Hanging Gardens of Babylon                      264
+
+Harmodius, kills Hipparchus                     99
+  statue in honor of                            102
+
+Hector, falls by hand of Achilles               50
+  kills Patroclus                               50
+  sung by Homer                                 60
+
+Hecuba, dream of                                41
+
+Helen runs away with Paris                      43
+
+Helios. See _Apollo._
+
+Hellas, how named (see also _Greece_)      21
+
+Hellen, second son of Deucalion                 20
+
+Hellespont, a narrow strait                     109
+  bridging the                                  121
+
+Helots, Spartan slaves                          61
+  strike for freedom                            145
+  temperance taught by                          68
+
+Hephæstion, drinks himself to death             252
+  friend of Alexander                           236
+  mistaken for Alexander                        241
+
+Heracles. See _Hercules_.
+
+Heraclidæ, banishment of                        28
+  regain possessions                            55
+
+Heraclides, treachery of                        214
+
+Hercules, birthplace of                         28
+  festival instituted by                        78
+  games in honor of                             38
+
+Hermes, destruction of statues of               166
+
+Heroic Age                                      25, 57
+
+Hipparchus                                      98, 99
+
+Hippias, Athenian ruler                         98
+  capture of                                    102
+  Darius' generals guided by                    111
+  killed                                        113
+  seeks aid from Darius                         105
+
+Hippocrates drives out plague                   156
+
+Homer, birthplace of                            60
+  blindness of                                  57
+  poems of, collected                           97
+  rank of, as poet                              58, 60
+
+Hot Gateway                                     20, 125
+
+Hymettus, honey of                              17
+
+Hyphasis River                                  251
+
+
+Icarian Sea, how named                          24
+
+Icarus flies too high                           24
+
+Ilium. See _Troy_.
+
+Immortals, bodyguard of Xerxes                  122
+  gain Pass of Thermopylæ                       129
+
+Inachus teaches Pelasgians                      13
+
+Ionia, derivation of name                       21
+  location of                                   56, 104
+
+Iphigenia rescued by Diana                      47
+
+Ipsus, battle of                                265
+
+Ismene dies of grief                            40
+
+Issus, Persians routed at                       241
+
+Isthmian games                                  280
+
+Ithome, fortified city                          72, 73
+
+
+Jaddua, vision of                               244
+
+Jason commands the "Argo"                       25
+
+Jocasta, kills herself                          35
+  Queen of Thebes                               29
+
+Jove, thunderbolts of                           162
+
+Jupiter, festival and statue of                 78, 79
+  temple to                                     245
+  See also _Zeus_.
+
+
+Labyrinth of Crete                              22, 27, 264
+
+Lacedæmon, how named                            61
+
+Laconia, adjective from                         66
+  clemency shown to                             197
+  location of                                   61
+
+Laius, killed by OEdipus                      31
+  words of oracle to                            29
+
+Lamia, fortress of                              258
+
+"Last of the Athenians"                         261
+
+"Last of the Greeks"                            280
+
+Leæna, courage of                               100
+  honor to                                      103
+
+Leonidas I., betrayal of                        129
+  guards Thermopylæ                             125
+  reply of, to Xerxes                           127
+
+Leonidas II.                                    270-275
+
+Leuctra, Theban victory at                      196
+
+Libya, temple at                                245
+
+Long Walls, building of                         147
+  destruction of                                170
+  rebuilding of                                 172
+
+Lyceum, laying out of                           96
+
+Lycurgus, in Spartan history                    61
+  iron money originated by                      70
+  laws of                                       62-70
+
+
+Macedon, location of                            217
+
+Mantinea, Theban victory at                     199
+
+Marathon, battle of                             113-115
+  situation of                                  111
+
+Mardonius, flight of                            134
+
+Mausolus, Tomb of                               264
+
+Mediterranean Sea, islands in                   13
+  stretch of                                    11
+
+Megacles, crime of                              89, 101
+
+Megalopolis, tomb in                            280
+
+Menelaus                                        42, 43
+
+Messenia                                        71, 280
+
+Messenians, bribed by Romans                    280
+  thrown into Ceadas                            75
+  war against Spartans                          145
+
+Messina, city and colony of                     77, 166
+  Lighthouse of                                 264
+
+Midas, cart of                                  238
+
+Miletus                                         56, 137
+
+Milo the athlete                                81, 82
+
+Miltiades, at Marathon                          112
+  conviction and death of                       117
+
+Minerva. See _Athene_.
+
+Mirage                                          245
+
+Money, coining of                               24
+  institution of iron                           70
+
+Morea, why so called                            55
+
+
+Nabis, tyrant                                   278
+
+Navigation taught                               17
+
+Nearchus, exploration of                        251
+
+Nemean lion                                     38
+
+Nemesis, statue of                              116
+
+Neptune. See _Poseidon_.
+
+Nestor the wise man                             44
+
+
+OEdipus, answers Sphinx's riddle              34
+  attempted murder of                           29
+  death of                                      36
+  fulfillment of prophecy concerning            31, 34
+  puts out his own eyes                         35
+
+Ogyges, flood of                                15
+
+Olympia, temple at                              78
+
+Olympiad as measurement of time                 80
+
+Olympias                                        227, 261
+
+Olympic games, bearing arms during              126
+  excitement at                                 86
+  girls in                                      84
+  renewal of                                    80
+  time reckoned by                              80
+
+Ostracize, derivation of                        104
+
+
+Panathenæa, festival of                         26
+
+Paris, bringing up of                           42
+
+Paros, Island of                                116
+
+Parthenon                                       149, 264
+
+Patroclus, armor of Achilles on                 49
+  killed by Hector                              50
+  sung by Homer                                 60
+
+Pausanias, patriotism of mother of              139
+  successor of Leonidas                         134
+  walled in                                     139
+
+Pelasgians, homes and habits of                 12
+  remains of, in old tombs                      18
+  skill of, in building                         14
+  spinning and weaving by                       16
+
+Pelopidæ conquer Heraclidæ                      28
+
+Pelopidas, exiled Theban                        191
+  returns in disguise                           193
+  slain in battle                               199
+
+Peloponnesian War, end of                       170
+  length of                                     153
+
+Peloponnesus, derivation of name                24
+  Dorians settle in                             55
+  key of the                                    270
+  laid waste                                    154
+  present name of                               55
+
+Pelops teaches coinage of money                 24
+
+Perdiccas, against Ptolemy                      260
+  receives Alexander's ring                     253
+
+Pericles, death of                              156, 157
+  eloquence of                                  154
+  idol of the poor                              144
+  improvement of Athens by                      149
+  leader of the Athenians                       146
+
+Persepolis, burning of                          248
+
+Perseus builds Mycenæ                           17
+
+Persian army, route of, to Greece               109
+
+Persian fleet, destruction of                   110
+  retreat of                                    115
+
+Persian vessels shut out of the Ægean           147
+
+Phalanx, Macedonian                             218, 250
+
+Pharnabazus                                     185-188
+
+Pharos                                          264
+
+Phidias, death of                               149
+  Parthenon decorated by                        149, 264
+  statues by                                    79, 116, 149
+
+Philip of Macedon, ambition of                  217, 220, 226
+  at Chæronea                                   226
+  early training of                             217
+  formation of Macedonian phalanx by            218
+  gift from, to Demosthenes                     222
+  left eye of, put out                          220
+  murder of                                     226
+  president of Amphictyonic Council             225
+  wealth of                                     218
+
+Philippic, origin of                            221
+
+Philopoemon, anecdote of                      279
+  "Last of the Greeks"                          280
+
+Philoxenus, a philosopher                       202-204
+
+Phocion, caution of                             257
+  "Last of the Athenians"                       261
+
+Phoenicians, home of                          13
+
+Pindar, house of                                233
+
+Pisistratidæ, expulsion of                      102
+
+Pisistratus, death of                           98
+  hypocrisy of                                  95
+  improvement of Athens by                      96
+
+Platæa                                          134, 136
+
+Plato, Olympic crown given to                   212
+  pupil of Socrates                             59
+  words of Socrates preserved by                177, 179
+
+Poliorcetes, "the city taker"                   263
+
+Polynices                                       37-39
+
+Porus, Indian king                              250
+
+Poseidon                                        52, 280
+
+Priam, begs Hector's body                       51
+  desertion of Paris by                         41
+  sung by Homer                                 60
+
+Prisoners of war as slaves                      48, 61
+
+Ptolemy, builds tomb for Alexander              255
+  conquered by Demetrius                        263
+
+Pyramids of Egypt                               12, 264
+
+Pyrrha                                          19, 20
+
+Pythias                                         204-208
+
+
+Quarries, The                                   203
+
+
+Retreat of the Ten Thousand                     185
+
+Rome, Achæans exiled to                         281
+  art in                                        282
+  power of                                      270, 277
+
+Roxana, imprisonment of                         261
+  wife of Alexander                             252
+
+
+Sacred Battalion                                195, 226
+
+Sacred War                                      224
+
+Salamis, victory at                             134, 170
+
+Sardis, burning of                              109
+  taken by Alexander                            237
+
+Seleucia                                        265
+
+Seleucus                                        262, 265, 267
+
+Scyros, Island of, Achilles at                  46
+  Theseus killed at                             28, 143
+
+Shipbuilding taught                             17
+
+Sicyon joins Achæan League                      269
+
+Sisygambis, love of, for Alexander              242, 255
+
+Slaves, prisoners of war as                     48, 61
+
+Socrates, accusation against                    175
+  belief and practice of                        158, 176
+  death of                                      179
+  defense of                                    176
+  greatest philosopher of the world             171
+  last conversation of                          177-179
+  life of Alcibiades saved by                   162
+  statue of                                     179
+
+Solon, laws of                                  91, 103, 170
+  play acting disapproved by                    93
+  return of, to Athens                          97
+
+Sophocles                                       94
+
+Sparta, earthquake at                           144
+  location of                                   42
+  rebuilding of                                 146
+  rulers of                                     55
+  two kings of                                  61
+
+Spartan, an expression of courage               66
+
+Spartan babes, fate of                          63
+
+Spartan boys, education of                      63-66
+  example of bravery of                         65
+  fidelity instilled in                         67
+  test of courage of                            65
+  trained to steal                              65
+
+Spartan girls, carried off by Messenians        71
+  education of                                  63, 69
+
+Spartan mother, admonition of                   68
+
+Spartans, ask aid of Athenians                  74
+  at Pass of Thermopylæ                         129
+  attack Amphea                                 71
+  covet Messenia                                71
+  degeneracy of                                 172, 270
+  force way into Thebes                         190
+  freed from Achæan League                      277
+  habits of                                     67, 68, 136
+  influence of superstition on                  111, 154
+  join in Olympic games                         79
+  overcome Messenians                           75
+  rout of three thousand by twelve              195
+  seize Persian ambassadors                     111
+  swear allegiance to Lycurgus                  70
+
+Sperthias, self-sacrifice of                    120
+
+Sphinx                                          33, 34
+
+Styx, power of waters of                        45
+
+Sun, eclipse of                                 153, 154
+
+Susa, statue at                                 247
+
+Sybaris, prosperity of                          165
+
+Syracuse                                        166, 204
+
+
+Temple, at Delphi, command from                 19
+  at Ephesus                                    227, 264
+  at Libya                                      245
+  at Olympia                                    78
+  of Bel, rebuilding of                         247
+  of Jupiter                                    246
+  of Neptune                                    258
+  protection by a                               88, 139, 258, 271
+  rebuilding of a                               247
+  saved by thunderstorm                         130, 267
+  test of courage at                            65
+
+Theagenes, statue of                            83
+
+Theater, the first                              93
+
+Thebes, founding of                             17
+  siege of                                      38-40
+  supremacy of                                  197
+  taking, of                                    191, 233
+
+Themistocles, Athenian general                  112
+  council planned by                            125
+  courage of                                    133
+  exiled by Athenians                           140
+  honor of                                      140
+  jealousy of                                   116
+
+Thermopylæ, Greeks at                           127, 128
+  Pass of                                       20, 125
+
+Thersander                                      40, 44
+
+Theseum                                         143
+
+Theseus, bones of                               143
+  Greek hero                                    26-28
+
+Thespians, bravery of                           130
+
+Thespis builds first theater                    93
+
+Thessaly, location of                           55
+
+Thirty Tyrants, the                             170-172
+
+Thrasybulus, statues to                         172
+
+Tigris, Greeks swim the                         246
+
+Torture, instrument of                          278
+
+Tragedy, Greek meaning of                       93
+  writers of                                    94
+
+Troy, burning of                                53
+  location of                                   41
+  siege of                                      47-53
+  sung by Homer                                 60
+
+Truce, hundred years'                           28, 55
+
+Tyrant, meanings of                             97
+
+Tyre, burning of                                243
+
+Tyrtæus leads Spartans                          75
+
+
+Ulysses, in disguise                            46
+  sung by Homer                                 60
+  the crafty king                               44
+  wooden horse of                               52
+
+
+Vine, golden                                    106, 253
+
+Voting in Athens                                91, 103
+
+
+War, end of Peloponnesian                       170
+  engines of                                    124, 263
+  First Messenian                               71
+  length of Peloponnesian                       153
+  of the Epigoni                                40
+  of the Two Leagues                            277
+  Second Messenian                              77
+
+Wonders of the world                            149, 228, 264
+
+
+Xanthippe                                       158
+
+Xenophon                                        159, 182
+
+Xerxes I., canal dug by                         124
+  defeat of                                     134
+  host of                                       121-124
+  sorrow of                                     122
+  vessels of, wrecked                           126
+
+Xuthus rules Athens                             21
+
+
+Zeus (see also _Jupiter_)                  77, 151, 162
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE GREEKS***
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The story of the Greeks, by H. A. Guerber</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Story of the Greeks</p>
+<p>Author: H. A. Guerber</p>
+<p>Release Date: December 5, 2007  [eBook #23495]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE GREEKS***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Dave Macfarlane,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 1 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h3>ECLECTIC SCHOOL READINGS</h3>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><a name="The_Story_of_the_Greeks" id="The_Story_of_the_Greeks"><span class="smcap">The Story of the Greeks</span></a></h1>
+
+<h5>BY</h5>
+
+<h3>H. A. GUERBER</h3>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 229px;"><br />
+<img src="images/illus-001r.png" width="229" height="284" alt="" title="" />
+<br /><br /></div>
+
+<h3>NEW YORK &middot;:&middot; CINCINNATI &middot;:&middot; CHICAGO<br />
+AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</h3>
+<p><!-- Page 2 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<h6><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1896, by</span></h6>
+<h4>AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<h5>STORY OF THE GREEKS.</h5>
+
+<h6>W. P. 15</h6>
+
+<p><!-- Page 3 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 410px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0290-1.jpg" width="410" height="683" alt="Theseus and the Minotaur." title="Theseus and the Minotaur." />
+<span class="caption">Theseus and the Minotaur.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 9em;"><i>Frontispiece</i></div>
+<p><!-- Page 4 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4>DEDICATED</h4>
+<h5>TO</h5>
+<h3><span class="smcap">ARNOLD, HELEN, and EDWARD</span></h3>
+<p><!-- Page 5 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p>This elementary history of Greece is intended for supplementary reading
+or as a first history text-book for young pupils. It is therefore made
+up principally of stories about persons; for, while history proper is
+largely beyond the comprehension of children, they are able at an early
+age to understand and enjoy anecdotes of people, especially of those in
+the childhood of civilization. At the same time, these stories will give
+a clear idea of the most important events that have taken place in the
+ancient world, and, it is hoped, will arouse a desire to read further.
+They also aim to enforce the lessons of perseverance, courage,
+patriotism, and virtue that are taught by the noble lives described.</p>
+
+<p>A knowledge of ancient history, however superficial, is of very great
+value; and the classic legends are almost equally worth knowing, because
+of the prominent part they play in the world's literature. These tales
+make a deep impression on the minds of children, and the history thus
+learned almost in play will cling to the memory far more tenaciously
+than any lessons subsequently conned.</p>
+
+<p>Many children leave school unacquainted with any history except that of
+the United States; which, dealing with less simple and primitive times
+than that of Greece, is apt to be so unattractive that the child never
+afterwards reads any historical works. It has been my intention to write
+a book which will give children<!-- Page 6 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> pleasure to read, and will thus
+counteract the impression that history is uninteresting.</p>
+
+<p>A few suggestions to teachers may not be considered superfluous. In the
+first place, I have found historical anecdotes an excellent aid in
+teaching English. Pupils find it far from irksome to relate the stories
+in their own words, and to reproduce them in compositions. Secondly,
+whenever a city or country is mentioned, every pupil should point out
+its location on the map. By such means only can any one properly
+understand an historical narrative; and in the present case there is the
+added reason that the practice will go far towards increasing the
+child's interest in geography. Lastly, the teacher should take great
+care that the proper names are correctly pronounced. The most common
+errors are provided against in the text; for, on the first occurrence of
+such a word, it is divided into syllables, with the accent marked. It
+remains for the teacher to enforce the ordinary rules as to the proper
+sounds of vowels and consonants.</p>
+
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 2em;">H. A. G.</div>
+<p><!-- Page 7 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Map"><span class="smcap">Map.</span></a></td><td align='right'><i>between</i> 10 <i>and</i> 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#I_EARLY_INHABITANTS_OF_GREECE">I. Early Inhabitants of Greece.</a></td><td align='right'>11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#II_THE_DELUGE_OF_OGYGES">II. The Deluge of Ogyges</a></td><td align='right'>13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#III_THE_FOUNDING_OF_MANY_IMPORTANT_CITIES">III. The Founding of Many Important Cities</a></td><td align='right'>15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#IV_STORY_OF_DEUCALION">IV. Story of Deucalion</a></td><td align='right'>19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#V_STORY_OF_DAEDALUS_AND_ICARUS">V. Story of D&aelig;dalus and Icarus</a></td><td align='right'>21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#VI_THE_ADVENTURES_OF_JASON">VI. The Adventures of Jason</a></td><td align='right'>24</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#VII_THESEUS_VISITS_THE_LABYRINTH">VII. Theseus visits the Labyrinth</a></td><td align='right'>26</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#VIII_THE_TERRIBLE_PROPHECY">VIII. The Terrible Prophecy</a></td><td align='right'>29</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#IX_THE_SPHINXS_RIDDLE">IX. The Sphinx's Riddle</a></td><td align='right'>30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#X_BLINDNESS_AND_DEATH_OF_OEDIPUS">X. Blindness and Death of &OElig;dipus </a></td><td align='right'>34</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XI_THE_BROTHERS_QUARREL">XI. The Brothers' Quarrel</a></td><td align='right'>37</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XII_THE_TAKING_OF_THEBES">XII. The Taking of Thebes</a></td><td align='right'>39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XIII_THE_CHILDHOOD_OF_PARIS">XIII. The Childhood of Paris&nbsp;</a></td><td align='right'>41</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XIV_THE_MUSTER_OF_THE_TROOPS">XIV. The Muster of the Troops</a></td><td align='right'>44</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XV_THE_SACRIFICE_OF_IPHIGENIA">XV. The Sacrifice of Iphigenia</a></td><td align='right'>46</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XVI_THE_WRATH_OF_ACHILLES">XVI. The Wrath of Achilles</a></td><td align='right'>48</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XVII_DEATH_OF_HECTOR_AND_ACHILLES">XVII. Death of Hector and Achilles</a></td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XVIII_THE_BURNING_OF_TROY">XVIII. The Burning of Troy</a></td><td align='right'>52</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XIX_HEROIC_DEATH_OF_CODRUS">XIX. Heroic Death of Codrus</a></td><td align='right'>55</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XX_THE_BLIND_POET">XX. The Blind Poet</a></td><td align='right'>57</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXI_THE_RISE_OF_SPARTA">XXI. The Rise of Sparta</a></td><td align='right'>61</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXII_THE_SPARTAN_TRAINING">XXII. The Spartan Training</a></td><td align='right'>62</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXIII_THE_BRAVE_SPARTAN_BOY">XXIII. The Brave Spartan Boy</a></td><td align='right'>64</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXIV_PUBLIC_TABLES_IN_SPARTA">XXIV. Public Tables in Sparta</a></td><td align='right'>67</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXV_LAWS_OF_LYCURGUS">XXV. Laws of Lycurgus</a></td><td align='right'>69</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXVI_THE_MESSENIAN_WAR">XXVI. The Messenian War</a></td><td align='right'>71</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXVII_THE_MUSIC_OF_TYRTAEUS">XXVII. The Music of Tyrt&aelig;us</a></td><td align='right'>73</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXVIII_ARISTOMENES_ESCAPE">XXVIII. Aristomenes' Escape</a></td><td align='right'>76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXIX_THE_OLYMPIC_GAMES">XXIX. The Olympic Games</a></td><td align='right'>77</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXX_MILO_OF_CROTON">XXX. Milo of Croton</a></td><td align='right'>81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXXI_THE_JEALOUS_ATHLETE">XXXI. The Jealous Athlete</a></td><td align='right'>83</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXXII_THE_GIRLS_GAMES">XXXII. The Girls' Games</a></td><td align='right'>84</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXXIII_THE_BLOODY_LAWS_OF_DRACO">XXXIII. The Bloody Laws of Draco</a></td><td align='right'>86</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXXIV_THE_LAWS_OF_SOLON">XXXIV. The Laws of Solon</a></td><td align='right'>89</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXXV_THE_FIRST_PLAYS">XXXV. The First Plays</a></td><td align='right'>92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXXVI_THE_TYRANT_PISISTRATUS">XXXVI. The Tyrant Pisistratus</a></td><td align='right'>95</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXXVII_THE_TYRANTS_INSULT">XXXVII. The Tyrant's Insult</a></td><td align='right'>97</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXXVIII_DEATH_OF_THE_CONSPIRATORS">XXXVIII. Death of the Conspirators</a></td><td align='right'>99</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XXXIX_HIPPIAS_DRIVEN_OUT_OF_ATHENS">XXXIX. Hippias driven out of Athens</a></td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XL_THE_GREAT_KING">XL. The Great King</a></td><td align='right'>104</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XLI_HIPPIAS_VISITS_DARIUS">XLI. Hippias visits Darius</a></td><td align='right'>105</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XLII_DESTRUCTION_OF_THE_PERSIAN_HOST">XLII. Destruction of the Persian Host</a></td><td align='right'>108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XLIII_THE_ADVANCE_OF_THE_SECOND_HOST">XLIII. The Advance of the Second Host</a></td><td align='right'>110</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XLIV_THE_BATTLE_OF_MARATHON">XLIV. The Battle of Marathon</a></td><td align='right'>113</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XLV_MILTIADES_DISGRACE">XLV. Miltiades' Disgrace</a></td><td align='right'>115</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XLVI_ARISTIDES_THE_JUST">XLVI. Aristides the Just</a></td><td align='right'>117</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XLVII_TWO_NOBLE_SPARTAN_YOUTHS">XLVII. Two Noble Spartan Youths</a></td><td align='right'>119</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XLVIII_THE_GREAT_ARMY">XLVIII. The Great Army</a></td><td align='right'>121</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XLIX_PREPARATIONS_FOR_DEFENSE">XLIX. Preparations for Defense</a></td><td align='right'>124</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#L_LEONIDAS_AT_THERMOPYLAE">L. Leonidas at Thermopyl&aelig;</a></td><td align='right'>127</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LI_DEATH_OF_LEONIDAS">LI. Death of Leonidas</a></td><td align='right'>128</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LII_THE_BURNING_OF_ATHENS">LII. The Burning of Athens</a></td><td align='right'>131</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LIII_THE_BATTLES_OF_SALAMIS_AND_PLATAEA">LIII. The Battles of Salamis and Plat&aelig;a</a></td><td align='right'>133</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LIV_THE_REBUILDING_OF_ATHENS">LIV. The Rebuilding of Athens</a></td><td align='right'>136</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LV_DEATH_OF_PAUSANIAS">LV. Death of Pausanias</a></td><td align='right'>138</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LVI_CIMON_IMPROVES_ATHENS">LVI. Cimon improves Athens</a></td><td align='right'>141</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LVII_THE_EARTHQUAKE">LVII. The Earthquake</a></td><td align='right'>143</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LVIII_THE_AGE_OF_PERICLES">LVIII. The Age of Pericles</a></td><td align='right'>146</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LIX_THE_TEACHINGS_OF_ANAXAGORAS">LIX. The Teachings of Anaxagoras</a></td><td align='right'>151</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LX_BEGINNING_OF_THE_PELOPONNESIAN_WAR">LX. Beginning of the Peloponnesian War</a></td><td align='right'>152</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXI_DEATH_OF_PERICLES">LXI. Death of Pericles</a></td><td align='right'>155</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXII_THE_PHILOSOPHER_SOCRATES">LXII. The Philosopher Socrates</a></td><td align='right'>157</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXIII_SOCRATES_FAVORITE_PUPIL">LXIII. Socrates' Favorite Pupil</a></td><td align='right'>159</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXIV_YOUTH_OF_ALCIBIADES">LXIV. Youth of Alcibiades</a></td><td align='right'>163</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXV_GREEK_COLONIES_IN_ITALY">LXV. Greek Colonies in Italy</a></td><td align='right'>165</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXVI_ALCIBIADES_IN_DISGRACE">LXVI. Alcibiades in Disgrace</a></td><td align='right'>167</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXVII_DEATH_OF_ALCIBIADES">LXVII. Death of Alcibiades</a></td><td align='right'>169</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXVIII_THE_OVERTHROW_OF_THE_THIRTY_TYRANTS">LXVIII. The Overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants</a></td><td align='right'>171</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXIX_ACCUSATION_OF_SOCRATES">LXIX. Accusation of Socrates</a></td><td align='right'>173</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXX_DEATH_OF_SOCRATES">LXX. Death of Socrates</a></td><td align='right'>175</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXI_THE_DEFEAT_OF_CYRUS">LXXI. The Defeat of Cyrus</a></td><td align='right'>180</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXII_THE_RETREAT_OF_THE_TEN_THOUSAND">LXXII. The Retreat of the Ten Thousand</a></td><td align='right'>182</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXIII_AGESILAUS_IN_ASIA">LXXIII. Agesilaus in Asia</a></td><td align='right'>185</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXIV_A_STRANGE_INTERVIEW">LXXIV. A Strange Interview</a></td><td align='right'>186</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXV_THE_PEACE_OF_ANTALCIDAS">LXXV. The Peace of Antalcidas</a></td><td align='right'>189</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXVI_THE_THEBAN_FRIENDS">LXXVI. The Theban Friends</a></td><td align='right'>190</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXVII_THEBES_FREE_ONCE_MORE">LXXVII. Thebes Free once more</a></td><td align='right'>192</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXVIII_THE_BATTLE_OF_LEUCTRA">LXXVIII. The Battle of Leuctra</a></td><td align='right'>195</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXIX_DEATH_OF_PELOPIDAS">LXXIX. Death of Pelopidas</a></td><td align='right'>197</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXX_THE_BATTLE_OF_MANTINEA">LXXX. The Battle of Mantinea</a></td><td align='right'>199</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXXI_THE_TYRANT_OF_SYRACUSE">LXXXI. The Tyrant of Syracuse</a></td><td align='right'>201</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXXII_STORY_OF_DAMON_AND_PYTHIAS">LXXXII. Story of Damon and Pythias</a></td><td align='right'>204</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXXIII_THE_SWORD_OF_DAMOCLES">LXXXIII. The Sword of Damocles</a></td><td align='right'>208</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXXIV_DION_AND_DIONYSIUS">LXXXIV. Dion and Dionysius</a></td><td align='right'>210</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXXV_CIVIL_WAR_IN_SYRACUSE">LXXXV. Civil War in Syracuse</a></td><td align='right'>212</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXXVI_DEATH_OF_DION">LXXXVI. Death of Dion</a></td><td align='right'>214</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXXVII_PHILIP_OF_MACEDON">LXXXVII. Philip of Macedon</a></td><td align='right'>217</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXXVIII_PHILIP_BEGINS_HIS_CONQUESTS">LXXXVIII. Philip begins his Conquests</a></td><td align='right'>219</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LXXXIX_THE_ORATOR_DEMOSTHENES">LXXXIX. The Orator Demosthenes</a></td><td align='right'>221</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XC_PHILIP_MASTERS_GREECE">XC. Philip masters Greece</a></td><td align='right'>224</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XCI_BIRTH_OF_ALEXANDER">XCI. Birth of Alexander</a></td><td align='right'>227</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XCII_THE_STEED_BUCEPHALUS">XCII. The Steed Bucephalus</a></td><td align='right'>229</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XCIII_ALEXANDER_AS_KING">XCIII. Alexander as King</a></td><td align='right'>232</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XCIV_ALEXANDER_AND_DIOGENES">XCIV. Alexander and Diogenes</a></td><td align='right'>234</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XCV_ALEXANDERS_BRILLIANT_BEGINNING">XCV. Alexander's Brilliant Beginning</a></td><td align='right'>236</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XCVI_THE_GORDIAN_KNOT">XCVI. The Gordian Knot</a></td><td align='right'>238</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XCVII_ALEXANDERS_ROYAL_CAPTIVES">XCVII. Alexander's Royal Captives</a></td><td align='right'>241</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XCVIII_ALEXANDER_AT_JERUSALEM">XCVIII. Alexander at Jerusalem</a></td><td align='right'>242</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#XCIX_THE_AFRICAN_DESERT">XCIX. The African Desert</a></td><td align='right'>244</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#C_DEATH_OF_DARIUS">C. Death of Darius</a></td><td align='right'>247</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CI_DEFEAT_OF_PORUS">CI. Defeat of Porus</a></td><td align='right'>249</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CII_THE_RETURN_TO_BABYLON">CII. The Return to Babylon</a></td><td align='right'>251</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CIII_DEATH_OF_ALEXANDER_THE_GREAT">CIII. Death of Alexander the Great</a></td><td align='right'>252</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CIV_THE_DIVISION_OF_THE_REALM">CIV. The Division of the Realm</a></td><td align='right'>255</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CV_DEATH_OF_DEMOSTHENES">CV. Death of Demosthenes</a></td><td align='right'>257</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CVI_THE_LAST_OF_THE_ATHENIANS">CVI. The Last of the Athenians</a></td><td align='right'>260</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CVII_THE_COLOSSUS_OF_RHODES">CVII. The Colossus of Rhodes</a></td><td align='right'>262</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CVIII_THE_BATTLE_OF_IPSUS">CVIII. The Battle of Ipsus</a></td><td align='right'>265</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CIX_DEMETRIUS_AND_THE_ATHENIANS">CIX. Demetrius and the Athenians</a></td><td align='right'>266</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CX_THE_ACHAEAN_LEAGUE">CX. The Ach&aelig;an League</a></td><td align='right'>268</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CXI_DIVISION_IN_SPARTA">CXI. Division in Sparta</a></td><td align='right'>270</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CXII_DEATH_OF_AGIS">CXII. Death of Agis</a></td><td align='right'>274</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CXIII_THE_WAR_OF_THE_TWO_LEAGUES">CXIII. The War of the Two Leagues</a></td><td align='right'>276</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CXIV_THE_LAST_OF_THE_GREEKS">CXIV. The Last of the Greeks</a></td><td align='right'>278</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CXV_GREECE_A_ROMAN_PROVINCE">CXV. Greece a Roman Province</a></td><td align='right'>280</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#INDEX">INDEX</a></td><td align='right'>283</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<p><a name="Map" id="Map"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 959px;">
+<img src="images/map0362.png" width="959" height="628" alt="Map of Ancient Greece" title="Map of Ancient Greece" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 949px;">
+<img src="images/map0363.png" width="949" height="620" alt="Map showing Greek Colonies and Conquests" title="Map showing Greek Colonies and Conquests" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 806px;">
+<img src="images/illus-011r.png" width="806" height="203" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 11 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1><a name="THE_STORY_OF_THE_GREEKS" id="THE_STORY_OF_THE_GREEKS"></a>THE STORY OF THE GREEKS.</h1>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_EARLY_INHABITANTS_OF_GREECE" id="I_EARLY_INHABITANTS_OF_GREECE"></a>I. EARLY INHABITANTS OF GREECE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Although Greece (or Hel&acute;las) is only half as large as the State of New
+York, it holds a very important place in the history of the world. It is
+situated in the southern part of Europe, cut off from the rest of the
+continent by a chain of high mountains which form a great wall on the
+north. It is surrounded on nearly all sides by the blue waters of the
+Med-it-er-ra&acute;ne-an Sea, which stretch so far inland that it is said no
+part of the country is forty miles from the sea, or ten miles from the
+hills. Thus shut in by sea and mountains, it forms a little territory by
+itself, and it was the home of a noted people.</p>
+
+<p>The history of Greece goes back to the time when people did not know how
+to write, and kept no record of what was happening around them. For a
+long while the stories told by parents to their children were the only
+information which could be had about the country and its former
+inhabitants; and these stories, slightly changed by every new teller,
+grew more and<!-- Page 12 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> more extraordinary as time passed. At last they were so
+changed that no one could tell where the truth ended and fancy began.</p>
+
+<p>The beginning of Greek history is therefore like a fairy tale; and while
+much of it cannot, of course, be true, it is the only information we
+have about the early Greeks. It is these strange fireside stories, which
+used to amuse Greek children so many years ago, that you are first going
+to hear.</p>
+
+<p>About two thousand years before the birth of Christ, in the days when
+Isaac wanted to go down into Egypt, Greece was inhabited by a savage
+race of men called the Pe-las&acute;gi-ans. They lived in the forests, or in
+caves hollowed out of the mountain side, and hunted wild beasts with
+great clubs and stone-tipped arrows and spears. They were so rude and
+wild that they ate nothing but raw meat, berries, and the roots which
+they dug up with sharp stones or even with their hands.</p>
+
+<p>For clothing, the Pelasgians used the skins of the beasts they had
+killed; and to protect themselves against other savages, they gathered
+together in families or tribes, each having a chief who led in war and
+in the chase.</p>
+
+<p>There were other far more civilized nations in those days. Among these
+were the E-gyp&acute;tians, who lived in Africa. They had long known the use
+of fire, had good tools, and were much further advanced than the
+Pelasgians. They had learned not only to build houses, but to erect the
+most wonderful monuments in the world,&mdash;the Pyr&acute;a-mids, of which you
+have no doubt heard.</p>
+
+<p>In Egypt there were at that time a number of learned men. They were
+acquainted with many of the arts and sci<!-- Page 13 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>ences, and recorded all they
+knew in a peculiar writing of their own invention. Their neighbors, the
+Ph&oelig;-ni&acute;-cians, whose land also bordered on the Mediterranean Sea,
+were quite civilized too; and as both of these nations had ships, they
+soon began to sail all around that great inland sea.</p>
+
+<p>As they had no compass, the Egyptian and Ph&oelig;nician sailors did not
+venture out of sight of land. They first sailed along the shore, and
+then to the islands which they could see far out on the blue waters.</p>
+
+<p>When they had come to one island, they could see another still farther
+on; for, as you will see on any map, the Mediterranean Sea, between
+Greece and Asia, is dotted with islands, which look like stepping-stones
+going from one coast to the other.</p>
+
+<p>Advancing thus carefully, the Egyptians and Ph&oelig;nicians finally came
+to Greece, where they made settlements, and began to teach the
+Pelasgians many useful and important things.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_THE_DELUGE_OF_OGYGES" id="II_THE_DELUGE_OF_OGYGES"></a>II. THE DELUGE OF OGYGES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The first Egyptian who thus settled in Greece was a prince called
+In&acute;a-chus. Landing in that country, which has a most delightful climate,
+he taught the Pelasgians how to make fire and how to cook their meat. He
+also showed them how to build comfortable homes by piling up stones one
+on top of another, much in the same way as the farmer makes the stone
+walls around his fields.</p>
+<p><!-- Page 14 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Pelasgians were intelligent, although so uncivilized; and they soon
+learned to build these walls higher, in order to keep the wild beasts
+away from their homes. Then, when they had learned the use of bronze and
+iron tools, they cut the stones into huge blocks of regular shape.</p>
+
+<p>These stone blocks were piled one upon another so cleverly that some of
+the walls are still standing, although no mortar was used to hold the
+stones together. Such was the strength of the Pelasgians, that they
+raised huge blocks to great heights, and made walls which their
+descendants declared must have been built by giants.</p>
+
+<p>As the Greeks called their giants Cy&acute;clops, which means "round-eyed,"
+they soon called these walls Cy-clo-pe&acute;an; and, in pointing them out to
+their children, they told strange tales of the great giants who had
+built them, and always added that these huge builders had but one eye,
+which was in the middle of the forehead.</p>
+
+<p>Some time after Inachus the Egyptian had thus taught the Pelasgians the
+art of building, and had founded a city called Ar&acute;gos, there came a
+terrible earthquake. The ground under the people's feet heaved and
+cracked, the mountains shook, the waters flooded the dry land, and the
+people fled in terror to the hills.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the speed with which they ran, the waters soon overtook
+them. Many of the Pelasgians were thus drowned, while their terrified
+companions ran faster and faster up the mountain, nor stopped to rest
+until they were quite safe.</p>
+
+<p>Looking down upon the plains where they had once lived, they saw them
+all covered with water. They were now forced to build new homes; but
+when the waters little by little sank into the ground, or flowed back
+<!-- Page 15 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+into the sea, they were very glad to find that some of their thickest
+walls had resisted the earthquake and flood, and were still standing
+firm.</p>
+
+<p>The memory of the earthquake and flood was very clear, however. The poor
+Pelasgians could not forget their terror and the sudden death of so many
+friends, and they often talked about that horrible time. As this flood
+occurred in the days when Og&acute;y-ges was king, it has generally been
+linked to his name, and called the Deluge (or flood) of Ogyges.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="III_THE_FOUNDING_OF_MANY_IMPORTANT_CITIES" id="III_THE_FOUNDING_OF_MANY_IMPORTANT_CITIES"></a>III. THE FOUNDING OF MANY IMPORTANT CITIES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Some time after Inachus had built Argos, another Egyptian prince came to
+settle in Greece. His name was Ce&acute;crops, and, as he came to Greece after
+the Deluge of Ogyges, he found very few inhabitants left. He landed, and
+decided to build a city on a promontory northeast of Argos. Then he
+invited all the Pelasgians who had not been drowned in the flood to join
+him.</p>
+
+<p>The Pelasgians, glad to find such a wise leader, gathered around him,
+and they soon learned to plow the fields and to sow wheat. Under
+Cecrops' orders they also planted olive trees and vines, and learned how
+to press the oil from the olives and the wine from the grapes. Cecrops
+taught them how to harness their oxen; and<!-- Page 16 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> before long the women began
+to spin the wool of their sheep, and to weave it into rough woolen
+garments, which were used for clothing, instead of the skins of wild
+beasts.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 298px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0292-1.jpg" width="298" height="528" alt="Athene." title="Athene." />
+<span class="caption">Athene.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>After building several small towns in At&acute;ti-ca, Cecrops founded a larger
+one, which was at first called Ce-cro&acute;pi-a in honor of himself. This
+name, however, was soon changed to Ath&acute;ens to please A-the&acute;ne (or
+Mi-ner&acute;va), a goddess whom the people worshiped, and who was said to
+watch over the welfare of this her favorite city.</p>
+
+<p>When Cecrops died, he was followed by other princes, who continued
+teaching the people many useful things, such as the training and
+harnessing of horses, the building of carts, and the proper way of
+harvesting grain. One prince even showed them how to make beehives, and
+how to use the honey as an article of food.</p>
+
+<p>As the mountain sides in Greece are covered with a carpet of wild,
+sweet-smelling herbs and flowers, the Greek<!-- Page 17 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> honey is very good; and
+people say that the best honey in the world is made by the bees on Mount
+Hy-met&acute;tus, near Athens, where they gather their golden store all summer
+long.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the building of Athens, a Ph&oelig;nician colony, led by
+Cad&acute;mus, settled a neighboring part of the country, called B&oelig;-o&acute;tia,
+where they founded the city which was later known as Thebes. Cadmus also
+taught the people many useful things, among others the art of trade (or
+commerce) and that of navigation (the building and using of ships); but,
+best of all, he brought the alphabet to Greece, and showed the people
+how to express their thoughts in writing.</p>
+
+<p>Almost at the same time that Cadmus founded Thebes, an Egyptian called
+Dan&acute;a-us came to Greece, and settled a colony on the same spot where
+that of Inachus had once been. The new Argos rose on the same place as
+the old; and the country around it, called Ar&acute;go-lis, was separated from
+B&oelig;otia and Attica only by a long narrow strip of land, which was
+known as the Isthmus of Cor&acute;-inth.</p>
+
+<p>Danaus not only showed the Pelasgians all the useful arts which Cadmus
+and Cecrops had taught, but also helped them to build ships like that in
+which he had come to Greece. He also founded religious festivals or
+games in honor of the harvest goddess, De-me&acute;ter. The women were invited
+to these games, and they only were allowed to bear torches in the public
+processions, where they sang hymns in honor of the goddess.</p>
+
+<p>The descendants of Danaus long ruled over the land; and one member of
+his family, Per&acute;seus, built the town of<!-- Page 18 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> My-ce&acute;n&aelig; on a spot where many
+of the Pelasgian stone walls can still be seen.</p>
+
+<p>The Pelasgians who joined this young hero helped him to build great
+walls all around his town. These were provided with massive gateways and
+tall towers, from which the soldiers could overlook the whole country,
+and see the approach of an enemy from afar.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 756px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0294-1.jpg" width="756" height="618" alt="The Lion Gate, Mycen&aelig;." title="The Lion Gate, Mycen&aelig;." />
+<span class="caption">The Lion Gate, Mycen&aelig;.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This same people built tombs for some of the ancient kings, and many
+treasure and store houses. These buildings, buried under earth and
+rubbish, were uncovered a few years ago. In the tombs were found swords,
+spears, and remains of ancient armor, gold ornaments, ancient pieces of
+pottery, human bones, and, strangest of all, thin masks<!-- Page 19 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> of pure gold,
+which covered the faces of some of the dead.</p>
+
+<p>Thus you see, the Pelasgians little by little joined the new colonies
+which came to take possession of the land, and founded little states or
+countries of their own, each governed by its own king, and obeying its
+own laws.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="IV_STORY_OF_DEUCALION" id="IV_STORY_OF_DEUCALION"></a>IV. STORY OF DEUCALION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Greeks used to tell their children that Deu-ca&acute;li-on, the leader of
+the Thes-sa&acute;li-ans, was a descendant of the gods, for each part of the
+country claimed that its first great man was the son of a god. It was
+under the reign of Deucalion that another flood took place. This was
+even more terrible than that of Ogyges; and all the people of the
+neighborhood fled in haste to the high mountains north of Thes&acute;sa-ly,
+where they were kindly received by Deucalion.</p>
+
+<p>When all danger was over, and the waters began to recede, they followed
+their leader down into the plains again. This soon gave rise to a
+wonderful story, which you will often hear. It was said that Deucalion
+and his wife Pyr&acute;rha were the only people left alive after the flood.
+When the waters had all gone, they went down the mountain, and found
+that the temple at Del&acute;phi, where they worshiped their gods, was still
+standing unharmed. They entered, and, kneeling before the altar, prayed
+for help.</p>
+
+<p>A mysterious voice then bade them go down the mountain, throwing their
+mother's bones behind them. They were very much troubled when they heard
+this, until<!-- Page 20 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> Deucalion said that a voice from heaven could not have
+meant them to do any harm. In thinking over the real meaning of the
+words he had heard, he told his wife, that, as the Earth is the mother
+of all creatures, her bones must mean the stones.</p>
+
+<p>Deucalion and Pyrrha, therefore, went slowly down the mountain, throwing
+the stones behind them. The Greeks used to tell that a sturdy race of
+men sprang up from the stones cast by Deucalion, while beautiful women
+came from those cast by Pyrrha.</p>
+
+<p>The country was soon peopled by the children of these men, who always
+proudly declared that the story was true, and that they sprang from the
+race which owed its birth to this great miracle. Deucalion reigned over
+this people as long as he lived; and when he died, his two sons,
+Am-phic&acute;ty-on and Hel&acute;len, became kings in his stead. The former staid
+in Thessaly; and, hearing that some barbarians called Thra&acute;cians were
+about to come over the mountains and drive his people away, he called
+the chiefs of all the different states to a council, to ask their advice
+about the best means of defense. All the chiefs obeyed the summons, and
+met at a place in Thessaly where the mountains approach the sea so
+closely as to leave but a narrow pass between. In the pass are hot
+springs, and so it was called Ther-mop&acute;y-l&aelig;, or the Hot Gateway.</p>
+
+<p>The chiefs thus gathered together called this assembly the
+Am-phic-ty-on&acute;ic Council, in honor of Amphictyon. After making plans to
+drive back the Thracians, they decided to meet once a year, either at
+Thermopyl&aelig; or at the temple at Delphi, to talk over all important
+matters.<!-- Page 21 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="V_STORY_OF_DAEDALUS_AND_ICARUS" id="V_STORY_OF_DAEDALUS_AND_ICARUS"></a>V. STORY OF D&AElig;DALUS AND ICARUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Hellen, Deucalion's second son, finding Thessaly too small to give homes
+to all the people, went southward with a band of hardy followers, and
+settled in another part of the country which we call Greece, but which
+was then, in honor of him, called Hellas, while his people were called
+Hel-le&acute;nes, or subjects of Hellen.</p>
+
+<p>When Hellen died, he left his kingdom to his three sons, Do&acute;rus,
+&AElig;&acute;o-lus, and Xu&acute;thus. Instead of dividing their father's lands fairly,
+the eldest two sons quarreled with the youngest, and finally drove him
+away. Homeless and poor, Xuthus now went to Athens, where he was warmly
+welcomed by the king, who not only treated him very kindly, but also
+gave him his daughter in marriage, and promised that he should inherit
+the throne.</p>
+
+<p>This promise was duly kept, and Xuthus the exile ruled over Athens. When
+he died, he left the crown to his sons, I&acute;on and A-ch&aelig;&acute;us.</p>
+
+<p>As the A-the&acute;ni-ans had gradually increased in number until their
+territory was too small to afford a living to all the inhabitants, Ion
+and Ach&aelig;us, even in their father's lifetime, led some of their followers
+along the Isthmus of Corinth, and down into the peninsula, where they
+founded two flourishing states, called, after them, A-cha&acute;ia and
+I-o&acute;ni-a. Thus, while northern Greece was pretty equally divided between
+the Do&acute;ri-ans and &AElig;-o&acute;li-ans, descendants and subjects of Dorus and
+&AElig;olus, the peninsula was almost entirely in the hands of the I-o&acute;ni-ans
+and A-ch&aelig;&acute;ans, who built towns, cultivated the soil, and<!-- Page 22 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> became bold
+navigators. They ventured farther and farther out at sea, until they
+were familiar with all the neighboring bays and islands.</p>
+
+<p>Sailing thus from place to place, the Hellenes came at last to Crete, a
+large island south of Greece. This island was then governed by a very
+wise king called Mi&acute;nos. The laws of this monarch were so just that all
+the Greeks admired them very much. When he died, they even declared that
+the gods had called him away to judge the dead in Ha&acute;des, and to decide
+what punishments and rewards the spirits deserved.</p>
+
+<p>Although Minos was very wise, he had a subject named D&aelig;d&acute;a-lus who was
+even wiser than he. This man not only invented the saw and the potter's
+wheel, but also taught the people how to rig sails for their vessels.</p>
+
+<p>As nothing but oars and paddles had hitherto been used to propel ships,
+this last invention seemed very wonderful; and, to compliment D&aelig;dalus,
+the people declared that he had given their vessels wings, and had thus
+enabled them to fly over the seas.</p>
+
+<p>Many years after, when sails were so common that they ceased to excite
+any wonder, the people, forgetting that these were the wings which
+D&aelig;dalus had made, invented a wonderful story, which runs as follows.</p>
+
+<p>Minos, King of Crete, once sent for D&aelig;dalus, and bade him build a maze,
+or labyrinth, with so many rooms and winding halls, that no one, once in
+it, could ever find his way out again.</p>
+
+<p>D&aelig;dalus set to work and built a maze so intricate that neither he nor
+his son Ic&acute;a-rus, who was with him, <!-- Page 24 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span><!-- Page 23 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>could get out. Not willing to
+remain there a prisoner, D&aelig;dalus soon contrived a means of escape.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 504px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0296-1.jpg" width="504" height="862" alt="D&aelig;dalus and Icarus." title="D&aelig;dalus and Icarus." />
+<span class="caption">D&aelig;dalus and Icarus.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>He and Icarus first gathered together a large quantity of feathers, out
+of which D&aelig;dalus cleverly made two pairs of wings. When these were
+fastened to their shoulders by means of wax, father and son rose up like
+birds and flew away. In spite of his father's cautions, Icarus rose
+higher and higher, until the heat of the sun melted the wax, so that his
+wings dropped off, and he fell into the sea and was drowned. His father,
+more prudent than he, flew low, and reached Greece in safety. There he
+went on inventing useful things, often gazing out sadly over the waters
+in which Icarus had perished, and which, in honor of the drowned youth,
+were long known as the I-ca&acute;ri-an Sea.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="VI_THE_ADVENTURES_OF_JASON" id="VI_THE_ADVENTURES_OF_JASON"></a>VI. THE ADVENTURES OF JASON.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Hellenes had not long been masters of all Greece, when a Phryg&acute;i-an
+called Pe&acute;lops became master of the peninsula, which from him received
+the name of Pel-o-pon-ne&acute;sus. He first taught the people to coin money;
+and his descendants, the Pe-lop&acute;i-d&aelig;, took possession of all the land
+around them, with the exception of Argolis, where the Da-na&acute;i-des
+continued to reign.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the Ionians and Ach&aelig;ans, driven away from their homes by the
+Pelopid&aelig;, went on board their many vessels, and sailed away. They formed
+Hel-len&acute;ic colo<!-- Page 25 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>nies in the neighboring islands along the coast of Asia
+Minor, and even in the southern part of Italy.</p>
+
+<p>As some parts of Greece were very thinly settled, and as the people
+clustered around the towns where their rulers dwelt, there were wide,
+desolate tracts of land between them. Here were many wild beasts and
+robbers, who lay in wait for travelers on their way from one settlement
+to another. The robbers, who hid in the forests or mountains, were
+generally feared and disliked, until at last some brave young warriors
+made up their minds to fight against them and to kill them all. These
+young men were so brave that they well deserved the name of heroes,
+which has always been given them; and they met with many adventures
+about which the people loved to hear. Long after they had gone, the
+inhabitants, remembering their relief when the robbers were killed,
+taught their children to honor these brave young men almost as much as
+the gods, and they called the time when they lived the Heroic Age.</p>
+
+<p>Not satisfied with freeing their own country from wild men and beasts,
+the heroes wandered far away from home in search of further adventures.
+These have also been told over and over again to children of all
+countries and ages, until every one is expected to know something about
+them. Fifty of these heroes, for instance, went on board of a small
+vessel called the "Argo," sailed across the well-known waters, and
+ventured boldly into unknown seas. They were in search of a Golden
+Fleece, which they were told they would find in Col&acute;chis, where it was
+said to be guarded by a great dragon.</p>
+
+<p>The leader of these fifty adventurers was Ja&acute;son, an<!-- Page 26 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> &AElig;olian prince, who
+brought them safely to Colchis, whence, as the old stories relate, they
+brought back the Golden Fleece. They also brought home the king's
+daughter, who married Jason, and ruled his kingdom with him. Of course,
+as there was no such thing as a Golden Fleece, the Greeks merely used
+this expression to tell about the wealth which they got in the East, and
+carried home with them; for the voyage of the "Argo" was in reality the
+first distant commercial journey undertaken by the Greeks.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="VII_THESEUS_VISITS_THE_LABYRINTH" id="VII_THESEUS_VISITS_THE_LABYRINTH"></a>VII. THESEUS VISITS THE LABYRINTH.</h2>
+
+
+<p>On coming back from the quest for the Golden Fleece, the heroes returned
+to their own homes, where they continued their efforts to make their
+people happy.</p>
+
+<p>The&acute;seus, one of the heroes, returned to Athens, and founded a yearly
+festival in honor of the goddess Athene. This festival was called
+Pan-ath-e-n&aelig;&acute;a, which means "all the worshipers of Athene." It proved a
+great success, and was a bond of union among the people, who thus
+learned each other's customs and manners, and grew more friendly than if
+they had always staid at home. Theseus is one of the best-known among
+all the Greek heroes. Besides going with Jason in the "Argo," he rid his
+country of many robbers, and sailed to Crete. There he visited Minos,
+the king, who, having some time before conquered the Athenians, forced
+them to<!-- Page 27 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> send him every year a shipload of youths and maidens, to feed
+to a monster which he kept in the Labyrinth.</p>
+
+<p>To free his country from this tribute, Theseus, of his own free will,
+went on board the ship. When he reached Crete, he went first into the
+Labyrinth, and killed the monster with his sword. Then he found his way
+out of the maze by means of a long thread which the king's daughter had
+given him. One end of it he carried with him as he entered, while the
+other end was fastened to the door.</p>
+
+<p>His old father, &#436;geus, who had allowed him to go only after much
+persuasion, had told him to change the black sails of his vessel for
+white if he were lucky enough to escape. Theseus promised to do so, but
+he entirely forgot it in the joy of his return.</p>
+
+<p>&AElig;geus, watching for the vessel day after day, saw it coming back at
+last; and when the sunlight fell upon the black sails, he felt sure that
+his son was dead.</p>
+
+<p>His grief was so great at this loss, that he fell from the rock where he
+was standing down into the sea, and was drowned. In memory of him, the
+body of water near the rock is still known as the &AElig;-ge&acute;an Sea.</p>
+
+<p>When Theseus reached Athens, and heard of his father's grief and sudden
+death, his heart was filled with sorrow and remorse, and he loudly
+bewailed the carelessness which had cost his father's life.</p>
+
+<p>Theseus now became King of Athens, and ruled his people very wisely for
+many years. He took part in many adventures and battles, lost two wives
+and a beloved son, and in his grief and old age became so cross and
+harsh that his people ceased to love him.<!-- Page 28 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They finally grew so tired of his cruelty, that they all rose up against
+him, drove him out of the city, and forced him to take up his abode on
+the Island of Scy&acute;ros. Then, fearing that he might return unexpectedly,
+they told the king of the island to watch him night and day, and to
+seize the first good opportunity to get rid of him. In obedience to
+these orders, the king escorted Theseus wherever he went; and one day,
+when they were both walking along the edge of a tall cliff, he suddenly
+pushed Theseus over it. Unable to defend or save himself, Theseus fell
+on some sharp rocks far below, and was instantly killed.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians rejoiced greatly when they heard of his death; but they
+soon forgot his harshness, remembered only his bravery and all the good
+he had done them in his youth, and regretted their ingratitude. Long
+after, as you will see, his body was carried to Athens, and buried not
+far from the A-crop&acute;o-lis, which was a fortified hill or citadel in the
+midst of the city. Here the Athenians built a temple over his remains,
+and worshiped him as a god.</p>
+
+<p>While Theseus was thus first fighting for his subjects, and then
+quarreling with them, one of his companions, the hero Her&acute;cu-les (or
+Her&acute;a-cles) went back to the Peloponnesus, where he had been born. There
+his descendants, the Her-a-cli&acute;d&aelig;, soon began fighting with the Pelopid&aelig;
+for the possession of the land.</p>
+
+<p>After much warfare, the Heraclid&aelig; were driven away, and banished to
+Thessaly, where they were allowed to remain only upon condition that
+they would not attempt to renew their quarrel with the Pelopid&aelig; for a
+hundred years.<!-- Page 29 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="VIII_THE_TERRIBLE_PROPHECY" id="VIII_THE_TERRIBLE_PROPHECY"></a>VIII. THE TERRIBLE PROPHECY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>While Theseus was reigning over the Athenians, the neighboring throne of
+Thebes, in B&oelig;otia, was occupied by King La&acute;ius and Queen Jo-cas&acute;ta.
+In those days the people thought they could learn about the future by
+consulting the oracles, or priests who dwelt in the temples, and
+pretended to give mortals messages from the gods.</p>
+
+<p>Hoping to learn what would become of himself and of his family, Laius
+sent rich gifts to the temple at Delphi, asking what would befall him in
+the coming years. The messenger soon returned, but, instead of bringing
+cheerful news, he tremblingly repeated the oracle's words: "King Laius,
+you will have a son who will murder his father, marry his mother, and
+bring destruction upon his native city!"</p>
+
+<p>This news filled the king's heart with horror; and when, a few months
+later, a son was born to him, he made up his mind to kill him rather
+than let him live to commit such fearful crimes. But Laius was too
+gentle to harm a babe, and so ordered a servant to carry the child out
+of the town and put him to death.</p>
+
+<p>The man obeyed the first part of the king's orders; but when he had come
+to a lonely spot on the mountain, he could not make up his mind to kill
+the poor little babe. Thinking that the child would soon die if left on
+this lonely spot, the servant tied him to a tree, and, going back to the
+city, reported that he had gotten rid of him.</p>
+
+<p>No further questions were asked, and all thought that<!-- Page 30 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> the child was
+dead. It was not so, however. His cries had attracted the attention of a
+passing shepherd, who carried him home, and, being too poor to keep him,
+took him to the King of Corinth. As the king had no children, he gladly
+adopted the little boy.</p>
+
+<p>When the queen saw that the child's ankles were swollen by the cord by
+which he had been hung to the tree, she tenderly cared for him, and
+called him &OElig;d&acute;i-pus, which means "the swollen-footed." This nickname
+clung to the boy, who grew up thinking that the King and Queen of
+Corinth were his real parents.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="IX_THE_SPHINXS_RIDDLE" id="IX_THE_SPHINXS_RIDDLE"></a>IX. THE SPHINX'S RIDDLE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When &OElig;dipus was grown up, he once went to a festival, where his proud
+manners so provoked one of his companions, that he taunted him with
+being only a foundling. &OElig;dipus, seeing the frightened faces around
+him, now for the first time began to think that perhaps he had not been
+told the truth about his parentage. So he consulted an oracle.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of giving him a plain answer,&mdash;a thing which the oracles were
+seldom known to do,&mdash;the voice said, "&OElig;dipus, beware! You are doomed
+to kill your father, marry your mother, and bring destruction upon your
+native city!"</p>
+
+<p>Horrified at this prophecy, and feeling sure that the King and Queen of
+Corinth were his parents, and that the oracle's predictions threatened
+misfortunes to them, &OElig;di<!-- Page 31 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>pus made up his mind to leave home forever.
+He did not even dare to return to bid his family good-by, and he started
+out alone and on foot to seek his fortunes elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>As he walked, he thought of his misfortunes, and grew very bitter
+against the cruel goddess of fate, whom he had been taught to fear. He
+fancied that this goddess could rule things as she pleased, and that it
+was she who had said he would commit the dreadful crimes which he was
+trying to avoid.</p>
+
+<p>After several days' aimless wandering, &OElig;dipus came at last to some
+crossroads. There he met an old man riding in a chariot, and preceded by
+a herald, who haughtily bade &OElig;dipus make way for his master.</p>
+
+<p>As &OElig;dipus had been brought up as a prince, he was in the habit of
+seeing everybody make way for him. He therefore proudly refused to stir;
+and when the herald raised his staff to strike, &OElig;dipus drew his sword
+and killed him.</p>
+
+<p>The old man, indignant at this deed of violence, stepped out of his
+chariot and attacked &OElig;dipus. Now, the young man did not know that it
+was his father Laius whom he thus met for the first time, so he fell
+upon and killed him also. The servants too were all slain when they in
+turn attacked him; and then &OElig;dipus calmly continued his journey,
+little suspecting that the first part of the oracle's prediction had
+been fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this fight, &OElig;dipus came to the city of Thebes. The streets
+were filled with excited people, all talking at once; and the young
+prince, in listening to what they said, soon learned the cause of their
+excitement.<!-- Page 32 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 798px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0298-1.jpg" width="798" height="500" alt="After a few moments&#39; deep thought, &OElig;dipus answered." title="After a few moments&#39; deep thought, &OElig;dipus answered." />
+<span class="caption">After a few moments&#39; deep thought, &OElig;dipus answered.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 33 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It seems that a terrible monster called the Sphinx had taken up its
+station on one of the principal roads leading to the town, and would
+allow no one to pass who could not answer a riddle which it asked. This
+creature had the head of a woman, the body of a lion, and the wings of
+an eagle; and, as it ate up all those who could not guess its riddle,
+the people were very much frightened.</p>
+
+<p>Many persons had already been slain; for, although the bravest men had
+gone out to kill it, they had lost their lives in the attempt, as no one
+could harm it unless he guessed the mysterious riddle.</p>
+
+<p>Laius, the king, hoping to learn from the oracle at Delphi the answer to
+the riddle, had ridden off in his chariot; but the people grew more
+excited still, when a messenger came running into the town, and said
+that the king and all his servants had been killed by robbers, and that
+their dead bodies had been found in the middle of the road.</p>
+
+<p>&OElig;dipus paid no attention to this news; for he little suspected that
+the old man whom he had killed was the king, whom everybody loved, and
+for whom they now mourned with noisy grief.</p>
+
+<p>He was, however, deeply interested in the story of the Sphinx; and he
+was so sure that he could guess the riddle, that he immediately set out
+to find the monster. He walked boldly along the road until stopped by
+the Sphinx, which told him to answer this riddle if he wished to live:
+"What creature walks upon four feet in the morning, upon two at noon,
+and upon three at night?"</p>
+
+<p>After a few moments' deep thought, &OElig;dipus answered<!-- Page 34 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> that the creature
+was <i>man</i>. "For," said he, "in the morning of life, or in babyhood, man
+creeps on hands and knees; at noon, or in manhood, he walks erect; and
+at evening, or in old age, he supports his tottering steps with a
+staff."</p>
+
+<p>The Sphinx's riddle was guessed; and the monster, knowing that its power
+was now at an end, tried to get away. But &OElig;dipus would not allow it
+to do so; and, drawing his sword, he forced it back until it fell over a
+precipice, on the sharp stones below, and was dashed to pieces.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="X_BLINDNESS_AND_DEATH_OF_OEDIPUS" id="X_BLINDNESS_AND_DEATH_OF_OEDIPUS"></a>X. BLINDNESS AND DEATH OF &OElig;DIPUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>B&oelig;otia was now rid of the Sphinx; and when the The&acute;bans heard the
+joyful news of its death, they welcomed [Oe]dipus with much joy. In
+reward for his bravery, they gave him not only the throne, but also the
+hand of Jocasta, the widowed queen. It was thus that &OElig;dipus, although
+he did not know it, fulfilled the second part of the prophecy, and
+married his own mother.</p>
+
+<p>Several years now passed by, during which &OElig;dipus ruled the Thebans so
+wisely, that they all loved him dearly, and went to him for advice in
+all their troubles. Finally the good times came to an end; and the
+people were again terrified, because a plague, or great sickness, broke
+out in the city, and many of the inhabitants died.</p>
+
+<p>All kinds of medicines were tried, but without effect; and all the gods
+were asked to lend their aid. In despair,<!-- Page 35 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> &OElig;dipus sent a messenger to
+Delphi to ask the oracle how the disease could be stopped. The oracle
+for once gave a plain answer, and said that the plague would cease only
+when the murderer of Laius had been found and punished.</p>
+
+<p>Investigations were now made for the first time, and it was found that
+&OElig;dipus was the one who had slain the king. At the same time, the
+servant confessed that he had not killed the royal child; and the
+shepherd told how he had found the babe and carried him to Corinth,
+where he had been adopted by the king.</p>
+
+<p>When &OElig;dipus heard all this, he was driven almost mad with despair;
+for now he knew not only that he had murdered his father and married his
+mother, but that it was on his account that the plague had caused the
+death of so many people in Thebes.</p>
+
+<p>In her horror and grief at this discovery, Queen Jocasta killed herself.
+When &OElig;dipus learned that she was dead, he ran into the room where she
+lay, and took one of the buckles which fastened her dress and put out
+his eyes with it, saying, that, since they had beheld such a sorrowful
+sight, they should never again see the light of day.</p>
+
+<p>To rid the city of his accursed presence, and thus, if possible, save it
+from the threatened destruction, &OElig;dipus banished himself, and
+wandered away, old, blind, and poor, for he would take none of his
+riches with him.</p>
+
+<p>He departed sorrowfully, leaving his kingdom to his two sons,
+E-te&acute;o-cles and Pol-y-ni&acute;ces, and telling them to care for their
+sisters, An-tig&acute;o-ne and Is-me&acute;ne.</p>
+
+<p>Ismene wept bitterly when she said good-by to her<!-- Page 36 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> father; but Antigone
+placed her father's hand upon her shoulder, said that she would never
+forsake him, and left the city, tenderly supporting and guiding him.</p>
+
+<p>Father and daughter wandered thus from place to place, finding no rest;
+for all the people shrank from even looking upon &OElig;dipus, who, they
+said, was evidently accursed by the gods, since he had committed such
+frightful crimes.</p>
+
+<p>After many days' wandering and much fatigue, the exiles arrived at last
+on the border of a dark forest held sacred to the Furies,&mdash;the goddesses
+whose duty it was to punish all criminals by tormenting them as long as
+they lived, and even after they had died.</p>
+
+<p>When Antigone described to her poor blind father the place they had
+reached, he bade her remain by the roadside, and, groping his way, soon
+vanished into the forest. He had scarcely gone, when a terrible
+thunderstorm arose. The air grew dark, the lightning flashed, the
+thunder rolled, the trees bent and twisted in the wind; and, although
+Antigone called her father again and again, she heard no answering cry.</p>
+
+<p>When morning came, she went to look for him, but found no trace of him.
+The people in the neighborhood then told her that the Furies had dragged
+her father away to punish him for his crimes, and Antigone sadly went
+back to Thebes.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as she arrived in the city, Antigone hastened to the palace to
+tell her brothers and sister about their father's sad death; but when
+she entered her former happy home, she learned that there are sadder
+things than death, for her brothers were no longer friends, and had
+begun a terrible quarrel.<!-- Page 37 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XI_THE_BROTHERS_QUARREL" id="XI_THE_BROTHERS_QUARREL"></a>XI. THE BROTHERS' QUARREL.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The misfortunes of Thebes had not come to an end with the banishment of
+&OElig;dipus, and fate was still against the unhappy city. The plague, it
+is true, had stopped; but the two young princes were quarreling about
+the possession of the throne.</p>
+
+<p>Both wanted to reign, and neither wished to share the throne with his
+brother. After much dispute, they agreed at last that each should reign
+a year in turn.</p>
+
+<p>Eteocles, the elder, was of course allowed to rule during the first
+year; while Polynices went to pay a visit to A-dras&acute;tus, King of Argos.
+Here he was warmly welcomed and hospitably entertained; but when the
+year was ended, he hurried back to Thebes to reign in his turn.</p>
+
+<p>When he came to the city, however, Eteocles refused to give up the
+scepter, and, calling out his guards, made use of his power to drive
+Polynices out of the town. This was very wrong, for a promise should
+always be kept; and it made Polynices so angry, that he said he would
+return with an army, and force his brother to act fairly.</p>
+
+<p>Polynices therefore hurried back to Argos, and soon persuaded Adrastus,
+with five other kings and noted warriors, to go with him to Thebes, and
+help him take the throne by force.</p>
+
+<p>When Eteocles heard that seven kings were coming with a large army to
+make him give up the throne of Thebes, he made up his mind to fight hard
+to keep it. After strengthening the city walls, laying in a great<!-- Page 38 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> stock
+of provisions, and securing the help of seven brave allies, Eteocles
+closed the gates of Thebes, and calmly awaited the arrival of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the seven chiefs were marching from Argos to Thebes. They came
+at last to the forest of Ne&acute;me-a, where Hercules, the chief hero of
+Argos, had once slain a terrible lion. This monster had long lived in
+the forest, filling the hearts of all the people with dread; and when
+Hercules came out of the forest, wearing the skin of the lion, they had
+greatly rejoiced.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illus-038.png" width="300" height="301" alt="Hercules and the Nemean Lion." title="Hercules and the Nemean Lion." />
+<span class="caption">Hercules and the Nemean Lion.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In honor of Hercules' victory over the Ne&acute;me-an lion, the seven chiefs
+stopped in this spot to celebrate games, which they said should be held
+in that neighborhood every three years. This festival was ever after
+celebrated thus; and when the people gathered together there to see the
+racing and boxing, they loved to recall the memory of the brave lion
+slayer, and of the seven kings who had first celebrated the Nemean
+games.</p>
+
+<p>When Polynices and his allies came at last to Thebes, they found all the
+gates closed; and although they fought bravely, and tried hard to enter
+the city, they were kept at bay for seven long years. At the end of that
+time the people inside the city, and those without, were<!-- Page 39 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> equally tired
+of this long siege: so it was finally agreed that the two armies should
+meet on a neighboring plain and fight it out.</p>
+
+<p>The armies were led by the two brothers, who now hated each other so
+bitterly, that, instead of waiting for the signal for battle, they
+rushed upon each other, and both fell before any one could interfere.</p>
+
+<p>This terrible end of their quarrel filled the hearts of both armies with
+fear, and they agreed to make a truce in order to bury their chiefs. As
+it was customary at that time to burn the bodies of the dead, both
+corpses were laid upon the funeral pyre side by side. When the wood was
+all burned, the ashes were put into separate urns, for the Greeks used
+to tell their children that these brothers hated each other so much that
+even their ashes would not mingle.</p>
+
+<p>This story of &OElig;dipus and his family is only a myth, but it is a very
+celebrated one. The Greeks wrote stories, poems, and plays about it, and
+it is on that account that it should be known by every one who wishes to
+study the history of Greece.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XII_THE_TAKING_OF_THEBES" id="XII_THE_TAKING_OF_THEBES"></a>XII. THE TAKING OF THEBES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The terrible death of the two brothers Eteocles and Polynices did not,
+as you might suppose, end the siege of Thebes. No sooner were their
+funerals over, than both armies began to fight again; and they continued
+the contest until all the chiefs had been killed except Adrastus only.<!-- Page 40 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Most of the soldiers had also been slain: so Adrastus made up his mind
+to go home, and wait until the sons of these fallen heroes were old
+enough to fight, before he went on with the war. As they thought it
+their duty to avenge all injuries, and especially the death of a
+relative, Adrastus had no trouble in getting these youths to march
+against Thebes. So they began a second siege, which was known as the War
+of the E-pig&acute;o-ni, or descendants, because the young warriors took up
+their fathers' quarrel.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the bravery of these young men, that they succeeded where their
+fathers had failed, and after a long struggle took the city of Thebes.
+As Polynices was dead, and could not claim the scepter he had so longed
+to possess, they put his son Ther-san&acute;der upon the throne.</p>
+
+<p>This young man ruled for a while in peace; but because his sons were
+insane, the Thebans thought that the gods still hated the race of
+&OElig;dipus: so they drove these princes away, and chose another and less
+unlucky family to rule over them instead.</p>
+
+<p>Even the daughters of &OElig;dipus were very unhappy; for Antigone, having
+taken the part of her brother Polynices, was put to death, while her
+sister Ismene died of grief.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the end of the race of &OElig;dipus,&mdash;a king who has been
+considered the most unhappy man that ever lived, because, although he
+meant to be good, he was forced by fate to commit the most horrible
+crimes.<!-- Page 41 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XIII_THE_CHILDHOOD_OF_PARIS" id="XIII_THE_CHILDHOOD_OF_PARIS"></a>XIII. THE CHILDHOOD OF PARIS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In those days, Pri&acute;am and Hec&acute;u-ba were King and Queen of Troy (or
+Il&acute;i-um),&mdash;a beautiful city near the coast of Asia Minor, almost
+opposite Athens. They were the parents of a large family of sons and
+daughters; and among the sons were Hec&acute;tor and Par&acute;is, young men of
+remarkable strength and beauty.</p>
+
+<p>Paris had had a very adventurous life. When he was but a little babe,
+his mother dreamed that she saw a flaming brand in the cradle, in the
+place where the child lay. This brand seemed to set fire to the cradle
+and all the palace; and the queen, awaking with a start, was overjoyed
+to find that it was nothing but a dream.</p>
+
+<p>Men in those days believed that dreams were sent by the gods to warn
+them of coming events, and so Hecuba was very anxious to know what the
+burning brand meant. She told her husband all about it, and they finally
+decided to ask an oracle to explain the dream.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later the messenger they had sent to the oracle came home,
+and Hecuba shed many tears when he brought word that the child Paris was
+destined to bring destruction upon his native city.</p>
+
+<p>To escape this calamity, Priam ordered that Paris should be carried out
+of the city, and that he should be left in a forest, where the wild
+beasts would eat him up, or where he would be sure to die from hunger
+and cold.</p>
+
+<p>Poor little Paris was therefore lifted out of his comfortable cradle,
+and left alone in the woods, where he<!-- Page 42 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> cried so hard that a passing
+hunter heard him. This man was so sorry for the poor child, that he
+carried him home to his wife, who brought the little stranger up with
+her own children.</p>
+
+<p>As he lived with hunters, Paris soon learned their ways; and he became
+so active that when he was quite grown up he went to Troy to take part
+in the athletic games, which were often held there in honor of the gods.
+He was so strong that he easily won all the prizes, although Hector and
+the other young princes were also striving for them.</p>
+
+<p>When Paris went up to receive the crown of wild olive leaves which was
+the victor's prize, every one noticed his likeness to the royal family;
+and his sister Cas-san&acute;dra, who was able to foretell future events, said
+that he was the son of Priam and Hecuba, and that he would bring great
+misfortunes upon Troy.</p>
+
+<p>The king and queen paid no heed to these words, but gladly welcomed
+Paris home, and lavished all kinds of gifts upon him to make up for
+their cruelty and long neglect.</p>
+
+<p>Paris was so fond of change and adventure, that he soon grew tired of
+court life, and asked Priam for a ship, so that he might sail off to
+Greece.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 299px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0300-1.jpg" width="299" height="416" alt="Menelaus." title="Menelaus." />
+<span class="caption">Menelaus.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This request was readily granted, and Paris went away. The young prince
+sailed from island to island, and came at last to the southern part of
+the Peloponnesus, where the descendants of Hercules had founded the city
+of Sparta. Here he was warmly welcomed by King Men-e-la&acute;us; but this
+king was obliged to leave home shortly after the arrival of Paris, and
+he bade<!-- Page 43 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> Helen, his wife, the most beautiful woman in the world, do all
+she could to entertain the noble stranger.</p>
+
+<p>Helen was so kind to Paris that he soon fell in love with her. His
+greatest wish was to have her as his wife: so he began to tell her that
+Ve&acute;nus, the goddess of love, had promised him that he should marry the
+most beautiful woman in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Talking thus day after day, the handsome young Paris finally persuaded
+Helen to leave her husband and home. She got on board of his vessel, and
+went with him to Troy as his wife. Of course, this wrongdoing could not
+bring happiness; and not only were they duly punished, but, as you will
+soon see, the crime of Paris brought suffering and death to his friends
+as well.</p>
+
+<p>When Menelaus came home and found that his guest had run away with his
+wife, he was very angry, and vowed that he would not rest until he had
+punished Paris and won back the beautiful Helen.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore made ready for war, and sent word to his friends and
+relatives to come and help him, telling them to meet him at Au&acute;lis, a
+seaport, where they would find swift-sailing vessels to carry them
+across the sea to Troy.<!-- Page 44 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XIV_THE_MUSTER_OF_THE_TROOPS" id="XIV_THE_MUSTER_OF_THE_TROOPS"></a>XIV. THE MUSTER OF THE TROOPS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When the neighboring kings and chiefs received Menelaus' message, they
+were delighted; for fighting was their only occupation, and they enjoyed
+the din of battle more than anything else. They began to collect their
+soldiers, polish their arms, and man their vessels. Then, inviting all
+who wished to join them, they started out for Aulis, where they formed a
+huge army.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the parties was led by its own king or chief. Some of these
+chiefs were very brave, and their names are still well known. The
+leading ones among them were Nes&acute;tor, the wisest man of his day, to whom
+every one came for good advice; and U-lys&acute;ses, the crafty or sly king,
+who was so clever that he could easily outwit all men.</p>
+
+<p>There were also A&acute;jax, the strongest man of his time; Thersander, the
+new king of Thebes, who came with the Epigoni; and Ag-a-mem&acute;non, King of
+Mycen&aelig;, Menelaus' brother, who was chosen chief of the whole army.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks never began any undertaking without consulting the oracles to
+find out how it would end. Agamemnon, therefore, consulted one of these
+soothsayers, who said that Troy would never be taken unless A-chil&acute;les
+fought with the Greeks.</p>
+
+<p>When they heard this answer, the chiefs immediately asked who Achilles
+was, and they soon learned all about him. He was a young prince of whom
+it had been foretold at the time of his birth that he would be the
+greatest warrior of his age, and that he would die young. His<!-- Page 45 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> mother,
+who loved him dearly, shed many tears when she heard these words, and
+made up her mind to do all she could to prevent this prophecy from
+coming true.</p>
+
+<p>She first carried Achilles, when but a baby, to the river Styx, for it
+was said that those who bathed in its waters could never be wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Afraid to let go of her child for fear he might drown, but anxious to
+make sure that the waters should touch every part of him, the mother
+plunged him into the rushing tide, holding him fast by one heel.</p>
+
+<p>This she held so tight that the waters never even wet it; and it was
+only long after, when too late to remedy it, that an oracle told her
+that Achilles could be wounded in his heel, which the waters of the Styx
+had not touched. As soon as this good mother heard the first news of the
+coming war, her heart was troubled; for she knew that Achilles, who was
+now a young man, would want to join the army, and she was afraid of
+losing him.</p>
+
+<p>To prevent his hearing anything about the war, she persuaded him to
+visit the King of Scyros. There, under pretext of a joke, he was induced
+to put on girl's clothes, and to pretend that he was a woman.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks, after hearing the oracle's words, sent messengers for
+Achilles; but they could not find him, as he had left home, and no one
+would tell them where he had gone. As it was of no use to set out
+without him, according to the oracle's answer, which they thoroughly
+believed, the army lingered at Aulis in despair.</p>
+
+<p>Ulysses, seeing that they would never start unless Achilles were found,
+now offered to go and get him.<!-- Page 46 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> Disguised as a peddler, with a pack upon
+his back, he went first to Achilles' home, where the chattering maids
+told him all he wished to know, and thence he went to the Island of
+Scyros.</p>
+
+<p>Achilles was so well disguised that Ulysses could not tell him from the
+king's daughters and their maids: so he made use of a trick to find him
+out. Among the trinkets in his pack, he put a sword of fine workmanship,
+and, entering the palace, spread out his wares before the admiring
+maidens. They all gathered about him; but, while the real girls went
+into raptures over his ornaments, Achilles grasped the sword, drew it
+from the scabbard, carefully tested the blade, and swung it with a
+strong arm.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, Ulysses then easily saw that he was not a girl, and, slipping
+up to him, managed to whisper news of the coming war, and won his
+promise to join the army at Aulis in a few days.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XV_THE_SACRIFICE_OF_IPHIGENIA" id="XV_THE_SACRIFICE_OF_IPHIGENIA"></a>XV. THE SACRIFICE OF IPHIGENIA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>True to his promise, Achilles soon came to Aulis with his well-trained
+soldiers, the Myr&acute;mi-dons, and with him came his friend Pa-tro&acute;clus. All
+were now eager to start, and ready to embark; but unfortunately there
+was no favorable wind to fill their sails and waft them over to Asia
+Minor.</p>
+
+<p>Day after day they waited, and offered sacrifices to the gods, but all
+in vain. At last they again consulted<!-- Page 47 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> the oracle, who said that the
+wind would not blow until Iph-i-ge-ni&acute;a, Agamemnon's daughter, were
+offered up in sacrifice to Di-an&acute;a, goddess of the moon and the chase,
+whom this king had once offended.</p>
+
+<p>Agamemnon at first said that he would not sacrifice his daughter, but
+finally his companions persuaded him to do so. Just as the priest was
+about to kill the maiden on the altar, however, the goddess Diana came,
+and carried her off unharmed, leaving a deer to be sacrificed in her
+stead.</p>
+
+<p>The deer was killed, the wind rose, the sails filled, and the Greek
+fleet soon came within sight of the high walls and towers of Troy.
+There, contrary to their expectations, the Greeks found the people ready
+to fight them; but, after many days' struggle, they saw that they had
+made no great advance.</p>
+
+<p>On the wide plain which stretched out between the city and the sea, the
+Greek and Tro&acute;jan armies fought many a battle; and sometimes one party,
+and sometimes the other, had the victory. The men on both sides had been
+trained to handle their weapons with great skill, and there were many
+fights in which the Greek heroes met the bravest Trojans.</p>
+
+<p>Nine years passed thus in continual warfare, but even then the Greeks
+were as far from taking the town as on the first day; and the Trojans,
+in spite of all their courage, had not been able to drive their enemies
+away.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/illus-047.png" width="300" height="129" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p><!-- Page 48 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XVI_THE_WRATH_OF_ACHILLES" id="XVI_THE_WRATH_OF_ACHILLES"></a>XVI. THE WRATH OF ACHILLES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In all their battles, the booty won by the Greeks from the enemy had
+been divided among the chiefs and soldiers, and on one occasion female
+slaves were given to Agamemnon and Achilles. These girls were not born
+slaves, but were captives of war reduced to slavery, as was then the
+custom; for, while the men and boys were always killed, the women and
+girls were forced to be the servants of the victors.</p>
+
+<p>Now, it happened that the slave given to Agamemnon was the daughter of a
+priest of A-pol&acute;lo. He was very sorry when he heard she had fallen into
+the hands of the Greeks, and sent a message to Agamemnon, offering to
+give him a large sum of money if he would only set her free.</p>
+
+<p>Agamemnon would not accept the money, and sent a rude message to the
+priest, who, in anger, asked Apollo to avenge this insult by sending a
+plague upon the Greeks. The god heard and granted this prayer, and soon
+all the soldiers in the Greek camp were suffering from a terrible
+disease, of which many of them died.</p>
+
+<p>As no remedy could relieve the sufferers, the Greek leaders consulted an
+oracle, to find out how the plague might be stopped. Then they learned
+that Apollo was angry with Agamemnon because he had refused to give up
+his slave, and that the Greeks would continue to suffer until he made up
+his mind to give her back to her father.</p>
+
+<p>Thus forced to give her up to save his men from further suffering and
+even from death, Agamemnon angrily<!-- Page 49 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> said he would take Achilles' slave
+instead, and he had her brought to wait upon him in his tent.</p>
+
+<p>Achilles, who wanted to save the Greeks from the plague, allowed the
+maiden to depart, warning Agamemnon, however, that he would no longer
+fight for a chief who could be so selfish and unjust. As soon as the
+girl had gone, therefore, he laid aside his fine armor; and although he
+heard the call for battle, and the din of fighting, he staid quietly
+within his tent.</p>
+
+<p>While Achilles sat thus sulking day after day, his companions were
+bravely fighting. In spite of their bravery, however, the Trojans were
+gaining the advantage; for, now that Achilles was no longer there to
+fill their hearts with terror, they fought with new courage.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks, missing the bright young leader who always led them into the
+midst of the fray, were gradually driven back by the Trojans, who
+pressed eagerly forward, and even began to set fire to some of the Greek
+ships.</p>
+
+<p>Achilles' friend, Patroclus, who was fighting at the head of the Greeks,
+now saw that the Trojans, unless they were checked, would soon destroy
+the whole army, and he rushed into Achilles' tent to beg him to come and
+help them once more.</p>
+
+<p>His entreaties were vain. Achilles refused to move a step; but he
+consented at last to let Patroclus wear his armor, and, thus disguised,
+make a last attempt to rally the Greeks and drive back the Trojans.</p>
+
+<p>Patroclus started out, and, when the Trojans saw the well-known armor,
+they shrank back in terror, for they greatly feared Achilles. They soon
+saw their mistake,<!-- Page 50 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> however; and Hector, rushing forward, killed
+Patroclus, tore the armor off his body, and retired to put it on in
+honor of his victory.</p>
+
+<p>Then a terrible struggle took place between the Trojans and the Greeks
+for the possession of Patroclus' body. The news of his friend's death
+had quickly been carried to Achilles, and had roused him from his
+indifferent state. Springing upon the wall that stretched before the
+camp, he gave a mighty shout, at the sound of which the Trojans fled,
+while Ajax and Ulysses brought back the body of Patroclus.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XVII_DEATH_OF_HECTOR_AND_ACHILLES" id="XVII_DEATH_OF_HECTOR_AND_ACHILLES"></a>XVII. DEATH OF HECTOR AND ACHILLES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The next day, having secured armor and weapons, Achilles again went out
+to fight. His purpose was to meet Hector, and, by killing him, to avenge
+his dead friend, Patroclus. He therefore rushed up and down the
+battlefield; and when at last he came face to face with his foe, they
+closed in deadly fight. The two young men, each the champion warrior of
+his army, were now fighting with the courage of despair; for, while
+Achilles was thirsting to avenge his friend, Hector knew that the fate
+of Troy depended mostly upon his arm. The struggle was terrible. It was
+watched with breathless interest by the armies on both sides, and by
+aged Priam and the Trojan women from the walls of Troy. In spite of
+Hector's courage, in spite of all his skill, he was doomed to die, and
+soon he fell under the blows of Achilles.<!-- Page 51 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then, in sight of both armies and of Hector's weeping family, Achilles
+took off his enemy's armor, bound the dead body by the feet to his
+chariot, and dragged it three times around the city walls before he went
+back to camp to mourn over the remains of Patroclus.</p>
+
+<p>That night, guided by one of the gods, old King Priam came secretly into
+the Greek camp, and, stealing into Achilles' tent, fell at his feet. He
+had come to beg Achilles to give back the body of Hector, that he might
+weep over it, and bury it with all the usual ceremonies and honors.</p>
+
+<p>Touched by the old man's tears, and ready now to listen to his better
+feelings, Achilles kindly raised the old king, comforted him with gentle
+words, and not only gave back the body, but also promised that there
+should be a truce of a few days, so that both armies could bury their
+dead in peace.</p>
+
+<p>The funerals were held, the bodies burned, the usual games celebrated;
+and when the truce was over, the long war was begun again. After several
+other great fights, Achilles died from a wound in his heel caused by a
+poisoned arrow that was treacherously shot by Paris.</p>
+
+<p>The sorrowing Greeks then buried the young hero on the wide plain
+between Troy and the sea. This spot has been visited by many people who
+admired the brave young hero of the Il&acute;i-ad (see p. 60).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 503px;">
+<img src="images/illus-051.png" width="503" height="135" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 52 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XVIII_THE_BURNING_OF_TROY" id="XVIII_THE_BURNING_OF_TROY"></a>XVIII. THE BURNING OF TROY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As the valor of the Greeks had proved of no avail during the ten-years'
+war, and as they were still as far as ever from taking Troy, Ulysses the
+crafty now proposed to take the city by a stratagem, or trick.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks, obeying his directions, built a wooden horse of very large
+size. It was hollow, and the space inside it was large enough to hold a
+number of armed men. When this horse was finished, and the men were
+hidden in it, the Greeks all embarked as if to sail home.</p>
+
+<p>The Trojans, who had watched them embark and sail out of sight, rushed
+down to the shore shouting for joy, and began to wander around the
+deserted camp. They soon found the huge wooden horse, and were staring
+wonderingly at it, when they were joined by a Greek who had purposely
+been left behind, and who now crept out of his hiding place.</p>
+
+<p>In answer to their questions, this man said that his companions had
+deserted him, and that the wooden horse had been built and left there as
+an offering to Po-sei&acute;don (or Nep&acute;tune), god of the sea. The Trojans,
+believing all this, now decided to keep the wooden horse in memory of
+their long siege, and the useless attempt of the Greeks to take Troy.</p>
+
+<p>They therefore joyfully dragged the huge animal into the city; and, as
+the gates were not large enough for it to pass through, they tore down
+part of their strong walls.<!-- Page 53 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>That very night, while all the Trojans were sleeping peacefully for the
+first time in many years, without any fear of a midnight attack, the
+Greek vessels noiselessly sailed back to their old moorings. The
+soldiers landed in silence, and, marching up softly, joined their
+companions, who had crept out of the wooden horse, and had opened all
+the gates to receive them.</p>
+
+<p>Pouring into Troy on all sides at once, the Greeks now began their work
+of destruction, killing, burning, and stealing everywhere. The Trojan
+warriors, awakening from sleep, vainly tried to defend themselves; but
+all were killed except Prince &AElig;-ne&acute;as, who escaped with his family and a
+few faithful friends, to form a new kingdom in Italy.</p>
+
+<p>All the women, including even the queen and her daughters, were made
+prisoners and carried away by the Greek heroes. The men were now very
+anxious to return home with the booty they had won; for they had done
+what they had long wished to do, and Troy, the beautiful city, was
+burned to the ground.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 201px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0302-1.jpg" width="201" height="303" alt="Vase." title="Vase." />
+<span class="caption">Vase.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>All this, as you know, happened many years ago,&mdash;so many that no one
+knows just how long. The city thus destroyed was never rebuilt. Some
+years ago a German traveler began to dig on the spot where it once
+stood. Deep down under the ground he found the remains of beautiful
+buildings, some pottery, household utensils, weapons, and a great deal
+of gold, silver, brass, and bronze. All these things were blackened or
+partly melted by fire, showing that the Greeks had set fire to the city,
+as their famous old poems relate.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks said, however, that their gods were very<!-- Page 54 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> angry with many of
+their warriors on account of the cruelty they showed on that dreadful
+night, and that many of them had to suffer great hardships before they
+reached home. Some were tossed about by the winds and waves for many
+long years, and suffered shipwrecks. Others reached home safely, only to
+be murdered by relatives who had taken possession of their thrones
+during their long absence.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 156px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0302-2.jpg" width="156" height="307" alt="Jug." title="Jug." />
+<span class="caption">Jug.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 183px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0302-3.jpg" width="183" height="230" alt="Cup." title="Cup." />
+<span class="caption">Cup.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Only a few among these heroes escaped with their lives, and wandered off
+to other countries to found new cities. Thus arose many Greek colonies
+in Sicily and southern Italy, which were called Great Greece, in honor
+of the country from which the first settlers had come.</p>
+
+<p>As you have already seen, Prince &AElig;neas was among these Trojans. After
+many exciting adventures, which you will be able to read in the "Story
+of Rome," he sailed up the Ti&acute;ber River, and landed near the place where
+one of his descendants was to found the present capital of Italy, which
+is one of the most famous cities in the world.<!-- Page 55 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XIX_HEROIC_DEATH_OF_CODRUS" id="XIX_HEROIC_DEATH_OF_CODRUS"></a>XIX. HEROIC DEATH OF CODRUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>You remember, do you not, how the sons of Pelops had driven the
+Heraclid&aelig;, or sons of Hercules, out of the peninsula which was called
+the Peloponnesus? This same peninsula is now called Mo-re&acute;a, or the
+mulberry leaf, because it is shaped something like such a leaf, as you
+will see by looking at your map.</p>
+
+<p>The Heraclid&aelig; had not gone away willingly, but were staying in Thessaly,
+in the northern part of Greece, where they promised to remain one
+hundred years without making any attempt to come back.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the end of the Trojan War, this truce of a hundred years
+came to an end; and the Heraclid&aelig; called upon their neighbors the
+Dorians to join them, and help them win back their former lands.</p>
+
+<p>Led by three brave chiefs, the allies passed through Greece proper,
+along the Isthmus of Corinth, and, spreading all over the Peloponnesus,
+soon took possession of the principal towns. The leading members of the
+family of Hercules took the title of kings, and ruled over the cities of
+Argos, Mycen&aelig;, and Spar&acute;ta.</p>
+
+<p>The Dorians, who had helped the Heraclid&aelig; win back their former
+possessions, now saw that the land here was better than their home in
+the mountains, so they drove all the rest of the Ionians out of the
+country, and settled there also.</p>
+
+<p>Thus driven away by the Dorians and the Heraclid&aelig;, these Ionians went to
+Athens, to the neighboring islands, and even to the coast of Asia Minor,
+south of the ruined<!-- Page 56 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> city of Troy, where they settled in great numbers.
+They called the strip of land which they occupied Ionia, and founded
+many towns, some of which, such as Eph&acute;e-sus and Mi-le&acute;tus, were
+destined to become famous.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the Ionians were very angry at thus being driven away from
+home; and those who had gone to live in Athens soon asked Co&acute;drus, the
+Athenian king, to make war against the Heraclid&aelig; of Sparta.</p>
+
+<p>The two armies soon met, and prepared for battle. Codrus, having
+consulted an oracle, had learned that the victory would be given to the
+army whose king should be killed, so he nobly made up his mind to die
+for the good of his people.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of going into battle in royal dress, with his guards all around
+him, as was his habit, he dressed himself like an ordinary soldier, and
+went forward until he stood in the very first rank of the army. Then he
+rushed boldly into the midst of the foe.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, he was soon cut down; but the Athenians, seeing his courage,
+and learning why he had thus risked his life, fought with such valor
+that they defeated the Spar&acute;tan forces, and forced them to retreat.</p>
+
+<p>The victory had been won; but the Athenians were so sorry to lose their
+beloved king, that they could not rejoice, and sadly returned home,
+carrying the body of Codrus. Such was the admiration of all the people
+for this act of royal courage, that they vowed they would never again
+call any one by the name of king.</p>
+
+<p>When Codrus had been buried, therefore, the Athenians gave his son and
+heir the government of the city,<!-- Page 57 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> calling him archon, or chief for
+life,&mdash;a title which was borne by many rulers after him.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartans, who had come into Attica to fight the Athenians, retreated
+hastily after their defeat, and returned to their city, where they
+settled, forcing all the people who dwelt in the neighborhood either to
+leave the country or to serve them as their slaves.</p>
+
+<p>The return of the Heraclid&aelig; into the Peloponnesus is the last event of
+the Heroic Age, and now real history begins. After this, it is no longer
+necessary to try to find out the truth hidden in the old tales which
+were handed down from father to son, and which were the only fairy
+stories the Greek children knew; for henceforth records were kept of all
+the principal events.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XX_THE_BLIND_POET" id="XX_THE_BLIND_POET"></a>XX. THE BLIND POET.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 356px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0304-1.jpg" width="356" height="437" alt="Homer." title="Homer." />
+<span class="caption">Homer.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Three or four centuries after the siege of Troy, there lived a poor old
+blind poet who wandered about from place to place, playing upon his
+lyre, and reciting wonderful verses which told about the adventures of
+the Greek heroes, and their great deeds during the Trojan War.</p>
+
+<p>We are told that this old man, whose name was Ho&acute;mer, had not always
+been poor and blind, but that, having embarked by mistake upon a vessel
+manned by pirates, he not only had been robbed of all his wealth, and
+blinded, but had been left upon a lonely shore.</p>
+
+<p>By some happy chance, poor blind Homer found his<!-- Page 58 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> way to the inhabited
+parts of the country, where he soon won many friends. Instead of
+spending all his time in weeping over his troubles, Homer tried to think
+of some way in which he could earn his living, and at the same time give
+pleasure to others. He soon found such a way in telling the stories of
+the past to all who cared to listen to them.</p>
+
+<p>As the people in those days had no books, no schools, and no theaters,
+these stories seemed very wonderful. Little by little Homer turned them
+into verses so grand and beautiful that we admire them still; and these
+he recited, accompanying himself on a lyre, which he handled with much
+skill. As he wandered thus from place to place, old and young crowded
+around him to listen to his tales; and some young men were so struck by
+them that they followed him everywhere, until they too could repeat
+them. This was quite easy to do, because Homer had put them into the
+most beautiful and harmonious language the world has ever known. As soon
+as these young men had learned a few of the tales, they too began to
+travel from place to place, telling them to all they met; and thus
+Homer's verses became well known throughout all Greece.<!-- Page 59 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 787px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0306-1.jpg" width="787" height="414" alt="Telling Homer&#39;s Tales." title="Telling Homer&#39;s Tales." />
+<span class="caption">Telling Homer&#39;s Tales.</span>
+</div>
+<p><!-- Page 60 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Greeks who could recite Homer's poems went next to the islands and
+Asia Minor, stopping at every place where Greek was spoken, to tell
+about the wrath of Achilles, the death of Patroclus, Hector, or old
+Priam, the burning of Troy, the wanderings of Ulysses, and the return of
+the Greeks. Other youths learned the poems; and so, although they were
+not written down for many a year, they were constantly recited and sung,
+and thus kept alive in the memory of the people.</p>
+
+<p>As for Homer, their author, we know but little about him. We are told
+that he lived to be very old, and that although he was poor as long as
+he lived, and forced to earn his living by reciting his songs, he was
+greatly honored after his death.</p>
+
+<p>His two great heroic poems&mdash;the Iliad, telling all about the Trojan War,
+and the Od&acute;ys-sey, relating how Ulysses sailed about for ten years on
+his way home from Troy&mdash;were finally written down, and kept so carefully
+that they can still be read to-day. Such was the admiration felt for
+these poems, that some years after Homer's death an attempt was made to
+find out more about him, and about the place where he was born.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty cities claimed the honor of giving him birth; but, although it was
+never positively found out where he was born, most people thought the
+Island of Chi&acute;os was his birthplace. The Greek towns, wishing to show
+how much they admired the works of Homer, used to send yearly gifts to
+this place, the native land of the grandest poet the world has ever
+known.<!-- Page 61 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXI_THE_RISE_OF_SPARTA" id="XXI_THE_RISE_OF_SPARTA"></a>XXI. THE RISE OF SPARTA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The city of Sparta, founded in the days of the Pelasgians, and once
+ruled over by Menelaus and Helen, had fallen, as we have seen, into the
+hands of the Heraclid&aelig; when they came back to the Peloponnesus after
+their exile of a hundred years. It was first governed by
+A-ris-to-de&acute;mus, one of their three leaders; and, as records soon began
+to be kept, we know a great deal about the early history of this famous
+place.</p>
+
+<p>As the town had formerly belonged to the Heraclid&aelig;, and had been ruled
+by one of their ancestors, called Lac-e-d&aelig;&acute;mon, they called it by his
+name, and the country around it they named La-co&acute;ni-a. Having won back
+the town by fighting, the Heraclid&aelig; said that they would attend to war
+and politics, and make the conquered people till the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The old inhabitants of Laconia, therefore, went on living in the
+country, where they sowed and harvested for the benefit of the Spartans.
+All the prisoners of war, however, became real slaves. They were obliged
+to serve the Spartans in every way, and were called He&acute;lots.</p>
+
+<p>When Aristodemus died, his twin sons were both made kings; and, as each
+of them left his throne to his descendants, Sparta had two kings,
+instead of one, from this time on. One member of the royal family,
+although he never bore the name of king, is the most noted man in
+Spartan history. This is Ly-cur&acute;gus, the son of one ruler, the brother
+of another, and the guardian of an infant king named Char-i-la&acute;us.<!-- Page 62 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lycurgus was a thoroughly good and upright man. We are told that the
+mother of the baby king once offered to put her child to death that
+Lycurgus might reign. Fearing for the babe's safety, Lycurgus made
+believe that he agreed to this plan, and asked that the child should be
+given to him to kill as he saw fit.</p>
+
+<p>Lycurgus, having thus obtained possession of the babe, carried him to
+the council hall. There the child was named king; and Lycurgus promised
+that he would watch carefully over him, educate him well, and rule for
+him until he should be old and wise enough to reign alone.</p>
+
+<p>While he was thus acting as ruler, Lycurgus made use of his power to
+bring many new customs into Sparta, and to change the laws. As he was
+one of the wisest men who ever lived, he knew very well that men must be
+good if they would be happy. He also knew that health is far better than
+riches; and, hoping to make the Spartans both good and healthy, he won
+them over little by little to obey a new set of laws, which he had made
+after visiting many of the neighboring countries, and learning all he
+could.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXII_THE_SPARTAN_TRAINING" id="XXII_THE_SPARTAN_TRAINING"></a>XXII. THE SPARTAN TRAINING.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The laws which Lycurgus drew up for the Spartans were very strict. For
+instance, as soon as a babe came into the world, the law ordered that
+the father should wrap it up in a cloak, and carry it before a council
+made up of some of the oldest and wisest men.<!-- Page 63 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They looked at the child carefully, and if it seemed strong and healthy,
+and was neither crippled nor in any way deformed, they said that it
+might live. Then they gave it back to the father, and bade him bring up
+the child for the honor of his country.</p>
+
+<p>If the babe was sickly or deformed, it was carried off to a mountain
+near by, and left alone; so that it soon died of hunger or thirst, or
+was eaten up by the wild beasts.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartan children staid under their father's roof and in their
+mother's care until they were seven years old. While in the nursery,
+they were taught all the beautiful old Greek legends, and listened with
+delight to the stories of the ancient heroes, and especially to the
+poems of Homer telling about the war of Troy and the adventures of
+Ulysses.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the children had reached seven years of age, they were given
+over to the care of the state, and allowed to visit their parents but
+seldom. The boys were put in charge of chosen men, who trained them to
+become strong and brave; while the girls were placed under some good and
+wise woman, who not only taught them all they needed to know to keep
+house well, but also trained them to be as strong and fearless as their
+brothers. All Spartan boys were allowed but one rough woolen garment,
+which served as their sole covering by night and by day, and was of the
+same material in summer as in winter.</p>
+
+<p>They were taught very little reading, writing, and arithmetic, but were
+carefully trained to recite the poems of Homer, the patriotic songs, and
+to accompany them<!-- Page 64 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>selves skillfully on the lyre. They were also obliged
+to sing in the public chorus, and to dance gracefully at all the
+religious feasts.</p>
+
+<p>As the Spartans were very anxious that their boys should be strong and
+fearless, they were taught to stand pain and fatigue without a murmur;
+and, to make sure that they could do so, their teachers made them go
+through a very severe training.</p>
+
+<p>Led by one of the older boys, the little lads were often sent out for
+long tramps over rough and stony roads, under the hot sun; and the best
+boy was the one who kept up longest, in spite of bleeding feet, burning
+thirst, and great fatigue.</p>
+
+<p>Spartan boys were allowed no beds to sleep in, lest they should become
+lazy and hard to please. Their only couch was a heap of rushes, which
+they picked on the banks of the Eu-ro&acute;tas, a river near Sparta; and in
+winter they were allowed to cover these with a layer of cat-tail down to
+make them softer and warmer.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXIII_THE_BRAVE_SPARTAN_BOY" id="XXIII_THE_BRAVE_SPARTAN_BOY"></a>XXIII. THE BRAVE SPARTAN BOY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As greedy and disobedient children were viewed at Sparta with the
+contempt they deserved, all the boys were trained to obey at a word,
+whatever the order given, and were allowed only the plainest and
+scantiest food.</p>
+
+<p>Strange to relate, the Spartans also trained their boys to steal. They
+praised them when they succeeded in<!-- Page 65 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> doing so without being found out,
+and punished them only when caught in the act. The reason for this queer
+custom was this: the people were often engaged in war, and as they had
+no baggage wagons following their army, and no special officer to
+furnish food, they had to depend entirely upon the provisions they could
+get on their way.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever an army came in sight, the people hid not only their wealth,
+but also their food; and, had not the Spartan soldiers been trained to
+steal, they would often have suffered much from hunger when they were at
+war.</p>
+
+<p>To test the courage of the Spartan boys, their teachers never allowed
+them to have a light, and often sent them out alone in the middle of the
+night, on errands which they had to do as best they could.</p>
+
+<p>Then, too, once a year all the boys were brought to the Temple of Diana,
+where their courage was further tried by a severe flogging; and those
+who stood this whipping without a tear or moan were duly praised. The
+little Spartan boys were so eager to be thought brave, that it is said
+that some let themselves be flogged to death rather than complain.</p>
+
+<p>The bravery of one of these boys was so wonderful that you will find it
+mentioned in nearly every Greek history you read. This little fellow had
+stolen a live fox, and hidden it in the bosom of his dress, on his way
+to school.</p>
+
+<p>The imprisoned fox, hoping to escape, began to gnaw a hole in the boy's
+chest, and to tear his flesh with his sharp claws; but, in spite of the
+pain, the lad sat still, and let the fox bite him to death.<!-- Page 66 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was only when he fell lifeless to the floor that the teachers found
+the fox, and saw how cruelly he had torn the brave little boy to pieces.
+Ever since then, when boys stand pain bravely and without wincing, they
+have been called little Spartans, in memory of this lad.</p>
+
+<p>In order that the boys should be taught to behave well under all
+circumstances, they were never allowed to speak except when spoken to,
+and then their answers were expected to be as short and exact as
+possible.</p>
+
+<p>This style of speaking, where much was said in few words, was so usual
+in the whole country of Laconia, that it is still known as the laconic
+style.</p>
+
+<p>To train them in this mode of speech, the elders daily made the boys
+pass an oral examination, asking them any questions they could think of.
+The boys had to answer promptly, briefly, and carefully; and if they
+failed to do so, it was considered a great disgrace.</p>
+
+<p>These daily questionings were meant to sharpen their wits, strengthen
+their memories, and teach them how to think and decide quickly and
+correctly.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartan youths were further taught to treat all their elders with
+the greatest respect; and it must have been a pretty sight to see all
+these manly fellows respectfully saluting all the old people they met,
+and even stopping their play to make way for them when they came on the
+street.</p>
+
+<p>To strengthen their muscles, the boys were also carefully trained in
+gymnastics. They could handle weapons, throw heavy weights, wrestle, run
+with great speed, swim, jump, and ride, and were experts in all
+exercises which tended to make them strong, active, and well.<!-- Page 67 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXIV_PUBLIC_TABLES_IN_SPARTA" id="XXIV_PUBLIC_TABLES_IN_SPARTA"></a>XXIV. PUBLIC TABLES IN SPARTA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Spartan men prided themselves upon living almost as plainly as the
+boys, and, instead of eating their meals at home with the women and
+children, they had a common table. Each man gave a certain amount of
+flour, oil, wine, vegetables, and money, just enough to provide for his
+share of food.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of having varied and delicate dishes, they always ate about the
+same things; and their favorite food was a thick dark stew or soup,
+which they called black broth. Rich and poor were treated alike, sat
+side by side, and ate the same food, which was intended to make them
+equally strong and able to serve their country.</p>
+
+<p>The girls and women never came to these public tables; but the boys were
+given a seat there as soon as they had learned their first and most
+important lesson, obedience.</p>
+
+<p>When the boys came into the public dining hall for the first time, the
+oldest man present called them to him, and, pointing to the door,
+solemnly warned them that nothing said inside the walls was ever to be
+repeated without.</p>
+
+<p>Then, while the boys took their places and ate without speaking a word,
+the old men talked freely of all they pleased, sure that Spartan lads
+would never be mean enough to repeat anything they said, and trusting to
+their honor.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Spartans had wine upon their table, they were a very
+temperate people, and drank only a very<!-- Page 68 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> little with each meal. To show
+the boys what a horrible thing drunkenness is, and the sure result of
+too much drinking, the old men sometimes gave them an object lesson.</p>
+
+<p>They sent for one of the meanest Helots or slaves, and purposely gave
+him plenty of wine. He was encouraged to go on drinking until he sank on
+the floor in a drunken sleep. Then the old men would point him out to
+the boys, and explain to them that a man who has drunk too much is
+unworthy of the love or esteem of his fellow-creatures, and is in many
+ways worse than a beast.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartan boys, thus early warned of the evils of drinking, were
+careful to take but very little wine, and to keep their heads quite
+clear, so that they might always be considered men, and might never
+disgrace themselves as they had seen the Helots do.</p>
+
+<p>When the boys had passed through the first course of training, they in
+turn became the teachers and leaders of the smaller lads, and thus
+served their country until they were old enough to go to war. When they
+left for their first campaign, all the people came out to see them off,
+and each mother gave her son his shield, saying,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Come back with it or on it."</p>
+
+<p>By this she meant "Come home honorably, bearing your shield, thus
+showing that you have never thrown it away to save yourself by flight;
+or die so bravely that your companions will bring back your body resting
+on your shield, to give you a glorious burial."<!-- Page 69 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXV_LAWS_OF_LYCURGUS" id="XXV_LAWS_OF_LYCURGUS"></a>XXV. LAWS OF LYCURGUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Spartan girls, who were brought up by the women, were, like the
+boys, taught to wrestle, run, and swim, and to take part in gymnastics
+of all kinds, until they too became very strong and supple, and could
+stand almost any fatigue.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 233px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0308-1.jpg" width="233" height="426" alt="A Dancing Girl." title="A Dancing Girl." />
+<span class="caption">A Dancing Girl.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>They were also taught to read, write, count, sing, play, and dance; to
+spin, weave, and dye; and to do all kinds of woman's work. In short,
+they were expected to be strong, intelligent, and capable, so that when
+they married they might help their husbands, and bring up their children
+sensibly. At some public festivals the girls strove with one another in
+various games, which were witnessed only by their fathers and mothers
+and the other married people of the city. The winners in these contests
+were given beautiful prizes, which were much coveted.<!-- Page 70 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lycurgus hoped to make the Spartans a strong and good people. To hinder
+the kings from doing anything wrong, he had the people choose five men,
+called ephors, to watch over and to advise them.</p>
+
+<p>Then, knowing that great wealth is not desirable, Lycurgus said that the
+Spartans should use only iron money. All the Spartan coins were
+therefore bars of iron, so heavy that a yoke of oxen and a strong cart
+were needed to carry a sum equal to one hundred dollars from one spot to
+another. Money was so bulky that it could neither be hidden nor stolen;
+and no one cared to make a fortune, since it required a large space to
+stow away even a small sum.</p>
+
+<p>When Charilaus, the infant king, had grown up, Lycurgus prepared to go
+away. Before he left the town, he called all the citizens together,
+reminded them of all he had done to make them a great people, and ended
+by asking every man present to swear to obey the laws until he came
+back.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartans were very grateful for all he had done for them, so they
+gladly took this oath, and Lycurgus left the place. Some time after, he
+came back to Greece; but, hearing that the Spartans were thriving under
+the rules he had laid down, he made up his mind never to visit Sparta
+again.</p>
+
+<p>It was thus that the Spartans found themselves bound by solemn oath to
+obey Lycurgus' laws forever; and as long as they remembered this
+promise, they were a thriving and happy people.<!-- Page 71 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXVI_THE_MESSENIAN_WAR" id="XXVI_THE_MESSENIAN_WAR"></a>XXVI. THE MESSENIAN WAR.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Not very far from Sparta, and next to Laconia, was a country called
+Mes-se&acute;ni-a, which was much more fertile, and had long been occupied by
+a kindred race descended from Le&acute;lex, brother of Laced&aelig;mon.</p>
+
+<p>When the Spartans found out that the Mes-se&acute;ni-an fields were more
+fruitful than their own, they longed to have them, and anxiously watched
+for some excuse to make war against the Messenians and win their land.
+It was not long before they found one.</p>
+
+<p>There was a temple on the boundary of Messenia and Laconia, where the
+people of both countries used to assemble on certain days to offer up
+sacrifices to the gods. The Messenian lads, seeing the beauty of the
+Spartan girls, and longing to have such strong, handsome, and
+intelligent wives, once carried off a few of them into their own
+country, and refused to give them up again. The Spartans, indignant at
+this conduct, flew to arms, and one night, led by their king, attacked
+the Messenian town of Am-phe&acute;a.</p>
+
+<p>As no one expected them, they soon became masters of the place, and in
+their anger killed all the inhabitants. The other Messenians, hearing of
+this cruel deed, quickly made ready to fight, and bravely began the
+struggle which is known as the First Messenian War.</p>
+
+<p>Although very brave, the Messenians had not been as well trained as the
+Spartans, and could not drive them back. On the contrary, they were
+themselves driven from place to place, until they were forced to take
+refuge<!-- Page 72 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> in the fortified city of I-tho&acute;me. Here they were shut in with
+their king, Aristodemus, who was a proud and brave man.</p>
+
+<p>Ithome was built high up on a rock, so steep that the Spartan soldiers
+could not climb it, and so high that they could not even shoot their
+arrows into the town.</p>
+
+<p>The Messenians, hoping to keep this place of refuge, kept a sharp
+lookout, and, whenever the Spartans made any attempt to climb the rocks,
+they rolled great blocks of stone down upon them.</p>
+
+<p>All went well as long as the food lasted, but the time came when the
+Messenians in Ithome had nothing to eat. Some of their bravest men tried
+to go down into the valley in search of provisions; but, as they were
+attacked by the Spartans, they could not bring the hungry people much to
+eat.</p>
+
+<p>When Aristodemus saw that the people would all die of hunger unless some
+way were found to get food, he consulted an oracle, in order to find out
+what it was best for him to do. The oracle answered that a battle should
+be fought, and promised the victory to the king who offered his daughter
+in sacrifice to the gods.</p>
+
+<p>When Aristodemus heard this answer, he shuddered with fear; for,
+although he knew that his ancestors had offered up human victims on
+their altars, he loved his only daughter too well to give her up.</p>
+
+<p>For some time longer, therefore, he resisted every attack, and tried to
+think of some other way to save his people. At last, however, seeing
+that they would all die unless something were done, he sacrificed the
+child he loved so well.<!-- Page 73 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Messenians were touched by his generosity, and by his readiness to
+do all in his power to save them. They felt sure that the gods would now
+give them the victory, and rushed out of the town and into the Spartan
+camp. Their attack was so sudden, and they fought with such fury, that
+they soon killed three hundred Spartans and one of their kings.</p>
+
+<p>This battle did not, as they had hoped, end the war, which went on for
+several years. At last Aristodemus, despairing of victory, went to his
+beloved daughter's tomb, and there killed himself.</p>
+
+<p>When he was dead, the city of Ithome fell into the hands of the
+Spartans. They treated the conquered Messenians with great cruelty, made
+them all slaves, and were as unkind to them as they had been to the
+Helots.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXVII_THE_MUSIC_OF_TYRTAEUS" id="XXVII_THE_MUSIC_OF_TYRTAEUS"></a>XXVII. THE MUSIC OF TYRT&AElig;US.</h2>
+
+
+<p>After suffering great tortures under the Spartan yoke for forty long
+years, the Messenians began to plan a revolt.</p>
+
+<p>One of their princes, Ar-is-tom&acute;e-nes, a man of unusual bravery, made up
+his mind to free the unhappy people, and to ruin the proud city of
+Sparta, which had caused them so much suffering.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore secretly assembled all the Messenians, and, when his plans
+were ready, began to war openly against the Spartans, whom he defeated
+in several battles.</p>
+
+<p>With his small army, he even pressed forward toward<!-- Page 74 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> the city of Sparta,
+and camped within sight of its dwellings. The Spartan women could thus
+see a very unusual sight,&mdash;the light of the enemies' fires.</p>
+
+<p>To frighten the Spartans still more, Aristomenes went secretly into the
+city one dark night, stole into the principal temple, and there hung up
+the arms he had taken during the war.</p>
+
+<p>These weapons were arranged so as to form what the Greeks called a
+trophy, and right under them Aristomenes boldly wrote his name in
+letters so large that all could see it.</p>
+
+<p>When morning dawned, and the Spartans came as usual into the temple to
+offer up their morning prayer and sacrifice, they were astonished and
+dismayed at the sight of this trophy. Aristomenes' bravery was so great
+that they despaired of conquering him without divine aid, and so they
+sent to ask an oracle what they should do.</p>
+
+<p>The oracle answered that the Spartans would be victorious if they
+marched to war under the command of an Athenian general. Now, the
+Spartans were a proud people, and did not like to ask aid of any one;
+but they made up their minds to obey this command, and so sent a
+messenger to Athens to ask for a good leader.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the Athenians, who were well known for their love of joking,
+wished to make fun of the Spartans, or whether they wanted to show them
+that the bodily beauty and strength which the Spartans prized so highly
+was not everything, no one now knows. The fact is, however, that the
+Athenians sent the Spartans a poor, lame schoolmaster, called Tyr-t&aelig;&acute;us,
+to lead them in battle. This man had never handled a weapon in his life,
+and<!-- Page 75 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> the Spartans were very angry when he placed himself at their head
+with a lyre instead of a sword; but when he suddenly began to sing one
+of those war songs which make one's blood tingle, it roused their
+patriotism to such a point that all were ready to conquer or die, and
+their scorn was soon changed to deep admiration.</p>
+
+<p>Fired by these patriotic songs, and by the stirring music the lame
+schoolmaster played, the Spartans fought better than ever before,
+overcame the Messenians, and came home in triumph with their prisoners,
+among whom was the brave Aristomenes.</p>
+
+<p>As it was then usual to put all prisoners of war to death, the Spartans
+threw all the Messenians down into a horrible pit called the Ce&acute;a-das.
+This was a dark hole of great depth, and its sides were all covered with
+jagged rocks, against which the prisoners were dashed to pieces long
+before they reached the bottom.</p>
+
+<p>The Messenians were cast into this place one after another, Aristomenes
+being thrown in last of all, so that he might have the sorrow of seeing
+his companions die. Of course, this was very cruel, but the Spartans had
+been brought up to think this mode of getting rid of their enemies quite
+right; and when they had thus killed them, they cheerfully went back to
+the city and celebrated their victory.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 162px;">
+<img src="images/illus-075.png" width="162" height="171" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 76 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXVIII_ARISTOMENES_ESCAPE" id="XXVIII_ARISTOMENES_ESCAPE"></a>XXVIII. ARISTOMENES' ESCAPE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Although the Spartans thought that Aristomenes was dead, they were
+greatly mistaken. By some miracle he had not struck against any of the
+sharp, jagged rocks, but, falling upon the heap of his dead companions,
+had reached the bottom of the Ceadas unhurt.</p>
+
+<p>There was apparently no way out of this pit except by the opening at the
+top, through which a bit of sky could be seen; and Aristomenes soon
+found that the sides were so steep that it was impossible to reach the
+opening. He therefore went off to one side, away from the heap of dead,
+and sat down on a stone in that cold, damp, and dark place. There he
+drew his cloak over his head to wait patiently until he should starve to
+death. Three days had thus been spent in this place, and his strength
+was already fast failing, when he suddenly felt a warm breath on his
+hand.</p>
+
+<p>He softly drew aside his cloak, and, now that his eyes were used to the
+darkness, he dimly saw a fox prowling around him, and sniffing his
+clothes suspiciously.</p>
+
+<p>Gently wrapping his cloak around his hand to protect it from the fox's
+sharp teeth, Aristomenes caught the animal firmly by the tail. Then, in
+spite of all its efforts to get away, he held it tight; and when it
+started off, he followed its lead.</p>
+
+<p>As he had shrewdly suspected, the fox knew a way out of the horrible
+place. All at once it slipped into a hole; and Aristomenes, seeing a
+little light at the end<!-- Page 77 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> of this, let the fox go. With the help of a
+sharp stone, he soon made the fox's hole big enough to crawl through,
+and quickly made his way back to the Messenians.</p>
+
+<p>You can imagine how happy they were to see the beloved chief whom they
+thought dead, and how tenderly they cared for him until he was well and
+strong again. They never tired of hearing the story of his fall,
+imprisonment, and escape; and when he proposed to lead them once more
+against the Spartans, they gladly promised to help him.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of all Aristomenes' courage, however, Messenia finally fell
+into the hands of the Spartans, and the Second Messenian War came to an
+end. All the people who wished to escape slavery or death left their
+native country, and went to Italy or Sicily, where they founded Greek
+colonies.</p>
+
+<p>The cities that they built soon became very powerful, and one of them
+they named Mes-si&acute;na in honor of their native land. This city still
+stands, as you will see by looking at your maps; and near it is the
+strait of the same name, which separates Sicily from Italy.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXIX_THE_OLYMPIC_GAMES" id="XXIX_THE_OLYMPIC_GAMES"></a>XXIX. THE OLYMPIC GAMES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Northwest of Sparta, in the country called E&acute;lis and in the city of
+O-lym&acute;pi-a, rose a beautiful temple for the worship of Ju&acute;pi-ter (or
+Zeus), the principal god of the Greeks. This temple was said to have
+been built<!-- Page 78 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> by Hercules, the great hero from whom, as you remember, all
+the Heraclid&aelig; claimed to be descended.</p>
+
+<p>According to the legends, Hercules was a son of the god Jupiter, and had
+ordered that a great festival should be held here every four years in
+honor of his divine father.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 802px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0310-1.jpg" width="802" height="622" alt="The Temple at Olympia." title="The Temple at Olympia." />
+<span class="caption">The Temple at Olympia.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>For the purpose of attracting all the neighboring people to the temple
+at Olympia, Hercules founded many athletic games, such as wrestling,
+stone and spear throwing, foot, horse, and chariot races, boxing,
+swimming, and the like.</p>
+
+<p>Hercules himself was present at the first of these festivals, and acted
+as umpire of the games, rewarding<!-- Page 79 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> the victors by giving them crowns of
+wild olive leaves. This custom had been kept up ever since, and the
+Greek youths considered this simple crown the finest prize which could
+be given.</p>
+
+<p>As the Spartans were great athletes, they soon took important parts in
+the Olympic games, won most of the prizes, and claimed the honor of
+defending the temple at Olympia in all times of danger.</p>
+
+<p>All the people who went to Olympia to witness the games laid some
+precious offering before the shrines, so that the temple came to be
+noted for its beauty and wealth. Painters and sculptors, too, further
+adorned it with samples of their skill, and it soon contained numerous
+gems of art.</p>
+
+<p>The most precious of all was a statue representing Jupiter, which was
+the work of the renowned sculptor Phid&acute;i-as. This statue was more than
+forty feet high; and, while the god himself was carved out of pure white
+ivory, his hair, beard, and garments were made of gold, and his eyes of
+the brightest jewels.</p>
+
+<p>The temple and grove were further adorned with a great many statues
+representing the other gods and all the prize winners, for it was
+customary to place a life-sized statue of each of them in this beautiful
+place.</p>
+
+<p>During the celebration of the Olympic games many sacrifices were offered
+up to the gods, and there were many religious processions in their
+honor. Poets and artists, as well as athletes, were in the habit of
+hastening thither on every occasion; for there were contests in poetry
+and song, and the people were anxious to hear and see all the new
+works.<!-- Page 80 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Between the games, therefore, the poets recited their poems, the
+musicians sang their songs, the historians read their histories, and the
+story-tellers told their choicest tales, to amuse the vast crowd which
+had come there from all parts of Greece, and even from the shores of
+Italy and Asia Minor.</p>
+
+<p>As the games were held every four years, the people eagerly looked
+forward to their coming, and soon began to reckon time by them. It was
+therefore usual to say that such and such a thing happened in the first,
+second, or third year of the fifth, tenth, or seventieth O-lym&acute;pi-ad, as
+the case might be.</p>
+
+<p>Soon even the historians began to use this way of dating important
+events; and by counting four years for each Olympiad, as the time
+between the games was called, we can find out exactly when the chief
+events in Greek history took place.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Olympic games were probably held many times before this
+system of counting was begun, and before any good record was kept, we
+can trace them back to 774 B.C.</p>
+
+<p>For one thousand years after that, the name of each victor was carefully
+written down; and it was only about three centuries after Christ that
+the Olympic records ceased. Then the games came to an end, to the sorrow
+of all the Greeks.</p>
+
+<p>Several attempts have since been made to revive these games; but all
+proved fruitless until the Greek king arranged to renew them in 1896. In
+that year a great festival was held, not at Olympia, but in the city of
+Athens.<!-- Page 81 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Besides some of the old-fashioned Greek games, there were bicycle and
+hurdle races, shooting matches, and contests in jumping. People from all
+parts of the world went to see them in as large numbers as they went to
+Olympia in the olden times.</p>
+
+<p>The victors in the games, who belonged to many different nations,
+received medals, and wreaths of wild olive and laurel leaves; but the
+people did not wear crowns of flowers as formerly, nor offer sacrifices
+to the old gods, for Greece is now a Christian country.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXX_MILO_OF_CROTON" id="XXX_MILO_OF_CROTON"></a>XXX. MILO OF CROTON.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Among the athletes whose statues were to be seen at Olympia was Mi&acute;lo, a
+man of Cro&acute;ton, one of the Greek colonies in Italy. This man was
+remarkable for his great strength, and could carry very heavy weights.
+In order to develop his muscle and become strong, he had trained himself
+from a boy, and had practiced carrying burdens until he could lift more
+than any other man of his time.</p>
+
+<p>We are told that he was so earnest in his efforts to become strong, that
+he daily carried a pet calf, gradually increasing the distance. As the
+calf grew larger, Milo became stronger, and his muscles became so
+powerful that he could carry the animal with ease when it became a
+full-sized ox.</p>
+
+<p>To please his companions and show them what he could do, Milo once
+carried an ox for several miles, and<!-- Page 82 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> then, feeling hungry, killed it
+with one blow of his fist, cooked it, and ate it all at a single meal.
+On another occasion, Milo was sitting with several companions in a
+rather tumble-down house. All at once he noticed that the roof was
+falling in. He stretched up his great arms, spread out his hands, and
+held the roof up until all his companions had run out of the house.</p>
+
+<p>Milo's hands were so strong that when he seized a chariot, even with one
+hand only, four horses could not make it stir until he let it go. Of
+course, Milo was very proud of his great strength, which, however,
+proved unlucky for him, and caused his death.</p>
+
+<p>One day when he was very old, Milo wandered out alone into a forest
+where some woodcutters had been at work. The men had gone away, leaving
+their wedges in an unusually large tree trunk.</p>
+
+<p>Milo, remembering his former strength, gazed for a moment at the tree,
+and then, feeling sure that he could easily pull it apart, he slipped
+his fingers into the crack. At his first effort the tree parted a
+little, and the wedges fell out; but the two halves, instead of
+splitting apart, suddenly came together again, and Milo found his hands
+held fast.</p>
+
+<p>In vain he struggled, in vain he called. He could neither wrench himself
+free nor attract any one's attention. Night came on, and soon the wild
+beasts of the forest began to creep out of their dens.</p>
+
+<p>They found the captive athlete, and, springing upon him, tore him to
+pieces, for he could not defend himself, in spite of all his boasted
+strength.<!-- Page 83 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXI_THE_JEALOUS_ATHLETE" id="XXXI_THE_JEALOUS_ATHLETE"></a>XXXI. THE JEALOUS ATHLETE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Near the statue of Milo of Croton stood that of The-ag&acute;e-nes, another
+noted athlete, who lived many years after Milo. He too had defeated
+every rival. He was the winner of many prizes, and all envied him his
+strength and renown.</p>
+
+<p>One of the men in particular, whom he had defeated in the games, was
+jealous of him, and of the honors which he had won. This man, instead of
+trying to overcome these wicked feelings, used to steal daily into the
+temple to view his rival's statue, and mutter threats and curses against
+it.</p>
+
+<p>In his anger, he also gave the pedestal an angry shake every night,
+hoping that some harm would befall the statue. One evening, when this
+jealous man had jostled the image of Theagenes a little more roughly
+than usual, the heavy marble toppled and fell, crushing him to death
+beneath its weight.</p>
+
+<p>When the priests came into the temple the next day, and found the man's
+dead body under the great statue, they were very much surprised. The
+judges assembled, as was the custom when a crime of any kind had been
+committed, to decide what had caused his death.</p>
+
+<p>As it was usual in Greece to hold judgment over lifeless as well as over
+living things, the statue of Theagenes was brought into court, and
+accused and found guilty of murder.</p>
+
+<p>The judges then said, that, as the statue had committed a crime, it
+deserved to be punished, and so they<!-- Page 84 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> condemned it to be cast into the
+sea and drowned. This sentence had scarcely been executed, when a plague
+broke out in Greece; and when the frightened people consulted an oracle
+to find out how it could be checked, they learned that it would not
+cease until the statue of Theagenes had been set up on its pedestal
+again. The superstitious Greeks believed these words, fished the statue
+up out of the sea, and placed it again in Olympia. As the plague stopped
+shortly after this, they all felt sure that it was because they had
+obeyed the oracle, and they ever after looked upon the statue with great
+awe.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXII_THE_GIRLS_GAMES" id="XXXII_THE_GIRLS_GAMES"></a>XXXII. THE GIRLS' GAMES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Although the women and girls were not often allowed to appear in public,
+or to witness certain of the Olympic games, there were special days held
+sacred to them, when the girls also strove for prizes.</p>
+
+<p>They too ran races; and it must have been a pretty sight to see all
+those healthy, happy girls running around the stadium, as the foot-race
+course was called.</p>
+
+<p>One of these races was called the torch race, for each runner carried a
+lighted torch in her hand. All were allowed to try to put out each
+other's light; and the prize was given to the maiden who first reached
+the goal with her torch aflame, or to the one who kept hers burning
+longest.</p>
+
+<p>The prize for the girls was the same as that given to the boys; but the
+boys took part in more games, and<!-- Page 86 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span><!-- Page 85 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> were present in greater numbers,
+than the girls, and their victories were praised much more than those of
+their sisters.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 808px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0312-1.jpg" width="808" height="528" alt="A Torch Race." title="A Torch Race." />
+<span class="caption">A Torch Race.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The crowd of people watching the games often grew so excited that they
+carried the victor all around the grounds on their shoulders, while
+Olympia fairly re-echoed with their cries of joy.</p>
+
+<p>We are also told that one old man called Chi&acute;lo was so happy when his
+son laid at his feet the crowns he had just won, that he actually died
+of joy, thus turning his son's happiness into bitter grief.</p>
+
+<p>While all the foot races took place in the stadium, the horse and
+chariot races were held in the hippodrome, and excited the greatest
+interest. There were two-, four-, and eight-horse races; and, as the
+horses were sometimes unruly, the chariots were liable to be overturned.
+Thus at times a number of horses would fall in a heap, and lie
+struggling and kicking in the dust, which added to the general
+excitement.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXIII_THE_BLOODY_LAWS_OF_DRACO" id="XXXIII_THE_BLOODY_LAWS_OF_DRACO"></a>XXXIII. THE BLOODY LAWS OF DRACO.</h2>
+
+
+<p>You have already learned that Athens was one of the greatest cities of
+ancient Greece, and that after the heroic self-sacrifice of Codrus the
+inhabitants would not allow any one to bear the name of king.</p>
+
+<p>The sons of Codrus were named archons, or rulers for life,&mdash;an office
+which was at first handed down from father to son, but which soon became
+elective; that is<!-- Page 87 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> to say, all the people voted for and elected their
+own rulers. Then nine archons were chosen at once, but they kept their
+office for only one year.</p>
+
+<p>As these men received no pay for serving the state, only the richest
+citizens could accept the office; and thus Athens, from a monarchy, or
+country ruled by a king, became an oligarchy, or state ruled by the rich
+and noble citizens.</p>
+
+<p>As the rich thus held the reins of the government, they often used their
+power to oppress the poor, and this gave rise to many quarrels. Little
+by little the two parties, the rich and the poor, grew to hate each
+other so much that it was decided that a new code or set of laws should
+be made, and that they should be obeyed by all alike.</p>
+
+<p>A severe archon called Dra&acute;co was chosen to draw up these new laws (602
+B.C.); and he made them so strict and cruel that the least sin was
+punished as if it had been a crime, and a man was sentenced to be hanged
+for stealing even a cabbage.</p>
+
+<p>When the Athenians heard these new laws, they were frightened. Such
+severity had never been known before; and one and all said that the laws
+had been written in blood instead of ink. Some of the citizens, hoping
+to make Draco change them, asked why he had named such a terrible
+punishment for so small a crime as the theft of a cabbage. Draco sternly
+replied that a person who stole even the smallest thing was dishonest,
+and deserved death; and that, as he knew of no severer punishment, he
+could not inflict one for the greater crimes.<!-- Page 88 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Athenians had all promised to obey Draco's laws, so they were
+obliged to submit for a short time. Then, driven wild by their
+strictness, rich and poor rose up, drove the unhappy lawmaker out of the
+city, and forced him to go to the neighboring Island of &AElig;-gi&acute;na. Here
+Draco spent all the rest of his life.</p>
+
+<p>The people were now in a state of great uncertainty. The laws of Draco
+were too severe, but they had no others to govern the city. While they
+were hesitating, not knowing what to do, Cy&acute;lon, an Athenian citizen,
+tried to make himself king.</p>
+
+<p>His first move was to gather together a few of his friends, and go
+secretly to the Acropolis, or fortress of Athens, which he took by
+surprise. Now that he was master of the fortress, he tried to force the
+Athenians to recognize him as their king, but this they stoutly refused
+to do.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of yielding, the Athenians armed themselves, met the rebels in a
+bloody battle, and killed Cylon himself in the midst of the fight.</p>
+
+<p>As their leader was now dead, and they feared the anger of their
+fellow-citizens, Cylon's friends fled in haste to the temple of the
+goddess Athene. Once inside the sacred building, they felt quite safe;
+for no person could be killed in a temple, or be taken out of it by
+force.</p>
+
+<p>Although they had neither food nor drink, the rebels refused to leave
+the temple, until the archon Meg&acute;a-cles, fearing that they would die
+there, and thus defile the temple, promised to do them no harm if they
+would only come out.</p>
+
+<p>The rebels did not quite trust to this promise, so they<!-- Page 89 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> came out of the
+temple holding a small cord, one end of which was fastened to the statue
+of the goddess. They were thus still under her protection, and any one
+touching them would be guilty of a great crime.</p>
+
+<p>When the men reached the street at the bottom of the hill where the
+temple stood, the cord to which they were all clinging suddenly broke.
+Megacles, the first to notice this, said that the goddess refused to
+protect the rebels any longer, and gave orders to kill the unhappy men.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXIV_THE_LAWS_OF_SOLON" id="XXXIV_THE_LAWS_OF_SOLON"></a>XXXIV. THE LAWS OF SOLON.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Shortly after the death of Cylon and the murder of his followers, a
+great many troubles came upon the city of Athens. The people were
+frightened, and soon the friends of Cylon began to whisper that the gods
+were surely punishing the Athenians, and especially Megacles, for
+breaking his promise.</p>
+
+<p>This report spread throughout the city. The terrified people assembled,
+and voted to exile Megacles and all his family, the Alc-m&aelig;-on&acute;i-d&aelig;. Such
+was the fury of the Athenians against the archon whose crime had brought
+misfortunes upon them, that they even dug up the bones of his ancestors,
+and had them carried beyond the boundary of Attica.</p>
+
+<p>The city had been defiled by the crime which Megacles had committed, and
+the people felt that they would never be prosperous again until Athens
+had been purified;<!-- Page 90 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> but the great question was to find a man holy enough
+to perform the ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>After much talking, they decided to send for Ep-i-men&acute;i-des, and to ask
+him to purify the city. This man, when a mere lad, once went into a cave
+near his native town, and there laid himself down to sleep. Instead of
+taking an ordinary nap, however, he slept fifty-eight years, without
+awakening or undergoing any change. When he came out of the cave, where
+he fancied he had spent only a few hours, he was surprised to find
+everything new and strange to him.</p>
+
+<p>His relatives had all died, no one knew him, and it was only after some
+time had passed that he found out that he had slept fifty-eight years at
+a stretch. This man was a poet of note, and, as he had enjoyed so long a
+sleep, the people thought that he was a favorite of the gods.</p>
+
+<p>When the Athenians asked him to purify the town, he came to do so; but
+when the ceremonies were ended, he refused to accept any of the rich
+gifts which the people offered him as reward. Instead, he humbly begged
+them to give him a twig of the sacred olive tree which they said Athene
+herself had planted on the Acropolis.</p>
+
+<p>Their troubles having now ceased, the Athenians began to think of making
+another and less severe code of laws. This time they chose as lawmaker a
+wise man called So&acute;lon, a descendant of the noble Codrus; and he soon
+consented to tell them what to do.</p>
+
+<p>Solon was a studious and thoughtful man, and had acquired much of his
+wisdom by traveling, and by learning all he could from the people he
+visited. He knew<!-- Page 91 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> so much that he was called a sage, and he loved to
+meet and talk with wise people.</p>
+
+<p>Solon changed many of Draco's severe laws, arranged that the farmers and
+poor people should no longer be treated badly by the rich, and even took
+care of the slaves. He also gave the Athenians a court of law called
+A-re-op&acute;a-gus. Here there were jurymen to judge all criminals; and here,
+for the first time, an accused person was allowed to speak in his own
+defense.</p>
+
+<p>When a man was accused of any wrongdoing, he was brought before this
+jury, who sat under the open sky at night. No light was provided, and
+the whole trial was carried on in the dark, so that the jury should not
+be influenced by the good or bad looks of the prisoner, but should judge
+merely from what was proved about him.</p>
+
+<p>If the accused person was found guilty, he was also sentenced and
+executed in the dark, so that the bright sun god, riding across the sky
+in his golden chariot, should not be offended by the sad sight of a man
+dying for his misdeeds.</p>
+
+<p>Every citizen of Athens, whether rich or poor, was allowed to vote; and
+as a salary was now paid to the men who helped govern the city, even a
+man of small means, if elected to the Tribunal, could afford to give his
+time to public duties.</p>
+
+<p>By Solon's order the people were encouraged to talk matters over in
+public in the market place; and, as the Athenians were fond of making
+speeches, many of them became very eloquent.</p>
+
+<p>Solon saw that his reforms were likely to work all<!-- Page 92 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> the better if they
+were fairly tried, and if he were not there to see how the people did.
+He therefore made the Athenians promise to obey his laws for ten years,
+and again set out on his travels.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXV_THE_FIRST_PLAYS" id="XXXV_THE_FIRST_PLAYS"></a>XXXV. THE FIRST PLAYS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the days of Solon, men were often to be seen wandering around the
+streets during the festival of Di-o-ny&acute;sus, god of wine. They were clad
+in goatskins, were smeared with the dregs of wine, and danced and sang
+rude songs in honor of their god.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 799px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0314-1.jpg" width="799" height="587" alt="Theater of Dionysus." title="Theater of Dionysus." />
+<span class="caption">Theater of Dionysus.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 93 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These songs were called tragedies, which in Greek means "goat songs,"
+because the goat was sacred to the god whom they thus worshiped. The
+people were greatly amused by the rude songs and dances of these
+worshipers of Dionysus, and crowds gathered about them to listen to
+their singing and to watch their antics.</p>
+
+<p>Thes&acute;pis, a Greek of great intelligence, noticed how popular these
+amusements were, and to please the public taste he set up the first rude
+theater. In the beginning it was only a few boards raised on trestles to
+form a sort of stage in the open air; but Thespis soon built a booth, so
+that the actors, when not on the stage, could be hidden from public
+view.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 267px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0316-1.jpg" width="267" height="546" alt="Sophocles." title="Sophocles." />
+<span class="caption">Sophocles.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first plays, as already stated, were very simple, and consisted of
+popular songs rudely acted. Little by little, however, the plays became
+more and more elaborate, and the actors tried to represent some of the
+tales which the story-tellers had told.</p>
+
+<p>Some people did not approve of this kind of amusement; and among them
+was Solon, who said that Thespis was teaching the Athenians to love a
+lie, because they liked the plays, which, of course, were not true.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of Solon's displeasure, the actors went on playing, and soon
+the best poets began to write works for the stage. The actors became
+more and more skillful, and had many spectators, although no women were
+allowed on the stage, their parts being taken by men.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, to make room for the ever-increasing number of theater goers, a
+huge amphitheater was built. It was so large, we are told, that there
+were seats for thirty thousand spectators. These seats were in
+semicircular<!-- Page 94 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> rows or tiers, of which there were one hundred, rising one
+above another. The lowest row of all, near the orchestra, was composed
+of sixty huge marble chairs. The amphitheater was open to the sky, the
+stage alone being covered with a roof; and all the plays were given by
+daylight. The ruins of this building, which is known as the Theater of
+Dionysus, were dug out in 1862, and are now often visited by people who
+go to Athens.</p>
+
+<p>The Greek actors soon dressed in costume, and all wore masks expressing
+the various emotions they wished to represent. The principal parts of
+the play were recited; but from time to time singers came on the stage,
+and chanted parts of the play in chorus.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 95 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p><p>Some of these plays were so sad that the whole audience was melted to
+tears; others were so funny that the people shouted with laughter. When
+you learn Greek, you will be able to read the grand tragedies which were
+written by &AElig;s&acute;chy-lus, Soph&acute;o-cles, and Eu-rip&acute;i-des, and the comedies
+or funny plays of Ar-is-toph&acute;a-nes.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXVI_THE_TYRANT_PISISTRATUS" id="XXXVI_THE_TYRANT_PISISTRATUS"></a>XXXVI. THE TYRANT PISISTRATUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Not very long after Solon had given the new laws to the Athenians, the
+two political parties of the city again began to quarrel. One of these
+parties was composed wholly of rich men and nobles, or <i>aristoi</i>, from
+which Greek word is formed our English word "aristocrat;" the other
+party included the farmers and poor people, or <i>demos</i>, the Greek term
+which has given rise to the word "democrat."</p>
+
+<p>Among the aristocrats, or nobles, there was a nephew of Solon called
+Pi-sis&acute;tra-tus. He was very rich; but, instead of upholding his own
+party, he seemed to scorn the rich, and always sided with the poor. To
+make friends with the democrats, he pretended to obey the laws with the
+greatest care, and addressed every man with the utmost politeness.</p>
+
+<p>Once, having killed a man by accident, Pisistratus came of his own free
+will before the judges of the Areopagus, confessed his crime, and was so
+humble that he quite disarmed the anger of the people.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as he felt quite sure that he had won many friends among the
+poor, Pisistratus appeared one day in the market place, covered with
+blood, which flowed from slight wounds which he had made upon his own
+body.</p>
+
+<p>His polite manners and kindly words had been only a pretense, however;
+and he was not only a hypocrite, but also a liar. So he now said that
+the aristocrats had tried to kill him because he was the friend of the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>In proof of these words, he pointed to his wounds.<!-- Page 96 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> The poorer
+Athenians, who believed him, were very indignant, and began to talk
+angrily about the wicked nobles, who had hurt Pisistratus only because
+he was ready to help them.</p>
+
+<p>When Pisistratus cried out that his life was no longer safe, all the
+democrats exclaimed that they would protect him; and, as they had the
+right of voting, they then and there said that he should have a
+bodyguard of fifty armed men to protect him.</p>
+
+<p>Pisistratus pretended to be very grateful for this favor, and, under
+pretext of choosing his bodyguard, engaged a great number of soldiers.
+When his plans were all ready, he took possession of the Acropolis by
+force.</p>
+
+<p>The people now found out, but too late, that Pisistratus had deceived
+them only to get more power; and that, thanks to the guard they had
+voted him, he had become master of the town, and held the reins of the
+government.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians did not long remain angry with their former favorite,
+however; for he did all he could to make them happy, and ruled them very
+wisely. He improved the city by building magnificent temples and other
+public buildings, and made a great aqueduct, so that the people could
+have plenty of pure water to drink.</p>
+
+<p>Pisistratus also laid out a public park, the Ly-ce&acute;um, just outside the
+city walls, so that the Athenians could go there, and enjoy the cool
+shade of the groves he had planted.</p>
+
+<p>Then he began to collect all the poems of Homer, had them carefully
+written down, and placed them in a<!-- Page 97 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> public library, so that the Greeks
+could read them whenever they pleased. Until then these poems had only
+been recited, and no written copy existed. Pisistratus, therefore, did a
+very good work in thus keeping for our enjoyment the greatest epic poems
+ever composed.</p>
+
+<p>As Pisistratus ruled just as he pleased, without consulting the Tribunal
+or people, he has been called a tyrant. This word in those days meant
+"supreme ruler;" but as many of those who followed him made a bad use of
+their power, and were cruel and grasping, its meaning soon changed, and
+the word now means "a selfish and unkind ruler."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXVII_THE_TYRANTS_INSULT" id="XXXVII_THE_TYRANTS_INSULT"></a>XXXVII. THE TYRANT'S INSULT.</h2>
+
+
+<p>While Pisistratus was thus governing Athens to suit himself, Solon was
+traveling in Asia, where he met several interesting persons of whom you
+will hear in ancient history.</p>
+
+<p>Solon had gone away for ten years, hoping that the Athenians would
+strictly obey his laws. During that time he had no news of his native
+land; for there were no post offices or newspapers in those days, and
+people neither wrote nor received letters except when something very
+important happened.</p>
+
+<p>On coming back to Athens, Solon was very sorry to learn that it was
+Pisistratus, his own kinsman, who had taken the power of the archons;
+but when he saw how wisely Pisistratus governed the people, and how<!-- Page 98 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+careful he was to make them happy and improve them, he freely forgave
+him, and remained on good terms with him until he died.</p>
+
+<p>Pisistratus went on ruling the Athenians for thirty-three years, and
+when he died they mourned him greatly. In their grief for their loss,
+they allowed his sons, Hip&acute;-pi-as and Hip-par&acute;chus, to succeed him,
+without raising any objections.</p>
+
+<p>These young men were very careful at first to follow their father's good
+example; but they soon began to neglect business for pleasure, and,
+instead of thinking of the people's good, they spent much of their time
+in feasting and drinking.</p>
+
+<p>In those days there dwelt at Athens two young men named Har-mo&acute;di-us and
+A-ris-to-gi&acute;ton. They were intimate friends, and were loved by all on
+account of their good qualities, and more especially because they were
+so anxious to increase the glory and prosperity of their native city.</p>
+
+<p>Harmodius had a sister who was as good as she was beautiful: so the
+people, hoping to please him, chose her to carry a basket of flowers in
+the great religious procession which took place in Athens every year.</p>
+
+<p>One of the tyrants, Hipparchus, was very jealous of Harmodius, because
+the people loved him so much. He therefore tried to annoy the young man
+in every way; and when he heard that his sister had been chosen to bear
+the flowers, he rudely forbade her presence at the feast.</p>
+
+<p>This was a great insult, for none but wicked women were forbidden to
+appear; and, as Hipparchus had thus publicly disgraced the girl, her
+brother was very angry.<!-- Page 99 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>His friend, Aristogiton, was as angry as he; and the two young men,
+consulting together, decided that as long as these men ruled, the
+Athenians would be treated badly, and that it would be well to get rid
+of them soon.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXVIII_DEATH_OF_THE_CONSPIRATORS" id="XXXVIII_DEATH_OF_THE_CONSPIRATORS"></a>XXXVIII. DEATH OF THE CONSPIRATORS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Harmodius and Aristogiton, having decided to get rid of the tyrants,
+told their plans to a few of their friends. Secret meetings were held at
+the house of a brave lady called Le-&aelig;&acute;na ("the lioness"), who was the
+only woman in the plot.</p>
+
+<p>As the Athenians were in the habit of attending the feast in armor, the
+young men waited until then to carry out their plans. They mingled with
+the crowd, found a good place near the tyrants, and all at once drew
+their swords from their scabbards and attacked their enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Harmodius was so quick that he managed to kill Hipparchus; but, before
+his companions could join and protect him, he was cut down by the
+tyrants' guards.</p>
+
+<p>Aristogiton, his friend, rushed forward to save him, but was made
+prisoner, and dragged before Hippias, who bade him tell the names of his
+companions. The young man at first refused to speak; but after a while,
+pretending to yield, he named some of the tyrants' friends who were
+helping him oppress the Athenians.<!-- Page 100 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The tyrant, in dismay, sent for the accused, and had them and
+Aristogiton killed without trial. When he found out his mistake, he
+again tried to learn the names of the real conspirators. He knew that
+Harmodius and Aristogiton had often visited Le&aelig;na: so he had her
+imprisoned and tortured, to make her tell the names of the conspirators,
+because he wanted to kill them all as he had killed Aristogiton.</p>
+
+<p>The brave woman, knowing that the lives of several young men depended
+upon her, and that a single word might cause their death, resolved not
+to utter a sound. In spite of the most awful tortures, she therefore
+kept her mouth tightly closed; and when she was finally set free, they
+found that she had bitten off her tongue for fear of betraying her
+friends.</p>
+
+<p>Poor Le&aelig;na did not live long after this; and when she died, she was
+buried in a beautiful tomb, over which her friends put the image of a
+lioness without a tongue, to remind the people of her courage.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians were very sorry for her death, and mourned the brave
+youths Harmodius and Aristogiton for a long time; but the tyranny of the
+son of Pisistratus daily grew more cruel and disagreeable.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXIX_HIPPIAS_DRIVEN_OUT_OF_ATHENS" id="XXXIX_HIPPIAS_DRIVEN_OUT_OF_ATHENS"></a>XXXIX. HIPPIAS DRIVEN OUT OF ATHENS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Four years passed thus, and the Athenians were hoping that the time
+would soon come when they could get rid of Hippias. They were only too
+glad, therefore,<!-- Page 101 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> when they at last found a way to drive him out of the
+town.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0318-1.jpg" width="800" height="632" alt="Delphi." title="Delphi." />
+<span class="caption">Delphi.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>You must remember how Megacles had killed the men who came out of
+Athene's temple clinging to the cord they had fastened to her statue.
+Megacles, as you know, had been banished from Athens with all his family
+(the Alcm&aelig;onid&aelig;) on account of this crime, but he had always hoped to be
+allowed to return.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the beautiful temple at Delphi had been burned to the ground,
+and the people were very anxious to rebuild it. They therefore voted a
+certain sum of money for this purpose; and, as the Alcm&aelig;onid&aelig; offered<!-- Page 102 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+to do the work for the least pay, the contract was given to them.</p>
+
+<p>The Alcm&aelig;onid&aelig; faithfully carried out the plans, and used the money;
+but, instead of building the temple of brick, they made it of pure white
+marble, paying for the more costly material themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The priests of Delphi were so pleased with the handsome new building,
+and with the generosity of the builders, that they were eager to do them
+a good turn. So, knowing that the Alcm&aelig;onid&aelig; wanted to get back to
+Athens, they told the Spartans who came to consult the oracle, that
+Hippias should be driven away, and the Alcm&aelig;onid&aelig; allowed to return to
+their native city.</p>
+
+<p>As the people believed all the oracle said, the Spartans armed at once,
+and, helped by the Alcm&aelig;onid&aelig;, began to make war against the Athenians.
+By a clever trick, they soon managed to capture the family of Hippias,
+and they refused to set them free unless the tyrant left Athens forever.</p>
+
+<p>Thus forced to give in, Hippias left Athens, and withdrew with his
+family to Asia Minor. Here he spent all his time in trying to persuade
+the different cities to make war against Athens, offering to lead their
+armies, for he still hoped to regain his lost power.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians, delighted at the expulsion of the Pis-is-trat&acute;i-d&aelig;, as
+the driving-away of Hippias and his family is called in history, now
+dared to make statues in honor of their favorites Harmodius and
+Aristogiton, and openly expressed their regret that these brave young
+men had not lived to see their native city free.</p>
+
+<p>Many songs were composed to celebrate the patriotism<!-- Page 103 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> of the two
+friends; and these were sung on all public occasions, to encourage other
+youths to follow their example, lead good and virtuous lives, and be
+ready at any time to die, if need be, for the sake of their native land.</p>
+
+<p>Le&aelig;na, too, received much praise, for the Athenian women never forgot
+how bravely she had endured torture rather than betray the men who had
+trusted her.</p>
+
+<p>The Alcm&aelig;onid&aelig;, having thus found their way back into the city, now
+began to play an important part in the government; and Clis&acute;the-nes,
+their leader, urged the Athenians to obey again the laws which had been
+made by Solon.</p>
+
+<p>These were slightly changed, however, so as to give more power to the
+people; and the government thus became more democratic than ever. Then,
+too, Clisthenes said that there should always be ten Athenian generals
+who should hold supreme command each for a day in turn.</p>
+
+<p>He also made a law, to the effect that no man should be driven out of
+the city unless there were six thousand votes in favor of his exile.
+These votes were given in a strange way.</p>
+
+<p>When a man was so generally disliked that his departure seemed best, all
+the Athenians assembled in the market place. Then each voter received a
+shell (Greek, <i>ostrakon</i>), and dropped it into a place made for that
+purpose. All in favor of banishment wrote upon their shells the name of
+the man they wished to exile. The others left theirs blank.</p>
+
+<p>When all the votes had thus been cast, the shells were<!-- Page 104 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> carefully
+counted, and, if six thousand bore the name of the same man, he was
+driven out of the city, or ostracized, as it was called from the name of
+the shell, for ten years.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XL_THE_GREAT_KING" id="XL_THE_GREAT_KING"></a>XL. THE GREAT KING.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Hippias, the exiled tyrant of Athens, as we have already seen, had taken
+up his abode in Asia Minor, where he made several unsuccessful attempts
+to regain his power.</p>
+
+<p>The Greek cities were not ready to help him, however, so he tried to get
+another ally. Now, the greatest ruler in Asia Minor was Da-ri&acute;us, the
+king who won his throne by the aid of his horse and groom, as you will
+see in ancient history.</p>
+
+<p>He was a powerful monarch,&mdash;so powerful that the Greeks, who had built
+cities all along the coast of Asia Minor, in the country called Ionia,
+never spoke of him except as "The Great King."</p>
+
+<p>Darius' kingdom was so large that it was quite impossible for one person
+to govern it without help. He therefore divided it into satrapies, or
+provinces, each of which was under the care of a satrap, or governor.
+These men received their orders from the king, saw that they were obeyed
+in all the territory under their care, and kept Darius informed of all
+that was going on.</p>
+
+<p>The Great King generally dwelt at Ec-bat&acute;a-na, a city surrounded by
+seven walls, each painted in a differ<!-- Page 105 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>ent but very bright color. Inside
+the seventh and last wall stood the palace and treasure house, which was
+fairly overflowing with gold and precious stones.</p>
+
+<p>As there were armed soldiers at every gate in the seven walls, only the
+people to whom the king was willing to grant an audience could enter.</p>
+
+<p>Now, although so secluded, Darius knew perfectly well all that was
+happening in every part of his kingdom, and even in the neighboring
+states; for his satraps sent him messengers daily to report all the
+news, and he had many paid spies, whose duty it was to tell him all they
+knew.</p>
+
+<p>He was therefore one of the first Eastern rulers who heard of the revolt
+of the Athenians; and soon after this he learned that Hippias had come
+to Asia, and was trying to induce the Greek cities to make war against
+the Athenians.</p>
+
+<p>When Hippias arrived at Ecbatana in search of aid, he could not
+immediately see the king, but was obliged to send in a message written
+on a waxen tablet. This passed from hand to hand, and finally reached
+Darius, who, recognizing the name at the bottom of the request,
+graciously said that he would receive the exiled tyrant of Athens.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLI_HIPPIAS_VISITS_DARIUS" id="XLI_HIPPIAS_VISITS_DARIUS"></a>XLI. HIPPIAS VISITS DARIUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Hippias was led by one of the officers of the king's household past all
+the guards, who respectfully made way for him, and was brought into the
+most mag<!-- Page 106 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>nificent dwelling he had ever seen. All the walls were covered
+with silken hangings of the richest dyes, and the furniture sparkled
+with gold and precious stones.</p>
+
+<p>After passing through many rooms, where he saw richly dressed courtiers,
+and guards with jeweled weapons, Hippias was finally brought into a
+great audience chamber, at one end of which hung a heavy curtain of
+royal purple.</p>
+
+<p>Here all the courtiers knelt, bending over to touch the floor with their
+foreheads, in token of homage to The Great King. The officer now bade
+Hippias do likewise; and when the Athenian raised his head, after
+reluctantly going through this performance, he saw that the curtain had
+been quietly pulled aside.</p>
+
+<p>On a beautiful throne of ivory and gold, all overshadowed by a golden
+vine bearing clusters of jeweled grapes, sat the Persian king. He was
+clad in superbly embroidered robes, wore a diamond crown or tiara, held
+a scepter of pure gold, and was surrounded by his officers, who were
+almost as richly dressed as he.</p>
+
+<p>As the Athenians were plain people, Hippias had never seen such a sight
+before, and stared at the garments, which were far handsomer than those
+which the Greek gods were given to wear.</p>
+
+<p>Invited to speak freely and make his errand known, Hippias now told
+Darius that he had come to ask his aid against the revolted Athenians.
+Darius listened politely to all he had to say, and then sent him away,
+graciously promising to think the matter over, and giving orders that
+Hippias should be royally entertained in the mean while.<!-- Page 107 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Among Darius' numerous slaves, most of whom were captives of war, there
+was a learned Greek doctor called Dem-o-ce&acute;des. This man, hoping soon to
+recover his freedom by paying a sum of money, was very careful to hide
+his name, and not to tell any one how much he knew.</p>
+
+<p>It happened, however, that the king hurt his foot; and after the Persian
+doctors had all vainly tried to cure him, he sent for Democedes, saying
+that he would put him to death if he did not speedily help him.</p>
+
+<p>Thus forced to use his knowledge, Democedes did all he could for the
+king, and treated the wound so skillfully that the monarch was soon
+cured. The king, who had found out from the other captives that the man
+was a doctor, now named him court physician, and even had him attend his
+wives.</p>
+
+<p>One of these women was A-tos&acute;sa, the favorite queen; and when she became
+ill, Democedes was fortunate enough to save her life. The king was so
+delighted with this cure, that he bade Democedes choose any reward he
+pleased except his freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Democedes, after a few moments' thought, asked permission to visit his
+native land once more; and Darius let him go under the escort of fifteen
+officers, who had orders not to lose sight of the doctor for a moment,
+to bring him back by force if necessary, and to spy out the land.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the constant watching of these fifteen men, Democedes
+managed to escape while they were in Greece, and hid so well that they
+were never able to find him. They were therefore obliged to go home
+without him;<!-- Page 108 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> and as soon as they arrived in Persia, they reported to
+Darius all they had done on the way.</p>
+
+<p>The Great King questioned them very closely about all they had seen; and
+his curiosity was so excited by what they told him, that he made up his
+mind to conquer Greece and add it to his kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore sent for Hippias again, told him that he was ready to help
+him, and gave orders to collect one of the largest armies that had ever
+been seen. With this army he hoped not only to take the whole country,
+but also to get back the runaway doctor, Democedes, who in the mean
+while was living peacefully in Greece, where he had married a daughter
+of the famous strong man, Milo of Croton.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLII_DESTRUCTION_OF_THE_PERSIAN_HOST" id="XLII_DESTRUCTION_OF_THE_PERSIAN_HOST"></a>XLII. DESTRUCTION OF THE PERSIAN HOST.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Persian preparations for war were hastened by news that all the
+Ionian cities had rebelled. These were, as you remember, Greek colonies
+founded on the coast of Asia Minor. They had little by little fallen
+into the hands of the Persians; but, as they hated to submit to foreign
+rule, they had long planned a revolt.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians, who knew that the Persians were talking of coming over to
+conquer them, now offered to help the Ionians, and sent some troops over
+to Asia Minor. These joined the rebels, and together they managed to<!-- Page 109 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+surprise and burn to the ground the rich city of Sar&acute;dis, which belonged
+to Darius.</p>
+
+<p>A messenger was sent in hot haste to bear these tidings to The Great
+King; and when he heard them, he was very angry indeed. In his wrath, he
+said that he would punish both rebels and Athenians, and immediately
+sent his army into Ionia.</p>
+
+<p>The first part of his vow was easily kept, for his troops soon defeated
+the Ionian army, and forced the rebels to obey him once more. When
+Darius heard this, he was very much pleased; and then, sending for his
+bow, he shot an arrow in the direction of Athens, to show that the
+punishment of the Athenians would be his next care.</p>
+
+<p>As he was afraid of forgetting these enemies in the pressure of other
+business, he gave orders that a slave should appear before him every day
+while he sat at dinner, and solemnly say, "Master, remember the
+Athenians!"</p>
+
+<p>When the preparations for this distant war were ended, the Persian army
+set out for Greece. In order to reach that country, it had to march a
+long way through the northern part of Asia Minor, cross a narrow strait
+called the Hel&acute;les-pont, and pass along the coast of the &AElig;gean Sea,
+through Thrace and Scyth&acute;i-a.</p>
+
+<p>In these countries the Persian army met the fierce and warlike
+Scyth&acute;i-ans mounted on their fleet-footed horses, and was nearly cut to
+pieces. The Persians were so frightened by the attack of these foes,
+that they refused to go any farther, and even beat a hasty retreat.<!-- Page 110 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Persian fleet in the mean while had sailed along bravely. It soon
+came to the promontory formed by Mount A&acute;thos, a tall mountain which
+sometimes casts a shadow eighty miles long over the sea. Here a terrible
+tempest overtook the fleet, and the waves rose so high that six hundred
+vessels were dashed to pieces.</p>
+
+<p>All the rest of the Persian vessels were so damaged by the storm, that
+it was soon decided that they had better return home. The soldiers of
+The Great King were of course greatly discouraged by these misfortunes;
+but Darius was more than ever determined to conquer Greece, and at once
+began to gather a second army and to build a second fleet.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLIII_THE_ADVANCE_OF_THE_SECOND_HOST" id="XLIII_THE_ADVANCE_OF_THE_SECOND_HOST"></a>XLIII. THE ADVANCE OF THE SECOND HOST.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Darius was very busy preparing this other army to march against Greece.
+While the men were being drilled, he sent two messengers to the Greek
+towns and islands, bidding them surrender and give him earth and water.</p>
+
+<p>By demanding "earth and water," Darius meant that he wanted them to
+recognize him as their king, and as master of all their lands and
+vessels. The inhabitants of many of the islands and towns were so
+frightened by the messages sent by The Great King, that they humbly
+yielded; but when the messengers came to Sparta and Athens, they met
+with a different reception.<!-- Page 111 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In both cities the people proudly replied that they were their own
+masters, and would not yield to the demands of the Persian king. Then,
+angered by the insolent command to give earth and water, the Spartans
+entirely forgot that the life of an ambassador is sacred. In their rage,
+they seized the Persians, flung one into a pit and the other into a
+well, and told them to take all the earth and water they wanted.</p>
+
+<p>This conduct made Darius all the more angry, and he hastened his
+preparations as much as he could. He was so active that in a short time
+he was able to start out again, with an army of a hundred and twenty
+thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>The generals of this force were Da&acute;tis and Ar-ta-pher&acute;-nes, who were
+guided and advised by the traitor Hippias. The fleet was to land the
+army on the plain of Mar&acute;a-thon, close by the sea, and only one day's
+journey from Athens.</p>
+
+<p>When the Athenians heard that the Persians were coming, they immediately
+decided to ask the Spartans, who were now their allies, to come to their
+aid, and help them drive back the enemy. As there was no time to lose,
+they chose as their messenger a fleet-footed Athenian, who made the
+journey of a hundred and fifty miles in a few hours, running every step
+of the way, and only seldom pausing to rest.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 232px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0320-1.jpg" width="232" height="337" alt="Themistocles." title="Themistocles." />
+<span class="caption">Themistocles.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The Spartans listened breathlessly to his tidings, and promised that
+they would help the Athenians; but they added, that they would not be
+able to start until the moon was full, for they thought that they would
+be beaten unless they set out at a certain time.</p>
+
+<p>The Persians in the mean while were advancing rapidly,<!-- Page 112 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> so the Athenians
+started out to meet them with no other help than that of their neighbors
+the Pla-t&aelig;&acute;ans. The whole Greek force numbered only ten thousand men,
+and was under the command of the ten Athenian generals who were each
+entitled to the leadership for a day in turn.</p>
+
+<p>Among these ten Athenian generals were three remarkable
+men,&mdash;Mil-ti&acute;a-des, Ar-is-ti&acute;des, and The-mis&acute;to-cles. They consulted
+together, hoping to find a plan by which their small army could
+successfully oppose the Persian host, which was twelve times greater.</p>
+
+<p>At last Miltiades proposed a plan which might succeed, provided there
+was but one chief, and all obeyed him well. Aristides, who was not only
+a good man, but also remarkably just and wise, at once saw the
+importance of such a plan, and offered to give up his day's command, and
+to carry out his friend's orders just as if he were nothing but a common
+soldier.</p>
+
+<p>The other generals, not wishing to appear less generous than he, also
+gave up their command to Miltiades, who thus found himself general in
+chief of the Athenian and Plat&aelig;an armies. So he speedily made his
+preparations, and drew up his small force on the plain of Marathon,
+between the mountains and the sea.<!-- Page 113 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLIV_THE_BATTLE_OF_MARATHON" id="XLIV_THE_BATTLE_OF_MARATHON"></a>XLIV. THE BATTLE OF MARATHON.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Greek army seemed so very small beside the huge host of invaders,
+that the Persians felt perfectly sure that it would surrender as soon as
+the fight began. Imagine their surprise, therefore, when the Greeks,
+instead of waiting for them, gave the signal for battle, and rushed
+furiously upon them.</p>
+
+<p>The daring and force of the Greek attack so confused the Persians, that
+they began to give way. This encouraged the Greeks still further, and
+they fought with such bravery that soon the army of The Great King was
+completely routed.</p>
+
+<p>Hippias, fighting at the head of the Persian army, was one of the first
+to die; and when the Persians saw their companions falling around them
+like ripe grain under the mower's scythe, they were seized with terror,
+rushed toward the sea, and embarked in their vessels in great haste.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians followed the enemy closely, killing all they could reach,
+and trying to prevent them from embarking and so escaping their wrath.
+One Greek soldier even rushed down into the waves, and held a Persian
+vessel which was about to push off.</p>
+
+<p>The Persians, anxious to escape, struck at him, and chopped off his
+hand; but the Greek, without hesitating a moment, grasped the boat with
+his other hand, and held it fast. In their hurry to get away, the
+Persians struck off that hand too; but the dauntless hero caught and
+held the boat with his strong teeth, and died beneath<!-- Page 114 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> the repeated
+blows of the enemy without having once let go. Thanks to him, not one of
+those enemies escaped.</p>
+
+<p>The victory was a glorious one. The whole Persian force had been routed
+by a mere handful of men; and the Athenians were so proud of their
+victory, that they longed to have their fellow-citizens rejoice with
+them.</p>
+
+<p>One of the soldiers, who had fought bravely all day, and who was covered
+with blood, said he would carry the glad news, and, without waiting a
+moment, he started off at a run.</p>
+
+<p>Such was his haste to reassure the Athenians, that he ran at his utmost
+speed, and reached the city in a few hours. He was so exhausted,
+however, that he had barely time to gasp out, "Rejoice, we have
+conquered!" before he sank down in the middle of the market place, dead.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks, having no more foes to kill, next began to rob the tents,
+where they found so much booty that each man became quite rich. Then
+they gathered up their dead, and buried them honorably on the
+battlefield, at a spot where they afterward erected ten small columns
+bearing the names of all who had lost their lives in the conflict.</p>
+
+<p>Just as all was over, the Spartan force came rushing up, ready to give
+their promised aid. They were so sorry not to have had a chance to fight
+also, and to have missed a share in the glory, that they vowed they
+would never again allow any superstition to prevent their striking a
+blow for their native land whenever the necessity arose.</p>
+
+<p>Miltiades, instead of permitting his weary soldiers to<!-- Page 115 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> camp on the
+battlefield, and celebrate their victory by a grand feast, next ordered
+them to march on to the city, so as to defend it in case the Persian
+fleet came to attack it.</p>
+
+<p>The troops had scarcely arrived in town and taken up their post there,
+when the Persian vessels came in; but when the soldiers attempted to
+land, and saw the same men ready to meet them, they were so dismayed
+that they beat a hasty retreat without striking another blow.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLV_MILTIADES_DISGRACE" id="XLV_MILTIADES_DISGRACE"></a>XLV. MILTIADES' DISGRACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The victory of Marathon was a great triumph for the Athenians; and
+Miltiades, who had so successfully led them, was loaded with honors. His
+portrait was painted by the best artist of the day, and it was placed in
+one of the porticos of Athens, where every one could see it.</p>
+
+<p>At his request, the main part of the booty was given to the gods, for
+the Greeks believed that it was owing to divine favor that they had
+conquered their enemies. The brazen arms and shields which they had
+taken from the ten thousand Persians killed were therefore melted, and
+formed into an immense statue of Athene, which was placed on the
+Acropolis, on a pedestal so high that the glittering lance which the
+goddess held could be seen far out at sea when the sunbeams struck its
+point.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians vented their triumph and delight in song and dance, in
+plays and works of art of all kinds;<!-- Page 116 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> for they wished to commemorate the
+glorious victory which had cost them only a hundred and ninety men,
+while the enemy had lost ten thousand.</p>
+
+<p>One of their choicest art treasures was made by Phidias, the greatest
+sculptor the world has ever known, out of a beautiful block of marble
+which Darius had brought from Persia. The Great King had intended to set
+it up in Athens as a monument of his victory over the Greeks. It was
+used instead to record his defeat; and when finished, the statue
+represented Nem&acute;e-sis, the goddess of retribution, whose place it was to
+punish the proud and insolent, and to make them repent of their sins.</p>
+
+<p>Miltiades was, as we have seen, the idol of the Athenian people after
+his victory at Marathon. Unfortunately, however, they were inclined to
+be fickle; and when they saw that Miltiades occupied such a high rank,
+many began to envy him.</p>
+
+<p>Themistocles was particularly jealous of the great honors that his
+friend had won. His friends soon noticed his gloomy, discontented looks;
+and when they inquired what caused them, Themistocles said it was
+because the thought of the trophies of Miltiades would not let him
+sleep. Some time after, when he saw that Miltiades was beginning to
+misuse his power, he openly showed his dislike.</p>
+
+<p>Not very far from Athens, out in the &AElig;gean Sea, was the Island of
+Pa&acute;ros. The people living there were enemies of Miltiades; and he, being
+sole head of the fleet, led it thither to avenge his personal wrongs.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition failed, however; and Miltiades came<!-- Page 117 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> back to Athens,
+where Themistocles and the indignant citizens accused him of betraying
+his trust, tried him, and convicted him of treason.</p>
+
+<p>Had they not remembered the service that he had rendered his country in
+defeating the Persians at Marathon, they would surely have condemned him
+to death. As it was, the jury merely sentenced him to pay a heavy fine,
+saying that he should remain in prison until it was paid.</p>
+
+<p>Miltiades was not rich enough to raise this large sum of money, so he
+died in prison. His son Ci&acute;mon went to claim his body, so that he might
+bury it properly; but the hard-hearted judges refused to let him have it
+until he had paid his father's debt.</p>
+
+<p>Thus forced to turn away without his father's corpse, Cimon visited his
+friends, who lent him the necessary money. Miltiades, who had been the
+idol of the people, was now buried hurriedly and in secret, because the
+ungrateful Athenians had forgotten all the good he had done them, and
+remembered only his faults.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLVI_ARISTIDES_THE_JUST" id="XLVI_ARISTIDES_THE_JUST"></a>XLVI. ARISTIDES THE JUST.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Athenians were very happy, because they thought, that, having once
+defeated the Persians, they need fear them no more. They were greatly
+mistaken, however. The Great King had twice seen his preparations come
+to naught and his plans ruined, but he was not yet ready to give up the
+hope of conquering Greece.<!-- Page 118 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the contrary, he solemnly swore that he would return with a greater
+army than ever, and make himself master of the proud city which had
+defied him. These plans were suspected by Themistocles, who therefore
+urged the Athenians to strengthen their navy, so that they might be
+ready for war when it came.</p>
+
+<p>Aristides, the other general, was of the opinion that it was useless to
+build any more ships, but that the Athenians should increase their land
+forces. As each general had a large party, many quarrels soon arose. It
+became clear before long, that, unless one of the two leaders left the
+town, there would be an outbreak of civil war.</p>
+
+<p>All the Athenians, therefore, gathered together in the market place,
+where they were to vote for or against the banishment of one of the
+leaders. Of course, on this great occasion, all the workmen left their
+labors, and even the farmers came in from the fields.</p>
+
+<p>Aristides was walking about among the voters, when a farmer stopped him.
+The man did not know who he was, but begged him to write his vote down
+on the shell, for he had never even learned to read.</p>
+
+<p>"What name shall I write?" questioned Aristides.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, put down 'Aristides,'" answered the farmer.</p>
+
+<p>"Why do you want him sent away? Has he ever done you any harm?" asked
+Aristides.</p>
+
+<p>"No," said the man, "but I'm tired of hearing him called the Just."</p>
+
+<p>Without saying another word, Aristides calmly wrote his own name on the
+shell. When the votes were counted, they found six thousand against him:
+so<!-- Page 119 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> Aristides the Just was forced to leave his native city, and go away
+into exile.</p>
+
+<p>This was a second example of Athenian ingratitude; for Aristides had
+never done anything wrong, but had, on the contrary, done all he could
+to help his country. His enemies, however, were the men who were neither
+honest nor just, and who felt that his virtues were a constant rebuke to
+them; and this was the very reason why they were so anxious to get him
+out of the city.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLVII_TWO_NOBLE_SPARTAN_YOUTHS" id="XLVII_TWO_NOBLE_SPARTAN_YOUTHS"></a>XLVII. TWO NOBLE SPARTAN YOUTHS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Darius was in the midst of his preparations for a third expedition to
+Greece, when all his plans were cut short by death. His son and
+successor, Xerx&acute;es I., now became King of Persia in his stead.</p>
+
+<p>The new monarch was not inclined to renew the struggle with the Greeks;
+but his courtiers and the exiled Greeks who dwelt in his palace so
+persistently urged him to do it, that he finally consented. Orders were
+then sent throughout the kingdom to get ready for war, and Xerxes said
+that he would lead the army himself.</p>
+
+<p>During eight years the constant drilling of troops, manufacture of arms,
+collecting of provisions, and construction of roads, were kept up all
+through Asia. A mighty fleet lay at anchor, and the king was almost
+ready to start. Rumors of these great preparations had,<!-- Page 120 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> of course, come
+to the ears of the Greeks. All hearts were filled with trouble and fear;
+for the coming army was far larger than the one the Athenians had
+defeated at Marathon, and they could not expect to be so fortunate
+again.</p>
+
+<p>When the Spartans saw the terror of the people, they regretted having
+angered the king by killing the Persian messengers, and wondered what
+they could do to disarm his wrath. Two young men, Bu&acute;lis and
+Sper&acute;thi-as, then nobly resolved to offer their lives in exchange for
+those that had been taken.</p>
+
+<p>They therefore set out for Persia, and, having obtained permission to
+enter the palace, appeared before the king. Here the courtiers bade them
+fall down before the monarch, and do homage to him, as they saw the
+others do. But the proud young men refused to do so, saying that such
+honor could be shown only to their gods, and that it was not the custom
+of their country to humble themselves thus. Xerxes, to the surprise of
+his courtiers did not at all resent their refusal to fall down before
+him, but kindly bade them make their errand known.</p>
+
+<p>Thus invited to speak, one of them replied, "King of Persia, some years
+ago our people killed two of your father's messengers. It was wrong to
+touch an ambassador, we know. You are about to visit our country to seek
+revenge for this crime. Desist, O king! for we have come hither, my
+friend and I, to offer our lives in exchange for those our people have
+taken. Here we are! Do with us as you will."</p>
+
+<p>Xerxes was filled with admiration when he heard this speech, and saw the
+handsome youths standing<!-- Page 121 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> quietly before him, ready to die to atone for
+their country's wrong. Instead of accepting their offer, he loaded them
+with rich gifts, and sent them home unharmed, telling them he would not
+injure the innocent, for he was more just than the Lac-e-d&aelig;-mo&acute;ni-ans.</p>
+
+<p>But a few months later, when his preparations were complete, Xerxes set
+out with an army which is said to have numbered more than two million
+fighting men. As they were attended by slaves and servants of all kinds,
+some of the old historians say that ten millions of human beings were
+included in this mighty host.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLVIII_THE_GREAT_ARMY" id="XLVIII_THE_GREAT_ARMY"></a>XLVIII. THE GREAT ARMY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Xerxes' army marched in various sections across Asia Minor, and all the
+forces came together at the Hellespont. Here the king had ordered the
+building of two great bridges,&mdash;one for the troops, and the other for
+the immense train of baggage which followed him.</p>
+
+<p>These bridges were no sooner finished than a rising storm entirely
+destroyed them. When Xerxes heard of the disaster, he not only condemned
+the unlucky engineers to death, but also had the waves flogged with
+whips, and ordered chains flung across the strait, to show that he
+considered the sea an unruly slave, who should be taught to obey his
+master.</p>
+
+<p>Then, undaunted by his misfortune, the King of Persia gave orders for
+the building of new bridges; and<!-- Page 122 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> when they were finished, he reviewed
+his army from the top of a neighboring mountain.</p>
+
+<p>The sight must have been grand indeed, and the courtiers standing around
+were greatly surprised when they saw their master suddenly burst into
+tears. When asked the cause of his sorrow, Xerxes answered, "See that
+mighty host spread out as far as eye can reach! I weep at the thought
+that a hundred years hence there will be nothing left of it except,
+perhaps, a handful of dust and a few moldering bones!"</p>
+
+<p>The king was soon comforted, however, and crossed the bridge first,
+attended by his bodyguard of picked soldiers, who were called the
+Immortals because they had never suffered defeat. All the army followed
+him, and during seven days and nights the bridge resounded with the
+steady tramp of the armed host; but, even when the rear guard had passed
+over the Hellespont, there were still so many slaves and baggage wagons,
+that it took them a whole month to file past.</p>
+
+<p>That was a procession such as has never again been seen. You can imagine
+what a sight it was for all the boys and girls who lived near enough to
+the Hellespont to see this mighty parade, which continued night and day.</p>
+
+<p>They saw not only the sacred chariot drawn by eight white horses, the
+glittering array of the Immortals, the burnished helmets and arms of the
+foot soldiers, and the silken canopies and tents over the grandees, but
+also countless chariots drawn by four horses, and provided on either
+side with sharp scythes, which were intended to mow down the enemy like
+ripe grain.<!-- Page 123 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 811px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0322-1.jpg" width="811" height="519" alt="Crossing the Hellespont." title="Crossing the Hellespont." />
+<span class="caption">Crossing the Hellespont.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 124 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Besides these strange mowing machines, there were many other engines of
+war, which were all made to strike terror into the hearts of the Greeks,
+and to subdue completely the proud people who had so sorely defeated
+Darius' troops at Marathon.</p>
+
+<p>To prevent his fleet from being wrecked as his father's was, Xerxes had
+given orders to dig a great canal across the isthmus that connected
+Mount Athos with the mainland; and through this the vessels sailed past
+the promontory in safety.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLIX_PREPARATIONS_FOR_DEFENSE" id="XLIX_PREPARATIONS_FOR_DEFENSE"></a>XLIX. PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The news of Xerxes' crossing of the Hellespont, and of his approach to
+conquer Greece, soon reached Athens, where it filled all hearts with
+fear. The people then remembered Miltiades, and bitterly regretted his
+death, and their ingratitude, which had been its real cause.</p>
+
+<p>As the mighty general who had already once delivered them was dead, they
+tried to think who could best replace him, and decided to recall
+Aristides the Just from his undeserved exile. Aristides generously
+forgave his fellow-citizens for all the harm they had done him, and he
+and Themistocles began to do all in their power to insure the safety of
+Athens.</p>
+
+<p>Swift runners were dispatched in every direction with messages urging
+all the Greek cities to unite for the good of the country by sending as
+many brave men<!-- Page 125 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> as possible to check the Persian army, and to try to
+hinder it from really entering Greece.</p>
+
+<p>Themistocles was the most active in this attempt to induce the Greek
+cities to join forces, and it was he who planned a great council, or
+meeting, at Corinth, in 481 B.C. There it soon became evident that the
+cities were too jealous of each other to unite as they should.</p>
+
+<p>Many of them promised help, which they never sent; others vowed they
+would neither send troops nor furnish aid of any kind, unless <i>their</i>
+generals had supreme command; and even the oracles gave vague and
+discouraging answers, when consulted as usual.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of all these drawbacks, Themistocles managed to get a few
+allies; and, in order to induce the Spartans to lend their aid, he
+promised them the command not only of the army, but also of the fleet.</p>
+
+<p>He next persuaded them that it would be wisest to send an armed force
+into Thessaly, so as to defend the narrow pass of Thermopyl&aelig;, which was
+the only road by which the Persians could enter Greece. This natural
+causeway, as we have seen, lay between the mountains and the sea; and,
+because there were springs of warm water here, it was generally known as
+Thermopyl&aelig;, which is the Greek for "Hot Gateway."</p>
+
+<p>Under the guidance of Le-on&acute;i-das, one of the Spartan kings, three
+hundred Laced&aelig;monian soldiers and six thousand allies marched thither,
+and undertook to guard the pass. This was a very small army; but it was
+impossible to get more soldiers at the time, as all the Greeks were more
+anxious to attend the Olympic games,<!-- Page 126 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> which were just then being
+celebrated, than to defend their country and homes.</p>
+
+<p>Many of them said they were afraid the gods would be angry if they did
+not keep the feast as usual, and declared that it was against the law to
+bear arms or make war during that time. This was perfectly true; but
+Xerxes did not care at all for the Greek gods, and the country would
+have been defenseless had it not been for Leonidas and his handful of
+men.</p>
+
+<p>While this little army traveled northwards, the rest of the people
+thronged to Olympia, promising to come and fight as soon as the games
+were ended, and they could again bear arms without offending the gods.</p>
+
+<p>The Persian fleet, as you have seen, had passed behind Mount Athos,
+instead of rounding it as before, and Xerxes intended landing part of
+his army just below Thermopyl&aelig;. Unfortunately for him, however, the four
+hundred vessels bearing his troops were wrecked by a sudden storm.</p>
+
+<p>Another fleet was immediately prepared; but, before it was ready, the
+Olympic games came to an end, and the Greeks, flying to arms as they had
+promised, hastily embarked upon their own vessels, and came and took up
+their position at Ar-te-mis&acute;ium, to hinder the advance of the Persian
+fleet.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 127 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 293px;">
+<img src="images/illus-126.png" width="293" height="132" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="L_LEONIDAS_AT_THERMOPYLAE" id="L_LEONIDAS_AT_THERMOPYLAE"></a>L. LEONIDAS AT THERMOPYL&AElig;</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Persian army had come to the Pass of Thermopyl&aelig;; and Xerxes, seeing
+that it was guarded by only a few men, sent them a haughty message,
+bidding them surrender their arms.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of seeing a meek compliance with this request, as they expected,
+the Persian heralds were amazed to hear Leonidas reply with true laconic
+brevity, "Come and take them!"</p>
+
+<p>The Spartan king, however, had quickly seen that it would be impossible
+for him to do much more than stop for a while the advance of this mighty
+host. As a Spartan never drew back, he made up his mind to die on the
+field of battle, and bade his warriors comb their hair, don their
+choicest armor, and dress themselves in their richest attire, as was the
+custom when some great danger threatened them and they expected to die.</p>
+
+<p>The Persians, seeing this, were greatly surprised, and advanced
+confidently, for they fancied that men who took so much trouble to curl
+and perfume their hair would not be hard to conquer. They soon found out
+their mistake.</p>
+
+<p>As they advanced, the archers shot a volley of arrows, and in such
+numbers that they fairly darkened the sun. One of the allies, seeing
+this, ran to warn Leonidas; but he received the startling news with
+great coolness, and merely said, "Very well; then we can fight in the
+shade."</p>
+
+<p>When Xerxes saw that the Greeks would not yield without striking a blow,
+he gave orders for the battle to<!-- Page 128 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> begin. The Persians pressed forward,
+under the eye of their king, who sat high up on the rocks to see them
+conquer; but, to his surprise, they were driven back by that mere
+handful of men.</p>
+
+<p>Again and again they tried to force the pass, but all their attempts
+proved vain. The Persian soldiers, amazed at the courage of the Greeks,
+were filled with superstitious fears, and began to refuse to advance,
+except when driven onward under the stinging blows of the lash.</p>
+
+<p>The king was furious to see their close ranks give way time after time,
+and finally ordered his own Immortals to march on and scatter the army,
+which, although so small, was keeping millions of men at bay. He
+expected that everything would of course give way at the very first
+charge of these troops.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine his wrath, therefore, when he saw the Immortals also retreat,
+after many useless efforts to drive away the enemy. The Persians did not
+know what to do. They could not advance, and were ashamed to retreat.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LI_DEATH_OF_LEONIDAS" id="LI_DEATH_OF_LEONIDAS"></a>LI. DEATH OF LEONIDAS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>While the Persians were hesitating thus, a Greek shepherd, Eph-i-al&acute;tes,
+stole into their camp, and, vile traitor that he was, offered to show
+them another way to get into Greece, if they would pay him well. This
+man was led into the tent of a Persian general, where he explained that
+he could easily lead a troop of Persians over the mountains.<!-- Page 129 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>By a goat path known to the Greeks only, it was possible not only to
+cross the mountains, but also to come down upon the small Greek force
+guarding the Pass of Thermopyl&aelig;.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 222px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0324-1.jpg" width="222" height="293" alt="A Fighting Persian." title="A Fighting Persian." />
+<span class="caption">A Fighting Persian.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>His offer as guide was accepted. Ephialtes, true to his promise, if not
+to his country, led the Persian Immortals along this narrow way.
+Leonidas, who could not imagine that any one of the Greeks would be base
+enough to sell his country and honor for gold, had placed only a few of
+the allies at this spot.</p>
+
+<p>The Immortals followed Ephialtes, easily cut these few men down, and
+came unperceived behind the Spartan troops. It was only when he heard
+the tramp of horses behind him and on the mountain above him, that
+Leonidas found out that he had been betrayed.</p>
+
+<p>Hastily calling his allies, he gave them permission to save themselves
+by flight, declaring, however, that he and his companions would never
+leave their post, and that, since they could not conquer, they were
+ready to die.<!-- Page 130 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Some of the allies took advantage of this permission to escape, but
+seven hundred Thes&acute;pi-ans nobly chose to remain with the Spartans. With
+the courage of despair, these men now fought against the Persians before
+and behind them, selling their lives as dearly as possible. In spite of
+the odds against them, they refused to surrender, and finally fell, one
+after another, on the spot which they had undertaken to guard.</p>
+
+<p>Their bodies, which were found almost in a heap,&mdash;for they had scorned
+to fly,&mdash;were honorably buried in a single mound, over which rose a
+monument with this modest inscription,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Go, passer-by, at Sparta tell,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Obedient to her law we fell."</span><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>The Persians had forced their way into Greece. Nothing could check their
+further advance, so the mighty army swept southward. The first place of
+note on their way to Athens was Delphi, the site of the sacred temple,
+where great treasures were stored.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks knew that the Persians did not worship the same gods, and
+feared that they might rob the temple: so they now eagerly questioned
+the oracle, to find out whether they should not all assemble there in
+its defense.</p>
+
+<p>To their surprise, the oracle proudly replied, "The gods will take care
+of their own," and bade them rather use their strength to defend their
+own homes.</p>
+
+<p>The Persians marched into the rocky gorge leading to the temple at
+Delphi, but just as they were entering the valley a terrible
+thunderstorm broke forth. The<!-- Page 131 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> darkness became so great that the
+soldiers lost their way. The rocks rolled and crashed down upon them;
+and the soldiers, filled with dread, beat a hasty retreat, and never
+again dared venture into this valley.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while the Greek fleet at Artemisium had held the Persian
+vessels at bay, until news was brought of the death of Leonidas, and the
+passage of Thermopyl&aelig;. Then the Greeks sailed as fast as they could
+toward Athens, knowing that they would be needed there to defend the
+city.</p>
+
+<p>The various allies, sure that it would be quite useless to try to defend
+the northern part of Greece any longer, retreated into the Peloponnesus,
+and, hoping to prevent the Persians from entering there, hastily began
+to build a huge wall all across the Isthmus of Corinth, which is only
+about five miles wide.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LII_THE_BURNING_OF_ATHENS" id="LII_THE_BURNING_OF_ATHENS"></a>LII. THE BURNING OF ATHENS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As all their allies were trying only to defend the Peloponnesus, the
+Athenians were left entirely alone. Many of their friends advised them
+to abandon their city, and follow the other Greeks southward, leaving
+all Attica a prey to the foe.</p>
+
+<p>This the Athenians did not wish to do, so they sent in haste to Delphi,
+to inquire of the oracle whether they had better retreat, or attempt to
+defend their city. As was generally the case, the oracle did not give a
+plain<!-- Page 132 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> answer, but merely said, "The wooden walls will defend you and
+your children."</p>
+
+<p>When this answer was brought to Athens, no one could tell exactly what
+it meant. Some of the citizens fancied that the oracle was advising them
+to retreat behind the ancient wooden stockade on the Acropolis, but
+Themistocles insisted that by "wooden walls" the oracle meant their
+ships.</p>
+
+<p>He finally persuaded the Athenians to believe him. All the old men,
+women, and children were hastily brought on board the ships, and carried
+to the Peloponnesus, where they were welcomed by their friends. Then the
+men embarked in their turn, and the fleet sailed off to the Bay of
+Sal&acute;a-mis, where it awaited a good chance to fight.</p>
+
+<p>The Persians swept down into Attica, and entered the deserted city of
+Athens. Here they gazed in wonder at all they saw, and, after robbing
+the houses, set fire to the town, and burned down all the most beautiful
+buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The Persians were so delighted at having attained their purpose, and
+reduced the proud city to ashes, that they sent messengers to bear the
+glad tidings to the Persian capital. Here the people became almost wild
+with joy, and the whole city rang with their cries of triumph for many a
+day.</p>
+
+<p>As you will remember, Themistocles had allowed the Spartans to command
+both the army and the navy. It was therefore a Spartan king,
+Eu-ry-bi&acute;a-des, who was head of the fleet at Salamis. He was a careful
+man, and was not at all in favor of attacking the Persians.</p>
+
+<p>Themistocles, on the contrary, felt sure that an immediate attack, being
+unexpected, would prove successful,<!-- Page 133 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> and therefore loudly insisted upon
+it. His persistency in urging it finally made Eurybiades so angry that
+he exclaimed, "Those who begin the race before the signal is given are
+publicly scourged!"</p>
+
+<p>Themistocles, however, would not allow even this remark to annoy him,
+and calmly answered, "Very true, but laggards never win a crown!" The
+reply, which Eurybiades thought was meant for an insult, so enraged him
+that he raised his staff to strike the bold speaker. At this, the brave
+Athenian neither drew back nor flew into a passion: he only cried,
+"Strike if you will, but hear me!"</p>
+
+<p>Once more Themistocles explained his reasons for urging an immediate
+attack; and his plans were so good, that Eurybiades, who could but
+admire his courage, finally yielded, and gave orders to prepare for
+battle.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIII_THE_BATTLES_OF_SALAMIS_AND_PLATAEA" id="LIII_THE_BATTLES_OF_SALAMIS_AND_PLATAEA"></a>LIII. THE BATTLES OF SALAMIS AND PLAT&AElig;A.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The fleets soon came face to face; and Xerxes took up his post on a
+mountain, where he sat in state upon a hastily built throne to see his
+vessels destroy the enemy. He had made very clever plans, and, as his
+fleet was far larger than that of the Greeks, he had no doubt that he
+would succeed in defeating them.</p>
+
+<p>His plans, however, had been found out by Aristides, who was in the
+Island of &AElig;gina; and this noble man rowed over to the fleet, at the risk
+of being caught by the enemy, to warn his fellow-citizens of their
+danger.<!-- Page 134 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He first spoke to Themistocles, saying, "Rivals we have always been; let
+us now set all other rivalry aside, and only strive which can best serve
+his native country."</p>
+
+<p>Themistocles agreed to this proposal, and managed affairs so wisely and
+bravely that the Greeks won a great victory. When they came home in
+triumph with much spoil, the women received them with cries of joy, and
+strewed flowers under their feet.</p>
+
+<p>From his high position, Xerxes saw his fleet cut to pieces; and he was
+so discouraged by this check, that he hastened back to Persia, leaving
+his brother-in-law Mar-do&acute;ni-us with an army of three hundred thousand
+men to finish the conquest of Greece.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks were so happy over their naval victory at Salamis, that they
+all flew to arms once more; and Pau-sa&acute;ni-as, the Spartan king, the
+successor of Leonidas, was soon able to lead a large army against
+Mardonius.</p>
+
+<p>The two forces met at Pla-t&aelig;&acute;a, and again the Greeks won, although
+fighting against foes who greatly outnumbered them. Strange to relate,
+while Pausanias was winning one battle at Plat&aelig;a, the other Spartan
+king, Eurybiades, defeated a new Persian fleet at Myc&acute;a-le.</p>
+
+<p>These two victories finished the rout of the greatest army ever seen.
+Mardonius fled with the remnant of his host, leaving his tents, baggage,
+and slaves to the Greeks, who thus got much booty.</p>
+
+<p>We are told that the Spartans, entering the Persian camp, were greatly
+amazed at the luxury of the tents. Pausanias stopped in the one that had
+been occupied by Mardonius, and bade the slaves prepare a meal such as
+they had been wont to lay before their master.<!-- Page 135 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 801px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0326-1.jpg" width="801" height="499" alt="Return of the Victorious Greeks." title="Return of the Victorious Greeks." />
+<span class="caption">Return of the Victorious Greeks.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 136 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then, calling his own Helots, he gave orders for his usual supper. When
+both meals were ready, they made the greatest contrast. The Persian tent
+was all decked with costly hangings, the table was spread with many
+kinds of rich food served in dishes of solid gold, and soft couches were
+spread for the guests.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartan supper, on the contrary, was of the plainest description,
+and was served in ordinary earthenware. Pausanias called his officers
+and men, and, after pointing out the difference between the Spartan and
+the Persian style of living, he showed how much he liked plain food by
+eating his usual supper.</p>
+
+<p>To reward Pausanias for his bravery and for defeating the enemy, the
+Greeks gave him a part of all that was best in the spoil. Next they set
+aside one tenth of it for Apollo, and sent it to his priests at Delphi
+as a token of gratitude for the favor of the god.</p>
+
+<p>To show that they were grateful also to Zeus and Poseidon,&mdash;the gods
+who, they thought, had helped them to win their battles by land and by
+sea,&mdash;they sent statues to Olympia and Corinth; and they erected a
+temple in honor of Athene, the goddess of defensive war, on the
+battlefield of Plat&aelig;a.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIV_THE_REBUILDING_OF_ATHENS" id="LIV_THE_REBUILDING_OF_ATHENS"></a>LIV. THE REBUILDING OF ATHENS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Persians had been driven out of Greece, and the war with them was
+now carried on in Asia Minor instead of nearer home. The Greek army won<!-- Page 137 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
+many battles here also, and even managed to free the city of Miletus
+from the Persian yoke.</p>
+
+<p>These triumphs encouraged all the Ionian cities, and they soon formed a
+league with the other Greeks, promising to help them against the
+Persians should the war ever be renewed. As soon as this alliance was
+made, the Greek fleet returned home, bringing back to Athens as a trophy
+the chains with which Xerxes had pretended to bind the rebellious sea.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while the Athenians, who had taken refuge on the
+Peloponnesus, had returned to their native city, where, alas! they found
+their houses and temples in ruins. The desolation was great; yet the
+people were so thankful to return, that they prepared to rebuild the
+town.</p>
+
+<p>They were greatly encouraged in this purpose by an event which seemed to
+them a good omen. Near the temple of the patron goddess of Athens stood
+a sacred olive tree, supposed to have been created by her at the time
+when the city received her name.</p>
+
+<p>This place had been burned by the invaders, and the returning Athenians
+sorrowfully gazed upon the blackened trunk of the sacred tree. Imagine
+their delight, therefore, when a new shoot suddenly sprang up from the
+ashes, and put forth leaves with marvelous speed.</p>
+
+<p>The people all cried that the goddess had sent them this sign of her
+continued favor to encourage them to rebuild the city, and they worked
+with such energy that they were soon provided with new homes.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the Athenians had secured shelter for their families, they
+began to restore the mighty walls<!-- Page 138 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> which had been the pride of their
+city. When the Spartans heard of this, they jealously objected, for they
+were afraid that Athens would become more powerful than Sparta.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, they did not want to own that they were influenced by so mean
+a feeling as jealousy, so they tried to find a pretext to hinder the
+work. This was soon found, and Spartan messengers came and told the
+Athenians that they should not fortify the town, lest it should fall
+again into the hands of the enemy, and serve them as a stronghold.</p>
+
+<p>Themistocles suspected the real cause of these objections, and made up
+his mind to use all his talents to help his fellow-citizens. He
+therefore secretly assembled the most able men, and told them to go on
+with the work as fast as possible, while he went to Sparta to talk over
+the matter with the Laced&aelig;monians.</p>
+
+<p>When he arrived at Sparta, he artfully prolonged the discussions until
+the walls were built high enough to be defended. Of course, there was
+now nothing to be done; but the Spartans were very angry, and waited
+anxiously for an opportunity to punish the Athenians. This came after a
+time, as you will see in the following chapters.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LV_DEATH_OF_PAUSANIAS" id="LV_DEATH_OF_PAUSANIAS"></a>LV. DEATH OF PAUSANIAS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Pausanias, the Spartan king, was very proud of the great victory he had
+won over the Persians at Plat&aelig;a, and of the praise and booty he had
+received.<!-- Page 139 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> He was so proud of it, that he soon became unbearable, and
+even wanted to become ruler of all Greece.</p>
+
+<p>Although he had at first pretended to despise the luxury which he had
+seen in the tent of Mardonius, he soon began to put on the Persian dress
+and to copy their manners, and demanded much homage from his subjects.
+This greatly displeased the simple Greeks, and he soon saw that they
+would not help him to become sole king.</p>
+
+<p>In his ambition to rule alone, he entirely forgot all that was right,
+and, turning traitor, secretly offered to help the Persians if they
+would promise to make him king over all Greece.</p>
+
+<p>This base plot was found out by the ephors, the officers whose duty it
+was to watch the kings, and they ordered his own guards to seize him.
+Before this order could be carried out, however, Pausanias fled, and
+took refuge in a neighboring temple, where, of course, no one could lay
+violent hands upon him.</p>
+
+<p>As the ephors feared he might even yet escape to Persia, and carry out
+his wicked plans, they ordered that the doors and windows of the temple
+should all be walled up.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that as soon as this command had been given, Pausanias'
+mother brought the first stone, saying she preferred that her son should
+die, rather than live to be a traitor.</p>
+
+<p>Thus walled in, Pausanias slowly starved to death, and the barriers were
+torn down only just in time to allow him to be carried out, and breathe
+his last in the open air. The Spartans would not let him die<!-- Page 140 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> in the
+temple, because they thought his dying breath would offend the gods.</p>
+
+<p>As Themistocles had been a great friend of Pausanias, he was accused of
+sharing his plans. The Athenians therefore rose up against him in anger,
+ostracized him, and drove him out of the country to end his life in
+exile.</p>
+
+<p>After wandering aimlessly about for some time, Themistocles finally went
+to the court of Ar-tax-erx&acute;es, the son and successor of Xerxes.</p>
+
+<p>The Persian monarch, we are told, welcomed him warmly, gave him a
+Persian wife, and set aside three cities to supply him with bread, meat,
+and wine. Themistocles soon grew very rich, and lived on the fat of the
+land; and a traveler said that he once exclaimed, "How much we should
+have lost, my children and I, had we not been ruined by the Athenians!"</p>
+
+<p>Artaxerxes, having thus provided for all Themistocles' wants, and helped
+him to pile up riches, fancied that his gratitude would lead him to
+perform any service the king might ask. He therefore sent for
+Themistocles one day, and bade him lead a Persian army against the
+Greeks.</p>
+
+<p>But, although Themistocles had been exiled from his country, he had not
+fallen low enough to turn traitor. He proudly refused to fight; and it
+is said that he preferred to commit suicide, rather than injure the
+people he had once loved so dearly.<!-- Page 141 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LVI_CIMON_IMPROVES_ATHENS" id="LVI_CIMON_IMPROVES_ATHENS"></a>LVI. CIMON IMPROVES ATHENS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As soon as Themistocles had been banished from Athens, Aristides again
+became the chief man of the city, and he was also made the head and
+leader of the allies. He was so upright and just that all were ready to
+honor and obey him, and they gladly let him take charge of the money of
+the state.</p>
+
+<p>In reward for his services, the Athenians offered him a large salary and
+many rich gifts; but he refused them all, saying that he needed nothing,
+and could afford to serve his country without pay.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore went on seeing to all the public affairs until his death,
+when it was found that he was so poor that there was not enough money
+left to pay for his funeral. The Athenians, touched by his virtues, gave
+him a public burial, held his name in great honor, and often regretted
+that they had once been so ungrateful as to banish their greatest
+citizen, Aristides the Just.</p>
+
+<p>As Aristides had watched carefully over the money of the allied states,
+and had ruled the Athenians very wisely, it is no wonder that Athens had
+little by little risen above Sparta, which had occupied the first place
+ever since the battle of Thermopyl&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians, as long as Aristides lived, showed themselves just and
+liberal; but as soon as he was dead, they began to treat their former
+allies unkindly. The money which all the Greek states furnished was now
+no longer used to strengthen the army and navy, as first agreed, but was
+lavishly spent to beautify the city.<!-- Page 142 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now, while it was a good thing to make their town as fine as possible,
+it was certainly wrong to use the money of others for this purpose, and
+the Athenians were soon punished for their dishonesty.</p>
+
+<p>Cimon, the son of Miltiades, was made the head of the army, and won
+several victories over the Persians in Asia Minor. When he returned to
+Athens, he brought back a great deal of spoil, and generously gave up
+all his share to improve the city and strengthen the walls.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 803px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0328-1.jpg" width="803" height="510" alt="The Theseum." title="The Theseum." />
+<span class="caption">The Theseum.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>It is said that Cimon also enlarged the beautiful gardens of the
+A-cad&acute;e-my; and the citizens, by wandering up and down the shady walks,
+showed that they liked this as well as the Lyceum, which, you will
+remember, Pisistratus had given them.</p>
+
+<p>They also went in crowds to these gardens to hear<!-- Page 143 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> the philosophers, who
+taught in the cool porticoes or stone piazzas built all around them, and
+there they learned many good things.</p>
+
+<p>Cimon showed his patriotism in still another way by persuading the
+people that the remains of Theseus, their ancient king, should rest in
+the city. Theseus' bones were therefore brought from Scyros, the island
+where he had been killed so treacherously, and were buried near the
+center of Athens, where the resting-place of this great man was marked
+by a temple called the The-se&acute;um. A building of this name is still
+standing in the city; and, although somewhat damaged, it is now used as
+a museum, and contains a fine statue of Theseus.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LVII_THE_EARTHQUAKE" id="LVII_THE_EARTHQUAKE"></a>LVII. THE EARTHQUAKE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Cimon, as you have already seen, was very wealthy, and as generous as he
+was rich. Besides spending so much for the improvement of the city, he
+always kept an open house. His table was bountifully spread, and he
+gladly received as guests all who chose to walk into his home.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever he went out, he was followed by servants who carried full
+purses, and whose duty it was to help all the poor they met. As Cimon
+knew that many of the most deserving poor would have been ashamed to
+receive alms, these men found out their wants, and supplied them
+secretly.</p>
+
+<p>Now, although Cimon was so good and thoughtful, you<!-- Page 144 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> must not imagine
+that it was always very easy for him to be so. It seems that when he was
+a young man he was very idle and lazy, and never thought of anything but
+his own pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Aristides the Just noticed how lazy and selfish the young man was, and
+one day went to see him. After a little talk, Aristides told him
+seriously that he ought to be ashamed of the life he was living, as it
+was quite unworthy of a good citizen or of a noble man.</p>
+
+<p>This reproof was so just, that Cimon promised to do better, and tried so
+hard that he soon became one of the most industrious and unselfish men
+of his day.</p>
+
+<p>Cimon was not the only rich man in Athens, however; for Per&acute;i-cles,
+another citizen, was even wealthier than he. As Pericles was shrewd,
+learned, and very eloquent, he soon gained much influence over his
+fellow-citizens.</p>
+
+<p>While Cimon was generally seen in the company of men of his own class,
+and was hence considered the leader of the nobles or aristocrats,
+Pericles liked to talk with the poorer class, whom he could easily sway
+by his eloquent speeches, and who soon made him their idol.</p>
+
+<p>Day by day the two parties became more distinct, and soon the Athenians
+sided either with Pericles or with Cimon in all important matters. The
+two leaders were at first very good friends, but little by little they
+drifted apart, and finally they became rivals.</p>
+
+<p>About this time an earthquake brought great misfortunes upon Greece. The
+whole country shook and swayed, and the effects of the earthquake were
+so disastrous at Sparta that all the houses and temples were destroyed.<!-- Page 145 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Many of the inhabitants were crushed under the falling stones and
+timbers, and there were only five houses left standing. The Spartans
+were in despair; and the Helots, or slaves, who had long been waiting
+for an opportunity to free themselves, fancied that the right time had
+come.</p>
+
+<p>They quickly assembled, and decided to kill the Spartans while they were
+groping about among the ruined dwellings for the remains of their
+relatives and friends.</p>
+
+<p>The plan would have succeeded had not the king, Ar-chi-da&acute;mus, found it
+out. Without a moment's delay, he rallied all the able-bodied men, and
+sent a swift messenger to Athens for aid.</p>
+
+<p>True to their military training, the Spartans dropped everything when
+the summons reached them; and the Helots came marching along, only to
+find their former masters drawn up in battle array, and as calm as if no
+misfortune had happened.</p>
+
+<p>This unexpected resistance so frightened the Helots, that they hastily
+withdrew into Messenia. Here they easily persuaded the Messenians to
+join forces with them and declare war against the Spartans.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while the swift runner sent by Archidamus had reached
+Athens, and told about the destruction of the town and the perilous
+situation of the people. He ended by imploring the Athenians to send
+immediate aid, lest all the Spartans should perish.</p>
+
+<p>Cimon, who was generous and kind-hearted, immediately cried out that the
+Athenians could not refuse to help their unhappy neighbors; but
+Pericles, who, like most of his fellow-citizens, hated the Spartans,
+advised all his friends to stay quietly at home.<!-- Page 146 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Much discussion took place over this advice. At last, however, Cimon
+prevailed, and an army was sent to help the Spartans. Owing to the
+hesitation of the Athenians, this army came late, and they fought with
+so little spirit that the Laced&aelig;monians indignantly said that they might
+just as well have remained at home.</p>
+
+<p>This insult so enraged the Athenians that they went home; and when it
+became publicly known how the Spartans had treated their army, the
+people began to murmur against Cimon. In their anger, they forgot all
+the good he had done them, and, assembling in the market place, they
+ostracized him.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LVIII_THE_AGE_OF_PERICLES" id="LVIII_THE_AGE_OF_PERICLES"></a>LVIII. THE AGE OF PERICLES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As soon as Cimon had been banished, Pericles became sole leader of the
+Athenians; and as he governed them during a long and prosperous time,
+this period is generally known as the Age of Pericles.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 204px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0329-1.jpg" width="204" height="316" alt="Pericles." title="Pericles" />
+<span class="caption">Pericles.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Spartans who had so rudely sent away their Athenian allies manfully
+resolved to help themselves, and set about it so vigorously that they
+soon brought the Helots back to order, and rebuilt their city. When they
+had settled themselves comfortably, however, they remembered the
+lukewarm help which had been given them, and determined to punish the
+Athenians.</p>
+
+<p>The Persian general was just then planning a new invasion of Greece, so
+the Athenians found themselves<!-- Page 147 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> threatened with a twofold danger. In
+their distress they recalled Cimon, who was an excellent general, and
+implored him to take command of their forces.</p>
+
+<p>Cimon fully justified their confidence, and not only won several
+victories over the Spartans, but compelled them at last to agree to a
+truce of five years. This matter settled, he next attacked the Persians,
+whom he soon defeated by land and by sea.</p>
+
+<p>He then forced Artaxerxes, the Persian king, to swear a solemn oath that
+he would never again wage war against the Athenians, and forbade the
+Persian vessels ever to enter the &AElig;gean Sea.</p>
+
+<p>These triumphs won, Cimon died from the wounds he had received during
+the war. His death, however, was kept secret for a whole month, so that
+the people would have time to get used to a new leader, and not be
+afraid to fight without their former general.</p>
+
+<p>While Cimon was thus successfully battling with the enemy abroad,
+Pericles had managed affairs at home. He urged the Athenians to finish
+their walls; and by his advice they built also the Long Walls, which
+joined the city to the Pi-r&aelig;&acute;us, a seaport five miles away.</p>
+
+<p>Pericles also increased the Athenian navy, so that, by<!-- Page 148 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> the time the
+five-years' truce was over, he had a fine fleet to use in fighting
+against the Spartans.</p>
+
+<p>As every victory won by the Athenians had only made Sparta more jealous,
+the war was renewed, and carried on with great fury on both sides. The
+Spartans gained the first victories; but, owing to their better navy,
+the Athenians soon won over all the neighboring cities, and got the
+upper hand of their foes.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 801px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0330-1.jpg" width="801" height="570" alt="The Acropolis." title="The Acropolis." />
+<span class="caption">The Acropolis.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>They were about to end the war by a last victory at Cor-o-ne&acute;a, when
+fortune suddenly deserted them, and they were so sorely beaten that they
+were very glad to agree to a truce and return home.</p>
+
+<p>By the treaty then signed, the Athenians bound themselves to keep the
+peace during a term of thirty years.<!-- Page 149 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> In exchange, the Spartans allowed
+them to retain the cities which they had conquered, and the leadership
+of one of the confederacies formed by the Greek states, reserving the
+head of the other for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>During these thirty years of peace, Pericles was very busy, and his
+efforts were directed for the most part toward the improvement of
+Athens. By his advice a magnificent temple, the Par&acute;the-non, was built
+on top of the Acropolis, in honor of Athene.</p>
+
+<p>This temple, one of the wonders of the world, was decorated with
+beautiful carvings by Phidias, and all the rich Athenians went to see
+them as soon as they were finished. This sculptor also made a
+magnificent gold and ivory statue of the goddess, to stand in the midst
+of the Parthenon. But in spite of all his talent, Phidias had many
+enemies. After a while they wrongfully accused him of stealing part of
+the gold intrusted to him. Phidias vainly tried to defend himself; but
+they would not listen to him, and put him in prison, where he died.</p>
+
+<p>Between the temple of Athene and the city there was a series of steps
+and beautiful porticoes, decorated with paintings and sculptures, which
+have never been surpassed.</p>
+
+<p>Many other beautiful buildings were erected under the rule of Pericles;
+and the beauty and art loving Athenians could soon boast that their city
+was the finest in the world. Artists from all parts of the country
+thronged thither in search of work, and all were well received by
+Pericles.<!-- Page 150 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 151 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 805px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0332-1.jpg" width="805" height="525" alt="Phidias." title="Phidias." />
+<span class="caption">Phidias.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIX_THE_TEACHINGS_OF_ANAXAGORAS" id="LIX_THE_TEACHINGS_OF_ANAXAGORAS"></a>LIX. THE TEACHINGS OF ANAXAGORAS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As Pericles was a very cultivated man, he liked to meet and talk with
+the philosophers, and to befriend the artists. He was greatly attached
+to the sculptor Phidias, and he therefore did all in his power to save
+him from the envy of his fellow-citizens.</p>
+
+<p>An-ax-ag&acute;o-ras, a philosopher of great renown, was the friend and
+teacher of Pericles. He, too, won the dislike of the people; and, as
+they could not accuse him also of stealing, they charged him with
+publicly teaching that the gods they worshiped were not true gods, and
+proposed to put him to death for this crime.</p>
+
+<p>Now, Anaxagoras had never heard of the true God, the God whom we
+worship. He had heard only of Zeus, Athene, and the other gods honored
+by his people; but he was so wise and so thoughtful that he believed the
+world could never have been created by such divinities as those.</p>
+
+<p>He observed all he saw very attentively, and shocked the people greatly
+by saying that the sun was not a god driving in a golden chariot, but a
+great glowing rock, which, in spite of its seemingly small size, he
+thought must be about as large as the Peloponnesus.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, this seems very strange to you. But Anaxagoras lived more
+than two thousand years ago, and since then people have constantly been
+finding out new things and writing them in books, so it is no wonder
+that in this matter you are already, perhaps, wiser than he. When you
+come to study about the sun, you will find<!-- Page 152 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> that Anaxagoras was partly
+right, but that, instead of being only as large as the Peloponnesus, the
+sun is more than a million times larger than the whole earth!</p>
+
+<p>Anaxagoras also tried to explain that the moon was probably very much
+like the earth, with mountains, plains, and seas. These things, which
+they could not understand, made the Athenians so angry that they exiled
+the philosopher, in spite of all Pericles could say.</p>
+
+<p>Anaxagoras went away without making any fuss, and withdrew to a distant
+city, where he continued his studies as before. Many people regretted
+his absence, and missed his wise conversation, but none so much as
+Pericles, who never forgot him, and who gave him money enough to keep
+him in comfort.</p>
+
+<p>Another great friend of Pericles was a woman called As-pa&acute;sia. She was
+so bright that the wisest men of Athens used to go to her house merely
+for the pleasure of talking to her. All the best-informed people in town
+used to assemble there; and Cimon and Pericles, Phidias, Anaxagoras, and
+Soc&acute;ra-tes were among her chosen friends.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LX_BEGINNING_OF_THE_PELOPONNESIAN_WAR" id="LX_BEGINNING_OF_THE_PELOPONNESIAN_WAR"></a>LX. BEGINNING OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The end of Pericles' long and useful life was troubled by a new war
+between Athens and Sparta; for, as soon as the thirty-years' truce was
+ended, both cities flew to arms. The war which then began, and which in
+history<!-- Page 153 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> is known as the Peloponnesian War, lasted almost as long as the
+truce; that is to say, for nearly thirty years.</p>
+
+<p>Pericles knew very well that the Athenians, not being so well trained,
+were no match for the Spartans on land. He therefore advised all the
+people to come into the city, and take refuge behind the mighty walls,
+while the fleet carried on the war by sea.</p>
+
+<p>This advice was followed. All the farmers left their fields, and crowded
+into Athens. When the Spartans came into Attica, they found the farms
+and villages deserted; but from the top of the Acropolis the people
+could see the enemy burn down their empty dwellings and destroy the
+harvests in their fields.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while the Athenian fleet had sailed out of the Pir&aelig;us, and
+had gone down into the Peloponnesus, where the troops landed from time
+to time, striking terror into the hearts of the inhabitants, and causing
+much damage.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartans also had a fleet; but it was so much smaller than that of
+the Athenians, that it could not offer any very great resistance. Still
+the time came when a battle was to take place between the vessels of the
+two cities.</p>
+
+<p>It happened on a day when there was to be an eclipse of the sun. Now,
+you know that this is a very simple and natural thing. An eclipse of the
+sun is a darkening of its surface, which occurs whenever the moon passes
+between it and the earth.</p>
+
+<p>As the moon is a very large and solid body, we cannot see either through
+or around it, and for a few minutes while it is directly between us and
+the sun it<!-- Page 154 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> entirely hides the latter from our sight. Pericles, who had
+so often talked with Anaxagoras and the other learned men of his day,
+knew what an eclipse was, and had even been told that one would soon
+take place. He was therefore quite ready for it, warned his soldiers
+that it was coming, and illustrated his meaning by flinging his cloak
+over the head of his pilot.</p>
+
+<p>"Can you see the sun now?" he asked.&mdash;"Why, no! master, of course not!"
+replied the man. "Your thick cloak is between me and the sun; how could
+I see through it?"&mdash;"Well, neither can you see through the moon, then,"
+replied Pericles.</p>
+
+<p>His men, thus warned, showed no fear of the eclipse; but the Spartans,
+who did not trouble themselves greatly with learning, were terrified.
+They imagined that the darkening of the sun at midday was the sign of
+some coming misfortune, and hardly dared to fight against the Athenians.</p>
+
+<p>Thanks to this superstitious fear, Pericles laid waste the fields of the
+Peloponnesus, and came back to Athens in triumph; for, although much
+damage had been done to the enemy, the Athenians had lost only a few
+men. These were buried with great honors. Pericles himself pronounced
+their funeral oration; and we are told that he was so eloquent that all
+his hearers were melted to tears.<!-- Page 155 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXI_DEATH_OF_PERICLES" id="LXI_DEATH_OF_PERICLES"></a>LXI. DEATH OF PERICLES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Although the Athenian fleet had caused much damage, and had come home
+victorious, the Spartan army was still in Attica. The Spartans had been
+awed and frightened by the eclipse, but they did not give up their
+purpose, and continued the war.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians remained within the city walls, not daring to venture out
+lest they should meet with a defeat, and they soon began to suffer
+greatly. As there were not enough water and food for the crowded
+multitude, a terrible disease called the plague soon attacked the
+people. This sickness was contagious, and it spread rapidly. On all
+sides one could see the dead and dying. The sufferers were tormented by
+a burning thirst; and as there was soon no one left to care for the
+sick, they painfully dragged themselves to the sides of the fountains,
+where many of them died.</p>
+
+<p>Not only were the sick uncared for, but it was also nearly impossible to
+dispose of the dead; and the bodies lay in the streets day after day,
+waiting for burial.</p>
+
+<p>When the Athenians were in the greatest distress, Pericles heard that
+there was a Greek doctor, named Hip-poc&acute;ra-tes, who had a cure for the
+plague; and he wrote to him, imploring his help.</p>
+
+<p>Hippocrates received Pericles' letter at the same time that a message
+arrived from Artaxerxes, King of Persia. The king asked him to come and
+save the Persians, who were suffering from the same disease, and offered
+the doctor great wealth.<!-- Page 156 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The noble doctor did not hesitate a moment, but sent away the Persian
+messenger, saying that it was his duty first to save his own countrymen.
+Then he immediately set out for the plague-stricken city of Athens,
+where he worked bravely night and day.</p>
+
+<p>His care and skill restored many sufferers; and, although thousands died
+of the plague, the remaining Athenians knew that they owed him their
+lives. When the danger was over, they all voted that Hippocrates should
+have a golden crown, and said he should be called an Athenian
+citizen,&mdash;an honor which they seldom granted to any outsider.</p>
+
+<p>The plague had not only carried away many of the poorer citizens, but
+had also stricken down the nobles and the rich. Pericles' family
+suffered from it too. All his children took it and died, with the
+exception of one.</p>
+
+<p>The great man, in spite of his private cares and sorrows, was always in
+and out among the people, helping and encouraging them, and he finally
+caught the plague himself.</p>
+
+<p>His friends soon saw, that, in spite of all their efforts, he would die.
+They crowded around his bed in tears, praising him in low tones, and
+saying how much he had done for the Athenians and for the improvement of
+their city.</p>
+
+<p>"Why," said one of them warmly, "he found the city bricks, and leaves it
+marble!"</p>
+
+<p>Pericles, whose eyes had been closed, and who seemed unconscious, now
+suddenly roused himself, and said, "Why do you mention those things?
+They were mostly<!-- Page 157 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> owing to my large fortune. The thing of which I am
+proudest is that I never caused any fellow-citizen to put on mourning!"</p>
+
+<p>Pericles then sank back, and soon died; but his friends always
+remembered that he had ruled Athens for more than thirty years without
+ever punishing any one unjustly, and that he had always proved helpful
+and merciful to all.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXII_THE_PHILOSOPHER_SOCRATES" id="LXII_THE_PHILOSOPHER_SOCRATES"></a>LXII. THE PHILOSOPHER SOCRATES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When Pericles died, the Peloponnesian War had already been carried on
+for more than three years, but was not nearly at an end. As the
+Athenians felt the need of a leader, they soon chose Nic&acute;ias to take the
+place left vacant by Pericles.</p>
+
+<p>This Nicias was an honest man; but he was unfortunately rather dull, and
+very slow about deciding anything. Whenever he was called upon to see to
+matters of state, he hesitated so long, and was so uncertain, that the
+Greeks often had cause to regret the loss of Pericles.</p>
+
+<p>There was another man of note in Athens at this time, the philosopher
+Socrates, a truly wise and good man. He was no politician, however; and,
+instead of troubling himself about the state, he spent all his spare
+moments in studying, or in teaching the young men of Athens.</p>
+
+<p>Like his friend Anaxagoras, Socrates was a very deep thinker. He, too,
+always tried to find out the exact truth about everything. He was
+specially anxious to know how<!-- Page 158 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> the earth had been created, who the Being
+was who gave us life, and whether the soul died with the body, or
+continued to live after the body had fallen into dust.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 217px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0334-1.jpg" width="217" height="347" alt="Socrates." title="Socrates." />
+<span class="caption">Socrates.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Socrates was a poor man, a stonecutter by trade; but he spent every
+moment he could spare from his work in thinking, studying, and
+questioning others. Little by little, in spite of the contrary opinion
+of his fellow-citizens, he began to understand that the stories of the
+Greek gods and goddesses could not be true.</p>
+
+<p>He thought that there must surely be a God far greater than they,&mdash;a God
+who was good and powerful and just, who governed the world he had
+created, and who rewarded the virtuous and punished the wicked.</p>
+
+<p>Socrates believed that everybody should be as good and gentle as
+possible, and freely forgive all injuries. This belief was very
+different from that of all ancient nations, who, on the contrary,
+thought that they should try to avenge every insult, and return evil for
+evil.</p>
+
+<p>The philosopher Socrates not only taught this gentleness, but practiced
+it carefully at home and abroad. He had plenty of opportunity to make
+use of it; for he had such a cross wife, that her name, Xan-thip&acute;pe, is
+still used to describe a scolding and bad-tempered woman.<!-- Page 159 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Whenever Xanthippe was angry, she used to scold poor Socrates roundly.
+He always listened without flying into a passion, or even answering her;
+and when her temper was too unbearable, he quietly left the house, and
+went about his business elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>This gentleness and meekness only angered Xanthippe the more; and one
+day, when he was escaping as usual, she caught up a jug full of water
+and poured it over his head.</p>
+
+<p>Socrates good-naturedly shook off the water, smiled, and merely remarked
+to his companions, "After the thunder comes the rain."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXIII_SOCRATES_FAVORITE_PUPIL" id="LXIII_SOCRATES_FAVORITE_PUPIL"></a>LXIII. SOCRATES' FAVORITE PUPIL.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As you have already heard, Socrates was a teacher. He did not, however,
+have a school like yours, with desks, and books, and maps, and
+blackboards. His pupils gathered about him at his workshop, or in the
+cool porticoes, or under the trees in the garden of the Academy.</p>
+
+<p>Then, while hammering his stone, or while slowly pacing up and down, the
+philosopher talked to his scholars so gently and wisely, that even the
+richest and noblest youths of Athens were proud to call him their
+teacher. He also visited the house of the noted Aspasia, and was a
+friend of Pericles, Phidias, and Anaxagoras, besides being the teacher
+of three very celebrated men,&mdash;Pla&acute;to, Xen&acute;o-phon, and Al-ci-bi&acute;a-des.<!-- Page 160 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 801px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0336-1.jpg" width="801" height="499" alt="Alcibiades dared the Driver to come on." title="Alcibiades dared the Driver to come on." />
+<span class="caption">Alcibiades dared the Driver to come on.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 161 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Plato and Xenophon, even in their youth, were noted for their coolness
+and right-mindedness; but Alcibiades, a general favorite, was very
+different from them both. He was an orphan, and the ward of Pericles.
+His father had left him a large fortune; and, as Alcibiades was
+handsome, intelligent, and very high-spirited, he was made much of and
+greatly spoiled.</p>
+
+<p>Even as a little child he was very headstrong, and, as he had no father
+and mother to check him, he was often led by his willfulness into great
+danger. We are told that once, when he saw a wagon coming down the
+street where he and his playmates were playing, he called to the man to
+stop. The man, who cared nothing for their game, drove on, and the other
+children quickly sprang aside so as not to be run over. Alcibiades,
+however, flung himself down across the road, in front of his playthings,
+and dared the driver to come on.</p>
+
+<p>This was of course very foolish; and if the driver had given him a few
+sharp cuts with his whip, it might have done Alcibiades a great deal of
+good. But the man was so amused by the little fellow's pluck, that he
+actually turned around and drove through another street.</p>
+
+<p>When Alcibiades grew a little older, he went to listen to the teachings
+of Socrates. In the presence of this wise man, Alcibiades forgot all his
+vanity and willfulness, talked sensibly, and showed himself well
+informed and kind-hearted.</p>
+
+<p>He seemed so earnest and simple that Socrates soon grew very fond of
+him. They often walked together on the street; and it must have been
+pleasing to see this tall, handsome, and aristocratic youth, eagerly
+listening to<!-- Page 162 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> the wise words of the homely, toil-worn workman beside
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, however, Alcibiades could not pass all his time with the
+good philosopher, and when he left him it was to spend the rest of the
+day with his own class. As he was rich, generous, and handsome, his
+companions always flattered him, approved of all he did, and admired
+everything he said.</p>
+
+<p>This constant flattery was very bad for the young man; and, as he was
+anxious to please everybody, it often led him to do foolish things. He
+gave costly banquets, drove fast horses, boasted a great deal, and even
+started out for his first battle in a magnificent suit of armor all
+inlaid with gold.</p>
+
+<p>His shield was also inlaid with gold and ivory, and on it was a picture
+of Cu&acute;pid throwing the thunderbolts of Jove (Zeus). All his flatterers,
+instead of telling him frankly that such armor was ridiculous, admired
+him greatly, and vowed that he looked like the god of the sun.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of the battle, Alcibiades, who was very brave, rushed into
+the thick of the foe. His armor was not as strong as a plainer suit
+would have been; and he soon found himself hemmed round, and almost
+ready to fall. His fine friends had of course deserted the lad; but,
+fortunately for him, Socrates was there. The philosopher rushed into the
+midst of the fray, caught up the young man in his strong arms, and bore
+him off the battlefield to a place of safety, where he tenderly bound up
+his wounds.</p>
+
+<p>As Alcibiades was a good-hearted youth, he felt deeply grateful to
+Socrates for saving his life, and ever after<!-- Page 163 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> proudly claimed him as a
+friend. In spite of the philosopher's advice, however, the young man
+continued to frequent the same society; and, as he was genial and
+open-handed with all, he daily grew more popular.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXIV_YOUTH_OF_ALCIBIADES" id="LXIV_YOUTH_OF_ALCIBIADES"></a>LXIV. YOUTH OF ALCIBIADES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As the Greeks all loved the Olympic games, Alcibiades was always seen
+there. He took part in the chariot races especially; and his horses won
+three prizes in succession, to the delight of his admirers.</p>
+
+<p>Alcibiades was shrewd enough, in spite of all his vanity, to understand
+that the people of Athens loved him principally because he was handsome
+and rich. He also knew that they delighted in gossip, and he sometimes
+did a thing merely to hear them talk about it.</p>
+
+<p>He had a very handsome dog, for instance; and for a little while its
+beauty was praised by every one. But the Athenians soon grew used to the
+animal, and ceased to talk about it. Then Alcibiades had the dog's tail
+cut off, and of course every one began to exclaim about that.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the Athenians became so inquisitive that they asked why he had
+done so, and he laughingly answered that it was merely in order to
+supply them with material for conversation and wonder.</p>
+
+<p>Alcibiades was so merry and light-hearted that he treated even serious
+matters in a joking way. We are told, that, when he was first admitted
+to the city coun<!-- Page 164 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>cil, he acted like a schoolboy, and mischievously let
+loose a captive quail, which ran in and out among the feet of the
+councilors, and fluttered about so wildly as to upset the gravity of the
+whole assembly.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion the councilors were all waiting for Alcibiades to
+begin their proceedings. He entered the hall with a crown of flowers on
+his head; begged them to excuse him, because he could really not attend
+to business, as he had a banquet at his house; and asked them to adjourn
+and go home with him.</p>
+
+<p>Strange to relate, his manner was so fascinating that the grave
+councilors did as he wished, and dropped their important business to
+feast with him. It was on account of this influence that an Athenian
+citizen once bitterly exclaimed, "Go on, my brave boy! Your prosperity
+will bring ruin on this crowd."</p>
+
+<p>Alcibiades was such a favorite among rich and poor, that the Athenians
+would gladly have made him king. Fortunately, however, the young man
+still had sense enough to refuse this honor; but, although he would not
+accept the title, he exercised much of the power of a king, and soon he
+and Nicias were the principal politicians of the day.</p>
+
+<p>Alcibiades was as ambitious as Nicias was careful; and while the latter
+was always trying to keep the Athenians as quiet and contented as
+possible, Alcibiades was always ready to think of some plan by which the
+power of the city could be extended.</p>
+
+<p>This ambition of Alcibiades was destined to have a very bad effect upon
+his own fortunes and upon those of his native land, as you will see by
+the end of his career.<!-- Page 165 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXV_GREEK_COLONIES_IN_ITALY" id="LXV_GREEK_COLONIES_IN_ITALY"></a>LXV. GREEK COLONIES IN ITALY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Greeks, as you know, had founded colonies all along the coast of
+Asia Minor and on many of the islands. They had also sailed as far as
+Italy and Sicily, where they built many towns.</p>
+
+<p>Little by little these colonies grew richer and stronger. As the Greek
+settlers increased in number, they claimed more and more land. In Sicily
+and southern Italy the soil was so fertile that the people soon grew
+very rich; and, as they had vessels in plenty, they traded everywhere,
+and became noted for their commercial enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>The first of the Greek colonies in southern Italy was the city of
+Syb&acute;a-ris. It was so prosperous that the people had more money than they
+knew what to do with; and they spent large sums in making their houses
+beautiful and in securing every comfort.</p>
+
+<p>The Syb&acute;a-rites soon became so luxurious in their habits, that they were
+noted all over the country for their love of ease. We are told that one
+Sybarite, for instance, once ordered his slaves to prepare a couch for
+him of fresh rose leaves.</p>
+
+<p>When it was ready, he stretched himself out upon it and slept. In a
+short time he awoke with cries of great distress, saying that he could
+not sleep because a rose leaf was crumpled under him, and chafed his
+tender skin.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 166 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p><p>Ever since then, when people make a great fuss about a trifle, they are
+apt to hear the remark, "'Tis the crumpled rose leaf!" and when they
+spend too much thought upon their bodily comfort, and indulge in too
+much luxury, they are called Sybarites.</p>
+
+<p>The people of this town continued to flourish for some time, but they
+finally quarreled with the neighboring colony of Croton. A war followed,
+in which the ease-loving Sybarites were defeated and their city was
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Croton and Ta-ren&acute;tum on the mainland, and Messina and Syr&acute;a-cuse on the
+Island of Sicily, were now the principal colonies. They were all very
+rich and prosperous, so Alcibiades told the Athenians that it would be a
+good plan to send out a fleet to conquer and annex them.</p>
+
+<p>Nicias and his party opposed this plan; but when it was put to the vote,
+it was found that the eloquence of Alcibiades had prevailed. A large
+fleet was prepared, and Nicias, Lam&acute;a-chus, and Alcibiades were chosen
+generals of the expedition. The fleet was on the point of sailing out of
+the Pir&aelig;us, when the Athenians found out that all the statues of their
+god Her&acute;mes, which were used as boundary marks and milestones, had been
+shamefully broken.</p>
+
+<p>The excited people assembled on the market place to discuss this event;
+and all cried loudly against it, for the statues were considered sacred,
+as they represented a god. Alcibiades' enemies&mdash;and he had a number,
+although he was so popular&mdash;now stepped forward, and declared that he
+had done it after the banquet which he had given to celebrate his
+departure.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 167 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p><p>The young man denied having broken the statues, and asked that his
+trial might take place at once, so that he might prove his innocence
+before he started out; but, in spite of this urgent request, it was
+postponed, and he was forced to depart with this cloud hanging over him.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXVI_ALCIBIADES_IN_DISGRACE" id="LXVI_ALCIBIADES_IN_DISGRACE"></a>LXVI. ALCIBIADES IN DISGRACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Alcibiades had no sooner sailed, however, than his enemies, grown
+bolder, began to talk louder, and soon convinced the people of his
+guilt. In their wrath, the Athenians now sent a messenger to Sicily to
+overtake him, and bid him return to Athens to be tried.</p>
+
+<p>His friends, seeing the excitement of the people, and fearing that they
+would condemn him in anger, sent word to him not to return, but to wait
+until the popular fury had had time to blow over.</p>
+
+<p>In obedience to this advice, Alcibiades left the fleet, and, instead of
+going to Athens, went straight to Sparta, where he took up his abode.
+Here the changeable youth adopted the Spartan dress, lived with the
+utmost simplicity and frugality, and even used the laconic mode of
+speech.</p>
+
+<p>As he was tall and strong, and a very good athlete, he soon won the
+admiration of the Spartans, and made many friends. During his stay here,
+he heard that he had been tried at Athens, although absent, found guilty
+of sacrilege, and even sentenced to death.</p>
+
+<p>This ingratitude on the part of his people so angered<!-- Page 168 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> Alcibiades, that
+he told the Spartans all the Athenian plans, and showed how to upset
+them. By his advice, the Spartans sent aid to the Greeks in Sicily,
+helped them to resist the Athenian attack, and even captured both
+generals and seven thousand soldiers, who were put to death.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 198px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0338-1.jpg" width="198" height="274" alt="Alcibiades." title="Alcibiades." />
+<span class="caption">Alcibiades.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Spartans, still under Alcibiades' instructions, now took and
+fortified the small town of Dec-e-le&acute;a, only twelve miles from Athens.
+Here they kept an armed force, ready to spring out at any minute and
+molest the Athenians, who thus found themselves in a continual state of
+warfare and insecurity.</p>
+
+<p>The small cities and islands which the Athenians had won by force now
+seized this favorable opportunity to revolt; and the Persians, at
+Alcibiades' invitation, joined them, and again began to wage war with
+the proud city.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians were almost in despair. They had enemies on all sides, and
+were also worried by the quarrels of aristocrats and democrats within
+the city. These two political parties were now so opposed to each other,
+that nothing could make them friends.</p>
+
+<p>The army, longing for action, and without a leader, finally took matters
+into their own hands. They recalled Alcibiades, and asked him to help
+them. The<!-- Page 169 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> young man, who was generous and kind-hearted, immediately
+responded to this appeal; and, now that it was too late, he repented of
+what he had done, and began to do all in his power to defeat the enemy
+he had aroused.</p>
+
+<p>By his eloquence and skill, Alcibiades finally succeeded in winning the
+Persians over to side with the Athenians, and to fight against the
+Spartans; but all his efforts to make up for the past were vain. His
+treachery had ruined Athens; and when he led the troops against the
+Spartans, the Athenians were completely defeated.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXVII_DEATH_OF_ALCIBIADES" id="LXVII_DEATH_OF_ALCIBIADES"></a>LXVII. DEATH OF ALCIBIADES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Afraid to return to his native city, where he knew the people would
+blame him for their sufferings, Alcibiades fled. After roaming about for
+some time, he took refuge in a castle which he had built on the
+Cher-so-ne&acute;sus.</p>
+
+<p>From the height upon which the castle stood, Alcibiades could overlook
+the sea on both sides; and he watched the Spartan and Athenian fleets,
+which, unknown to each other, had come to anchor very near him. He soon
+discovered that the Spartans had become aware of the presence of the
+Athenians, and were preparing to surprise them.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore left his castle, and, at the risk of his life, went down to
+warn the Athenians of the coming danger. They, however, treated his
+warning with scorn,<!-- Page 170 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> and bade him return to his castle, and remember
+that he no longer had any right to interfere in their affairs.</p>
+
+<p>From the top of his promontory, Alcibiades saw the complete destruction
+of the Athenian fleet. Only a few men managed to escape to his castle
+for shelter; while a single ship sailed in haste to Athens, to report
+the defeat, and warn the people of the coming danger.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later the victorious Spartan army marched unchallenged into
+Athens, for there were now no fighting men left to oppose them. The
+Spartans said that Athens must now obey them in all things; and, to
+humiliate the people, they tore down the Long Walls to the sound of
+joyful music on the anniversary of the glorious victory of Salamis.</p>
+
+<p>Thus ended the Peloponnesian War, which, as you have seen, began shortly
+before the death of Pericles. From this time on, the fame of Athens was
+due mostly to her literature and art.</p>
+
+<p>By order of the Spartans, Solon's laws were set aside, and thirty men
+were chosen to govern the city. These rulers proved so stern and cruel,
+that they were soon known as the Thirty Tyrants, and were hated by every
+one.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians suffered so sorely under the government which the Spartans
+had thus forced upon them, that they soon began to long for the return
+of Alcibiades, who, whatever his faults, was always generous.</p>
+
+<p>When the Thirty Tyrants and the Spartans learned of this feeling, they
+were afraid that the Athenians would summon Alcibiades, so they bribed
+the Persian governor to put him to death.<!-- Page 171 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A party of murderers went to his house at night, and set it afire.
+Alcibiades, waking up suddenly, tried to escape with his household; but
+no sooner had he reached the door than he found himself surrounded by
+enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Alcibiades quickly wrapped his cloak around his left arm to serve as a
+shield, and, seizing his sword in his right hand, rushed manfully out
+upon his foes. The Persians, frightened at his approach, fled in haste;
+but they came to a stop at a safe distance, and flung so many stones and
+spears at him that he soon fell dead from the blows.</p>
+
+<p>His body was left where it had fallen, and was found by his wife, who
+loved him dearly in spite of all his faults. She tenderly wrapped it up
+in her own mantle, and had it buried not far from where it lay.</p>
+
+<p>Thus ended the life of the brilliant Alcibiades, who died at the age of
+forty, far away from his native land, and from the people whose idol he
+had once been, but whom he had ruined by his vanity.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXVIII_THE_OVERTHROW_OF_THE_THIRTY_TYRANTS" id="LXVIII_THE_OVERTHROW_OF_THE_THIRTY_TYRANTS"></a>LXVIII. THE OVERTHROW OF THE THIRTY TYRANTS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Although the Thirty Tyrants ruled in Athens but a short time, they
+condemned fifteen hundred men to death, and drove many good citizens
+into exile. During their brief period of authority they even found fault
+with Socrates, and would have liked to kill him, though he was the
+greatest philosopher the world has ever known.<!-- Page 172 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As the rule of the Thirty Tyrants had been forced upon them by the
+victorious Spartans, the Athenians soon resolved to get rid of them.
+Among the good citizens whom these cruel rulers had driven away into
+exile, was Thras-y-bu&acute;lus, who was a real patriot.</p>
+
+<p>He had seen the sufferings of the Athenians, and his sympathy had been
+roused. So he began plotting against the Thirty Tyrants, assembled a few
+brave men, entered the city, drove out the Spartans, and overturned
+their government when they least expected it.</p>
+
+<p>Some years later the Athenians rebuilt the Long Walls, which Ly-san&acute;der,
+the Spartan general, had torn down to the sound of festive music. They
+were so glad to be rid of the cruel tyrants, that they erected statues
+in honor of Thrasybulus, their deliverer, and sang songs in his praise
+at all their public festivals.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartans, in the mean while, had been changing rapidly for the
+worse, for the defeat of the Athenians had filled their hearts with
+pride, and had made them fancy they were the bravest and greatest people
+on earth. Such conceit is always harmful.</p>
+
+<p>Lysander, in capturing Athens and the smaller towns of Attica, had won
+much booty, which was all sent to Sparta. The ephors refused at first to
+accept or distribute this gold, saying that the love of wealth was the
+root of all evil; but they finally decided to use it for the improvement
+of their city.</p>
+
+<p>Lysander himself was as noble a man as he was a good general, and kept
+none of the booty for his own use. On the contrary, he came back to
+Sparta so poor, that, when he died, the city had to pay his funeral
+expenses.<!-- Page 173 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Spartans felt so grateful for the services which he had rendered
+them, that they not only gave him a fine burial, but also gave marriage
+portions to his daughters, and helped them to get good husbands.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXIX_ACCUSATION_OF_SOCRATES" id="LXIX_ACCUSATION_OF_SOCRATES"></a>LXIX. ACCUSATION OF SOCRATES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Socrates, as you know, was one of the best and gentlest of men, yet he
+had many enemies. These were principally the people who were jealous of
+him and of his renown for great wisdom; for his reputation was so well
+established, that the oracle at Delphi, when consulted, replied that the
+most learned man in Greece was Socrates.</p>
+
+<p>Although Socrates was so wise and good and gentle, he was not at all
+conceited, and showed his wisdom by never pretending to know what he did
+not know, and by his readiness to learn anything new, provided one could
+prove it to be true.</p>
+
+<p>Among the noted Athenians of this time was Aristophanes, a writer of
+comedies or funny plays. He was so witty that his comedies are still
+admired almost as much as when they were played in the Theater of
+Dionysus for the amusement of the people.</p>
+
+<p>Like most funny men, Aristophanes liked to turn everything into
+ridicule. He had often seen Socrates and Alcibiades walking through the
+streets of Athens, and was greatly amused at the contrast they
+presented.<!-- Page 174 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now, Aristophanes, with all his cleverness, was not always just; and
+while his ridicule sometimes did good, at other times it did a great
+deal of harm. He soon learned to dislike Alcibiades; but he saw how
+dearly the people loved the young man, and fancied that his faults must
+be owing to the bad advice of his teacher. Such was not the case, for
+Socrates had tried to bring out all the good in his pupil. Alcibiades'
+pride, insolence, and treachery were rather the result of the constant
+flattery to which he had been exposed on the part of those who claimed
+to be his friends.</p>
+
+<p>Aristophanes disliked Alcibiades so much that he soon wrote a comedy
+called "The Clouds," in which he made fun of him. Of course, he did not
+call the people in the play by their real names; but the hero was a
+good-for-nothing young man, who, advised by his teacher, bought fast
+horses, ran his father into debt, cheated everybody, and treated even
+the gods with disrespect.</p>
+
+<p>As the actors who took part in this comedy dressed and acted as nearly
+as possible like Alcibiades and Socrates, you can imagine that the play,
+which was very comical and clever, made the Athenians roar with
+laughter.</p>
+
+<p>Everybody talked about it, repeated the best jokes, and went again and
+again to see and laugh over it. We are told that Socrates went there
+himself one day; and, when asked why he had come, he quietly said, "I
+came to find out whether, among all the faults of which I am accused,
+there may not be some that I can correct."</p>
+
+<p>You see, the philosopher knew that it was never too late to mend, and
+fully intended to be as perfect as possible. He knew, of course, that he
+could not straighten<!-- Page 175 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> his crooked nose or make his face good-looking,
+but he hoped to find some way of improving his character.</p>
+
+<p>"The Clouds" amused the Athenians for about twenty years; and when
+Alcibiades turned traitor, and caused the ruin of his country, the
+people still went to see it. In their anger against Alcibiades, they
+began to think that perhaps Aristophanes was right, and that the youth
+they had once loved so dearly would never have turned out so badly had
+he not been influenced for evil.</p>
+
+<p>As the teacher in the play was blamed for all the wrongdoing of his
+pupil, so Socrates was now accused by the Athenians of ruining
+Alcibiades. Little by little the philosopher's enemies became so bold
+that they finally made up their minds to get rid of him. As he was quite
+innocent, and as there was no other excuse for dragging him before the
+Tribunal, they finally charged him with giving bad advice to young men,
+and speaking ill of the gods.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXX_DEATH_OF_SOCRATES" id="LXX_DEATH_OF_SOCRATES"></a>LXX. DEATH OF SOCRATES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The false accusation made against Socrates by his enemies soon had the
+desired effect, for the Tribunal gave orders for his arrest and trial.
+The philosopher, sure of his innocence, came before his judges, and
+calmly answered their questions.</p>
+
+<p>He told them he had never turned the gods into ridicule, as he knew it
+was wrong to make fun of anything which others deemed sacred. Then, as
+they still further<!-- Page 176 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> pressed him to explain his views, he confessed that
+he believed there was a God greater and better than any they worshiped.</p>
+
+<p>As to teaching the young men anything which could do them harm, he said
+it was quite impossible; for he had ever told them that they should be
+as good, virtuous, and helpful as they could, which was surely not
+wrong.</p>
+
+<p>Socrates gave noble answers to all their questions; but the judges,
+blinded with prejudice, believed the lying charges of his enemies, which
+Socrates scorned to contradict. The philosopher's friends begged him to
+use his eloquence to defend himself and confound his accusers; but he
+calmly refused, saying, "My whole life and teaching is the only
+contradiction, and the best defense I can offer."</p>
+
+<p>Socrates, as you have seen, was really one of the best men that ever
+lived, and, without having ever heard of the true God, he still believed
+in him. Nearly four centuries before the coming of Christ, when people
+believed in revenge, he preached the doctrine of "Love one another" and
+"Do good to them that hate you."</p>
+
+<p>But, in spite of all his goodness and constant uprightness, Socrates the
+philosopher was condemned to the shameful death of a base criminal.</p>
+
+<p>Now, in Greece, criminals were forced to drink a cup of deadly poison at
+sunset on the day of their condemnation, and there was generally but a
+few hours' delay between the sentence and its execution. But the law
+said that during one month in the year no such punishment should be
+inflicted. This was while an Athenian vessel<!-- Page 177 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> was away on a voyage to
+the Island of De&acute;los to bear the annual offerings to Apollo's shrine.</p>
+
+<p>As Socrates was tried and condemned at this season, the people were
+forced to await the return of the vessel before they could kill him: so
+they put him in prison. Here he was chained fast, yet his friends were
+allowed to visit him and to talk with him.</p>
+
+<p>Day after day the small band of his pupils gathered around him in
+prison; and, as some of them were very rich, they bribed the jailer, and
+arranged everything for their beloved master's escape.</p>
+
+<p>When the time came, and Socrates was told that he could leave the prison
+unseen, and be taken to a place of safety, he refused to go, saying that
+it would be against the law, which he had never yet disobeyed.</p>
+
+<p>In vain his friends and disciples begged him to save his life: he would
+not consent. Then Cri&acute;to, one of his pupils, began to weep, in his
+distress, and exclaimed indignantly, "Master, will you then remain here,
+and die innocent?"</p>
+
+<p>"Of course," replied Socrates, gravely. "Would you rather I should die
+guilty?"</p>
+
+<p>Then, gathering his disciples around him, he began to talk to them in
+the most beautiful and solemn way about life and death, and especially
+about the immortality of the soul.</p>
+
+<p>This last conversation of Socrates was so attentively listened to by his
+disciple Plato, the wisest among them all, that he afterward wrote it
+down from memory almost word for word, and thus kept it so that we can
+still read it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 802px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0340-1.jpg" width="802" height="571" alt="Socrates&#39; Farewell." title="Socrates&#39; Farewell." />
+<span class="caption">Socrates&#39; Farewell.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>As the sun was slowly setting on that last day, the <!-- Page 179 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span><!-- Page 178 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>sacred vessel came
+back from Delos. The time of waiting was ended, and now the prisoner
+must die. The jailer interrupted this beautiful last talk, and entered
+the cell, bringing the cup of poison.</p>
+
+<p>Socrates took the cup from his hand and drained it, unmoved, telling his
+disciples that he felt sure that death was only birth into another and
+better world. Then he bade them all farewell.</p>
+
+<p>As he was a good and scrupulous man, very careful about paying his debts
+and keeping his promises, he now told Crito to remember that he had
+promised to sacrifice a cock to &AElig;s-cu-la&acute;pi-us, the god of medicine, and
+bade him do it in his stead.</p>
+
+<p>He then lay down upon his hard prison bed, and, while he felt the chill
+of death slowly creeping upward toward his heart, he continued to teach
+and exhort his pupils to love virtue and do right.</p>
+
+<p>All his last sayings were carefully treasured by Plato, who wrote them
+down, and who concludes the story of his death in these beautiful words:
+"Thus died the man who, of all with whom we are acquainted, was in death
+the noblest, and in life the wisest and best."</p>
+
+<p>Some time after the death of Socrates, the Athenians found out their
+mistake. Filled with remorse, they recalled the sentence which had
+condemned him, but they could not bring him back to life. In token of
+their sorrow, however, they set up a statue of him in the heart of their
+city.</p>
+
+<p>This statue, although made of bronze, has long ceased to exist; but the
+remembrance of Socrates' virtues is still held dear, and all who know
+his name both love and honor him.<!-- Page 180 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXI_THE_DEFEAT_OF_CYRUS" id="LXXI_THE_DEFEAT_OF_CYRUS"></a>LXXI. THE DEFEAT OF CYRUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It was at the close of the Peloponnesian War that Darius II., King of
+Persia, died, leaving two sons, Artaxerxes and Cy&acute;rus. These two heirs
+could not agree which should reign. Artaxerxes claimed the throne
+because he was the elder, and Cyrus because he was the first son born
+after their father had become king; for in Persia it was the custom for
+a ruler to choose as his successor a son born after he had taken
+possession of the throne.</p>
+
+<p>The quarrel between the two brothers daily became more bitter; and when
+Artaxerxes made himself king by force, Cyrus swore that he would compel
+him to give up his place again.</p>
+
+<p>To oust his brother from the throne, Cyrus collected an army in Asia
+Minor; and, as he could not secure enough Persian soldiers, he hired a
+body of eleven thousand Greeks, commanded by a Spartan named
+Cle-ar&acute;chus.</p>
+
+<p>This Greek army was only a small part of Cyrus' force; but he expected
+great things from it, as the Persians had already found out to their
+cost that the Greeks were very good fighters.</p>
+
+<p>After a long march, the armies of both brothers met at Cu-nax&acute;a; and
+there was a terrible battle, in the midst of which Cyrus was killed. Of
+course, his death ended the quarrel, and the Persians all surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>But the Greeks continued fighting bravely, until Artaxerxes sent them
+word that his brother was dead, and that<!-- Page 181 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> he would have them guided
+safely back to their own country if they would lay down their arms.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks, believing him, immediately stopped fighting; and their
+officers accepted an invitation to enter the Persian camp, and be
+present at the council of all the generals.</p>
+
+<p>Their trust was sadly misplaced, however; for no sooner had the Greek
+officers entered the tent than they were surrounded and slain. The
+Persian king then sent a message to the Greek troops, saying that their
+leaders were all dead, and summoning them to give up their arms and to
+swear to obey him in all things.</p>
+
+<p>This message filled the hearts of the Greeks with rage and despair. What
+were they to do? Their chiefs were dead, they were in a strange country
+surrounded by enemies, and their own home lay eight months' journey
+away.</p>
+
+<p>They had no leaders, no money or provisions, and no guides to show them
+the way back across the burning sands, deep rivers, and over the
+mountains. They had nothing, in short, but the armor on their backs and
+the weapons in their hands.</p>
+
+<p>As they did not even know the language of the country, they could not
+ask their way; and as they were surrounded by enemies, they must be
+constantly on their guard lest they should be surprised and taken
+prisoners or killed. They were indeed in a sorry plight; and no wonder
+that they all fancied they would never see their homes again. When night
+came on, they flung themselves down upon the ground without having eaten
+any supper. Their hearts were so heavy, however, that they<!-- Page 182 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> could not
+sleep, but tossed and moaned in their despair.</p>
+
+<p>In this army there was a pupil of Socrates, called Xenophon. He was a
+good and brave man. Instead of bewailing his bad luck, as the others
+did, he tried to think of some plan by which the army might yet be
+saved, and brought back to Greece.</p>
+
+<p>His night of deep thought was not in vain; and as soon as morning dawned
+he called his companions together, and begged them to listen to him, as
+he had found a way of saving them from slavery or death.</p>
+
+<p>Then he explained to them, that, if they were only united and willing,
+they could form a compact body, and, under a leader of their own
+choosing, could beat a safe retreat toward the sea.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXII_THE_RETREAT_OF_THE_TEN_THOUSAND" id="LXXII_THE_RETREAT_OF_THE_TEN_THOUSAND"></a>LXXII. THE RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Xenophon's advice pleased the Greeks. It was far better, they thought,
+to make the glorious attempt to return home, than basely to surrender
+their arms, and become the subjects of a foreign king.</p>
+
+<p>They therefore said they would elect a leader, and all chose Xenophon to
+fill this difficult office. He, however, consented to accept it only
+upon condition that each soldier would pledge his word of honor to obey
+him; for he knew that the least disobedience would hinder success, and
+that in union alone lay strength. The<!-- Page 183 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> soldiers understood this too, and
+not only swore to obey him, but even promised not to quarrel among
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>So the little army began its homeward march, tramping bravely over sandy
+wastes and along rocky pathways. When they came to a river too deep to
+be crossed by fording, they followed it up toward its source until they
+could find a suitable place to get over it; and, as they had neither
+money nor provisions, they were obliged to seize all their food on the
+way.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks not only had to overcome countless natural obstacles, but
+were also compelled to keep up a continual warfare with the Persians who
+pursued them. Every morning Xenophon had to draw up his little army in
+the form of a square, to keep the enemy at bay.</p>
+
+<p>They would fight thus until nearly nightfall, when the Persians always
+retreated, to camp at a distance from the men they feared. Instead of
+allowing his weary soldiers to sit down and rest, Xenophon would then
+give orders to march onward. So they tramped in the twilight until it
+was too dark or they were too tired to proceed any farther.</p>
+
+<p>After a hasty supper, the Greeks flung themselves down to rest on the
+hard ground, under the light of the stars; but even these slumbers were
+cut short by Xenophon's call at early dawn. Long before the lazy
+Persians were awake, these men were again marching onward; and when the
+mounted enemy overtook them once more, and compelled them to halt and
+fight, they were several miles nearer home.</p>
+
+<p>As the Greeks passed through the wild mountain gorges, they were further
+hindered by the neighboring<!-- Page 184 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> people, who tried to stop them by rolling
+trunks of trees and rocks down upon them. Although some were wounded and
+others killed, the little army pressed forward, and, after a march of
+about a thousand miles, they came at last within sight of the sea.</p>
+
+<p>You may imagine what a joyful shout arose, and how lovingly they gazed
+upon the blue waters which washed the shores of their native land also.</p>
+
+<p>But although Xenophon and his men had come to the sea, their troubles
+were not yet ended; for, as they had no money to pay their passage, none
+of the captains would take them on board.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of embarking, therefore, and resting their weary limbs while the
+wind wafted them home, they were forced to tramp along the seashore.
+They were no longer in great danger, but were tired and discontented,
+and now for the first time they began to forget their promise to obey
+Xenophon.</p>
+
+<p>To obtain money enough to pay their passage to Greece, they took several
+small towns along their way, and robbed them. Then, hearing that there
+was a new expedition on foot to free the Ionian cities from the Persian
+yoke, they suddenly decided not to return home, but to go and help them.</p>
+
+<p>Xenophon therefore led them to Per&acute;ga-mus, where he gave them over to
+their new leader. There were still ten thousand left out of the eleven
+thousand men that Cyrus had hired, and Xenophon had cause to feel proud
+of having brought them across the enemy's territory with so little loss.</p>
+
+<p>After bidding them farewell, Xenophon returned home,<!-- Page 185 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> and wrote down an
+account of this famous Retreat of the Ten Thousand in a book called the
+A-nab&acute;a-sis. This account is so interesting that people begin to read it
+as soon as they know a little Greek, and thus learn all about the
+fighting and marching of those brave men.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXIII_AGESILAUS_IN_ASIA" id="LXXIII_AGESILAUS_IN_ASIA"></a>LXXIII. AGESILAUS IN ASIA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>You may remember that the Greeks, at the end of the Peloponnesian War,
+had found out that Sparta was the strongest city in the whole country;
+for, although the Athenians managed to drive the Spartans out of their
+city, they were still forced to recognize them as the leaders of all
+Greece.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartans were proud of having reached such a position, and were
+eager to maintain it at any cost. They therefore kept all the Greek
+towns under their orders, and were delighted to think that their king,
+A-ges-i-la&acute;us, was one of the best generals of his day.</p>
+
+<p>He was not, however, tall and strong, like most of his fellow-citizens,
+but puny and very lame. His small size and bad health had not lessened
+his courage, however, and he was always ready to plan a new campaign or
+to lead his men off to war.</p>
+
+<p>When it became known that Artaxerxes was about to march against the
+Greek cities in Ionia, to punish them for upholding his brother Cyrus,
+and for sending him the ten thousand soldiers who had beat such a
+masterly retreat, Agesilaus made up his mind to go and help them.<!-- Page 186 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There was no prospect of fighting at home just then, so the Spartan
+warriors were only too glad to follow their king to Asia. Agesilaus had
+no sooner landed in Asia Minor, than the Greek cities there gave him
+command over their army, bidding him defend them from the wrath of
+Artaxerxes.</p>
+
+<p>Now, although the Persian host, as usual, far outnumbered the Greek
+army, Agesilaus won several victories over his enemies, who were amazed
+that such a small and insignificant-looking man should be at the same
+time a king and a great general.</p>
+
+<p>They were accustomed to so much pomp and ceremony, and always saw their
+own king so richly dressed, that it seemed very queer to them to see
+Agesilaus going about in the same garments as his men, and himself
+leading them in battle.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXIV_A_STRANGE_INTERVIEW" id="LXXIV_A_STRANGE_INTERVIEW"></a>LXXIV. A STRANGE INTERVIEW.</h2>
+
+
+<p>We are told that Agesilaus was once asked to meet the Persian general
+Phar-na-ba&acute;zus, to have a talk or conference with him,&mdash;a thing which
+often took place between generals of different armies.</p>
+
+<p>The meeting was set for a certain day and hour, under a large tree, and
+it was agreed that both generals should come under the escort of their
+personal attendants only.</p>
+
+<p>Agesilaus, plainly clad as usual, came first to the meeting place, and,
+sitting down upon the grass under<!-- Page 187 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> the tree, he began to eat his usual
+noonday meal of bread and onions.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 188 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 497px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0342-1.jpg" width="497" height="741" alt="Agesilaus and Pharnabazus." title="Agesilaus and Pharnabazus." />
+<span class="caption">Agesilaus and Pharnabazus.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A few moments later the Persian general arrived in rich attire, attended
+by fan and parasol bearer, and by servants bringing carpets for him to
+sit upon, cooling drinks to refresh him, and delicate dishes to tempt
+his appetite.</p>
+
+<p>At first Pharnabazus fancied that a tramp was camping under the tree;
+but when he discovered that this plain little man was really Agesilaus,
+King of Sparta, and the winner of so many battles, he was ashamed of his
+pomp, sent away his attendants, and sat down on the ground beside the
+king.</p>
+
+<p>They now began an important talk, and Pharnabazus was filled with
+admiration when he heard the short but noble answers which Agesilaus had
+for all his questions. He was so impressed by the Spartan king, that he
+shook hands with him when the interview was ended.</p>
+
+<p>Agesilaus was equally pleased with Pharnabazus, and told him that he
+should be proud to call him friend. He invited him to leave his master,
+and come and live in Greece, where all noble men were free.</p>
+
+<p>Pharnabazus did not accept this invitation, but renewed the war,
+whereupon Agesilaus again won several important victories. When the
+Persian king heard that all his soldiers could not get the better of the
+Spartan king, he resolved to try the effect of bribery.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore sent a messenger to Athens to promise this city and her
+allies a very large sum of money provided that they would rise up in
+revolt against Sparta, and thus force Agesilaus to come home.<!-- Page 189 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXV_THE_PEACE_OF_ANTALCIDAS" id="LXXV_THE_PEACE_OF_ANTALCIDAS"></a>LXXV. THE PEACE OF ANTALCIDAS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Athenians hated the Spartans, and were only waiting for an excuse to
+make war against them: so they were only too glad to accept the bribe
+which Artaxerxes offered, and were paid with ten thousand Persian coins
+on which was stamped the figure of an archer.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the Spartan ephors heard that the Athenians had revolted,
+they sent a message to Agesilaus to tell him to come home. The Spartan
+king was about to deal a crushing blow to the Persians, but he was
+forced to obey the summons. As he embarked he dryly said, "I could
+easily have beaten the whole Persian army, and still ten thousand
+Persian archers have forced me to give up all my plans."</p>
+
+<p>The Thebans joined the Athenians in this revolt, so Agesilaus was very
+indignant against them too. He energetically prepared for war, and met
+the combined Athenian and Theban forces at Coronea, where he defeated
+them completely.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians, in the mean while, had made their alliance with the
+Persians, and used the money which they had received to strengthen their
+ramparts, as you have seen, and to finish the Long Walls, which had been
+ruined by the Spartans ten years before.</p>
+
+<p>All the Greek states were soon in arms, siding with the Athenians or
+with the Spartans; and the contest continued until everybody was weary
+of fighting. There was, besides, much jealousy among the people
+themselves, and even the laurels of Agesilaus were envied.<!-- Page 190 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The person who was most opposed to him was the Spartan An-tal&acute;ci-das,
+who, fearing that further warfare would only result in increasing
+Agesilaus' popularity and glory, now began to advise peace. As the
+Greeks were tired of the long struggle, they sent Antalcidas to Asia to
+try to make a treaty with the Persians.</p>
+
+<p>Without thinking of anything but his hatred of Agesilaus, Antalcidas
+consented to all that the Persians asked, and finally signed a shameful
+treaty, by which all the Greek cities of Asia Minor and the Island of
+Cy&acute;prus were handed over to the Persian king. The other Greek cities
+were declared independent, and thus Sparta was shorn of much of her
+power. This treaty was a disgrace, and it has always been known in
+history by the name of the man who signed it out of petty spite.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXVI_THE_THEBAN_FRIENDS" id="LXXVI_THE_THEBAN_FRIENDS"></a>LXXVI. THE THEBAN FRIENDS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Although all the Greek cities were to be free by the treaty of
+Antalcidas, the Spartans kept the Messenians under their sway and, as
+they were still the most powerful people in Greece, they saw that the
+other cities did not infringe upon their rights in any way.</p>
+
+<p>Under pretext of keeping all their neighbors in order, the Spartans were
+always under arms, and on one occasion even forced their way into the
+city of Thebes. The Thebans, who did not expect them, were not ready to
+make war, and were in holiday dress.<!-- Page 191 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They were all in the temple, celebrating the festival of Demeter, the
+harvest goddess; and when the Spartans came thus upon them, they were
+forced to yield without striking a single blow, as they had no weapons
+at hand.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartans were so afraid lest the best and richest citizens should
+try to make the people revolt, that they exiled them all from Thebes,
+allowing none but the poor and insignificant to remain.</p>
+
+<p>To keep possession of the city which they had won by this trick, the
+Spartans put three thousand of their best warriors in the citadel, with
+orders to defend and hold it at any price.</p>
+
+<p>Among the exiled Thebans there was a noble and wealthy man called
+Pe-lop&acute;i-das. He had been sorely wounded in a battle some time before,
+and would have died had he not been saved by a fellow-citizen named
+E-pam-i-non&acute;das, who risked his own life in the rescue.</p>
+
+<p>This man, too, was of noble birth, and was said to be a descendant of
+the men who had sprung from the dragon teeth sown by Cadmus, the founder
+of Thebes. Epaminondas, however, was very poor; and wealth had no charms
+for him, for he was a disciple of Py-tha&acute;o-ras, a philosopher who was
+almost as celebrated as Socrates.</p>
+
+<p>Now, although Epaminondas was poor, quiet, and studious, and Pelopidas
+was particularly fond of noise and bustle, they became great friends and
+almost inseparable companions. Pelopidas, seeing how good and generous a
+man his friend was, did all he could to be like him, and even gave up
+all his luxurious ways to live plainly too.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore had plenty of money to spare, and this he spent very freely
+for the good of the poor. When<!-- Page 192 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> his former friends asked why he no
+longer cared for his riches, he pointed to a poor cripple near by, and
+said that money was of importance only to unhappy men like that one, who
+could do nothing for themselves.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXVII_THEBES_FREE_ONCE_MORE" id="LXXVII_THEBES_FREE_ONCE_MORE"></a>LXXVII. THEBES FREE ONCE MORE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Spartans, coming into Thebes, as we have seen, exiled the rich and
+important Pelopidas, but allowed his friend Epaminondas to remain. They
+little suspected that this quiet and seemingly stupid man would in time
+become their greatest enemy, and that the mere sound of his name would
+fill their hearts with dread.</p>
+
+<p>Pelopidas, thus forced to leave home, withdrew to Athens, where he was
+very kindly received. He was not happy, however, and was always longing
+to return home, and see his friend Epaminondas, whose society he missed
+very much.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore called a few of the Theban exiles together, and proposed
+that they should return to Thebes in disguise, and, taking advantage of
+the Spartans' carelessness, kill their leaders, and restore the city to
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>This proposal was received with joy, although the Spartans numbered
+three thousand, and the Theban exiles only twelve. The chances were of
+course against them; but the men were so anxious to free their city,
+that they resolved to make the attempt.</p>
+
+<p>They therefore set out from Athens with weapons and hunting dogs, as if
+bent upon a day's sport in the country.<!-- Page 193 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>  Thus armed, they secretly
+entered the house of Cha&acute;ron, one of their friends in Thebes. Here they
+exchanged their hunting garments for women's robes; for, hearing that
+the Spartan general and his officers were feasting, they had resolved to
+pretend that they were dancing girls, in order to gain an entrance into
+the banquet hall, and kill the men while they were drinking.</p>
+
+<p>They had just finished dressing, when a knock was heard at the door, and
+a Spartan soldier came in and gravely informed Charon that the commander
+wished to see him.</p>
+
+<p>For a moment Pelopidas and his companions fancied that their plans were
+discovered, and that Charon had betrayed them. He read this suspicion in
+their frightened faces, and, before leaving the house with the soldier,
+he placed his only son, a mere infant, in the arms of Pelopidas, saying,
+"There, keep him; and if you find that I have betrayed you, avenge
+yourselves by killing my only child, my dearest treasure."</p>
+
+<p>After speaking thus, Charon went out, and soon came back to report that
+all was well.</p>
+
+<p>The Theban exiles now went to the banquet hall, where they were readily
+allowed to enter to amuse the company. The Spartan officers, who were no
+longer frugal and temperate as of old, were so heavy and stupid with
+wine, that the supposed dancing girls easily killed them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 502px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0344-1.jpg" width="502" height="795" alt="&quot;Avenge yourselves by killing my only child.&quot;" title="&quot;Avenge yourselves by killing my only child.&quot;" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;Avenge yourselves by killing my only child.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>One version of the story is, that Pelopidas and his companions rushed
+out into the street with lighted torches, and slew every Spartan they
+met. The Spartan soldiers, deprived of most of their officers (who had
+<!-- Page 195 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span><!-- Page 194 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>been killed in the banquet hall), and greatly frightened, fled in the
+darkness from what they fancied was a large army, and returned in haste
+to Sparta.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine their shame, however, when it became known there that they had
+been routed by only twelve determined men! The Spartan citizens were so
+angry that they put the two remaining officers to death, and, collecting
+another army, placed it under the leadership of Cle-om&acute;bro-tus, their
+second king, because Agesilaus was too ill at the time to fight.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXVIII_THE_BATTLE_OF_LEUCTRA" id="LXXVIII_THE_BATTLE_OF_LEUCTRA"></a>LXXVIII. THE BATTLE OF LEUCTRA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Thebans, delighted at having thus happily got rid of their enemies,
+had made Pelopidas and Epaminondas B&oelig;&acute;o-tarchs, or chiefs of
+B&oelig;otia, the country of which Thebes was the capital. These two men,
+knowing well that the Spartans would soon send an army to win back the
+city, now made great preparations to oppose them.</p>
+
+<p>Epaminondas was made general of the army; and Pelopidas drilled a choice
+company, called the Sacred Battalion. This was formed of three hundred
+brave young Thebans, who took a solemn oath never to turn their backs
+upon the enemy or to surrender, and to die for their native country if
+necessary.</p>
+
+<p>The Thebans then marched forth to meet their foes; and the two armies
+met at Leuc&acute;tra, a small town in B&oelig;otia. As usual, the Thebans had
+consulted the oracles<!-- Page 196 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> to find out what they should do, and had been
+told that all the omens were unfavorable. Epaminondas, however, nobly
+replied that he knew of none which forbade fighting for the defense of
+one's country, and he boldly ordered the attack.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartans were greatly amused when they heard that Epaminondas, a
+student, was the commander of the army, and they expected to win a very
+easy victory. They were greatly surprised, therefore, when their
+onslaught was met firmly, and when, in spite of all their valor, they
+found themselves defeated, and heard that their leader, Cleombrotus, was
+dead.</p>
+
+<p>The Thebans, of course, gloried in their triumph; but Epaminondas
+remained as modest and unassuming as ever, merely remarking that he was
+glad for his country's and parents' sake that he had been successful. To
+commemorate their good fortune, the Thebans erected a trophy on the
+battlefield of Leuctra, where their troops had covered themselves with
+glory.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of Sparta, who had counted confidently upon victory,
+were dismayed when they saw only a few of their soldiers return from the
+battle, and heard that the Thebans were pursuing them closely. Before
+they could collect new troops, the enemy marched boldly down into
+Laconia; and the women of Sparta now beheld the smoke of the enemy's
+camp for the first time in many years. As there were neither walls nor
+fortifications of any kind, you can easily imagine that the inhabitants
+were in despair, and thought that their last hour had come.</p>
+
+<p>If Epaminondas had been of a revengeful temper, he<!-- Page 197 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> could easily have
+destroyed the city; but he was gentle and humane, and, remaining at a
+short distance from the place, he said that he would go away without
+doing the Spartans any harm, provided they would promise not to attack
+Thebes again, and to set the Messenians free.</p>
+
+<p>These conditions were eagerly agreed to by the Spartans, who found
+themselves forced to take a secondary place once more. Athens had ruled
+Greece, and had been forced to yield to Sparta; but now Sparta was
+compelled in her turn to recognize the supremacy of Thebes.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXIX_DEATH_OF_PELOPIDAS" id="LXXIX_DEATH_OF_PELOPIDAS"></a>LXXIX. DEATH OF PELOPIDAS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Thebes was the main power in Greece after the brilliant victory at
+Leuctra, and for a short time the city managed to maintain its
+supremacy. By virtue of its position, it decided the destiny of less
+powerful cities; and when Al-ex-an&acute;der, tyrant of Thessaly, became very
+cruel, the Thebans sent Pelopidas to remonstrate with him.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of treating the ambassador of the Thebans with courtesy,
+however, the Thessalian tyrant loaded him with heavy chains, put him in
+prison, and vowed he would keep him there as long as he lived.</p>
+
+<p>When the news of this outrage reached the Thebans, they set out at once,
+under the guidance of two new B&oelig;otarchs, to deliver their beloved
+fellow-citizen. Epaminondas, too, marched in the ranks; for, now that
+his<!-- Page 198 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> term of office was ended, he had contentedly returned to his former
+obscure position.</p>
+
+<p>The new B&oelig;otarchs were unfortunately very poor generals. They met the
+Thessalian army, but were defeated and driven back. Indeed, the Thebans
+were soon in such danger, that the soldiers revolted against their
+generals, and begged Epaminondas again to take the lead.</p>
+
+<p>As they were in great distress, Epaminondas could not refuse to help
+them: so he assumed the command, and beat such a skillful retreat that
+he brought them out of the country in safety.</p>
+
+<p>The following year, when again chosen B&oelig;otarch, Epaminondas made
+plans for a second campaign, and marched into Thessaly to deliver his
+friend, who was still a prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>When Alexander the tyrant heard that Epaminondas was at the head of the
+army, he was frightened, and tried to disarm the wrath of the Thebans by
+setting Pelopidas free, and sending him to meet the advancing army.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, Epaminondas was very glad to see his friend; but when he
+heard how cruelly Alexander treated all his subjects, he nevertheless
+continued his march northward, hoping to rid the country of such a bad
+ruler.</p>
+
+<p>Just then the Spartans, in spite of their solemn promise, suddenly rose
+up in arms against the Thebans; and Epaminondas, leaving part of the
+army in Thessaly with Pelopidas, hurried southward with the rest to put
+down the revolt.</p>
+
+<p>Pelopidas marched boldly northward, met the Thessalians, and fought a
+fierce battle. When it was over, the<!-- Page 199 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> Thebans, although victorious, were
+very sad; for their leader, Pelopidas, had been slain in the midst of
+the fray.</p>
+
+<p>Still, undaunted by his death, the army pursued the Thessalians, and
+killed Alexander. Then, to show their scorn for such a vile wretch, they
+dragged his body through the mud, and finally flung it out of a palace
+window into the courtyard, where it was torn to pieces by his own
+bloodhounds.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXX_THE_BATTLE_OF_MANTINEA" id="LXXX_THE_BATTLE_OF_MANTINEA"></a>LXXX. THE BATTLE OF MANTINEA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When Epaminondas heard that his friend Pelopidas was dead, he grieved
+sorely; but nevertheless, knowing that his country had need of him, he
+vigorously continued his preparations to meet and conquer the Spartan
+army.</p>
+
+<p>The battle promised to be hard fought; for while Epaminondas, the victor
+of Leuctra, led the Thebans, Agesilaus, the hero of countless battles,
+was again at the head of the Spartan army. The Thebans pressed forward
+so eagerly, however, that the two armies met at Man-ti-ne&acute;a, in the
+central part of the Peloponnesus.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of Agesilaus' courage and experience, and the well-known
+discipline of the Spartan troops, the Thebans again won a splendid
+victory over their foes. Their joy, however, was turned to mourning when
+they heard that Epaminondas had been mortally wounded just as the battle
+was drawing to an end.</p>
+
+<p>A spear had pierced his breast; and as he sank to<!-- Page 200 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> the ground, some of
+his followers caught him, bore him away tenderly in their arms, and
+carefully laid him down under a tree on a neighboring hillside. As soon
+as he opened his eyes, he eagerly asked how the army was getting along.</p>
+
+<p>Gently raising him so that he could see the battlefield, his friends
+pointed out the Spartan army in full flight, and the Thebans masters of
+the field. Epaminondas sank back with a sigh of relief, but soon roused
+himself again to ask whether his shield were safe.</p>
+
+<p>It was only when he had seen it that he would allow the doctors to
+examine his wound. They found the head of a barbed spear sunk deep into
+his breast, and said that it must be pulled out. Still they hesitated to
+draw it out, for they feared that the rush of blood would kill him.</p>
+
+<p>Epaminondas, therefore, bade them leave it alone, although he was
+suffering greatly; and then he called for his assistant generals, to
+give them a few important orders. The friends standing around him sadly
+told him that both had fallen in the battle, and could no longer execute
+his commands. When Epaminondas heard this unwelcome news, he realized
+that there was no one left who could replace him, and maintain the
+Theban supremacy: so he advised his fellow-countrymen to seize the
+favorable opportunity to make peace with the Spartans.</p>
+
+<p>When he had thus done all in his power to provide for the future welfare
+of his native city, Epaminondas drew out the spear from his wound with
+his own hand, for he saw that his friends were afraid to touch it.</p>
+
+<p>As the doctors had foreseen, there was a great rush of blood, and they
+soon saw that Epaminondas had only<!-- Page 201 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> a few minutes to live. His friends
+wept over him, and one of them openly expressed his regret that
+Epaminondas left no children.</p>
+
+<p>These words were heard by the dying hero, who opened his eyes once more,
+and gently said, "Leuctra and Mantinea are daughters enough to keep my
+name alive!"</p>
+
+<p>This saying has proved true; for these two great victories are put down
+in every Greek history, and are never spoken of except in connection
+with the noble general who won them in behalf of his country, and died
+on the field when the last victory was secured.</p>
+
+<p>In memory of Epaminondas, their greatest citizen and general, the
+Thebans erected a monument on the battlefield, and engraved his name
+upon it, with an image of the dragon from whose teeth his ancestors had
+sprung.</p>
+
+<p>The Thebans, remembering his dying wish, then proposed a peace, which
+was gladly accepted by all the Greek states, for they were exhausted by
+the almost constant warfare they had kept up during many years.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXI_THE_TYRANT_OF_SYRACUSE" id="LXXXI_THE_TYRANT_OF_SYRACUSE"></a>LXXXI. THE TYRANT OF SYRACUSE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>You have seen what a cruel man Alexander was. He was not the only tyrant
+in those days, however; for the city of Syracuse in Sicily, which
+Alcibiades had hoped to conquer, was ruled by a man as harsh and mean as
+Alexander.<!-- Page 202 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This tyrant, whose name was Di-o-nys&acute;ius, had seized the power by force,
+and kept his authority by exercising the greatest severity. He was
+always surrounded by guards, who at a mere sign from him were ready to
+put any one to death.</p>
+
+<p>Dionysius was therefore feared and hated by the people whom he governed,
+but who would have been very glad to get rid of him. No honest man cared
+to come near such a bloodthirsty wretch, and there were soon none but
+wicked men to be found in his court.</p>
+
+<p>These men, hoping to win his favor and get rich gifts, used to flatter
+him constantly. They never told him the truth, but only praised him, and
+made believe to admire all he said and did.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, even though they were wicked too, they could not really
+admire him, but secretly hated and despised him. Their praise,
+therefore, was as false as they, and their advice was always as bad as
+bad could be.</p>
+
+<p>Now, Dionysius was as conceited as he was cruel, and fancied that there
+was nothing he could not do. Among other things, he thought he could
+write beautiful poetry. Whenever he wrote a poem, therefore, he read it
+aloud to all his courtiers, who went into raptures over it, although
+they made great fun of it behind his back.</p>
+
+<p>Dionysius was highly flattered by their praise, but thought he would
+like to have it confirmed by the philosopher Phi-lox&acute;e-nus, the most
+learned man of Syracuse.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore sent for Philoxenus, and bade him give his candid opinion
+of the verse. Now, Philoxenus was far too noble a man to tell a lie: and
+whenever he was<!-- Page 203 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> consulted by Dionysius, he always boldly told the
+truth, whether it was agreeable or not.</p>
+
+<p>When the tyrant asked his opinion about the poems, therefore, he
+unhesitatingly answered that they were trash, and did not deserve the
+name of poetry at all.</p>
+
+<p>This answer so angered Dionysius, and so sorely wounded his vanity, that
+he called his guards, and bade them put the philosopher into a prison
+hewn out of the living rock, and hence known as "The Quarries."</p>
+
+<p>Here Philoxenus was a prisoner for many a day, although his only fault
+was having told the tyrant an unwelcome truth when asked to speak.</p>
+
+<p>The philosopher's friends were indignant on hearing that he was in
+prison, and signed a petition asking Dionysius to set him free. The
+tyrant read the petition, and promised to grant their request on
+condition that the philosopher would sup with him.</p>
+
+<p>Dionysius' table was well decked, as usual, and at dessert he again read
+aloud some new verses which he had composed. All the courtiers went into
+ecstasies over them, but Philoxenus did not say a word.</p>
+
+<p>Dionysius, however, fancied that his long imprisonment had broken his
+spirit, and that he would not now dare refuse to give a few words of
+praise: so he pointedly asked Philoxenus what he thought of the poem.
+Instead of answering, the philosopher gravely turned toward the guards,
+and in a firm voice cried aloud, "Take me back to The Quarries!" thus
+showing very plainly that he preferred suffering to telling an untruth.</p>
+
+<p>The courtiers were aghast at his rashness, and fully expected that the
+tyrant would take him at his word and<!-- Page 204 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> put him in prison, if nothing
+worse; but Dionysius was struck by the moral courage which made
+Philoxenus tell the truth at the risk of his life, and he bade him go
+home in peace.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXII_STORY_OF_DAMON_AND_PYTHIAS" id="LXXXII_STORY_OF_DAMON_AND_PYTHIAS"></a>LXXXII. STORY OF DAMON AND PYTHIAS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>There lived in those days in Syracuse two young men called Da&acute;mon and
+Pyth&acute;i-as. They were very good friends, and loved each other so dearly
+that they were hardly ever seen apart.</p>
+
+<p>Now, it happened that Pythias in some way roused the anger of the
+tyrant, who put him in prison, and condemned him to die in a few days.
+When Damon heard of it, he was in despair, and vainly tried to obtain
+his friend's pardon and release.</p>
+
+<p>The mother of Pythias was very old, and lived far away from Syracuse
+with her daughter. When the young man heard that he was to die, he was
+tormented by the thought of leaving the women alone. In an interview
+with his friend Damon, Pythias regretfully said that he would die easier
+had he only been able to bid his mother good-by and find a protector for
+his sister.</p>
+
+<p>Damon, anxious to gratify his friend's last wish, went into the presence
+of the tyrant, and proposed to take the place of Pythias in prison, and
+even on the cross, if need be, provided the latter were allowed to visit
+his relatives once more.</p>
+
+<p>Dionysius had heard of the young men's touching<!-- Page 205 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> friendship, and hated
+them both merely because they were good; yet he allowed them to change
+places, warning them both, however, that, if Pythias were not back in
+time, Damon would have to die in his stead.</p>
+
+<p>At first Pythias refused to allow his friend to take his place in
+prison, but finally he consented, promising to be back in a few days to
+release him. So Pythias hastened home, found a husband for his sister,
+and saw her safely married. Then, after providing for his mother and
+bidding her farewell, he set out to return to Syracuse.</p>
+
+<p>The young man was traveling alone and on foot. He soon fell into the
+hands of thieves, who bound him fast to a tree; and it was only after
+hours of desperate struggling that he managed to wrench himself free
+once more, and sped along his way.</p>
+
+<p>He was running as hard as he could to make up for lost time, when he
+came to the edge of a stream. He had crossed it easily a few days
+before; but a sudden spring freshet had changed it into a raging
+torrent, which no one else would have ventured to enter.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the danger, Pythias plunged into the water, and, nerved by
+the fear that his friend would die in his stead, he fought the waves so
+successfully that he reached the other side safe but almost exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>Regardless of his pains, Pythias pressed anxiously onward, although his
+road now lay across a plain, where the hot rays of the sun and the
+burning sands greatly increased his fatigue and faintness, and almost
+made him die of thirst. Still he sped onward as fast as his trembling
+limbs could carry him; for the sun was <!-- Page 207 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span><!-- Page 206 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>sinking fast, and he knew that
+his friend would die if he were not in Syracuse by sunset.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 806px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0346-1.jpg" width="806" height="516" alt="Damon and Pythias." title="Damon and Pythias." />
+<span class="caption">Damon and Pythias.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Dionysius, in the mean while, had been amusing himself by taunting
+Damon, constantly telling him that he was a fool to have risked his life
+for a friend, however dear. To anger him, he also insisted that Pythias
+was only too glad to escape death, and would be very careful not to
+return in time.</p>
+
+<p>Damon, who knew the goodness and affection of his friend, received these
+remarks with the scorn they deserved, and repeated again and again that
+he knew Pythias would never break his word, but would be back in time,
+unless hindered in some unforeseen way.</p>
+
+<p>The last hour came. The guards led Damon to the place of crucifixion,
+where he again asserted his faith in his friend, adding, however, that
+he sincerely hoped Pythias would come too late, so that he might die in
+his stead.</p>
+
+<p>Just as the guards were about to nail Damon to the cross, Pythias dashed
+up, pale, bloodstained, and disheveled, and flung his arms around his
+friend's neck with a sob of relief. For the first time Damon now turned
+pale, and began to shed tears of bitter regret.</p>
+
+<p>In a few hurried, panting words, Pythias explained the cause of his
+delay, and, loosing his friend's bonds with his own hands, bade the
+guards bind him instead.</p>
+
+<p>Dionysius, who had come to see the execution, was so touched by this
+true friendship, that for once he forgot his cruelty, and let both young
+men go free, saying that he would not have believed such devotion
+possible had he not seen it with his own eyes.<!-- Page 208 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This friendship, which wrung tears from the grim executioners, and
+touched the tyrant's heart, has become proverbial. When men are devoted
+friends, they are often compared to Damon and Pythias, whose story has
+been a favorite with poets and playwrights.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXIII_THE_SWORD_OF_DAMOCLES" id="LXXXIII_THE_SWORD_OF_DAMOCLES"></a>LXXXIII. THE SWORD OF DAMOCLES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, was not happy, in spite of all his wealth
+and power. He was especially haunted by the constant fear that some one
+would murder him, for he had been so cruel that he had made many bitter
+enemies.</p>
+
+<p>We are told that he was so afraid, that he never went out unless
+surrounded by guards, sword in hand, and never walked into any room
+until his servants had examined every nook and corner, and made sure
+that no murderer was hiding there.</p>
+
+<p>The tyrant even carried his caution so far, that no one was allowed to
+come into his presence until thoroughly searched, so as to make sure
+that the visitor had no weapon hidden about his person. When his barber
+once jokingly said that the tyrant's life was daily at his mercy,
+Dionysius would no longer allow the man to shave him.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of the barber, Dionysius made his wife and daughter do this
+service for him, until, growing afraid of them also, he either did it
+himself or let his beard grow.</p>
+
+<p>Suspicious people are never happy; and, as Dionysius thought that
+everybody had as evil thoughts as himself,<!-- Page 209 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> he was always expecting
+others to rob or murder or injure him in some way.</p>
+
+<p>His sleep, even, was haunted by fear; and, lest some one should take him
+unawares, he slept in a bed surrounded by a deep trench. There was a
+drawbridge leading to the bed, which he always drew up himself on his
+own side, so that no one could get at him to murder him in his sleep.</p>
+
+<p>Among the courtiers who daily visited Dionysius there was one called
+Dam&acute;o-cles. He was a great flatterer, and was never weary of telling the
+tyrant how lucky and powerful and rich he was, and how enviable was his
+lot.</p>
+
+<p>Dionysius finally grew tired of hearing his flattery; and when he once
+added, "If I were only obeyed as well as you, I should be the happiest
+of men," the tyrant offered to take him at his word.</p>
+
+<p>By his order, Damocles was dressed in the richest garments, laid on the
+softest couch before the richest meal, and the servants were told to
+obey his every wish. This pleased Damocles greatly. He laughed and sang,
+ate and drank, and was enjoying himself most thoroughly.</p>
+
+<p>By chance he idly gazed up at the ceiling, and saw a naked sword hanging
+by a single hair directly over his head. He grew pale with terror, the
+laughter died on his lips, and, as soon as he could move, he sprang from
+the couch, where he had been in such danger of being killed at any
+minute by the falling sword.</p>
+
+<p>Dionysius with pretended surprise urged him to go back to his seat; but
+Damocles refused to do so, and pointed to the sword with a trembling
+hand. Then the tyrant<!-- Page 210 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> told him that a person always haunted by fear can
+never be truly happy,&mdash;an explanation which Damocles readily understood.</p>
+
+<p>Since then, whenever a seemingly happy and prosperous person is
+threatened by a hidden danger, it has been usual to compare him to
+Damocles, and to say that a sword is hanging over his head.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXIV_DION_AND_DIONYSIUS" id="LXXXIV_DION_AND_DIONYSIUS"></a>LXXXIV. DION AND DIONYSIUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When Dionysius the tyrant died at last, he was succeeded by his son, a
+lazy, good-for-nothing young man, who was always changing his mind.
+Every day he had some new fancy, admired something new, or rode some new
+hobby. As the son's name was the same as the father's, the latter is now
+sometimes known as Dionysius the Elder, while the son is generally
+called Dionysius the Younger.</p>
+
+<p>The new tyrant had a brother-in-law named Di&acute;on, a good and studious
+man, who had received an excellent education. Like most rich young
+Greeks of his day, Dion had gone to Athens to finish his studies; and
+there he had been a pupil of Plato, the disciple of Socrates.</p>
+
+<p>As Dion was modest, truthful, and eager to learn, he soon became a
+favorite of Plato, who took great interest in him, and spared no pains
+to make him a fine scholar and philosopher.</p>
+
+<p>When Dion came back to Syracuse, he often spoke<!-- Page 211 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> with great warmth of
+his teacher. This so excited the curiosity of Dionysius, the new tyrant,
+that he longed to see Plato himself. He therefore begged Dion to invite
+Plato to Syracuse to teach him also.</p>
+
+<p>The young man was very glad to do so. He hoped, that, under the
+philosopher's wise teachings, Dionysius would learn to be good and
+industrious, and thus become a blessing instead of a curse to his
+people. But Plato was already an old man, and answered that he could not
+undertake so long a journey at his advanced age.</p>
+
+<p>Dion then wrote again such imploring letters, that the philosopher
+finally decided to change his mind, and set sail for Syracuse. There he
+was received at the shore by Dionysius in person, and escorted to the
+palace.</p>
+
+<p>For a short time the tyrant listened with great pleasure to the
+philosopher's teachings. Then, growing weary of virtue as of everything
+else, he suddenly began to reproach Dion for bringing such a tiresome
+person to court.</p>
+
+<p>All the courtiers had pretended to listen to Plato's teaching with the
+greatest interest; but they liked feasting better than philosophy, and
+now began to make fun of the great Athenian, and to turn him into
+ridicule.</p>
+
+<p>They were so afraid that the virtuous Dion would again win their fickle
+master's ear, and induce him to do something really useful and
+reasonable, that they made up their minds to get rid of him.</p>
+
+<p>By artful slander they soon made Dionysius believe that his
+brother-in-law was a traitor, and that his only wish was to take the
+power, and become tyrant of Syracuse in his stead.<!-- Page 212 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now, these accusations were not true; but Dionysius believed them, and
+sent Dion into exile, forbidding his wife, who loved him dearly, to go
+with him, and even forcing her to take another husband instead.</p>
+
+<p>The courtiers wished to revenge themselves for the weary hours they had
+spent listening to Plato's beautiful talk, which they were too base to
+understand, so they now said that he had helped Dion; and they had him
+first put into prison, and then sold into slavery.</p>
+
+<p>Happily, there were some of the philosopher's friends in town; and they,
+hearing of this outrage, knew no rest until they had bought his freedom,
+and sent him back to Athens to end his life in peace.</p>
+
+<p>On his way home, Plato stopped at Olympia to attend the games. As soon
+as the people found out that he was there, they shouted for joy; and one
+and all voted him a crown just like those won by the victors in the
+games.</p>
+
+<p>This was the highest honor the Greeks could bestow; and, although it was
+nothing but a wreath of olive leaves, you may be sure that the
+philosopher prized it more highly than if it had been of pure gold,
+because it was a token of the love and respect of his countrymen.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXV_CIVIL_WAR_IN_SYRACUSE" id="LXXXV_CIVIL_WAR_IN_SYRACUSE"></a>LXXXV. CIVIL WAR IN SYRACUSE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When Dion was exiled from Syracuse by Dionysius, he went to Greece,
+where he was unhappy only because he could not see the wife and child he
+loved so dearly.<!-- Page 213 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When he heard that the tyrant had forced his wife to belong to another
+husband, he vowed he would punish Dionysius for this crime. Plato vainly
+tried to persuade Dion not to return to Syracuse. The young man refused
+to listen to his advice, and, gathering together a small army, he set
+sail without delay.</p>
+
+<p>He landed boldly, although he was an exile, and was welcomed with great
+joy by all the people, who were very weary of their ruler. When he told
+them that he had come to punish the tyrant, they all joined him, and
+marched with him up to the palace.</p>
+
+<p>As Dionysius was out of town at the time, they had no trouble whatever
+in getting into the royal dwelling. This was hastily deserted by the
+tyrant's few friends, who took refuge in the citadel.</p>
+
+<p>Some time after, when Dionysius came back to the city, he found the
+harbor blocked by a great chain stretched across it to prevent the
+entrance of any ship; and he was forced to retreat into the citadel,
+where the angry Syr-a-cus&acute;ans came to besiege him.</p>
+
+<p>Now, Dion had a great many friends, and, as everybody knew that he was
+truthful and well-meaning, the people all fought on his side. He was so
+strict with himself, however, that he treated his subjects also with
+great rigor, and exacted such obedience and virtue that they soon grew
+weary of his reign.</p>
+
+<p>Then, too, while he was always ready to reward the good, Dion punished
+the wicked with such severity that he soon made many enemies. One of
+these was the courtier Her-a-cli&acute;des, who, instead of showing his
+dislike openly, began to plot against him in secret.<!-- Page 214 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dionysius, besieged in the citadel, was in sore straits by this time,
+and almost dying of hunger; for the Syracusans, afraid that he would
+escape, had built a wall all around the citadel, and watched it night
+and day, to prevent any one from going in or out, or smuggling in any
+food.</p>
+
+<p>As Dionysius had no army, and could not win back his throne by force, he
+made up his mind to do so, if possible, by a trick. He therefore wrote a
+letter, in which he offered Dion the tyranny in exchange for his
+freedom. This message was worded so cleverly that it sounded as if Dion
+had asked to be made tyrant of Syracuse.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXVI_DEATH_OF_DION" id="LXXXVI_DEATH_OF_DION"></a>LXXXVI. DEATH OF DION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Now, after suffering so much under Dionysius and his father, the
+Syracusans had learned to hate the very name of tyrant; and ever since
+Dion had come into the city, and taken the lead, they had loudly said
+they would never stand such a ruler again.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the letter was ended, Dionysius tied it to a stone, and threw
+it over the wall. Of course, it was carried to Dion, who read it aloud,
+little suspecting its contents, or the effect it would produce upon his
+followers.</p>
+
+<p>The people began to frown and look angry, and Heraclides boldly seized
+this opportunity to poison their minds against Dion. He urged them to
+drive their new leader<!-- Page 215 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> out of the city, and to give the command of the
+army to him instead.</p>
+
+<p>The people, ever ready for a change, gladly listened to this advice,
+and, after banishing Dion, made Heraclides their chief. Dionysius
+cleverly managed to escape from the citadel; and his general, Nyp&acute;sius,
+only then becoming aware of the revolution, took his place there, and by
+a sudden sally won back the greater part of the city.</p>
+
+<p>As Heraclides was taken by surprise at this move, and greatly feared the
+wrath of Dionysius, he now wrote to Dion, begging him to come back and
+save those who had upheld him.</p>
+
+<p>The appeal was not made in vain. Dion generously forgave the treachery
+of Heraclides, and, marching into the city once more, drove Nypsius back
+into the citadel, where this general died.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Syracuse were ashamed of having so suddenly turned against
+Dion after their first warm welcome to him, and they now fell at his
+feet, begging his pardon, which he freely granted to them all.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of this kindness, which they had not deserved, Heraclides and
+many others went on plotting secretly against Dion, until his friends,
+weary of such double dealing, put Heraclides to death.</p>
+
+<p>Dion was sorry for this, reproved his friends for committing such a
+crime, and said that he knew the Syracusans would in time lay the murder
+at his door, and try to punish him for it.</p>
+
+<p>He was right in thinking thus, for the friends of Heraclides soon began
+plotting against him; and, entering his<!-- Page 216 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> country house one day when he
+was alone, they fell upon him and killed him.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Dionysius heard that Dion was dead, he hastened back to
+Syracuse, where he ruled more cruelly than ever, and put so many people
+to death that the citizens rose up against him once more. With the help
+of a Co-rin&acute;thi-an army, they then freed their city, and sent Dionysius
+to Corinth, where he was forced to earn his living by teaching school.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 623px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0348-1.jpg" width="623" height="614" alt="The people all hooted." title="The people all hooted." />
+<span class="caption">The people all hooted.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>As Dionysius was a cross and unkind teacher, the children would neither
+love nor obey him; and whenever he passed down the street, clad in a
+rough mantle instead of a jewel-covered robe, the people all hooted, and
+made great fun of him.<!-- Page 217 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXVII_PHILIP_OF_MACEDON" id="LXXXVII_PHILIP_OF_MACEDON"></a>LXXXVII. PHILIP OF MACEDON.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the days when Thebes was the strongest city in Greece, and when
+Epaminondas was the leader in his native country, he received in his
+house a young Mac-e-do&acute;-ni-an prince called Philip. This young man had
+been sent to Greece as a hostage, and was brought up under the eye of
+Epaminondas. The Theban hero got the best teachers for Philip, who was
+thus trained with great care, and became not only quite learned, but
+also brave and strong.</p>
+
+<p>Mac&acute;e-don, Philip's country, was north of Greece, and its rulers spoke
+Greek and were of Greek descent; but, as the people of Macedon were not
+of the same race, the Greeks did not like them, and never allowed them
+to send any one to the Amphictyonic Council.</p>
+
+<p>Two years after the battle of Mantinea, when Philip was eighteen years
+old, he suddenly learned that the king, his brother, was dead, and had
+left an infant to take his place. Philip knew that a child could not
+govern: so he escaped from Thebes, where he was not very closely
+watched, and made his way to Macedon.</p>
+
+<p>Arriving there, he offered to rule in his little nephew's stead. The
+people were very glad indeed to accept his services; and when they found
+that the child was only half-witted, they formally offered the crown of
+Macedon to Philip.</p>
+
+<p>Now, although Macedon was a very small country, Philip no sooner became
+king than he made up his mind to place it at the head of all the Greek
+states, and make it the foremost kingdom of the world.<!-- Page 218 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This was a very ambitious plan; and in order to carry it out, Philip
+knew that he would need a good army. He therefore began to train his
+men, and, remembering how successful Epaminondas had been, he taught
+them to fight as the Thebans had fought at Leuctra and Mantinea.</p>
+
+<p>Then, instead of drawing up his soldiers in one long line of battle, he
+formed them into a solid body,&mdash;an arrangement which soon became known
+as the Macedonian phalanx.</p>
+
+<p>Each soldier in the phalanx had a large shield, and carried a spear. As
+soon as the signal for battle was given, the men locked their shields
+together so as to form a wall, and stood in ranks one behind the other.</p>
+
+<p>The first row of soldiers had short spears, and the fourth and last rows
+very long ones. The weapons of the other rows were of medium length, so
+that they all stuck out beyond the first soldiers, and formed a
+bristling array of points which no one dared meet.</p>
+
+<p>Philip not only trained his army so as to have well-drilled soldiers
+ready, but also found and began to work some gold mines in his kingdom.
+As they yielded much precious metal, he soon became one of the richest
+men of his time.</p>
+
+<p>This wealth proved very useful, for it helped him to hire a great force
+of soldiers, and also to buy up a number of allies. In fact, Philip soon
+found that his gold was even more useful than his army, and he was in
+the habit of saying that "a fortress can always be taken if only a mule
+laden with gold can be got inside."</p>
+
+<p>Philip was so kind and just that he soon won the<!-- Page 219 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> love of all his
+subjects. It is said that he listened to the complaints of the poor and
+humble with as much patience as to those of his noblest courtiers.</p>
+
+<p>Once, after dining heavily and drinking too much, Philip was suddenly
+called upon to try the case of a poor widow. As the king's head was not
+very clear, he was not able to judge as well as usual: so he soon said
+that she was in the wrong, and should be punished.</p>
+
+<p>The woman, who knew that she was right, was very angry; and, as the
+guards were dragging her away, she daringly cried, "I appeal!"</p>
+
+<p>"Appeal?" asked Philip, in a mocking tone, "and to whom?"</p>
+
+<p>"I appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober!" replied the woman.</p>
+
+<p>These words made such an impression upon Philip, that he said he would
+try the case again on the next day, when his head was quite clear. He
+did not forget his promise on the morrow; and when he found that the
+woman was right, he punished her accuser, and set her free.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXVIII_PHILIP_BEGINS_HIS_CONQUESTS" id="LXXXVIII_PHILIP_BEGINS_HIS_CONQUESTS"></a>LXXXVIII. PHILIP BEGINS HIS CONQUESTS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As we have already seen, when Philip found himself in the wrong, he was
+not afraid to admit his mistake, and to try to do better. He was also
+very patient and forgiving. On one occasion he heard that a man named
+Ni-ca&acute;nor was always speaking ill of him.<!-- Page 220 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He therefore sent for the man, who came in fear and trembling, thinking
+that the king would either imprison or slay him. Philip, however,
+received him kindly, made him sit at his own table, and let him go only
+after giving him many rich gifts. As the king had not found fault with
+him in any way, Nicanor was greatly surprised, and vowed that he would
+not speak another word against so generous a man.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Philip had made sure of his authority at home, drilled his
+army, and piled up enough gold, he began to carry out his bold plans.
+First of all, he wished to subdue a few of his most unruly neighbors,
+such as the Thracians and O-lyn&acute;thi-ans.</p>
+
+<p>An archer named As&acute;ter came to him just before he began this war. This
+man offered his help to the king, and began to boast how well he could
+shoot. Philip, who believed only in spears for fighting, sent the man
+away, after saying that he would call for his help when he began to war
+against starlings and other birds.</p>
+
+<p>This answer made Aster so angry that he went over to the enemy and
+enlisted in their ranks. Philip soon came to besiege the city where
+Aster was stationed; and as soon as the archer heard of it, he got an
+arrow upon which he wrote, "To Philip's left eye."</p>
+
+<p>Aster then went up on the wall, took careful aim, and actually put out
+the king's left eye. Philip was so angry when he heard of the writing on
+the arrow, that he ordered another shot into the city. On this arrow was
+written, "If Philip takes the city, he will hang Aster."</p>
+
+<p>The city was taken, and the archer hung; for Philip<!-- Page 221 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> always prided
+himself upon keeping promises of this kind. The Olynthians, finding that
+they would not be able to resist long, now wrote a letter to the
+Athenians, begging them to come to their rescue.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians read the letter in the public square, so that every one
+could hear it, and then began to discuss whether they should send any
+help. As was always the case, some were for, and others against, the
+plan, and there was much talking. Among the best speakers of the city
+was the orator De-mos&acute;the-nes, a very clear-sighted man, who suspected
+Philip's designs. He therefore warmly advised the Athenians to do all
+they could to oppose the Macedonian king, so as to prevent his ever
+getting a foothold in Greece. Indeed, he spoke so eloquently and
+severely against Philip, and told the people so plainly that the king
+was already plotting to harm them, that violent speeches directed
+against any one have ever since been called "Philippics," like these
+orations against the King of Macedon.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXIX_THE_ORATOR_DEMOSTHENES" id="LXXXIX_THE_ORATOR_DEMOSTHENES"></a>LXXXIX. THE ORATOR DEMOSTHENES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As you have seen in the last chapter, Philip had one great enemy in
+Greece, the orator Demosthenes. He had distrusted Philip from the very
+first, and had kept warning the Athenians that the King of Macedon was
+very ambitious, and would soon try to become master of all Greece. When
+the Olynthians asked for aid, he had warmly urged the Athenians to give
+it, saying that<!-- Page 222 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> they ought to bring on the conflict with Philip as soon
+as possible, so that the fighting might be done outside of Greece. In
+spite of his good arguments, however, Demosthenes failed.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 247px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0350-1.jpg" width="247" height="510" alt="Demosthenes." title="Demosthenes." />
+<span class="caption">Demosthenes.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Philip took not only O-lyn&acute;thus, but all the towns which formed the
+Olynthian union, and destroyed them so completely that a few years later
+one could not even find out where these once prosperous cities had been.</p>
+
+<p>Demosthenes made three very fine speeches in favor of the Olynthians,
+and several against Philip. These were written down, and have been
+translated time and again. You may some day read and admire them for
+yourselves.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, when Philip heard of Demosthenes' speeches, he was very
+angry; but he thought that his gold could do wonders, so he sent a
+beautiful cup of that precious metal to the orator. The gift was
+accepted; still Demosthenes, instead of remaining silent as Philip had
+expected, went on talking against him as openly as before.<!-- Page 223 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As Demosthenes was such a great man, you will like to hear how he
+learned to speak so well. He was an orphan, but very ambitious indeed.
+He saw how eagerly the Athenians listened to the best speakers, and he
+thought that he too would like to become an orator.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, he could not talk very plainly, and instead of listening
+to him, even his playmates made fun of him. But instead of crying,
+sulking, or getting angry, Demosthenes sensibly made up his mind to
+learn how to speak so well that they could no longer laugh at him. He
+therefore learned a great deal of poetry, which he recited daily as
+distinctly as possible. To be able to do this without attracting any
+attention, he used to go down to a lonely spot on the seashore, where he
+would put some pebbles in his mouth, and then try to recite so loud that
+his voice could be heard above the noise of the waves.</p>
+
+<p>To make his lungs strong, he used to walk and run up hill, reciting as
+he went; and, in order to form a pleasant style, he copied nine times
+the works of the great Greek historian Thu-cyd&acute;i-des.</p>
+
+<p>When a young man, he shut himself up in the house to study hard. Then,
+as he was afraid of being tempted to go out and amuse himself, he shaved
+one side of his head, and let the hair grow long on the other.</p>
+
+<p>You see, he was bound to succeed, and his constant trying was duly
+rewarded, as it always is. He became learned, eloquent, and energetic;
+and whenever he rose to speak in the public places of Athens, he was
+surrounded by an admiring crowd, who listened open-mouthed to all he
+said.<!-- Page 224 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Athenians were too lazy at this time, however, to bestir themselves
+very much, even for their own good. So, in spite of all that Demosthenes
+could say, they did not offer any great resistance to Philip, who little
+by little became a very powerful king.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XC_PHILIP_MASTERS_GREECE" id="XC_PHILIP_MASTERS_GREECE"></a>XC. PHILIP MASTERS GREECE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When Philip had entirely subdued the Thracians and Olynthians, he helped
+the Thessalians to get rid of their tyrant; and, adding their cavalry to
+his infantry, he boasted of as fine an army as the Greeks had ever been
+able to muster. He was very anxious to find a pretext to march into
+Greece at the head of this force, because he thought that, once there,
+he would soon manage to become master of all the towns. And the excuse
+for which he longed so much soon came.</p>
+
+<p>A contest known as the Sacred War was going on in Greece at that time.
+It had arisen because the Pho&acute;cians had taken possession of lands that
+were left waste in honor of the god Apollo. The Amphictyonic Council
+said they should pay a fine for this offense; and the Phocians, angry at
+being thus publicly reproved, defied the council.</p>
+
+<p>To show how little they intended to obey, they not only kept the land
+they had taken, but robbed the temple at Delphi. Then they used the
+money thus obtained to win over some allies, and soon began to make war
+against the people who obeyed the council.<!-- Page 225 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The loyal Greeks fought against the Phocians for a long time, but were
+unable to conquer them: so Philip proposed to come and help the council.
+In their anxiety to win in this war, the Greeks gladly allowed him to
+bring his army into their country, and he soon completely subdued the
+rebels.</p>
+
+<p>In reward for his help, Philip was made president of the council,&mdash;a
+position he had long coveted,&mdash;and leader of the Pyth&acute;i-an games held in
+honor of Apollo.</p>
+
+<p>When the war was ended, Philip quietly went back to Macedon. He was,
+however, merely waiting for a favorable opportunity to re&euml;nter Greece,
+and punish the Athenians for listening to Demosthenes' speeches against
+him.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while, Philip's gold had been very busy, and he was buying
+up as many friends and allies as he could. Many of his gifts had the
+desired effect, and were not like the gold cup which he sent to
+Demosthenes. This, you know, had wholly failed in its purpose, for the
+orator went on talking more eloquently than ever against the Macedonian
+king.</p>
+
+<p>He finally roused the Athenians to the point of arming to meet Philip,
+when they heard that he was really coming at last to make himself master
+of Greece. Their allies, the Thebans, joined them; and the two armies
+met at Ch&aelig;r-o-ne&acute;a, in B&oelig;otia, where a terrible battle was fought.</p>
+
+<p>Demosthenes had joined the army; but as he was no soldier, and was not
+very brave, he fled at the very first onset. Dashing through the bushes,
+he was suddenly stopped by some spiky branches that caught in his cloak<!-- Page 226 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>
+and held him fast. The orator was so frightened that he thought the
+enemy had captured him, and, falling upon his knees, he began to beg
+that his life might be spared.</p>
+
+<p>While Demosthenes was thus flying madly, his friends and fellow-citizens
+were bravely meeting the Macedonians; but, in spite of all their
+courage, they were soon forced to yield to the Macedonian phalanx, and
+the battlefield was left strewn with their dead.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander, Philip's son, who was then only eighteen years of age,
+commanded one wing of his father's army, and had the glory of completely
+crushing the Sacred Battalion of the Thebans, which had never before
+been beaten.</p>
+
+<p>This brilliant victory at Ch&aelig;ronea made Philip really master of all
+Greece; but he generously refrained from making the Athenians recognize
+him openly as their lord, although he made their government do whatever
+he pleased.</p>
+
+<p>As Greece was now obedient to him, the ambitious Philip began to plan
+the conquest of Asia and the downfall of the Persian Empire. To get as
+large an army as possible, he invited all the Greeks to join him,
+artfully reminding them of all they had suffered at the hands of the
+Persians in the past.</p>
+
+<p>His preparations were nearly finished, and he was on the point of
+starting for Asia, when he was murdered by Pausanias, one of his
+subjects, whom he had treated very unkindly.<!-- Page 227 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCI_BIRTH_OF_ALEXANDER" id="XCI_BIRTH_OF_ALEXANDER"></a>XCI. BIRTH OF ALEXANDER.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When Philip died, he was succeeded by his son Alexander, a young man of
+twenty, who had already earned a good name by leading part of the army
+at the battle of Ch&aelig;ronea. His efforts, as you know, had defeated the
+Sacred Battalion of the Thebans, and helped much to secure the victory.</p>
+
+<p>Through his mother, O-lym&acute;pi-as, Alexander was a descendant of Achilles,
+the well-known hero of the Trojan War. He was born at Pel&acute;la, a city of
+Macedon, three hundred and fifty-six years before Christ. His father was
+so pleased to have a son, that he said that all the boys born in his
+kingdom on the same day should be brought up with Alexander in the
+palace, and become his bodyguard.</p>
+
+<p>Thus you see the young prince had plenty of playmates; and, as there
+was nothing he liked better than fighting, he soon began to play
+soldiers, and to train his little regiment.</p>
+
+<p>From the very first, the Macedonians had declared that Alexander was
+born to greatness, and several noted events that took place on the day
+of his birth served to confirm this belief.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, Par-me&acute;ni-o, Philip's general, won a grand victory
+on that day; then Philip's horses, which had been sent to Olympia, got
+the prize at the chariot races; and, lastly, the famous temple at
+Ephesus, dedicated to Diana, was burned to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The first two events were joyful in the extreme; but<!-- Page 228 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> the burning of
+this temple, which was among the wonders of the world, was a great
+calamity. Every one was anxious to know how it had happened; and all
+were very angry when they found out that it was not an accident, but had
+been done on purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The man who had set fire to it was crazy. His name was E-ros&acute;tra-tus;
+and when he was asked why he had done such a wicked thing, he said that
+it was only to make his name immortal. The people were so indignant,
+that they not only condemned him to die, but forbade all mention of his
+name, hoping that it would be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of this care, Erostratus' name has come down to us. It is
+immortal indeed, but who except a crazy man would wish to win such fame,
+and could bear to think that all who ever heard of him would condemn his
+action, and consider him as wicked as he was insane?</p>
+
+<p>Alexander was first given over to the care of a nurse. He loved her
+dearly as long as he lived, and her son Cly&acute;tus was always one of his
+best friends and most faithful comrades.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as he was old enough, Alexander began to learn the Iliad and
+Odyssey by heart; and he loved to hear about the principal heroes, and
+especially about his own ancestor, Achilles.</p>
+
+<p>He admired these poems so much that he carried a copy of them with him
+wherever he went, and always slept with it under his pillow. Both the
+Iliad and the Odyssey were kept in a box of the finest gold, because
+Alexander thought nothing was too good for them.<!-- Page 229 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCII_THE_STEED_BUCEPHALUS" id="XCII_THE_STEED_BUCEPHALUS"></a>XCII. THE STEED BUCEPHALUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When only thirteen years of age, Alexander once saw some horsedealers
+bringing a beautiful steed before the king. The animal had a white spot
+on his nose shaped somewhat like the head of an ox, and on this account
+was named Bu-ceph&acute;a-lus, which means "ox-head."</p>
+
+<p>Philip admired the horse greatly, and bade the grooms try him, to see if
+his gait was good. One after another mounted, only to be thrown a few
+minutes later by the fiery, restless steed, which was becoming very much
+excited.</p>
+
+<p>The horse seemed so skittish that Philip finally told the men to lead
+him away, adding that a man would be foolish to purchase such a useless
+animal. Alexander then stepped forward and begged permission to try him.</p>
+
+<p>His father first made fun of him for asking to mount a horse which none
+of the grooms could manage; but, as Alexander persisted in his wish, he
+was finally allowed to make the attempt.</p>
+
+<p>The young prince then quietly walked up to the excited horse, took the
+bridle, held it firmly, and began to speak gently and pat the steed's
+arched neck. After a moment, Alexander led Bucephalus forward a few
+steps, and then turned him around, for he had noticed that the horse was
+frightened by his shadow.</p>
+
+<p>Then, when the shadow lay where he could not see it, and where it could
+no longer frighten him, the young man dropped his cloak quietly, and
+vaulted upon the horse's <!-- Page 231 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span><!-- Page 230 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>back. Once more Bucephalus reared, pranced,
+kicked, and ran; but Alexander sat firmly on his back, spoke to him
+gently, and, making no effort to hold him in, let him speed across the
+plain.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 791px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0352-1.jpg" width="791" height="491" alt="Alexander and Bucephalus." title="Alexander and Bucephalus." />
+<span class="caption">Alexander and Bucephalus.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>In a few moments the horse's wildness was over, and Alexander could ride
+back to his proud father, sitting upon a steed which obeyed his
+slightest touch.</p>
+
+<p>Philip was so delighted with the coolness, courage, and good
+horsemanship that Alexander had shown on this occasion, that he made him
+a present of the steed. Bucephalus became Alexander's favorite mount,
+and, while he would allow no one else to ride him, he obeyed his master
+perfectly.</p>
+
+<p>Although most young men began the study of philosophy only at sixteen,
+Alexander was placed under the tuition of Ar&acute;is-totle soon after his
+first ride on Bucephalus. This philosopher was a pupil of Plato. He was
+so learned and well known, that Philip, in writing to him to tell him of
+Alexander's birth, expressed his pleasure that the gods had allowed his
+son to live in the same age with so great a teacher.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander loved Aristotle dearly, and willingly learned all that was
+required of him. He often said that he was very grateful, for this
+philosopher had taught him all the good he knew. Alexander's remarkable
+coolness, judgment, and perseverance were largely owing to his teacher,
+and, had he always followed Aristotle's advice, he would have been truly
+great.</p>
+
+<p>But although Alexander did not always practice the virtues which
+Aristotle had tried to teach him, he never forgot his old tutor. He gave
+him large sums of money,<!-- Page 232 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> so that the philosopher could continue his
+studies, and find out new things; and during his journeys he always sent
+him complete collections of the animals and plants of the regions he
+visited.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCIII_ALEXANDER_AS_KING" id="XCIII_ALEXANDER_AS_KING"></a>XCIII. ALEXANDER AS KING.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Philip, King of Macedon, as we have seen, had one great fault. He drank;
+and often his reason was clouded, and his step unsteady. Now, it is
+impossible to respect a man who is drunk, and everybody used to make fun
+of Philip when he was in that state.</p>
+
+<p>Even Alexander, his own son, felt great contempt for him when he thus
+disgraced himself; and once when he saw his father stagger and fall
+after one of his orgies, he scornfully exclaimed, "See! here is a man
+who is getting ready to cross from Europe to Asia, and yet he cannot
+step safely from one couch to another."</p>
+
+<p>Alexander, we are told, was greatly displeased by his father's
+conquests, and once angrily cried that if Philip really beat the
+Persians, and took possession of Asia, there would be nothing left for
+him to do.</p>
+
+<p>You may readily imagine, therefore, that he was not very sorry when his
+father died before the expedition could be undertaken; for he thus
+became, at twenty, master of an immense army and of great riches, and
+head of all the Greek cities, which were then the finest in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The news of Philip's death was received with great<!-- Page 233 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> joy by the Athenians
+also, who thought they would now be free. Demosthenes, in particular,
+was so glad to be rid of his hated foe, that he ran all through the city
+with a crown of flowers on his head, shaking hands with everybody he
+met, and shouting his congratulations.</p>
+
+<p>His joy was so great, because he and all his fellow-citizens fancied
+that a mere boy like Alexander would never be able to hold his own, and
+because they hoped to become again the leading people of Greece.</p>
+
+<p>The Thracians, who also thought that Alexander would not be able to
+carry out his father's plans, now revolted, and the young king was
+obliged to begin his reign by marching against them.</p>
+
+<p>Three months passed. The Greeks heard no news of Alexander or of his
+army, and fancied that he had been defeated and killed. The Thebans,
+thinking the right moment had come, suddenly rose up, and said that they
+would never again submit to the Macedonian yoke, but would stay free.</p>
+
+<p>They soon had cause to repent of this rash talk. Alexander was not dead,
+but had conquered the Thracians completely. Without stopping to rest, he
+now marched straight down into B&oelig;otia, and besieged and took Thebes.
+All the inhabitants were either slain or sold into slavery, the walls
+torn down, and not a single building was left standing, except the house
+of Pin&acute;dar, a Greek poet, whose songs Alexander had always admired.</p>
+
+<p>The other Greek cities, frightened by the terrible punishment of Thebes,
+sent messengers to the young king, offering not only to obey him as
+their chief, but also to<!-- Page 234 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> supply all the men, money, and stores he
+wished for the expedition to Asia. Alexander graciously accepted all
+these proposals, and then marched southward as far as Corinth.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCIV_ALEXANDER_AND_DIOGENES" id="XCIV_ALEXANDER_AND_DIOGENES"></a>XCIV. ALEXANDER AND DIOGENES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Everybody bowed down before Alexander, and all looked at him with awe
+and respect, as he made his triumphant progress through Greece,&mdash;all
+except the sage Di-og&acute;e-nes.</p>
+
+<p>This man belonged to a class of philosophers who were called "cynics,"
+which means "doglike," because, as some say, they did not care for the
+usual comforts of life.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that Diogenes, the principal philosopher of this kind, chose
+as his home a great earthenware tub near the Temple of Ce&acute;res. He wore a
+rough woolen cloak, summer and winter, as his only garment, and ate all
+his food raw. His only utensil was a wooden bowl, out of which he drank.</p>
+
+<p>One day, however, he saw a child drinking out of its hollow palm.
+Diogenes immediately threw away the bowl, saying he could do without
+luxury as well as the child; and he drank henceforth from his hand.</p>
+
+<p>As you see, Diogenes was a very strange man. He prided himself upon
+always telling the truth, and upon treating all men alike. Some of his
+disciples once met him wandering about the streets with a lantern,
+anxiously peering into every nook and corner, and staring<!-- Page 235 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> fixedly at
+every person he met. When asked what he was looking for so carefully,
+yet apparently with so little hope, he bluntly answered, "An honest
+man."</p>
+
+<p>Alexander had heard of this queer philosopher, and was anxious to see
+him. He therefore went to the Temple of Ceres, escorted by all his
+courtiers, on purpose to visit him. Diogenes was lying on the ground in
+front of his tub, warming himself in the rays of the sun.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander, drawing near, stood between the philosopher and the sun, and
+tried to begin a conversation; but Diogenes gave surly answers, and
+seemed to pay little heed to his visitor.</p>
+
+<p>At last the young king proudly remarked, "I am Alexander the king!"</p>
+
+<p>"And I," replied the philosopher in exactly the same tone, "am Diogenes
+the cynic!"</p>
+
+<p>As he could win nothing but short or rude answers, Alexander was about
+to go away, but he first asked the sage if there was anything he could
+do for him. "Yes," snapped Diogenes; "stand out of my sunshine!"</p>
+
+<p>The courtiers were shocked at this insolent behavior, and began to talk
+of the philosopher in a scornful tone as they were moving away.
+Alexander, overhearing them, soon stopped them by saying, "If I were not
+Alexander, I should like to be Diogenes."</p>
+
+<p>By this remark he wished them to understand, that, if he could not be
+master of all earthly things, he would rather despise them.</p>
+
+<p>Strange to relate, Alexander the king, and Diogenes the cynic, died on
+the same night, and from the same cause. Diogenes died in his tub, after
+a too plentiful supper from<!-- Page 236 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> the raw leg of an ox; while Alexander
+breathed his last in a Bab-y-lo&acute;ni-an palace, after having eaten and
+drunk to excess at a rich banquet.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCV_ALEXANDERS_BRILLIANT_BEGINNING" id="XCV_ALEXANDERS_BRILLIANT_BEGINNING"></a>XCV. ALEXANDER'S BRILLIANT BEGINNING.</h2>
+
+
+<p>As soon as the Greek states had all been brought to a proper state of
+obedience, Alexander prepared to conquer Persia, although he had a force
+of only 34,500 men. These men were very well trained, however, and
+promised to be more powerful on the battlefield than the million
+warriors of Xerxes.</p>
+
+<p>In his joy at departing, Alexander made rich presents to everybody,
+until one of his advisers modestly reminded him that his treasure was
+not boundless, and asked him what he would have left when he had given
+away all he owned.</p>
+
+<p>"My hopes!" answered Alexander proudly, for he expected to conquer not
+only Persia and Asia Minor, but all the known world.</p>
+
+<p>While his army slowly made its way along the coast and across the
+Hellespont, Alexander, attended by only a few followers, sailed straight
+for Troy, the ancient Asiatic city.</p>
+
+<p>He landed on the desert plain where the proud city had once stood,
+visited all the scenes of the mighty conflict, and offered sacrifices on
+the tomb of Achilles, while his friend He-ph&aelig;s&acute;ti-on did the same on
+that of Patroclus.<!-- Page 237 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When this pious pilgrimage to the tomb of his ancestor was over,
+Alexander hastened to join the army, for he longed to do like the
+ancient Greeks, and win a glorious victory.</p>
+
+<p>His wishes were soon granted, for before long he met the Persian army
+near the Gra-ni&acute;cus River, where a terrible battle was fought. Alexander
+himself joined in the fighting, and would certainly have been killed had
+not his friend Clytus, the son of his old nurse, rushed to his rescue
+and saved his life.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the size of the Persian army, which was much larger than his
+own, Alexander won a complete victory at the Granicus. Then, marching
+southward, he took the cities of Sardis and Ephesus without striking
+another blow. These towns were very rich, and offered of their own free
+will to pay him the same tribute that they had given to the Persians.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander, however, would not take it, but bade them use the money to
+rebuild the Temple of Diana, which had been burned to the ground on the
+night he was born. As the sacred image of the goddess had been saved,
+the E-phe&acute;sians gladly built a second magnificent shrine, which was
+visited many years later by Paul, the disciple of Christ.</p>
+
+<p>From Sardis and Ephesus, Alexander marched on into the province of
+Ca&acute;ri-a. Here the queen of the country warmly welcomed him, adopted him
+as her son, and even proposed to give him her best cooks, so that they
+might prepare his food for him on the march.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander thanked her heartily for this kind offer, but declined it,
+saying that his tutor Aristotle had given<!-- Page 238 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> him the very best recipe for
+making him relish his meals.</p>
+
+<p>The queen, whose appetite was fanciful, eagerly asked what it was; and
+Alexander smilingly answered, "A march before daybreak as the sauce for
+my dinner, and a light dinner as the sauce for my supper."</p>
+
+<p>This was, as you may see, a very good recipe; and if Alexander had
+always remembered to be temperate, as Aristotle had advised, he would
+not have died of over eating and drinking at the age of thirty-three.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCVI_THE_GORDIAN_KNOT" id="XCVI_THE_GORDIAN_KNOT"></a>XCVI. THE GORDIAN KNOT.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Alexander did not stop long in Caria. Marching onward, he soon came to
+the city of Gor&acute;di-um, in Phryg&acute;i-a, where Mi&acute;das had once reigned. In
+one of the temples the people proudly showed Alexander the cart in which
+this king rode as he entered their city.</p>
+
+<p>The yoke was fastened to the pole by a rope tied in a peculiar and very
+intricate knot. Now, it seems that an ancient prophecy had declared that
+whoever untied the Gordian knot would surely be master of all Asia.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, as Alexander had set his heart upon conquering the whole
+world, he looked at this knot with great interest; but a few moments'
+careful examination made him feel sure that he would not be able to
+untie it.</p>
+
+<p>Rather than give it up, however, Alexander drew his sword, and cut it
+with a single quick stroke. Ever since then, when a person has settled a
+difficulty by bold or <!-- Page 240 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span><!-- Page 239 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>violent means instead of patiently solving it,
+the custom has been to say that he has "cut the Gordian knot," in memory
+of this feat of Alexander's.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 630px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0354-1.jpg" width="630" height="889" alt="Alexander cutting the Gordian Knot." title="Alexander cutting the Gordian Knot." />
+<span class="caption">Alexander cutting the Gordian Knot.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>From Gordium, Alexander next passed on to Tar&acute;sus, which also became
+subject to him; and shortly after that the young conqueror nearly lost
+his life.</p>
+
+<p>He had been exposed to the hot sun, and had thus become terribly
+overheated, when he came to the river Cyd&acute;nus. This stream was a torrent
+whose waters were very cold, but, in spite of all that his attendants
+could say, Alexander insisted upon taking a bath in it.</p>
+
+<p>The sudden chill brought on a cramp, and he would have been drowned had
+not some of his people plunged into the water, and pulled him out. As it
+was, his imprudence brought on a serious illness, and for a short time
+Alexander's life was in great danger.</p>
+
+<p>His physician, however, was Philip, a Greek doctor, who had attended him
+ever since he was born, and who now took great care of him. When the
+fever was at its worst, he said he hoped to save the king by means of a
+strong medicine which he was going to prepare.</p>
+
+<p>Just after Philip went out to brew this potion, Alexander received a
+letter which warned him to beware of his physician, as the man had been
+bribed by the Persian king, Darius III., to poison him.</p>
+
+<p>After reading the letter, Alexander slipped it under his pillow, and
+calmly waited for the return of his doctor. When Philip brought the cup
+containing the promised remedy, Alexander took it in one hand, and gave
+him the letter with the other. Then, while Philip was reading it, he
+drank every drop of the medicine.<!-- Page 241 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When the physician saw the accusation, he turned deadly pale, and looked
+up at his master, who smilingly handed back the empty cup. Alexander's
+great trust in his doctor was fully justified; for the medicine cured
+him, and he was soon able to go on with his conquests.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCVII_ALEXANDERS_ROYAL_CAPTIVES" id="XCVII_ALEXANDERS_ROYAL_CAPTIVES"></a>XCVII. ALEXANDER'S ROYAL CAPTIVES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Alexander was marching southward, and Darius was hastening northward
+with a vast army, hoping to meet him and to prevent his advancing any
+farther.</p>
+
+<p>By a singular chance it happened that the two armies missed each other,
+and passed through separate defiles in the same range of mountains.
+Alexander became aware of this first, and retraced his steps without
+delay, for he was anxious to find and defeat the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The two armies soon met at a place called Is&acute;sus, where the Persians
+were routed. Darius was forced to flee, and his mother, wife, and family
+were made captives.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the battle was over, Alexander went to visit the royal ladies
+in their tent, to assure them that they would be treated with all
+respect. He was accompanied by his friend Heph&aelig;stion, who was somewhat
+taller and larger than he.</p>
+
+<p>As they entered the tent, in their plain armor, the queen mother,
+Sis-y-gam&acute;bis, mistook Heph&aelig;stion for the king, and fell down upon her
+knees before him, begging his mercy for herself and her children. When<!-- Page 242 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>
+she found out her mistake, she was greatly dismayed; but Alexander
+kindly reassured her by leaning upon his friend's shoulder, and saying
+of him, "He is my other self."</p>
+
+<p>The young conqueror treated the Persian ladies with the utmost kindness,
+and often visited them in their own tent, to talk for a while with them.
+As he always found them idle, he fancied that time must hang very
+heavily upon their hands, and once offered to have them taught to spin
+and weave, as the Greek ladies were wont to do.</p>
+
+<p>At this proposal, Sisygambis burst into tears, and asked if he wished to
+make slaves of them, for Persian ladies considered any labor a disgrace.
+Alexander, seeing her grief, hastened to comfort her, and tried to
+explain how happy the Greek ladies always seemed over their dainty work.</p>
+
+<p>But when he understood that the royal family would rather remain idle,
+he never again proposed to furnish them with occupation of any kind. On
+the contrary, he was so gentle and respectful, that Sisygambis soon
+learned to love him, and used to treat him like her own son.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCVIII_ALEXANDER_AT_JERUSALEM" id="XCVIII_ALEXANDER_AT_JERUSALEM"></a>XCVIII. ALEXANDER AT JERUSALEM.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Darius, as we have seen, had fled after the disastrous battle of Issus.
+His terror was so great that he never stopped in his flight until he had
+reached the other side of the river Ti&acute;gris, where he still believed
+himself safe.<!-- Page 243 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Instead of going after Darius at once, Alexander first went southward
+along the coast; for he thought it would be wiser to take all the cities
+near the sea before he went farther inland, so as to make sure that he
+had no enemies behind his back.</p>
+
+<p>Marching down through Syr&acute;i-a and Ph&oelig;-nic&acute;ia, Alexander took the
+cities of Da-mas&acute;cus and Si&acute;don, and came at last to Tyre, a prosperous
+commercial city built on an island at a short distance from the shore.</p>
+
+<p>The Tyr&acute;i-ans would not open their gates and surrender, so Alexander
+prepared to besiege the city. As he had no fleet, he began to build a
+great causeway out to the island.</p>
+
+<p>This was a very difficult piece of work, because the water was deep; and
+while his men were building it, they were greatly annoyed by showers of
+arrows, stones, and spears from the walls of the city and from the decks
+of the Tyrian vessels.</p>
+
+<p>A storm, also, broke the causeway to pieces once, when it was nearly
+finished, and the army had to begin the work anew. The obstinate
+resistance of Tyre made Alexander so angry, that he celebrated his final
+victory by crucifying a large number of the richest citizens.</p>
+
+<p>After offering up a sacrifice to Hercules on the flaming ruins of Tyre,
+Alexander went on toward Je-ru&acute;sa-lem. His plan was to punish the Jews,
+because they had helped his enemies, and had supplied the Tyrians with
+food.</p>
+
+<p>The news of his coming filled the hearts of the Jews with terror, for
+they expected to be treated with the same frightful cruelty as the
+Tyrians. In their fear they knew not whether to surrender or fight.<!-- Page 244 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Finally Jad-du&acute;a, the high priest, had a vision, in which an angel of
+the Lord appeared to him, and told him what to do. In obedience to this
+divine command, he made the Le&acute;vites put on their festal garments, and
+then, dressed in his priestly robes, he led them down the hill to meet
+the advancing conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>When Alexander saw the beautiful procession, headed by such a dignified
+old man, he quickly got down from his horse, knelt before Jaddua, and
+worshiped the name written on his holy vestments.</p>
+
+<p>His officers, astonished at this unusual humility, finally asked him why
+he did such honor to a foreign priest. Then Alexander told them of a
+vision he had had before leaving Macedon. In it he had beheld Jaddua,
+who bade him come over to Asia without fear, as it was written that the
+Persians would be delivered into his hands.</p>
+
+<p>Walking beside the aged Jaddua, Alexander entered the holy city of
+Jerusalem and the courts of the temple. Here he offered up a sacrifice
+to the Lord, and saw the Books of Daniel and Zech-a-ri&acute;ah, in which his
+coming and conquests were all foretold.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCIX_THE_AFRICAN_DESERT" id="XCIX_THE_AFRICAN_DESERT"></a>XCIX. THE AFRICAN DESERT.</h2>
+
+
+<p>After staying a few days in Jerusalem, Alexander continued on his way to
+Egypt, which he quickly conquered also. Here he founded a new city at
+the mouth of the Nile, and named it Al-ex-an&acute;dri-a, after himself. It
+was so favorably located, that it soon became<!-- Page 245 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> an important town, and
+has continued so even till the present day.</p>
+
+<p>Then, having heard that there was a famous temple in Lib&acute;y-a, dedicated
+to Jupiter, Alexander resolved to go there and visit it. The road lay
+through an African desert, and the journey was very dangerous indeed.</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers toiled painfully along over the burning sand, in which
+their feet sank up to the ankles. The blazing African sun fell straight
+down upon their heads, and made them stagger and grow faint with the
+heat.</p>
+
+<p>From time to time a hot wind, the simoom, blew over the desert, raising
+great clouds of dust, and choking men and horses as it rolled over them
+like a torrent, burying them under its shifting waves.</p>
+
+<p>The horses died from thirst and fatigue, for such animals are not fit
+for travel in the desert. The only creature which can journey
+comfortably over the dreary waste of the Sa-ha&acute;ra is the camel, whose
+stomach is made in a peculiar way, so that it can drink a large quantity
+of water at a time, and store it up for future use.</p>
+
+<p>Undaunted by fatigue or danger, Alexander pressed onward. Like his
+soldiers, he suffered from heat and thirst; and like them, too, he was
+deceived by the mirage.</p>
+
+<p>This is an optical effect due to a peculiar condition of the desert
+atmosphere. The traveler suddenly sees trees, grass, and running water,
+apparently a short distance before him. He hastens eagerly forward to
+lie in the shade, and to plunge his hot face and hands in the refreshing
+stream; but when he reaches the spot where he saw water and trees, there
+is nothing but sand, and he sinks down exhausted and cruelly
+disappointed.<!-- Page 246 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After enduring all these hardships, Alexander arrived at last at the
+oasis, or green island in the sandy desert, where the Temple of Jupiter
+stood. The priests led him into the holy place, and, hoping to flatter
+him, called him the son of Jupiter.</p>
+
+<p>After resting for some time in this pleasant spot, Alexander and his men
+again braved the dangers of the desert, went back to Alexandria and
+Tyre, and from there began the long-delayed pursuit of Darius.</p>
+
+<p>The Greek soldiers had suffered so many hardships since beginning the
+war, that they were now ready for anything. They crossed the Eu-phra&acute;tes
+over a hastily built bridge; then coming to the Tigris, where neither
+bridge nor boats could be found, they boldly swam across the river,
+holding their shields over their heads to protect themselves from the
+arrows of the Persians who stood on the other bank.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander was always the first to rush forward in battle, and he now led
+the way across the river. He was longing to meet the Persians again, and
+was very glad to overtake them on the other side of the Tigris.</p>
+
+<p>Here, on the plains of Ar-be&acute;la, the third great battle was fought, and
+Alexander won the victory. Darius fled once more before the conqueror,
+while Alexander marched straight on to Bab&acute;y-lon, the most wonderful
+city in the East.<!-- Page 247 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="C_DEATH_OF_DARIUS" id="C_DEATH_OF_DARIUS"></a>C. DEATH OF DARIUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Alexander soon won the good will of the Babylonians by allowing them to
+rebuild the Temple of Bel, which had been destroyed. He also secured the
+affections of the captive Jews; for he excused them from doing any work
+on this building as soon as he heard that they considered it the Tower
+of Babel, and hence objected to aiding in its erection.</p>
+
+<p>The young conqueror spent one month in Babylon, and then went on to
+Su&acute;sa. There he found the brazen statue of Athene which Xerxes had
+carried off to Persia; and he sent it back to the Athenians, who
+received it with much joy.</p>
+
+<p>The Persian queen now became very ill, and, in spite of the utmost care,
+she soon died. Throughout her illness, Alexander was most thoughtful and
+attentive; and when she died, he gave orders that she should be buried
+with all the pomp due to her high rank.</p>
+
+<p>He also comforted the mourning Sisygambis, and sent the news of the
+queen's death to Darius, who had fled to the northern part of his
+kingdom, where he was hastily gathering together another army. Touched
+by Alexander's conduct, Darius now wrote to him, offering peace, and
+proposing to share the throne of Persia with him.</p>
+
+<p>The young conqueror's head had been turned by his many victories, and he
+was growing more haughty every day: so he proudly refused this proposal,
+saying that the world could not have two masters any more than two
+suns.<!-- Page 248 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In his pride, Alexander now assumed the dress and state of an Oriental
+king, surrounded himself with luxury, and spent most of his time in
+feasting and revelry. His courtiers encouraged him in this folly, and he
+soon forgot the wise lessons taught by Aristotle.</p>
+
+<p>On several occasions the young king drank so much that he did not know
+what he was doing; and once, in a fit of drunken rage, he set fire to
+the beautiful palace of Per-sep&acute;o-lis, and burned it to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>As he had refused Darius' offers of peace, he soon considered it
+necessary to continue the war: so, laying aside his jeweled robes, he
+put on his armor and set out for the north. He was about to overtake the
+Persian king, when Darius was mortally wounded by one of his followers
+named Bes&acute;sus.</p>
+
+<p>The traitor thought that he would win Alexander's favor by this crime,
+and came and boasted of it to him. Alexander was so angry, however, that
+he bade his guards seize Bessus, and had him put to death in the most
+barbarous way.</p>
+
+<p>When the Macedonian king finally came up with Darius, he found him
+bathed in his own blood, and breathing his last. He had only time to
+assure him of the safety of his family, and to promise to continue to
+protect them, before Darius sank back dead.</p>
+
+<p>By Alexander's orders the body was embalmed, and carried to Sisygambis,
+so that it could be properly buried in the beautiful tomb of the Persian
+kings. This last act of generosity quite won the aged queen's heart; and
+she felt so grateful, that she loved Alexander as long as he lived.<!-- Page 249 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CI_DEFEAT_OF_PORUS" id="CI_DEFEAT_OF_PORUS"></a>CI. DEFEAT OF PORUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Now that Darius was dead, Alexander took the Persian title of "Shah in
+Shah" (king of kings), and became ruler of all the empire which had been
+subject to the Persian monarch.</p>
+
+<p>He was so proud of his new state and of his vast conquests, that he
+entirely forgot that he owed them mostly to his brave generals and
+soldiers; and he became so obstinate, that he would no longer listen to
+any advice, and only thought of having his own way.</p>
+
+<p>His father's general, Parmenio, who had always given him the wisest
+counsel, was no longer in favor, because he tried to restrain the king's
+extravagance. Indeed, Alexander's once generous and noble nature was so
+changed, that, when his courtiers accused Parmenio of treachery, he
+listened to them, and actually put the faithful general to death.</p>
+
+<p>Every day now Alexander indulged in feasts and banquets, always drinking
+more and more, although it was affecting his health as well as his
+temper. Clytus, the son of his old nurse, tried to check his excesses,
+but only succeeded in provoking his wrath.</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion such remonstrances so enraged Alexander, that in his
+drunken fury he seized a spear and killed Clytus. When he saw him dead
+at his feet, the king realized what a terrible crime he had committed,
+and felt deep remorse for a short time.</p>
+
+<p>He reformed, and, instead of giving himself up entirely to pleasure,
+spent the next two years in the work<!-- Page 250 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> of governing Persia, where he
+founded several cities called by his name.</p>
+
+<p>As all the central part of Asia now acknowledged his rule, he next went
+down into India, where he found King Po&acute;rus, the bravest adversary he
+had ever met. This king, whose realm was in the northwestern part of
+India, came against Alexander with a very large army. In the ranks were
+many elephants, trained to crush the enemy beneath their huge feet, and
+bearing on their broad backs wooden turrets filled with brave fighting
+men and good archers.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of these elephants, which at first awakened great fear in the
+Greek soldiers, the Macedonian phalanx won the victory as usual, and
+Porus was made prisoner. He was led into the presence of Alexander, who
+haughtily asked him how he expected to be treated. "Like a king!" was
+the proud reply.</p>
+
+<p>This answer so pleased Alexander, that he not only set Porus free, but
+even allowed him to keep his kingdom, after he had sworn to be the
+faithful subject of his conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander, having thus won the help and affection of Porus, made war
+against several other Indian kings, and continued his advance toward the
+south. In one of these battles he lost his faithful steed Bucephalus,
+which had borne him safely through many a fight.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander felt this loss deeply, and not only had a monument built over
+his remains, but also founded a city near by, which was called
+Bu-ceph&acute;a-la.<!-- Page 251 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CII_THE_RETURN_TO_BABYLON" id="CII_THE_RETURN_TO_BABYLON"></a>CII. THE RETURN TO BABYLON.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Upon reaching the Hyph&acute;a-sis River, Alexander would have liked to cross
+it, and continue his conquests; but his soldiers now refused to go any
+farther. They were tired of fighting and danger, and were longing to go
+back to Macedon.</p>
+
+<p>Although he was unwilling to do so, Alexander was therefore obliged to
+stop in his conquests; but, instead of going home as he had come, he now
+built a fleet, and sailed down the In&acute;dus River to the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the Greeks had no maps such as we have; and their knowledge of
+geography was very small. When Alexander came to the sea, however, he
+thought it must be the same as that into which the Euphrates flowed.</p>
+
+<p>To find out if this was true, he bade his admiral, Ne-ar&acute;chus, sail
+along the coast and explore it, while the army went homeward on foot.
+Alexander himself staid with the army, and led the soldiers along a new
+way, which was very wearisome and dangerous.</p>
+
+<p>The Macedonians had to pass through large wastes of burning sand, where
+they suffered a great deal. They were cheered and encouraged, however,
+by the example of Alexander, who nobly shared their hardships, and
+always went ahead of them on foot, carrying his own armor.</p>
+
+<p>Once, when they were panting with thirst, some of his men found a little
+water, which they brought him. Rather than indulge in anything which all
+could not share with him, Alexander poured the water out upon<!-- Page 252 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> the sand,
+saying he would refresh himself only when his men could do so too.</p>
+
+<p>After many months of weary travel and great suffering, the army finally
+joined the fleet at the mouth of the Euphrates, for Nearchus had in the
+mean while sailed all along the northern coast of the Indian Ocean and
+up the Persian Gulf.</p>
+
+<p>He wrote an account of this wonderful sea journey, which was of great
+importance, as it opened a new and convenient road for Eastern commerce.
+The people soon took advantage of it to establish colonies and trading
+stations, and to carry on a lively business with the East.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CIII_DEATH_OF_ALEXANDER_THE_GREAT" id="CIII_DEATH_OF_ALEXANDER_THE_GREAT"></a>CIII. DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Alexander now went back to Babylon, where he married Rox-an&acute;a, a Persian
+princess, giving her sister's hand to his intimate friend Heph&aelig;stion.
+This wedding was celebrated with great pomp, for eighty Macedonian
+officers took Persian wives on the same day.</p>
+
+<p>The feasting for the weddings went on for many days, and the revelry was
+carried to such a shameful excess, that Heph&aelig;stion actually drank
+himself to death.</p>
+
+<p>In token of sorrow, Alexander built him a fine tomb, had him buried with
+all the magnificence possible, and even decreed that he should
+henceforth be worshiped as a god. In this folly he was upheld by the
+priests, who were now ready to grant his every wish, and were always
+filling his mind with their senseless flatteries.<!-- Page 253 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Alexander then fell into his old habits more than ever. He had again
+assumed all the pomp of an Eastern king, and sat on a wonderful golden
+throne. Over his head was the golden vine that had formerly belonged to
+the first Darius. Its leaves were of emeralds, while its grapes were
+clusters of fine carbuncles.</p>
+
+<p>This vine had been given to a Persian king by Cr&oelig;&acute;sus, the wealthy
+ruler of Lyd&acute;i-a, and was considered one of the most precious treasures
+which the young conqueror had won.</p>
+
+<p>But in spite of all Alexander's successes, he was not nearly so happy as
+he used to be when only king of Macedon. He no longer enjoyed the fine
+health which had helped him to bear the greatest hardships, and,
+weakened by over eating and drinking, he soon fell dangerously ill.</p>
+
+<p>The doctors crowded around his bed, doing their best to save him, but
+they soon saw that he would die. When the Macedonian soldiers heard
+this, they were beside themselves with grief, and one and all insisted
+upon seeing their beloved leader once more.</p>
+
+<p>Silently and sadly they filed past his bed, gazing upon the dying face
+which they had seen so bright and full of life a short time before. As
+most of the soldiers were older than their king, they had never expected
+to outlive him; and every one said that it was sad to die thus, at
+thirty-three, when master of nearly all the known world.</p>
+
+<p>Just before he died, some one begged Alexander to name his successor. He
+hesitated for a moment, then drew his signet ring from his finger, gave
+it to Per-dic&acute;cas,<!-- Page 254 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> <!-- Page 255 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>his principal general, and whispered that the
+strongest among them should have the throne.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 807px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0356-1.jpg" width="807" height="490" alt="Death of Alexander." title="Death of Alexander." />
+<span class="caption">Death of Alexander.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Alexander's death was mourned by all, for, in spite of his folly and
+excesses, he was generally beloved. Even Sisygambis, the Persian queen
+whom he had taken captive a few years before, shed many tears over his
+remains, and declared she had lost a protector who had always treated
+her as kindly as if he had been her own son.</p>
+
+<p>The conqueror's body was laid in a golden coffin, and carried in state
+to Alexandria, the city he had founded at the mouth of the Nile. Here a
+fine tomb was built by order of Ptol&acute;e-my, one of Alexander's generals,
+who said that his dead master also should be worshiped as a god.</p>
+
+<p>Ptolemy wanted the body to remain in Egypt because an oracle had said
+that he who buried Alexander would be master of his kingdom.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CIV_THE_DIVISION_OF_THE_REALM" id="CIV_THE_DIVISION_OF_THE_REALM"></a>CIV. THE DIVISION OF THE REALM.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The day after Alexander's death there was a sad assembly in the palace.
+All the Macedonian generals sat there in silence and dismay, gazing at
+the empty golden throne, upon which Perdiccas had solemnly laid the
+royal signet ring.</p>
+
+<p>Who was to take the place of the king whose military genius and great
+conquests had won for him the title of "Great"? It is true that
+Alexander had a half<!-- Page 256 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>-brother, named Ar-ri-d&aelig;&acute;us, but he was weak-minded.
+The only other heir was an infant son, born shortly after his father's
+death.</p>
+
+<p>The generals gravely talked the matter over, and finally said that
+Arrid&aelig;us and the child should be publicly named successors of the dead
+king, while four of their own number should be appointed guardians of
+the princes, and regents of the vast realm.</p>
+
+<p>This decision was considered wise, and the kingdom of Alexander was
+divided into thirty-three provinces, each governed by a Macedonian
+officer, who was to hold it in the name of Arrid&aelig;us and of the child.</p>
+
+<p>In dying, Alexander had foretold that his funeral would be followed by
+bloodshed, and this prediction came true. The generals who had met so
+solemnly around the empty throne soon became dissatisfied at being only
+governors, and each wanted to be king in his own right, of the land
+intrusted to his care.</p>
+
+<p>Perdiccas, having received Alexander's signet ring from his dying hand,
+was, of course, their leader, and took under his own protection the
+infant king and the Persian mother Roxana.</p>
+
+<p>He fancied that it would thus be an easy matter to keep the power in his
+own hands, and to govern the vast realm as he pleased. But An-tip&acute;a-ter,
+governor of Macedon, no sooner heard that Alexander was dead, than he
+placed the idiot Arrid&aelig;us on the throne, proclaimed him king, and began
+to rule as if he were the only regent.</p>
+
+<p>The other Macedonian generals daily claimed new rights, which Perdiccas
+was forced to grant in order to<!-- Page 257 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> pacify them; but when it was too late,
+he found out how mistaken he had been, and regretted that he had yielded
+to their demands.</p>
+
+<p>The various governors, never satisfied with the honors given them, were
+not only suspicious of each other, but particularly jealous of
+Perdiccas, the head of the realm. In their envy, they rose up against
+him; and for many years Perdiccas was forced to hold his own against
+them all, while trying to make his way back to Macedon, where he wanted
+to place Alexander's son upon the throne.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CV_DEATH_OF_DEMOSTHENES" id="CV_DEATH_OF_DEMOSTHENES"></a>CV. DEATH OF DEMOSTHENES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When Alexander left for the East, the orator Demosthenes began to urge
+the Greeks to rise up against him, and win back their freedom. All his
+eloquence, however, was not enough to persuade them to make war as long
+as Alexander lived.</p>
+
+<p>But when the conqueror's death was made known, Demosthenes again tried
+to arouse them, and this time with success. Pho&acute;cion, a cautious
+Athenian, vainly begged the people to wait at least until the news was
+confirmed, saying, "If Alexander is dead to-day, he will still be dead
+to-morrow and on the next day, so that we may take counsel at our
+leisure."</p>
+
+<p>This wise caution, however, did not suit the Athenians, who were joined
+in their revolt by most of the little states and principal towns of
+Greece, except Sparta. The united Greeks soon raised an army, which
+marched north<!-- Page 258 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>ward, and met the Macedonian governor's troops near
+Thermopyl&aelig;.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 227px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0358-1.jpg" width="227" height="489" alt="Phocion." title="Phocion." />
+<span class="caption">Phocion.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The Greeks were successful here, and, after shutting up the enemy in the
+fortress of La&acute;mi-a, closely besieged them. But after a time the Greek
+general was killed; and, when the Macedonians were re&euml;nforced, they
+gained a decisive victory. This really ended the war; for the Macedonian
+general, Antipater, broke up the union, and made separate terms of peace
+for each city.</p>
+
+<p>In his anger, Antipater said he would punish all those who had
+encouraged the Greeks to revolt. He soon learned that Demosthenes had
+been one of the principal men to advise the uprising, so he sent his
+soldiers to make him prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>Demosthenes, warned of his danger, immediately fled, but had only time
+to take refuge in the Temple of Neptune. There, in spite of the holiness
+of the place, Antipater's guards came to get him.</p>
+
+<p>Seeing that it would be useless to resist, the orator asked for a few
+moments' respite, that he might write<!-- Page 259 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> a letter to his friends. The men
+consented; and Demosthenes, closely watched, took up his tablet and the
+reed with which he generally wrote.</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers saw him trace a few lines, then stop and bite the top of
+his reed, as if thinking about what he would say next. But, instead of
+going on to write his letter, the orator soon covered his head with his
+cloak and staid quite still.</p>
+
+<p>After a few moments' waiting, one of the men went to him, and, receiving
+no answer to his question, drew aside the folds of the cloak. He started
+back in terror, for the orator's face was very pale, and he was
+evidently about to die.</p>
+
+<p>The men quickly carried him out of the temple, so that it should not be
+defiled by death, and then they found that the reed with which he wrote
+was hollow, and had contained a deadly drug. Demosthenes had taken the
+poison, thinking that death would be better than prison.</p>
+
+<p>The Athenians now saw that it would have been wiser to listen to the
+cautious Phocion: so they set him at the head of their affairs, and
+promised to obey him. Although honest, Phocion was not very clever, and
+his caution little by little became cowardice.</p>
+
+<p>In his fear of the Macedonians, he allowed them to have more and more
+power; and Greece a few years later was entirely under the rule of
+Antipater, the Macedonian governor.<!-- Page 260 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CVI_THE_LAST_OF_THE_ATHENIANS" id="CVI_THE_LAST_OF_THE_ATHENIANS"></a>CVI. THE LAST OF THE ATHENIANS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Antipater, although master of all Greece, did not treat the people
+cruelly, for he was very anxious to secure friends who would help him to
+keep his share of Alexander's realm.</p>
+
+<p>He soon heard that Perdiccas was marching homeward with the infant king,
+who was named, like his father, Alexander; and he knew that the general
+wanted to place the child on the Macedonian throne. This plan was very
+distasteful to Antipater. He was not at all afraid of the infant
+Alexander, but he knew that Perdiccas would want to be regent, and he
+wished that position himself.</p>
+
+<p>Rather than give up his authority, Antipater decided to fight; and, as
+many of Alexander's generals were dissatisfied, they all rose up in arms
+at the same time, as we have seen.</p>
+
+<p>Perdiccas was surrounded by enemies, but he faced them all bravely, and
+even led an army into Egypt to subdue Ptolemy, his greatest foe. To
+reach the enemy, the soldiers under Perdiccas were obliged to swim
+across the Nile. Here so many of them were eaten up by huge crocodiles,
+that the rest, angry with their general for leading them into such
+danger, fell upon him and killed him.</p>
+
+<p>Almost at the same time, Antipater died, leaving his son, Cas-san&acute;der,
+and his general, Pol-ys-per&acute;chon, to quarrel over the government of
+Macedon. Each gathered together an army, and tried to get as many
+friends as possible, especially among the Greeks.<!-- Page 261 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Athenians vainly tried to remain neutral during this quarrel; but in
+the course of the war, Polysperchon came into their city, said that
+Phocion and many other great citizens were siding with Cassander, and
+condemned them to die by drinking poison brewed from the hemlock plant.</p>
+
+<p>It seems, however, that there was not enough poison ready to kill them
+all, so the jailer made Phocion give him some money to buy more. The
+noble old man, forced to do as he was bidden, gave the necessary amount,
+saying, "It seems that one cannot even die for nothing in Athens."</p>
+
+<p>As he was the last really noted politician in the city, he has been
+called the "Last of the Athenians." No one ever dared to uphold the
+city's power after his death, or tried to help it win back its old
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Perdiccas was dead, Roxana and her son were brought to
+Macedon, where they were finally placed under the protection of
+Polysperchon. When Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, saw his
+infant son, she was so anxious to secure the throne for him alone, that
+she slew the idiot king Arrid&aelig;us and all his family.</p>
+
+<p>Under pretext of avenging this crime, Cassander captured and slew
+Olympias; and then, having won Macedon and Greece from Polysperchon, and
+seeing that there was no one left to protect Roxana and the child king,
+he put both mother and son in prison, where they were killed by his
+order shortly after.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, twelve years after Alexander's death, all his family were dead,
+and his vast kingdom was a prey to quarreling, which broke it up into
+several states.<!-- Page 262 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CVII_THE_COLOSSUS_OF_RHODES" id="CVII_THE_COLOSSUS_OF_RHODES"></a>CVII. THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When Perdiccas died, An-tig&acute;o-nus ("the one-eyed") was named his
+successor, and became governor of all the Eastern province. He no sooner
+heard that Cassander had murdered Alexander's family, than he marched
+westward, intending to avenge the crime.</p>
+
+<p>On his way, Antigonus passed through Syria, the land governed by
+Se-leu&acute;cus, and asked that ruler how he had spent the money of the
+kingdom. Seleucus, who had a bad conscience, instead of answering, ran
+away to Egypt, where he became a friend of Ptolemy.</p>
+
+<p>Then, fearing that they would not be able to fight against Antigonus
+successfully, these two generals persuaded Cassander, ruler of Macedon,
+and Ly-sim&acute;a-chus, ruler of Thrace, to join them.</p>
+
+<p>For several years the war was kept up between the four allies on one
+side, and Antigonus and his son De-me&acute;tri-us on the other. The field of
+battle was principally in Asia Minor. The fighting continued until the
+generals became weary of warfare, and concluded to make peace.</p>
+
+<p>A treaty was then signed, settling the claims of all parties, and
+providing that all the Greek cities should have their freedom. This
+done, each went back to his own province; but it soon became evident
+that the peace would not last, for Cassander did not keep his promise to
+make the Greek states free.</p>
+
+<p>When Cassander's wrongdoing became known, the generals called upon
+Demetrius to bring him to terms. The<!-- Page 263 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> Athenians were so pleased when
+they heard of this, that they received Demetrius with great joy.</p>
+
+<p>Demetrius was such a good general that he soon managed to defeat
+Cassander at Thermopyl&aelig;; and when he came back to Athens in triumph, the
+happy people gave him the title of "The Preserver," called a month by
+his name, lodged him in the Parthenon, and worshiped him as a god. Some
+time after this, Demetrius conquered Ptolemy, who had shown that he
+would not abide by the treaty either. This victory was so great, that
+Demetrius' soldiers said he deserved a reward, and named him King of
+Syria.</p>
+
+<p>When the other generals heard that Demetrius and his father had accepted
+the title of kings, they too put on royal crowns. Then, as each was
+still jealous of the rest, and wished to obtain more land for himself,
+war soon broke out among them once more.</p>
+
+<p>Demetrius, who had been very lucky in all his wars, now planned to take
+the Island of Rhodes from Ptolemy, King of Egypt. It proved, however, a
+far more difficult thing than he had expected, and, after besieging the
+principal city for a whole year, he gave up the attempt.</p>
+
+<p>But he had invented so many machines to try to subdue the city of
+Rhodes, that every one thought he deserved much credit, and they
+therefore gave him the title of Po-li-or-ce&acute;tes ("the city taker").</p>
+
+<p>Peace was agreed upon, and Demetrius retreated, giving up to the
+Rho&acute;di-ans all the mighty war engines he had brought with him. These
+were sold for three hundred talents (something over three hundred
+thousand<!-- Page 264 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> dollars), and the money thus obtained was used in erecting a
+colossal statue in honor of Apollo (or He&acute;li-os), the patron god of the
+island.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 146px;">
+<img src="images/illus-264.png" width="146" height="149" alt="Demetrius Poliorcetes. (Coin.)" title="Demetrius Poliorcetes. (Coin.)" />
+<span class="caption">Demetrius Poliorcetes. (Coin.)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This marvelous brazen statue, which was so fine that it was one of the
+seven wonders of the ancient world, represented the sun god, with his
+head surrounded by rays, and with his feet resting one on each side of
+the entrance of the port.</p>
+
+<p>We are told that the Co-los&acute;sus of Rhodes, as this statue was generally
+called, was so tall that ships under full sail easily passed under its
+spreading legs in and out of the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>It stood there for about sixty years, when it was overthrown by an
+earthquake. After lying in ruins for a long time, the brass was sold as
+old metal. It was carried off on the backs of camels, and we are told
+that nine hundred of these animals were required for the work.</p>
+
+<p>Thus vanished one of the much talked of wonders of the ancient world.
+The others were Diana's Temple at Ephesus, the Tomb of Mau-so&acute;lus (which
+was so fine that any handsome tomb is sometimes called a mausoleum), the
+Pha&acute;ros or Lighthouse of Alexandria or Messina, the Walls and Hanging
+Gardens of Babylon, the Labyrinth of Crete, and the Pyramids of Egypt.
+To these is often added the Parthenon at Athens, which, as you have
+seen, was decorated by the carvings of Phidias.<!-- Page 265 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CVIII_THE_BATTLE_OF_IPSUS" id="CVIII_THE_BATTLE_OF_IPSUS"></a>CVIII. THE BATTLE OF IPSUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Demetrius, having failed to take Rhodes, now passed over into Greece,
+hoping to overthrow Cassander; but the other kings, growing afraid of
+him, agreed to help the ruler of Macedon. They therefore collected a
+large army, and forced Demetrius to stop and fight them all at Ip&acute;sus,
+in Asia Minor.</p>
+
+<p>Here, just twenty years after Alexander's death, his generals met in a
+great battle. Seleucus, it is said, brought a number of fighting
+elephants, such as Porus had used, which added much to the confusion and
+fierceness of the struggle.</p>
+
+<p>Antigonus, the father of Demetrius, was slain, and Demetrius himself was
+defeated, and driven to Ephesus. The Athenians, who had been his friends
+and allies as long as he was prosperous, now basely deserted him. They
+declared themselves his enemies, and made a law whereby any one who
+spoke well of him, or tried to make peace with him, should be put to
+death.</p>
+
+<p>The battle of Ipsus decided the fate of Alexander's kingdom. It was now
+divided into four principal parts. Ptolemy remained master of Egypt, and
+his family reigned there many years, until under Cle-o-pa&acute;tra, the last
+of his race, the country fell into the hands of the Romans.</p>
+
+<p>Seleucus and his descendants, the Se-leu&acute;ci-d&aelig;, had the Persian Empire,
+or Syria and the land between the Indus and the Euphrates. The capital
+of this empire was first Se-leu&acute;cia, near Babylon, and later An&acute;ti-och,
+which became a rich and well-known city.<!-- Page 266 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lysimachus was given the kingdom of Thrace, which, however, soon passed
+into other hands; and Cassander remained master of Macedon. As for
+Demetrius, although he had lost a kingdom at the battle of Ipsus, he
+soon managed to conquer another.</p>
+
+<p>In his anger at the Athenians, he first marched against them, and
+besieged them in their own city. The Athenians were frightened, for they
+knew how well they deserved punishment; but they resisted as well as
+they could, and the siege dragged on for several months.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of this time there was no food left in the city, and the
+people suffered greatly from hunger. Finally they were obliged to yield;
+and Demetrius rode into Athens in triumph.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CIX_DEMETRIUS_AND_THE_ATHENIANS" id="CIX_DEMETRIUS_AND_THE_ATHENIANS"></a>CIX. DEMETRIUS AND THE ATHENIANS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Athenians trembled with fear when they saw the stern expression on
+Demetrius' face as he entered their city. This terror became still
+greater when he ordered all the principal citizens to assemble in the
+public square. None of the Athenians dared to disobey, and they were in
+no wise reassured when the conquering army surrounded them, each soldier
+holding an unsheathed sword in his hand.</p>
+
+<p>Demetrius now sternly addressed the citizens, who fancied that every
+moment would be their last. He reproved them harshly for their
+ingratitude and desertion, and told them that they deserved death at his
+hands; but he ended his speech by saying that he pre<!-- Page 267 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>ferred to show his
+power by granting them forgiveness rather than by killing them.</p>
+
+<p>Then he went on to tell them, that, knowing how much they had suffered,
+he had sent supplies of grain to every house, so that when they went
+home they should not find their wives and children starving.</p>
+
+<p>The sudden reaction from their great terror proved almost fatal to the
+Athenian citizens. But when they recovered their breath, the air was
+rent by a mighty shout of joy in honor of the kind conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>Although Demetrius was as generous as he was brave, his end was very
+sad. After a long life of continual warfare, and after conquering and
+losing Macedon, he fell into the hands of his rival and enemy, Seleucus,
+who kept him in prison as long as he lived.</p>
+
+<p>About this time a new trouble befell Macedon and Greece. This was an
+invasion of the Gauls, who came sweeping down from the mountains into
+Greece, in order to rob the temple at Delphi.</p>
+
+<p>A second time, however, the temple escaped, thanks to a terrible
+thunderstorm, which filled the superstitious minds of the robbers with
+dread. In the sudden darkness the Gauls fell upon each other, as the
+Persians had done in the days of Xerxes, and fought so desperately that
+many were killed.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks, remembering former victories, now made up their minds to
+strike a blow in their own defense. They collected an army, and defeated
+the invaders so severely that Bren&acute;nus, the leader of the Gauls, killed
+himself in despair, while his followers withdrew to a province in Asia
+Minor, which from the Gauls was called Ga-la&acute;tia.<!-- Page 268 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CX_THE_ACHAEAN_LEAGUE" id="CX_THE_ACHAEAN_LEAGUE"></a>CX. THE ACH&AElig;AN LEAGUE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>While the generals and successors of Alexander were busy trying to crush
+one another, most of the Greek towns, left to their own devices, had
+become small republics. But instead of forming a union, they became so
+jealous, that they began to quarrel and even to fight among themselves.</p>
+
+<p>As the quarrels became more bitter, two parties or leagues were formed,
+which, from the two most important provinces at that time, received the
+names of Ach&aelig;an and &AElig;-to&acute;li-an.</p>
+
+<p>The Ach&aelig;an League was made up of twelve small towns in the Peloponnesus,
+and was under the leadership of A-ra&acute;tus, a native of Sic&acute;y-on. When a
+child, Aratus had seen his native city in the hands of a tyrant. His
+father, who was a patriot, had made a bold attempt to free the city, but
+had failed, and lost his life. Aratus, who was but seven years of age,
+heard that his father and all his family had been slain, and knew that
+the tyrant would try to kill him too. As he was too weak to defend
+himself, he sought refuge in the house of the tyrant's sister, where no
+one would be likely to seek for him.</p>
+
+<p>This woman, touched by the child's trust, hid him cleverly, and, when
+all danger was over, sent him to some friends, where she paid for his
+board, and had him carefully brought up.</p>
+
+<p>As Aratus was patriotic, he was anxious to finish the work which his
+father had begun. At the age of<!-- Page 269 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> twenty, therefore, he assembled a few
+comrades, entered Sicyon, called all the lovers of liberty to his aid,
+and drove away the tyrant without shedding any blood.</p>
+
+<p>The town, thus freed, joined the Ach&aelig;an League, of which Aratus soon
+became the leader. This office was elective, and no one was expected to
+fill it for more than a year; but Aratus was so much loved that he was
+chosen leader thirty-five years in succession.</p>
+
+<p>At this time, Greece and Macedon were under the rule of Antigonus
+Go-na&acute;tas, son of Demetrius; for this man had conquered for himself the
+second kingdom which his father had lost. But now Aratus and the Ach&aelig;an
+League refused to obey him, so he marched down from Macedon to restore
+order.</p>
+
+<p>To prevent his advance, and to hinder his getting even as much as a
+foothold in the peninsula, Aratus wanted to capture the fortress of
+Ac-ro-co-rin&acute;thus, which barred the Isthmus of Corinth.</p>
+
+<p>This undertaking was very difficult, because the fortress was perched
+upon a rock so high and steep that it was almost impossible to climb it.</p>
+
+<p>A traitor, Di&acute;o-cles, however, offered to show Aratus a way to climb
+this rock, provided that he should receive a certain reward. Although
+general of the Ach&aelig;an League, and one of the greatest men of his day,
+Aratus was far from being rich; and, in order to obtain the required
+sum, he had to sell all he had, and even pawn his wife's few jewels.</p>
+
+<p>Then, in the midst of the darkness, one rainy night, Diocles led the
+Ach&aelig;an soldiers along a steep path, which they had to climb in Indian
+file.<!-- Page 270 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He brought them safely and unseen into the fortress, where they killed
+most of the Macedonian sentinels, and put the guards to flight. As soon
+as the key of the Peloponnesus had been thus daringly won, most of the
+other towns in the peninsula joined the league, and the Ach&aelig;ans gained
+such victories, that Antigonus Gonatus fell ill, and died of grief.</p>
+
+<p>The Ach&aelig;an League became stronger and stronger; and, although Sparta and
+a few other cities remained neutral, most of the small towns were freed
+from their tyrants. Such was the importance of the league, that the
+Roman ambassadors once came to ask for its aid to suppress the pirates
+who infested the neighboring seas.</p>
+
+<p>This help was cheerfully given, and the Ach&aelig;ans entered into a treaty
+with the Romans. They little suspected, however, that the city whose
+name was then almost unknown would in less than a hundred years become
+strong enough to subdue them, and be mistress over all Greece.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXI_DIVISION_IN_SPARTA" id="CXI_DIVISION_IN_SPARTA"></a>CXI. DIVISION IN SPARTA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>While the Ach&aelig;an League was doing its best to restore Greece to its
+former power, Sparta had remained inactive. The Spartans had changed
+greatly since the days of Lycurgus. They no longer obeyed his wise laws,
+and, instead of being brave and frugal, they were greedy, lazy, and
+wicked.</p>
+
+<p>One of their kings was named Leonidas; but he was<!-- Page 271 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> in no way like his
+great namesake, the king who had fallen at Thermopyl&aelig;. Indeed, he
+married an Eastern wife, and to please her assumed all the pomp and led
+the idle life of an Eastern king.</p>
+
+<p>His fellow-king, on the other hand, was such a miser that he heaped up
+great treasures. When he died, his wife and mother were said to have
+more gold than the city and people together. The miser king was
+succeeded by his son, but this young man's sole ambition was to restore
+Sparta to its former condition.</p>
+
+<p>His name was A&acute;gis. He lived like the Spartans of old, practiced all the
+virtues of his ancestors, and was frugal and brave in the extreme. To
+restore Sparta, real Spartans were needed, but, in counting them over,
+Agis found that there were only about seven hundred of the old stock
+left. The first move was to restore equality. For that purpose, all the
+money and land would have to be equally divided, so Agis began by
+persuading his own mother and grandmother to give up their wealth.
+Leonidas did not like the plan of equality, and soon openly opposed it,
+although his son-in-law Cleombrotus sided with Agis, and upheld it.</p>
+
+<p>But the people were eager for the new division which would make them all
+equal as of old; and they were so angry with Leonidas for his
+resistance, that they rose up against him, and proposed to depose him by
+reviving an old law which forbade the ruling of a king who married a
+foreign wife.</p>
+
+<p>Leonidas had time to flee to the Temple of Athene; and when the ephors
+called him to appear before them, he refused to do so, because he feared
+for his life. As <!-- Page 273 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span><!-- Page 272 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>such a refusal was a crime, the ephors said he should
+not reign any longer, and named Cleombrotus king in his stead.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 812px;">
+<img src="images/illus-0360-1.jpg" width="812" height="514" alt="Cleombrotus and Chilonis." title="Cleombrotus and Chilonis." />
+<span class="caption">Cleombrotus and Chilonis.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Leonidas, who had led a selfish, pleasure-loving life, was now forsaken
+by every one except his daughter, Chi-lo&acute;nis, who gave up her husband
+and the throne in order to console her unfortunate father. She kept him
+company in the temple, cared for him and amused him, and, when her
+husband begged her to come back, she answered that her place was rather
+with her unhappy father than with her prosperous husband.</p>
+
+<p>When it became known that the Spartans were plotting to kill the unhappy
+Leonidas, Agis helped him to escape, and Chilonis followed him into
+exile.</p>
+
+<p>The &AElig;tolian League, which just then was very strong, now sent an army
+across the isthmus to attack the Spartans. The latter sallied forth
+under the leadership of Agis, who proved such a skillful general, that
+he not only won a great victory, but also drove the &AElig;tolians out of the
+peninsula.</p>
+
+<p>During the absence of Agis, many of the richest Spartans who had not yet
+given up their property refused to do so, and when urged by Cleombrotus
+to obey, they revolted against him, and recalled Leonidas.</p>
+
+<p>Cleombrotus had only time to take refuge in the same temple where his
+father-in-law had once found shelter. Here he was soon joined by his
+wife, Chilonis, who, ever faithful to the most unhappy, came thither to
+comfort him.</p>
+
+<p>Leonidas was so angry that he would probably have treated Cleombrotus
+with the utmost severity, had not<!-- Page 274 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> Chilonis fallen at his feet and
+begged him to spare her husband's life. Her tears touched her father,
+and he granted the favor she asked, declaring, however, that Cleombrotus
+should go into exile.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of her father's entreaties to remain with him, Chilonis
+insisted upon accompanying her husband. She gave Cleombrotus one of
+their two children, clasped the other to her breast, and left the city,
+proudly walking at her husband's side.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXII_DEATH_OF_AGIS" id="CXII_DEATH_OF_AGIS"></a>CXII. DEATH OF AGIS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When Agis heard of the changes which had been taking place in Sparta
+during his absence, he quickly went home. On arriving in the city, he
+found the party of the rich so powerful that he could not oppose them,
+and was even forced to seek refuge in a temple, as Leonidas and
+Cleombrotus had each done in turn.</p>
+
+<p>His wife, A-gi-a&acute;tis, forced by illness to stay at home, could not show
+her love by following him there; but a few faithful friends went with
+him, and kept guard over him. Their watchfulness was needed, because
+Agis slipped out of the temple every night to go to the bath and refresh
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>It happened, however, that two of these friends were false. They basely
+took the bribes offered by the ephors for information about the king,
+and told them that he left the temple every night, and for what
+purpose.<!-- Page 275 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Thus advised, the ephors surprised the little party the next night, and
+thrust Agis into prison. He was tried and condemned to death by order of
+Leonidas, and thus died when only twenty-two years of age, after having
+vainly tried for three years to bring the Spartans back to their former
+simplicity and virtue.</p>
+
+<p>Leonidas, not content with killing Agis, gave the widow Agiatis in
+marriage to his son, Cle-om&acute;e-nes, who was a mere boy, several years
+younger than she. Agiatis soon won great influence over the young
+prince, and told him so much about her dead husband, that he tried to
+follow the example of Agis in everything.</p>
+
+<p>When Leonidas died, Cleomenes succeeded him, and, thanks to the
+teachings of his wife, was both great and virtuous. He drove away the
+ephors, who were rich and corrupt, and then distributed all the property
+equally among the people, as Agis had planned.</p>
+
+<p>When Aratus heard of the reforms made by Cleomenes, he began to fear
+that Sparta would win back her former power, and again try to lord it
+over the rest of Greece. To prevent such a misfortune, he decided to
+attack the Spartan king while he was too young to excel in the art of
+war.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore advanced with a good army; but, to his surprise and dismay,
+he was completely defeated by the young king. Several of the smaller
+towns now showed a desire to leave the Ach&aelig;an League and join Sparta, so
+Aratus became more eager than ever to suppress her rising power.</p>
+
+<p>In his eagerness he forgot all caution, and even asked help of Antigonus
+Do&acute;son, King of Macedon, the suc<!-- Page 276 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>cessor of Antigonus Gonatas. This ruler
+owed his surname of Doson ("who will give") to a bad habit of promising
+all kinds of gifts to his followers,&mdash;promises which were never kept.</p>
+
+<p>Antigonus Doson was only too glad to send a Macedonian army into Greece,
+and not only garrisoned the fortress on the Isthmus of Corinth, but also
+sent troops on into the Peloponnesus.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXIII_THE_WAR_OF_THE_TWO_LEAGUES" id="CXIII_THE_WAR_OF_THE_TWO_LEAGUES"></a>CXIII. THE WAR OF THE TWO LEAGUES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Ach&aelig;an and Macedonian armies now met the Spartans at Sel-la&acute;sia, in
+Laconia, where the latter were badly defeated, and Sparta fell into the
+enemy's hands. Antigonus was so proud of his victory that he burst a
+blood vessel upon hearing the news, and died shortly after.</p>
+
+<p>Before he closed his eyes, however, he had the satisfaction of driving
+Cleomenes away from Greece into Egypt. There the young king fell upon
+his sword, after killing his children, rather than become a slave.
+Tyrants were now allowed again in many of the Greek cities, in spite of
+the remonstrances of Aratus, who learned only too late that the
+Macedonians had come into the Peloponnesus merely for the purpose of
+making themselves masters of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Aratus' eyes were opened. He saw that all his efforts were vain, and
+that, owing to his own imprudence, Greece would never again be free. In
+his grief, his<!-- Page 277 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> presence of mind quite forsook him. He did not know what
+steps to take in order to undo all the harm he had done.</p>
+
+<p>The &AElig;tolians now became the champions of freedom, and marched against
+the Ach&aelig;ans, whom they defeated. In their distress, the Ach&aelig;ans once
+more begged the Macedonians to interfere, and send troops into Greece.</p>
+
+<p>The contest which followed is known as the War of the Two Leagues, and
+lasted for some time. In the beginning, the Macedonian king allowed
+Aratus to take the lead, and followed all his directions; but, growing
+weary of this subordinate part, he finally poisoned the Ach&aelig;an leader,
+and became head of the league himself.</p>
+
+<p>When the Spartans and &AElig;tolians, who had joined forces, found that the
+Ach&aelig;ans and Macedonians were likely to prove too strong for them, they
+also began to look around for allies. As the fame of the rising city of
+Rome had reached them, they finally sent thither for the help they
+needed.</p>
+
+<p>The Romans were then rapidly extending their territory, and hoped soon
+to become masters of the world, so they were glad to help the Spartans
+against the Macedonians, who were already their enemies.</p>
+
+<p>They therefore speedily came to the Spartans' aid, set fire to the
+Ach&aelig;an and Macedonian ships, and defeated their armies so sorely, that
+Philip was obliged to beg for peace and to give them his son as a
+hostage.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartans, having thus freed themselves from the yoke of the Ach&aelig;an
+League, now fell into far worse hands, for they were governed by a
+tyrant named Na&acute;bis,&mdash;a cruel and miserly man, who, in order to<!-- Page 278 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>
+increase his treasure, often had recourse to vile stratagems.</p>
+
+<p>He had made a cunning instrument of torture, on purpose to obtain money
+from any one he wished. This was a statue, the exact image of his wife,
+clad in magnificent robes. Whenever he heard that any man was very rich,
+Nabis used to send for him. After treating him with exaggerated
+politeness, the tyrant would gently advise him to sacrifice his wealth
+for the good of the state.</p>
+
+<p>If his guest refused to do so, Nabis would invite him to visit his wife,
+and lead the unsuspecting man close to the statue. This was made so as
+to move by a system of cunningly arranged springs, and as soon as the
+victim came within reach, the statue's arms closed tightly around him.</p>
+
+<p>The terrified guest, caught in an irresistible embrace, then found
+himself drawn closer and closer, and pressed against sharp points and
+knives hidden under the rich garments.</p>
+
+<p>It was only, when the tortured man had solemnly promised to give up all
+he owned, that the tyrant Nabis would set him free; but if he resisted,
+he was killed by slow torture, and allowed to bleed to death in the
+statue's embrace.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXIV_THE_LAST_OF_THE_GREEKS" id="CXIV_THE_LAST_OF_THE_GREEKS"></a>CXIV. THE LAST OF THE GREEKS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When Aratus died, the principal man in the Ach&aelig;an army was
+Phil-o-p&oelig;&acute;men, a brave and virtuous young man. He was patriotic in
+the extreme,<!-- Page 279 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> and so plain and unassuming that no one would have
+suspected his rank.</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion, when he had reached the dignity of general, he was
+invited to dine at a house where the hostess was a stranger to him. When
+he came to the door, she took him for a servant, on account of his plain
+clothes, and curtly bade him go and split wood.</p>
+
+<p>Without saying a word, Philop&oelig;men threw aside his cloak, seized an
+ax, and set to work. The host, on coming up a few minutes later, was
+horrified to see his honored guest cutting wood, and was profuse in his
+apologies for a mistake which only made Philop&oelig;men laugh.</p>
+
+<p>When Philop&oelig;men heard how cruel Nabis was, he wanted to free Sparta
+from his tyranny. So he entered the town at the head of an armed force
+of men, confiscated the treasures for the benefit of the public, and
+drove Nabis away.</p>
+
+<p>The Spartans were at first very grateful to the Ach&aelig;ans for freeing
+them, but they soon began to feel jealous of their power, and again rose
+up in revolt against them. This time Philop&oelig;men treated the Spartans
+with the utmost severity, even razing the walls of the city, which were
+never rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>Philop&oelig;men was farsighted enough to see from the beginning that the
+Roman alliance would prove bad for Greece. He soon discovered that the
+Romans intended to subdue the country, and in order to do so most easily
+were trying to make the people quarrel among themselves.</p>
+
+<p>All his efforts were therefore directed toward keeping<!-- Page 280 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> peace, and for a
+time he was quite successful. But the Romans, seeing no other way to
+bring about a quarrel, at last bribed the Messenians to revolt.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of the war, Philop&oelig;men was led into an artfully
+arranged ambuscade, and was taken in chains to Messenia, where,
+notwithstanding his gray hair, he was exposed to the jeers of the common
+people.</p>
+
+<p>After thus humiliating him, they led him to the place of torture; but
+when he heard that his army had escaped from the ambush, he fervently
+cried, "I die happy, since the Ach&aelig;ans are safe."</p>
+
+<p>This only hastened the end of the brave patriot, who has been called the
+"Last of the Greeks," because he was the last to try to maintain his
+country's independence.</p>
+
+<p>The Ach&aelig;ans soon after took the town of Messenia, stoned all
+Philop&oelig;men's murderers on his tomb, and carried his ashes to
+Meg-a-lop&acute;o-lis, his native city, where they were buried with great
+pomp.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXV_GREECE_A_ROMAN_PROVINCE" id="CXV_GREECE_A_ROMAN_PROVINCE"></a>CXV. GREECE A ROMAN PROVINCE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>For centuries the Greeks had been in the habit of assembling at Corinth
+every three years for the celebration of the Isthmian games, in honor of
+Poseidon, god of the sea. Here, as at Olympia, there were races,
+wrestling and boxing matches, and contests in verse and song; and as
+usual the prizes were simple crowns of olive leaves, which were
+considered far more precious than silver or gold.<!-- Page 281 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 196 B.C. not only were the Greeks present at this celebration, but
+there were also many Romans who wished to witness the games. The Greeks
+were then particularly happy because the War of the Two Leagues seemed
+to be ended, and the country was at peace.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of the festival, Quin&acute;tius Flam-i-ni&acute;nus, the Roman consul,
+mounted the orator's block, and proclaimed that the Roman army had just
+won a great victory over the revolted King of Macedon, and that the
+Greek states were now indeed free.</p>
+
+<p>These tidings were received with such a tumult of joyful cries, it is
+said, that a flock of birds that were flying overhead fell to the earth,
+stunned by the shock of cheers which rent the air.</p>
+
+<p>This joy, however, did not last very long, for the new-won freedom of
+Greece existed in name only. As soon as the Romans had completed the
+conquest of Macedon under its last ruler, Perseus, they prepared to
+annex Greece also.</p>
+
+<p>Their first move was to accuse the Ach&aelig;ans of sending aid to Macedon.
+Under this pretext, one thousand leading citizens were seized, and sent
+to Rome to be tried.</p>
+
+<p>Here they were kept in exile for many a year, longing to go home, and
+fuming against their detention. When they were finally allowed to
+return, they were so imbittered, that, as the Romans had foreseen, they
+soon stirred up a revolt among the Ach&aelig;ans.</p>
+
+<p>&AElig;-mil&acute;i-us Pau&acute;lus, the conqueror of Macedon, then marched into Greece,
+and swept over the whole country. He took the city of Corinth, and
+burned it to the ground,<!-- Page 282 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> after carrying off many of its most precious
+works of art to adorn his triumph.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the ignorance of the Romans at that time, however, about all
+matters of art, that the sailors who were to carry these treasures to
+Rome were warned by the consul to be careful, as they would have to
+replace any article they had damaged or lost.</p>
+
+<p>The Romans then placed garrisons in the principal Greek towns, and the
+country became a mere province of Rome, under the name of Achaia.</p>
+
+<p>Thus ends the history of ancient Greece, which, though so small, was yet
+the most famous country the world has ever known,&mdash;the country from
+which later nations learned their best lessons in art, philosophy, and
+literature.<!-- Page 283 --><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+<table style="width:75%;" border="1" summary="">
+	<tr>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_A">A</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_B">B</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_C">C</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_D">D</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_E">E</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_F">F</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_G">G</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_H">H</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_I">I</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_J">J</a></td>
+		<td>  K</td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_L">L</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_M">M</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_N">N</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_O">O</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_P">P</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_Q">Q</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_R">R</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_S">S</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_T">T</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_U">U</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_V">V</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_W">W</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_X">X</a></td>
+		<td>  Y</td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_Z">Z</a></td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p> <br /> </p>
+
+<div class="index">
+
+<ul class="IX"><li><span class="ralign">PAGE</span></li></ul><br />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_A">Academy</a>, gardens of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ach&aelig;an League     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_268">268</a>-<a href="#Page_270">270</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ach&aelig;ans exiled to Rome <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Achilles, avenges Patroclus  <span class="ralign">  <a href="#Page_50">50</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>betrays himself <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></span></li>
+<li>death of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></span></li>
+<li>in the Styx  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></span></li>
+<li>prophecy regarding <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Acropolis, captured  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Parthenon on <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></span></li>
+<li>statue of Athene on  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></span></li>
+<li>temple to Theseus, near  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Adrastus   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&AElig;gean Sea, derivation of name  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Persian vessels forbidden to enter <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>&AElig;geus          <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&AElig;gina, Draco at Island of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&AElig;neas, escape of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&AElig;tolian League    <span class="ralign">   <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Agamemnon, insults priest of Apollo <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>King of Mycen&aelig;  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Age of Pericles    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Agesilaus, at Coronea     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>courage of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Agis, condemned to death  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>type of old Spartans <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Alcibiades, anecdotes of    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>hostility toward <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></span></li>
+<li>killed by Persians <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></span></li>
+<li>shield of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Alexander I     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_197">197</a>-<a href="#Page_199">199</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Alexander the Great, birthplace of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>crosses Libyan desert  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></span></li>
+<li>cuts Gordian knot  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></span></li>
+<li>death of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></span></li>
+<li>enters Jerusalem <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></span></li>
+<li>generosity of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></span></li>
+<li>horsemanship of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></span></li>
+<li>marriage of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></span></li>
+<li>omens concerning <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></span></li>
+<li>prophecy of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></span></li>
+<li>self-denial of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></span></li>
+<li>takes title of "Shah in Shah"  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></span></li>
+<li>tomb of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></span></li>
+<li>victory of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></span></li>
+<li>visit of, to Diogenes  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Alexandria, founded     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Lighthouse of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Ambassador, life of, sacred   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Amphictyonic Council    <span class="ralign"> <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Anaxagoras, philosopher  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Antalcidas, treaty of       <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Antigone   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Antigonus Doson    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Antigonus Gonatas  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Antigonus, "the one-eyed"  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Antipater, governor of Macedon  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a name="Page_Apollo" id="Page_Apollo">Apollo</a> sends plague      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>statue in honor of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Appetite, recipe for good  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Aratus, leader of Ach&aelig;an League   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>poisoning of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Arbela, battle at      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Archon, how elected        <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>origin of title of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Areopagus, court of law   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Pisistratus before the <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Aristides, anecdote of      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>burial of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></span></li>
+<li>discovers plans of Xerxes  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></span></li>
+<li>recall of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Aristocrat, derivation of    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Aristodemus, daughter sacrificed by    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>first ruler of Sparta  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Aristogiton       <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Aristomenes    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Aristophanes     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_173">173</a>-<a href="#Page_175">175</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Aristotle, teacher of Alexander   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Arrid&aelig;us        <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Artaxerxes, befriends Themistocles    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>oath of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></span></li>
+<li>sends for Hippocrates  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></span></li>
+<li>treachery of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Aspasia      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Aster, an archer   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a name="Page_Athene" id="Page_Athene">Athene</a>, festival in honor of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>statue of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></span></li>
+<li>temple to  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></span></li>
+<li>tree planted by   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+
+<li>Athenians, at Marathon    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>bribery of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></span></li>
+<li>build statues  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></span></li>
+<li>defeat Spartans  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></span></li>
+<li>extravagance of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></span></li>
+<li>heroes among <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></span></li>
+<li>ingratitude of    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span></li>
+<li>last of the  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></span></li>
+<li>thirty-years' peace of      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li><a name="Page_Athens" id="Page_Athens">Athens, art in </a> <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>becomes an oligarchy <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></span></li>
+<li>burning of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></span></li>
+<li>called Cecropia         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></span></li>
+<li>chains of Xerxes in         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></span></li>
+<li>Olympic games at in, 1896       <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></span></li>
+<li>plague in           <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></span></li>
+<li>purification of         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></span></li>
+<li>rebuilt           <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></span></li>
+<li>title of king in       <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></span></li>
+<li>voting in          <span class="ralign"> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Athos, Mount  <span class="ralign"> <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_B">Babylon, city of</a>   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Hanging Gardens of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li></ul></li>
+
+<li>Bessus, treachery of      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Brennus, leader of Gauls  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Bucephalus, meaning of    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS"><li>monument to  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></span></li></ul></li>
+
+<li>Bulis, self-sacrifice of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></span></li></ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_C">Cadmus</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Canal dug by Xerxes   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cassander  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_260">260</a>-<a href="#Page_263">263</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cassandra    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ceadas, pit of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cecropia. See <a href="#Page_Athens"><i>Athens</i></a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cecrops founds Athens     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ch&aelig;ronea, battle at  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Charilaus educated by Lycurgus <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Charon, babe of, as pledge <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Chilo dies of joy  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Chilonis, self-sacrifice of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Chios, Island of    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cimon, banishment of     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>death of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></span></li>
+<li>generosity of        <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></span></li>
+<li>son of Miltiades    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Cleombrotus    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cleomenes       <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cleopatra, last of the Ptolemies   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Clytus                  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Codrus, heroic death of     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Coinage of money    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Colchis, Golden Fleece in     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Colossus of Rhodes  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Comedy of "The Clouds"   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Corinth, city of       <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Isthmus of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Coronea     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Crete, location of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Criminals, punishment of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>self-defense of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Crito      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cr&oelig;sus, ruler of Lydia   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Croton, Greek colony   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cunaxa, battle at  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cyclops, meaning of      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cydnus, Alexander bathes in  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cylon   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cyrus, death of    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></span></li></ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_D">D&aelig;dalus invents sails</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Damocles' sword  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Damon   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_204">204</a>-<a href="#Page_208">208</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Danaus teaches shipbuilding <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a name="Page_Darius" id="Page_Darius">Darius</a>, army of, routed  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>audience chamber of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></span></li>
+<li>death of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></span></li>
+<li>offers peace to Alexander <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></span></li>
+<li>resolves to conquer Greece <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></span></li>
+<li>second army of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></span></li>
+<li>"The Great King"  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Decelea, fortification of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Delos, Island of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Delphi, temple at, rebuilding of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>robbed  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></span></li>
+<li>saved by thunderstorm <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Demeter, festival of      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Demetrius, generosity of     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>imprisonment of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></span></li>
+<li>"The Preserver"   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Democedes, court physician    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Democrat, derivation of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Demosthenes, cowardice of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>joy of, at death of Philip  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></span></li>
+<li>orator          <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_221">221</a>-<a href="#Page_223">223</a></span></li>
+<li>takes poison    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Deucalion <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Diana, goddess   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>temple of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Diocles, traitor  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Diogenes  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Dion      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_215">215</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Dionysius the Elder   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Dionysius the Younger <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_216">216</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Dionysus, festival and theater of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_94">94</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Draco, cruel lawmaker   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_E">"Earth and water," demand for</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ecbatana, a walled city <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Egyptians, civilization of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Epaminondas, as commander  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>dying words of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></span></li>
+<li>risks own life for Pelopidas <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Ephesus, founded    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>taken by Alexander  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></span></li>
+<li>temple at     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Ephialtes, perfidy of        <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Epimenides, long sleep of    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Erostratus wins immortality <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Eteocles quarrels with Polynices <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Eurybiades, Spartan king  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_132">132</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_F">Flood of Ogyges</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Furies, duty of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_G">Galatia, how named</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Golden Fleece, search for  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Gordian knot, cutting the  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Gordium  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Granicus, battle near <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Great Greece  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Great King, The (see also <a href="#Page_Darius"><i>Darius</i></a>) <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a name="Page_Greece" id="Page_Greece">Greece</a>, alphabet brought to <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Egyptians settle in         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></span></li>
+<li>freedom of          <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></span></li>
+<li>known as Achaia         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></span></li>
+<li>punishment of criminals in      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></span></li>
+<li>situation of          <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Greeks, at Thermopyl&aelig;    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>betrayal of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></span></li>
+<li>commercial journey by       <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></span></li>
+<li>geographical knowledge of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></span></li>
+<li>gods angry with   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></span></li>
+<li>last of the  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></span></li>
+<li>retreat of          <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_184">184</a></span></li>
+<li>statue judged by        <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></span></li>
+<li>Troy taken by         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></span></li>
+<li>truce of         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></span></li>
+<li>victory of, at Salamis   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></span></li>
+</ul></li></ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_H">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a>   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Harmodius, kills Hipparchus       <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>statue in honor of        <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Hector, falls by hand of Achilles <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>kills Patroclus        <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></span></li>
+<li>sung by Homer         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Hecuba, dream of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Helen runs away with Paris <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Helios. See <a href="#Page_Apollo"><i>Apollo.</i></a></li>
+
+<li>Hellas, how named (see also <a href="#Page_Greece"><i>Greece</i></a>)     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Hellen, second son of Deucalion    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Hellespont, a narrow strait    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>bridging the          <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Helots, Spartan slaves    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>strike for freedom        <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></span></li>
+<li>temperance taught by      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Heph&aelig;stion, drinks himself to death    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>friend of Alexander        <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></span></li>
+<li>mistaken for Alexander      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Heracles. See <a href="#Page_Hercules"><i>Hercules</i>.</a></li>
+
+<li>Heraclid&aelig;, banishment of    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>regain possessions     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Heraclides, treachery of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a name="Page_Hercules" id="Page_Hercules">Hercules</a>, birthplace of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>festival instituted by      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></span></li>
+<li>games in honor of         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Hermes, destruction of statues of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Heroic Age         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Hipparchus   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Hippias, Athenian ruler <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>capture of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></span></li>
+<li>Darius' generals guided by      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></span></li>
+<li>killed          <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></span></li>
+<li>seeks aid from Darius       <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Hippocrates drives out plague     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Homer, birthplace of    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>blindness of          <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></span></li>
+<li>poems of, collected         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></span></li>
+<li>rank of, as poet        <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Hot Gateway         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Hymettus, honey of    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Hyphasis River    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_I">Icarian Sea, how named</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Icarus flies too high   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ilium. See <i><a href="#Page_Troy">Troy</a></i>.</li>
+
+<li>Immortals, bodyguard of Xerxes   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>gain Pass of Thermopyl&aelig;  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Inachus teaches Pelasgians  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ionia, derivation of name   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>location of      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Iphigenia rescued by Diana    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ipsus, battle of       <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ismene dies of grief      <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Issus, Persians routed at  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Isthmian games   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ithome, fortified city    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_J">Jaddua, vision of</a>   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Jason commands the "Argo"  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Jocasta, kills herself  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Queen of Thebes         <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Jove, thunderbolts of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a name="Page_Jupiter" id="Page_Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, festival and statue of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>temple to <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></span></li>
+<li>See also <i><a href="#Page_Zues">Zeus</a></i>.</li>
+</ul></li></ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_L">Labyrinth of Crete</a> <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Laced&aelig;mon, how named  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Laconia, adjective from   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>clemency shown to <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></span></li>
+<li>location of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Laius, killed by &OElig;dipus  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>words of oracle to <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Lamia, fortress of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></span></li>
+
+<li>"Last of the Athenians"  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></span></li>
+
+<li>"Last of the Greeks" <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Le&aelig;na, courage of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>honor to <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Leonidas I., betrayal of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>guards Thermopyl&aelig; <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></span></li>
+<li>reply of, to Xerxes <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Leonidas II.    <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_270">270</a>-<a href="#Page_275">275</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Leuctra, Theban victory at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Libya, temple at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Long Walls, building of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>destruction of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></span></li>
+<li>rebuilding of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Lyceum, laying out of     <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Lycurgus, in Spartan history <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>iron money originated by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></span></li>
+<li>laws of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_62">62</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a></span></li>
+</ul></li></ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_M">Macedon, location of</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Mantinea, Theban victory at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Marathon, battle of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>situation of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Mardonius, flight of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Mausolus, Tomb of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Mediterranean Sea, islands in <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>stretch of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Megacles, crime of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Megalopolis, tomb in <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Menelaus  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Messenia  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Messenians, bribed by Romans <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>thrown into Ceadas <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></span></li>
+<li>war against Spartans <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Messina, city and colony of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Lighthouse of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Midas, cart of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Miletus  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Milo the athlete <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Miltiades, at Marathon <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>conviction and death of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Minerva. See <a href="#Page_Athene"><i>Athene</i></a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mirage <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Money, coining of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>institution of iron <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Morea, why so called  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_48">55</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_N">Nabis, tyrant</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Navigation taught  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Nearchus, exploration of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Nemean lion <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Nemesis, statue of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Neptune. See <a href="#Page_Poseidon"><i>Poseidon</i></a>.</li>
+
+<li>Nestor the wise man <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_O">&OElig;dipus, answers Sphinx's riddle</a> <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>attempted murder of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></span></li>
+<li>death of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></span></li>
+<li>fulfillment of prophecy concerning <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></span></li>
+<li>puts out his own eyes <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Ogyges, flood of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Olympia, temple at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Olympiad as measurement of time <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Olympias  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Olympic games, bearing arms during <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>excitement at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></span></li>
+<li>girls in  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></span></li>
+<li>renewal of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></span></li>
+<li>time reckoned by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Ostracize, derivation of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_P">Panathen&aelig;a, festival of</a>   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Paris, bringing up of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Paros, Island of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Parthenon  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Patroclus, armor of Achilles on  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>killed by Hector <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></span></li>
+<li>sung by Homer <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Pausanias, patriotism of mother of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>successor of Leonidas <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></span></li>
+<li>walled in <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Pelasgians, homes and habits of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>remains of, in old tombs <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></span></li>
+<li>skill of, in building <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></span></li>
+<li>spinning and weaving by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Pelopid&aelig; conquer Heraclid&aelig; <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Pelopidas, exiled Theban  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>returns in disguise <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></span></li>
+<li>slain in battle <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Peloponnesian War, end of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>length of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Peloponnesus, derivation of name  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Dorians settle in <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></span></li>
+<li>key of the <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></span></li>
+<li>laid waste  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></span></li>
+<li>present name of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Pelops teaches coinage of money <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Perdiccas, against Ptolemy <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>receives Alexander's ring <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Pericles, death of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>eloquence of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></span></li>
+<li>idol of the poor <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></span></li>
+<li>improvement of Athens by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></span></li>
+<li>leader of the Athenians <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Persepolis, burning of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Perseus builds Mycen&aelig; <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Persian army, route of, to Greece <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Persian fleet, destruction of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>retreat of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Persian vessels shut out of the &AElig;gean <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Phalanx, Macedonian <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Pharnabazus  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_188">188</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Pharos  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Phidias, death of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Parthenon decorated by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+<li>statues by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Philip of Macedon, ambition of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>at Ch&aelig;ronea <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></span></li>
+<li>early training of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></span></li>
+<li>formation of Macedonian phalanx by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></span></li>
+<li>gift from, to Demosthenes <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></span></li>
+<li>left eye of, put out <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></span></li>
+<li>murder of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></span></li>
+<li>president of Amphictyonic Council <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></span></li>
+<li>wealth of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Philippic, origin of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Philop&oelig;mon, anecdote of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>"Last of the Greeks" <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Philoxenus, a philosopher <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_204">204</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Phocion, caution of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>"Last of the Athenians" <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Ph&oelig;nicians, home of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Pindar, house of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Pisistratid&aelig;, expulsion of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Pisistratus, death of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>hypocrisy of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></span></li>
+<li>improvement of Athens by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Plat&aelig;a  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Plato, Olympic crown given to  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>pupil of Socrates  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></span></li>
+<li>words of Socrates preserved by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Poliorcetes, "the city taker"  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Polynices <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Porus, Indian king <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a name="Page_Poseidon" id="Page_Poseidon">Poseidon</a> <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Priam, begs Hector's body <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>desertion of Paris by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></span></li>
+<li>sung by Homer <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Prisoners of war as slaves <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Ptolemy, builds tomb for Alexander <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>conquered by Demetrius <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Pyramids of Egypt <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Pyrrha <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Pythias <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_204">204</a>-<a href="#Page_208">208</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_Q">Quarries, The</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_R">Retreat of the Ten Thousand</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Rome, Ach&aelig;ans exiled to <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>art in <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></span></li>
+<li>power of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Roxana, imprisonment of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>wife of Alexander <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></span></li>
+</ul></li></ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_S">Sacred Battalion</a> <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></span></li>
+<li>Sacred War <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></span></li>
+<li>Salamis, victory at  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span></li>
+<li>Sardis, burning of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>taken by Alexander <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Seleucia <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Seleucus <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Scyros, Island of, Achilles at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Theseus killed at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Shipbuilding taught <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Sicyon joins Ach&aelig;an League <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Sisygambis, love of, for Alexander <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Slaves, prisoners of war as <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Socrates, accusation against <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>belief and practice of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span></li>
+<li>death of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></span></li>
+<li>defense of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></span></li>
+<li>greatest philosopher of the world <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></span></li>
+<li>last conversation of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_179">179</a></span></li>
+<li>life of Alcibiades saved by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></span></li>
+<li>statue of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Solon, laws of   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>play acting disapproved by <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></span></li>
+<li>return of, to Athens <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Sophocles  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Sparta, earthquake at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>location of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></span></li>
+<li>rebuilding of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></span></li>
+<li>rulers of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></span></li>
+<li>two kings of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Spartan, an expression of courage  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Spartan babes, fate of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Spartan boys, education of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>example of bravery of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></span></li>
+<li>fidelity instilled in <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></span></li>
+<li>test of courage of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></span></li>
+<li>trained to steal <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Spartan girls, carried off by Messenians  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>education of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Spartan mother, admonition of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Spartans, ask aid of Athenians <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>at Pass of Thermopyl&aelig; <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></span></li>
+<li>attack Amphea <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></span></li>
+<li>covet Messenia <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></span></li>
+<li>degeneracy of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></span></li>
+<li>force way into Thebes <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></span></li>
+<li>freed from Ach&aelig;an League  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></span></li>
+<li>habits of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span></li>
+<li>influence of superstition on <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></span></li>
+<li>join in Olympic games <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></span></li>
+<li>overcome Messenians <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></span></li>
+<li>rout of three thousand by twelve <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></span></li>
+<li>seize Persian ambassadors <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></span></li>
+<li>swear allegiance to Lycurgus <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Sperthias, self-sacrifice of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Sphinx  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Styx, power of waters of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Sun, eclipse of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Susa, statue at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Sybaris, prosperity of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Syracuse  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_T">Temple, at Delphi, command from</a>   <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>at Ephesus <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+<li>at Libya  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></span></li>
+<li>at Olympia  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></span></li>
+<li>of Bel, rebuilding of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></span></li>
+<li>of Jupiter <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></span></li>
+<li>of Neptune <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></span></li>
+<li>protection by a  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></span></li>
+<li>rebuilding of a  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></span></li>
+<li>saved by thunderstorm <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></span></li>
+<li>test of courage at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Theagenes, statue of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Theater, the first <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Thebes, founding of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>siege of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a></span></li>
+<li>supremacy of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></span></li>
+<li>taking, of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Themistocles, Athenian general <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>council planned by  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></span></li>
+<li>courage of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></span></li>
+<li>exiled by Athenians <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></span></li>
+<li>honor of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></span></li>
+<li>jealousy of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Thermopyl&aelig;, Greeks at <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Pass of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Thersander <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Theseum  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Theseus, bones of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>Greek hero <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>-<a href="#Page_28">28</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Thespians, bravery of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Thespis builds first theater <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Thessaly, location of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Thirty Tyrants, the <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_172">172</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Thrasybulus, statues to <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Tigris, Greeks swim the <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Torture, instrument of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Tragedy, Greek meaning of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>writers of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li><a name="Page_Troy" id="Page_Troy">Troy</a>, burning of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>location of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></span></li>
+<li>siege of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a></span></li>
+<li>sung by Homer <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Truce, hundred years'  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Tyrant, meanings of  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Tyre, burning of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Tyrt&aelig;us leads Spartans <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_U">Ulysses, in disguise</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>sung by Homer <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></span></li>
+<li>the crafty king <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></span></li>
+<li>wooden horse of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></span></li>
+</ul></li></ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_V">Vine, golden</a> <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Voting in Athens <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_W">War, end of Peloponnesian</a>  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>engines of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></span></li>
+<li>First Messenian <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></span></li>
+<li>length of Peloponnesian <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></span></li>
+<li>of the Epigoni <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></span></li>
+<li>of the Two Leagues <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></span></li>
+<li>Second Messenian <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Wonders of the world <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a id="IX_X">Xanthippe</a> <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Xenophon  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Xerxes I., canal dug by  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></span>
+<ul class="IXS">
+<li>defeat of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></span></li>
+<li>host of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_121">121</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a></span></li>
+<li>sorrow of <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></span></li>
+<li>vessels of, wrecked <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></span></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Xuthus rules Athens <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li><a name="Page_Zues" id="Page_Zues">Zeus</a> <a id="IX_Z">(see also</a> <a href="#Page_Jupiter"><i>Jupiter</i></a>)  <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></span></li>
+
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE GREEKS***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 23495-h.txt or 23495-h.zip *******</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Story of the Greeks, by H. A. Guerber
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Story of the Greeks
+
+
+Author: H. A. Guerber
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 5, 2007  [eBook #23495]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE GREEKS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Dave Macfarlane, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 23495-h.htm or 23495-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/3/4/9/23495/23495-h/23495-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/3/4/9/23495/23495-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+Eclectic School Readings
+
+THE STORY OF THE GREEKS
+
+by
+
+H. A. GUERBER
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+New York .:. Cincinnati .:. Chicago
+American Book Company
+
+Copyright, 1896, by
+American Book Company.
+
+
+
+STORY OF THE GREEKS.
+
+W.P. 15
+
+
+[Illustration: Theseus and the Minotaur.
+
+_Frontispiece_]
+
+
+DEDICATED
+TO
+ARNOLD, HELEN, AND EDWARD
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This elementary history of Greece is intended for supplementary reading
+or as a first history text-book for young pupils. It is therefore made
+up principally of stories about persons; for, while history proper is
+largely beyond the comprehension of children, they are able at an early
+age to understand and enjoy anecdotes of people, especially of those in
+the childhood of civilization. At the same time, these stories will give
+a clear idea of the most important events that have taken place in the
+ancient world, and, it is hoped, will arouse a desire to read further.
+They also aim to enforce the lessons of perseverance, courage,
+patriotism, and virtue that are taught by the noble lives described.
+
+A knowledge of ancient history, however superficial, is of very great
+value; and the classic legends are almost equally worth knowing, because
+of the prominent part they play in the world's literature. These tales
+make a deep impression on the minds of children, and the history thus
+learned almost in play will cling to the memory far more tenaciously
+than any lessons subsequently conned.
+
+Many children leave school unacquainted with any history except that of
+the United States; which, dealing with less simple and primitive times
+than that of Greece, is apt to be so unattractive that the child never
+afterwards reads any historical works. It has been my intention to write
+a book which will give children pleasure to read, and will thus
+counteract the impression that history is uninteresting.
+
+A few suggestions to teachers may not be considered superfluous. In the
+first place, I have found historical anecdotes an excellent aid in
+teaching English. Pupils find it far from irksome to relate the stories
+in their own words, and to reproduce them in compositions. Secondly,
+whenever a city or country is mentioned, every pupil should point out
+its location on the map. By such means only can any one properly
+understand an historical narrative; and in the present case there is the
+added reason that the practice will go far towards increasing the
+child's interest in geography. Lastly, the teacher should take great
+care that the proper names are correctly pronounced. The most common
+errors are provided against in the text; for, on the first occurrence of
+such a word, it is divided into syllables, with the accent marked. It
+remains for the teacher to enforce the ordinary rules as to the proper
+sounds of vowels and consonants.
+
+
+H.A.G.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+
+                                                       PAGE
+    Map                                 _between 10 and 11_
+      I. Early Inhabitants of Greece                    11
+     II. The Deluge of Ogyges                           13
+    III. The Founding of Many Important Cities          15
+     IV. Story of Deucalion                             19
+      V. Story of Daedalus and Icarus                    21
+     VI. The Adventures of Jason                        24
+    VII. Theseus visits the Labyrinth                   26
+   VIII. The Terrible Prophecy                          29
+     IX. The Sphinx's Riddle                            30
+      X. Blindness and Death of OEdipus                 34
+     XI. The Brothers' Quarrel                          37
+    XII. The Taking of Thebes                           39
+   XIII. The Childhood of Paris                         41
+    XIV. The Muster of the Troops                       44
+     XV. The Sacrifice of Iphigenia                     46
+    XVI. The Wrath of Achilles                          48
+   XVII. Death of Hector and Achilles                   50
+  XVIII. The Burning of Troy                            52
+    XIX. Heroic Death of Codrus                         55
+     XX. The Blind Poet                                 57
+    XXI. The Rise of Sparta                             61
+   XXII. The Spartan Training                           62
+  XXIII. The Brave Spartan Boy                          64
+   XXIV. Public Tables in Sparta                        67
+    XXV. Laws of Lycurgus                               69
+   XXVI. The Messenian War                              71
+  XXVII. The Music of Tyrtaeus                           73
+ XXVIII. Aristomenes' Escape                            76
+   XXIX. The Olympic Games                              77
+    XXX. Milo of Croton                                 81
+   XXXI. The Jealous Athlete                            83
+  XXXII. The Girls' Games                               84
+ XXXIII. The Bloody Laws of Draco                       86
+  XXXIV. The Laws of Solon                              89
+   XXXV. The First Plays                                92
+  XXXVI. The Tyrant Pisistratus                         95
+ XXXVII. The Tyrant's Insult                            97
+XXXVIII. Death of the Conspirators                      99
+  XXXIX. Hippias driven out of Athens                  100
+     XL. The Great King                                104
+    XLI. Hippias visits Darius                         105
+   XLII. Destruction of the Persian Host               108
+  XLIII. The Advance of the Second Host                110
+   XLIV. The Battle of Marathon                        113
+    XLV. Miltiades' Disgrace                           115
+   XLVI. Aristides the Just                            117
+  XLVII. Two Noble Spartan Youths                      119
+ XLVIII. The Great Army                                121
+   XLIX. Preparations for Defense                      124
+      L. Leonidas at Thermopylae                        127
+     LI. Death of Leonidas                             128
+    LII. The Burning of Athens                         131
+   LIII. The Battles of Salamis and Plataea             133
+    LIV. The Rebuilding of Athens                      136
+     LV. Death of Pausanias                            138
+    LVI. Cimon improves Athens                         141
+   LVII. The Earthquake                                143
+  LVIII. The Age of Pericles                           146
+    LIX. The Teachings of Anaxagoras                   151
+     LX. Beginning of the Peloponnesian War            152
+    LXI. Death of Pericles                             155
+   LXII. The Philosopher Socrates                      157
+  LXIII. Socrates' Favorite Pupil                      159
+   LXIV. Youth of Alcibiades                           163
+    LXV. Greek Colonies in Italy                       165
+   LXVI. Alcibiades in Disgrace                        167
+  LXVII. Death of Alcibiades                           169
+ LXVIII. The Overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants           171
+   LXIX. Accusation of Socrates                        173
+    LXX. Death of Socrates                             175
+   LXXI. The Defeat of Cyrus                           180
+  LXXII. The Retreat of the Ten Thousand               182
+ LXXIII. Agesilaus in Asia                             185
+  LXXIV. A Strange Interview                           186
+   LXXV. The Peace of Antalcidas                       189
+  LXXVI. The Theban Friends                            190
+ LXXVII. Thebes Free once more                         192
+LXXVIII. The Battle of Leuctra                         195
+  LXXIX. Death of Pelopidas                            197
+   LXXX. The Battle of Mantinea                        199
+   XXXI. The Tyrant of Syracuse                        201
+  XXXII. Story of Damon and Pythias                    204
+ XXXIII. The Sword of Damocles                         208
+  XXXIV. Dion and Dionysius                            210
+   XXXV. Civil War in Syracuse                         212
+  XXXVI. Death of Dion                                 214
+ XXXVII. Philip of Macedon                             217
+XXXVIII. Philip begins his Conquests                   219
+  XXXIX. The Orator Demosthenes                        221
+     XC. Philip masters Greece                         224
+    XCI. Birth of Alexander                            227
+   XCII. The Steed Bucephalus                          229
+  XCIII. Alexander as King                             232
+   XCIV. Alexander and Diogenes                        234
+    XCV. Alexander's Brilliant Beginning               236
+   XCVI. The Gordian Knot                              238
+  XCVII. Alexander's Royal Captives                    241
+  CVIII. Alexander at Jerusalem                        242
+   XCIX. The African Desert                            244
+      C. Death of Darius                               247
+     CI. Defeat of Porus                               249
+    CII. The Return to Babylon                         251
+   CIII. Death of Alexander the Great                  252
+    CIV. The Division of the Realm                     255
+     CV. Death of Demosthenes                          257
+    CVI. The Last of the Athenians                     260
+   CVII. The Colossus of Rhodes                        262
+  CVIII. The Battle of Ipsus                           265
+    CIX. Demetrius and the Athenians                   266
+     CX. The Achaean League                             268
+    CXI. Division in Sparta                            270
+   CXII. Death of Agis                                 274
+  CXIII. The War of the Two Leagues                    276
+   CXIV. The Last of the Greeks                        278
+    CXV. Greece a Roman Province                       280
+  INDEX                                                283
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE GREEKS.
+
+
+
+
+I. EARLY INHABITANTS OF GREECE.
+
+
+Although Greece (or Hel'las) is only half as large as the State of New
+York, it holds a very important place in the history of the world. It is
+situated in the southern part of Europe, cut off from the rest of the
+continent by a chain of high mountains which form a great wall on the
+north. It is surrounded on nearly all sides by the blue waters of the
+Med-it-er-ra'ne-an Sea, which stretch so far inland that it is said no
+part of the country is forty miles from the sea, or ten miles from the
+hills. Thus shut in by sea and mountains, it forms a little territory by
+itself, and it was the home of a noted people.
+
+The history of Greece goes back to the time when people did not know how
+to write, and kept no record of what was happening around them. For a
+long while the stories told by parents to their children were the only
+information which could be had about the country and its former
+inhabitants; and these stories, slightly changed by every new teller,
+grew more and more extraordinary as time passed. At last they were so
+changed that no one could tell where the truth ended and fancy began.
+
+The beginning of Greek history is therefore like a fairy tale; and while
+much of it cannot, of course, be true, it is the only information we
+have about the early Greeks. It is these strange fireside stories, which
+used to amuse Greek children so many years ago, that you are first going
+to hear.
+
+About two thousand years before the birth of Christ, in the days when
+Isaac wanted to go down into Egypt, Greece was inhabited by a savage
+race of men called the Pe-las'gi-ans. They lived in the forests, or in
+caves hollowed out of the mountain side, and hunted wild beasts with
+great clubs and stone-tipped arrows and spears. They were so rude and
+wild that they ate nothing but raw meat, berries, and the roots which
+they dug up with sharp stones or even with their hands.
+
+For clothing, the Pelasgians used the skins of the beasts they had
+killed; and to protect themselves against other savages, they gathered
+together in families or tribes, each having a chief who led in war and
+in the chase.
+
+There were other far more civilized nations in those days. Among these
+were the E-gyp'tians, who lived in Africa. They had long known the use
+of fire, had good tools, and were much further advanced than the
+Pelasgians. They had learned not only to build houses, but to erect the
+most wonderful monuments in the world,--the Pyr'a-mids, of which you
+have no doubt heard.
+
+In Egypt there were at that time a number of learned men. They were
+acquainted with many of the arts and sciences, and recorded all they
+knew in a peculiar writing of their own invention. Their neighbors, the
+Phoe-ni'-cians, whose land also bordered on the Mediterranean Sea,
+were quite civilized too; and as both of these nations had ships, they
+soon began to sail all around that great inland sea.
+
+As they had no compass, the Egyptian and Phoenician sailors did not
+venture out of sight of land. They first sailed along the shore, and
+then to the islands which they could see far out on the blue waters.
+
+When they had come to one island, they could see another still farther
+on; for, as you will see on any map, the Mediterranean Sea, between
+Greece and Asia, is dotted with islands, which look like stepping-stones
+going from one coast to the other.
+
+Advancing thus carefully, the Egyptians and Phoenicians finally came
+to Greece, where they made settlements, and began to teach the
+Pelasgians many useful and important things.
+
+
+
+
+II. THE DELUGE OF OGYGES.
+
+
+The first Egyptian who thus settled in Greece was a prince called
+In'a-chus. Landing in that country, which has a most delightful climate,
+he taught the Pelasgians how to make fire and how to cook their meat. He
+also showed them how to build comfortable homes by piling up stones one
+on top of another, much in the same way as the farmer makes the stone
+walls around his fields.
+
+The Pelasgians were intelligent, although so uncivilized; and they soon
+learned to build these walls higher, in order to keep the wild beasts
+away from their homes. Then, when they had learned the use of bronze and
+iron tools, they cut the stones into huge blocks of regular shape.
+
+These stone blocks were piled one upon another so cleverly that some of
+the walls are still standing, although no mortar was used to hold the
+stones together. Such was the strength of the Pelasgians, that they
+raised huge blocks to great heights, and made walls which their
+descendants declared must have been built by giants.
+
+As the Greeks called their giants Cy'clops, which means "round-eyed,"
+they soon called these walls Cy-clo-pe'an; and, in pointing them out to
+their children, they told strange tales of the great giants who had
+built them, and always added that these huge builders had but one eye,
+which was in the middle of the forehead.
+
+Some time after Inachus the Egyptian had thus taught the Pelasgians the
+art of building, and had founded a city called Ar'gos, there came a
+terrible earthquake. The ground under the people's feet heaved and
+cracked, the mountains shook, the waters flooded the dry land, and the
+people fled in terror to the hills.
+
+In spite of the speed with which they ran, the waters soon overtook
+them. Many of the Pelasgians were thus drowned, while their terrified
+companions ran faster and faster up the mountain, nor stopped to rest
+until they were quite safe.
+
+Looking down upon the plains where they had once lived, they saw them
+all covered with water. They were now forced to build new homes; but
+when the waters little by little sank into the ground, or flowed back
+into the sea, they were very glad to find that some of their thickest
+walls had resisted the earthquake and flood, and were still standing
+firm.
+
+The memory of the earthquake and flood was very clear, however. The poor
+Pelasgians could not forget their terror and the sudden death of so many
+friends, and they often talked about that horrible time. As this flood
+occurred in the days when Og'y-ges was king, it has generally been
+linked to his name, and called the Deluge (or flood) of Ogyges.
+
+
+
+
+III. THE FOUNDING OF MANY IMPORTANT CITIES.
+
+
+Some time after Inachus had built Argos, another Egyptian prince came to
+settle in Greece. His name was Ce'crops, and, as he came to Greece after
+the Deluge of Ogyges, he found very few inhabitants left. He landed, and
+decided to build a city on a promontory northeast of Argos. Then he
+invited all the Pelasgians who had not been drowned in the flood to join
+him.
+
+The Pelasgians, glad to find such a wise leader, gathered around him,
+and they soon learned to plow the fields and to sow wheat. Under
+Cecrops' orders they also planted olive trees and vines, and learned how
+to press the oil from the olives and the wine from the grapes. Cecrops
+taught them how to harness their oxen; and before long the women began
+to spin the wool of their sheep, and to weave it into rough woolen
+garments, which were used for clothing, instead of the skins of wild
+beasts.
+
+After building several small towns in At'ti-ca, Cecrops founded a larger
+one, which was at first called Ce-cro'pi-a in honor of himself. This
+name, however, was soon changed to Ath'ens to please A-the'ne (or
+Mi-ner'va), a goddess whom the people worshiped, and who was said to
+watch over the welfare of this her favorite city.
+
+[Illustration: Athene.]
+
+When Cecrops died, he was followed by other princes, who continued
+teaching the people many useful things, such as the training and
+harnessing of horses, the building of carts, and the proper way of
+harvesting grain. One prince even showed them how to make beehives, and
+how to use the honey as an article of food.
+
+As the mountain sides in Greece are covered with a carpet of wild,
+sweet-smelling herbs and flowers, the Greek honey is very good; and
+people say that the best honey in the world is made by the bees on Mount
+Hy-met'tus, near Athens, where they gather their golden store all summer
+long.
+
+Shortly after the building of Athens, a Phoenician colony, led by
+Cad'mus, settled a neighboring part of the country, called Boe-o'tia,
+where they founded the city which was later known as Thebes. Cadmus also
+taught the people many useful things, among others the art of trade (or
+commerce) and that of navigation (the building and using of ships); but,
+best of all, he brought the alphabet to Greece, and showed the people
+how to express their thoughts in writing.
+
+Almost at the same time that Cadmus founded Thebes, an Egyptian called
+Dan'a-us came to Greece, and settled a colony on the same spot where
+that of Inachus had once been. The new Argos rose on the same place as
+the old; and the country around it, called Ar'go-lis, was separated from
+Boeotia and Attica only by a long narrow strip of land, which was
+known as the Isthmus of Cor'-inth.
+
+Danaus not only showed the Pelasgians all the useful arts which Cadmus
+and Cecrops had taught, but also helped them to build ships like that in
+which he had come to Greece. He also founded religious festivals or
+games in honor of the harvest goddess, De-me'ter. The women were invited
+to these games, and they only were allowed to bear torches in the public
+processions, where they sang hymns in honor of the goddess.
+
+The descendants of Danaus long ruled over the land; and one member of
+his family, Per'seus, built the town of My-ce'nae on a spot where many
+of the Pelasgian stone walls can still be seen.
+
+The Pelasgians who joined this young hero helped him to build great
+walls all around his town. These were provided with massive gateways and
+tall towers, from which the soldiers could overlook the whole country,
+and see the approach of an enemy from afar.
+
+[Illustration: The Lion Gate, Mycenae.]
+
+This same people built tombs for some of the ancient kings, and many
+treasure and store houses. These buildings, buried under earth and
+rubbish, were uncovered a few years ago. In the tombs were found swords,
+spears, and remains of ancient armor, gold ornaments, ancient pieces of
+pottery, human bones, and, strangest of all, thin masks of pure gold,
+which covered the faces of some of the dead.
+
+Thus you see, the Pelasgians little by little joined the new colonies
+which came to take possession of the land, and founded little states or
+countries of their own, each governed by its own king, and obeying its
+own laws.
+
+
+
+
+IV. STORY OF DEUCALION.
+
+
+The Greeks used to tell their children that Deu-ca'li-on, the leader of
+the Thes-sa'li-ans, was a descendant of the gods, for each part of the
+country claimed that its first great man was the son of a god. It was
+under the reign of Deucalion that another flood took place. This was
+even more terrible than that of Ogyges; and all the people of the
+neighborhood fled in haste to the high mountains north of Thes'sa-ly,
+where they were kindly received by Deucalion.
+
+When all danger was over, and the waters began to recede, they followed
+their leader down into the plains again. This soon gave rise to a
+wonderful story, which you will often hear. It was said that Deucalion
+and his wife Pyr'rha were the only people left alive after the flood.
+When the waters had all gone, they went down the mountain, and found
+that the temple at Del'phi, where they worshiped their gods, was still
+standing unharmed. They entered, and, kneeling before the altar, prayed
+for help.
+
+A mysterious voice then bade them go down the mountain, throwing their
+mother's bones behind them. They were very much troubled when they heard
+this, until Deucalion said that a voice from heaven could not have
+meant them to do any harm. In thinking over the real meaning of the
+words he had heard, he told his wife, that, as the Earth is the mother
+of all creatures, her bones must mean the stones.
+
+Deucalion and Pyrrha, therefore, went slowly down the mountain, throwing
+the stones behind them. The Greeks used to tell that a sturdy race of
+men sprang up from the stones cast by Deucalion, while beautiful women
+came from those cast by Pyrrha.
+
+The country was soon peopled by the children of these men, who always
+proudly declared that the story was true, and that they sprang from the
+race which owed its birth to this great miracle. Deucalion reigned over
+this people as long as he lived; and when he died, his two sons,
+Am-phic'ty-on and Hel'len, became kings in his stead. The former staid
+in Thessaly; and, hearing that some barbarians called Thra'cians were
+about to come over the mountains and drive his people away, he called
+the chiefs of all the different states to a council, to ask their advice
+about the best means of defense. All the chiefs obeyed the summons, and
+met at a place in Thessaly where the mountains approach the sea so
+closely as to leave but a narrow pass between. In the pass are hot
+springs, and so it was called Ther-mop'y-lae, or the Hot Gateway.
+
+The chiefs thus gathered together called this assembly the
+Am-phic-ty-on'ic Council, in honor of Amphictyon. After making plans to
+drive back the Thracians, they decided to meet once a year, either at
+Thermopylae or at the temple at Delphi, to talk over all important
+matters.
+
+
+
+
+V. STORY OF DAEDALUS AND ICARUS.
+
+
+Hellen, Deucalion's second son, finding Thessaly too small to give homes
+to all the people, went southward with a band of hardy followers, and
+settled in another part of the country which we call Greece, but which
+was then, in honor of him, called Hellas, while his people were called
+Hel-le'nes, or subjects of Hellen.
+
+When Hellen died, he left his kingdom to his three sons, Do'rus,
+AE'o-lus, and Xu'thus. Instead of dividing their father's lands fairly,
+the eldest two sons quarreled with the youngest, and finally drove him
+away. Homeless and poor, Xuthus now went to Athens, where he was warmly
+welcomed by the king, who not only treated him very kindly, but also
+gave him his daughter in marriage, and promised that he should inherit
+the throne.
+
+This promise was duly kept, and Xuthus the exile ruled over Athens. When
+he died, he left the crown to his sons, I'on and A-chae'us.
+
+As the A-the'ni-ans had gradually increased in number until their
+territory was too small to afford a living to all the inhabitants, Ion
+and Achaeus, even in their father's lifetime, led some of their followers
+along the Isthmus of Corinth, and down into the peninsula, where they
+founded two flourishing states, called, after them, A-cha'ia and
+I-o'ni-a. Thus, while northern Greece was pretty equally divided between
+the Do'ri-ans and AE-o'li-ans, descendants and subjects of Dorus and
+AEolus, the peninsula was almost entirely in the hands of the I-o'ni-ans
+and A-chae'ans, who built towns, cultivated the soil, and became bold
+navigators. They ventured farther and farther out at sea, until they
+were familiar with all the neighboring bays and islands.
+
+Sailing thus from place to place, the Hellenes came at last to Crete, a
+large island south of Greece. This island was then governed by a very
+wise king called Mi'nos. The laws of this monarch were so just that all
+the Greeks admired them very much. When he died, they even declared that
+the gods had called him away to judge the dead in Ha'des, and to decide
+what punishments and rewards the spirits deserved.
+
+Although Minos was very wise, he had a subject named Daed'a-lus who was
+even wiser than he. This man not only invented the saw and the potter's
+wheel, but also taught the people how to rig sails for their vessels.
+
+As nothing but oars and paddles had hitherto been used to propel ships,
+this last invention seemed very wonderful; and, to compliment Daedalus,
+the people declared that he had given their vessels wings, and had thus
+enabled them to fly over the seas.
+
+Many years after, when sails were so common that they ceased to excite
+any wonder, the people, forgetting that these were the wings which
+Daedalus had made, invented a wonderful story, which runs as follows.
+
+Minos, King of Crete, once sent for Daedalus, and bade him build a maze,
+or labyrinth, with so many rooms and winding halls, that no one, once in
+it, could ever find his way out again.
+
+Daedalus set to work and built a maze so intricate that neither he nor
+his son Ic'a-rus, who was with him, could get out. Not willing to
+remain there a prisoner, Daedalus soon contrived a means of escape.
+
+[Illustration: Daedalus and Icarus.]
+
+He and Icarus first gathered together a large quantity of feathers, out
+of which Daedalus cleverly made two pairs of wings. When these were
+fastened to their shoulders by means of wax, father and son rose up like
+birds and flew away. In spite of his father's cautions, Icarus rose
+higher and higher, until the heat of the sun melted the wax, so that his
+wings dropped off, and he fell into the sea and was drowned. His father,
+more prudent than he, flew low, and reached Greece in safety. There he
+went on inventing useful things, often gazing out sadly over the waters
+in which Icarus had perished, and which, in honor of the drowned youth,
+were long known as the I-ca'ri-an Sea.
+
+
+
+
+VI. THE ADVENTURES OF JASON.
+
+
+The Hellenes had not long been masters of all Greece, when a Phryg'i-an
+called Pe'lops became master of the peninsula, which from him received
+the name of Pel-o-pon-ne'sus. He first taught the people to coin money;
+and his descendants, the Pe-lop'i-dae, took possession of all the land
+around them, with the exception of Argolis, where the Da-na'i-des
+continued to reign.
+
+Some of the Ionians and Achaeans, driven away from their homes by the
+Pelopidae, went on board their many vessels, and sailed away. They formed
+Hel-len'ic colonies in the neighboring islands along the coast of Asia
+Minor, and even in the southern part of Italy.
+
+As some parts of Greece were very thinly settled, and as the people
+clustered around the towns where their rulers dwelt, there were wide,
+desolate tracts of land between them. Here were many wild beasts and
+robbers, who lay in wait for travelers on their way from one settlement
+to another. The robbers, who hid in the forests or mountains, were
+generally feared and disliked, until at last some brave young warriors
+made up their minds to fight against them and to kill them all. These
+young men were so brave that they well deserved the name of heroes,
+which has always been given them; and they met with many adventures
+about which the people loved to hear. Long after they had gone, the
+inhabitants, remembering their relief when the robbers were killed,
+taught their children to honor these brave young men almost as much as
+the gods, and they called the time when they lived the Heroic Age.
+
+Not satisfied with freeing their own country from wild men and beasts,
+the heroes wandered far away from home in search of further adventures.
+These have also been told over and over again to children of all
+countries and ages, until every one is expected to know something about
+them. Fifty of these heroes, for instance, went on board of a small
+vessel called the "Argo," sailed across the well-known waters, and
+ventured boldly into unknown seas. They were in search of a Golden
+Fleece, which they were told they would find in Col'chis, where it was
+said to be guarded by a great dragon.
+
+The leader of these fifty adventurers was Ja'son, an AEolian prince, who
+brought them safely to Colchis, whence, as the old stories relate, they
+brought back the Golden Fleece. They also brought home the king's
+daughter, who married Jason, and ruled his kingdom with him. Of course,
+as there was no such thing as a Golden Fleece, the Greeks merely used
+this expression to tell about the wealth which they got in the East, and
+carried home with them; for the voyage of the "Argo" was in reality the
+first distant commercial journey undertaken by the Greeks.
+
+
+
+
+VII. THESEUS VISITS THE LABYRINTH.
+
+
+On coming back from the quest for the Golden Fleece, the heroes returned
+to their own homes, where they continued their efforts to make their
+people happy.
+
+The'seus, one of the heroes, returned to Athens, and founded a yearly
+festival in honor of the goddess Athene. This festival was called
+Pan-ath-e-nae'a, which means "all the worshipers of Athene." It proved a
+great success, and was a bond of union among the people, who thus
+learned each other's customs and manners, and grew more friendly than if
+they had always staid at home. Theseus is one of the best-known among
+all the Greek heroes. Besides going with Jason in the "Argo," he rid his
+country of many robbers, and sailed to Crete. There he visited Minos,
+the king, who, having some time before conquered the Athenians, forced
+them to send him every year a shipload of youths and maidens, to feed
+to a monster which he kept in the Labyrinth.
+
+To free his country from this tribute, Theseus, of his own free will,
+went on board the ship. When he reached Crete, he went first into the
+Labyrinth, and killed the monster with his sword. Then he found his way
+out of the maze by means of a long thread which the king's daughter had
+given him. One end of it he carried with him as he entered, while the
+other end was fastened to the door.
+
+His old father, AEgeus, who had allowed him to go only after much
+persuasion, had told him to change the black sails of his vessel for
+white if he were lucky enough to escape. Theseus promised to do so, but
+he entirely forgot it in the joy of his return.
+
+AEgeus, watching for the vessel day after day, saw it coming back at
+last; and when the sunlight fell upon the black sails, he felt sure that
+his son was dead.
+
+His grief was so great at this loss, that he fell from the rock where he
+was standing down into the sea, and was drowned. In memory of him, the
+body of water near the rock is still known as the AE-ge'an Sea.
+
+When Theseus reached Athens, and heard of his father's grief and sudden
+death, his heart was filled with sorrow and remorse, and he loudly
+bewailed the carelessness which had cost his father's life.
+
+Theseus now became King of Athens, and ruled his people very wisely for
+many years. He took part in many adventures and battles, lost two wives
+and a beloved son, and in his grief and old age became so cross and
+harsh that his people ceased to love him.
+
+They finally grew so tired of his cruelty, that they all rose up against
+him, drove him out of the city, and forced him to take up his abode on
+the Island of Scy'ros. Then, fearing that he might return unexpectedly,
+they told the king of the island to watch him night and day, and to
+seize the first good opportunity to get rid of him. In obedience to
+these orders, the king escorted Theseus wherever he went; and one day,
+when they were both walking along the edge of a tall cliff, he suddenly
+pushed Theseus over it. Unable to defend or save himself, Theseus fell
+on some sharp rocks far below, and was instantly killed.
+
+The Athenians rejoiced greatly when they heard of his death; but they
+soon forgot his harshness, remembered only his bravery and all the good
+he had done them in his youth, and regretted their ingratitude. Long
+after, as you will see, his body was carried to Athens, and buried not
+far from the A-crop'o-lis, which was a fortified hill or citadel in the
+midst of the city. Here the Athenians built a temple over his remains,
+and worshiped him as a god.
+
+While Theseus was thus first fighting for his subjects, and then
+quarreling with them, one of his companions, the hero Her'cu-les (or
+Her'a-cles) went back to the Peloponnesus, where he had been born. There
+his descendants, the Her-a-cli'dae, soon began fighting with the Pelopidae
+for the possession of the land.
+
+After much warfare, the Heraclidae were driven away, and banished to
+Thessaly, where they were allowed to remain only upon condition that
+they would not attempt to renew their quarrel with the Pelopidae for a
+hundred years.
+
+
+
+
+VIII. THE TERRIBLE PROPHECY.
+
+
+While Theseus was reigning over the Athenians, the neighboring throne of
+Thebes, in Boeotia, was occupied by King La'ius and Queen Jo-cas'ta.
+In those days the people thought they could learn about the future by
+consulting the oracles, or priests who dwelt in the temples, and
+pretended to give mortals messages from the gods.
+
+Hoping to learn what would become of himself and of his family, Laius
+sent rich gifts to the temple at Delphi, asking what would befall him in
+the coming years. The messenger soon returned, but, instead of bringing
+cheerful news, he tremblingly repeated the oracle's words: "King Laius,
+you will have a son who will murder his father, marry his mother, and
+bring destruction upon his native city!"
+
+This news filled the king's heart with horror; and when, a few months
+later, a son was born to him, he made up his mind to kill him rather
+than let him live to commit such fearful crimes. But Laius was too
+gentle to harm a babe, and so ordered a servant to carry the child out
+of the town and put him to death.
+
+The man obeyed the first part of the king's orders; but when he had come
+to a lonely spot on the mountain, he could not make up his mind to kill
+the poor little babe. Thinking that the child would soon die if left on
+this lonely spot, the servant tied him to a tree, and, going back to the
+city, reported that he had gotten rid of him.
+
+No further questions were asked, and all thought that the child was
+dead. It was not so, however. His cries had attracted the attention of a
+passing shepherd, who carried him home, and, being too poor to keep him,
+took him to the King of Corinth. As the king had no children, he gladly
+adopted the little boy.
+
+When the queen saw that the child's ankles were swollen by the cord by
+which he had been hung to the tree, she tenderly cared for him, and
+called him OEd'i-pus, which means "the swollen-footed." This nickname
+clung to the boy, who grew up thinking that the King and Queen of
+Corinth were his real parents.
+
+
+
+
+IX. THE SPHINX'S RIDDLE.
+
+
+When OEdipus was grown up, he once went to a festival, where his proud
+manners so provoked one of his companions, that he taunted him with
+being only a foundling. OEdipus, seeing the frightened faces around
+him, now for the first time began to think that perhaps he had not been
+told the truth about his parentage. So he consulted an oracle.
+
+Instead of giving him a plain answer,--a thing which the oracles were
+seldom known to do,--the voice said, "OEdipus, beware! You are doomed
+to kill your father, marry your mother, and bring destruction upon your
+native city!"
+
+Horrified at this prophecy, and feeling sure that the King and Queen of
+Corinth were his parents, and that the oracle's predictions threatened
+misfortunes to them, OEdipus made up his mind to leave home forever.
+He did not even dare to return to bid his family good-by, and he started
+out alone and on foot to seek his fortunes elsewhere.
+
+As he walked, he thought of his misfortunes, and grew very bitter
+against the cruel goddess of fate, whom he had been taught to fear. He
+fancied that this goddess could rule things as she pleased, and that it
+was she who had said he would commit the dreadful crimes which he was
+trying to avoid.
+
+After several days' aimless wandering, OEdipus came at last to some
+crossroads. There he met an old man riding in a chariot, and preceded by
+a herald, who haughtily bade OEdipus make way for his master.
+
+As OEdipus had been brought up as a prince, he was in the habit of
+seeing everybody make way for him. He therefore proudly refused to stir;
+and when the herald raised his staff to strike, OEdipus drew his sword
+and killed him.
+
+The old man, indignant at this deed of violence, stepped out of his
+chariot and attacked OEdipus. Now, the young man did not know that it
+was his father Laius whom he thus met for the first time, so he fell
+upon and killed him also. The servants too were all slain when they in
+turn attacked him; and then OEdipus calmly continued his journey,
+little suspecting that the first part of the oracle's prediction had
+been fulfilled.
+
+Soon after this fight, OEdipus came to the city of Thebes. The streets
+were filled with excited people, all talking at once; and the young
+prince, in listening to what they said, soon learned the cause of their
+excitement.
+
+[Illustration: After a few moments' deep thought, OEdipus answered.]
+
+It seems that a terrible monster called the Sphinx had taken up its
+station on one of the principal roads leading to the town, and would
+allow no one to pass who could not answer a riddle which it asked. This
+creature had the head of a woman, the body of a lion, and the wings of
+an eagle; and, as it ate up all those who could not guess its riddle,
+the people were very much frightened.
+
+Many persons had already been slain; for, although the bravest men had
+gone out to kill it, they had lost their lives in the attempt, as no one
+could harm it unless he guessed the mysterious riddle.
+
+Laius, the king, hoping to learn from the oracle at Delphi the answer to
+the riddle, had ridden off in his chariot; but the people grew more
+excited still, when a messenger came running into the town, and said
+that the king and all his servants had been killed by robbers, and that
+their dead bodies had been found in the middle of the road.
+
+OEdipus paid no attention to this news; for he little suspected that
+the old man whom he had killed was the king, whom everybody loved, and
+for whom they now mourned with noisy grief.
+
+He was, however, deeply interested in the story of the Sphinx; and he
+was so sure that he could guess the riddle, that he immediately set out
+to find the monster. He walked boldly along the road until stopped by
+the Sphinx, which told him to answer this riddle if he wished to live:
+"What creature walks upon four feet in the morning, upon two at noon,
+and upon three at night?"
+
+After a few moments' deep thought, OEdipus answered that the creature
+was _man_. "For," said he, "in the morning of life, or in babyhood, man
+creeps on hands and knees; at noon, or in manhood, he walks erect; and
+at evening, or in old age, he supports his tottering steps with a
+staff."
+
+The Sphinx's riddle was guessed; and the monster, knowing that its power
+was now at an end, tried to get away. But OEdipus would not allow it
+to do so; and, drawing his sword, he forced it back until it fell over a
+precipice, on the sharp stones below, and was dashed to pieces.
+
+
+
+
+X. BLINDNESS AND DEATH OF OEDIPUS.
+
+
+Boeotia was now rid of the Sphinx; and when the The'bans heard the
+joyful news of its death, they welcomed OEdipus with much joy. In
+reward for his bravery, they gave him not only the throne, but also the
+hand of Jocasta, the widowed queen. It was thus that OEdipus, although
+he did not know it, fulfilled the second part of the prophecy, and
+married his own mother.
+
+Several years now passed by, during which OEdipus ruled the Thebans so
+wisely, that they all loved him dearly, and went to him for advice in
+all their troubles. Finally the good times came to an end; and the
+people were again terrified, because a plague, or great sickness, broke
+out in the city, and many of the inhabitants died.
+
+All kinds of medicines were tried, but without effect; and all the gods
+were asked to lend their aid. In despair, OEdipus sent a messenger to
+Delphi to ask the oracle how the disease could be stopped. The oracle
+for once gave a plain answer, and said that the plague would cease only
+when the murderer of Laius had been found and punished.
+
+Investigations were now made for the first time, and it was found that
+OEdipus was the one who had slain the king. At the same time, the
+servant confessed that he had not killed the royal child; and the
+shepherd told how he had found the babe and carried him to Corinth,
+where he had been adopted by the king.
+
+When OEdipus heard all this, he was driven almost mad with despair;
+for now he knew not only that he had murdered his father and married his
+mother, but that it was on his account that the plague had caused the
+death of so many people in Thebes.
+
+In her horror and grief at this discovery, Queen Jocasta killed herself.
+When OEdipus learned that she was dead, he ran into the room where she
+lay, and took one of the buckles which fastened her dress and put out
+his eyes with it, saying, that, since they had beheld such a sorrowful
+sight, they should never again see the light of day.
+
+To rid the city of his accursed presence, and thus, if possible, save it
+from the threatened destruction, OEdipus banished himself, and
+wandered away, old, blind, and poor, for he would take none of his
+riches with him.
+
+He departed sorrowfully, leaving his kingdom to his two sons,
+E-te'o-cles and Pol-y-ni'ces, and telling them to care for their
+sisters, An-tig'o-ne and Is-me'ne.
+
+Ismene wept bitterly when she said good-by to her father; but Antigone
+placed her father's hand upon her shoulder, said that she would never
+forsake him, and left the city, tenderly supporting and guiding him.
+
+Father and daughter wandered thus from place to place, finding no rest;
+for all the people shrank from even looking upon OEdipus, who, they
+said, was evidently accursed by the gods, since he had committed such
+frightful crimes.
+
+After many days' wandering and much fatigue, the exiles arrived at last
+on the border of a dark forest held sacred to the Furies,--the goddesses
+whose duty it was to punish all criminals by tormenting them as long as
+they lived, and even after they had died.
+
+When Antigone described to her poor blind father the place they had
+reached, he bade her remain by the roadside, and, groping his way, soon
+vanished into the forest. He had scarcely gone, when a terrible
+thunderstorm arose. The air grew dark, the lightning flashed, the
+thunder rolled, the trees bent and twisted in the wind; and, although
+Antigone called her father again and again, she heard no answering cry.
+
+When morning came, she went to look for him, but found no trace of him.
+The people in the neighborhood then told her that the Furies had dragged
+her father away to punish him for his crimes, and Antigone sadly went
+back to Thebes.
+
+As soon as she arrived in the city, Antigone hastened to the palace to
+tell her brothers and sister about their father's sad death; but when
+she entered her former happy home, she learned that there are sadder
+things than death, for her brothers were no longer friends, and had
+begun a terrible quarrel.
+
+
+
+
+XI. THE BROTHERS' QUARREL.
+
+
+The misfortunes of Thebes had not come to an end with the banishment of
+OEdipus, and fate was still against the unhappy city. The plague, it
+is true, had stopped; but the two young princes were quarreling about
+the possession of the throne.
+
+Both wanted to reign, and neither wished to share the throne with his
+brother. After much dispute, they agreed at last that each should reign
+a year in turn.
+
+Eteocles, the elder, was of course allowed to rule during the first
+year; while Polynices went to pay a visit to A-dras'tus, King of Argos.
+Here he was warmly welcomed and hospitably entertained; but when the
+year was ended, he hurried back to Thebes to reign in his turn.
+
+When he came to the city, however, Eteocles refused to give up the
+scepter, and, calling out his guards, made use of his power to drive
+Polynices out of the town. This was very wrong, for a promise should
+always be kept; and it made Polynices so angry, that he said he would
+return with an army, and force his brother to act fairly.
+
+Polynices therefore hurried back to Argos, and soon persuaded Adrastus,
+with five other kings and noted warriors, to go with him to Thebes, and
+help him take the throne by force.
+
+When Eteocles heard that seven kings were coming with a large army to
+make him give up the throne of Thebes, he made up his mind to fight hard
+to keep it. After strengthening the city walls, laying in a great stock
+of provisions, and securing the help of seven brave allies, Eteocles
+closed the gates of Thebes, and calmly awaited the arrival of the enemy.
+
+Meanwhile the seven chiefs were marching from Argos to Thebes. They came
+at last to the forest of Ne'me-a, where Hercules, the chief hero of
+Argos, had once slain a terrible lion. This monster had long lived in
+the forest, filling the hearts of all the people with dread; and when
+Hercules came out of the forest, wearing the skin of the lion, they had
+greatly rejoiced.
+
+[Illustration: Hercules and the Nemean Lion.]
+
+In honor of Hercules' victory over the Ne'me-an lion, the seven chiefs
+stopped in this spot to celebrate games, which they said should be held
+in that neighborhood every three years. This festival was ever after
+celebrated thus; and when the people gathered together there to see the
+racing and boxing, they loved to recall the memory of the brave lion
+slayer, and of the seven kings who had first celebrated the Nemean
+games.
+
+When Polynices and his allies came at last to Thebes, they found all the
+gates closed; and although they fought bravely, and tried hard to enter
+the city, they were kept at bay for seven long years. At the end of that
+time the people inside the city, and those without, were equally tired
+of this long siege: so it was finally agreed that the two armies should
+meet on a neighboring plain and fight it out.
+
+The armies were led by the two brothers, who now hated each other so
+bitterly, that, instead of waiting for the signal for battle, they
+rushed upon each other, and both fell before any one could interfere.
+
+This terrible end of their quarrel filled the hearts of both armies with
+fear, and they agreed to make a truce in order to bury their chiefs. As
+it was customary at that time to burn the bodies of the dead, both
+corpses were laid upon the funeral pyre side by side. When the wood was
+all burned, the ashes were put into separate urns, for the Greeks used
+to tell their children that these brothers hated each other so much that
+even their ashes would not mingle.
+
+This story of OEdipus and his family is only a myth, but it is a very
+celebrated one. The Greeks wrote stories, poems, and plays about it, and
+it is on that account that it should be known by every one who wishes to
+study the history of Greece.
+
+
+
+
+XII. THE TAKING OF THEBES.
+
+
+The terrible death of the two brothers Eteocles and Polynices did not,
+as you might suppose, end the siege of Thebes. No sooner were their
+funerals over, than both armies began to fight again; and they continued
+the contest until all the chiefs had been killed except Adrastus only.
+
+Most of the soldiers had also been slain: so Adrastus made up his mind
+to go home, and wait until the sons of these fallen heroes were old
+enough to fight, before he went on with the war. As they thought it
+their duty to avenge all injuries, and especially the death of a
+relative, Adrastus had no trouble in getting these youths to march
+against Thebes. So they began a second siege, which was known as the War
+of the E-pig'o-ni, or descendants, because the young warriors took up
+their fathers' quarrel.
+
+Such was the bravery of these young men, that they succeeded where their
+fathers had failed, and after a long struggle took the city of Thebes.
+As Polynices was dead, and could not claim the scepter he had so longed
+to possess, they put his son Ther-san'der upon the throne.
+
+This young man ruled for a while in peace; but because his sons were
+insane, the Thebans thought that the gods still hated the race of
+OEdipus: so they drove these princes away, and chose another and less
+unlucky family to rule over them instead.
+
+Even the daughters of OEdipus were very unhappy; for Antigone, having
+taken the part of her brother Polynices, was put to death, while her
+sister Ismene died of grief.
+
+Such was the end of the race of OEdipus,--a king who has been
+considered the most unhappy man that ever lived, because, although he
+meant to be good, he was forced by fate to commit the most horrible
+crimes.
+
+
+
+
+XIII. THE CHILDHOOD OF PARIS.
+
+
+In those days, Pri'am and Hec'u-ba were King and Queen of Troy (or
+Il'i-um),--a beautiful city near the coast of Asia Minor, almost
+opposite Athens. They were the parents of a large family of sons and
+daughters; and among the sons were Hec'tor and Par'is, young men of
+remarkable strength and beauty.
+
+Paris had had a very adventurous life. When he was but a little babe,
+his mother dreamed that she saw a flaming brand in the cradle, in the
+place where the child lay. This brand seemed to set fire to the cradle
+and all the palace; and the queen, awaking with a start, was overjoyed
+to find that it was nothing but a dream.
+
+Men in those days believed that dreams were sent by the gods to warn
+them of coming events, and so Hecuba was very anxious to know what the
+burning brand meant. She told her husband all about it, and they finally
+decided to ask an oracle to explain the dream.
+
+A few days later the messenger they had sent to the oracle came home,
+and Hecuba shed many tears when he brought word that the child Paris was
+destined to bring destruction upon his native city.
+
+To escape this calamity, Priam ordered that Paris should be carried out
+of the city, and that he should be left in a forest, where the wild
+beasts would eat him up, or where he would be sure to die from hunger
+and cold.
+
+Poor little Paris was therefore lifted out of his comfortable cradle,
+and left alone in the woods, where he cried so hard that a passing
+hunter heard him. This man was so sorry for the poor child, that he
+carried him home to his wife, who brought the little stranger up with
+her own children.
+
+As he lived with hunters, Paris soon learned their ways; and he became
+so active that when he was quite grown up he went to Troy to take part
+in the athletic games, which were often held there in honor of the gods.
+He was so strong that he easily won all the prizes, although Hector and
+the other young princes were also striving for them.
+
+When Paris went up to receive the crown of wild olive leaves which was
+the victor's prize, every one noticed his likeness to the royal family;
+and his sister Cas-san'dra, who was able to foretell future events, said
+that he was the son of Priam and Hecuba, and that he would bring great
+misfortunes upon Troy.
+
+The king and queen paid no heed to these words, but gladly welcomed
+Paris home, and lavished all kinds of gifts upon him to make up for
+their cruelty and long neglect.
+
+Paris was so fond of change and adventure, that he soon grew tired of
+court life, and asked Priam for a ship, so that he might sail off to
+Greece.
+
+This request was readily granted, and Paris went away. The young prince
+sailed from island to island, and came at last to the southern part of
+the Peloponnesus, where the descendants of Hercules had founded the city
+of Sparta. Here he was warmly welcomed by King Men-e-la'us; but this
+king was obliged to leave home shortly after the arrival of Paris, and
+he bade Helen, his wife, the most beautiful woman in the world, do all
+she could to entertain the noble stranger.
+
+Helen was so kind to Paris that he soon fell in love with her. His
+greatest wish was to have her as his wife: so he began to tell her that
+Ve'nus, the goddess of love, had promised him that he should marry the
+most beautiful woman in the world.
+
+Talking thus day after day, the handsome young Paris finally persuaded
+Helen to leave her husband and home. She got on board of his vessel, and
+went with him to Troy as his wife. Of course, this wrongdoing could not
+bring happiness; and not only were they duly punished, but, as you will
+soon see, the crime of Paris brought suffering and death to his friends
+as well.
+
+[Illustration: Menelaus.]
+
+When Menelaus came home and found that his guest had run away with his
+wife, he was very angry, and vowed that he would not rest until he had
+punished Paris and won back the beautiful Helen.
+
+He therefore made ready for war, and sent word to his friends and
+relatives to come and help him, telling them to meet him at Au'lis, a
+seaport, where they would find swift-sailing vessels to carry them
+across the sea to Troy.
+
+
+
+
+XIV. THE MUSTER OF THE TROOPS.
+
+
+When the neighboring kings and chiefs received Menelaus' message, they
+were delighted; for fighting was their only occupation, and they enjoyed
+the din of battle more than anything else. They began to collect their
+soldiers, polish their arms, and man their vessels. Then, inviting all
+who wished to join them, they started out for Aulis, where they formed a
+huge army.
+
+Each of the parties was led by its own king or chief. Some of these
+chiefs were very brave, and their names are still well known. The
+leading ones among them were Nes'tor, the wisest man of his day, to whom
+every one came for good advice; and U-lys'ses, the crafty or sly king,
+who was so clever that he could easily outwit all men.
+
+There were also A'jax, the strongest man of his time; Thersander, the
+new king of Thebes, who came with the Epigoni; and Ag-a-mem'non, King of
+Mycenae, Menelaus' brother, who was chosen chief of the whole army.
+
+The Greeks never began any undertaking without consulting the oracles to
+find out how it would end. Agamemnon, therefore, consulted one of these
+soothsayers, who said that Troy would never be taken unless A-chil'les
+fought with the Greeks.
+
+When they heard this answer, the chiefs immediately asked who Achilles
+was, and they soon learned all about him. He was a young prince of whom
+it had been foretold at the time of his birth that he would be the
+greatest warrior of his age, and that he would die young. His mother,
+who loved him dearly, shed many tears when she heard these words, and
+made up her mind to do all she could to prevent this prophecy from
+coming true.
+
+She first carried Achilles, when but a baby, to the river Styx, for it
+was said that those who bathed in its waters could never be wounded.
+
+Afraid to let go of her child for fear he might drown, but anxious to
+make sure that the waters should touch every part of him, the mother
+plunged him into the rushing tide, holding him fast by one heel.
+
+This she held so tight that the waters never even wet it; and it was
+only long after, when too late to remedy it, that an oracle told her
+that Achilles could be wounded in his heel, which the waters of the Styx
+had not touched. As soon as this good mother heard the first news of the
+coming war, her heart was troubled; for she knew that Achilles, who was
+now a young man, would want to join the army, and she was afraid of
+losing him.
+
+To prevent his hearing anything about the war, she persuaded him to
+visit the King of Scyros. There, under pretext of a joke, he was induced
+to put on girl's clothes, and to pretend that he was a woman.
+
+The Greeks, after hearing the oracle's words, sent messengers for
+Achilles; but they could not find him, as he had left home, and no one
+would tell them where he had gone. As it was of no use to set out
+without him, according to the oracle's answer, which they thoroughly
+believed, the army lingered at Aulis in despair.
+
+Ulysses, seeing that they would never start unless Achilles were found,
+now offered to go and get him. Disguised as a peddler, with a pack upon
+his back, he went first to Achilles' home, where the chattering maids
+told him all he wished to know, and thence he went to the Island of
+Scyros.
+
+Achilles was so well disguised that Ulysses could not tell him from the
+king's daughters and their maids: so he made use of a trick to find him
+out. Among the trinkets in his pack, he put a sword of fine workmanship,
+and, entering the palace, spread out his wares before the admiring
+maidens. They all gathered about him; but, while the real girls went
+into raptures over his ornaments, Achilles grasped the sword, drew it
+from the scabbard, carefully tested the blade, and swung it with a
+strong arm.
+
+Of course, Ulysses then easily saw that he was not a girl, and, slipping
+up to him, managed to whisper news of the coming war, and won his
+promise to join the army at Aulis in a few days.
+
+
+
+
+XV. THE SACRIFICE OF IPHIGENIA.
+
+
+True to his promise, Achilles soon came to Aulis with his well-trained
+soldiers, the Myr'mi-dons, and with him came his friend Pa-tro'clus. All
+were now eager to start, and ready to embark; but unfortunately there
+was no favorable wind to fill their sails and waft them over to Asia
+Minor.
+
+Day after day they waited, and offered sacrifices to the gods, but all
+in vain. At last they again consulted the oracle, who said that the
+wind would not blow until Iph-i-ge-ni'a, Agamemnon's daughter, were
+offered up in sacrifice to Di-an'a, goddess of the moon and the chase,
+whom this king had once offended.
+
+Agamemnon at first said that he would not sacrifice his daughter, but
+finally his companions persuaded him to do so. Just as the priest was
+about to kill the maiden on the altar, however, the goddess Diana came,
+and carried her off unharmed, leaving a deer to be sacrificed in her
+stead.
+
+The deer was killed, the wind rose, the sails filled, and the Greek
+fleet soon came within sight of the high walls and towers of Troy.
+There, contrary to their expectations, the Greeks found the people ready
+to fight them; but, after many days' struggle, they saw that they had
+made no great advance.
+
+On the wide plain which stretched out between the city and the sea, the
+Greek and Tro'jan armies fought many a battle; and sometimes one party,
+and sometimes the other, had the victory. The men on both sides had been
+trained to handle their weapons with great skill, and there were many
+fights in which the Greek heroes met the bravest Trojans.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Nine years passed thus in continual warfare, but even then the Greeks
+were as far from taking the town as on the first day; and the Trojans,
+in spite of all their courage, had not been able to drive their enemies
+away.
+
+
+
+
+XVI. THE WRATH OF ACHILLES.
+
+
+In all their battles, the booty won by the Greeks from the enemy had
+been divided among the chiefs and soldiers, and on one occasion female
+slaves were given to Agamemnon and Achilles. These girls were not born
+slaves, but were captives of war reduced to slavery, as was then the
+custom; for, while the men and boys were always killed, the women and
+girls were forced to be the servants of the victors.
+
+Now, it happened that the slave given to Agamemnon was the daughter of a
+priest of A-pol'lo. He was very sorry when he heard she had fallen into
+the hands of the Greeks, and sent a message to Agamemnon, offering to
+give him a large sum of money if he would only set her free.
+
+Agamemnon would not accept the money, and sent a rude message to the
+priest, who, in anger, asked Apollo to avenge this insult by sending a
+plague upon the Greeks. The god heard and granted this prayer, and soon
+all the soldiers in the Greek camp were suffering from a terrible
+disease, of which many of them died.
+
+As no remedy could relieve the sufferers, the Greek leaders consulted an
+oracle, to find out how the plague might be stopped. Then they learned
+that Apollo was angry with Agamemnon because he had refused to give up
+his slave, and that the Greeks would continue to suffer until he made up
+his mind to give her back to her father.
+
+Thus forced to give her up to save his men from further suffering and
+even from death, Agamemnon angrily said he would take Achilles' slave
+instead, and he had her brought to wait upon him in his tent.
+
+Achilles, who wanted to save the Greeks from the plague, allowed the
+maiden to depart, warning Agamemnon, however, that he would no longer
+fight for a chief who could be so selfish and unjust. As soon as the
+girl had gone, therefore, he laid aside his fine armor; and although he
+heard the call for battle, and the din of fighting, he staid quietly
+within his tent.
+
+While Achilles sat thus sulking day after day, his companions were
+bravely fighting. In spite of their bravery, however, the Trojans were
+gaining the advantage; for, now that Achilles was no longer there to
+fill their hearts with terror, they fought with new courage.
+
+The Greeks, missing the bright young leader who always led them into the
+midst of the fray, were gradually driven back by the Trojans, who
+pressed eagerly forward, and even began to set fire to some of the Greek
+ships.
+
+Achilles' friend, Patroclus, who was fighting at the head of the Greeks,
+now saw that the Trojans, unless they were checked, would soon destroy
+the whole army, and he rushed into Achilles' tent to beg him to come and
+help them once more.
+
+His entreaties were vain. Achilles refused to move a step; but he
+consented at last to let Patroclus wear his armor, and, thus disguised,
+make a last attempt to rally the Greeks and drive back the Trojans.
+
+Patroclus started out, and, when the Trojans saw the well-known armor,
+they shrank back in terror, for they greatly feared Achilles. They soon
+saw their mistake, however; and Hector, rushing forward, killed
+Patroclus, tore the armor off his body, and retired to put it on in
+honor of his victory.
+
+Then a terrible struggle took place between the Trojans and the Greeks
+for the possession of Patroclus' body. The news of his friend's death
+had quickly been carried to Achilles, and had roused him from his
+indifferent state. Springing upon the wall that stretched before the
+camp, he gave a mighty shout, at the sound of which the Trojans fled,
+while Ajax and Ulysses brought back the body of Patroclus.
+
+
+
+
+XVII. DEATH OF HECTOR AND ACHILLES.
+
+
+The next day, having secured armor and weapons, Achilles again went out
+to fight. His purpose was to meet Hector, and, by killing him, to avenge
+his dead friend, Patroclus. He therefore rushed up and down the
+battlefield; and when at last he came face to face with his foe, they
+closed in deadly fight. The two young men, each the champion warrior of
+his army, were now fighting with the courage of despair; for, while
+Achilles was thirsting to avenge his friend, Hector knew that the fate
+of Troy depended mostly upon his arm. The struggle was terrible. It was
+watched with breathless interest by the armies on both sides, and by
+aged Priam and the Trojan women from the walls of Troy. In spite of
+Hector's courage, in spite of all his skill, he was doomed to die, and
+soon he fell under the blows of Achilles.
+
+Then, in sight of both armies and of Hector's weeping family, Achilles
+took off his enemy's armor, bound the dead body by the feet to his
+chariot, and dragged it three times around the city walls before he went
+back to camp to mourn over the remains of Patroclus.
+
+That night, guided by one of the gods, old King Priam came secretly into
+the Greek camp, and, stealing into Achilles' tent, fell at his feet. He
+had come to beg Achilles to give back the body of Hector, that he might
+weep over it, and bury it with all the usual ceremonies and honors.
+
+Touched by the old man's tears, and ready now to listen to his better
+feelings, Achilles kindly raised the old king, comforted him with gentle
+words, and not only gave back the body, but also promised that there
+should be a truce of a few days, so that both armies could bury their
+dead in peace.
+
+The funerals were held, the bodies burned, the usual games celebrated;
+and when the truce was over, the long war was begun again. After several
+other great fights, Achilles died from a wound in his heel caused by a
+poisoned arrow that was treacherously shot by Paris.
+
+The sorrowing Greeks then buried the young hero on the wide plain
+between Troy and the sea. This spot has been visited by many people who
+admired the brave young hero of the Il'i-ad (see p. 60).
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+XVIII. THE BURNING OF TROY.
+
+
+As the valor of the Greeks had proved of no avail during the ten-years'
+war, and as they were still as far as ever from taking Troy, Ulysses the
+crafty now proposed to take the city by a stratagem, or trick.
+
+The Greeks, obeying his directions, built a wooden horse of very large
+size. It was hollow, and the space inside it was large enough to hold a
+number of armed men. When this horse was finished, and the men were
+hidden in it, the Greeks all embarked as if to sail home.
+
+The Trojans, who had watched them embark and sail out of sight, rushed
+down to the shore shouting for joy, and began to wander around the
+deserted camp. They soon found the huge wooden horse, and were staring
+wonderingly at it, when they were joined by a Greek who had purposely
+been left behind, and who now crept out of his hiding place.
+
+In answer to their questions, this man said that his companions had
+deserted him, and that the wooden horse had been built and left there as
+an offering to Po-sei'don (or Nep'tune), god of the sea. The Trojans,
+believing all this, now decided to keep the wooden horse in memory of
+their long siege, and the useless attempt of the Greeks to take Troy.
+
+They therefore joyfully dragged the huge animal into the city; and, as
+the gates were not large enough for it to pass through, they tore down
+part of their strong walls.
+
+That very night, while all the Trojans were sleeping peacefully for the
+first time in many years, without any fear of a midnight attack, the
+Greek vessels noiselessly sailed back to their old moorings. The
+soldiers landed in silence, and, marching up softly, joined their
+companions, who had crept out of the wooden horse, and had opened all
+the gates to receive them.
+
+Pouring into Troy on all sides at once, the Greeks now began their work
+of destruction, killing, burning, and stealing everywhere. The Trojan
+warriors, awakening from sleep, vainly tried to defend themselves; but
+all were killed except Prince AE-ne'as, who escaped with his family and a
+few faithful friends, to form a new kingdom in Italy.
+
+All the women, including even the queen and her daughters, were made
+prisoners and carried away by the Greek heroes. The men were now very
+anxious to return home with the booty they had won; for they had done
+what they had long wished to do, and Troy, the beautiful city, was
+burned to the ground.
+
+All this, as you know, happened many years ago,--so many that no one
+knows just how long. The city thus destroyed was never rebuilt. Some
+years ago a German traveler began to dig on the spot where it once
+stood. Deep down under the ground he found the remains of beautiful
+buildings, some pottery, household utensils, weapons, and a great deal
+of gold, silver, brass, and bronze. All these things were blackened or
+partly melted by fire, showing that the Greeks had set fire to the city,
+as their famous old poems relate.
+
+The Greeks said, however, that their gods were very angry with many of
+their warriors on account of the cruelty they showed on that dreadful
+night, and that many of them had to suffer great hardships before they
+reached home. Some were tossed about by the winds and waves for many
+long years, and suffered shipwrecks. Others reached home safely, only to
+be murdered by relatives who had taken possession of their thrones
+during their long absence.
+
+[Illustration: Vase.]
+
+[Illustration: Jug.]
+
+[Illustration: Cup.]
+
+Only a few among these heroes escaped with their lives, and wandered off
+to other countries to found new cities. Thus arose many Greek colonies
+in Sicily and southern Italy, which were called Great Greece, in honor
+of the country from which the first settlers had come.
+
+As you have already seen, Prince AEneas was among these Trojans. After
+many exciting adventures, which you will be able to read in the "Story
+of Rome," he sailed up the Ti'ber River, and landed near the place where
+one of his descendants was to found the present capital of Italy, which
+is one of the most famous cities in the world.
+
+
+
+
+XIX. HEROIC DEATH OF CODRUS.
+
+
+You remember, do you not, how the sons of Pelops had driven the
+Heraclidae, or sons of Hercules, out of the peninsula which was called
+the Peloponnesus? This same peninsula is now called Mo-re'a, or the
+mulberry leaf, because it is shaped something like such a leaf, as you
+will see by looking at your map.
+
+The Heraclidae had not gone away willingly, but were staying in Thessaly,
+in the northern part of Greece, where they promised to remain one
+hundred years without making any attempt to come back.
+
+Shortly after the end of the Trojan War, this truce of a hundred years
+came to an end; and the Heraclidae called upon their neighbors the
+Dorians to join them, and help them win back their former lands.
+
+Led by three brave chiefs, the allies passed through Greece proper,
+along the Isthmus of Corinth, and, spreading all over the Peloponnesus,
+soon took possession of the principal towns. The leading members of the
+family of Hercules took the title of kings, and ruled over the cities of
+Argos, Mycenae, and Spar'ta.
+
+The Dorians, who had helped the Heraclidae win back their former
+possessions, now saw that the land here was better than their home in
+the mountains, so they drove all the rest of the Ionians out of the
+country, and settled there also.
+
+Thus driven away by the Dorians and the Heraclidae, these Ionians went to
+Athens, to the neighboring islands, and even to the coast of Asia Minor,
+south of the ruined city of Troy, where they settled in great numbers.
+They called the strip of land which they occupied Ionia, and founded
+many towns, some of which, such as Eph'e-sus and Mi-le'tus, were
+destined to become famous.
+
+Of course, the Ionians were very angry at thus being driven away from
+home; and those who had gone to live in Athens soon asked Co'drus, the
+Athenian king, to make war against the Heraclidae of Sparta.
+
+The two armies soon met, and prepared for battle. Codrus, having
+consulted an oracle, had learned that the victory would be given to the
+army whose king should be killed, so he nobly made up his mind to die
+for the good of his people.
+
+Instead of going into battle in royal dress, with his guards all around
+him, as was his habit, he dressed himself like an ordinary soldier, and
+went forward until he stood in the very first rank of the army. Then he
+rushed boldly into the midst of the foe.
+
+Of course, he was soon cut down; but the Athenians, seeing his courage,
+and learning why he had thus risked his life, fought with such valor
+that they defeated the Spar'tan forces, and forced them to retreat.
+
+The victory had been won; but the Athenians were so sorry to lose their
+beloved king, that they could not rejoice, and sadly returned home,
+carrying the body of Codrus. Such was the admiration of all the people
+for this act of royal courage, that they vowed they would never again
+call any one by the name of king.
+
+When Codrus had been buried, therefore, the Athenians gave his son and
+heir the government of the city, calling him archon, or chief for
+life,--a title which was borne by many rulers after him.
+
+The Spartans, who had come into Attica to fight the Athenians, retreated
+hastily after their defeat, and returned to their city, where they
+settled, forcing all the people who dwelt in the neighborhood either to
+leave the country or to serve them as their slaves.
+
+The return of the Heraclidae into the Peloponnesus is the last event of
+the Heroic Age, and now real history begins. After this, it is no longer
+necessary to try to find out the truth hidden in the old tales which
+were handed down from father to son, and which were the only fairy
+stories the Greek children knew; for henceforth records were kept of all
+the principal events.
+
+
+
+
+XX. THE BLIND POET.
+
+
+Three or four centuries after the siege of Troy, there lived a poor old
+blind poet who wandered about from place to place, playing upon his
+lyre, and reciting wonderful verses which told about the adventures of
+the Greek heroes, and their great deeds during the Trojan War.
+
+We are told that this old man, whose name was Ho'mer, had not always
+been poor and blind, but that, having embarked by mistake upon a vessel
+manned by pirates, he not only had been robbed of all his wealth, and
+blinded, but had been left upon a lonely shore.
+
+By some happy chance, poor blind Homer found his way to the inhabited
+parts of the country, where he soon won many friends. Instead of
+spending all his time in weeping over his troubles, Homer tried to think
+of some way in which he could earn his living, and at the same time give
+pleasure to others. He soon found such a way in telling the stories of
+the past to all who cared to listen to them.
+
+[Illustration: Homer.]
+
+As the people in those days had no books, no schools, and no theaters,
+these stories seemed very wonderful. Little by little Homer turned them
+into verses so grand and beautiful that we admire them still; and these
+he recited, accompanying himself on a lyre, which he handled with much
+skill. As he wandered thus from place to place, old and young crowded
+around him to listen to his tales; and some young men were so struck by
+them that they followed him everywhere, until they too could repeat
+them. This was quite easy to do, because Homer had put them into the
+most beautiful and harmonious language the world has ever known. As soon
+as these young men had learned a few of the tales, they too began to
+travel from place to place, telling them to all they met; and thus
+Homer's verses became well known throughout all Greece.
+
+[Illustration: Telling Homer's Tales.]
+
+The Greeks who could recite Homer's poems went next to the islands and
+Asia Minor, stopping at every place where Greek was spoken, to tell
+about the wrath of Achilles, the death of Patroclus, Hector, or old
+Priam, the burning of Troy, the wanderings of Ulysses, and the return of
+the Greeks. Other youths learned the poems; and so, although they were
+not written down for many a year, they were constantly recited and sung,
+and thus kept alive in the memory of the people.
+
+As for Homer, their author, we know but little about him. We are told
+that he lived to be very old, and that although he was poor as long as
+he lived, and forced to earn his living by reciting his songs, he was
+greatly honored after his death.
+
+His two great heroic poems--the Iliad, telling all about the Trojan War,
+and the Od'ys-sey, relating how Ulysses sailed about for ten years on
+his way home from Troy--were finally written down, and kept so carefully
+that they can still be read to-day. Such was the admiration felt for
+these poems, that some years after Homer's death an attempt was made to
+find out more about him, and about the place where he was born.
+
+Fifty cities claimed the honor of giving him birth; but, although it was
+never positively found out where he was born, most people thought the
+Island of Chi'os was his birthplace. The Greek towns, wishing to show
+how much they admired the works of Homer, used to send yearly gifts to
+this place, the native land of the grandest poet the world has ever
+known.
+
+
+
+
+XXI. THE RISE OF SPARTA.
+
+
+The city of Sparta, founded in the days of the Pelasgians, and once
+ruled over by Menelaus and Helen, had fallen, as we have seen, into the
+hands of the Heraclidae when they came back to the Peloponnesus after
+their exile of a hundred years. It was first governed by
+A-ris-to-de'mus, one of their three leaders; and, as records soon began
+to be kept, we know a great deal about the early history of this famous
+place.
+
+As the town had formerly belonged to the Heraclidae, and had been ruled
+by one of their ancestors, called Lac-e-dae'mon, they called it by his
+name, and the country around it they named La-co'ni-a. Having won back
+the town by fighting, the Heraclidae said that they would attend to war
+and politics, and make the conquered people till the ground.
+
+The old inhabitants of Laconia, therefore, went on living in the
+country, where they sowed and harvested for the benefit of the Spartans.
+All the prisoners of war, however, became real slaves. They were obliged
+to serve the Spartans in every way, and were called He'lots.
+
+When Aristodemus died, his twin sons were both made kings; and, as each
+of them left his throne to his descendants, Sparta had two kings,
+instead of one, from this time on. One member of the royal family,
+although he never bore the name of king, is the most noted man in
+Spartan history. This is Ly-cur'gus, the son of one ruler, the brother
+of another, and the guardian of an infant king named Char-i-la'us.
+
+Lycurgus was a thoroughly good and upright man. We are told that the
+mother of the baby king once offered to put her child to death that
+Lycurgus might reign. Fearing for the babe's safety, Lycurgus made
+believe that he agreed to this plan, and asked that the child should be
+given to him to kill as he saw fit.
+
+Lycurgus, having thus obtained possession of the babe, carried him to
+the council hall. There the child was named king; and Lycurgus promised
+that he would watch carefully over him, educate him well, and rule for
+him until he should be old and wise enough to reign alone.
+
+While he was thus acting as ruler, Lycurgus made use of his power to
+bring many new customs into Sparta, and to change the laws. As he was
+one of the wisest men who ever lived, he knew very well that men must be
+good if they would be happy. He also knew that health is far better than
+riches; and, hoping to make the Spartans both good and healthy, he won
+them over little by little to obey a new set of laws, which he had made
+after visiting many of the neighboring countries, and learning all he
+could.
+
+
+
+
+XXII. THE SPARTAN TRAINING.
+
+
+The laws which Lycurgus drew up for the Spartans were very strict. For
+instance, as soon as a babe came into the world, the law ordered that
+the father should wrap it up in a cloak, and carry it before a council
+made up of some of the oldest and wisest men.
+
+They looked at the child carefully, and if it seemed strong and healthy,
+and was neither crippled nor in any way deformed, they said that it
+might live. Then they gave it back to the father, and bade him bring up
+the child for the honor of his country.
+
+If the babe was sickly or deformed, it was carried off to a mountain
+near by, and left alone; so that it soon died of hunger or thirst, or
+was eaten up by the wild beasts.
+
+The Spartan children staid under their father's roof and in their
+mother's care until they were seven years old. While in the nursery,
+they were taught all the beautiful old Greek legends, and listened with
+delight to the stories of the ancient heroes, and especially to the
+poems of Homer telling about the war of Troy and the adventures of
+Ulysses.
+
+As soon as the children had reached seven years of age, they were given
+over to the care of the state, and allowed to visit their parents but
+seldom. The boys were put in charge of chosen men, who trained them to
+become strong and brave; while the girls were placed under some good and
+wise woman, who not only taught them all they needed to know to keep
+house well, but also trained them to be as strong and fearless as their
+brothers. All Spartan boys were allowed but one rough woolen garment,
+which served as their sole covering by night and by day, and was of the
+same material in summer as in winter.
+
+They were taught very little reading, writing, and arithmetic, but were
+carefully trained to recite the poems of Homer, the patriotic songs, and
+to accompany themselves skillfully on the lyre. They were also obliged
+to sing in the public chorus, and to dance gracefully at all the
+religious feasts.
+
+As the Spartans were very anxious that their boys should be strong and
+fearless, they were taught to stand pain and fatigue without a murmur;
+and, to make sure that they could do so, their teachers made them go
+through a very severe training.
+
+Led by one of the older boys, the little lads were often sent out for
+long tramps over rough and stony roads, under the hot sun; and the best
+boy was the one who kept up longest, in spite of bleeding feet, burning
+thirst, and great fatigue.
+
+Spartan boys were allowed no beds to sleep in, lest they should become
+lazy and hard to please. Their only couch was a heap of rushes, which
+they picked on the banks of the Eu-ro'tas, a river near Sparta; and in
+winter they were allowed to cover these with a layer of cat-tail down to
+make them softer and warmer.
+
+
+
+
+XXIII. THE BRAVE SPARTAN BOY.
+
+
+As greedy and disobedient children were viewed at Sparta with the
+contempt they deserved, all the boys were trained to obey at a word,
+whatever the order given, and were allowed only the plainest and
+scantiest food.
+
+Strange to relate, the Spartans also trained their boys to steal. They
+praised them when they succeeded in doing so without being found out,
+and punished them only when caught in the act. The reason for this queer
+custom was this: the people were often engaged in war, and as they had
+no baggage wagons following their army, and no special officer to
+furnish food, they had to depend entirely upon the provisions they could
+get on their way.
+
+Whenever an army came in sight, the people hid not only their wealth,
+but also their food; and, had not the Spartan soldiers been trained to
+steal, they would often have suffered much from hunger when they were at
+war.
+
+To test the courage of the Spartan boys, their teachers never allowed
+them to have a light, and often sent them out alone in the middle of the
+night, on errands which they had to do as best they could.
+
+Then, too, once a year all the boys were brought to the Temple of Diana,
+where their courage was further tried by a severe flogging; and those
+who stood this whipping without a tear or moan were duly praised. The
+little Spartan boys were so eager to be thought brave, that it is said
+that some let themselves be flogged to death rather than complain.
+
+The bravery of one of these boys was so wonderful that you will find it
+mentioned in nearly every Greek history you read. This little fellow had
+stolen a live fox, and hidden it in the bosom of his dress, on his way
+to school.
+
+The imprisoned fox, hoping to escape, began to gnaw a hole in the boy's
+chest, and to tear his flesh with his sharp claws; but, in spite of the
+pain, the lad sat still, and let the fox bite him to death.
+
+It was only when he fell lifeless to the floor that the teachers found
+the fox, and saw how cruelly he had torn the brave little boy to pieces.
+Ever since then, when boys stand pain bravely and without wincing, they
+have been called little Spartans, in memory of this lad.
+
+In order that the boys should be taught to behave well under all
+circumstances, they were never allowed to speak except when spoken to,
+and then their answers were expected to be as short and exact as
+possible.
+
+This style of speaking, where much was said in few words, was so usual
+in the whole country of Laconia, that it is still known as the laconic
+style.
+
+To train them in this mode of speech, the elders daily made the boys
+pass an oral examination, asking them any questions they could think of.
+The boys had to answer promptly, briefly, and carefully; and if they
+failed to do so, it was considered a great disgrace.
+
+These daily questionings were meant to sharpen their wits, strengthen
+their memories, and teach them how to think and decide quickly and
+correctly.
+
+The Spartan youths were further taught to treat all their elders with
+the greatest respect; and it must have been a pretty sight to see all
+these manly fellows respectfully saluting all the old people they met,
+and even stopping their play to make way for them when they came on the
+street.
+
+To strengthen their muscles, the boys were also carefully trained in
+gymnastics. They could handle weapons, throw heavy weights, wrestle, run
+with great speed, swim, jump, and ride, and were experts in all
+exercises which tended to make them strong, active, and well.
+
+
+
+
+XXIV. PUBLIC TABLES IN SPARTA.
+
+
+The Spartan men prided themselves upon living almost as plainly as the
+boys, and, instead of eating their meals at home with the women and
+children, they had a common table. Each man gave a certain amount of
+flour, oil, wine, vegetables, and money, just enough to provide for his
+share of food.
+
+Instead of having varied and delicate dishes, they always ate about the
+same things; and their favorite food was a thick dark stew or soup,
+which they called black broth. Rich and poor were treated alike, sat
+side by side, and ate the same food, which was intended to make them
+equally strong and able to serve their country.
+
+The girls and women never came to these public tables; but the boys were
+given a seat there as soon as they had learned their first and most
+important lesson, obedience.
+
+When the boys came into the public dining hall for the first time, the
+oldest man present called them to him, and, pointing to the door,
+solemnly warned them that nothing said inside the walls was ever to be
+repeated without.
+
+Then, while the boys took their places and ate without speaking a word,
+the old men talked freely of all they pleased, sure that Spartan lads
+would never be mean enough to repeat anything they said, and trusting to
+their honor.
+
+Although the Spartans had wine upon their table, they were a very
+temperate people, and drank only a very little with each meal. To show
+the boys what a horrible thing drunkenness is, and the sure result of
+too much drinking, the old men sometimes gave them an object lesson.
+
+They sent for one of the meanest Helots or slaves, and purposely gave
+him plenty of wine. He was encouraged to go on drinking until he sank on
+the floor in a drunken sleep. Then the old men would point him out to
+the boys, and explain to them that a man who has drunk too much is
+unworthy of the love or esteem of his fellow-creatures, and is in many
+ways worse than a beast.
+
+The Spartan boys, thus early warned of the evils of drinking, were
+careful to take but very little wine, and to keep their heads quite
+clear, so that they might always be considered men, and might never
+disgrace themselves as they had seen the Helots do.
+
+When the boys had passed through the first course of training, they in
+turn became the teachers and leaders of the smaller lads, and thus
+served their country until they were old enough to go to war. When they
+left for their first campaign, all the people came out to see them off,
+and each mother gave her son his shield, saying,--
+
+"Come back with it or on it."
+
+By this she meant "Come home honorably, bearing your shield, thus
+showing that you have never thrown it away to save yourself by flight;
+or die so bravely that your companions will bring back your body resting
+on your shield, to give you a glorious burial."
+
+
+
+
+XXV. LAWS OF LYCURGUS.
+
+
+The Spartan girls, who were brought up by the women, were, like the
+boys, taught to wrestle, run, and swim, and to take part in gymnastics
+of all kinds, until they too became very strong and supple, and could
+stand almost any fatigue.
+
+[Illustration: A Dancing Girl.]
+
+They were also taught to read, write, count, sing, play, and dance; to
+spin, weave, and dye; and to do all kinds of woman's work. In short,
+they were expected to be strong, intelligent, and capable, so that when
+they married they might help their husbands, and bring up their children
+sensibly. At some public festivals the girls strove with one another in
+various games, which were witnessed only by their fathers and mothers
+and the other married people of the city. The winners in these contests
+were given beautiful prizes, which were much coveted.
+
+Lycurgus hoped to make the Spartans a strong and good people. To hinder
+the kings from doing anything wrong, he had the people choose five men,
+called ephors, to watch over and to advise them.
+
+Then, knowing that great wealth is not desirable, Lycurgus said that the
+Spartans should use only iron money. All the Spartan coins were
+therefore bars of iron, so heavy that a yoke of oxen and a strong cart
+were needed to carry a sum equal to one hundred dollars from one spot to
+another. Money was so bulky that it could neither be hidden nor stolen;
+and no one cared to make a fortune, since it required a large space to
+stow away even a small sum.
+
+When Charilaus, the infant king, had grown up, Lycurgus prepared to go
+away. Before he left the town, he called all the citizens together,
+reminded them of all he had done to make them a great people, and ended
+by asking every man present to swear to obey the laws until he came
+back.
+
+The Spartans were very grateful for all he had done for them, so they
+gladly took this oath, and Lycurgus left the place. Some time after, he
+came back to Greece; but, hearing that the Spartans were thriving under
+the rules he had laid down, he made up his mind never to visit Sparta
+again.
+
+It was thus that the Spartans found themselves bound by solemn oath to
+obey Lycurgus' laws forever; and as long as they remembered this
+promise, they were a thriving and happy people.
+
+
+
+
+XXVI. THE MESSENIAN WAR.
+
+
+Not very far from Sparta, and next to Laconia, was a country called
+Mes-se'ni-a, which was much more fertile, and had long been occupied by
+a kindred race descended from Le'lex, brother of Lacedaemon.
+
+When the Spartans found out that the Mes-se'ni-an fields were more
+fruitful than their own, they longed to have them, and anxiously watched
+for some excuse to make war against the Messenians and win their land.
+It was not long before they found one.
+
+There was a temple on the boundary of Messenia and Laconia, where the
+people of both countries used to assemble on certain days to offer up
+sacrifices to the gods. The Messenian lads, seeing the beauty of the
+Spartan girls, and longing to have such strong, handsome, and
+intelligent wives, once carried off a few of them into their own
+country, and refused to give them up again. The Spartans, indignant at
+this conduct, flew to arms, and one night, led by their king, attacked
+the Messenian town of Am-phe'a.
+
+As no one expected them, they soon became masters of the place, and in
+their anger killed all the inhabitants. The other Messenians, hearing of
+this cruel deed, quickly made ready to fight, and bravely began the
+struggle which is known as the First Messenian War.
+
+Although very brave, the Messenians had not been as well trained as the
+Spartans, and could not drive them back. On the contrary, they were
+themselves driven from place to place, until they were forced to take
+refuge in the fortified city of I-tho'me. Here they were shut in with
+their king, Aristodemus, who was a proud and brave man.
+
+Ithome was built high up on a rock, so steep that the Spartan soldiers
+could not climb it, and so high that they could not even shoot their
+arrows into the town.
+
+The Messenians, hoping to keep this place of refuge, kept a sharp
+lookout, and, whenever the Spartans made any attempt to climb the rocks,
+they rolled great blocks of stone down upon them.
+
+All went well as long as the food lasted, but the time came when the
+Messenians in Ithome had nothing to eat. Some of their bravest men tried
+to go down into the valley in search of provisions; but, as they were
+attacked by the Spartans, they could not bring the hungry people much to
+eat.
+
+When Aristodemus saw that the people would all die of hunger unless some
+way were found to get food, he consulted an oracle, in order to find out
+what it was best for him to do. The oracle answered that a battle should
+be fought, and promised the victory to the king who offered his daughter
+in sacrifice to the gods.
+
+When Aristodemus heard this answer, he shuddered with fear; for,
+although he knew that his ancestors had offered up human victims on
+their altars, he loved his only daughter too well to give her up.
+
+For some time longer, therefore, he resisted every attack, and tried to
+think of some other way to save his people. At last, however, seeing
+that they would all die unless something were done, he sacrificed the
+child he loved so well.
+
+The Messenians were touched by his generosity, and by his readiness to
+do all in his power to save them. They felt sure that the gods would now
+give them the victory, and rushed out of the town and into the Spartan
+camp. Their attack was so sudden, and they fought with such fury, that
+they soon killed three hundred Spartans and one of their kings.
+
+This battle did not, as they had hoped, end the war, which went on for
+several years. At last Aristodemus, despairing of victory, went to his
+beloved daughter's tomb, and there killed himself.
+
+When he was dead, the city of Ithome fell into the hands of the
+Spartans. They treated the conquered Messenians with great cruelty, made
+them all slaves, and were as unkind to them as they had been to the
+Helots.
+
+
+
+
+XXVII. THE MUSIC OF TYRTAEUS.
+
+
+After suffering great tortures under the Spartan yoke for forty long
+years, the Messenians began to plan a revolt.
+
+One of their princes, Ar-is-tom'e-nes, a man of unusual bravery, made up
+his mind to free the unhappy people, and to ruin the proud city of
+Sparta, which had caused them so much suffering.
+
+He therefore secretly assembled all the Messenians, and, when his plans
+were ready, began to war openly against the Spartans, whom he defeated
+in several battles.
+
+With his small army, he even pressed forward toward the city of Sparta,
+and camped within sight of its dwellings. The Spartan women could thus
+see a very unusual sight,--the light of the enemies' fires.
+
+To frighten the Spartans still more, Aristomenes went secretly into the
+city one dark night, stole into the principal temple, and there hung up
+the arms he had taken during the war.
+
+These weapons were arranged so as to form what the Greeks called a
+trophy, and right under them Aristomenes boldly wrote his name in
+letters so large that all could see it.
+
+When morning dawned, and the Spartans came as usual into the temple to
+offer up their morning prayer and sacrifice, they were astonished and
+dismayed at the sight of this trophy. Aristomenes' bravery was so great
+that they despaired of conquering him without divine aid, and so they
+sent to ask an oracle what they should do.
+
+The oracle answered that the Spartans would be victorious if they
+marched to war under the command of an Athenian general. Now, the
+Spartans were a proud people, and did not like to ask aid of any one;
+but they made up their minds to obey this command, and so sent a
+messenger to Athens to ask for a good leader.
+
+Whether the Athenians, who were well known for their love of joking,
+wished to make fun of the Spartans, or whether they wanted to show them
+that the bodily beauty and strength which the Spartans prized so highly
+was not everything, no one now knows. The fact is, however, that the
+Athenians sent the Spartans a poor, lame schoolmaster, called Tyr-tae'us,
+to lead them in battle. This man had never handled a weapon in his life,
+and the Spartans were very angry when he placed himself at their head
+with a lyre instead of a sword; but when he suddenly began to sing one
+of those war songs which make one's blood tingle, it roused their
+patriotism to such a point that all were ready to conquer or die, and
+their scorn was soon changed to deep admiration.
+
+Fired by these patriotic songs, and by the stirring music the lame
+schoolmaster played, the Spartans fought better than ever before,
+overcame the Messenians, and came home in triumph with their prisoners,
+among whom was the brave Aristomenes.
+
+As it was then usual to put all prisoners of war to death, the Spartans
+threw all the Messenians down into a horrible pit called the Ce'a-das.
+This was a dark hole of great depth, and its sides were all covered with
+jagged rocks, against which the prisoners were dashed to pieces long
+before they reached the bottom.
+
+The Messenians were cast into this place one after another, Aristomenes
+being thrown in last of all, so that he might have the sorrow of seeing
+his companions die. Of course, this was very cruel, but the Spartans had
+been brought up to think this mode of getting rid of their enemies quite
+right; and when they had thus killed them, they cheerfully went back to
+the city and celebrated their victory.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+XXVIII. ARISTOMENES' ESCAPE.
+
+
+Although the Spartans thought that Aristomenes was dead, they were
+greatly mistaken. By some miracle he had not struck against any of the
+sharp, jagged rocks, but, falling upon the heap of his dead companions,
+had reached the bottom of the Ceadas unhurt.
+
+There was apparently no way out of this pit except by the opening at the
+top, through which a bit of sky could be seen; and Aristomenes soon
+found that the sides were so steep that it was impossible to reach the
+opening. He therefore went off to one side, away from the heap of dead,
+and sat down on a stone in that cold, damp, and dark place. There he
+drew his cloak over his head to wait patiently until he should starve to
+death. Three days had thus been spent in this place, and his strength
+was already fast failing, when he suddenly felt a warm breath on his
+hand.
+
+He softly drew aside his cloak, and, now that his eyes were used to the
+darkness, he dimly saw a fox prowling around him, and sniffing his
+clothes suspiciously.
+
+Gently wrapping his cloak around his hand to protect it from the fox's
+sharp teeth, Aristomenes caught the animal firmly by the tail. Then, in
+spite of all its efforts to get away, he held it tight; and when it
+started off, he followed its lead.
+
+As he had shrewdly suspected, the fox knew a way out of the horrible
+place. All at once it slipped into a hole; and Aristomenes, seeing a
+little light at the end of this, let the fox go. With the help of a
+sharp stone, he soon made the fox's hole big enough to crawl through,
+and quickly made his way back to the Messenians.
+
+You can imagine how happy they were to see the beloved chief whom they
+thought dead, and how tenderly they cared for him until he was well and
+strong again. They never tired of hearing the story of his fall,
+imprisonment, and escape; and when he proposed to lead them once more
+against the Spartans, they gladly promised to help him.
+
+In spite of all Aristomenes' courage, however, Messenia finally fell
+into the hands of the Spartans, and the Second Messenian War came to an
+end. All the people who wished to escape slavery or death left their
+native country, and went to Italy or Sicily, where they founded Greek
+colonies.
+
+The cities that they built soon became very powerful, and one of them
+they named Mes-si'na in honor of their native land. This city still
+stands, as you will see by looking at your maps; and near it is the
+strait of the same name, which separates Sicily from Italy.
+
+
+
+
+XXIX. THE OLYMPIC GAMES.
+
+
+Northwest of Sparta, in the country called E'lis and in the city of
+O-lym'pi-a, rose a beautiful temple for the worship of Ju'pi-ter (or
+Zeus), the principal god of the Greeks. This temple was said to have
+been built by Hercules, the great hero from whom, as you remember, all
+the Heraclidae claimed to be descended.
+
+According to the legends, Hercules was a son of the god Jupiter, and had
+ordered that a great festival should be held here every four years in
+honor of his divine father.
+
+[Illustration: The Temple at Olympia.]
+
+For the purpose of attracting all the neighboring people to the temple
+at Olympia, Hercules founded many athletic games, such as wrestling,
+stone and spear throwing, foot, horse, and chariot races, boxing,
+swimming, and the like.
+
+Hercules himself was present at the first of these festivals, and acted
+as umpire of the games, rewarding the victors by giving them crowns of
+wild olive leaves. This custom had been kept up ever since, and the
+Greek youths considered this simple crown the finest prize which could
+be given.
+
+As the Spartans were great athletes, they soon took important parts in
+the Olympic games, won most of the prizes, and claimed the honor of
+defending the temple at Olympia in all times of danger.
+
+All the people who went to Olympia to witness the games laid some
+precious offering before the shrines, so that the temple came to be
+noted for its beauty and wealth. Painters and sculptors, too, further
+adorned it with samples of their skill, and it soon contained numerous
+gems of art.
+
+The most precious of all was a statue representing Jupiter, which was
+the work of the renowned sculptor Phid'i-as. This statue was more than
+forty feet high; and, while the god himself was carved out of pure white
+ivory, his hair, beard, and garments were made of gold, and his eyes of
+the brightest jewels.
+
+The temple and grove were further adorned with a great many statues
+representing the other gods and all the prize winners, for it was
+customary to place a life-sized statue of each of them in this beautiful
+place.
+
+During the celebration of the Olympic games many sacrifices were offered
+up to the gods, and there were many religious processions in their
+honor. Poets and artists, as well as athletes, were in the habit of
+hastening thither on every occasion; for there were contests in poetry
+and song, and the people were anxious to hear and see all the new
+works.
+
+Between the games, therefore, the poets recited their poems, the
+musicians sang their songs, the historians read their histories, and the
+story-tellers told their choicest tales, to amuse the vast crowd which
+had come there from all parts of Greece, and even from the shores of
+Italy and Asia Minor.
+
+As the games were held every four years, the people eagerly looked
+forward to their coming, and soon began to reckon time by them. It was
+therefore usual to say that such and such a thing happened in the first,
+second, or third year of the fifth, tenth, or seventieth O-lym'pi-ad, as
+the case might be.
+
+Soon even the historians began to use this way of dating important
+events; and by counting four years for each Olympiad, as the time
+between the games was called, we can find out exactly when the chief
+events in Greek history took place.
+
+Although the Olympic games were probably held many times before this
+system of counting was begun, and before any good record was kept, we
+can trace them back to 774 B.C.
+
+For one thousand years after that, the name of each victor was carefully
+written down; and it was only about three centuries after Christ that
+the Olympic records ceased. Then the games came to an end, to the sorrow
+of all the Greeks.
+
+Several attempts have since been made to revive these games; but all
+proved fruitless until the Greek king arranged to renew them in 1896. In
+that year a great festival was held, not at Olympia, but in the city of
+Athens.
+
+Besides some of the old-fashioned Greek games, there were bicycle and
+hurdle races, shooting matches, and contests in jumping. People from all
+parts of the world went to see them in as large numbers as they went to
+Olympia in the olden times.
+
+The victors in the games, who belonged to many different nations,
+received medals, and wreaths of wild olive and laurel leaves; but the
+people did not wear crowns of flowers as formerly, nor offer sacrifices
+to the old gods, for Greece is now a Christian country.
+
+
+
+
+XXX. MILO OF CROTON.
+
+
+Among the athletes whose statues were to be seen at Olympia was Mi'lo, a
+man of Cro'ton, one of the Greek colonies in Italy. This man was
+remarkable for his great strength, and could carry very heavy weights.
+In order to develop his muscle and become strong, he had trained himself
+from a boy, and had practiced carrying burdens until he could lift more
+than any other man of his time.
+
+We are told that he was so earnest in his efforts to become strong, that
+he daily carried a pet calf, gradually increasing the distance. As the
+calf grew larger, Milo became stronger, and his muscles became so
+powerful that he could carry the animal with ease when it became a
+full-sized ox.
+
+To please his companions and show them what he could do, Milo once
+carried an ox for several miles, and then, feeling hungry, killed it
+with one blow of his fist, cooked it, and ate it all at a single meal.
+On another occasion, Milo was sitting with several companions in a
+rather tumble-down house. All at once he noticed that the roof was
+falling in. He stretched up his great arms, spread out his hands, and
+held the roof up until all his companions had run out of the house.
+
+Milo's hands were so strong that when he seized a chariot, even with one
+hand only, four horses could not make it stir until he let it go. Of
+course, Milo was very proud of his great strength, which, however,
+proved unlucky for him, and caused his death.
+
+One day when he was very old, Milo wandered out alone into a forest
+where some woodcutters had been at work. The men had gone away, leaving
+their wedges in an unusually large tree trunk.
+
+Milo, remembering his former strength, gazed for a moment at the tree,
+and then, feeling sure that he could easily pull it apart, he slipped
+his fingers into the crack. At his first effort the tree parted a
+little, and the wedges fell out; but the two halves, instead of
+splitting apart, suddenly came together again, and Milo found his hands
+held fast.
+
+In vain he struggled, in vain he called. He could neither wrench himself
+free nor attract any one's attention. Night came on, and soon the wild
+beasts of the forest began to creep out of their dens.
+
+They found the captive athlete, and, springing upon him, tore him to
+pieces, for he could not defend himself, in spite of all his boasted
+strength.
+
+
+
+
+XXXI. THE JEALOUS ATHLETE.
+
+
+Near the statue of Milo of Croton stood that of The-ag'e-nes, another
+noted athlete, who lived many years after Milo. He too had defeated
+every rival. He was the winner of many prizes, and all envied him his
+strength and renown.
+
+One of the men in particular, whom he had defeated in the games, was
+jealous of him, and of the honors which he had won. This man, instead of
+trying to overcome these wicked feelings, used to steal daily into the
+temple to view his rival's statue, and mutter threats and curses against
+it.
+
+In his anger, he also gave the pedestal an angry shake every night,
+hoping that some harm would befall the statue. One evening, when this
+jealous man had jostled the image of Theagenes a little more roughly
+than usual, the heavy marble toppled and fell, crushing him to death
+beneath its weight.
+
+When the priests came into the temple the next day, and found the man's
+dead body under the great statue, they were very much surprised. The
+judges assembled, as was the custom when a crime of any kind had been
+committed, to decide what had caused his death.
+
+As it was usual in Greece to hold judgment over lifeless as well as over
+living things, the statue of Theagenes was brought into court, and
+accused and found guilty of murder.
+
+The judges then said, that, as the statue had committed a crime, it
+deserved to be punished, and so they condemned it to be cast into the
+sea and drowned. This sentence had scarcely been executed, when a plague
+broke out in Greece; and when the frightened people consulted an oracle
+to find out how it could be checked, they learned that it would not
+cease until the statue of Theagenes had been set up on its pedestal
+again. The superstitious Greeks believed these words, fished the statue
+up out of the sea, and placed it again in Olympia. As the plague stopped
+shortly after this, they all felt sure that it was because they had
+obeyed the oracle, and they ever after looked upon the statue with great
+awe.
+
+
+
+
+XXXII. THE GIRLS' GAMES.
+
+
+Although the women and girls were not often allowed to appear in public,
+or to witness certain of the Olympic games, there were special days held
+sacred to them, when the girls also strove for prizes.
+
+They too ran races; and it must have been a pretty sight to see all
+those healthy, happy girls running around the stadium, as the foot-race
+course was called.
+
+One of these races was called the torch race, for each runner carried a
+lighted torch in her hand. All were allowed to try to put out each
+other's light; and the prize was given to the maiden who first reached
+the goal with her torch aflame, or to the one who kept hers burning
+longest.
+
+The prize for the girls was the same as that given to the boys; but the
+boys took part in more games, and were present in greater numbers,
+than the girls, and their victories were praised much more than those of
+their sisters.
+
+[Illustration: A Torch Race.]
+
+The crowd of people watching the games often grew so excited that they
+carried the victor all around the grounds on their shoulders, while
+Olympia fairly re-echoed with their cries of joy.
+
+We are also told that one old man called Chi'lo was so happy when his
+son laid at his feet the crowns he had just won, that he actually died
+of joy, thus turning his son's happiness into bitter grief.
+
+While all the foot races took place in the stadium, the horse and
+chariot races were held in the hippodrome, and excited the greatest
+interest. There were two-, four-, and eight-horse races; and, as the
+horses were sometimes unruly, the chariots were liable to be overturned.
+Thus at times a number of horses would fall in a heap, and lie
+struggling and kicking in the dust, which added to the general
+excitement.
+
+
+
+
+XXXIII. THE BLOODY LAWS OF DRACO.
+
+
+You have already learned that Athens was one of the greatest cities of
+ancient Greece, and that after the heroic self-sacrifice of Codrus the
+inhabitants would not allow any one to bear the name of king.
+
+The sons of Codrus were named archons, or rulers for life,--an office
+which was at first handed down from father to son, but which soon became
+elective; that is to say, all the people voted for and elected their
+own rulers. Then nine archons were chosen at once, but they kept their
+office for only one year.
+
+As these men received no pay for serving the state, only the richest
+citizens could accept the office; and thus Athens, from a monarchy, or
+country ruled by a king, became an oligarchy, or state ruled by the rich
+and noble citizens.
+
+As the rich thus held the reins of the government, they often used their
+power to oppress the poor, and this gave rise to many quarrels. Little
+by little the two parties, the rich and the poor, grew to hate each
+other so much that it was decided that a new code or set of laws should
+be made, and that they should be obeyed by all alike.
+
+A severe archon called Dra'co was chosen to draw up these new laws (602
+B.C.); and he made them so strict and cruel that the least sin was
+punished as if it had been a crime, and a man was sentenced to be hanged
+for stealing even a cabbage.
+
+When the Athenians heard these new laws, they were frightened. Such
+severity had never been known before; and one and all said that the laws
+had been written in blood instead of ink. Some of the citizens, hoping
+to make Draco change them, asked why he had named such a terrible
+punishment for so small a crime as the theft of a cabbage. Draco sternly
+replied that a person who stole even the smallest thing was dishonest,
+and deserved death; and that, as he knew of no severer punishment, he
+could not inflict one for the greater crimes.
+
+The Athenians had all promised to obey Draco's laws, so they were
+obliged to submit for a short time. Then, driven wild by their
+strictness, rich and poor rose up, drove the unhappy lawmaker out of the
+city, and forced him to go to the neighboring Island of AE-gi'na. Here
+Draco spent all the rest of his life.
+
+The people were now in a state of great uncertainty. The laws of Draco
+were too severe, but they had no others to govern the city. While they
+were hesitating, not knowing what to do, Cy'lon, an Athenian citizen,
+tried to make himself king.
+
+His first move was to gather together a few of his friends, and go
+secretly to the Acropolis, or fortress of Athens, which he took by
+surprise. Now that he was master of the fortress, he tried to force the
+Athenians to recognize him as their king, but this they stoutly refused
+to do.
+
+Instead of yielding, the Athenians armed themselves, met the rebels in a
+bloody battle, and killed Cylon himself in the midst of the fight.
+
+As their leader was now dead, and they feared the anger of their
+fellow-citizens, Cylon's friends fled in haste to the temple of the
+goddess Athene. Once inside the sacred building, they felt quite safe;
+for no person could be killed in a temple, or be taken out of it by
+force.
+
+Although they had neither food nor drink, the rebels refused to leave
+the temple, until the archon Meg'a-cles, fearing that they would die
+there, and thus defile the temple, promised to do them no harm if they
+would only come out.
+
+The rebels did not quite trust to this promise, so they came out of the
+temple holding a small cord, one end of which was fastened to the statue
+of the goddess. They were thus still under her protection, and any one
+touching them would be guilty of a great crime.
+
+When the men reached the street at the bottom of the hill where the
+temple stood, the cord to which they were all clinging suddenly broke.
+Megacles, the first to notice this, said that the goddess refused to
+protect the rebels any longer, and gave orders to kill the unhappy men.
+
+
+
+
+XXXIV. THE LAWS OF SOLON.
+
+
+Shortly after the death of Cylon and the murder of his followers, a
+great many troubles came upon the city of Athens. The people were
+frightened, and soon the friends of Cylon began to whisper that the gods
+were surely punishing the Athenians, and especially Megacles, for
+breaking his promise.
+
+This report spread throughout the city. The terrified people assembled,
+and voted to exile Megacles and all his family, the Alc-mae-on'i-dae. Such
+was the fury of the Athenians against the archon whose crime had brought
+misfortunes upon them, that they even dug up the bones of his ancestors,
+and had them carried beyond the boundary of Attica.
+
+The city had been defiled by the crime which Megacles had committed, and
+the people felt that they would never be prosperous again until Athens
+had been purified; but the great question was to find a man holy enough
+to perform the ceremony.
+
+After much talking, they decided to send for Ep-i-men'i-des, and to ask
+him to purify the city. This man, when a mere lad, once went into a cave
+near his native town, and there laid himself down to sleep. Instead of
+taking an ordinary nap, however, he slept fifty-eight years, without
+awakening or undergoing any change. When he came out of the cave, where
+he fancied he had spent only a few hours, he was surprised to find
+everything new and strange to him.
+
+His relatives had all died, no one knew him, and it was only after some
+time had passed that he found out that he had slept fifty-eight years at
+a stretch. This man was a poet of note, and, as he had enjoyed so long a
+sleep, the people thought that he was a favorite of the gods.
+
+When the Athenians asked him to purify the town, he came to do so; but
+when the ceremonies were ended, he refused to accept any of the rich
+gifts which the people offered him as reward. Instead, he humbly begged
+them to give him a twig of the sacred olive tree which they said Athene
+herself had planted on the Acropolis.
+
+Their troubles having now ceased, the Athenians began to think of making
+another and less severe code of laws. This time they chose as lawmaker a
+wise man called So'lon, a descendant of the noble Codrus; and he soon
+consented to tell them what to do.
+
+Solon was a studious and thoughtful man, and had acquired much of his
+wisdom by traveling, and by learning all he could from the people he
+visited. He knew so much that he was called a sage, and he loved to
+meet and talk with wise people.
+
+Solon changed many of Draco's severe laws, arranged that the farmers and
+poor people should no longer be treated badly by the rich, and even took
+care of the slaves. He also gave the Athenians a court of law called
+A-re-op'a-gus. Here there were jurymen to judge all criminals; and here,
+for the first time, an accused person was allowed to speak in his own
+defense.
+
+When a man was accused of any wrongdoing, he was brought before this
+jury, who sat under the open sky at night. No light was provided, and
+the whole trial was carried on in the dark, so that the jury should not
+be influenced by the good or bad looks of the prisoner, but should judge
+merely from what was proved about him.
+
+If the accused person was found guilty, he was also sentenced and
+executed in the dark, so that the bright sun god, riding across the sky
+in his golden chariot, should not be offended by the sad sight of a man
+dying for his misdeeds.
+
+Every citizen of Athens, whether rich or poor, was allowed to vote; and
+as a salary was now paid to the men who helped govern the city, even a
+man of small means, if elected to the Tribunal, could afford to give his
+time to public duties.
+
+By Solon's order the people were encouraged to talk matters over in
+public in the market place; and, as the Athenians were fond of making
+speeches, many of them became very eloquent.
+
+Solon saw that his reforms were likely to work all the better if they
+were fairly tried, and if he were not there to see how the people did.
+He therefore made the Athenians promise to obey his laws for ten years,
+and again set out on his travels.
+
+
+
+
+XXXV. THE FIRST PLAYS.
+
+
+In the days of Solon, men were often to be seen wandering around the
+streets during the festival of Di-o-ny'sus, god of wine. They were clad
+in goatskins, were smeared with the dregs of wine, and danced and sang
+rude songs in honor of their god.
+
+[Illustration: Theater of Dionysus.]
+
+These songs were called tragedies, which in Greek means "goat songs,"
+because the goat was sacred to the god whom they thus worshiped. The
+people were greatly amused by the rude songs and dances of these
+worshipers of Dionysus, and crowds gathered about them to listen to
+their singing and to watch their antics.
+
+Thes'pis, a Greek of great intelligence, noticed how popular these
+amusements were, and to please the public taste he set up the first rude
+theater. In the beginning it was only a few boards raised on trestles to
+form a sort of stage in the open air; but Thespis soon built a booth, so
+that the actors, when not on the stage, could be hidden from public
+view.
+
+The first plays, as already stated, were very simple, and consisted of
+popular songs rudely acted. Little by little, however, the plays became
+more and more elaborate, and the actors tried to represent some of the
+tales which the story-tellers had told.
+
+Some people did not approve of this kind of amusement; and among them
+was Solon, who said that Thespis was teaching the Athenians to love a
+lie, because they liked the plays, which, of course, were not true.
+
+In spite of Solon's displeasure, the actors went on playing, and soon
+the best poets began to write works for the stage. The actors became
+more and more skillful, and had many spectators, although no women were
+allowed on the stage, their parts being taken by men.
+
+Finally, to make room for the ever-increasing number of theater goers, a
+huge amphitheater was built. It was so large, we are told, that there
+were seats for thirty thousand spectators. These seats were in
+semicircular rows or tiers, of which there were one hundred, rising one
+above another. The lowest row of all, near the orchestra, was composed
+of sixty huge marble chairs. The amphitheater was open to the sky, the
+stage alone being covered with a roof; and all the plays were given by
+daylight. The ruins of this building, which is known as the Theater of
+Dionysus, were dug out in 1862, and are now often visited by people who
+go to Athens.
+
+[Illustration: Sophocles.]
+
+The Greek actors soon dressed in costume, and all wore masks expressing
+the various emotions they wished to represent. The principal parts of
+the play were recited; but from time to time singers came on the stage,
+and chanted parts of the play in chorus.
+
+Some of these plays were so sad that the whole audience was melted to
+tears; others were so funny that the people shouted with laughter. When
+you learn Greek, you will be able to read the grand tragedies which were
+written by AEs'chy-lus, Soph'o-cles, and Eu-rip'i-des, and the comedies
+or funny plays of Ar-is-toph'a-nes.
+
+
+
+
+XXXVI. THE TYRANT PISISTRATUS.
+
+
+Not very long after Solon had given the new laws to the Athenians, the
+two political parties of the city again began to quarrel. One of these
+parties was composed wholly of rich men and nobles, or _aristoi_, from
+which Greek word is formed our English word "aristocrat;" the other
+party included the farmers and poor people, or _demos_, the Greek term
+which has given rise to the word "democrat."
+
+Among the aristocrats, or nobles, there was a nephew of Solon called
+Pi-sis'tra-tus. He was very rich; but, instead of upholding his own
+party, he seemed to scorn the rich, and always sided with the poor. To
+make friends with the democrats, he pretended to obey the laws with the
+greatest care, and addressed every man with the utmost politeness.
+
+Once, having killed a man by accident, Pisistratus came of his own free
+will before the judges of the Areopagus, confessed his crime, and was so
+humble that he quite disarmed the anger of the people.
+
+As soon as he felt quite sure that he had won many friends among the
+poor, Pisistratus appeared one day in the market place, covered with
+blood, which flowed from slight wounds which he had made upon his own
+body.
+
+His polite manners and kindly words had been only a pretense, however;
+and he was not only a hypocrite, but also a liar. So he now said that
+the aristocrats had tried to kill him because he was the friend of the
+people.
+
+In proof of these words, he pointed to his wounds. The poorer
+Athenians, who believed him, were very indignant, and began to talk
+angrily about the wicked nobles, who had hurt Pisistratus only because
+he was ready to help them.
+
+When Pisistratus cried out that his life was no longer safe, all the
+democrats exclaimed that they would protect him; and, as they had the
+right of voting, they then and there said that he should have a
+bodyguard of fifty armed men to protect him.
+
+Pisistratus pretended to be very grateful for this favor, and, under
+pretext of choosing his bodyguard, engaged a great number of soldiers.
+When his plans were all ready, he took possession of the Acropolis by
+force.
+
+The people now found out, but too late, that Pisistratus had deceived
+them only to get more power; and that, thanks to the guard they had
+voted him, he had become master of the town, and held the reins of the
+government.
+
+The Athenians did not long remain angry with their former favorite,
+however; for he did all he could to make them happy, and ruled them very
+wisely. He improved the city by building magnificent temples and other
+public buildings, and made a great aqueduct, so that the people could
+have plenty of pure water to drink.
+
+Pisistratus also laid out a public park, the Ly-ce'um, just outside the
+city walls, so that the Athenians could go there, and enjoy the cool
+shade of the groves he had planted.
+
+Then he began to collect all the poems of Homer, had them carefully
+written down, and placed them in a public library, so that the Greeks
+could read them whenever they pleased. Until then these poems had only
+been recited, and no written copy existed. Pisistratus, therefore, did a
+very good work in thus keeping for our enjoyment the greatest epic poems
+ever composed.
+
+As Pisistratus ruled just as he pleased, without consulting the Tribunal
+or people, he has been called a tyrant. This word in those days meant
+"supreme ruler;" but as many of those who followed him made a bad use of
+their power, and were cruel and grasping, its meaning soon changed, and
+the word now means "a selfish and unkind ruler."
+
+
+
+
+XXXVII. THE TYRANT'S INSULT.
+
+
+While Pisistratus was thus governing Athens to suit himself, Solon was
+traveling in Asia, where he met several interesting persons of whom you
+will hear in ancient history.
+
+Solon had gone away for ten years, hoping that the Athenians would
+strictly obey his laws. During that time he had no news of his native
+land; for there were no post offices or newspapers in those days, and
+people neither wrote nor received letters except when something very
+important happened.
+
+On coming back to Athens, Solon was very sorry to learn that it was
+Pisistratus, his own kinsman, who had taken the power of the archons;
+but when he saw how wisely Pisistratus governed the people, and how
+careful he was to make them happy and improve them, he freely forgave
+him, and remained on good terms with him until he died.
+
+Pisistratus went on ruling the Athenians for thirty-three years, and
+when he died they mourned him greatly. In their grief for their loss,
+they allowed his sons, Hip'-pi-as and Hip-par'chus, to succeed him,
+without raising any objections.
+
+These young men were very careful at first to follow their father's good
+example; but they soon began to neglect business for pleasure, and,
+instead of thinking of the people's good, they spent much of their time
+in feasting and drinking.
+
+In those days there dwelt at Athens two young men named Har-mo'di-us and
+A-ris-to-gi'ton. They were intimate friends, and were loved by all on
+account of their good qualities, and more especially because they were
+so anxious to increase the glory and prosperity of their native city.
+
+Harmodius had a sister who was as good as she was beautiful: so the
+people, hoping to please him, chose her to carry a basket of flowers in
+the great religious procession which took place in Athens every year.
+
+One of the tyrants, Hipparchus, was very jealous of Harmodius, because
+the people loved him so much. He therefore tried to annoy the young man
+in every way; and when he heard that his sister had been chosen to bear
+the flowers, he rudely forbade her presence at the feast.
+
+This was a great insult, for none but wicked women were forbidden to
+appear; and, as Hipparchus had thus publicly disgraced the girl, her
+brother was very angry.
+
+His friend, Aristogiton, was as angry as he; and the two young men,
+consulting together, decided that as long as these men ruled, the
+Athenians would be treated badly, and that it would be well to get rid
+of them soon.
+
+
+
+
+XXXVIII. DEATH OF THE CONSPIRATORS.
+
+
+Harmodius and Aristogiton, having decided to get rid of the tyrants,
+told their plans to a few of their friends. Secret meetings were held at
+the house of a brave lady called Le-ae'na ("the lioness"), who was the
+only woman in the plot.
+
+As the Athenians were in the habit of attending the feast in armor, the
+young men waited until then to carry out their plans. They mingled with
+the crowd, found a good place near the tyrants, and all at once drew
+their swords from their scabbards and attacked their enemies.
+
+Harmodius was so quick that he managed to kill Hipparchus; but, before
+his companions could join and protect him, he was cut down by the
+tyrants' guards.
+
+Aristogiton, his friend, rushed forward to save him, but was made
+prisoner, and dragged before Hippias, who bade him tell the names of his
+companions. The young man at first refused to speak; but after a while,
+pretending to yield, he named some of the tyrants' friends who were
+helping him oppress the Athenians.
+
+The tyrant, in dismay, sent for the accused, and had them and
+Aristogiton killed without trial. When he found out his mistake, he
+again tried to learn the names of the real conspirators. He knew that
+Harmodius and Aristogiton had often visited Leaena: so he had her
+imprisoned and tortured, to make her tell the names of the conspirators,
+because he wanted to kill them all as he had killed Aristogiton.
+
+The brave woman, knowing that the lives of several young men depended
+upon her, and that a single word might cause their death, resolved not
+to utter a sound. In spite of the most awful tortures, she therefore
+kept her mouth tightly closed; and when she was finally set free, they
+found that she had bitten off her tongue for fear of betraying her
+friends.
+
+Poor Leaena did not live long after this; and when she died, she was
+buried in a beautiful tomb, over which her friends put the image of a
+lioness without a tongue, to remind the people of her courage.
+
+The Athenians were very sorry for her death, and mourned the brave
+youths Harmodius and Aristogiton for a long time; but the tyranny of the
+son of Pisistratus daily grew more cruel and disagreeable.
+
+
+
+
+XXXIX. HIPPIAS DRIVEN OUT OF ATHENS.
+
+
+Four years passed thus, and the Athenians were hoping that the time
+would soon come when they could get rid of Hippias. They were only too
+glad, therefore, when they at last found a way to drive him out of the
+town.
+
+[Illustration: Delphi.]
+
+You must remember how Megacles had killed the men who came out of
+Athene's temple clinging to the cord they had fastened to her statue.
+Megacles, as you know, had been banished from Athens with all his family
+(the Alcmaeonidae) on account of this crime, but he had always hoped to be
+allowed to return.
+
+Meanwhile the beautiful temple at Delphi had been burned to the ground,
+and the people were very anxious to rebuild it. They therefore voted a
+certain sum of money for this purpose; and, as the Alcmaeonidae offered
+to do the work for the least pay, the contract was given to them.
+
+The Alcmaeonidae faithfully carried out the plans, and used the money;
+but, instead of building the temple of brick, they made it of pure white
+marble, paying for the more costly material themselves.
+
+The priests of Delphi were so pleased with the handsome new building,
+and with the generosity of the builders, that they were eager to do them
+a good turn. So, knowing that the Alcmaeonidae wanted to get back to
+Athens, they told the Spartans who came to consult the oracle, that
+Hippias should be driven away, and the Alcmaeonidae allowed to return to
+their native city.
+
+As the people believed all the oracle said, the Spartans armed at once,
+and, helped by the Alcmaeonidae, began to make war against the Athenians.
+By a clever trick, they soon managed to capture the family of Hippias,
+and they refused to set them free unless the tyrant left Athens forever.
+
+Thus forced to give in, Hippias left Athens, and withdrew with his
+family to Asia Minor. Here he spent all his time in trying to persuade
+the different cities to make war against Athens, offering to lead their
+armies, for he still hoped to regain his lost power.
+
+The Athenians, delighted at the expulsion of the Pis-is-trat'i-dae, as
+the driving-away of Hippias and his family is called in history, now
+dared to make statues in honor of their favorites Harmodius and
+Aristogiton, and openly expressed their regret that these brave young
+men had not lived to see their native city free.
+
+Many songs were composed to celebrate the patriotism of the two
+friends; and these were sung on all public occasions, to encourage other
+youths to follow their example, lead good and virtuous lives, and be
+ready at any time to die, if need be, for the sake of their native land.
+
+Leaena, too, received much praise, for the Athenian women never forgot
+how bravely she had endured torture rather than betray the men who had
+trusted her.
+
+The Alcmaeonidae, having thus found their way back into the city, now
+began to play an important part in the government; and Clis'the-nes,
+their leader, urged the Athenians to obey again the laws which had been
+made by Solon.
+
+These were slightly changed, however, so as to give more power to the
+people; and the government thus became more democratic than ever. Then,
+too, Clisthenes said that there should always be ten Athenian generals
+who should hold supreme command each for a day in turn.
+
+He also made a law, to the effect that no man should be driven out of
+the city unless there were six thousand votes in favor of his exile.
+These votes were given in a strange way.
+
+When a man was so generally disliked that his departure seemed best, all
+the Athenians assembled in the market place. Then each voter received a
+shell (Greek, _ostrakon_), and dropped it into a place made for that
+purpose. All in favor of banishment wrote upon their shells the name of
+the man they wished to exile. The others left theirs blank.
+
+When all the votes had thus been cast, the shells were carefully
+counted, and, if six thousand bore the name of the same man, he was
+driven out of the city, or ostracized, as it was called from the name of
+the shell, for ten years.
+
+
+
+
+XL. THE GREAT KING.
+
+
+Hippias, the exiled tyrant of Athens, as we have already seen, had taken
+up his abode in Asia Minor, where he made several unsuccessful attempts
+to regain his power.
+
+The Greek cities were not ready to help him, however, so he tried to get
+another ally. Now, the greatest ruler in Asia Minor was Da-ri'us, the
+king who won his throne by the aid of his horse and groom, as you will
+see in ancient history.
+
+He was a powerful monarch,--so powerful that the Greeks, who had built
+cities all along the coast of Asia Minor, in the country called Ionia,
+never spoke of him except as "The Great King."
+
+Darius' kingdom was so large that it was quite impossible for one person
+to govern it without help. He therefore divided it into satrapies, or
+provinces, each of which was under the care of a satrap, or governor.
+These men received their orders from the king, saw that they were obeyed
+in all the territory under their care, and kept Darius informed of all
+that was going on.
+
+The Great King generally dwelt at Ec-bat'a-na, a city surrounded by
+seven walls, each painted in a different but very bright color. Inside
+the seventh and last wall stood the palace and treasure house, which was
+fairly overflowing with gold and precious stones.
+
+As there were armed soldiers at every gate in the seven walls, only the
+people to whom the king was willing to grant an audience could enter.
+
+Now, although so secluded, Darius knew perfectly well all that was
+happening in every part of his kingdom, and even in the neighboring
+states; for his satraps sent him messengers daily to report all the
+news, and he had many paid spies, whose duty it was to tell him all they
+knew.
+
+He was therefore one of the first Eastern rulers who heard of the revolt
+of the Athenians; and soon after this he learned that Hippias had come
+to Asia, and was trying to induce the Greek cities to make war against
+the Athenians.
+
+When Hippias arrived at Ecbatana in search of aid, he could not
+immediately see the king, but was obliged to send in a message written
+on a waxen tablet. This passed from hand to hand, and finally reached
+Darius, who, recognizing the name at the bottom of the request,
+graciously said that he would receive the exiled tyrant of Athens.
+
+
+
+
+XLI. HIPPIAS VISITS DARIUS.
+
+
+Hippias was led by one of the officers of the king's household past all
+the guards, who respectfully made way for him, and was brought into the
+most magnificent dwelling he had ever seen. All the walls were covered
+with silken hangings of the richest dyes, and the furniture sparkled
+with gold and precious stones.
+
+After passing through many rooms, where he saw richly dressed courtiers,
+and guards with jeweled weapons, Hippias was finally brought into a
+great audience chamber, at one end of which hung a heavy curtain of
+royal purple.
+
+Here all the courtiers knelt, bending over to touch the floor with their
+foreheads, in token of homage to The Great King. The officer now bade
+Hippias do likewise; and when the Athenian raised his head, after
+reluctantly going through this performance, he saw that the curtain had
+been quietly pulled aside.
+
+On a beautiful throne of ivory and gold, all overshadowed by a golden
+vine bearing clusters of jeweled grapes, sat the Persian king. He was
+clad in superbly embroidered robes, wore a diamond crown or tiara, held
+a scepter of pure gold, and was surrounded by his officers, who were
+almost as richly dressed as he.
+
+As the Athenians were plain people, Hippias had never seen such a sight
+before, and stared at the garments, which were far handsomer than those
+which the Greek gods were given to wear.
+
+Invited to speak freely and make his errand known, Hippias now told
+Darius that he had come to ask his aid against the revolted Athenians.
+Darius listened politely to all he had to say, and then sent him away,
+graciously promising to think the matter over, and giving orders that
+Hippias should be royally entertained in the mean while.
+
+Among Darius' numerous slaves, most of whom were captives of war, there
+was a learned Greek doctor called Dem-o-ce'des. This man, hoping soon to
+recover his freedom by paying a sum of money, was very careful to hide
+his name, and not to tell any one how much he knew.
+
+It happened, however, that the king hurt his foot; and after the Persian
+doctors had all vainly tried to cure him, he sent for Democedes, saying
+that he would put him to death if he did not speedily help him.
+
+Thus forced to use his knowledge, Democedes did all he could for the
+king, and treated the wound so skillfully that the monarch was soon
+cured. The king, who had found out from the other captives that the man
+was a doctor, now named him court physician, and even had him attend his
+wives.
+
+One of these women was A-tos'sa, the favorite queen; and when she became
+ill, Democedes was fortunate enough to save her life. The king was so
+delighted with this cure, that he bade Democedes choose any reward he
+pleased except his freedom.
+
+Democedes, after a few moments' thought, asked permission to visit his
+native land once more; and Darius let him go under the escort of fifteen
+officers, who had orders not to lose sight of the doctor for a moment,
+to bring him back by force if necessary, and to spy out the land.
+
+In spite of the constant watching of these fifteen men, Democedes
+managed to escape while they were in Greece, and hid so well that they
+were never able to find him. They were therefore obliged to go home
+without him; and as soon as they arrived in Persia, they reported to
+Darius all they had done on the way.
+
+The Great King questioned them very closely about all they had seen; and
+his curiosity was so excited by what they told him, that he made up his
+mind to conquer Greece and add it to his kingdom.
+
+He therefore sent for Hippias again, told him that he was ready to help
+him, and gave orders to collect one of the largest armies that had ever
+been seen. With this army he hoped not only to take the whole country,
+but also to get back the runaway doctor, Democedes, who in the mean
+while was living peacefully in Greece, where he had married a daughter
+of the famous strong man, Milo of Croton.
+
+
+
+
+XLII. DESTRUCTION OF THE PERSIAN HOST.
+
+
+The Persian preparations for war were hastened by news that all the
+Ionian cities had rebelled. These were, as you remember, Greek colonies
+founded on the coast of Asia Minor. They had little by little fallen
+into the hands of the Persians; but, as they hated to submit to foreign
+rule, they had long planned a revolt.
+
+The Athenians, who knew that the Persians were talking of coming over to
+conquer them, now offered to help the Ionians, and sent some troops over
+to Asia Minor. These joined the rebels, and together they managed to
+surprise and burn to the ground the rich city of Sar'dis, which belonged
+to Darius.
+
+A messenger was sent in hot haste to bear these tidings to The Great
+King; and when he heard them, he was very angry indeed. In his wrath, he
+said that he would punish both rebels and Athenians, and immediately
+sent his army into Ionia.
+
+The first part of his vow was easily kept, for his troops soon defeated
+the Ionian army, and forced the rebels to obey him once more. When
+Darius heard this, he was very much pleased; and then, sending for his
+bow, he shot an arrow in the direction of Athens, to show that the
+punishment of the Athenians would be his next care.
+
+As he was afraid of forgetting these enemies in the pressure of other
+business, he gave orders that a slave should appear before him every day
+while he sat at dinner, and solemnly say, "Master, remember the
+Athenians!"
+
+When the preparations for this distant war were ended, the Persian army
+set out for Greece. In order to reach that country, it had to march a
+long way through the northern part of Asia Minor, cross a narrow strait
+called the Hel'les-pont, and pass along the coast of the AEgean Sea,
+through Thrace and Scyth'i-a.
+
+In these countries the Persian army met the fierce and warlike
+Scyth'i-ans mounted on their fleet-footed horses, and was nearly cut to
+pieces. The Persians were so frightened by the attack of these foes,
+that they refused to go any farther, and even beat a hasty retreat.
+
+The Persian fleet in the mean while had sailed along bravely. It soon
+came to the promontory formed by Mount A'thos, a tall mountain which
+sometimes casts a shadow eighty miles long over the sea. Here a terrible
+tempest overtook the fleet, and the waves rose so high that six hundred
+vessels were dashed to pieces.
+
+All the rest of the Persian vessels were so damaged by the storm, that
+it was soon decided that they had better return home. The soldiers of
+The Great King were of course greatly discouraged by these misfortunes;
+but Darius was more than ever determined to conquer Greece, and at once
+began to gather a second army and to build a second fleet.
+
+
+
+
+XLIII. THE ADVANCE OF THE SECOND HOST.
+
+
+Darius was very busy preparing this other army to march against Greece.
+While the men were being drilled, he sent two messengers to the Greek
+towns and islands, bidding them surrender and give him earth and water.
+
+By demanding "earth and water," Darius meant that he wanted them to
+recognize him as their king, and as master of all their lands and
+vessels. The inhabitants of many of the islands and towns were so
+frightened by the messages sent by The Great King, that they humbly
+yielded; but when the messengers came to Sparta and Athens, they met
+with a different reception.
+
+In both cities the people proudly replied that they were their own
+masters, and would not yield to the demands of the Persian king. Then,
+angered by the insolent command to give earth and water, the Spartans
+entirely forgot that the life of an ambassador is sacred. In their rage,
+they seized the Persians, flung one into a pit and the other into a
+well, and told them to take all the earth and water they wanted.
+
+This conduct made Darius all the more angry, and he hastened his
+preparations as much as he could. He was so active that in a short time
+he was able to start out again, with an army of a hundred and twenty
+thousand men.
+
+The generals of this force were Da'tis and Ar-ta-pher'-nes, who were
+guided and advised by the traitor Hippias. The fleet was to land the
+army on the plain of Mar'a-thon, close by the sea, and only one day's
+journey from Athens.
+
+When the Athenians heard that the Persians were coming, they immediately
+decided to ask the Spartans, who were now their allies, to come to their
+aid, and help them drive back the enemy. As there was no time to lose,
+they chose as their messenger a fleet-footed Athenian, who made the
+journey of a hundred and fifty miles in a few hours, running every step
+of the way, and only seldom pausing to rest.
+
+The Spartans listened breathlessly to his tidings, and promised that
+they would help the Athenians; but they added, that they would not be
+able to start until the moon was full, for they thought that they would
+be beaten unless they set out at a certain time.
+
+The Persians in the mean while were advancing rapidly, so the Athenians
+started out to meet them with no other help than that of their neighbors
+the Pla-tae'ans. The whole Greek force numbered only ten thousand men,
+and was under the command of the ten Athenian generals who were each
+entitled to the leadership for a day in turn.
+
+Among these ten Athenian generals were three remarkable
+men,--Mil-ti'a-des, Ar-is-ti'des, and The-mis'to-cles. They consulted
+together, hoping to find a plan by which their small army could
+successfully oppose the Persian host, which was twelve times greater.
+
+At last Miltiades proposed a plan which might succeed, provided there
+was but one chief, and all obeyed him well. Aristides, who was not only
+a good man, but also remarkably just and wise, at once saw the
+importance of such a plan, and offered to give up his day's command, and
+to carry out his friend's orders just as if he were nothing but a common
+soldier.
+
+[Illustration: Themistocles.]
+
+The other generals, not wishing to appear less generous than he, also
+gave up their command to Miltiades, who thus found himself general in
+chief of the Athenian and Plataean armies. So he speedily made his
+preparations, and drew up his small force on the plain of Marathon,
+between the mountains and the sea.
+
+
+
+
+XLIV. THE BATTLE OF MARATHON.
+
+
+The Greek army seemed so very small beside the huge host of invaders,
+that the Persians felt perfectly sure that it would surrender as soon as
+the fight began. Imagine their surprise, therefore, when the Greeks,
+instead of waiting for them, gave the signal for battle, and rushed
+furiously upon them.
+
+The daring and force of the Greek attack so confused the Persians, that
+they began to give way. This encouraged the Greeks still further, and
+they fought with such bravery that soon the army of The Great King was
+completely routed.
+
+Hippias, fighting at the head of the Persian army, was one of the first
+to die; and when the Persians saw their companions falling around them
+like ripe grain under the mower's scythe, they were seized with terror,
+rushed toward the sea, and embarked in their vessels in great haste.
+
+The Athenians followed the enemy closely, killing all they could reach,
+and trying to prevent them from embarking and so escaping their wrath.
+One Greek soldier even rushed down into the waves, and held a Persian
+vessel which was about to push off.
+
+The Persians, anxious to escape, struck at him, and chopped off his
+hand; but the Greek, without hesitating a moment, grasped the boat with
+his other hand, and held it fast. In their hurry to get away, the
+Persians struck off that hand too; but the dauntless hero caught and
+held the boat with his strong teeth, and died beneath the repeated
+blows of the enemy without having once let go. Thanks to him, not one of
+those enemies escaped.
+
+The victory was a glorious one. The whole Persian force had been routed
+by a mere handful of men; and the Athenians were so proud of their
+victory, that they longed to have their fellow-citizens rejoice with
+them.
+
+One of the soldiers, who had fought bravely all day, and who was covered
+with blood, said he would carry the glad news, and, without waiting a
+moment, he started off at a run.
+
+Such was his haste to reassure the Athenians, that he ran at his utmost
+speed, and reached the city in a few hours. He was so exhausted,
+however, that he had barely time to gasp out, "Rejoice, we have
+conquered!" before he sank down in the middle of the market place, dead.
+
+The Greeks, having no more foes to kill, next began to rob the tents,
+where they found so much booty that each man became quite rich. Then
+they gathered up their dead, and buried them honorably on the
+battlefield, at a spot where they afterward erected ten small columns
+bearing the names of all who had lost their lives in the conflict.
+
+Just as all was over, the Spartan force came rushing up, ready to give
+their promised aid. They were so sorry not to have had a chance to fight
+also, and to have missed a share in the glory, that they vowed they
+would never again allow any superstition to prevent their striking a
+blow for their native land whenever the necessity arose.
+
+Miltiades, instead of permitting his weary soldiers to camp on the
+battlefield, and celebrate their victory by a grand feast, next ordered
+them to march on to the city, so as to defend it in case the Persian
+fleet came to attack it.
+
+The troops had scarcely arrived in town and taken up their post there,
+when the Persian vessels came in; but when the soldiers attempted to
+land, and saw the same men ready to meet them, they were so dismayed
+that they beat a hasty retreat without striking another blow.
+
+
+
+
+XLV. MILTIADES' DISGRACE.
+
+
+The victory of Marathon was a great triumph for the Athenians; and
+Miltiades, who had so successfully led them, was loaded with honors. His
+portrait was painted by the best artist of the day, and it was placed in
+one of the porticos of Athens, where every one could see it.
+
+At his request, the main part of the booty was given to the gods, for
+the Greeks believed that it was owing to divine favor that they had
+conquered their enemies. The brazen arms and shields which they had
+taken from the ten thousand Persians killed were therefore melted, and
+formed into an immense statue of Athene, which was placed on the
+Acropolis, on a pedestal so high that the glittering lance which the
+goddess held could be seen far out at sea when the sunbeams struck its
+point.
+
+The Athenians vented their triumph and delight in song and dance, in
+plays and works of art of all kinds; for they wished to commemorate the
+glorious victory which had cost them only a hundred and ninety men,
+while the enemy had lost ten thousand.
+
+One of their choicest art treasures was made by Phidias, the greatest
+sculptor the world has ever known, out of a beautiful block of marble
+which Darius had brought from Persia. The Great King had intended to set
+it up in Athens as a monument of his victory over the Greeks. It was
+used instead to record his defeat; and when finished, the statue
+represented Nem'e-sis, the goddess of retribution, whose place it was to
+punish the proud and insolent, and to make them repent of their sins.
+
+Miltiades was, as we have seen, the idol of the Athenian people after
+his victory at Marathon. Unfortunately, however, they were inclined to
+be fickle; and when they saw that Miltiades occupied such a high rank,
+many began to envy him.
+
+Themistocles was particularly jealous of the great honors that his
+friend had won. His friends soon noticed his gloomy, discontented looks;
+and when they inquired what caused them, Themistocles said it was
+because the thought of the trophies of Miltiades would not let him
+sleep. Some time after, when he saw that Miltiades was beginning to
+misuse his power, he openly showed his dislike.
+
+Not very far from Athens, out in the AEgean Sea, was the Island of
+Pa'ros. The people living there were enemies of Miltiades; and he, being
+sole head of the fleet, led it thither to avenge his personal wrongs.
+
+The expedition failed, however; and Miltiades came back to Athens,
+where Themistocles and the indignant citizens accused him of betraying
+his trust, tried him, and convicted him of treason.
+
+Had they not remembered the service that he had rendered his country in
+defeating the Persians at Marathon, they would surely have condemned him
+to death. As it was, the jury merely sentenced him to pay a heavy fine,
+saying that he should remain in prison until it was paid.
+
+Miltiades was not rich enough to raise this large sum of money, so he
+died in prison. His son Ci'mon went to claim his body, so that he might
+bury it properly; but the hard-hearted judges refused to let him have it
+until he had paid his father's debt.
+
+Thus forced to turn away without his father's corpse, Cimon visited his
+friends, who lent him the necessary money. Miltiades, who had been the
+idol of the people, was now buried hurriedly and in secret, because the
+ungrateful Athenians had forgotten all the good he had done them, and
+remembered only his faults.
+
+
+
+
+XLVI. ARISTIDES THE JUST.
+
+
+The Athenians were very happy, because they thought, that, having once
+defeated the Persians, they need fear them no more. They were greatly
+mistaken, however. The Great King had twice seen his preparations come
+to naught and his plans ruined, but he was not yet ready to give up the
+hope of conquering Greece.
+
+On the contrary, he solemnly swore that he would return with a greater
+army than ever, and make himself master of the proud city which had
+defied him. These plans were suspected by Themistocles, who therefore
+urged the Athenians to strengthen their navy, so that they might be
+ready for war when it came.
+
+Aristides, the other general, was of the opinion that it was useless to
+build any more ships, but that the Athenians should increase their land
+forces. As each general had a large party, many quarrels soon arose. It
+became clear before long, that, unless one of the two leaders left the
+town, there would be an outbreak of civil war.
+
+All the Athenians, therefore, gathered together in the market place,
+where they were to vote for or against the banishment of one of the
+leaders. Of course, on this great occasion, all the workmen left their
+labors, and even the farmers came in from the fields.
+
+Aristides was walking about among the voters, when a farmer stopped him.
+The man did not know who he was, but begged him to write his vote down
+on the shell, for he had never even learned to read.
+
+"What name shall I write?" questioned Aristides.
+
+"Oh, put down 'Aristides,'" answered the farmer.
+
+"Why do you want him sent away? Has he ever done you any harm?" asked
+Aristides.
+
+"No," said the man, "but I'm tired of hearing him called the Just."
+
+Without saying another word, Aristides calmly wrote his own name on the
+shell. When the votes were counted, they found six thousand against him:
+so Aristides the Just was forced to leave his native city, and go away
+into exile.
+
+This was a second example of Athenian ingratitude; for Aristides had
+never done anything wrong, but had, on the contrary, done all he could
+to help his country. His enemies, however, were the men who were neither
+honest nor just, and who felt that his virtues were a constant rebuke to
+them; and this was the very reason why they were so anxious to get him
+out of the city.
+
+
+
+
+XLVII. TWO NOBLE SPARTAN YOUTHS.
+
+
+Darius was in the midst of his preparations for a third expedition to
+Greece, when all his plans were cut short by death. His son and
+successor, Xerx'es I., now became King of Persia in his stead.
+
+The new monarch was not inclined to renew the struggle with the Greeks;
+but his courtiers and the exiled Greeks who dwelt in his palace so
+persistently urged him to do it, that he finally consented. Orders were
+then sent throughout the kingdom to get ready for war, and Xerxes said
+that he would lead the army himself.
+
+During eight years the constant drilling of troops, manufacture of arms,
+collecting of provisions, and construction of roads, were kept up all
+through Asia. A mighty fleet lay at anchor, and the king was almost
+ready to start. Rumors of these great preparations had, of course, come
+to the ears of the Greeks. All hearts were filled with trouble and fear;
+for the coming army was far larger than the one the Athenians had
+defeated at Marathon, and they could not expect to be so fortunate
+again.
+
+When the Spartans saw the terror of the people, they regretted having
+angered the king by killing the Persian messengers, and wondered what
+they could do to disarm his wrath. Two young men, Bu'lis and
+Sper'thi-as, then nobly resolved to offer their lives in exchange for
+those that had been taken.
+
+They therefore set out for Persia, and, having obtained permission to
+enter the palace, appeared before the king. Here the courtiers bade them
+fall down before the monarch, and do homage to him, as they saw the
+others do. But the proud young men refused to do so, saying that such
+honor could be shown only to their gods, and that it was not the custom
+of their country to humble themselves thus. Xerxes, to the surprise of
+his courtiers did not at all resent their refusal to fall down before
+him, but kindly bade them make their errand known.
+
+Thus invited to speak, one of them replied, "King of Persia, some years
+ago our people killed two of your father's messengers. It was wrong to
+touch an ambassador, we know. You are about to visit our country to seek
+revenge for this crime. Desist, O king! for we have come hither, my
+friend and I, to offer our lives in exchange for those our people have
+taken. Here we are! Do with us as you will."
+
+Xerxes was filled with admiration when he heard this speech, and saw the
+handsome youths standing quietly before him, ready to die to atone for
+their country's wrong. Instead of accepting their offer, he loaded them
+with rich gifts, and sent them home unharmed, telling them he would not
+injure the innocent, for he was more just than the Lac-e-dae-mo'ni-ans.
+
+But a few months later, when his preparations were complete, Xerxes set
+out with an army which is said to have numbered more than two million
+fighting men. As they were attended by slaves and servants of all kinds,
+some of the old historians say that ten millions of human beings were
+included in this mighty host.
+
+
+
+
+XLVIII. THE GREAT ARMY.
+
+
+Xerxes' army marched in various sections across Asia Minor, and all the
+forces came together at the Hellespont. Here the king had ordered the
+building of two great bridges,--one for the troops, and the other for
+the immense train of baggage which followed him.
+
+These bridges were no sooner finished than a rising storm entirely
+destroyed them. When Xerxes heard of the disaster, he not only condemned
+the unlucky engineers to death, but also had the waves flogged with
+whips, and ordered chains flung across the strait, to show that he
+considered the sea an unruly slave, who should be taught to obey his
+master.
+
+Then, undaunted by his misfortune, the King of Persia gave orders for
+the building of new bridges; and when they were finished, he reviewed
+his army from the top of a neighboring mountain.
+
+The sight must have been grand indeed, and the courtiers standing around
+were greatly surprised when they saw their master suddenly burst into
+tears. When asked the cause of his sorrow, Xerxes answered, "See that
+mighty host spread out as far as eye can reach! I weep at the thought
+that a hundred years hence there will be nothing left of it except,
+perhaps, a handful of dust and a few moldering bones!"
+
+The king was soon comforted, however, and crossed the bridge first,
+attended by his bodyguard of picked soldiers, who were called the
+Immortals because they had never suffered defeat. All the army followed
+him, and during seven days and nights the bridge resounded with the
+steady tramp of the armed host; but, even when the rear guard had passed
+over the Hellespont, there were still so many slaves and baggage wagons,
+that it took them a whole month to file past.
+
+That was a procession such as has never again been seen. You can imagine
+what a sight it was for all the boys and girls who lived near enough to
+the Hellespont to see this mighty parade, which continued night and day.
+
+They saw not only the sacred chariot drawn by eight white horses, the
+glittering array of the Immortals, the burnished helmets and arms of the
+foot soldiers, and the silken canopies and tents over the grandees, but
+also countless chariots drawn by four horses, and provided on either
+side with sharp scythes, which were intended to mow down the enemy like
+ripe grain.
+
+[Illustration: Crossing the Hellespont.]
+
+Besides these strange mowing machines, there were many other engines of
+war, which were all made to strike terror into the hearts of the Greeks,
+and to subdue completely the proud people who had so sorely defeated
+Darius' troops at Marathon.
+
+To prevent his fleet from being wrecked as his father's was, Xerxes had
+given orders to dig a great canal across the isthmus that connected
+Mount Athos with the mainland; and through this the vessels sailed past
+the promontory in safety.
+
+
+
+
+XLIX. PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE.
+
+
+The news of Xerxes' crossing of the Hellespont, and of his approach to
+conquer Greece, soon reached Athens, where it filled all hearts with
+fear. The people then remembered Miltiades, and bitterly regretted his
+death, and their ingratitude, which had been its real cause.
+
+As the mighty general who had already once delivered them was dead, they
+tried to think who could best replace him, and decided to recall
+Aristides the Just from his undeserved exile. Aristides generously
+forgave his fellow-citizens for all the harm they had done him, and he
+and Themistocles began to do all in their power to insure the safety of
+Athens.
+
+Swift runners were dispatched in every direction with messages urging
+all the Greek cities to unite for the good of the country by sending as
+many brave men as possible to check the Persian army, and to try to
+hinder it from really entering Greece.
+
+Themistocles was the most active in this attempt to induce the Greek
+cities to join forces, and it was he who planned a great council, or
+meeting, at Corinth, in 481 B.C. There it soon became evident that the
+cities were too jealous of each other to unite as they should.
+
+Many of them promised help, which they never sent; others vowed they
+would neither send troops nor furnish aid of any kind, unless _their_
+generals had supreme command; and even the oracles gave vague and
+discouraging answers, when consulted as usual.
+
+In spite of all these drawbacks, Themistocles managed to get a few
+allies; and, in order to induce the Spartans to lend their aid, he
+promised them the command not only of the army, but also of the fleet.
+
+He next persuaded them that it would be wisest to send an armed force
+into Thessaly, so as to defend the narrow pass of Thermopylae, which was
+the only road by which the Persians could enter Greece. This natural
+causeway, as we have seen, lay between the mountains and the sea; and,
+because there were springs of warm water here, it was generally known as
+Thermopylae, which is the Greek for "Hot Gateway."
+
+Under the guidance of Le-on'i-das, one of the Spartan kings, three
+hundred Lacedaemonian soldiers and six thousand allies marched thither,
+and undertook to guard the pass. This was a very small army; but it was
+impossible to get more soldiers at the time, as all the Greeks were more
+anxious to attend the Olympic games, which were just then being
+celebrated, than to defend their country and homes.
+
+Many of them said they were afraid the gods would be angry if they did
+not keep the feast as usual, and declared that it was against the law to
+bear arms or make war during that time. This was perfectly true; but
+Xerxes did not care at all for the Greek gods, and the country would
+have been defenseless had it not been for Leonidas and his handful of
+men.
+
+While this little army traveled northwards, the rest of the people
+thronged to Olympia, promising to come and fight as soon as the games
+were ended, and they could again bear arms without offending the gods.
+
+The Persian fleet, as you have seen, had passed behind Mount Athos,
+instead of rounding it as before, and Xerxes intended landing part of
+his army just below Thermopylae. Unfortunately for him, however, the four
+hundred vessels bearing his troops were wrecked by a sudden storm.
+
+Another fleet was immediately prepared; but, before it was ready, the
+Olympic games came to an end, and the Greeks, flying to arms as they had
+promised, hastily embarked upon their own vessels, and came and took up
+their position at Ar-te-mis'ium, to hinder the advance of the Persian
+fleet.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+L. LEONIDAS AT THERMOPYLAE
+
+
+The Persian army had come to the Pass of Thermopylae; and Xerxes, seeing
+that it was guarded by only a few men, sent them a haughty message,
+bidding them surrender their arms.
+
+Instead of seeing a meek compliance with this request, as they expected,
+the Persian heralds were amazed to hear Leonidas reply with true laconic
+brevity, "Come and take them!"
+
+The Spartan king, however, had quickly seen that it would be impossible
+for him to do much more than stop for a while the advance of this mighty
+host. As a Spartan never drew back, he made up his mind to die on the
+field of battle, and bade his warriors comb their hair, don their
+choicest armor, and dress themselves in their richest attire, as was the
+custom when some great danger threatened them and they expected to die.
+
+The Persians, seeing this, were greatly surprised, and advanced
+confidently, for they fancied that men who took so much trouble to curl
+and perfume their hair would not be hard to conquer. They soon found out
+their mistake.
+
+As they advanced, the archers shot a volley of arrows, and in such
+numbers that they fairly darkened the sun. One of the allies, seeing
+this, ran to warn Leonidas; but he received the startling news with
+great coolness, and merely said, "Very well; then we can fight in the
+shade."
+
+When Xerxes saw that the Greeks would not yield without striking a blow,
+he gave orders for the battle to begin. The Persians pressed forward,
+under the eye of their king, who sat high up on the rocks to see them
+conquer; but, to his surprise, they were driven back by that mere
+handful of men.
+
+Again and again they tried to force the pass, but all their attempts
+proved vain. The Persian soldiers, amazed at the courage of the Greeks,
+were filled with superstitious fears, and began to refuse to advance,
+except when driven onward under the stinging blows of the lash.
+
+The king was furious to see their close ranks give way time after time,
+and finally ordered his own Immortals to march on and scatter the army,
+which, although so small, was keeping millions of men at bay. He
+expected that everything would of course give way at the very first
+charge of these troops.
+
+Imagine his wrath, therefore, when he saw the Immortals also retreat,
+after many useless efforts to drive away the enemy. The Persians did not
+know what to do. They could not advance, and were ashamed to retreat.
+
+
+
+
+LI. DEATH OF LEONIDAS.
+
+
+While the Persians were hesitating thus, a Greek shepherd, Eph-i-al'tes,
+stole into their camp, and, vile traitor that he was, offered to show
+them another way to get into Greece, if they would pay him well. This
+man was led into the tent of a Persian general, where he explained that
+he could easily lead a troop of Persians over the mountains.
+
+By a goat path known to the Greeks only, it was possible not only to
+cross the mountains, but also to come down upon the small Greek force
+guarding the Pass of Thermopylae.
+
+His offer as guide was accepted. Ephialtes, true to his promise, if not
+to his country, led the Persian Immortals along this narrow way.
+Leonidas, who could not imagine that any one of the Greeks would be base
+enough to sell his country and honor for gold, had placed only a few of
+the allies at this spot.
+
+[Illustration: A Fighting Persian.]
+
+The Immortals followed Ephialtes, easily cut these few men down, and
+came unperceived behind the Spartan troops. It was only when he heard
+the tramp of horses behind him and on the mountain above him, that
+Leonidas found out that he had been betrayed.
+
+Hastily calling his allies, he gave them permission to save themselves
+by flight, declaring, however, that he and his companions would never
+leave their post, and that, since they could not conquer, they were
+ready to die.
+
+Some of the allies took advantage of this permission to escape, but
+seven hundred Thes'pi-ans nobly chose to remain with the Spartans. With
+the courage of despair, these men now fought against the Persians before
+and behind them, selling their lives as dearly as possible. In spite of
+the odds against them, they refused to surrender, and finally fell, one
+after another, on the spot which they had undertaken to guard.
+
+Their bodies, which were found almost in a heap,--for they had scorned
+to fly,--were honorably buried in a single mound, over which rose a
+monument with this modest inscription,--
+
+
+  "Go, passer-by, at Sparta tell,
+  Obedient to her law we fell."
+
+
+The Persians had forced their way into Greece. Nothing could check their
+further advance, so the mighty army swept southward. The first place of
+note on their way to Athens was Delphi, the site of the sacred temple,
+where great treasures were stored.
+
+The Greeks knew that the Persians did not worship the same gods, and
+feared that they might rob the temple: so they now eagerly questioned
+the oracle, to find out whether they should not all assemble there in
+its defense.
+
+To their surprise, the oracle proudly replied, "The gods will take care
+of their own," and bade them rather use their strength to defend their
+own homes.
+
+The Persians marched into the rocky gorge leading to the temple at
+Delphi, but just as they were entering the valley a terrible
+thunderstorm broke forth. The darkness became so great that the
+soldiers lost their way. The rocks rolled and crashed down upon them;
+and the soldiers, filled with dread, beat a hasty retreat, and never
+again dared venture into this valley.
+
+In the mean while the Greek fleet at Artemisium had held the Persian
+vessels at bay, until news was brought of the death of Leonidas, and the
+passage of Thermopylae. Then the Greeks sailed as fast as they could
+toward Athens, knowing that they would be needed there to defend the
+city.
+
+The various allies, sure that it would be quite useless to try to defend
+the northern part of Greece any longer, retreated into the Peloponnesus,
+and, hoping to prevent the Persians from entering there, hastily began
+to build a huge wall all across the Isthmus of Corinth, which is only
+about five miles wide.
+
+
+
+
+LII. THE BURNING OF ATHENS.
+
+
+As all their allies were trying only to defend the Peloponnesus, the
+Athenians were left entirely alone. Many of their friends advised them
+to abandon their city, and follow the other Greeks southward, leaving
+all Attica a prey to the foe.
+
+This the Athenians did not wish to do, so they sent in haste to Delphi,
+to inquire of the oracle whether they had better retreat, or attempt to
+defend their city. As was generally the case, the oracle did not give a
+plain answer, but merely said, "The wooden walls will defend you and
+your children."
+
+When this answer was brought to Athens, no one could tell exactly what
+it meant. Some of the citizens fancied that the oracle was advising them
+to retreat behind the ancient wooden stockade on the Acropolis, but
+Themistocles insisted that by "wooden walls" the oracle meant their
+ships.
+
+He finally persuaded the Athenians to believe him. All the old men,
+women, and children were hastily brought on board the ships, and carried
+to the Peloponnesus, where they were welcomed by their friends. Then the
+men embarked in their turn, and the fleet sailed off to the Bay of
+Sal'a-mis, where it awaited a good chance to fight.
+
+The Persians swept down into Attica, and entered the deserted city of
+Athens. Here they gazed in wonder at all they saw, and, after robbing
+the houses, set fire to the town, and burned down all the most beautiful
+buildings.
+
+The Persians were so delighted at having attained their purpose, and
+reduced the proud city to ashes, that they sent messengers to bear the
+glad tidings to the Persian capital. Here the people became almost wild
+with joy, and the whole city rang with their cries of triumph for many a
+day.
+
+As you will remember, Themistocles had allowed the Spartans to command
+both the army and the navy. It was therefore a Spartan king,
+Eu-ry-bi'a-des, who was head of the fleet at Salamis. He was a careful
+man, and was not at all in favor of attacking the Persians.
+
+Themistocles, on the contrary, felt sure that an immediate attack, being
+unexpected, would prove successful, and therefore loudly insisted upon
+it. His persistency in urging it finally made Eurybiades so angry that
+he exclaimed, "Those who begin the race before the signal is given are
+publicly scourged!"
+
+Themistocles, however, would not allow even this remark to annoy him,
+and calmly answered, "Very true, but laggards never win a crown!" The
+reply, which Eurybiades thought was meant for an insult, so enraged him
+that he raised his staff to strike the bold speaker. At this, the brave
+Athenian neither drew back nor flew into a passion: he only cried,
+"Strike if you will, but hear me!"
+
+Once more Themistocles explained his reasons for urging an immediate
+attack; and his plans were so good, that Eurybiades, who could but
+admire his courage, finally yielded, and gave orders to prepare for
+battle.
+
+
+
+
+LIII. THE BATTLES OF SALAMIS AND PLATAEA.
+
+
+The fleets soon came face to face; and Xerxes took up his post on a
+mountain, where he sat in state upon a hastily built throne to see his
+vessels destroy the enemy. He had made very clever plans, and, as his
+fleet was far larger than that of the Greeks, he had no doubt that he
+would succeed in defeating them.
+
+His plans, however, had been found out by Aristides, who was in the
+Island of AEgina; and this noble man rowed over to the fleet, at the risk
+of being caught by the enemy, to warn his fellow-citizens of their
+danger.
+
+He first spoke to Themistocles, saying, "Rivals we have always been; let
+us now set all other rivalry aside, and only strive which can best serve
+his native country."
+
+Themistocles agreed to this proposal, and managed affairs so wisely and
+bravely that the Greeks won a great victory. When they came home in
+triumph with much spoil, the women received them with cries of joy, and
+strewed flowers under their feet.
+
+From his high position, Xerxes saw his fleet cut to pieces; and he was
+so discouraged by this check, that he hastened back to Persia, leaving
+his brother-in-law Mar-do'ni-us with an army of three hundred thousand
+men to finish the conquest of Greece.
+
+The Greeks were so happy over their naval victory at Salamis, that they
+all flew to arms once more; and Pau-sa'ni-as, the Spartan king, the
+successor of Leonidas, was soon able to lead a large army against
+Mardonius.
+
+The two forces met at Pla-tae'a, and again the Greeks won, although
+fighting against foes who greatly outnumbered them. Strange to relate,
+while Pausanias was winning one battle at Plataea, the other Spartan
+king, Eurybiades, defeated a new Persian fleet at Myc'a-le.
+
+These two victories finished the rout of the greatest army ever seen.
+Mardonius fled with the remnant of his host, leaving his tents, baggage,
+and slaves to the Greeks, who thus got much booty.
+
+We are told that the Spartans, entering the Persian camp, were greatly
+amazed at the luxury of the tents. Pausanias stopped in the one that had
+been occupied by Mardonius, and bade the slaves prepare a meal such as
+they had been wont to lay before their master.
+
+[Illustration: Return of the Victorious Greeks.]
+
+Then, calling his own Helots, he gave orders for his usual supper. When
+both meals were ready, they made the greatest contrast. The Persian tent
+was all decked with costly hangings, the table was spread with many
+kinds of rich food served in dishes of solid gold, and soft couches were
+spread for the guests.
+
+The Spartan supper, on the contrary, was of the plainest description,
+and was served in ordinary earthenware. Pausanias called his officers
+and men, and, after pointing out the difference between the Spartan and
+the Persian style of living, he showed how much he liked plain food by
+eating his usual supper.
+
+To reward Pausanias for his bravery and for defeating the enemy, the
+Greeks gave him a part of all that was best in the spoil. Next they set
+aside one tenth of it for Apollo, and sent it to his priests at Delphi
+as a token of gratitude for the favor of the god.
+
+To show that they were grateful also to Zeus and Poseidon,--the gods
+who, they thought, had helped them to win their battles by land and by
+sea,--they sent statues to Olympia and Corinth; and they erected a
+temple in honor of Athene, the goddess of defensive war, on the
+battlefield of Plataea.
+
+
+
+
+LIV. THE REBUILDING OF ATHENS.
+
+
+The Persians had been driven out of Greece, and the war with them was
+now carried on in Asia Minor instead of nearer home. The Greek army won
+many battles here also, and even managed to free the city of Miletus
+from the Persian yoke.
+
+These triumphs encouraged all the Ionian cities, and they soon formed a
+league with the other Greeks, promising to help them against the
+Persians should the war ever be renewed. As soon as this alliance was
+made, the Greek fleet returned home, bringing back to Athens as a trophy
+the chains with which Xerxes had pretended to bind the rebellious sea.
+
+In the mean while the Athenians, who had taken refuge on the
+Peloponnesus, had returned to their native city, where, alas! they found
+their houses and temples in ruins. The desolation was great; yet the
+people were so thankful to return, that they prepared to rebuild the
+town.
+
+They were greatly encouraged in this purpose by an event which seemed to
+them a good omen. Near the temple of the patron goddess of Athens stood
+a sacred olive tree, supposed to have been created by her at the time
+when the city received her name.
+
+This place had been burned by the invaders, and the returning Athenians
+sorrowfully gazed upon the blackened trunk of the sacred tree. Imagine
+their delight, therefore, when a new shoot suddenly sprang up from the
+ashes, and put forth leaves with marvelous speed.
+
+The people all cried that the goddess had sent them this sign of her
+continued favor to encourage them to rebuild the city, and they worked
+with such energy that they were soon provided with new homes.
+
+As soon as the Athenians had secured shelter for their families, they
+began to restore the mighty walls which had been the pride of their
+city. When the Spartans heard of this, they jealously objected, for they
+were afraid that Athens would become more powerful than Sparta.
+
+Of course, they did not want to own that they were influenced by so mean
+a feeling as jealousy, so they tried to find a pretext to hinder the
+work. This was soon found, and Spartan messengers came and told the
+Athenians that they should not fortify the town, lest it should fall
+again into the hands of the enemy, and serve them as a stronghold.
+
+Themistocles suspected the real cause of these objections, and made up
+his mind to use all his talents to help his fellow-citizens. He
+therefore secretly assembled the most able men, and told them to go on
+with the work as fast as possible, while he went to Sparta to talk over
+the matter with the Lacedaemonians.
+
+When he arrived at Sparta, he artfully prolonged the discussions until
+the walls were built high enough to be defended. Of course, there was
+now nothing to be done; but the Spartans were very angry, and waited
+anxiously for an opportunity to punish the Athenians. This came after a
+time, as you will see in the following chapters.
+
+
+
+
+LV. DEATH OF PAUSANIAS.
+
+
+Pausanias, the Spartan king, was very proud of the great victory he had
+won over the Persians at Plataea, and of the praise and booty he had
+received. He was so proud of it, that he soon became unbearable, and
+even wanted to become ruler of all Greece.
+
+Although he had at first pretended to despise the luxury which he had
+seen in the tent of Mardonius, he soon began to put on the Persian dress
+and to copy their manners, and demanded much homage from his subjects.
+This greatly displeased the simple Greeks, and he soon saw that they
+would not help him to become sole king.
+
+In his ambition to rule alone, he entirely forgot all that was right,
+and, turning traitor, secretly offered to help the Persians if they
+would promise to make him king over all Greece.
+
+This base plot was found out by the ephors, the officers whose duty it
+was to watch the kings, and they ordered his own guards to seize him.
+Before this order could be carried out, however, Pausanias fled, and
+took refuge in a neighboring temple, where, of course, no one could lay
+violent hands upon him.
+
+As the ephors feared he might even yet escape to Persia, and carry out
+his wicked plans, they ordered that the doors and windows of the temple
+should all be walled up.
+
+It is said that as soon as this command had been given, Pausanias'
+mother brought the first stone, saying she preferred that her son should
+die, rather than live to be a traitor.
+
+Thus walled in, Pausanias slowly starved to death, and the barriers were
+torn down only just in time to allow him to be carried out, and breathe
+his last in the open air. The Spartans would not let him die in the
+temple, because they thought his dying breath would offend the gods.
+
+As Themistocles had been a great friend of Pausanias, he was accused of
+sharing his plans. The Athenians therefore rose up against him in anger,
+ostracized him, and drove him out of the country to end his life in
+exile.
+
+After wandering aimlessly about for some time, Themistocles finally went
+to the court of Ar-tax-erx'es, the son and successor of Xerxes.
+
+The Persian monarch, we are told, welcomed him warmly, gave him a
+Persian wife, and set aside three cities to supply him with bread, meat,
+and wine. Themistocles soon grew very rich, and lived on the fat of the
+land; and a traveler said that he once exclaimed, "How much we should
+have lost, my children and I, had we not been ruined by the Athenians!"
+
+Artaxerxes, having thus provided for all Themistocles' wants, and helped
+him to pile up riches, fancied that his gratitude would lead him to
+perform any service the king might ask. He therefore sent for
+Themistocles one day, and bade him lead a Persian army against the
+Greeks.
+
+But, although Themistocles had been exiled from his country, he had not
+fallen low enough to turn traitor. He proudly refused to fight; and it
+is said that he preferred to commit suicide, rather than injure the
+people he had once loved so dearly.
+
+
+
+
+LVI. CIMON IMPROVES ATHENS.
+
+
+As soon as Themistocles had been banished from Athens, Aristides again
+became the chief man of the city, and he was also made the head and
+leader of the allies. He was so upright and just that all were ready to
+honor and obey him, and they gladly let him take charge of the money of
+the state.
+
+In reward for his services, the Athenians offered him a large salary and
+many rich gifts; but he refused them all, saying that he needed nothing,
+and could afford to serve his country without pay.
+
+He therefore went on seeing to all the public affairs until his death,
+when it was found that he was so poor that there was not enough money
+left to pay for his funeral. The Athenians, touched by his virtues, gave
+him a public burial, held his name in great honor, and often regretted
+that they had once been so ungrateful as to banish their greatest
+citizen, Aristides the Just.
+
+As Aristides had watched carefully over the money of the allied states,
+and had ruled the Athenians very wisely, it is no wonder that Athens had
+little by little risen above Sparta, which had occupied the first place
+ever since the battle of Thermopylae.
+
+The Athenians, as long as Aristides lived, showed themselves just and
+liberal; but as soon as he was dead, they began to treat their former
+allies unkindly. The money which all the Greek states furnished was now
+no longer used to strengthen the army and navy, as first agreed, but was
+lavishly spent to beautify the city.
+
+Now, while it was a good thing to make their town as fine as possible,
+it was certainly wrong to use the money of others for this purpose, and
+the Athenians were soon punished for their dishonesty.
+
+Cimon, the son of Miltiades, was made the head of the army, and won
+several victories over the Persians in Asia Minor. When he returned to
+Athens, he brought back a great deal of spoil, and generously gave up
+all his share to improve the city and strengthen the walls.
+
+[Illustration: The Theseum.]
+
+It is said that Cimon also enlarged the beautiful gardens of the
+A-cad'e-my; and the citizens, by wandering up and down the shady walks,
+showed that they liked this as well as the Lyceum, which, you will
+remember, Pisistratus had given them.
+
+They also went in crowds to these gardens to hear the philosophers, who
+taught in the cool porticoes or stone piazzas built all around them, and
+there they learned many good things.
+
+Cimon showed his patriotism in still another way by persuading the
+people that the remains of Theseus, their ancient king, should rest in
+the city. Theseus' bones were therefore brought from Scyros, the island
+where he had been killed so treacherously, and were buried near the
+center of Athens, where the resting-place of this great man was marked
+by a temple called the The-se'um. A building of this name is still
+standing in the city; and, although somewhat damaged, it is now used as
+a museum, and contains a fine statue of Theseus.
+
+
+
+
+LVII. THE EARTHQUAKE.
+
+
+Cimon, as you have already seen, was very wealthy, and as generous as he
+was rich. Besides spending so much for the improvement of the city, he
+always kept an open house. His table was bountifully spread, and he
+gladly received as guests all who chose to walk into his home.
+
+Whenever he went out, he was followed by servants who carried full
+purses, and whose duty it was to help all the poor they met. As Cimon
+knew that many of the most deserving poor would have been ashamed to
+receive alms, these men found out their wants, and supplied them
+secretly.
+
+Now, although Cimon was so good and thoughtful, you must not imagine
+that it was always very easy for him to be so. It seems that when he was
+a young man he was very idle and lazy, and never thought of anything but
+his own pleasure.
+
+Aristides the Just noticed how lazy and selfish the young man was, and
+one day went to see him. After a little talk, Aristides told him
+seriously that he ought to be ashamed of the life he was living, as it
+was quite unworthy of a good citizen or of a noble man.
+
+This reproof was so just, that Cimon promised to do better, and tried so
+hard that he soon became one of the most industrious and unselfish men
+of his day.
+
+Cimon was not the only rich man in Athens, however; for Per'i-cles,
+another citizen, was even wealthier than he. As Pericles was shrewd,
+learned, and very eloquent, he soon gained much influence over his
+fellow-citizens.
+
+While Cimon was generally seen in the company of men of his own class,
+and was hence considered the leader of the nobles or aristocrats,
+Pericles liked to talk with the poorer class, whom he could easily sway
+by his eloquent speeches, and who soon made him their idol.
+
+Day by day the two parties became more distinct, and soon the Athenians
+sided either with Pericles or with Cimon in all important matters. The
+two leaders were at first very good friends, but little by little they
+drifted apart, and finally they became rivals.
+
+About this time an earthquake brought great misfortunes upon Greece. The
+whole country shook and swayed, and the effects of the earthquake were
+so disastrous at Sparta that all the houses and temples were destroyed.
+
+Many of the inhabitants were crushed under the falling stones and
+timbers, and there were only five houses left standing. The Spartans
+were in despair; and the Helots, or slaves, who had long been waiting
+for an opportunity to free themselves, fancied that the right time had
+come.
+
+They quickly assembled, and decided to kill the Spartans while they were
+groping about among the ruined dwellings for the remains of their
+relatives and friends.
+
+The plan would have succeeded had not the king, Ar-chi-da'mus, found it
+out. Without a moment's delay, he rallied all the able-bodied men, and
+sent a swift messenger to Athens for aid.
+
+True to their military training, the Spartans dropped everything when
+the summons reached them; and the Helots came marching along, only to
+find their former masters drawn up in battle array, and as calm as if no
+misfortune had happened.
+
+This unexpected resistance so frightened the Helots, that they hastily
+withdrew into Messenia. Here they easily persuaded the Messenians to
+join forces with them and declare war against the Spartans.
+
+In the mean while the swift runner sent by Archidamus had reached
+Athens, and told about the destruction of the town and the perilous
+situation of the people. He ended by imploring the Athenians to send
+immediate aid, lest all the Spartans should perish.
+
+Cimon, who was generous and kind-hearted, immediately cried out that the
+Athenians could not refuse to help their unhappy neighbors; but
+Pericles, who, like most of his fellow-citizens, hated the Spartans,
+advised all his friends to stay quietly at home.
+
+Much discussion took place over this advice. At last, however, Cimon
+prevailed, and an army was sent to help the Spartans. Owing to the
+hesitation of the Athenians, this army came late, and they fought with
+so little spirit that the Lacedaemonians indignantly said that they might
+just as well have remained at home.
+
+This insult so enraged the Athenians that they went home; and when it
+became publicly known how the Spartans had treated their army, the
+people began to murmur against Cimon. In their anger, they forgot all
+the good he had done them, and, assembling in the market place, they
+ostracized him.
+
+
+
+
+LVIII. THE AGE OF PERICLES.
+
+
+As soon as Cimon had been banished, Pericles became sole leader of the
+Athenians; and as he governed them during a long and prosperous time,
+this period is generally known as the Age of Pericles.
+
+The Spartans who had so rudely sent away their Athenian allies manfully
+resolved to help themselves, and set about it so vigorously that they
+soon brought the Helots back to order, and rebuilt their city. When they
+had settled themselves comfortably, however, they remembered the
+lukewarm help which had been given them, and determined to punish the
+Athenians.
+
+The Persian general was just then planning a new invasion of Greece, so
+the Athenians found themselves threatened with a twofold danger. In
+their distress they recalled Cimon, who was an excellent general, and
+implored him to take command of their forces.
+
+Cimon fully justified their confidence, and not only won several
+victories over the Spartans, but compelled them at last to agree to a
+truce of five years. This matter settled, he next attacked the Persians,
+whom he soon defeated by land and by sea.
+
+He then forced Artaxerxes, the Persian king, to swear a solemn oath that
+he would never again wage war against the Athenians, and forbade the
+Persian vessels ever to enter the AEgean Sea.
+
+[Illustration: Pericles.]
+
+These triumphs won, Cimon died from the wounds he had received during
+the war. His death, however, was kept secret for a whole month, so that
+the people would have time to get used to a new leader, and not be
+afraid to fight without their former general.
+
+While Cimon was thus successfully battling with the enemy abroad,
+Pericles had managed affairs at home. He urged the Athenians to finish
+their walls; and by his advice they built also the Long Walls, which
+joined the city to the Pi-rae'us, a seaport five miles away.
+
+Pericles also increased the Athenian navy, so that, by the time the
+five-years' truce was over, he had a fine fleet to use in fighting
+against the Spartans.
+
+As every victory won by the Athenians had only made Sparta more jealous,
+the war was renewed, and carried on with great fury on both sides. The
+Spartans gained the first victories; but, owing to their better navy,
+the Athenians soon won over all the neighboring cities, and got the
+upper hand of their foes.
+
+[Illustration: The Acropolis.]
+
+They were about to end the war by a last victory at Cor-o-ne'a, when
+fortune suddenly deserted them, and they were so sorely beaten that they
+were very glad to agree to a truce and return home.
+
+By the treaty then signed, the Athenians bound themselves to keep the
+peace during a term of thirty years. In exchange, the Spartans allowed
+them to retain the cities which they had conquered, and the leadership
+of one of the confederacies formed by the Greek states, reserving the
+head of the other for themselves.
+
+During these thirty years of peace, Pericles was very busy, and his
+efforts were directed for the most part toward the improvement of
+Athens. By his advice a magnificent temple, the Par'the-non, was built
+on top of the Acropolis, in honor of Athene.
+
+This temple, one of the wonders of the world, was decorated with
+beautiful carvings by Phidias, and all the rich Athenians went to see
+them as soon as they were finished. This sculptor also made a
+magnificent gold and ivory statue of the goddess, to stand in the midst
+of the Parthenon. But in spite of all his talent, Phidias had many
+enemies. After a while they wrongfully accused him of stealing part of
+the gold intrusted to him. Phidias vainly tried to defend himself; but
+they would not listen to him, and put him in prison, where he died.
+
+Between the temple of Athene and the city there was a series of steps
+and beautiful porticoes, decorated with paintings and sculptures, which
+have never been surpassed.
+
+Many other beautiful buildings were erected under the rule of Pericles;
+and the beauty and art loving Athenians could soon boast that their city
+was the finest in the world. Artists from all parts of the country
+thronged thither in search of work, and all were well received by
+Pericles.
+
+[Illustration: Phidias.]
+
+
+
+
+LIX. THE TEACHINGS OF ANAXAGORAS.
+
+
+As Pericles was a very cultivated man, he liked to meet and talk with
+the philosophers, and to befriend the artists. He was greatly attached
+to the sculptor Phidias, and he therefore did all in his power to save
+him from the envy of his fellow-citizens.
+
+An-ax-ag'o-ras, a philosopher of great renown, was the friend and
+teacher of Pericles. He, too, won the dislike of the people; and, as
+they could not accuse him also of stealing, they charged him with
+publicly teaching that the gods they worshiped were not true gods, and
+proposed to put him to death for this crime.
+
+Now, Anaxagoras had never heard of the true God, the God whom we
+worship. He had heard only of Zeus, Athene, and the other gods honored
+by his people; but he was so wise and so thoughtful that he believed the
+world could never have been created by such divinities as those.
+
+He observed all he saw very attentively, and shocked the people greatly
+by saying that the sun was not a god driving in a golden chariot, but a
+great glowing rock, which, in spite of its seemingly small size, he
+thought must be about as large as the Peloponnesus.
+
+Of course, this seems very strange to you. But Anaxagoras lived more
+than two thousand years ago, and since then people have constantly been
+finding out new things and writing them in books, so it is no wonder
+that in this matter you are already, perhaps, wiser than he. When you
+come to study about the sun, you will find that Anaxagoras was partly
+right, but that, instead of being only as large as the Peloponnesus, the
+sun is more than a million times larger than the whole earth!
+
+Anaxagoras also tried to explain that the moon was probably very much
+like the earth, with mountains, plains, and seas. These things, which
+they could not understand, made the Athenians so angry that they exiled
+the philosopher, in spite of all Pericles could say.
+
+Anaxagoras went away without making any fuss, and withdrew to a distant
+city, where he continued his studies as before. Many people regretted
+his absence, and missed his wise conversation, but none so much as
+Pericles, who never forgot him, and who gave him money enough to keep
+him in comfort.
+
+Another great friend of Pericles was a woman called As-pa'sia. She was
+so bright that the wisest men of Athens used to go to her house merely
+for the pleasure of talking to her. All the best-informed people in town
+used to assemble there; and Cimon and Pericles, Phidias, Anaxagoras, and
+Soc'ra-tes were among her chosen friends.
+
+
+
+
+LX. BEGINNING OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.
+
+
+The end of Pericles' long and useful life was troubled by a new war
+between Athens and Sparta; for, as soon as the thirty-years' truce was
+ended, both cities flew to arms. The war which then began, and which in
+history is known as the Peloponnesian War, lasted almost as long as the
+truce; that is to say, for nearly thirty years.
+
+Pericles knew very well that the Athenians, not being so well trained,
+were no match for the Spartans on land. He therefore advised all the
+people to come into the city, and take refuge behind the mighty walls,
+while the fleet carried on the war by sea.
+
+This advice was followed. All the farmers left their fields, and crowded
+into Athens. When the Spartans came into Attica, they found the farms
+and villages deserted; but from the top of the Acropolis the people
+could see the enemy burn down their empty dwellings and destroy the
+harvests in their fields.
+
+In the mean while the Athenian fleet had sailed out of the Piraeus, and
+had gone down into the Peloponnesus, where the troops landed from time
+to time, striking terror into the hearts of the inhabitants, and causing
+much damage.
+
+The Spartans also had a fleet; but it was so much smaller than that of
+the Athenians, that it could not offer any very great resistance. Still
+the time came when a battle was to take place between the vessels of the
+two cities.
+
+It happened on a day when there was to be an eclipse of the sun. Now,
+you know that this is a very simple and natural thing. An eclipse of the
+sun is a darkening of its surface, which occurs whenever the moon passes
+between it and the earth.
+
+As the moon is a very large and solid body, we cannot see either through
+or around it, and for a few minutes while it is directly between us and
+the sun it entirely hides the latter from our sight. Pericles, who had
+so often talked with Anaxagoras and the other learned men of his day,
+knew what an eclipse was, and had even been told that one would soon
+take place. He was therefore quite ready for it, warned his soldiers
+that it was coming, and illustrated his meaning by flinging his cloak
+over the head of his pilot.
+
+"Can you see the sun now?" he asked.--"Why, no! master, of course not!"
+replied the man. "Your thick cloak is between me and the sun; how could
+I see through it?"--"Well, neither can you see through the moon, then,"
+replied Pericles.
+
+His men, thus warned, showed no fear of the eclipse; but the Spartans,
+who did not trouble themselves greatly with learning, were terrified.
+They imagined that the darkening of the sun at midday was the sign of
+some coming misfortune, and hardly dared to fight against the Athenians.
+
+Thanks to this superstitious fear, Pericles laid waste the fields of the
+Peloponnesus, and came back to Athens in triumph; for, although much
+damage had been done to the enemy, the Athenians had lost only a few
+men. These were buried with great honors. Pericles himself pronounced
+their funeral oration; and we are told that he was so eloquent that all
+his hearers were melted to tears.
+
+
+
+
+LXI. DEATH OF PERICLES.
+
+
+Although the Athenian fleet had caused much damage, and had come home
+victorious, the Spartan army was still in Attica. The Spartans had been
+awed and frightened by the eclipse, but they did not give up their
+purpose, and continued the war.
+
+The Athenians remained within the city walls, not daring to venture out
+lest they should meet with a defeat, and they soon began to suffer
+greatly. As there were not enough water and food for the crowded
+multitude, a terrible disease called the plague soon attacked the
+people. This sickness was contagious, and it spread rapidly. On all
+sides one could see the dead and dying. The sufferers were tormented by
+a burning thirst; and as there was soon no one left to care for the
+sick, they painfully dragged themselves to the sides of the fountains,
+where many of them died.
+
+Not only were the sick uncared for, but it was also nearly impossible to
+dispose of the dead; and the bodies lay in the streets day after day,
+waiting for burial.
+
+When the Athenians were in the greatest distress, Pericles heard that
+there was a Greek doctor, named Hip-poc'ra-tes, who had a cure for the
+plague; and he wrote to him, imploring his help.
+
+Hippocrates received Pericles' letter at the same time that a message
+arrived from Artaxerxes, King of Persia. The king asked him to come and
+save the Persians, who were suffering from the same disease, and offered
+the doctor great wealth.
+
+The noble doctor did not hesitate a moment, but sent away the Persian
+messenger, saying that it was his duty first to save his own countrymen.
+Then he immediately set out for the plague-stricken city of Athens,
+where he worked bravely night and day.
+
+His care and skill restored many sufferers; and, although thousands died
+of the plague, the remaining Athenians knew that they owed him their
+lives. When the danger was over, they all voted that Hippocrates should
+have a golden crown, and said he should be called an Athenian
+citizen,--an honor which they seldom granted to any outsider.
+
+The plague had not only carried away many of the poorer citizens, but
+had also stricken down the nobles and the rich. Pericles' family
+suffered from it too. All his children took it and died, with the
+exception of one.
+
+The great man, in spite of his private cares and sorrows, was always in
+and out among the people, helping and encouraging them, and he finally
+caught the plague himself.
+
+His friends soon saw, that, in spite of all their efforts, he would die.
+They crowded around his bed in tears, praising him in low tones, and
+saying how much he had done for the Athenians and for the improvement of
+their city.
+
+"Why," said one of them warmly, "he found the city bricks, and leaves it
+marble!"
+
+Pericles, whose eyes had been closed, and who seemed unconscious, now
+suddenly roused himself, and said, "Why do you mention those things?
+They were mostly owing to my large fortune. The thing of which I am
+proudest is that I never caused any fellow-citizen to put on mourning!"
+
+Pericles then sank back, and soon died; but his friends always
+remembered that he had ruled Athens for more than thirty years without
+ever punishing any one unjustly, and that he had always proved helpful
+and merciful to all.
+
+
+
+
+LXII. THE PHILOSOPHER SOCRATES.
+
+
+When Pericles died, the Peloponnesian War had already been carried on
+for more than three years, but was not nearly at an end. As the
+Athenians felt the need of a leader, they soon chose Nic'ias to take the
+place left vacant by Pericles.
+
+This Nicias was an honest man; but he was unfortunately rather dull, and
+very slow about deciding anything. Whenever he was called upon to see to
+matters of state, he hesitated so long, and was so uncertain, that the
+Greeks often had cause to regret the loss of Pericles.
+
+There was another man of note in Athens at this time, the philosopher
+Socrates, a truly wise and good man. He was no politician, however; and,
+instead of troubling himself about the state, he spent all his spare
+moments in studying, or in teaching the young men of Athens.
+
+Like his friend Anaxagoras, Socrates was a very deep thinker. He, too,
+always tried to find out the exact truth about everything. He was
+specially anxious to know how the earth had been created, who the Being
+was who gave us life, and whether the soul died with the body, or
+continued to live after the body had fallen into dust.
+
+Socrates was a poor man, a stonecutter by trade; but he spent every
+moment he could spare from his work in thinking, studying, and
+questioning others. Little by little, in spite of the contrary opinion
+of his fellow-citizens, he began to understand that the stories of the
+Greek gods and goddesses could not be true.
+
+He thought that there must surely be a God far greater than they,--a God
+who was good and powerful and just, who governed the world he had
+created, and who rewarded the virtuous and punished the wicked.
+
+[Illustration: Socrates.]
+
+Socrates believed that everybody should be as good and gentle as
+possible, and freely forgive all injuries. This belief was very
+different from that of all ancient nations, who, on the contrary,
+thought that they should try to avenge every insult, and return evil for
+evil.
+
+The philosopher Socrates not only taught this gentleness, but practiced
+it carefully at home and abroad. He had plenty of opportunity to make
+use of it; for he had such a cross wife, that her name, Xan-thip'pe, is
+still used to describe a scolding and bad-tempered woman.
+
+Whenever Xanthippe was angry, she used to scold poor Socrates roundly.
+He always listened without flying into a passion, or even answering her;
+and when her temper was too unbearable, he quietly left the house, and
+went about his business elsewhere.
+
+This gentleness and meekness only angered Xanthippe the more; and one
+day, when he was escaping as usual, she caught up a jug full of water
+and poured it over his head.
+
+Socrates good-naturedly shook off the water, smiled, and merely remarked
+to his companions, "After the thunder comes the rain."
+
+
+
+
+LXIII. SOCRATES' FAVORITE PUPIL.
+
+
+As you have already heard, Socrates was a teacher. He did not, however,
+have a school like yours, with desks, and books, and maps, and
+blackboards. His pupils gathered about him at his workshop, or in the
+cool porticoes, or under the trees in the garden of the Academy.
+
+Then, while hammering his stone, or while slowly pacing up and down, the
+philosopher talked to his scholars so gently and wisely, that even the
+richest and noblest youths of Athens were proud to call him their
+teacher. He also visited the house of the noted Aspasia, and was a
+friend of Pericles, Phidias, and Anaxagoras, besides being the teacher
+of three very celebrated men,--Pla'to, Xen'o-phon, and Al-ci-bi'a-des.
+
+[Illustration: Alcibiades dared the Driver to come on.]
+
+Plato and Xenophon, even in their youth, were noted for their coolness
+and right-mindedness; but Alcibiades, a general favorite, was very
+different from them both. He was an orphan, and the ward of Pericles.
+His father had left him a large fortune; and, as Alcibiades was
+handsome, intelligent, and very high-spirited, he was made much of and
+greatly spoiled.
+
+Even as a little child he was very headstrong, and, as he had no father
+and mother to check him, he was often led by his willfulness into great
+danger. We are told that once, when he saw a wagon coming down the
+street where he and his playmates were playing, he called to the man to
+stop. The man, who cared nothing for their game, drove on, and the other
+children quickly sprang aside so as not to be run over. Alcibiades,
+however, flung himself down across the road, in front of his playthings,
+and dared the driver to come on.
+
+This was of course very foolish; and if the driver had given him a few
+sharp cuts with his whip, it might have done Alcibiades a great deal of
+good. But the man was so amused by the little fellow's pluck, that he
+actually turned around and drove through another street.
+
+When Alcibiades grew a little older, he went to listen to the teachings
+of Socrates. In the presence of this wise man, Alcibiades forgot all his
+vanity and willfulness, talked sensibly, and showed himself well
+informed and kind-hearted.
+
+He seemed so earnest and simple that Socrates soon grew very fond of
+him. They often walked together on the street; and it must have been
+pleasing to see this tall, handsome, and aristocratic youth, eagerly
+listening to the wise words of the homely, toil-worn workman beside
+him.
+
+Unfortunately, however, Alcibiades could not pass all his time with the
+good philosopher, and when he left him it was to spend the rest of the
+day with his own class. As he was rich, generous, and handsome, his
+companions always flattered him, approved of all he did, and admired
+everything he said.
+
+This constant flattery was very bad for the young man; and, as he was
+anxious to please everybody, it often led him to do foolish things. He
+gave costly banquets, drove fast horses, boasted a great deal, and even
+started out for his first battle in a magnificent suit of armor all
+inlaid with gold.
+
+His shield was also inlaid with gold and ivory, and on it was a picture
+of Cu'pid throwing the thunderbolts of Jove (Zeus). All his flatterers,
+instead of telling him frankly that such armor was ridiculous, admired
+him greatly, and vowed that he looked like the god of the sun.
+
+In the midst of the battle, Alcibiades, who was very brave, rushed into
+the thick of the foe. His armor was not as strong as a plainer suit
+would have been; and he soon found himself hemmed round, and almost
+ready to fall. His fine friends had of course deserted the lad; but,
+fortunately for him, Socrates was there. The philosopher rushed into the
+midst of the fray, caught up the young man in his strong arms, and bore
+him off the battlefield to a place of safety, where he tenderly bound up
+his wounds.
+
+As Alcibiades was a good-hearted youth, he felt deeply grateful to
+Socrates for saving his life, and ever after proudly claimed him as a
+friend. In spite of the philosopher's advice, however, the young man
+continued to frequent the same society; and, as he was genial and
+open-handed with all, he daily grew more popular.
+
+
+
+
+LXIV. YOUTH OF ALCIBIADES.
+
+
+As the Greeks all loved the Olympic games, Alcibiades was always seen
+there. He took part in the chariot races especially; and his horses won
+three prizes in succession, to the delight of his admirers.
+
+Alcibiades was shrewd enough, in spite of all his vanity, to understand
+that the people of Athens loved him principally because he was handsome
+and rich. He also knew that they delighted in gossip, and he sometimes
+did a thing merely to hear them talk about it.
+
+He had a very handsome dog, for instance; and for a little while its
+beauty was praised by every one. But the Athenians soon grew used to the
+animal, and ceased to talk about it. Then Alcibiades had the dog's tail
+cut off, and of course every one began to exclaim about that.
+
+Some of the Athenians became so inquisitive that they asked why he had
+done so, and he laughingly answered that it was merely in order to
+supply them with material for conversation and wonder.
+
+Alcibiades was so merry and light-hearted that he treated even serious
+matters in a joking way. We are told, that, when he was first admitted
+to the city council, he acted like a schoolboy, and mischievously let
+loose a captive quail, which ran in and out among the feet of the
+councilors, and fluttered about so wildly as to upset the gravity of the
+whole assembly.
+
+On another occasion the councilors were all waiting for Alcibiades to
+begin their proceedings. He entered the hall with a crown of flowers on
+his head; begged them to excuse him, because he could really not attend
+to business, as he had a banquet at his house; and asked them to adjourn
+and go home with him.
+
+Strange to relate, his manner was so fascinating that the grave
+councilors did as he wished, and dropped their important business to
+feast with him. It was on account of this influence that an Athenian
+citizen once bitterly exclaimed, "Go on, my brave boy! Your prosperity
+will bring ruin on this crowd."
+
+Alcibiades was such a favorite among rich and poor, that the Athenians
+would gladly have made him king. Fortunately, however, the young man
+still had sense enough to refuse this honor; but, although he would not
+accept the title, he exercised much of the power of a king, and soon he
+and Nicias were the principal politicians of the day.
+
+Alcibiades was as ambitious as Nicias was careful; and while the latter
+was always trying to keep the Athenians as quiet and contented as
+possible, Alcibiades was always ready to think of some plan by which the
+power of the city could be extended.
+
+This ambition of Alcibiades was destined to have a very bad effect upon
+his own fortunes and upon those of his native land, as you will see by
+the end of his career.
+
+
+
+
+LXV. GREEK COLONIES IN ITALY.
+
+
+The Greeks, as you know, had founded colonies all along the coast of
+Asia Minor and on many of the islands. They had also sailed as far as
+Italy and Sicily, where they built many towns.
+
+Little by little these colonies grew richer and stronger. As the Greek
+settlers increased in number, they claimed more and more land. In Sicily
+and southern Italy the soil was so fertile that the people soon grew
+very rich; and, as they had vessels in plenty, they traded everywhere,
+and became noted for their commercial enterprise.
+
+The first of the Greek colonies in southern Italy was the city of
+Syb'a-ris. It was so prosperous that the people had more money than they
+knew what to do with; and they spent large sums in making their houses
+beautiful and in securing every comfort.
+
+The Syb'a-rites soon became so luxurious in their habits, that they were
+noted all over the country for their love of ease. We are told that one
+Sybarite, for instance, once ordered his slaves to prepare a couch for
+him of fresh rose leaves.
+
+When it was ready, he stretched himself out upon it and slept. In a
+short time he awoke with cries of great distress, saying that he could
+not sleep because a rose leaf was crumpled under him, and chafed his
+tender skin.
+
+Ever since then, when people make a great fuss about a trifle, they are
+apt to hear the remark, "'Tis the crumpled rose leaf!" and when they
+spend too much thought upon their bodily comfort, and indulge in too
+much luxury, they are called Sybarites.
+
+The people of this town continued to flourish for some time, but they
+finally quarreled with the neighboring colony of Croton. A war followed,
+in which the ease-loving Sybarites were defeated and their city was
+destroyed.
+
+Croton and Ta-ren'tum on the mainland, and Messina and Syr'a-cuse on the
+Island of Sicily, were now the principal colonies. They were all very
+rich and prosperous, so Alcibiades told the Athenians that it would be a
+good plan to send out a fleet to conquer and annex them.
+
+Nicias and his party opposed this plan; but when it was put to the vote,
+it was found that the eloquence of Alcibiades had prevailed. A large
+fleet was prepared, and Nicias, Lam'a-chus, and Alcibiades were chosen
+generals of the expedition. The fleet was on the point of sailing out of
+the Piraeus, when the Athenians found out that all the statues of their
+god Her'mes, which were used as boundary marks and milestones, had been
+shamefully broken.
+
+The excited people assembled on the market place to discuss this event;
+and all cried loudly against it, for the statues were considered sacred,
+as they represented a god. Alcibiades' enemies--and he had a number,
+although he was so popular--now stepped forward, and declared that he
+had done it after the banquet which he had given to celebrate his
+departure.
+
+The young man denied having broken the statues, and asked that his
+trial might take place at once, so that he might prove his innocence
+before he started out; but, in spite of this urgent request, it was
+postponed, and he was forced to depart with this cloud hanging over him.
+
+
+
+
+LXVI. ALCIBIADES IN DISGRACE.
+
+
+Alcibiades had no sooner sailed, however, than his enemies, grown
+bolder, began to talk louder, and soon convinced the people of his
+guilt. In their wrath, the Athenians now sent a messenger to Sicily to
+overtake him, and bid him return to Athens to be tried.
+
+His friends, seeing the excitement of the people, and fearing that they
+would condemn him in anger, sent word to him not to return, but to wait
+until the popular fury had had time to blow over.
+
+In obedience to this advice, Alcibiades left the fleet, and, instead of
+going to Athens, went straight to Sparta, where he took up his abode.
+Here the changeable youth adopted the Spartan dress, lived with the
+utmost simplicity and frugality, and even used the laconic mode of
+speech.
+
+As he was tall and strong, and a very good athlete, he soon won the
+admiration of the Spartans, and made many friends. During his stay here,
+he heard that he had been tried at Athens, although absent, found guilty
+of sacrilege, and even sentenced to death.
+
+This ingratitude on the part of his people so angered Alcibiades, that
+he told the Spartans all the Athenian plans, and showed how to upset
+them. By his advice, the Spartans sent aid to the Greeks in Sicily,
+helped them to resist the Athenian attack, and even captured both
+generals and seven thousand soldiers, who were put to death.
+
+The Spartans, still under Alcibiades' instructions, now took and
+fortified the small town of Dec-e-le'a, only twelve miles from Athens.
+Here they kept an armed force, ready to spring out at any minute and
+molest the Athenians, who thus found themselves in a continual state of
+warfare and insecurity.
+
+The small cities and islands which the Athenians had won by force now
+seized this favorable opportunity to revolt; and the Persians, at
+Alcibiades' invitation, joined them, and again began to wage war with
+the proud city.
+
+[Illustration: Alcibiades.]
+
+The Athenians were almost in despair. They had enemies on all sides, and
+were also worried by the quarrels of aristocrats and democrats within
+the city. These two political parties were now so opposed to each other,
+that nothing could make them friends.
+
+The army, longing for action, and without a leader, finally took matters
+into their own hands. They recalled Alcibiades, and asked him to help
+them. The young man, who was generous and kind-hearted, immediately
+responded to this appeal; and, now that it was too late, he repented of
+what he had done, and began to do all in his power to defeat the enemy
+he had aroused.
+
+By his eloquence and skill, Alcibiades finally succeeded in winning the
+Persians over to side with the Athenians, and to fight against the
+Spartans; but all his efforts to make up for the past were vain. His
+treachery had ruined Athens; and when he led the troops against the
+Spartans, the Athenians were completely defeated.
+
+
+
+
+LXVII. DEATH OF ALCIBIADES.
+
+
+Afraid to return to his native city, where he knew the people would
+blame him for their sufferings, Alcibiades fled. After roaming about for
+some time, he took refuge in a castle which he had built on the
+Cher-so-ne'sus.
+
+From the height upon which the castle stood, Alcibiades could overlook
+the sea on both sides; and he watched the Spartan and Athenian fleets,
+which, unknown to each other, had come to anchor very near him. He soon
+discovered that the Spartans had become aware of the presence of the
+Athenians, and were preparing to surprise them.
+
+He therefore left his castle, and, at the risk of his life, went down to
+warn the Athenians of the coming danger. They, however, treated his
+warning with scorn, and bade him return to his castle, and remember
+that he no longer had any right to interfere in their affairs.
+
+From the top of his promontory, Alcibiades saw the complete destruction
+of the Athenian fleet. Only a few men managed to escape to his castle
+for shelter; while a single ship sailed in haste to Athens, to report
+the defeat, and warn the people of the coming danger.
+
+A few days later the victorious Spartan army marched unchallenged into
+Athens, for there were now no fighting men left to oppose them. The
+Spartans said that Athens must now obey them in all things; and, to
+humiliate the people, they tore down the Long Walls to the sound of
+joyful music on the anniversary of the glorious victory of Salamis.
+
+Thus ended the Peloponnesian War, which, as you have seen, began shortly
+before the death of Pericles. From this time on, the fame of Athens was
+due mostly to her literature and art.
+
+By order of the Spartans, Solon's laws were set aside, and thirty men
+were chosen to govern the city. These rulers proved so stern and cruel,
+that they were soon known as the Thirty Tyrants, and were hated by every
+one.
+
+The Athenians suffered so sorely under the government which the Spartans
+had thus forced upon them, that they soon began to long for the return
+of Alcibiades, who, whatever his faults, was always generous.
+
+When the Thirty Tyrants and the Spartans learned of this feeling, they
+were afraid that the Athenians would summon Alcibiades, so they bribed
+the Persian governor to put him to death.
+
+A party of murderers went to his house at night, and set it afire.
+Alcibiades, waking up suddenly, tried to escape with his household; but
+no sooner had he reached the door than he found himself surrounded by
+enemies.
+
+Alcibiades quickly wrapped his cloak around his left arm to serve as a
+shield, and, seizing his sword in his right hand, rushed manfully out
+upon his foes. The Persians, frightened at his approach, fled in haste;
+but they came to a stop at a safe distance, and flung so many stones and
+spears at him that he soon fell dead from the blows.
+
+His body was left where it had fallen, and was found by his wife, who
+loved him dearly in spite of all his faults. She tenderly wrapped it up
+in her own mantle, and had it buried not far from where it lay.
+
+Thus ended the life of the brilliant Alcibiades, who died at the age of
+forty, far away from his native land, and from the people whose idol he
+had once been, but whom he had ruined by his vanity.
+
+
+
+
+LXVIII. THE OVERTHROW OF THE THIRTY TYRANTS.
+
+
+Although the Thirty Tyrants ruled in Athens but a short time, they
+condemned fifteen hundred men to death, and drove many good citizens
+into exile. During their brief period of authority they even found fault
+with Socrates, and would have liked to kill him, though he was the
+greatest philosopher the world has ever known.
+
+As the rule of the Thirty Tyrants had been forced upon them by the
+victorious Spartans, the Athenians soon resolved to get rid of them.
+Among the good citizens whom these cruel rulers had driven away into
+exile, was Thras-y-bu'lus, who was a real patriot.
+
+He had seen the sufferings of the Athenians, and his sympathy had been
+roused. So he began plotting against the Thirty Tyrants, assembled a few
+brave men, entered the city, drove out the Spartans, and overturned
+their government when they least expected it.
+
+Some years later the Athenians rebuilt the Long Walls, which Ly-san'der,
+the Spartan general, had torn down to the sound of festive music. They
+were so glad to be rid of the cruel tyrants, that they erected statues
+in honor of Thrasybulus, their deliverer, and sang songs in his praise
+at all their public festivals.
+
+The Spartans, in the mean while, had been changing rapidly for the
+worse, for the defeat of the Athenians had filled their hearts with
+pride, and had made them fancy they were the bravest and greatest people
+on earth. Such conceit is always harmful.
+
+Lysander, in capturing Athens and the smaller towns of Attica, had won
+much booty, which was all sent to Sparta. The ephors refused at first to
+accept or distribute this gold, saying that the love of wealth was the
+root of all evil; but they finally decided to use it for the improvement
+of their city.
+
+Lysander himself was as noble a man as he was a good general, and kept
+none of the booty for his own use. On the contrary, he came back to
+Sparta so poor, that, when he died, the city had to pay his funeral
+expenses.
+
+The Spartans felt so grateful for the services which he had rendered
+them, that they not only gave him a fine burial, but also gave marriage
+portions to his daughters, and helped them to get good husbands.
+
+
+
+
+LXIX. ACCUSATION OF SOCRATES.
+
+
+Socrates, as you know, was one of the best and gentlest of men, yet he
+had many enemies. These were principally the people who were jealous of
+him and of his renown for great wisdom; for his reputation was so well
+established, that the oracle at Delphi, when consulted, replied that the
+most learned man in Greece was Socrates.
+
+Although Socrates was so wise and good and gentle, he was not at all
+conceited, and showed his wisdom by never pretending to know what he did
+not know, and by his readiness to learn anything new, provided one could
+prove it to be true.
+
+Among the noted Athenians of this time was Aristophanes, a writer of
+comedies or funny plays. He was so witty that his comedies are still
+admired almost as much as when they were played in the Theater of
+Dionysus for the amusement of the people.
+
+Like most funny men, Aristophanes liked to turn everything into
+ridicule. He had often seen Socrates and Alcibiades walking through the
+streets of Athens, and was greatly amused at the contrast they
+presented.
+
+Now, Aristophanes, with all his cleverness, was not always just; and
+while his ridicule sometimes did good, at other times it did a great
+deal of harm. He soon learned to dislike Alcibiades; but he saw how
+dearly the people loved the young man, and fancied that his faults must
+be owing to the bad advice of his teacher. Such was not the case, for
+Socrates had tried to bring out all the good in his pupil. Alcibiades'
+pride, insolence, and treachery were rather the result of the constant
+flattery to which he had been exposed on the part of those who claimed
+to be his friends.
+
+Aristophanes disliked Alcibiades so much that he soon wrote a comedy
+called "The Clouds," in which he made fun of him. Of course, he did not
+call the people in the play by their real names; but the hero was a
+good-for-nothing young man, who, advised by his teacher, bought fast
+horses, ran his father into debt, cheated everybody, and treated even
+the gods with disrespect.
+
+As the actors who took part in this comedy dressed and acted as nearly
+as possible like Alcibiades and Socrates, you can imagine that the play,
+which was very comical and clever, made the Athenians roar with
+laughter.
+
+Everybody talked about it, repeated the best jokes, and went again and
+again to see and laugh over it. We are told that Socrates went there
+himself one day; and, when asked why he had come, he quietly said, "I
+came to find out whether, among all the faults of which I am accused,
+there may not be some that I can correct."
+
+You see, the philosopher knew that it was never too late to mend, and
+fully intended to be as perfect as possible. He knew, of course, that he
+could not straighten his crooked nose or make his face good-looking,
+but he hoped to find some way of improving his character.
+
+"The Clouds" amused the Athenians for about twenty years; and when
+Alcibiades turned traitor, and caused the ruin of his country, the
+people still went to see it. In their anger against Alcibiades, they
+began to think that perhaps Aristophanes was right, and that the youth
+they had once loved so dearly would never have turned out so badly had
+he not been influenced for evil.
+
+As the teacher in the play was blamed for all the wrongdoing of his
+pupil, so Socrates was now accused by the Athenians of ruining
+Alcibiades. Little by little the philosopher's enemies became so bold
+that they finally made up their minds to get rid of him. As he was quite
+innocent, and as there was no other excuse for dragging him before the
+Tribunal, they finally charged him with giving bad advice to young men,
+and speaking ill of the gods.
+
+
+
+
+LXX. DEATH OF SOCRATES.
+
+
+The false accusation made against Socrates by his enemies soon had the
+desired effect, for the Tribunal gave orders for his arrest and trial.
+The philosopher, sure of his innocence, came before his judges, and
+calmly answered their questions.
+
+He told them he had never turned the gods into ridicule, as he knew it
+was wrong to make fun of anything which others deemed sacred. Then, as
+they still further pressed him to explain his views, he confessed that
+he believed there was a God greater and better than any they worshiped.
+
+As to teaching the young men anything which could do them harm, he said
+it was quite impossible; for he had ever told them that they should be
+as good, virtuous, and helpful as they could, which was surely not
+wrong.
+
+Socrates gave noble answers to all their questions; but the judges,
+blinded with prejudice, believed the lying charges of his enemies, which
+Socrates scorned to contradict. The philosopher's friends begged him to
+use his eloquence to defend himself and confound his accusers; but he
+calmly refused, saying, "My whole life and teaching is the only
+contradiction, and the best defense I can offer."
+
+Socrates, as you have seen, was really one of the best men that ever
+lived, and, without having ever heard of the true God, he still believed
+in him. Nearly four centuries before the coming of Christ, when people
+believed in revenge, he preached the doctrine of "Love one another" and
+"Do good to them that hate you."
+
+But, in spite of all his goodness and constant uprightness, Socrates the
+philosopher was condemned to the shameful death of a base criminal.
+
+Now, in Greece, criminals were forced to drink a cup of deadly poison at
+sunset on the day of their condemnation, and there was generally but a
+few hours' delay between the sentence and its execution. But the law
+said that during one month in the year no such punishment should be
+inflicted. This was while an Athenian vessel was away on a voyage to
+the Island of De'los to bear the annual offerings to Apollo's shrine.
+
+As Socrates was tried and condemned at this season, the people were
+forced to await the return of the vessel before they could kill him: so
+they put him in prison. Here he was chained fast, yet his friends were
+allowed to visit him and to talk with him.
+
+Day after day the small band of his pupils gathered around him in
+prison; and, as some of them were very rich, they bribed the jailer, and
+arranged everything for their beloved master's escape.
+
+When the time came, and Socrates was told that he could leave the prison
+unseen, and be taken to a place of safety, he refused to go, saying that
+it would be against the law, which he had never yet disobeyed.
+
+In vain his friends and disciples begged him to save his life: he would
+not consent. Then Cri'to, one of his pupils, began to weep, in his
+distress, and exclaimed indignantly, "Master, will you then remain here,
+and die innocent?"
+
+"Of course," replied Socrates, gravely. "Would you rather I should die
+guilty?"
+
+Then, gathering his disciples around him, he began to talk to them in
+the most beautiful and solemn way about life and death, and especially
+about the immortality of the soul.
+
+This last conversation of Socrates was so attentively listened to by his
+disciple Plato, the wisest among them all, that he afterward wrote it
+down from memory almost word for word, and thus kept it so that we can
+still read it.
+
+[Illustration: Socrates' Farewell.]
+
+As the sun was slowly setting on that last day, the sacred vessel came
+back from Delos. The time of waiting was ended, and now the prisoner
+must die. The jailer interrupted this beautiful last talk, and entered
+the cell, bringing the cup of poison.
+
+Socrates took the cup from his hand and drained it, unmoved, telling his
+disciples that he felt sure that death was only birth into another and
+better world. Then he bade them all farewell.
+
+As he was a good and scrupulous man, very careful about paying his debts
+and keeping his promises, he now told Crito to remember that he had
+promised to sacrifice a cock to AEs-cu-la'pi-us, the god of medicine, and
+bade him do it in his stead.
+
+He then lay down upon his hard prison bed, and, while he felt the chill
+of death slowly creeping upward toward his heart, he continued to teach
+and exhort his pupils to love virtue and do right.
+
+All his last sayings were carefully treasured by Plato, who wrote them
+down, and who concludes the story of his death in these beautiful words:
+"Thus died the man who, of all with whom we are acquainted, was in death
+the noblest, and in life the wisest and best."
+
+Some time after the death of Socrates, the Athenians found out their
+mistake. Filled with remorse, they recalled the sentence which had
+condemned him, but they could not bring him back to life. In token of
+their sorrow, however, they set up a statue of him in the heart of their
+city.
+
+This statue, although made of bronze, has long ceased to exist; but the
+remembrance of Socrates' virtues is still held dear, and all who know
+his name both love and honor him.
+
+
+
+
+LXXI. THE DEFEAT OF CYRUS.
+
+
+It was at the close of the Peloponnesian War that Darius II., King of
+Persia, died, leaving two sons, Artaxerxes and Cy'rus. These two heirs
+could not agree which should reign. Artaxerxes claimed the throne
+because he was the elder, and Cyrus because he was the first son born
+after their father had become king; for in Persia it was the custom for
+a ruler to choose as his successor a son born after he had taken
+possession of the throne.
+
+The quarrel between the two brothers daily became more bitter; and when
+Artaxerxes made himself king by force, Cyrus swore that he would compel
+him to give up his place again.
+
+To oust his brother from the throne, Cyrus collected an army in Asia
+Minor; and, as he could not secure enough Persian soldiers, he hired a
+body of eleven thousand Greeks, commanded by a Spartan named
+Cle-ar'chus.
+
+This Greek army was only a small part of Cyrus' force; but he expected
+great things from it, as the Persians had already found out to their
+cost that the Greeks were very good fighters.
+
+After a long march, the armies of both brothers met at Cu-nax'a; and
+there was a terrible battle, in the midst of which Cyrus was killed. Of
+course, his death ended the quarrel, and the Persians all surrendered.
+
+But the Greeks continued fighting bravely, until Artaxerxes sent them
+word that his brother was dead, and that he would have them guided
+safely back to their own country if they would lay down their arms.
+
+The Greeks, believing him, immediately stopped fighting; and their
+officers accepted an invitation to enter the Persian camp, and be
+present at the council of all the generals.
+
+Their trust was sadly misplaced, however; for no sooner had the Greek
+officers entered the tent than they were surrounded and slain. The
+Persian king then sent a message to the Greek troops, saying that their
+leaders were all dead, and summoning them to give up their arms and to
+swear to obey him in all things.
+
+This message filled the hearts of the Greeks with rage and despair. What
+were they to do? Their chiefs were dead, they were in a strange country
+surrounded by enemies, and their own home lay eight months' journey
+away.
+
+They had no leaders, no money or provisions, and no guides to show them
+the way back across the burning sands, deep rivers, and over the
+mountains. They had nothing, in short, but the armor on their backs and
+the weapons in their hands.
+
+As they did not even know the language of the country, they could not
+ask their way; and as they were surrounded by enemies, they must be
+constantly on their guard lest they should be surprised and taken
+prisoners or killed. They were indeed in a sorry plight; and no wonder
+that they all fancied they would never see their homes again. When night
+came on, they flung themselves down upon the ground without having eaten
+any supper. Their hearts were so heavy, however, that they could not
+sleep, but tossed and moaned in their despair.
+
+In this army there was a pupil of Socrates, called Xenophon. He was a
+good and brave man. Instead of bewailing his bad luck, as the others
+did, he tried to think of some plan by which the army might yet be
+saved, and brought back to Greece.
+
+His night of deep thought was not in vain; and as soon as morning dawned
+he called his companions together, and begged them to listen to him, as
+he had found a way of saving them from slavery or death.
+
+Then he explained to them, that, if they were only united and willing,
+they could form a compact body, and, under a leader of their own
+choosing, could beat a safe retreat toward the sea.
+
+
+
+
+LXXII. THE RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND.
+
+
+Xenophon's advice pleased the Greeks. It was far better, they thought,
+to make the glorious attempt to return home, than basely to surrender
+their arms, and become the subjects of a foreign king.
+
+They therefore said they would elect a leader, and all chose Xenophon to
+fill this difficult office. He, however, consented to accept it only
+upon condition that each soldier would pledge his word of honor to obey
+him; for he knew that the least disobedience would hinder success, and
+that in union alone lay strength. The soldiers understood this too, and
+not only swore to obey him, but even promised not to quarrel among
+themselves.
+
+So the little army began its homeward march, tramping bravely over sandy
+wastes and along rocky pathways. When they came to a river too deep to
+be crossed by fording, they followed it up toward its source until they
+could find a suitable place to get over it; and, as they had neither
+money nor provisions, they were obliged to seize all their food on the
+way.
+
+The Greeks not only had to overcome countless natural obstacles, but
+were also compelled to keep up a continual warfare with the Persians who
+pursued them. Every morning Xenophon had to draw up his little army in
+the form of a square, to keep the enemy at bay.
+
+They would fight thus until nearly nightfall, when the Persians always
+retreated, to camp at a distance from the men they feared. Instead of
+allowing his weary soldiers to sit down and rest, Xenophon would then
+give orders to march onward. So they tramped in the twilight until it
+was too dark or they were too tired to proceed any farther.
+
+After a hasty supper, the Greeks flung themselves down to rest on the
+hard ground, under the light of the stars; but even these slumbers were
+cut short by Xenophon's call at early dawn. Long before the lazy
+Persians were awake, these men were again marching onward; and when the
+mounted enemy overtook them once more, and compelled them to halt and
+fight, they were several miles nearer home.
+
+As the Greeks passed through the wild mountain gorges, they were further
+hindered by the neighboring people, who tried to stop them by rolling
+trunks of trees and rocks down upon them. Although some were wounded and
+others killed, the little army pressed forward, and, after a march of
+about a thousand miles, they came at last within sight of the sea.
+
+You may imagine what a joyful shout arose, and how lovingly they gazed
+upon the blue waters which washed the shores of their native land also.
+
+But although Xenophon and his men had come to the sea, their troubles
+were not yet ended; for, as they had no money to pay their passage, none
+of the captains would take them on board.
+
+Instead of embarking, therefore, and resting their weary limbs while the
+wind wafted them home, they were forced to tramp along the seashore.
+They were no longer in great danger, but were tired and discontented,
+and now for the first time they began to forget their promise to obey
+Xenophon.
+
+To obtain money enough to pay their passage to Greece, they took several
+small towns along their way, and robbed them. Then, hearing that there
+was a new expedition on foot to free the Ionian cities from the Persian
+yoke, they suddenly decided not to return home, but to go and help them.
+
+Xenophon therefore led them to Per'ga-mus, where he gave them over to
+their new leader. There were still ten thousand left out of the eleven
+thousand men that Cyrus had hired, and Xenophon had cause to feel proud
+of having brought them across the enemy's territory with so little loss.
+
+After bidding them farewell, Xenophon returned home, and wrote down an
+account of this famous Retreat of the Ten Thousand in a book called the
+A-nab'a-sis. This account is so interesting that people begin to read it
+as soon as they know a little Greek, and thus learn all about the
+fighting and marching of those brave men.
+
+
+
+
+LXXIII. AGESILAUS IN ASIA.
+
+
+You may remember that the Greeks, at the end of the Peloponnesian War,
+had found out that Sparta was the strongest city in the whole country;
+for, although the Athenians managed to drive the Spartans out of their
+city, they were still forced to recognize them as the leaders of all
+Greece.
+
+The Spartans were proud of having reached such a position, and were
+eager to maintain it at any cost. They therefore kept all the Greek
+towns under their orders, and were delighted to think that their king,
+A-ges-i-la'us, was one of the best generals of his day.
+
+He was not, however, tall and strong, like most of his fellow-citizens,
+but puny and very lame. His small size and bad health had not lessened
+his courage, however, and he was always ready to plan a new campaign or
+to lead his men off to war.
+
+When it became known that Artaxerxes was about to march against the
+Greek cities in Ionia, to punish them for upholding his brother Cyrus,
+and for sending him the ten thousand soldiers who had beat such a
+masterly retreat, Agesilaus made up his mind to go and help them.
+
+There was no prospect of fighting at home just then, so the Spartan
+warriors were only too glad to follow their king to Asia. Agesilaus had
+no sooner landed in Asia Minor, than the Greek cities there gave him
+command over their army, bidding him defend them from the wrath of
+Artaxerxes.
+
+Now, although the Persian host, as usual, far outnumbered the Greek
+army, Agesilaus won several victories over his enemies, who were amazed
+that such a small and insignificant-looking man should be at the same
+time a king and a great general.
+
+They were accustomed to so much pomp and ceremony, and always saw their
+own king so richly dressed, that it seemed very queer to them to see
+Agesilaus going about in the same garments as his men, and himself
+leading them in battle.
+
+
+
+
+LXXIV. A STRANGE INTERVIEW.
+
+
+We are told that Agesilaus was once asked to meet the Persian general
+Phar-na-ba'zus, to have a talk or conference with him,--a thing which
+often took place between generals of different armies.
+
+The meeting was set for a certain day and hour, under a large tree, and
+it was agreed that both generals should come under the escort of their
+personal attendants only.
+
+Agesilaus, plainly clad as usual, came first to the meeting place, and,
+sitting down upon the grass under the tree, he began to eat his usual
+noonday meal of bread and onions.
+
+[Illustration: Agesilaus and Pharnabazus.]
+
+A few moments later the Persian general arrived in rich attire, attended
+by fan and parasol bearer, and by servants bringing carpets for him to
+sit upon, cooling drinks to refresh him, and delicate dishes to tempt
+his appetite.
+
+At first Pharnabazus fancied that a tramp was camping under the tree;
+but when he discovered that this plain little man was really Agesilaus,
+King of Sparta, and the winner of so many battles, he was ashamed of his
+pomp, sent away his attendants, and sat down on the ground beside the
+king.
+
+They now began an important talk, and Pharnabazus was filled with
+admiration when he heard the short but noble answers which Agesilaus had
+for all his questions. He was so impressed by the Spartan king, that he
+shook hands with him when the interview was ended.
+
+Agesilaus was equally pleased with Pharnabazus, and told him that he
+should be proud to call him friend. He invited him to leave his master,
+and come and live in Greece, where all noble men were free.
+
+Pharnabazus did not accept this invitation, but renewed the war,
+whereupon Agesilaus again won several important victories. When the
+Persian king heard that all his soldiers could not get the better of the
+Spartan king, he resolved to try the effect of bribery.
+
+He therefore sent a messenger to Athens to promise this city and her
+allies a very large sum of money provided that they would rise up in
+revolt against Sparta, and thus force Agesilaus to come home.
+
+
+
+
+LXXV. THE PEACE OF ANTALCIDAS.
+
+
+The Athenians hated the Spartans, and were only waiting for an excuse to
+make war against them: so they were only too glad to accept the bribe
+which Artaxerxes offered, and were paid with ten thousand Persian coins
+on which was stamped the figure of an archer.
+
+As soon as the Spartan ephors heard that the Athenians had revolted,
+they sent a message to Agesilaus to tell him to come home. The Spartan
+king was about to deal a crushing blow to the Persians, but he was
+forced to obey the summons. As he embarked he dryly said, "I could
+easily have beaten the whole Persian army, and still ten thousand
+Persian archers have forced me to give up all my plans."
+
+The Thebans joined the Athenians in this revolt, so Agesilaus was very
+indignant against them too. He energetically prepared for war, and met
+the combined Athenian and Theban forces at Coronea, where he defeated
+them completely.
+
+The Athenians, in the mean while, had made their alliance with the
+Persians, and used the money which they had received to strengthen their
+ramparts, as you have seen, and to finish the Long Walls, which had been
+ruined by the Spartans ten years before.
+
+All the Greek states were soon in arms, siding with the Athenians or
+with the Spartans; and the contest continued until everybody was weary
+of fighting. There was, besides, much jealousy among the people
+themselves, and even the laurels of Agesilaus were envied.
+
+The person who was most opposed to him was the Spartan An-tal'ci-das,
+who, fearing that further warfare would only result in increasing
+Agesilaus' popularity and glory, now began to advise peace. As the
+Greeks were tired of the long struggle, they sent Antalcidas to Asia to
+try to make a treaty with the Persians.
+
+Without thinking of anything but his hatred of Agesilaus, Antalcidas
+consented to all that the Persians asked, and finally signed a shameful
+treaty, by which all the Greek cities of Asia Minor and the Island of
+Cy'prus were handed over to the Persian king. The other Greek cities
+were declared independent, and thus Sparta was shorn of much of her
+power. This treaty was a disgrace, and it has always been known in
+history by the name of the man who signed it out of petty spite.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVI. THE THEBAN FRIENDS.
+
+
+Although all the Greek cities were to be free by the treaty of
+Antalcidas, the Spartans kept the Messenians under their sway and, as
+they were still the most powerful people in Greece, they saw that the
+other cities did not infringe upon their rights in any way.
+
+Under pretext of keeping all their neighbors in order, the Spartans were
+always under arms, and on one occasion even forced their way into the
+city of Thebes. The Thebans, who did not expect them, were not ready to
+make war, and were in holiday dress.
+
+They were all in the temple, celebrating the festival of Demeter, the
+harvest goddess; and when the Spartans came thus upon them, they were
+forced to yield without striking a single blow, as they had no weapons
+at hand.
+
+The Spartans were so afraid lest the best and richest citizens should
+try to make the people revolt, that they exiled them all from Thebes,
+allowing none but the poor and insignificant to remain.
+
+To keep possession of the city which they had won by this trick, the
+Spartans put three thousand of their best warriors in the citadel, with
+orders to defend and hold it at any price.
+
+Among the exiled Thebans there was a noble and wealthy man called
+Pe-lop'i-das. He had been sorely wounded in a battle some time before,
+and would have died had he not been saved by a fellow-citizen named
+E-pam-i-non'das, who risked his own life in the rescue.
+
+This man, too, was of noble birth, and was said to be a descendant of
+the men who had sprung from the dragon teeth sown by Cadmus, the founder
+of Thebes. Epaminondas, however, was very poor; and wealth had no charms
+for him, for he was a disciple of Py-tha'o-ras, a philosopher who was
+almost as celebrated as Socrates.
+
+Now, although Epaminondas was poor, quiet, and studious, and Pelopidas
+was particularly fond of noise and bustle, they became great friends and
+almost inseparable companions. Pelopidas, seeing how good and generous a
+man his friend was, did all he could to be like him, and even gave up
+all his luxurious ways to live plainly too.
+
+He therefore had plenty of money to spare, and this he spent very freely
+for the good of the poor. When his former friends asked why he no
+longer cared for his riches, he pointed to a poor cripple near by, and
+said that money was of importance only to unhappy men like that one, who
+could do nothing for themselves.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVII. THEBES FREE ONCE MORE.
+
+
+The Spartans, coming into Thebes, as we have seen, exiled the rich and
+important Pelopidas, but allowed his friend Epaminondas to remain. They
+little suspected that this quiet and seemingly stupid man would in time
+become their greatest enemy, and that the mere sound of his name would
+fill their hearts with dread.
+
+Pelopidas, thus forced to leave home, withdrew to Athens, where he was
+very kindly received. He was not happy, however, and was always longing
+to return home, and see his friend Epaminondas, whose society he missed
+very much.
+
+He therefore called a few of the Theban exiles together, and proposed
+that they should return to Thebes in disguise, and, taking advantage of
+the Spartans' carelessness, kill their leaders, and restore the city to
+freedom.
+
+This proposal was received with joy, although the Spartans numbered
+three thousand, and the Theban exiles only twelve. The chances were of
+course against them; but the men were so anxious to free their city,
+that they resolved to make the attempt.
+
+They therefore set out from Athens with weapons and hunting dogs, as if
+bent upon a day's sport in the country. Thus armed, they secretly
+entered the house of Cha'ron, one of their friends in Thebes. Here they
+exchanged their hunting garments for women's robes; for, hearing that
+the Spartan general and his officers were feasting, they had resolved to
+pretend that they were dancing girls, in order to gain an entrance into
+the banquet hall, and kill the men while they were drinking.
+
+They had just finished dressing, when a knock was heard at the door, and
+a Spartan soldier came in and gravely informed Charon that the commander
+wished to see him.
+
+For a moment Pelopidas and his companions fancied that their plans were
+discovered, and that Charon had betrayed them. He read this suspicion in
+their frightened faces, and, before leaving the house with the soldier,
+he placed his only son, a mere infant, in the arms of Pelopidas, saying,
+"There, keep him; and if you find that I have betrayed you, avenge
+yourselves by killing my only child, my dearest treasure."
+
+After speaking thus, Charon went out, and soon came back to report that
+all was well.
+
+The Theban exiles now went to the banquet hall, where they were readily
+allowed to enter to amuse the company. The Spartan officers, who were no
+longer frugal and temperate as of old, were so heavy and stupid with
+wine, that the supposed dancing girls easily killed them.
+
+[Illustration: "Avenge yourselves by killing my only child."]
+
+One version of the story is, that Pelopidas and his companions rushed
+out into the street with lighted torches, and slew every Spartan they
+met. The Spartan soldiers, deprived of most of their officers (who had
+been killed in the banquet hall), and greatly frightened, fled in the
+darkness from what they fancied was a large army, and returned in haste
+to Sparta.
+
+Imagine their shame, however, when it became known there that they had
+been routed by only twelve determined men! The Spartan citizens were so
+angry that they put the two remaining officers to death, and, collecting
+another army, placed it under the leadership of Cle-om'bro-tus, their
+second king, because Agesilaus was too ill at the time to fight.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVIII. THE BATTLE OF LEUCTRA.
+
+
+The Thebans, delighted at having thus happily got rid of their enemies,
+had made Pelopidas and Epaminondas Boe'o-tarchs, or chiefs of
+Boeotia, the country of which Thebes was the capital. These two men,
+knowing well that the Spartans would soon send an army to win back the
+city, now made great preparations to oppose them.
+
+Epaminondas was made general of the army; and Pelopidas drilled a choice
+company, called the Sacred Battalion. This was formed of three hundred
+brave young Thebans, who took a solemn oath never to turn their backs
+upon the enemy or to surrender, and to die for their native country if
+necessary.
+
+The Thebans then marched forth to meet their foes; and the two armies
+met at Leuc'tra, a small town in Boeotia. As usual, the Thebans had
+consulted the oracles to find out what they should do, and had been
+told that all the omens were unfavorable. Epaminondas, however, nobly
+replied that he knew of none which forbade fighting for the defense of
+one's country, and he boldly ordered the attack.
+
+The Spartans were greatly amused when they heard that Epaminondas, a
+student, was the commander of the army, and they expected to win a very
+easy victory. They were greatly surprised, therefore, when their
+onslaught was met firmly, and when, in spite of all their valor, they
+found themselves defeated, and heard that their leader, Cleombrotus, was
+dead.
+
+The Thebans, of course, gloried in their triumph; but Epaminondas
+remained as modest and unassuming as ever, merely remarking that he was
+glad for his country's and parents' sake that he had been successful. To
+commemorate their good fortune, the Thebans erected a trophy on the
+battlefield of Leuctra, where their troops had covered themselves with
+glory.
+
+The inhabitants of Sparta, who had counted confidently upon victory,
+were dismayed when they saw only a few of their soldiers return from the
+battle, and heard that the Thebans were pursuing them closely. Before
+they could collect new troops, the enemy marched boldly down into
+Laconia; and the women of Sparta now beheld the smoke of the enemy's
+camp for the first time in many years. As there were neither walls nor
+fortifications of any kind, you can easily imagine that the inhabitants
+were in despair, and thought that their last hour had come.
+
+If Epaminondas had been of a revengeful temper, he could easily have
+destroyed the city; but he was gentle and humane, and, remaining at a
+short distance from the place, he said that he would go away without
+doing the Spartans any harm, provided they would promise not to attack
+Thebes again, and to set the Messenians free.
+
+These conditions were eagerly agreed to by the Spartans, who found
+themselves forced to take a secondary place once more. Athens had ruled
+Greece, and had been forced to yield to Sparta; but now Sparta was
+compelled in her turn to recognize the supremacy of Thebes.
+
+
+
+
+LXXIX. DEATH OF PELOPIDAS.
+
+
+Thebes was the main power in Greece after the brilliant victory at
+Leuctra, and for a short time the city managed to maintain its
+supremacy. By virtue of its position, it decided the destiny of less
+powerful cities; and when Al-ex-an'der, tyrant of Thessaly, became very
+cruel, the Thebans sent Pelopidas to remonstrate with him.
+
+Instead of treating the ambassador of the Thebans with courtesy,
+however, the Thessalian tyrant loaded him with heavy chains, put him in
+prison, and vowed he would keep him there as long as he lived.
+
+When the news of this outrage reached the Thebans, they set out at once,
+under the guidance of two new Boeotarchs, to deliver their beloved
+fellow-citizen. Epaminondas, too, marched in the ranks; for, now that
+his term of office was ended, he had contentedly returned to his former
+obscure position.
+
+The new Boeotarchs were unfortunately very poor generals. They met the
+Thessalian army, but were defeated and driven back. Indeed, the Thebans
+were soon in such danger, that the soldiers revolted against their
+generals, and begged Epaminondas again to take the lead.
+
+As they were in great distress, Epaminondas could not refuse to help
+them: so he assumed the command, and beat such a skillful retreat that
+he brought them out of the country in safety.
+
+The following year, when again chosen Boeotarch, Epaminondas made
+plans for a second campaign, and marched into Thessaly to deliver his
+friend, who was still a prisoner.
+
+When Alexander the tyrant heard that Epaminondas was at the head of the
+army, he was frightened, and tried to disarm the wrath of the Thebans by
+setting Pelopidas free, and sending him to meet the advancing army.
+
+Of course, Epaminondas was very glad to see his friend; but when he
+heard how cruelly Alexander treated all his subjects, he nevertheless
+continued his march northward, hoping to rid the country of such a bad
+ruler.
+
+Just then the Spartans, in spite of their solemn promise, suddenly rose
+up in arms against the Thebans; and Epaminondas, leaving part of the
+army in Thessaly with Pelopidas, hurried southward with the rest to put
+down the revolt.
+
+Pelopidas marched boldly northward, met the Thessalians, and fought a
+fierce battle. When it was over, the Thebans, although victorious, were
+very sad; for their leader, Pelopidas, had been slain in the midst of
+the fray.
+
+Still, undaunted by his death, the army pursued the Thessalians, and
+killed Alexander. Then, to show their scorn for such a vile wretch, they
+dragged his body through the mud, and finally flung it out of a palace
+window into the courtyard, where it was torn to pieces by his own
+bloodhounds.
+
+
+
+
+LXXX. THE BATTLE OF MANTINEA.
+
+
+When Epaminondas heard that his friend Pelopidas was dead, he grieved
+sorely; but nevertheless, knowing that his country had need of him, he
+vigorously continued his preparations to meet and conquer the Spartan
+army.
+
+The battle promised to be hard fought; for while Epaminondas, the victor
+of Leuctra, led the Thebans, Agesilaus, the hero of countless battles,
+was again at the head of the Spartan army. The Thebans pressed forward
+so eagerly, however, that the two armies met at Man-ti-ne'a, in the
+central part of the Peloponnesus.
+
+In spite of Agesilaus' courage and experience, and the well-known
+discipline of the Spartan troops, the Thebans again won a splendid
+victory over their foes. Their joy, however, was turned to mourning when
+they heard that Epaminondas had been mortally wounded just as the battle
+was drawing to an end.
+
+A spear had pierced his breast; and as he sank to the ground, some of
+his followers caught him, bore him away tenderly in their arms, and
+carefully laid him down under a tree on a neighboring hillside. As soon
+as he opened his eyes, he eagerly asked how the army was getting along.
+
+Gently raising him so that he could see the battlefield, his friends
+pointed out the Spartan army in full flight, and the Thebans masters of
+the field. Epaminondas sank back with a sigh of relief, but soon roused
+himself again to ask whether his shield were safe.
+
+It was only when he had seen it that he would allow the doctors to
+examine his wound. They found the head of a barbed spear sunk deep into
+his breast, and said that it must be pulled out. Still they hesitated to
+draw it out, for they feared that the rush of blood would kill him.
+
+Epaminondas, therefore, bade them leave it alone, although he was
+suffering greatly; and then he called for his assistant generals, to
+give them a few important orders. The friends standing around him sadly
+told him that both had fallen in the battle, and could no longer execute
+his commands. When Epaminondas heard this unwelcome news, he realized
+that there was no one left who could replace him, and maintain the
+Theban supremacy: so he advised his fellow-countrymen to seize the
+favorable opportunity to make peace with the Spartans.
+
+When he had thus done all in his power to provide for the future welfare
+of his native city, Epaminondas drew out the spear from his wound with
+his own hand, for he saw that his friends were afraid to touch it.
+
+As the doctors had foreseen, there was a great rush of blood, and they
+soon saw that Epaminondas had only a few minutes to live. His friends
+wept over him, and one of them openly expressed his regret that
+Epaminondas left no children.
+
+These words were heard by the dying hero, who opened his eyes once more,
+and gently said, "Leuctra and Mantinea are daughters enough to keep my
+name alive!"
+
+This saying has proved true; for these two great victories are put down
+in every Greek history, and are never spoken of except in connection
+with the noble general who won them in behalf of his country, and died
+on the field when the last victory was secured.
+
+In memory of Epaminondas, their greatest citizen and general, the
+Thebans erected a monument on the battlefield, and engraved his name
+upon it, with an image of the dragon from whose teeth his ancestors had
+sprung.
+
+The Thebans, remembering his dying wish, then proposed a peace, which
+was gladly accepted by all the Greek states, for they were exhausted by
+the almost constant warfare they had kept up during many years.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXI. THE TYRANT OF SYRACUSE.
+
+
+You have seen what a cruel man Alexander was. He was not the only tyrant
+in those days, however; for the city of Syracuse in Sicily, which
+Alcibiades had hoped to conquer, was ruled by a man as harsh and mean as
+Alexander.
+
+This tyrant, whose name was Di-o-nys'ius, had seized the power by force,
+and kept his authority by exercising the greatest severity. He was
+always surrounded by guards, who at a mere sign from him were ready to
+put any one to death.
+
+Dionysius was therefore feared and hated by the people whom he governed,
+but who would have been very glad to get rid of him. No honest man cared
+to come near such a bloodthirsty wretch, and there were soon none but
+wicked men to be found in his court.
+
+These men, hoping to win his favor and get rich gifts, used to flatter
+him constantly. They never told him the truth, but only praised him, and
+made believe to admire all he said and did.
+
+Of course, even though they were wicked too, they could not really
+admire him, but secretly hated and despised him. Their praise,
+therefore, was as false as they, and their advice was always as bad as
+bad could be.
+
+Now, Dionysius was as conceited as he was cruel, and fancied that there
+was nothing he could not do. Among other things, he thought he could
+write beautiful poetry. Whenever he wrote a poem, therefore, he read it
+aloud to all his courtiers, who went into raptures over it, although
+they made great fun of it behind his back.
+
+Dionysius was highly flattered by their praise, but thought he would
+like to have it confirmed by the philosopher Phi-lox'e-nus, the most
+learned man of Syracuse.
+
+He therefore sent for Philoxenus, and bade him give his candid opinion
+of the verse. Now, Philoxenus was far too noble a man to tell a lie: and
+whenever he was consulted by Dionysius, he always boldly told the
+truth, whether it was agreeable or not.
+
+When the tyrant asked his opinion about the poems, therefore, he
+unhesitatingly answered that they were trash, and did not deserve the
+name of poetry at all.
+
+This answer so angered Dionysius, and so sorely wounded his vanity, that
+he called his guards, and bade them put the philosopher into a prison
+hewn out of the living rock, and hence known as "The Quarries."
+
+Here Philoxenus was a prisoner for many a day, although his only fault
+was having told the tyrant an unwelcome truth when asked to speak.
+
+The philosopher's friends were indignant on hearing that he was in
+prison, and signed a petition asking Dionysius to set him free. The
+tyrant read the petition, and promised to grant their request on
+condition that the philosopher would sup with him.
+
+Dionysius' table was well decked, as usual, and at dessert he again read
+aloud some new verses which he had composed. All the courtiers went into
+ecstasies over them, but Philoxenus did not say a word.
+
+Dionysius, however, fancied that his long imprisonment had broken his
+spirit, and that he would not now dare refuse to give a few words of
+praise: so he pointedly asked Philoxenus what he thought of the poem.
+Instead of answering, the philosopher gravely turned toward the guards,
+and in a firm voice cried aloud, "Take me back to The Quarries!" thus
+showing very plainly that he preferred suffering to telling an untruth.
+
+The courtiers were aghast at his rashness, and fully expected that the
+tyrant would take him at his word and put him in prison, if nothing
+worse; but Dionysius was struck by the moral courage which made
+Philoxenus tell the truth at the risk of his life, and he bade him go
+home in peace.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXII. STORY OF DAMON AND PYTHIAS.
+
+
+There lived in those days in Syracuse two young men called Da'mon and
+Pyth'i-as. They were very good friends, and loved each other so dearly
+that they were hardly ever seen apart.
+
+Now, it happened that Pythias in some way roused the anger of the
+tyrant, who put him in prison, and condemned him to die in a few days.
+When Damon heard of it, he was in despair, and vainly tried to obtain
+his friend's pardon and release.
+
+The mother of Pythias was very old, and lived far away from Syracuse
+with her daughter. When the young man heard that he was to die, he was
+tormented by the thought of leaving the women alone. In an interview
+with his friend Damon, Pythias regretfully said that he would die easier
+had he only been able to bid his mother good-by and find a protector for
+his sister.
+
+Damon, anxious to gratify his friend's last wish, went into the presence
+of the tyrant, and proposed to take the place of Pythias in prison, and
+even on the cross, if need be, provided the latter were allowed to visit
+his relatives once more.
+
+Dionysius had heard of the young men's touching friendship, and hated
+them both merely because they were good; yet he allowed them to change
+places, warning them both, however, that, if Pythias were not back in
+time, Damon would have to die in his stead.
+
+At first Pythias refused to allow his friend to take his place in
+prison, but finally he consented, promising to be back in a few days to
+release him. So Pythias hastened home, found a husband for his sister,
+and saw her safely married. Then, after providing for his mother and
+bidding her farewell, he set out to return to Syracuse.
+
+The young man was traveling alone and on foot. He soon fell into the
+hands of thieves, who bound him fast to a tree; and it was only after
+hours of desperate struggling that he managed to wrench himself free
+once more, and sped along his way.
+
+He was running as hard as he could to make up for lost time, when he
+came to the edge of a stream. He had crossed it easily a few days
+before; but a sudden spring freshet had changed it into a raging
+torrent, which no one else would have ventured to enter.
+
+In spite of the danger, Pythias plunged into the water, and, nerved by
+the fear that his friend would die in his stead, he fought the waves so
+successfully that he reached the other side safe but almost exhausted.
+
+Regardless of his pains, Pythias pressed anxiously onward, although his
+road now lay across a plain, where the hot rays of the sun and the
+burning sands greatly increased his fatigue and faintness, and almost
+made him die of thirst. Still he sped onward as fast as his trembling
+limbs could carry him; for the sun was sinking fast, and he knew that
+his friend would die if he were not in Syracuse by sunset.
+
+[Illustration: Damon and Pythias.]
+
+Dionysius, in the mean while, had been amusing himself by taunting
+Damon, constantly telling him that he was a fool to have risked his life
+for a friend, however dear. To anger him, he also insisted that Pythias
+was only too glad to escape death, and would be very careful not to
+return in time.
+
+Damon, who knew the goodness and affection of his friend, received these
+remarks with the scorn they deserved, and repeated again and again that
+he knew Pythias would never break his word, but would be back in time,
+unless hindered in some unforeseen way.
+
+The last hour came. The guards led Damon to the place of crucifixion,
+where he again asserted his faith in his friend, adding, however, that
+he sincerely hoped Pythias would come too late, so that he might die in
+his stead.
+
+Just as the guards were about to nail Damon to the cross, Pythias dashed
+up, pale, bloodstained, and disheveled, and flung his arms around his
+friend's neck with a sob of relief. For the first time Damon now turned
+pale, and began to shed tears of bitter regret.
+
+In a few hurried, panting words, Pythias explained the cause of his
+delay, and, loosing his friend's bonds with his own hands, bade the
+guards bind him instead.
+
+Dionysius, who had come to see the execution, was so touched by this
+true friendship, that for once he forgot his cruelty, and let both young
+men go free, saying that he would not have believed such devotion
+possible had he not seen it with his own eyes.
+
+This friendship, which wrung tears from the grim executioners, and
+touched the tyrant's heart, has become proverbial. When men are devoted
+friends, they are often compared to Damon and Pythias, whose story has
+been a favorite with poets and playwrights.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIII. THE SWORD OF DAMOCLES.
+
+
+Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, was not happy, in spite of all his wealth
+and power. He was especially haunted by the constant fear that some one
+would murder him, for he had been so cruel that he had made many bitter
+enemies.
+
+We are told that he was so afraid, that he never went out unless
+surrounded by guards, sword in hand, and never walked into any room
+until his servants had examined every nook and corner, and made sure
+that no murderer was hiding there.
+
+The tyrant even carried his caution so far, that no one was allowed to
+come into his presence until thoroughly searched, so as to make sure
+that the visitor had no weapon hidden about his person. When his barber
+once jokingly said that the tyrant's life was daily at his mercy,
+Dionysius would no longer allow the man to shave him.
+
+Instead of the barber, Dionysius made his wife and daughter do this
+service for him, until, growing afraid of them also, he either did it
+himself or let his beard grow.
+
+Suspicious people are never happy; and, as Dionysius thought that
+everybody had as evil thoughts as himself, he was always expecting
+others to rob or murder or injure him in some way.
+
+His sleep, even, was haunted by fear; and, lest some one should take him
+unawares, he slept in a bed surrounded by a deep trench. There was a
+drawbridge leading to the bed, which he always drew up himself on his
+own side, so that no one could get at him to murder him in his sleep.
+
+Among the courtiers who daily visited Dionysius there was one called
+Dam'o-cles. He was a great flatterer, and was never weary of telling the
+tyrant how lucky and powerful and rich he was, and how enviable was his
+lot.
+
+Dionysius finally grew tired of hearing his flattery; and when he once
+added, "If I were only obeyed as well as you, I should be the happiest
+of men," the tyrant offered to take him at his word.
+
+By his order, Damocles was dressed in the richest garments, laid on the
+softest couch before the richest meal, and the servants were told to
+obey his every wish. This pleased Damocles greatly. He laughed and sang,
+ate and drank, and was enjoying himself most thoroughly.
+
+By chance he idly gazed up at the ceiling, and saw a naked sword hanging
+by a single hair directly over his head. He grew pale with terror, the
+laughter died on his lips, and, as soon as he could move, he sprang from
+the couch, where he had been in such danger of being killed at any
+minute by the falling sword.
+
+Dionysius with pretended surprise urged him to go back to his seat; but
+Damocles refused to do so, and pointed to the sword with a trembling
+hand. Then the tyrant told him that a person always haunted by fear can
+never be truly happy,--an explanation which Damocles readily understood.
+
+Since then, whenever a seemingly happy and prosperous person is
+threatened by a hidden danger, it has been usual to compare him to
+Damocles, and to say that a sword is hanging over his head.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIV. DION AND DIONYSIUS.
+
+
+When Dionysius the tyrant died at last, he was succeeded by his son, a
+lazy, good-for-nothing young man, who was always changing his mind.
+Every day he had some new fancy, admired something new, or rode some new
+hobby. As the son's name was the same as the father's, the latter is now
+sometimes known as Dionysius the Elder, while the son is generally
+called Dionysius the Younger.
+
+The new tyrant had a brother-in-law named Di'on, a good and studious
+man, who had received an excellent education. Like most rich young
+Greeks of his day, Dion had gone to Athens to finish his studies; and
+there he had been a pupil of Plato, the disciple of Socrates.
+
+As Dion was modest, truthful, and eager to learn, he soon became a
+favorite of Plato, who took great interest in him, and spared no pains
+to make him a fine scholar and philosopher.
+
+When Dion came back to Syracuse, he often spoke with great warmth of
+his teacher. This so excited the curiosity of Dionysius, the new tyrant,
+that he longed to see Plato himself. He therefore begged Dion to invite
+Plato to Syracuse to teach him also.
+
+The young man was very glad to do so. He hoped, that, under the
+philosopher's wise teachings, Dionysius would learn to be good and
+industrious, and thus become a blessing instead of a curse to his
+people. But Plato was already an old man, and answered that he could not
+undertake so long a journey at his advanced age.
+
+Dion then wrote again such imploring letters, that the philosopher
+finally decided to change his mind, and set sail for Syracuse. There he
+was received at the shore by Dionysius in person, and escorted to the
+palace.
+
+For a short time the tyrant listened with great pleasure to the
+philosopher's teachings. Then, growing weary of virtue as of everything
+else, he suddenly began to reproach Dion for bringing such a tiresome
+person to court.
+
+All the courtiers had pretended to listen to Plato's teaching with the
+greatest interest; but they liked feasting better than philosophy, and
+now began to make fun of the great Athenian, and to turn him into
+ridicule.
+
+They were so afraid that the virtuous Dion would again win their fickle
+master's ear, and induce him to do something really useful and
+reasonable, that they made up their minds to get rid of him.
+
+By artful slander they soon made Dionysius believe that his
+brother-in-law was a traitor, and that his only wish was to take the
+power, and become tyrant of Syracuse in his stead.
+
+Now, these accusations were not true; but Dionysius believed them, and
+sent Dion into exile, forbidding his wife, who loved him dearly, to go
+with him, and even forcing her to take another husband instead.
+
+The courtiers wished to revenge themselves for the weary hours they had
+spent listening to Plato's beautiful talk, which they were too base to
+understand, so they now said that he had helped Dion; and they had him
+first put into prison, and then sold into slavery.
+
+Happily, there were some of the philosopher's friends in town; and they,
+hearing of this outrage, knew no rest until they had bought his freedom,
+and sent him back to Athens to end his life in peace.
+
+On his way home, Plato stopped at Olympia to attend the games. As soon
+as the people found out that he was there, they shouted for joy; and one
+and all voted him a crown just like those won by the victors in the
+games.
+
+This was the highest honor the Greeks could bestow; and, although it was
+nothing but a wreath of olive leaves, you may be sure that the
+philosopher prized it more highly than if it had been of pure gold,
+because it was a token of the love and respect of his countrymen.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXV. CIVIL WAR IN SYRACUSE.
+
+
+When Dion was exiled from Syracuse by Dionysius, he went to Greece,
+where he was unhappy only because he could not see the wife and child he
+loved so dearly.
+
+When he heard that the tyrant had forced his wife to belong to another
+husband, he vowed he would punish Dionysius for this crime. Plato vainly
+tried to persuade Dion not to return to Syracuse. The young man refused
+to listen to his advice, and, gathering together a small army, he set
+sail without delay.
+
+He landed boldly, although he was an exile, and was welcomed with great
+joy by all the people, who were very weary of their ruler. When he told
+them that he had come to punish the tyrant, they all joined him, and
+marched with him up to the palace.
+
+As Dionysius was out of town at the time, they had no trouble whatever
+in getting into the royal dwelling. This was hastily deserted by the
+tyrant's few friends, who took refuge in the citadel.
+
+Some time after, when Dionysius came back to the city, he found the
+harbor blocked by a great chain stretched across it to prevent the
+entrance of any ship; and he was forced to retreat into the citadel,
+where the angry Syr-a-cus'ans came to besiege him.
+
+Now, Dion had a great many friends, and, as everybody knew that he was
+truthful and well-meaning, the people all fought on his side. He was so
+strict with himself, however, that he treated his subjects also with
+great rigor, and exacted such obedience and virtue that they soon grew
+weary of his reign.
+
+Then, too, while he was always ready to reward the good, Dion punished
+the wicked with such severity that he soon made many enemies. One of
+these was the courtier Her-a-cli'des, who, instead of showing his
+dislike openly, began to plot against him in secret.
+
+Dionysius, besieged in the citadel, was in sore straits by this time,
+and almost dying of hunger; for the Syracusans, afraid that he would
+escape, had built a wall all around the citadel, and watched it night
+and day, to prevent any one from going in or out, or smuggling in any
+food.
+
+As Dionysius had no army, and could not win back his throne by force, he
+made up his mind to do so, if possible, by a trick. He therefore wrote a
+letter, in which he offered Dion the tyranny in exchange for his
+freedom. This message was worded so cleverly that it sounded as if Dion
+had asked to be made tyrant of Syracuse.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVI. DEATH OF DION.
+
+
+Now, after suffering so much under Dionysius and his father, the
+Syracusans had learned to hate the very name of tyrant; and ever since
+Dion had come into the city, and taken the lead, they had loudly said
+they would never stand such a ruler again.
+
+As soon as the letter was ended, Dionysius tied it to a stone, and threw
+it over the wall. Of course, it was carried to Dion, who read it aloud,
+little suspecting its contents, or the effect it would produce upon his
+followers.
+
+The people began to frown and look angry, and Heraclides boldly seized
+this opportunity to poison their minds against Dion. He urged them to
+drive their new leader out of the city, and to give the command of the
+army to him instead.
+
+The people, ever ready for a change, gladly listened to this advice,
+and, after banishing Dion, made Heraclides their chief. Dionysius
+cleverly managed to escape from the citadel; and his general, Nyp'sius,
+only then becoming aware of the revolution, took his place there, and by
+a sudden sally won back the greater part of the city.
+
+As Heraclides was taken by surprise at this move, and greatly feared the
+wrath of Dionysius, he now wrote to Dion, begging him to come back and
+save those who had upheld him.
+
+The appeal was not made in vain. Dion generously forgave the treachery
+of Heraclides, and, marching into the city once more, drove Nypsius back
+into the citadel, where this general died.
+
+The people of Syracuse were ashamed of having so suddenly turned against
+Dion after their first warm welcome to him, and they now fell at his
+feet, begging his pardon, which he freely granted to them all.
+
+In spite of this kindness, which they had not deserved, Heraclides and
+many others went on plotting secretly against Dion, until his friends,
+weary of such double dealing, put Heraclides to death.
+
+Dion was sorry for this, reproved his friends for committing such a
+crime, and said that he knew the Syracusans would in time lay the murder
+at his door, and try to punish him for it.
+
+He was right in thinking thus, for the friends of Heraclides soon began
+plotting against him; and, entering his country house one day when he
+was alone, they fell upon him and killed him.
+
+As soon as Dionysius heard that Dion was dead, he hastened back to
+Syracuse, where he ruled more cruelly than ever, and put so many people
+to death that the citizens rose up against him once more. With the help
+of a Co-rin'thi-an army, they then freed their city, and sent Dionysius
+to Corinth, where he was forced to earn his living by teaching school.
+
+[Illustration: The people all hooted.]
+
+As Dionysius was a cross and unkind teacher, the children would neither
+love nor obey him; and whenever he passed down the street, clad in a
+rough mantle instead of a jewel-covered robe, the people all hooted, and
+made great fun of him.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVII. PHILIP OF MACEDON.
+
+
+In the days when Thebes was the strongest city in Greece, and when
+Epaminondas was the leader in his native country, he received in his
+house a young Mac-e-do'-ni-an prince called Philip. This young man had
+been sent to Greece as a hostage, and was brought up under the eye of
+Epaminondas. The Theban hero got the best teachers for Philip, who was
+thus trained with great care, and became not only quite learned, but
+also brave and strong.
+
+Mac'e-don, Philip's country, was north of Greece, and its rulers spoke
+Greek and were of Greek descent; but, as the people of Macedon were not
+of the same race, the Greeks did not like them, and never allowed them
+to send any one to the Amphictyonic Council.
+
+Two years after the battle of Mantinea, when Philip was eighteen years
+old, he suddenly learned that the king, his brother, was dead, and had
+left an infant to take his place. Philip knew that a child could not
+govern: so he escaped from Thebes, where he was not very closely
+watched, and made his way to Macedon.
+
+Arriving there, he offered to rule in his little nephew's stead. The
+people were very glad indeed to accept his services; and when they found
+that the child was only half-witted, they formally offered the crown of
+Macedon to Philip.
+
+Now, although Macedon was a very small country, Philip no sooner became
+king than he made up his mind to place it at the head of all the Greek
+states, and make it the foremost kingdom of the world.
+
+This was a very ambitious plan; and in order to carry it out, Philip
+knew that he would need a good army. He therefore began to train his
+men, and, remembering how successful Epaminondas had been, he taught
+them to fight as the Thebans had fought at Leuctra and Mantinea.
+
+Then, instead of drawing up his soldiers in one long line of battle, he
+formed them into a solid body,--an arrangement which soon became known
+as the Macedonian phalanx.
+
+Each soldier in the phalanx had a large shield, and carried a spear. As
+soon as the signal for battle was given, the men locked their shields
+together so as to form a wall, and stood in ranks one behind the other.
+
+The first row of soldiers had short spears, and the fourth and last rows
+very long ones. The weapons of the other rows were of medium length, so
+that they all stuck out beyond the first soldiers, and formed a
+bristling array of points which no one dared meet.
+
+Philip not only trained his army so as to have well-drilled soldiers
+ready, but also found and began to work some gold mines in his kingdom.
+As they yielded much precious metal, he soon became one of the richest
+men of his time.
+
+This wealth proved very useful, for it helped him to hire a great force
+of soldiers, and also to buy up a number of allies. In fact, Philip soon
+found that his gold was even more useful than his army, and he was in
+the habit of saying that "a fortress can always be taken if only a mule
+laden with gold can be got inside."
+
+Philip was so kind and just that he soon won the love of all his
+subjects. It is said that he listened to the complaints of the poor and
+humble with as much patience as to those of his noblest courtiers.
+
+Once, after dining heavily and drinking too much, Philip was suddenly
+called upon to try the case of a poor widow. As the king's head was not
+very clear, he was not able to judge as well as usual: so he soon said
+that she was in the wrong, and should be punished.
+
+The woman, who knew that she was right, was very angry; and, as the
+guards were dragging her away, she daringly cried, "I appeal!"
+
+"Appeal?" asked Philip, in a mocking tone, "and to whom?"
+
+"I appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober!" replied the woman.
+
+These words made such an impression upon Philip, that he said he would
+try the case again on the next day, when his head was quite clear. He
+did not forget his promise on the morrow; and when he found that the
+woman was right, he punished her accuser, and set her free.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVIII. PHILIP BEGINS HIS CONQUESTS.
+
+
+As we have already seen, when Philip found himself in the wrong, he was
+not afraid to admit his mistake, and to try to do better. He was also
+very patient and forgiving. On one occasion he heard that a man named
+Ni-ca'nor was always speaking ill of him.
+
+He therefore sent for the man, who came in fear and trembling, thinking
+that the king would either imprison or slay him. Philip, however,
+received him kindly, made him sit at his own table, and let him go only
+after giving him many rich gifts. As the king had not found fault with
+him in any way, Nicanor was greatly surprised, and vowed that he would
+not speak another word against so generous a man.
+
+As soon as Philip had made sure of his authority at home, drilled his
+army, and piled up enough gold, he began to carry out his bold plans.
+First of all, he wished to subdue a few of his most unruly neighbors,
+such as the Thracians and O-lyn'thi-ans.
+
+An archer named As'ter came to him just before he began this war. This
+man offered his help to the king, and began to boast how well he could
+shoot. Philip, who believed only in spears for fighting, sent the man
+away, after saying that he would call for his help when he began to war
+against starlings and other birds.
+
+This answer made Aster so angry that he went over to the enemy and
+enlisted in their ranks. Philip soon came to besiege the city where
+Aster was stationed; and as soon as the archer heard of it, he got an
+arrow upon which he wrote, "To Philip's left eye."
+
+Aster then went up on the wall, took careful aim, and actually put out
+the king's left eye. Philip was so angry when he heard of the writing on
+the arrow, that he ordered another shot into the city. On this arrow was
+written, "If Philip takes the city, he will hang Aster."
+
+The city was taken, and the archer hung; for Philip always prided
+himself upon keeping promises of this kind. The Olynthians, finding that
+they would not be able to resist long, now wrote a letter to the
+Athenians, begging them to come to their rescue.
+
+The Athenians read the letter in the public square, so that every one
+could hear it, and then began to discuss whether they should send any
+help. As was always the case, some were for, and others against, the
+plan, and there was much talking. Among the best speakers of the city
+was the orator De-mos'the-nes, a very clear-sighted man, who suspected
+Philip's designs. He therefore warmly advised the Athenians to do all
+they could to oppose the Macedonian king, so as to prevent his ever
+getting a foothold in Greece. Indeed, he spoke so eloquently and
+severely against Philip, and told the people so plainly that the king
+was already plotting to harm them, that violent speeches directed
+against any one have ever since been called "Philippics," like these
+orations against the King of Macedon.
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIX. THE ORATOR DEMOSTHENES.
+
+
+As you have seen in the last chapter, Philip had one great enemy in
+Greece, the orator Demosthenes. He had distrusted Philip from the very
+first, and had kept warning the Athenians that the King of Macedon was
+very ambitious, and would soon try to become master of all Greece. When
+the Olynthians asked for aid, he had warmly urged the Athenians to give
+it, saying that they ought to bring on the conflict with Philip as soon
+as possible, so that the fighting might be done outside of Greece. In
+spite of his good arguments, however, Demosthenes failed.
+
+[Illustration: Demosthenes.]
+
+Philip took not only O-lyn'thus, but all the towns which formed the
+Olynthian union, and destroyed them so completely that a few years later
+one could not even find out where these once prosperous cities had been.
+
+Demosthenes made three very fine speeches in favor of the Olynthians,
+and several against Philip. These were written down, and have been
+translated time and again. You may some day read and admire them for
+yourselves.
+
+Of course, when Philip heard of Demosthenes' speeches, he was very
+angry; but he thought that his gold could do wonders, so he sent a
+beautiful cup of that precious metal to the orator. The gift was
+accepted; still Demosthenes, instead of remaining silent as Philip had
+expected, went on talking against him as openly as before.
+
+As Demosthenes was such a great man, you will like to hear how he
+learned to speak so well. He was an orphan, but very ambitious indeed.
+He saw how eagerly the Athenians listened to the best speakers, and he
+thought that he too would like to become an orator.
+
+Unfortunately, he could not talk very plainly, and instead of listening
+to him, even his playmates made fun of him. But instead of crying,
+sulking, or getting angry, Demosthenes sensibly made up his mind to
+learn how to speak so well that they could no longer laugh at him. He
+therefore learned a great deal of poetry, which he recited daily as
+distinctly as possible. To be able to do this without attracting any
+attention, he used to go down to a lonely spot on the seashore, where he
+would put some pebbles in his mouth, and then try to recite so loud that
+his voice could be heard above the noise of the waves.
+
+To make his lungs strong, he used to walk and run up hill, reciting as
+he went; and, in order to form a pleasant style, he copied nine times
+the works of the great Greek historian Thu-cyd'i-des.
+
+When a young man, he shut himself up in the house to study hard. Then,
+as he was afraid of being tempted to go out and amuse himself, he shaved
+one side of his head, and let the hair grow long on the other.
+
+You see, he was bound to succeed, and his constant trying was duly
+rewarded, as it always is. He became learned, eloquent, and energetic;
+and whenever he rose to speak in the public places of Athens, he was
+surrounded by an admiring crowd, who listened open-mouthed to all he
+said.
+
+The Athenians were too lazy at this time, however, to bestir themselves
+very much, even for their own good. So, in spite of all that Demosthenes
+could say, they did not offer any great resistance to Philip, who little
+by little became a very powerful king.
+
+
+
+
+XC. PHILIP MASTERS GREECE.
+
+
+When Philip had entirely subdued the Thracians and Olynthians, he helped
+the Thessalians to get rid of their tyrant; and, adding their cavalry to
+his infantry, he boasted of as fine an army as the Greeks had ever been
+able to muster. He was very anxious to find a pretext to march into
+Greece at the head of this force, because he thought that, once there,
+he would soon manage to become master of all the towns. And the excuse
+for which he longed so much soon came.
+
+A contest known as the Sacred War was going on in Greece at that time.
+It had arisen because the Pho'cians had taken possession of lands that
+were left waste in honor of the god Apollo. The Amphictyonic Council
+said they should pay a fine for this offense; and the Phocians, angry at
+being thus publicly reproved, defied the council.
+
+To show how little they intended to obey, they not only kept the land
+they had taken, but robbed the temple at Delphi. Then they used the
+money thus obtained to win over some allies, and soon began to make war
+against the people who obeyed the council.
+
+The loyal Greeks fought against the Phocians for a long time, but were
+unable to conquer them: so Philip proposed to come and help the council.
+In their anxiety to win in this war, the Greeks gladly allowed him to
+bring his army into their country, and he soon completely subdued the
+rebels.
+
+In reward for his help, Philip was made president of the council,--a
+position he had long coveted,--and leader of the Pyth'i-an games held in
+honor of Apollo.
+
+When the war was ended, Philip quietly went back to Macedon. He was,
+however, merely waiting for a favorable opportunity to reenter Greece,
+and punish the Athenians for listening to Demosthenes' speeches against
+him.
+
+In the mean while, Philip's gold had been very busy, and he was buying
+up as many friends and allies as he could. Many of his gifts had the
+desired effect, and were not like the gold cup which he sent to
+Demosthenes. This, you know, had wholly failed in its purpose, for the
+orator went on talking more eloquently than ever against the Macedonian
+king.
+
+He finally roused the Athenians to the point of arming to meet Philip,
+when they heard that he was really coming at last to make himself master
+of Greece. Their allies, the Thebans, joined them; and the two armies
+met at Chaer-o-ne'a, in Boeotia, where a terrible battle was fought.
+
+Demosthenes had joined the army; but as he was no soldier, and was not
+very brave, he fled at the very first onset. Dashing through the bushes,
+he was suddenly stopped by some spiky branches that caught in his cloak
+and held him fast. The orator was so frightened that he thought the
+enemy had captured him, and, falling upon his knees, he began to beg
+that his life might be spared.
+
+While Demosthenes was thus flying madly, his friends and fellow-citizens
+were bravely meeting the Macedonians; but, in spite of all their
+courage, they were soon forced to yield to the Macedonian phalanx, and
+the battlefield was left strewn with their dead.
+
+Alexander, Philip's son, who was then only eighteen years of age,
+commanded one wing of his father's army, and had the glory of completely
+crushing the Sacred Battalion of the Thebans, which had never before
+been beaten.
+
+This brilliant victory at Chaeronea made Philip really master of all
+Greece; but he generously refrained from making the Athenians recognize
+him openly as their lord, although he made their government do whatever
+he pleased.
+
+As Greece was now obedient to him, the ambitious Philip began to plan
+the conquest of Asia and the downfall of the Persian Empire. To get as
+large an army as possible, he invited all the Greeks to join him,
+artfully reminding them of all they had suffered at the hands of the
+Persians in the past.
+
+His preparations were nearly finished, and he was on the point of
+starting for Asia, when he was murdered by Pausanias, one of his
+subjects, whom he had treated very unkindly.
+
+
+
+
+XCI. BIRTH OF ALEXANDER.
+
+
+When Philip died, he was succeeded by his son Alexander, a young man of
+twenty, who had already earned a good name by leading part of the army
+at the battle of Chaeronea. His efforts, as you know, had defeated the
+Sacred Battalion of the Thebans, and helped much to secure the victory.
+
+Through his mother, O-lym'pi-as, Alexander was a descendant of Achilles,
+the well-known hero of the Trojan War. He was born at Pel'la, a city of
+Macedon, three hundred and fifty-six years before Christ. His father was
+so pleased to have a son, that he said that all the boys born in his
+kingdom on the same day should be brought up with Alexander in the
+palace, and become his bodyguard.
+
+Thus you see the young prince had plenty of playmates; and, as there
+was nothing he liked better than fighting, he soon began to play
+soldiers, and to train his little regiment.
+
+From the very first, the Macedonians had declared that Alexander was
+born to greatness, and several noted events that took place on the day
+of his birth served to confirm this belief.
+
+In the first place, Par-me'ni-o, Philip's general, won a grand victory
+on that day; then Philip's horses, which had been sent to Olympia, got
+the prize at the chariot races; and, lastly, the famous temple at
+Ephesus, dedicated to Diana, was burned to the ground.
+
+The first two events were joyful in the extreme; but the burning of
+this temple, which was among the wonders of the world, was a great
+calamity. Every one was anxious to know how it had happened; and all
+were very angry when they found out that it was not an accident, but had
+been done on purpose.
+
+The man who had set fire to it was crazy. His name was E-ros'tra-tus;
+and when he was asked why he had done such a wicked thing, he said that
+it was only to make his name immortal. The people were so indignant,
+that they not only condemned him to die, but forbade all mention of his
+name, hoping that it would be forgotten.
+
+In spite of this care, Erostratus' name has come down to us. It is
+immortal indeed, but who except a crazy man would wish to win such fame,
+and could bear to think that all who ever heard of him would condemn his
+action, and consider him as wicked as he was insane?
+
+Alexander was first given over to the care of a nurse. He loved her
+dearly as long as he lived, and her son Cly'tus was always one of his
+best friends and most faithful comrades.
+
+As soon as he was old enough, Alexander began to learn the Iliad and
+Odyssey by heart; and he loved to hear about the principal heroes, and
+especially about his own ancestor, Achilles.
+
+He admired these poems so much that he carried a copy of them with him
+wherever he went, and always slept with it under his pillow. Both the
+Iliad and the Odyssey were kept in a box of the finest gold, because
+Alexander thought nothing was too good for them.
+
+
+
+
+XCII. THE STEED BUCEPHALUS.
+
+
+When only thirteen years of age, Alexander once saw some horsedealers
+bringing a beautiful steed before the king. The animal had a white spot
+on his nose shaped somewhat like the head of an ox, and on this account
+was named Bu-ceph'a-lus, which means "ox-head."
+
+Philip admired the horse greatly, and bade the grooms try him, to see if
+his gait was good. One after another mounted, only to be thrown a few
+minutes later by the fiery, restless steed, which was becoming very much
+excited.
+
+The horse seemed so skittish that Philip finally told the men to lead
+him away, adding that a man would be foolish to purchase such a useless
+animal. Alexander then stepped forward and begged permission to try him.
+
+His father first made fun of him for asking to mount a horse which none
+of the grooms could manage; but, as Alexander persisted in his wish, he
+was finally allowed to make the attempt.
+
+The young prince then quietly walked up to the excited horse, took the
+bridle, held it firmly, and began to speak gently and pat the steed's
+arched neck. After a moment, Alexander led Bucephalus forward a few
+steps, and then turned him around, for he had noticed that the horse was
+frightened by his shadow.
+
+Then, when the shadow lay where he could not see it, and where it could
+no longer frighten him, the young man dropped his cloak quietly, and
+vaulted upon the horse's back. Once more Bucephalus reared, pranced,
+kicked, and ran; but Alexander sat firmly on his back, spoke to him
+gently, and, making no effort to hold him in, let him speed across the
+plain.
+
+[Illustration: Alexander and Bucephalus.]
+
+In a few moments the horse's wildness was over, and Alexander could ride
+back to his proud father, sitting upon a steed which obeyed his
+slightest touch.
+
+Philip was so delighted with the coolness, courage, and good
+horsemanship that Alexander had shown on this occasion, that he made him
+a present of the steed. Bucephalus became Alexander's favorite mount,
+and, while he would allow no one else to ride him, he obeyed his master
+perfectly.
+
+Although most young men began the study of philosophy only at sixteen,
+Alexander was placed under the tuition of Ar'is-totle soon after his
+first ride on Bucephalus. This philosopher was a pupil of Plato. He was
+so learned and well known, that Philip, in writing to him to tell him of
+Alexander's birth, expressed his pleasure that the gods had allowed his
+son to live in the same age with so great a teacher.
+
+Alexander loved Aristotle dearly, and willingly learned all that was
+required of him. He often said that he was very grateful, for this
+philosopher had taught him all the good he knew. Alexander's remarkable
+coolness, judgment, and perseverance were largely owing to his teacher,
+and, had he always followed Aristotle's advice, he would have been truly
+great.
+
+But although Alexander did not always practice the virtues which
+Aristotle had tried to teach him, he never forgot his old tutor. He gave
+him large sums of money, so that the philosopher could continue his
+studies, and find out new things; and during his journeys he always sent
+him complete collections of the animals and plants of the regions he
+visited.
+
+
+
+
+XCIII. ALEXANDER AS KING.
+
+
+Philip, King of Macedon, as we have seen, had one great fault. He drank;
+and often his reason was clouded, and his step unsteady. Now, it is
+impossible to respect a man who is drunk, and everybody used to make fun
+of Philip when he was in that state.
+
+Even Alexander, his own son, felt great contempt for him when he thus
+disgraced himself; and once when he saw his father stagger and fall
+after one of his orgies, he scornfully exclaimed, "See! here is a man
+who is getting ready to cross from Europe to Asia, and yet he cannot
+step safely from one couch to another."
+
+Alexander, we are told, was greatly displeased by his father's
+conquests, and once angrily cried that if Philip really beat the
+Persians, and took possession of Asia, there would be nothing left for
+him to do.
+
+You may readily imagine, therefore, that he was not very sorry when his
+father died before the expedition could be undertaken; for he thus
+became, at twenty, master of an immense army and of great riches, and
+head of all the Greek cities, which were then the finest in the world.
+
+The news of Philip's death was received with great joy by the Athenians
+also, who thought they would now be free. Demosthenes, in particular,
+was so glad to be rid of his hated foe, that he ran all through the city
+with a crown of flowers on his head, shaking hands with everybody he
+met, and shouting his congratulations.
+
+His joy was so great, because he and all his fellow-citizens fancied
+that a mere boy like Alexander would never be able to hold his own, and
+because they hoped to become again the leading people of Greece.
+
+The Thracians, who also thought that Alexander would not be able to
+carry out his father's plans, now revolted, and the young king was
+obliged to begin his reign by marching against them.
+
+Three months passed. The Greeks heard no news of Alexander or of his
+army, and fancied that he had been defeated and killed. The Thebans,
+thinking the right moment had come, suddenly rose up, and said that they
+would never again submit to the Macedonian yoke, but would stay free.
+
+They soon had cause to repent of this rash talk. Alexander was not dead,
+but had conquered the Thracians completely. Without stopping to rest, he
+now marched straight down into Boeotia, and besieged and took Thebes.
+All the inhabitants were either slain or sold into slavery, the walls
+torn down, and not a single building was left standing, except the house
+of Pin'dar, a Greek poet, whose songs Alexander had always admired.
+
+The other Greek cities, frightened by the terrible punishment of Thebes,
+sent messengers to the young king, offering not only to obey him as
+their chief, but also to supply all the men, money, and stores he
+wished for the expedition to Asia. Alexander graciously accepted all
+these proposals, and then marched southward as far as Corinth.
+
+
+
+
+XCIV. ALEXANDER AND DIOGENES.
+
+
+Everybody bowed down before Alexander, and all looked at him with awe
+and respect, as he made his triumphant progress through Greece,--all
+except the sage Di-og'e-nes.
+
+This man belonged to a class of philosophers who were called "cynics,"
+which means "doglike," because, as some say, they did not care for the
+usual comforts of life.
+
+It is said that Diogenes, the principal philosopher of this kind, chose
+as his home a great earthenware tub near the Temple of Ce'res. He wore a
+rough woolen cloak, summer and winter, as his only garment, and ate all
+his food raw. His only utensil was a wooden bowl, out of which he drank.
+
+One day, however, he saw a child drinking out of its hollow palm.
+Diogenes immediately threw away the bowl, saying he could do without
+luxury as well as the child; and he drank henceforth from his hand.
+
+As you see, Diogenes was a very strange man. He prided himself upon
+always telling the truth, and upon treating all men alike. Some of his
+disciples once met him wandering about the streets with a lantern,
+anxiously peering into every nook and corner, and staring fixedly at
+every person he met. When asked what he was looking for so carefully,
+yet apparently with so little hope, he bluntly answered, "An honest
+man."
+
+Alexander had heard of this queer philosopher, and was anxious to see
+him. He therefore went to the Temple of Ceres, escorted by all his
+courtiers, on purpose to visit him. Diogenes was lying on the ground in
+front of his tub, warming himself in the rays of the sun.
+
+Alexander, drawing near, stood between the philosopher and the sun, and
+tried to begin a conversation; but Diogenes gave surly answers, and
+seemed to pay little heed to his visitor.
+
+At last the young king proudly remarked, "I am Alexander the king!"
+
+"And I," replied the philosopher in exactly the same tone, "am Diogenes
+the cynic!"
+
+As he could win nothing but short or rude answers, Alexander was about
+to go away, but he first asked the sage if there was anything he could
+do for him. "Yes," snapped Diogenes; "stand out of my sunshine!"
+
+The courtiers were shocked at this insolent behavior, and began to talk
+of the philosopher in a scornful tone as they were moving away.
+Alexander, overhearing them, soon stopped them by saying, "If I were not
+Alexander, I should like to be Diogenes."
+
+By this remark he wished them to understand, that, if he could not be
+master of all earthly things, he would rather despise them.
+
+Strange to relate, Alexander the king, and Diogenes the cynic, died on
+the same night, and from the same cause. Diogenes died in his tub, after
+a too plentiful supper from the raw leg of an ox; while Alexander
+breathed his last in a Bab-y-lo'ni-an palace, after having eaten and
+drunk to excess at a rich banquet.
+
+
+
+
+XCV. ALEXANDER'S BRILLIANT BEGINNING.
+
+
+As soon as the Greek states had all been brought to a proper state of
+obedience, Alexander prepared to conquer Persia, although he had a force
+of only 34,500 men. These men were very well trained, however, and
+promised to be more powerful on the battlefield than the million
+warriors of Xerxes.
+
+In his joy at departing, Alexander made rich presents to everybody,
+until one of his advisers modestly reminded him that his treasure was
+not boundless, and asked him what he would have left when he had given
+away all he owned.
+
+"My hopes!" answered Alexander proudly, for he expected to conquer not
+only Persia and Asia Minor, but all the known world.
+
+While his army slowly made its way along the coast and across the
+Hellespont, Alexander, attended by only a few followers, sailed straight
+for Troy, the ancient Asiatic city.
+
+He landed on the desert plain where the proud city had once stood,
+visited all the scenes of the mighty conflict, and offered sacrifices on
+the tomb of Achilles, while his friend He-phaes'ti-on did the same on
+that of Patroclus.
+
+When this pious pilgrimage to the tomb of his ancestor was over,
+Alexander hastened to join the army, for he longed to do like the
+ancient Greeks, and win a glorious victory.
+
+His wishes were soon granted, for before long he met the Persian army
+near the Gra-ni'cus River, where a terrible battle was fought. Alexander
+himself joined in the fighting, and would certainly have been killed had
+not his friend Clytus, the son of his old nurse, rushed to his rescue
+and saved his life.
+
+In spite of the size of the Persian army, which was much larger than his
+own, Alexander won a complete victory at the Granicus. Then, marching
+southward, he took the cities of Sardis and Ephesus without striking
+another blow. These towns were very rich, and offered of their own free
+will to pay him the same tribute that they had given to the Persians.
+
+Alexander, however, would not take it, but bade them use the money to
+rebuild the Temple of Diana, which had been burned to the ground on the
+night he was born. As the sacred image of the goddess had been saved,
+the E-phe'sians gladly built a second magnificent shrine, which was
+visited many years later by Paul, the disciple of Christ.
+
+From Sardis and Ephesus, Alexander marched on into the province of
+Ca'ri-a. Here the queen of the country warmly welcomed him, adopted him
+as her son, and even proposed to give him her best cooks, so that they
+might prepare his food for him on the march.
+
+Alexander thanked her heartily for this kind offer, but declined it,
+saying that his tutor Aristotle had given him the very best recipe for
+making him relish his meals.
+
+The queen, whose appetite was fanciful, eagerly asked what it was; and
+Alexander smilingly answered, "A march before daybreak as the sauce for
+my dinner, and a light dinner as the sauce for my supper."
+
+This was, as you may see, a very good recipe; and if Alexander had
+always remembered to be temperate, as Aristotle had advised, he would
+not have died of over eating and drinking at the age of thirty-three.
+
+
+
+
+XCVI. THE GORDIAN KNOT.
+
+
+Alexander did not stop long in Caria. Marching onward, he soon came to
+the city of Gor'di-um, in Phryg'i-a, where Mi'das had once reigned. In
+one of the temples the people proudly showed Alexander the cart in which
+this king rode as he entered their city.
+
+The yoke was fastened to the pole by a rope tied in a peculiar and very
+intricate knot. Now, it seems that an ancient prophecy had declared that
+whoever untied the Gordian knot would surely be master of all Asia.
+
+Of course, as Alexander had set his heart upon conquering the whole
+world, he looked at this knot with great interest; but a few moments'
+careful examination made him feel sure that he would not be able to
+untie it.
+
+Rather than give it up, however, Alexander drew his sword, and cut it
+with a single quick stroke. Ever since then, when a person has settled a
+difficulty by bold or violent means instead of patiently solving it,
+the custom has been to say that he has "cut the Gordian knot," in memory
+of this feat of Alexander's.
+
+[Illustration: Alexander cutting the Gordian Knot.]
+
+From Gordium, Alexander next passed on to Tar'sus, which also became
+subject to him; and shortly after that the young conqueror nearly lost
+his life.
+
+He had been exposed to the hot sun, and had thus become terribly
+overheated, when he came to the river Cyd'nus. This stream was a torrent
+whose waters were very cold, but, in spite of all that his attendants
+could say, Alexander insisted upon taking a bath in it.
+
+The sudden chill brought on a cramp, and he would have been drowned had
+not some of his people plunged into the water, and pulled him out. As it
+was, his imprudence brought on a serious illness, and for a short time
+Alexander's life was in great danger.
+
+His physician, however, was Philip, a Greek doctor, who had attended him
+ever since he was born, and who now took great care of him. When the
+fever was at its worst, he said he hoped to save the king by means of a
+strong medicine which he was going to prepare.
+
+Just after Philip went out to brew this potion, Alexander received a
+letter which warned him to beware of his physician, as the man had been
+bribed by the Persian king, Darius III., to poison him.
+
+After reading the letter, Alexander slipped it under his pillow, and
+calmly waited for the return of his doctor. When Philip brought the cup
+containing the promised remedy, Alexander took it in one hand, and gave
+him the letter with the other. Then, while Philip was reading it, he
+drank every drop of the medicine.
+
+When the physician saw the accusation, he turned deadly pale, and looked
+up at his master, who smilingly handed back the empty cup. Alexander's
+great trust in his doctor was fully justified; for the medicine cured
+him, and he was soon able to go on with his conquests.
+
+
+
+
+XCVII. ALEXANDER'S ROYAL CAPTIVES.
+
+
+Alexander was marching southward, and Darius was hastening northward
+with a vast army, hoping to meet him and to prevent his advancing any
+farther.
+
+By a singular chance it happened that the two armies missed each other,
+and passed through separate defiles in the same range of mountains.
+Alexander became aware of this first, and retraced his steps without
+delay, for he was anxious to find and defeat the enemy.
+
+The two armies soon met at a place called Is'sus, where the Persians
+were routed. Darius was forced to flee, and his mother, wife, and family
+were made captives.
+
+As soon as the battle was over, Alexander went to visit the royal ladies
+in their tent, to assure them that they would be treated with all
+respect. He was accompanied by his friend Hephaestion, who was somewhat
+taller and larger than he.
+
+As they entered the tent, in their plain armor, the queen mother,
+Sis-y-gam'bis, mistook Hephaestion for the king, and fell down upon her
+knees before him, begging his mercy for herself and her children. When
+she found out her mistake, she was greatly dismayed; but Alexander
+kindly reassured her by leaning upon his friend's shoulder, and saying
+of him, "He is my other self."
+
+The young conqueror treated the Persian ladies with the utmost kindness,
+and often visited them in their own tent, to talk for a while with them.
+As he always found them idle, he fancied that time must hang very
+heavily upon their hands, and once offered to have them taught to spin
+and weave, as the Greek ladies were wont to do.
+
+At this proposal, Sisygambis burst into tears, and asked if he wished to
+make slaves of them, for Persian ladies considered any labor a disgrace.
+Alexander, seeing her grief, hastened to comfort her, and tried to
+explain how happy the Greek ladies always seemed over their dainty work.
+
+But when he understood that the royal family would rather remain idle,
+he never again proposed to furnish them with occupation of any kind. On
+the contrary, he was so gentle and respectful, that Sisygambis soon
+learned to love him, and used to treat him like her own son.
+
+
+
+
+XCVIII. ALEXANDER AT JERUSALEM.
+
+
+Darius, as we have seen, had fled after the disastrous battle of Issus.
+His terror was so great that he never stopped in his flight until he had
+reached the other side of the river Ti'gris, where he still believed
+himself safe.
+
+Instead of going after Darius at once, Alexander first went southward
+along the coast; for he thought it would be wiser to take all the cities
+near the sea before he went farther inland, so as to make sure that he
+had no enemies behind his back.
+
+Marching down through Syr'i-a and Phoe-nic'ia, Alexander took the
+cities of Da-mas'cus and Si'don, and came at last to Tyre, a prosperous
+commercial city built on an island at a short distance from the shore.
+
+The Tyr'i-ans would not open their gates and surrender, so Alexander
+prepared to besiege the city. As he had no fleet, he began to build a
+great causeway out to the island.
+
+This was a very difficult piece of work, because the water was deep; and
+while his men were building it, they were greatly annoyed by showers of
+arrows, stones, and spears from the walls of the city and from the decks
+of the Tyrian vessels.
+
+A storm, also, broke the causeway to pieces once, when it was nearly
+finished, and the army had to begin the work anew. The obstinate
+resistance of Tyre made Alexander so angry, that he celebrated his final
+victory by crucifying a large number of the richest citizens.
+
+After offering up a sacrifice to Hercules on the flaming ruins of Tyre,
+Alexander went on toward Je-ru'sa-lem. His plan was to punish the Jews,
+because they had helped his enemies, and had supplied the Tyrians with
+food.
+
+The news of his coming filled the hearts of the Jews with terror, for
+they expected to be treated with the same frightful cruelty as the
+Tyrians. In their fear they knew not whether to surrender or fight.
+
+Finally Jad-du'a, the high priest, had a vision, in which an angel of
+the Lord appeared to him, and told him what to do. In obedience to this
+divine command, he made the Le'vites put on their festal garments, and
+then, dressed in his priestly robes, he led them down the hill to meet
+the advancing conqueror.
+
+When Alexander saw the beautiful procession, headed by such a dignified
+old man, he quickly got down from his horse, knelt before Jaddua, and
+worshiped the name written on his holy vestments.
+
+His officers, astonished at this unusual humility, finally asked him why
+he did such honor to a foreign priest. Then Alexander told them of a
+vision he had had before leaving Macedon. In it he had beheld Jaddua,
+who bade him come over to Asia without fear, as it was written that the
+Persians would be delivered into his hands.
+
+Walking beside the aged Jaddua, Alexander entered the holy city of
+Jerusalem and the courts of the temple. Here he offered up a sacrifice
+to the Lord, and saw the Books of Daniel and Zech-a-ri'ah, in which his
+coming and conquests were all foretold.
+
+
+
+
+XCIX. THE AFRICAN DESERT.
+
+
+After staying a few days in Jerusalem, Alexander continued on his way to
+Egypt, which he quickly conquered also. Here he founded a new city at
+the mouth of the Nile, and named it Al-ex-an'dri-a, after himself. It
+was so favorably located, that it soon became an important town, and
+has continued so even till the present day.
+
+Then, having heard that there was a famous temple in Lib'y-a, dedicated
+to Jupiter, Alexander resolved to go there and visit it. The road lay
+through an African desert, and the journey was very dangerous indeed.
+
+The soldiers toiled painfully along over the burning sand, in which
+their feet sank up to the ankles. The blazing African sun fell straight
+down upon their heads, and made them stagger and grow faint with the
+heat.
+
+From time to time a hot wind, the simoom, blew over the desert, raising
+great clouds of dust, and choking men and horses as it rolled over them
+like a torrent, burying them under its shifting waves.
+
+The horses died from thirst and fatigue, for such animals are not fit
+for travel in the desert. The only creature which can journey
+comfortably over the dreary waste of the Sa-ha'ra is the camel, whose
+stomach is made in a peculiar way, so that it can drink a large quantity
+of water at a time, and store it up for future use.
+
+Undaunted by fatigue or danger, Alexander pressed onward. Like his
+soldiers, he suffered from heat and thirst; and like them, too, he was
+deceived by the mirage.
+
+This is an optical effect due to a peculiar condition of the desert
+atmosphere. The traveler suddenly sees trees, grass, and running water,
+apparently a short distance before him. He hastens eagerly forward to
+lie in the shade, and to plunge his hot face and hands in the refreshing
+stream; but when he reaches the spot where he saw water and trees, there
+is nothing but sand, and he sinks down exhausted and cruelly
+disappointed.
+
+After enduring all these hardships, Alexander arrived at last at the
+oasis, or green island in the sandy desert, where the Temple of Jupiter
+stood. The priests led him into the holy place, and, hoping to flatter
+him, called him the son of Jupiter.
+
+After resting for some time in this pleasant spot, Alexander and his men
+again braved the dangers of the desert, went back to Alexandria and
+Tyre, and from there began the long-delayed pursuit of Darius.
+
+The Greek soldiers had suffered so many hardships since beginning the
+war, that they were now ready for anything. They crossed the Eu-phra'tes
+over a hastily built bridge; then coming to the Tigris, where neither
+bridge nor boats could be found, they boldly swam across the river,
+holding their shields over their heads to protect themselves from the
+arrows of the Persians who stood on the other bank.
+
+Alexander was always the first to rush forward in battle, and he now led
+the way across the river. He was longing to meet the Persians again, and
+was very glad to overtake them on the other side of the Tigris.
+
+Here, on the plains of Ar-be'la, the third great battle was fought, and
+Alexander won the victory. Darius fled once more before the conqueror,
+while Alexander marched straight on to Bab'y-lon, the most wonderful
+city in the East.
+
+
+
+
+C. DEATH OF DARIUS.
+
+
+Alexander soon won the good will of the Babylonians by allowing them to
+rebuild the Temple of Bel, which had been destroyed. He also secured the
+affections of the captive Jews; for he excused them from doing any work
+on this building as soon as he heard that they considered it the Tower
+of Babel, and hence objected to aiding in its erection.
+
+The young conqueror spent one month in Babylon, and then went on to
+Su'sa. There he found the brazen statue of Athene which Xerxes had
+carried off to Persia; and he sent it back to the Athenians, who
+received it with much joy.
+
+The Persian queen now became very ill, and, in spite of the utmost care,
+she soon died. Throughout her illness, Alexander was most thoughtful and
+attentive; and when she died, he gave orders that she should be buried
+with all the pomp due to her high rank.
+
+He also comforted the mourning Sisygambis, and sent the news of the
+queen's death to Darius, who had fled to the northern part of his
+kingdom, where he was hastily gathering together another army. Touched
+by Alexander's conduct, Darius now wrote to him, offering peace, and
+proposing to share the throne of Persia with him.
+
+The young conqueror's head had been turned by his many victories, and he
+was growing more haughty every day: so he proudly refused this proposal,
+saying that the world could not have two masters any more than two
+suns.
+
+In his pride, Alexander now assumed the dress and state of an Oriental
+king, surrounded himself with luxury, and spent most of his time in
+feasting and revelry. His courtiers encouraged him in this folly, and he
+soon forgot the wise lessons taught by Aristotle.
+
+On several occasions the young king drank so much that he did not know
+what he was doing; and once, in a fit of drunken rage, he set fire to
+the beautiful palace of Per-sep'o-lis, and burned it to the ground.
+
+As he had refused Darius' offers of peace, he soon considered it
+necessary to continue the war: so, laying aside his jeweled robes, he
+put on his armor and set out for the north. He was about to overtake the
+Persian king, when Darius was mortally wounded by one of his followers
+named Bes'sus.
+
+The traitor thought that he would win Alexander's favor by this crime,
+and came and boasted of it to him. Alexander was so angry, however, that
+he bade his guards seize Bessus, and had him put to death in the most
+barbarous way.
+
+When the Macedonian king finally came up with Darius, he found him
+bathed in his own blood, and breathing his last. He had only time to
+assure him of the safety of his family, and to promise to continue to
+protect them, before Darius sank back dead.
+
+By Alexander's orders the body was embalmed, and carried to Sisygambis,
+so that it could be properly buried in the beautiful tomb of the Persian
+kings. This last act of generosity quite won the aged queen's heart; and
+she felt so grateful, that she loved Alexander as long as he lived.
+
+
+
+
+CI. DEFEAT OF PORUS.
+
+
+Now that Darius was dead, Alexander took the Persian title of "Shah in
+Shah" (king of kings), and became ruler of all the empire which had been
+subject to the Persian monarch.
+
+He was so proud of his new state and of his vast conquests, that he
+entirely forgot that he owed them mostly to his brave generals and
+soldiers; and he became so obstinate, that he would no longer listen to
+any advice, and only thought of having his own way.
+
+His father's general, Parmenio, who had always given him the wisest
+counsel, was no longer in favor, because he tried to restrain the king's
+extravagance. Indeed, Alexander's once generous and noble nature was so
+changed, that, when his courtiers accused Parmenio of treachery, he
+listened to them, and actually put the faithful general to death.
+
+Every day now Alexander indulged in feasts and banquets, always drinking
+more and more, although it was affecting his health as well as his
+temper. Clytus, the son of his old nurse, tried to check his excesses,
+but only succeeded in provoking his wrath.
+
+On one occasion such remonstrances so enraged Alexander, that in his
+drunken fury he seized a spear and killed Clytus. When he saw him dead
+at his feet, the king realized what a terrible crime he had committed,
+and felt deep remorse for a short time.
+
+He reformed, and, instead of giving himself up entirely to pleasure,
+spent the next two years in the work of governing Persia, where he
+founded several cities called by his name.
+
+As all the central part of Asia now acknowledged his rule, he next went
+down into India, where he found King Po'rus, the bravest adversary he
+had ever met. This king, whose realm was in the northwestern part of
+India, came against Alexander with a very large army. In the ranks were
+many elephants, trained to crush the enemy beneath their huge feet, and
+bearing on their broad backs wooden turrets filled with brave fighting
+men and good archers.
+
+In spite of these elephants, which at first awakened great fear in the
+Greek soldiers, the Macedonian phalanx won the victory as usual, and
+Porus was made prisoner. He was led into the presence of Alexander, who
+haughtily asked him how he expected to be treated. "Like a king!" was
+the proud reply.
+
+This answer so pleased Alexander, that he not only set Porus free, but
+even allowed him to keep his kingdom, after he had sworn to be the
+faithful subject of his conqueror.
+
+Alexander, having thus won the help and affection of Porus, made war
+against several other Indian kings, and continued his advance toward the
+south. In one of these battles he lost his faithful steed Bucephalus,
+which had borne him safely through many a fight.
+
+Alexander felt this loss deeply, and not only had a monument built over
+his remains, but also founded a city near by, which was called
+Bu-ceph'a-la.
+
+
+
+
+CII. THE RETURN TO BABYLON.
+
+
+Upon reaching the Hyph'a-sis River, Alexander would have liked to cross
+it, and continue his conquests; but his soldiers now refused to go any
+farther. They were tired of fighting and danger, and were longing to go
+back to Macedon.
+
+Although he was unwilling to do so, Alexander was therefore obliged to
+stop in his conquests; but, instead of going home as he had come, he now
+built a fleet, and sailed down the In'dus River to the sea.
+
+Now, the Greeks had no maps such as we have; and their knowledge of
+geography was very small. When Alexander came to the sea, however, he
+thought it must be the same as that into which the Euphrates flowed.
+
+To find out if this was true, he bade his admiral, Ne-ar'chus, sail
+along the coast and explore it, while the army went homeward on foot.
+Alexander himself staid with the army, and led the soldiers along a new
+way, which was very wearisome and dangerous.
+
+The Macedonians had to pass through large wastes of burning sand, where
+they suffered a great deal. They were cheered and encouraged, however,
+by the example of Alexander, who nobly shared their hardships, and
+always went ahead of them on foot, carrying his own armor.
+
+Once, when they were panting with thirst, some of his men found a little
+water, which they brought him. Rather than indulge in anything which all
+could not share with him, Alexander poured the water out upon the sand,
+saying he would refresh himself only when his men could do so too.
+
+After many months of weary travel and great suffering, the army finally
+joined the fleet at the mouth of the Euphrates, for Nearchus had in the
+mean while sailed all along the northern coast of the Indian Ocean and
+up the Persian Gulf.
+
+He wrote an account of this wonderful sea journey, which was of great
+importance, as it opened a new and convenient road for Eastern commerce.
+The people soon took advantage of it to establish colonies and trading
+stations, and to carry on a lively business with the East.
+
+
+
+
+CIII. DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
+
+
+Alexander now went back to Babylon, where he married Rox-an'a, a Persian
+princess, giving her sister's hand to his intimate friend Hephaestion.
+This wedding was celebrated with great pomp, for eighty Macedonian
+officers took Persian wives on the same day.
+
+The feasting for the weddings went on for many days, and the revelry was
+carried to such a shameful excess, that Hephaestion actually drank
+himself to death.
+
+In token of sorrow, Alexander built him a fine tomb, had him buried with
+all the magnificence possible, and even decreed that he should
+henceforth be worshiped as a god. In this folly he was upheld by the
+priests, who were now ready to grant his every wish, and were always
+filling his mind with their senseless flatteries.
+
+Alexander then fell into his old habits more than ever. He had again
+assumed all the pomp of an Eastern king, and sat on a wonderful golden
+throne. Over his head was the golden vine that had formerly belonged to
+the first Darius. Its leaves were of emeralds, while its grapes were
+clusters of fine carbuncles.
+
+This vine had been given to a Persian king by Croe'sus, the wealthy
+ruler of Lyd'i-a, and was considered one of the most precious treasures
+which the young conqueror had won.
+
+But in spite of all Alexander's successes, he was not nearly so happy as
+he used to be when only king of Macedon. He no longer enjoyed the fine
+health which had helped him to bear the greatest hardships, and,
+weakened by over eating and drinking, he soon fell dangerously ill.
+
+The doctors crowded around his bed, doing their best to save him, but
+they soon saw that he would die. When the Macedonian soldiers heard
+this, they were beside themselves with grief, and one and all insisted
+upon seeing their beloved leader once more.
+
+Silently and sadly they filed past his bed, gazing upon the dying face
+which they had seen so bright and full of life a short time before. As
+most of the soldiers were older than their king, they had never expected
+to outlive him; and every one said that it was sad to die thus, at
+thirty-three, when master of nearly all the known world.
+
+Just before he died, some one begged Alexander to name his successor. He
+hesitated for a moment, then drew his signet ring from his finger, gave
+it to Per-dic'cas, his principal general, and whispered that the
+strongest among them should have the throne.
+
+[Illustration: Death of Alexander.]
+
+Alexander's death was mourned by all, for, in spite of his folly and
+excesses, he was generally beloved. Even Sisygambis, the Persian queen
+whom he had taken captive a few years before, shed many tears over his
+remains, and declared she had lost a protector who had always treated
+her as kindly as if he had been her own son.
+
+The conqueror's body was laid in a golden coffin, and carried in state
+to Alexandria, the city he had founded at the mouth of the Nile. Here a
+fine tomb was built by order of Ptol'e-my, one of Alexander's generals,
+who said that his dead master also should be worshiped as a god.
+
+Ptolemy wanted the body to remain in Egypt because an oracle had said
+that he who buried Alexander would be master of his kingdom.
+
+
+
+
+CIV. THE DIVISION OF THE REALM.
+
+
+The day after Alexander's death there was a sad assembly in the palace.
+All the Macedonian generals sat there in silence and dismay, gazing at
+the empty golden throne, upon which Perdiccas had solemnly laid the
+royal signet ring.
+
+Who was to take the place of the king whose military genius and great
+conquests had won for him the title of "Great"? It is true that
+Alexander had a half-brother, named Ar-ri-dae'us, but he was weak-minded.
+The only other heir was an infant son, born shortly after his father's
+death.
+
+The generals gravely talked the matter over, and finally said that
+Arridaeus and the child should be publicly named successors of the dead
+king, while four of their own number should be appointed guardians of
+the princes, and regents of the vast realm.
+
+This decision was considered wise, and the kingdom of Alexander was
+divided into thirty-three provinces, each governed by a Macedonian
+officer, who was to hold it in the name of Arridaeus and of the child.
+
+In dying, Alexander had foretold that his funeral would be followed by
+bloodshed, and this prediction came true. The generals who had met so
+solemnly around the empty throne soon became dissatisfied at being only
+governors, and each wanted to be king in his own right, of the land
+intrusted to his care.
+
+Perdiccas, having received Alexander's signet ring from his dying hand,
+was, of course, their leader, and took under his own protection the
+infant king and the Persian mother Roxana.
+
+He fancied that it would thus be an easy matter to keep the power in his
+own hands, and to govern the vast realm as he pleased. But An-tip'a-ter,
+governor of Macedon, no sooner heard that Alexander was dead, than he
+placed the idiot Arridaeus on the throne, proclaimed him king, and began
+to rule as if he were the only regent.
+
+The other Macedonian generals daily claimed new rights, which Perdiccas
+was forced to grant in order to pacify them; but when it was too late,
+he found out how mistaken he had been, and regretted that he had yielded
+to their demands.
+
+The various governors, never satisfied with the honors given them, were
+not only suspicious of each other, but particularly jealous of
+Perdiccas, the head of the realm. In their envy, they rose up against
+him; and for many years Perdiccas was forced to hold his own against
+them all, while trying to make his way back to Macedon, where he wanted
+to place Alexander's son upon the throne.
+
+
+
+
+CV. DEATH OF DEMOSTHENES.
+
+
+When Alexander left for the East, the orator Demosthenes began to urge
+the Greeks to rise up against him, and win back their freedom. All his
+eloquence, however, was not enough to persuade them to make war as long
+as Alexander lived.
+
+But when the conqueror's death was made known, Demosthenes again tried
+to arouse them, and this time with success. Pho'cion, a cautious
+Athenian, vainly begged the people to wait at least until the news was
+confirmed, saying, "If Alexander is dead to-day, he will still be dead
+to-morrow and on the next day, so that we may take counsel at our
+leisure."
+
+This wise caution, however, did not suit the Athenians, who were joined
+in their revolt by most of the little states and principal towns of
+Greece, except Sparta. The united Greeks soon raised an army, which
+marched northward, and met the Macedonian governor's troops near
+Thermopylae.
+
+[Illustration: Phocion.]
+
+The Greeks were successful here, and, after shutting up the enemy in the
+fortress of La'mi-a, closely besieged them. But after a time the Greek
+general was killed; and, when the Macedonians were reenforced, they
+gained a decisive victory. This really ended the war; for the Macedonian
+general, Antipater, broke up the union, and made separate terms of peace
+for each city.
+
+In his anger, Antipater said he would punish all those who had
+encouraged the Greeks to revolt. He soon learned that Demosthenes had
+been one of the principal men to advise the uprising, so he sent his
+soldiers to make him prisoner.
+
+Demosthenes, warned of his danger, immediately fled, but had only time
+to take refuge in the Temple of Neptune. There, in spite of the holiness
+of the place, Antipater's guards came to get him.
+
+Seeing that it would be useless to resist, the orator asked for a few
+moments' respite, that he might write a letter to his friends. The men
+consented; and Demosthenes, closely watched, took up his tablet and the
+reed with which he generally wrote.
+
+The soldiers saw him trace a few lines, then stop and bite the top of
+his reed, as if thinking about what he would say next. But, instead of
+going on to write his letter, the orator soon covered his head with his
+cloak and staid quite still.
+
+After a few moments' waiting, one of the men went to him, and, receiving
+no answer to his question, drew aside the folds of the cloak. He started
+back in terror, for the orator's face was very pale, and he was
+evidently about to die.
+
+The men quickly carried him out of the temple, so that it should not be
+defiled by death, and then they found that the reed with which he wrote
+was hollow, and had contained a deadly drug. Demosthenes had taken the
+poison, thinking that death would be better than prison.
+
+The Athenians now saw that it would have been wiser to listen to the
+cautious Phocion: so they set him at the head of their affairs, and
+promised to obey him. Although honest, Phocion was not very clever, and
+his caution little by little became cowardice.
+
+In his fear of the Macedonians, he allowed them to have more and more
+power; and Greece a few years later was entirely under the rule of
+Antipater, the Macedonian governor.
+
+
+
+
+CVI. THE LAST OF THE ATHENIANS.
+
+
+Antipater, although master of all Greece, did not treat the people
+cruelly, for he was very anxious to secure friends who would help him to
+keep his share of Alexander's realm.
+
+He soon heard that Perdiccas was marching homeward with the infant king,
+who was named, like his father, Alexander; and he knew that the general
+wanted to place the child on the Macedonian throne. This plan was very
+distasteful to Antipater. He was not at all afraid of the infant
+Alexander, but he knew that Perdiccas would want to be regent, and he
+wished that position himself.
+
+Rather than give up his authority, Antipater decided to fight; and, as
+many of Alexander's generals were dissatisfied, they all rose up in arms
+at the same time, as we have seen.
+
+Perdiccas was surrounded by enemies, but he faced them all bravely, and
+even led an army into Egypt to subdue Ptolemy, his greatest foe. To
+reach the enemy, the soldiers under Perdiccas were obliged to swim
+across the Nile. Here so many of them were eaten up by huge crocodiles,
+that the rest, angry with their general for leading them into such
+danger, fell upon him and killed him.
+
+Almost at the same time, Antipater died, leaving his son, Cas-san'der,
+and his general, Pol-ys-per'chon, to quarrel over the government of
+Macedon. Each gathered together an army, and tried to get as many
+friends as possible, especially among the Greeks.
+
+The Athenians vainly tried to remain neutral during this quarrel; but in
+the course of the war, Polysperchon came into their city, said that
+Phocion and many other great citizens were siding with Cassander, and
+condemned them to die by drinking poison brewed from the hemlock plant.
+
+It seems, however, that there was not enough poison ready to kill them
+all, so the jailer made Phocion give him some money to buy more. The
+noble old man, forced to do as he was bidden, gave the necessary amount,
+saying, "It seems that one cannot even die for nothing in Athens."
+
+As he was the last really noted politician in the city, he has been
+called the "Last of the Athenians." No one ever dared to uphold the
+city's power after his death, or tried to help it win back its old
+freedom.
+
+As soon as Perdiccas was dead, Roxana and her son were brought to
+Macedon, where they were finally placed under the protection of
+Polysperchon. When Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, saw his
+infant son, she was so anxious to secure the throne for him alone, that
+she slew the idiot king Arridaeus and all his family.
+
+Under pretext of avenging this crime, Cassander captured and slew
+Olympias; and then, having won Macedon and Greece from Polysperchon, and
+seeing that there was no one left to protect Roxana and the child king,
+he put both mother and son in prison, where they were killed by his
+order shortly after.
+
+Thus, twelve years after Alexander's death, all his family were dead,
+and his vast kingdom was a prey to quarreling, which broke it up into
+several states.
+
+
+
+
+CVII. THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES.
+
+
+When Perdiccas died, An-tig'o-nus ("the one-eyed") was named his
+successor, and became governor of all the Eastern province. He no sooner
+heard that Cassander had murdered Alexander's family, than he marched
+westward, intending to avenge the crime.
+
+On his way, Antigonus passed through Syria, the land governed by
+Se-leu'cus, and asked that ruler how he had spent the money of the
+kingdom. Seleucus, who had a bad conscience, instead of answering, ran
+away to Egypt, where he became a friend of Ptolemy.
+
+Then, fearing that they would not be able to fight against Antigonus
+successfully, these two generals persuaded Cassander, ruler of Macedon,
+and Ly-sim'a-chus, ruler of Thrace, to join them.
+
+For several years the war was kept up between the four allies on one
+side, and Antigonus and his son De-me'tri-us on the other. The field of
+battle was principally in Asia Minor. The fighting continued until the
+generals became weary of warfare, and concluded to make peace.
+
+A treaty was then signed, settling the claims of all parties, and
+providing that all the Greek cities should have their freedom. This
+done, each went back to his own province; but it soon became evident
+that the peace would not last, for Cassander did not keep his promise to
+make the Greek states free.
+
+When Cassander's wrongdoing became known, the generals called upon
+Demetrius to bring him to terms. The Athenians were so pleased when
+they heard of this, that they received Demetrius with great joy.
+
+Demetrius was such a good general that he soon managed to defeat
+Cassander at Thermopylae; and when he came back to Athens in triumph, the
+happy people gave him the title of "The Preserver," called a month by
+his name, lodged him in the Parthenon, and worshiped him as a god. Some
+time after this, Demetrius conquered Ptolemy, who had shown that he
+would not abide by the treaty either. This victory was so great, that
+Demetrius' soldiers said he deserved a reward, and named him King of
+Syria.
+
+When the other generals heard that Demetrius and his father had accepted
+the title of kings, they too put on royal crowns. Then, as each was
+still jealous of the rest, and wished to obtain more land for himself,
+war soon broke out among them once more.
+
+Demetrius, who had been very lucky in all his wars, now planned to take
+the Island of Rhodes from Ptolemy, King of Egypt. It proved, however, a
+far more difficult thing than he had expected, and, after besieging the
+principal city for a whole year, he gave up the attempt.
+
+But he had invented so many machines to try to subdue the city of
+Rhodes, that every one thought he deserved much credit, and they
+therefore gave him the title of Po-li-or-ce'tes ("the city taker").
+
+Peace was agreed upon, and Demetrius retreated, giving up to the
+Rho'di-ans all the mighty war engines he had brought with him. These
+were sold for three hundred talents (something over three hundred
+thousand dollars), and the money thus obtained was used in erecting a
+colossal statue in honor of Apollo (or He'li-os), the patron god of the
+island.
+
+[Illustration: Demetrius Poliorcetes. (Coin.)]
+
+This marvelous brazen statue, which was so fine that it was one of the
+seven wonders of the ancient world, represented the sun god, with his
+head surrounded by rays, and with his feet resting one on each side of
+the entrance of the port.
+
+We are told that the Co-los'sus of Rhodes, as this statue was generally
+called, was so tall that ships under full sail easily passed under its
+spreading legs in and out of the harbor.
+
+It stood there for about sixty years, when it was overthrown by an
+earthquake. After lying in ruins for a long time, the brass was sold as
+old metal. It was carried off on the backs of camels, and we are told
+that nine hundred of these animals were required for the work.
+
+Thus vanished one of the much talked of wonders of the ancient world.
+The others were Diana's Temple at Ephesus, the Tomb of Mau-so'lus (which
+was so fine that any handsome tomb is sometimes called a mausoleum), the
+Pha'ros or Lighthouse of Alexandria or Messina, the Walls and Hanging
+Gardens of Babylon, the Labyrinth of Crete, and the Pyramids of Egypt.
+To these is often added the Parthenon at Athens, which, as you have
+seen, was decorated by the carvings of Phidias.
+
+
+
+
+CVIII. THE BATTLE OF IPSUS.
+
+
+Demetrius, having failed to take Rhodes, now passed over into Greece,
+hoping to overthrow Cassander; but the other kings, growing afraid of
+him, agreed to help the ruler of Macedon. They therefore collected a
+large army, and forced Demetrius to stop and fight them all at Ip'sus,
+in Asia Minor.
+
+Here, just twenty years after Alexander's death, his generals met in a
+great battle. Seleucus, it is said, brought a number of fighting
+elephants, such as Porus had used, which added much to the confusion and
+fierceness of the struggle.
+
+Antigonus, the father of Demetrius, was slain, and Demetrius himself was
+defeated, and driven to Ephesus. The Athenians, who had been his friends
+and allies as long as he was prosperous, now basely deserted him. They
+declared themselves his enemies, and made a law whereby any one who
+spoke well of him, or tried to make peace with him, should be put to
+death.
+
+The battle of Ipsus decided the fate of Alexander's kingdom. It was now
+divided into four principal parts. Ptolemy remained master of Egypt, and
+his family reigned there many years, until under Cle-o-pa'tra, the last
+of his race, the country fell into the hands of the Romans.
+
+Seleucus and his descendants, the Se-leu'ci-dae, had the Persian Empire,
+or Syria and the land between the Indus and the Euphrates. The capital
+of this empire was first Se-leu'cia, near Babylon, and later An'ti-och,
+which became a rich and well-known city.
+
+Lysimachus was given the kingdom of Thrace, which, however, soon passed
+into other hands; and Cassander remained master of Macedon. As for
+Demetrius, although he had lost a kingdom at the battle of Ipsus, he
+soon managed to conquer another.
+
+In his anger at the Athenians, he first marched against them, and
+besieged them in their own city. The Athenians were frightened, for they
+knew how well they deserved punishment; but they resisted as well as
+they could, and the siege dragged on for several months.
+
+At the end of this time there was no food left in the city, and the
+people suffered greatly from hunger. Finally they were obliged to yield;
+and Demetrius rode into Athens in triumph.
+
+
+
+
+CIX. DEMETRIUS AND THE ATHENIANS.
+
+
+The Athenians trembled with fear when they saw the stern expression on
+Demetrius' face as he entered their city. This terror became still
+greater when he ordered all the principal citizens to assemble in the
+public square. None of the Athenians dared to disobey, and they were in
+no wise reassured when the conquering army surrounded them, each soldier
+holding an unsheathed sword in his hand.
+
+Demetrius now sternly addressed the citizens, who fancied that every
+moment would be their last. He reproved them harshly for their
+ingratitude and desertion, and told them that they deserved death at his
+hands; but he ended his speech by saying that he preferred to show his
+power by granting them forgiveness rather than by killing them.
+
+Then he went on to tell them, that, knowing how much they had suffered,
+he had sent supplies of grain to every house, so that when they went
+home they should not find their wives and children starving.
+
+The sudden reaction from their great terror proved almost fatal to the
+Athenian citizens. But when they recovered their breath, the air was
+rent by a mighty shout of joy in honor of the kind conqueror.
+
+Although Demetrius was as generous as he was brave, his end was very
+sad. After a long life of continual warfare, and after conquering and
+losing Macedon, he fell into the hands of his rival and enemy, Seleucus,
+who kept him in prison as long as he lived.
+
+About this time a new trouble befell Macedon and Greece. This was an
+invasion of the Gauls, who came sweeping down from the mountains into
+Greece, in order to rob the temple at Delphi.
+
+A second time, however, the temple escaped, thanks to a terrible
+thunderstorm, which filled the superstitious minds of the robbers with
+dread. In the sudden darkness the Gauls fell upon each other, as the
+Persians had done in the days of Xerxes, and fought so desperately that
+many were killed.
+
+The Greeks, remembering former victories, now made up their minds to
+strike a blow in their own defense. They collected an army, and defeated
+the invaders so severely that Bren'nus, the leader of the Gauls, killed
+himself in despair, while his followers withdrew to a province in Asia
+Minor, which from the Gauls was called Ga-la'tia.
+
+
+
+
+CX. THE ACHAEAN LEAGUE.
+
+
+While the generals and successors of Alexander were busy trying to crush
+one another, most of the Greek towns, left to their own devices, had
+become small republics. But instead of forming a union, they became so
+jealous, that they began to quarrel and even to fight among themselves.
+
+As the quarrels became more bitter, two parties or leagues were formed,
+which, from the two most important provinces at that time, received the
+names of Achaean and AE-to'li-an.
+
+The Achaean League was made up of twelve small towns in the Peloponnesus,
+and was under the leadership of A-ra'tus, a native of Sic'y-on. When a
+child, Aratus had seen his native city in the hands of a tyrant. His
+father, who was a patriot, had made a bold attempt to free the city, but
+had failed, and lost his life. Aratus, who was but seven years of age,
+heard that his father and all his family had been slain, and knew that
+the tyrant would try to kill him too. As he was too weak to defend
+himself, he sought refuge in the house of the tyrant's sister, where no
+one would be likely to seek for him.
+
+This woman, touched by the child's trust, hid him cleverly, and, when
+all danger was over, sent him to some friends, where she paid for his
+board, and had him carefully brought up.
+
+As Aratus was patriotic, he was anxious to finish the work which his
+father had begun. At the age of twenty, therefore, he assembled a few
+comrades, entered Sicyon, called all the lovers of liberty to his aid,
+and drove away the tyrant without shedding any blood.
+
+The town, thus freed, joined the Achaean League, of which Aratus soon
+became the leader. This office was elective, and no one was expected to
+fill it for more than a year; but Aratus was so much loved that he was
+chosen leader thirty-five years in succession.
+
+At this time, Greece and Macedon were under the rule of Antigonus
+Go-na'tas, son of Demetrius; for this man had conquered for himself the
+second kingdom which his father had lost. But now Aratus and the Achaean
+League refused to obey him, so he marched down from Macedon to restore
+order.
+
+To prevent his advance, and to hinder his getting even as much as a
+foothold in the peninsula, Aratus wanted to capture the fortress of
+Ac-ro-co-rin'thus, which barred the Isthmus of Corinth.
+
+This undertaking was very difficult, because the fortress was perched
+upon a rock so high and steep that it was almost impossible to climb it.
+
+A traitor, Di'o-cles, however, offered to show Aratus a way to climb
+this rock, provided that he should receive a certain reward. Although
+general of the Achaean League, and one of the greatest men of his day,
+Aratus was far from being rich; and, in order to obtain the required
+sum, he had to sell all he had, and even pawn his wife's few jewels.
+
+Then, in the midst of the darkness, one rainy night, Diocles led the
+Achaean soldiers along a steep path, which they had to climb in Indian
+file.
+
+He brought them safely and unseen into the fortress, where they killed
+most of the Macedonian sentinels, and put the guards to flight. As soon
+as the key of the Peloponnesus had been thus daringly won, most of the
+other towns in the peninsula joined the league, and the Achaeans gained
+such victories, that Antigonus Gonatus fell ill, and died of grief.
+
+The Achaean League became stronger and stronger; and, although Sparta and
+a few other cities remained neutral, most of the small towns were freed
+from their tyrants. Such was the importance of the league, that the
+Roman ambassadors once came to ask for its aid to suppress the pirates
+who infested the neighboring seas.
+
+This help was cheerfully given, and the Achaeans entered into a treaty
+with the Romans. They little suspected, however, that the city whose
+name was then almost unknown would in less than a hundred years become
+strong enough to subdue them, and be mistress over all Greece.
+
+
+
+
+CXI. DIVISION IN SPARTA.
+
+
+While the Achaean League was doing its best to restore Greece to its
+former power, Sparta had remained inactive. The Spartans had changed
+greatly since the days of Lycurgus. They no longer obeyed his wise laws,
+and, instead of being brave and frugal, they were greedy, lazy, and
+wicked.
+
+One of their kings was named Leonidas; but he was in no way like his
+great namesake, the king who had fallen at Thermopylae. Indeed, he
+married an Eastern wife, and to please her assumed all the pomp and led
+the idle life of an Eastern king.
+
+His fellow-king, on the other hand, was such a miser that he heaped up
+great treasures. When he died, his wife and mother were said to have
+more gold than the city and people together. The miser king was
+succeeded by his son, but this young man's sole ambition was to restore
+Sparta to its former condition.
+
+His name was A'gis. He lived like the Spartans of old, practiced all the
+virtues of his ancestors, and was frugal and brave in the extreme. To
+restore Sparta, real Spartans were needed, but, in counting them over,
+Agis found that there were only about seven hundred of the old stock
+left. The first move was to restore equality. For that purpose, all the
+money and land would have to be equally divided, so Agis began by
+persuading his own mother and grandmother to give up their wealth.
+Leonidas did not like the plan of equality, and soon openly opposed it,
+although his son-in-law Cleombrotus sided with Agis, and upheld it.
+
+But the people were eager for the new division which would make them all
+equal as of old; and they were so angry with Leonidas for his
+resistance, that they rose up against him, and proposed to depose him by
+reviving an old law which forbade the ruling of a king who married a
+foreign wife.
+
+Leonidas had time to flee to the Temple of Athene; and when the ephors
+called him to appear before them, he refused to do so, because he feared
+for his life. As such a refusal was a crime, the ephors said he should
+not reign any longer, and named Cleombrotus king in his stead.
+
+[Illustration: Cleombrotus and Chilonis.]
+
+Leonidas, who had led a selfish, pleasure-loving life, was now forsaken
+by every one except his daughter, Chi-lo'nis, who gave up her husband
+and the throne in order to console her unfortunate father. She kept him
+company in the temple, cared for him and amused him, and, when her
+husband begged her to come back, she answered that her place was rather
+with her unhappy father than with her prosperous husband.
+
+When it became known that the Spartans were plotting to kill the unhappy
+Leonidas, Agis helped him to escape, and Chilonis followed him into
+exile.
+
+The AEtolian League, which just then was very strong, now sent an army
+across the isthmus to attack the Spartans. The latter sallied forth
+under the leadership of Agis, who proved such a skillful general, that
+he not only won a great victory, but also drove the AEtolians out of the
+peninsula.
+
+During the absence of Agis, many of the richest Spartans who had not yet
+given up their property refused to do so, and when urged by Cleombrotus
+to obey, they revolted against him, and recalled Leonidas.
+
+Cleombrotus had only time to take refuge in the same temple where his
+father-in-law had once found shelter. Here he was soon joined by his
+wife, Chilonis, who, ever faithful to the most unhappy, came thither to
+comfort him.
+
+Leonidas was so angry that he would probably have treated Cleombrotus
+with the utmost severity, had not Chilonis fallen at his feet and
+begged him to spare her husband's life. Her tears touched her father,
+and he granted the favor she asked, declaring, however, that Cleombrotus
+should go into exile.
+
+In spite of her father's entreaties to remain with him, Chilonis
+insisted upon accompanying her husband. She gave Cleombrotus one of
+their two children, clasped the other to her breast, and left the city,
+proudly walking at her husband's side.
+
+
+
+
+CXII. DEATH OF AGIS.
+
+
+When Agis heard of the changes which had been taking place in Sparta
+during his absence, he quickly went home. On arriving in the city, he
+found the party of the rich so powerful that he could not oppose them,
+and was even forced to seek refuge in a temple, as Leonidas and
+Cleombrotus had each done in turn.
+
+His wife, A-gi-a'tis, forced by illness to stay at home, could not show
+her love by following him there; but a few faithful friends went with
+him, and kept guard over him. Their watchfulness was needed, because
+Agis slipped out of the temple every night to go to the bath and refresh
+himself.
+
+It happened, however, that two of these friends were false. They basely
+took the bribes offered by the ephors for information about the king,
+and told them that he left the temple every night, and for what
+purpose.
+
+Thus advised, the ephors surprised the little party the next night, and
+thrust Agis into prison. He was tried and condemned to death by order of
+Leonidas, and thus died when only twenty-two years of age, after having
+vainly tried for three years to bring the Spartans back to their former
+simplicity and virtue.
+
+Leonidas, not content with killing Agis, gave the widow Agiatis in
+marriage to his son, Cle-om'e-nes, who was a mere boy, several years
+younger than she. Agiatis soon won great influence over the young
+prince, and told him so much about her dead husband, that he tried to
+follow the example of Agis in everything.
+
+When Leonidas died, Cleomenes succeeded him, and, thanks to the
+teachings of his wife, was both great and virtuous. He drove away the
+ephors, who were rich and corrupt, and then distributed all the property
+equally among the people, as Agis had planned.
+
+When Aratus heard of the reforms made by Cleomenes, he began to fear
+that Sparta would win back her former power, and again try to lord it
+over the rest of Greece. To prevent such a misfortune, he decided to
+attack the Spartan king while he was too young to excel in the art of
+war.
+
+He therefore advanced with a good army; but, to his surprise and dismay,
+he was completely defeated by the young king. Several of the smaller
+towns now showed a desire to leave the Achaean League and join Sparta, so
+Aratus became more eager than ever to suppress her rising power.
+
+In his eagerness he forgot all caution, and even asked help of Antigonus
+Do'son, King of Macedon, the successor of Antigonus Gonatas. This ruler
+owed his surname of Doson ("who will give") to a bad habit of promising
+all kinds of gifts to his followers,--promises which were never kept.
+
+Antigonus Doson was only too glad to send a Macedonian army into Greece,
+and not only garrisoned the fortress on the Isthmus of Corinth, but also
+sent troops on into the Peloponnesus.
+
+
+
+
+CXIII. THE WAR OF THE TWO LEAGUES.
+
+
+The Achaean and Macedonian armies now met the Spartans at Sel-la'sia, in
+Laconia, where the latter were badly defeated, and Sparta fell into the
+enemy's hands. Antigonus was so proud of his victory that he burst a
+blood vessel upon hearing the news, and died shortly after.
+
+Before he closed his eyes, however, he had the satisfaction of driving
+Cleomenes away from Greece into Egypt. There the young king fell upon
+his sword, after killing his children, rather than become a slave.
+Tyrants were now allowed again in many of the Greek cities, in spite of
+the remonstrances of Aratus, who learned only too late that the
+Macedonians had come into the Peloponnesus merely for the purpose of
+making themselves masters of the country.
+
+Aratus' eyes were opened. He saw that all his efforts were vain, and
+that, owing to his own imprudence, Greece would never again be free. In
+his grief, his presence of mind quite forsook him. He did not know what
+steps to take in order to undo all the harm he had done.
+
+The AEtolians now became the champions of freedom, and marched against
+the Achaeans, whom they defeated. In their distress, the Achaeans once
+more begged the Macedonians to interfere, and send troops into Greece.
+
+The contest which followed is known as the War of the Two Leagues, and
+lasted for some time. In the beginning, the Macedonian king allowed
+Aratus to take the lead, and followed all his directions; but, growing
+weary of this subordinate part, he finally poisoned the Achaean leader,
+and became head of the league himself.
+
+When the Spartans and AEtolians, who had joined forces, found that the
+Achaeans and Macedonians were likely to prove too strong for them, they
+also began to look around for allies. As the fame of the rising city of
+Rome had reached them, they finally sent thither for the help they
+needed.
+
+The Romans were then rapidly extending their territory, and hoped soon
+to become masters of the world, so they were glad to help the Spartans
+against the Macedonians, who were already their enemies.
+
+They therefore speedily came to the Spartans' aid, set fire to the
+Achaean and Macedonian ships, and defeated their armies so sorely, that
+Philip was obliged to beg for peace and to give them his son as a
+hostage.
+
+The Spartans, having thus freed themselves from the yoke of the Achaean
+League, now fell into far worse hands, for they were governed by a
+tyrant named Na'bis,--a cruel and miserly man, who, in order to
+increase his treasure, often had recourse to vile stratagems.
+
+He had made a cunning instrument of torture, on purpose to obtain money
+from any one he wished. This was a statue, the exact image of his wife,
+clad in magnificent robes. Whenever he heard that any man was very rich,
+Nabis used to send for him. After treating him with exaggerated
+politeness, the tyrant would gently advise him to sacrifice his wealth
+for the good of the state.
+
+If his guest refused to do so, Nabis would invite him to visit his wife,
+and lead the unsuspecting man close to the statue. This was made so as
+to move by a system of cunningly arranged springs, and as soon as the
+victim came within reach, the statue's arms closed tightly around him.
+
+The terrified guest, caught in an irresistible embrace, then found
+himself drawn closer and closer, and pressed against sharp points and
+knives hidden under the rich garments.
+
+It was only, when the tortured man had solemnly promised to give up all
+he owned, that the tyrant Nabis would set him free; but if he resisted,
+he was killed by slow torture, and allowed to bleed to death in the
+statue's embrace.
+
+
+
+
+CXIV. THE LAST OF THE GREEKS.
+
+
+When Aratus died, the principal man in the Achaean army was
+Phil-o-poe'men, a brave and virtuous young man. He was patriotic in
+the extreme, and so plain and unassuming that no one would have
+suspected his rank.
+
+On one occasion, when he had reached the dignity of general, he was
+invited to dine at a house where the hostess was a stranger to him. When
+he came to the door, she took him for a servant, on account of his plain
+clothes, and curtly bade him go and split wood.
+
+Without saying a word, Philopoemen threw aside his cloak, seized an
+ax, and set to work. The host, on coming up a few minutes later, was
+horrified to see his honored guest cutting wood, and was profuse in his
+apologies for a mistake which only made Philopoemen laugh.
+
+When Philopoemen heard how cruel Nabis was, he wanted to free Sparta
+from his tyranny. So he entered the town at the head of an armed force
+of men, confiscated the treasures for the benefit of the public, and
+drove Nabis away.
+
+The Spartans were at first very grateful to the Achaeans for freeing
+them, but they soon began to feel jealous of their power, and again rose
+up in revolt against them. This time Philopoemen treated the Spartans
+with the utmost severity, even razing the walls of the city, which were
+never rebuilt.
+
+Philopoemen was farsighted enough to see from the beginning that the
+Roman alliance would prove bad for Greece. He soon discovered that the
+Romans intended to subdue the country, and in order to do so most easily
+were trying to make the people quarrel among themselves.
+
+All his efforts were therefore directed toward keeping peace, and for a
+time he was quite successful. But the Romans, seeing no other way to
+bring about a quarrel, at last bribed the Messenians to revolt.
+
+In the course of the war, Philopoemen was led into an artfully
+arranged ambuscade, and was taken in chains to Messenia, where,
+notwithstanding his gray hair, he was exposed to the jeers of the common
+people.
+
+After thus humiliating him, they led him to the place of torture; but
+when he heard that his army had escaped from the ambush, he fervently
+cried, "I die happy, since the Achaeans are safe."
+
+This only hastened the end of the brave patriot, who has been called the
+"Last of the Greeks," because he was the last to try to maintain his
+country's independence.
+
+The Achaeans soon after took the town of Messenia, stoned all
+Philopoemen's murderers on his tomb, and carried his ashes to
+Meg-a-lop'o-lis, his native city, where they were buried with great
+pomp.
+
+
+
+
+CXV. GREECE A ROMAN PROVINCE.
+
+
+For centuries the Greeks had been in the habit of assembling at Corinth
+every three years for the celebration of the Isthmian games, in honor of
+Poseidon, god of the sea. Here, as at Olympia, there were races,
+wrestling and boxing matches, and contests in verse and song; and as
+usual the prizes were simple crowns of olive leaves, which were
+considered far more precious than silver or gold.
+
+In 196 B.C. not only were the Greeks present at this celebration, but
+there were also many Romans who wished to witness the games. The Greeks
+were then particularly happy because the War of the Two Leagues seemed
+to be ended, and the country was at peace.
+
+In the midst of the festival, Quin'tius Flam-i-ni'nus, the Roman consul,
+mounted the orator's block, and proclaimed that the Roman army had just
+won a great victory over the revolted King of Macedon, and that the
+Greek states were now indeed free.
+
+These tidings were received with such a tumult of joyful cries, it is
+said, that a flock of birds that were flying overhead fell to the earth,
+stunned by the shock of cheers which rent the air.
+
+This joy, however, did not last very long, for the new-won freedom of
+Greece existed in name only. As soon as the Romans had completed the
+conquest of Macedon under its last ruler, Perseus, they prepared to
+annex Greece also.
+
+Their first move was to accuse the Achaeans of sending aid to Macedon.
+Under this pretext, one thousand leading citizens were seized, and sent
+to Rome to be tried.
+
+Here they were kept in exile for many a year, longing to go home, and
+fuming against their detention. When they were finally allowed to
+return, they were so imbittered, that, as the Romans had foreseen, they
+soon stirred up a revolt among the Achaeans.
+
+AE-mil'i-us Pau'lus, the conqueror of Macedon, then marched into Greece,
+and swept over the whole country. He took the city of Corinth, and
+burned it to the ground, after carrying off many of its most precious
+works of art to adorn his triumph.
+
+Such was the ignorance of the Romans at that time, however, about all
+matters of art, that the sailors who were to carry these treasures to
+Rome were warned by the consul to be careful, as they would have to
+replace any article they had damaged or lost.
+
+The Romans then placed garrisons in the principal Greek towns, and the
+country became a mere province of Rome, under the name of Achaia.
+
+Thus ends the history of ancient Greece, which, though so small, was yet
+the most famous country the world has ever known,--the country from
+which later nations learned their best lessons in art, philosophy, and
+literature.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+                                                PAGE
+
+
+Academy, gardens of                             142
+
+Achaean League                                   268-270
+
+Achaeans exiled to Rome                          281
+
+Achilles, avenges Patroclus                     50
+  betrays himself                               46
+  death of                                      51
+  in the Styx                                   45
+  prophecy regarding                            44
+
+Acropolis, captured                             88, 96
+  Parthenon on                                  149
+  statue of Athene on                           115
+  temple to Theseus, near                       28, 143
+
+Adrastus                                        37-40
+
+AEgean Sea, derivation of name                   27
+  Persian vessels forbidden to enter            147
+
+AEgeus                                           27
+
+AEgina, Draco at Island of                       88
+
+AEneas, escape of                                53
+
+AEtolian League                                  268, 273
+
+Agamemnon, insults priest of Apollo             48
+  King of Mycenae                                44
+
+Age of Pericles                                 146
+
+Agesilaus, at Coronea                           189
+  courage of                                    185, 199
+
+Agis, condemned to death                        275
+  type of old Spartans                          271
+
+Alcibiades, anecdotes of                        161, 163, 164
+  hostility toward                              166
+  killed by Persians                            171
+  shield of                                     162
+
+Alexander I                                     197-199
+
+Alexander the Great, birthplace of              227
+  crosses Libyan desert                         245
+  cuts Gordian knot                             238
+  death of                                      236, 253
+  enters Jerusalem                              244
+  generosity of                                 248
+  horsemanship of                               229, 231
+  marriage of                                   252
+  omens concerning                              227
+  prophecy of                                   256
+  self-denial of                                251
+  takes title of "Shah in Shah"                 249
+  tomb of                                       255
+  victory of                                    237, 246
+  visit of, to Diogenes                         235
+
+Alexandria, founded                             244
+  Lighthouse of                                 264
+
+Ambassador, life of, sacred                     111, 120
+
+Amphictyonic Council                            20, 217, 224
+
+Anaxagoras, philosopher                         151, 152
+
+Antalcidas, treaty of                           190
+
+Antigone                                        36, 40
+
+Antigonus Doson                                 275
+
+Antigonus Gonatas                               269
+
+Antigonus, "the one-eyed"                       262
+
+Antipater, governor of Macedon                  256, 258, 260
+
+Apollo sends plague                             48
+  statue in honor of                            264
+
+Appetite, recipe for good                       238
+
+Aratus, leader of Achaean League                 269
+  poisoning of                                  277
+
+Arbela, battle at                               246
+
+Archon, how elected                             87
+  origin of title of                            57
+
+Areopagus, court of law                         91
+  Pisistratus before the                        95
+
+Aristides, anecdote of                          118
+  burial of                                     141
+  discovers plans of Xerxes                     133
+  recall of                                     124
+
+Aristocrat, derivation of                       95
+
+Aristodemus, daughter sacrificed by             72
+  first ruler of Sparta                         61
+
+Aristogiton                                     99, 102
+
+Aristomenes                                     73-77
+
+Aristophanes                                    173-175
+
+Aristotle, teacher of Alexander                 231
+
+Arridaeus                                        256, 261
+
+Artaxerxes, befriends Themistocles              140
+  oath of                                       147
+  sends for Hippocrates                         155
+  treachery of                                  181
+
+Aspasia                                         152
+
+Aster, an archer                                220
+
+Athene, festival in honor of                    26
+  statue of                                     115, 149, 247
+  temple to                                     88, 101, 136, 149, 271
+
+Athene, tree planted by                         90, 137
+
+Athenians, at Marathon                          113-115
+  bribery of                                    189
+  build statues                                 102, 179
+  defeat Spartans                               56
+  extravagance of                               141
+  heroes among                                  113, 114
+  ingratitude of                                117, 119
+  last of the                                   261
+  thirty-years' peace of                        148
+
+Athens, art in                                  149
+  becomes an oligarchy                          87
+  burning of                                    132
+  called Cecropia                               16
+  chains of Xerxes in                           137
+  Olympic games at in, 1896                     80
+  plague in                                     155
+  purification of                               90
+  rebuilt                                       137
+  title of king in                              56
+  voting in                                     91, 103
+
+Athos, Mount                                    110, 124, 126
+
+
+Babylon, city of                                246
+  Hanging Gardens of                            264
+
+Bessus, treachery of                            248
+
+Brennus, leader of Gauls                        267
+
+Bucephalus, meaning of                          229
+  monument to                                   250
+
+Bulis, self-sacrifice of                        120
+
+
+Cadmus                                          17, 191
+
+Canal dug by Xerxes                             124
+
+Cassander                                       260-263
+
+Cassandra                                       42
+
+Ceadas, pit of                                  75
+
+Cecropia. See _Athens_.
+
+Cecrops founds Athens                           16
+
+Chaeronea, battle at                             225
+
+Charilaus educated by Lycurgus                  62
+
+Charon, babe of, as pledge                      193
+
+Chilo dies of joy                               86
+
+Chilonis, self-sacrifice of                     273
+
+Chios, Island of                                60
+
+Cimon, banishment of                            146
+  death of                                      147
+  generosity of                                 143
+  son of Miltiades                              117
+
+Cleombrotus                                     195, 273
+
+Cleomenes                                       275, 276
+
+Cleopatra, last of the Ptolemies                265
+
+Clytus                                          228, 237, 249
+
+Codrus, heroic death of                         56
+
+Coinage of money                                24
+
+Colchis, Golden Fleece in                       25
+
+Colossus of Rhodes                              264
+
+Comedy of "The Clouds"                          174, 175
+
+Corinth, city of                                280, 281
+  Isthmus of                                    17, 131
+
+Coronea                                         148, 189
+
+Crete, location of                              22
+
+Criminals, punishment of                        176
+  self-defense of                               91
+
+Crito                                           177, 179
+
+Croesus, ruler of Lydia                       253
+
+Croton, Greek colony                            81, 166
+
+Cunaxa, battle at                               180
+
+Cyclops, meaning of                             14
+
+Cydnus, Alexander bathes in                     240
+
+Cylon                                           88
+
+Cyrus, death of                                 180
+
+
+Daedalus invents sails                           22
+
+Damocles' sword                                 209
+
+Damon                                           204-208
+
+Danaus teaches shipbuilding                     17
+
+Darius, army of, routed                         113
+  audience chamber of                           106
+  death of                                      119, 248
+  offers peace to Alexander                     247
+  resolves to conquer Greece                    108, 117
+  second army of                                110
+  "The Great King"                              104
+
+Decelea, fortification of                       168
+
+Delos, Island of                                177, 179
+
+Delphi, temple at, rebuilding of                101
+  robbed                                        224
+  saved by thunderstorm                         130, 267
+
+Demeter, festival of                            17, 191
+
+Demetrius, generosity of                        266
+  imprisonment of                               267
+  "The Preserver"                               263
+
+Democedes, court physician                      107
+
+Democrat, derivation of                         95
+
+Demosthenes, cowardice of                       226
+  joy of, at death of Philip                    233
+  orator                                        221-223
+  takes poison                                  259
+
+Deucalion                                       19, 20
+
+Diana, goddess                                  47
+  temple of                                     65, 227, 237, 264
+
+Diocles, traitor                                269
+
+Diogenes                                        234, 235
+
+Dion                                            210-215
+
+Dionysius the Elder                             202-210
+
+Dionysius the Younger                           210-216
+
+Dionysus, festival and theater of               92-94
+
+Draco, cruel lawmaker                           87, 88, 91
+
+
+"Earth and water," demand for                   110
+
+Ecbatana, a walled city                         104
+
+Egyptians, civilization of                      12
+
+Epaminondas, as commander                       196
+  dying words of                                201
+  risks own life for Pelopidas                  191
+
+Ephesus, founded                                56
+  taken by Alexander                            237
+  temple at                                     227, 264
+
+Ephialtes, perfidy of                           128
+
+Epimenides, long sleep of                       90
+
+Erostratus wins immortality                     228
+
+Eteocles quarrels with Polynices                37-39
+
+Eurybiades, Spartan king                        132-134
+
+
+Flood of Ogyges                                 15
+
+Furies, duty of                                 36
+
+
+Galatia, how named                              267
+
+Golden Fleece, search for                       25
+
+Gordian knot, cutting the                       240
+
+Gordium                                         238
+
+Granicus, battle near                           237
+
+Great Greece                                    54
+
+Great King, The (see also _Darius_)        104
+
+Greece, alphabet brought to                     17
+  Egyptians settle in                           13
+  freedom of                                    281
+  known as Achaia                               282
+  punishment of criminals in                    176
+  situation of                                  11
+
+Greeks, at Thermopylae                           127, 128
+  betrayal of                                   181
+  commercial journey by                         26
+  geographical knowledge of                     251
+  gods angry with                               54
+  last of the                                   280
+  retreat of                                    182-184
+  statue judged by                              83
+  Troy taken by                                 53
+  truce of                                      51
+  victory of, at Salamis                        134
+
+
+Hanging Gardens of Babylon                      264
+
+Harmodius, kills Hipparchus                     99
+  statue in honor of                            102
+
+Hector, falls by hand of Achilles               50
+  kills Patroclus                               50
+  sung by Homer                                 60
+
+Hecuba, dream of                                41
+
+Helen runs away with Paris                      43
+
+Helios. See _Apollo._
+
+Hellas, how named (see also _Greece_)      21
+
+Hellen, second son of Deucalion                 20
+
+Hellespont, a narrow strait                     109
+  bridging the                                  121
+
+Helots, Spartan slaves                          61
+  strike for freedom                            145
+  temperance taught by                          68
+
+Hephaestion, drinks himself to death             252
+  friend of Alexander                           236
+  mistaken for Alexander                        241
+
+Heracles. See _Hercules_.
+
+Heraclidae, banishment of                        28
+  regain possessions                            55
+
+Heraclides, treachery of                        214
+
+Hercules, birthplace of                         28
+  festival instituted by                        78
+  games in honor of                             38
+
+Hermes, destruction of statues of               166
+
+Heroic Age                                      25, 57
+
+Hipparchus                                      98, 99
+
+Hippias, Athenian ruler                         98
+  capture of                                    102
+  Darius' generals guided by                    111
+  killed                                        113
+  seeks aid from Darius                         105
+
+Hippocrates drives out plague                   156
+
+Homer, birthplace of                            60
+  blindness of                                  57
+  poems of, collected                           97
+  rank of, as poet                              58, 60
+
+Hot Gateway                                     20, 125
+
+Hymettus, honey of                              17
+
+Hyphasis River                                  251
+
+
+Icarian Sea, how named                          24
+
+Icarus flies too high                           24
+
+Ilium. See _Troy_.
+
+Immortals, bodyguard of Xerxes                  122
+  gain Pass of Thermopylae                       129
+
+Inachus teaches Pelasgians                      13
+
+Ionia, derivation of name                       21
+  location of                                   56, 104
+
+Iphigenia rescued by Diana                      47
+
+Ipsus, battle of                                265
+
+Ismene dies of grief                            40
+
+Issus, Persians routed at                       241
+
+Isthmian games                                  280
+
+Ithome, fortified city                          72, 73
+
+
+Jaddua, vision of                               244
+
+Jason commands the "Argo"                       25
+
+Jocasta, kills herself                          35
+  Queen of Thebes                               29
+
+Jove, thunderbolts of                           162
+
+Jupiter, festival and statue of                 78, 79
+  temple to                                     245
+  See also _Zeus_.
+
+
+Labyrinth of Crete                              22, 27, 264
+
+Lacedaemon, how named                            61
+
+Laconia, adjective from                         66
+  clemency shown to                             197
+  location of                                   61
+
+Laius, killed by OEdipus                      31
+  words of oracle to                            29
+
+Lamia, fortress of                              258
+
+"Last of the Athenians"                         261
+
+"Last of the Greeks"                            280
+
+Leaena, courage of                               100
+  honor to                                      103
+
+Leonidas I., betrayal of                        129
+  guards Thermopylae                             125
+  reply of, to Xerxes                           127
+
+Leonidas II.                                    270-275
+
+Leuctra, Theban victory at                      196
+
+Libya, temple at                                245
+
+Long Walls, building of                         147
+  destruction of                                170
+  rebuilding of                                 172
+
+Lyceum, laying out of                           96
+
+Lycurgus, in Spartan history                    61
+  iron money originated by                      70
+  laws of                                       62-70
+
+
+Macedon, location of                            217
+
+Mantinea, Theban victory at                     199
+
+Marathon, battle of                             113-115
+  situation of                                  111
+
+Mardonius, flight of                            134
+
+Mausolus, Tomb of                               264
+
+Mediterranean Sea, islands in                   13
+  stretch of                                    11
+
+Megacles, crime of                              89, 101
+
+Megalopolis, tomb in                            280
+
+Menelaus                                        42, 43
+
+Messenia                                        71, 280
+
+Messenians, bribed by Romans                    280
+  thrown into Ceadas                            75
+  war against Spartans                          145
+
+Messina, city and colony of                     77, 166
+  Lighthouse of                                 264
+
+Midas, cart of                                  238
+
+Miletus                                         56, 137
+
+Milo the athlete                                81, 82
+
+Miltiades, at Marathon                          112
+  conviction and death of                       117
+
+Minerva. See _Athene_.
+
+Mirage                                          245
+
+Money, coining of                               24
+  institution of iron                           70
+
+Morea, why so called                            55
+
+
+Nabis, tyrant                                   278
+
+Navigation taught                               17
+
+Nearchus, exploration of                        251
+
+Nemean lion                                     38
+
+Nemesis, statue of                              116
+
+Neptune. See _Poseidon_.
+
+Nestor the wise man                             44
+
+
+OEdipus, answers Sphinx's riddle              34
+  attempted murder of                           29
+  death of                                      36
+  fulfillment of prophecy concerning            31, 34
+  puts out his own eyes                         35
+
+Ogyges, flood of                                15
+
+Olympia, temple at                              78
+
+Olympiad as measurement of time                 80
+
+Olympias                                        227, 261
+
+Olympic games, bearing arms during              126
+  excitement at                                 86
+  girls in                                      84
+  renewal of                                    80
+  time reckoned by                              80
+
+Ostracize, derivation of                        104
+
+
+Panathenaea, festival of                         26
+
+Paris, bringing up of                           42
+
+Paros, Island of                                116
+
+Parthenon                                       149, 264
+
+Patroclus, armor of Achilles on                 49
+  killed by Hector                              50
+  sung by Homer                                 60
+
+Pausanias, patriotism of mother of              139
+  successor of Leonidas                         134
+  walled in                                     139
+
+Pelasgians, homes and habits of                 12
+  remains of, in old tombs                      18
+  skill of, in building                         14
+  spinning and weaving by                       16
+
+Pelopidae conquer Heraclidae                      28
+
+Pelopidas, exiled Theban                        191
+  returns in disguise                           193
+  slain in battle                               199
+
+Peloponnesian War, end of                       170
+  length of                                     153
+
+Peloponnesus, derivation of name                24
+  Dorians settle in                             55
+  key of the                                    270
+  laid waste                                    154
+  present name of                               55
+
+Pelops teaches coinage of money                 24
+
+Perdiccas, against Ptolemy                      260
+  receives Alexander's ring                     253
+
+Pericles, death of                              156, 157
+  eloquence of                                  154
+  idol of the poor                              144
+  improvement of Athens by                      149
+  leader of the Athenians                       146
+
+Persepolis, burning of                          248
+
+Perseus builds Mycenae                           17
+
+Persian army, route of, to Greece               109
+
+Persian fleet, destruction of                   110
+  retreat of                                    115
+
+Persian vessels shut out of the AEgean           147
+
+Phalanx, Macedonian                             218, 250
+
+Pharnabazus                                     185-188
+
+Pharos                                          264
+
+Phidias, death of                               149
+  Parthenon decorated by                        149, 264
+  statues by                                    79, 116, 149
+
+Philip of Macedon, ambition of                  217, 220, 226
+  at Chaeronea                                   226
+  early training of                             217
+  formation of Macedonian phalanx by            218
+  gift from, to Demosthenes                     222
+  left eye of, put out                          220
+  murder of                                     226
+  president of Amphictyonic Council             225
+  wealth of                                     218
+
+Philippic, origin of                            221
+
+Philopoemon, anecdote of                      279
+  "Last of the Greeks"                          280
+
+Philoxenus, a philosopher                       202-204
+
+Phocion, caution of                             257
+  "Last of the Athenians"                       261
+
+Phoenicians, home of                          13
+
+Pindar, house of                                233
+
+Pisistratidae, expulsion of                      102
+
+Pisistratus, death of                           98
+  hypocrisy of                                  95
+  improvement of Athens by                      96
+
+Plataea                                          134, 136
+
+Plato, Olympic crown given to                   212
+  pupil of Socrates                             59
+  words of Socrates preserved by                177, 179
+
+Poliorcetes, "the city taker"                   263
+
+Polynices                                       37-39
+
+Porus, Indian king                              250
+
+Poseidon                                        52, 280
+
+Priam, begs Hector's body                       51
+  desertion of Paris by                         41
+  sung by Homer                                 60
+
+Prisoners of war as slaves                      48, 61
+
+Ptolemy, builds tomb for Alexander              255
+  conquered by Demetrius                        263
+
+Pyramids of Egypt                               12, 264
+
+Pyrrha                                          19, 20
+
+Pythias                                         204-208
+
+
+Quarries, The                                   203
+
+
+Retreat of the Ten Thousand                     185
+
+Rome, Achaeans exiled to                         281
+  art in                                        282
+  power of                                      270, 277
+
+Roxana, imprisonment of                         261
+  wife of Alexander                             252
+
+
+Sacred Battalion                                195, 226
+
+Sacred War                                      224
+
+Salamis, victory at                             134, 170
+
+Sardis, burning of                              109
+  taken by Alexander                            237
+
+Seleucia                                        265
+
+Seleucus                                        262, 265, 267
+
+Scyros, Island of, Achilles at                  46
+  Theseus killed at                             28, 143
+
+Shipbuilding taught                             17
+
+Sicyon joins Achaean League                      269
+
+Sisygambis, love of, for Alexander              242, 255
+
+Slaves, prisoners of war as                     48, 61
+
+Socrates, accusation against                    175
+  belief and practice of                        158, 176
+  death of                                      179
+  defense of                                    176
+  greatest philosopher of the world             171
+  last conversation of                          177-179
+  life of Alcibiades saved by                   162
+  statue of                                     179
+
+Solon, laws of                                  91, 103, 170
+  play acting disapproved by                    93
+  return of, to Athens                          97
+
+Sophocles                                       94
+
+Sparta, earthquake at                           144
+  location of                                   42
+  rebuilding of                                 146
+  rulers of                                     55
+  two kings of                                  61
+
+Spartan, an expression of courage               66
+
+Spartan babes, fate of                          63
+
+Spartan boys, education of                      63-66
+  example of bravery of                         65
+  fidelity instilled in                         67
+  test of courage of                            65
+  trained to steal                              65
+
+Spartan girls, carried off by Messenians        71
+  education of                                  63, 69
+
+Spartan mother, admonition of                   68
+
+Spartans, ask aid of Athenians                  74
+  at Pass of Thermopylae                         129
+  attack Amphea                                 71
+  covet Messenia                                71
+  degeneracy of                                 172, 270
+  force way into Thebes                         190
+  freed from Achaean League                      277
+  habits of                                     67, 68, 136
+  influence of superstition on                  111, 154
+  join in Olympic games                         79
+  overcome Messenians                           75
+  rout of three thousand by twelve              195
+  seize Persian ambassadors                     111
+  swear allegiance to Lycurgus                  70
+
+Sperthias, self-sacrifice of                    120
+
+Sphinx                                          33, 34
+
+Styx, power of waters of                        45
+
+Sun, eclipse of                                 153, 154
+
+Susa, statue at                                 247
+
+Sybaris, prosperity of                          165
+
+Syracuse                                        166, 204
+
+
+Temple, at Delphi, command from                 19
+  at Ephesus                                    227, 264
+  at Libya                                      245
+  at Olympia                                    78
+  of Bel, rebuilding of                         247
+  of Jupiter                                    246
+  of Neptune                                    258
+  protection by a                               88, 139, 258, 271
+  rebuilding of a                               247
+  saved by thunderstorm                         130, 267
+  test of courage at                            65
+
+Theagenes, statue of                            83
+
+Theater, the first                              93
+
+Thebes, founding of                             17
+  siege of                                      38-40
+  supremacy of                                  197
+  taking, of                                    191, 233
+
+Themistocles, Athenian general                  112
+  council planned by                            125
+  courage of                                    133
+  exiled by Athenians                           140
+  honor of                                      140
+  jealousy of                                   116
+
+Thermopylae, Greeks at                           127, 128
+  Pass of                                       20, 125
+
+Thersander                                      40, 44
+
+Theseum                                         143
+
+Theseus, bones of                               143
+  Greek hero                                    26-28
+
+Thespians, bravery of                           130
+
+Thespis builds first theater                    93
+
+Thessaly, location of                           55
+
+Thirty Tyrants, the                             170-172
+
+Thrasybulus, statues to                         172
+
+Tigris, Greeks swim the                         246
+
+Torture, instrument of                          278
+
+Tragedy, Greek meaning of                       93
+  writers of                                    94
+
+Troy, burning of                                53
+  location of                                   41
+  siege of                                      47-53
+  sung by Homer                                 60
+
+Truce, hundred years'                           28, 55
+
+Tyrant, meanings of                             97
+
+Tyre, burning of                                243
+
+Tyrtaeus leads Spartans                          75
+
+
+Ulysses, in disguise                            46
+  sung by Homer                                 60
+  the crafty king                               44
+  wooden horse of                               52
+
+
+Vine, golden                                    106, 253
+
+Voting in Athens                                91, 103
+
+
+War, end of Peloponnesian                       170
+  engines of                                    124, 263
+  First Messenian                               71
+  length of Peloponnesian                       153
+  of the Epigoni                                40
+  of the Two Leagues                            277
+  Second Messenian                              77
+
+Wonders of the world                            149, 228, 264
+
+
+Xanthippe                                       158
+
+Xenophon                                        159, 182
+
+Xerxes I., canal dug by                         124
+  defeat of                                     134
+  host of                                       121-124
+  sorrow of                                     122
+  vessels of, wrecked                           126
+
+Xuthus rules Athens                             21
+
+
+Zeus (see also _Jupiter_)                  77, 151, 162
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE GREEKS***
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